A-Mark Precious Metals
Annual Report 2021

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ☑ ☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2021 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission File Number: 001-36347 A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State of Incorporation) 11-2464169 (IRS Employer I.D. No.) 2121 Rosecrans Ave. Suite 6300 El Segundo, CA 90245 (Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code) (310) 587-1477 (Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code) Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act: Title of each class Common Stock, $0.01 par value Trading Symbol(s) AMRK Name of each exchange on which registered NASDAQ Global Select Market Securities registered under Section 12 (g) of the Exchange Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes. ☐ No. ☑ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes. ☐ No. ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes. ☑ No. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes. ☑ No. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer ☐ ☐ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company ☑ ☑ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes. ☐ No. ☑ Aggregate market value of registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on December 31, 2020, based upon the closing price of Common Stock on such date as reported by NASDAQ Global Select Market, was approximately $124,199,762. Shares of common stock known to be owned by directors and executive officers of the Registrant subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are not included in the computation. No determination has been made that such persons are “affiliates” within the meaning of Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act. As of September 3, 2021, the registrant had 11,291,247 shares of common stock outstanding, par value $0.01 per share. Table of Contents PART I PART II PART III PART IV Exhibit Index Signatures A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K For the Year Ended June 30, 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Description of Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 2 Page 3 12 24 25 25 25 26 27 28 54 55 108 108 109 110 110 110 110 110 111 112 115 Table of Contents ITEM 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS Overview PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION A-Mark, also referred to (together with its subsidiaries) as "we", "us" and the "Company", is a fully integrated precious metals platform that offers an array of gold, silver, platinum, palladium, and copper bullion, numismatic coins, and related products to wholesale and retail customers via a portfolio of channels. The Company conducts its operations through three complementary segments: Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, Secured Lending, and Direct-to-Consumer. The Company’s global customer base spans sovereign and private mints, manufacturers and fabricators, refiners, dealers, financial institutions, industrial users, investors, collectors, and e-commerce and other retail customers. Specifically, A-Mark: • • • • • • • operates as a wholesaler of gold, silver, platinum, and palladium bullion and related products, including bars, wafers, grain, and coins; distributes gold and silver coins and bars from sovereign and private mints; sells to and purchases from the retail community; provides financing and other services relating to the purchase and sale of bullion and numismatics; offers secure storage for precious metal products; provides our customers a platform of turn-key logistics services; and provides a variety of custom fabricated gold and silver bullion and other specialty products through sovereign and private mint suppliers and its mint operations. A-Mark believes it has one of the largest customer bases in each of its markets and provides one of the most comprehensive offerings of products and services in the precious metals trading industry. Our customers include mints, manufacturers and fabricators, refiners, coin and bullion dealers, e-commerce retailers, banks and other financial institutions, commodity brokerage houses, industrial users of precious metals, investors, collectors, and retail customers. We serve customers on five continents, with over 10% of our customers located outside the United States. A-Mark believes its businesses largely function independently of the price movement of the underlying commodities. However, factors such as global economic activity or uncertainty, including as a consequence of the current COVID-19 pandemic, and inflationary trends, which affect market volatility, have the potential to impact demand, volumes, and margins. History A-Mark was founded in 1965 and has grown into a significant participant in the bullion and coin market. A-Mark became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Spectrum Group International, Inc. ("SGI") in 2005. In March 2014, SGI distributed all of the shares of common stock of A-Mark to its stockholders, effecting a spinoff of A-Mark from SGI. As a result of this distribution, the Company became a publicly traded company independent from SGI. Over the years, A-Mark has been steadily expanding its products and services. In 1986, A-Mark became an authorized purchaser of gold and silver bullion coins struck by the United States Mint. Similar arrangements with other sovereign mints followed, so that by the early 1990s, A-Mark had (and continues to have) relationships with all major sovereign mints offering bullion coins and bars internationally. In 2005, the Company launched Collateral Finance Corporation ("CFC"), a wholly-owned subsidiary, for the purpose of making secured loans primarily collateralized by bullion and numismatic material. Since then, CFC has expanded the value of its aggregate loan portfolio and number of its customers. CFC has achieved its growth through both loan origination and acquisitions of loan portfolios from wholesale customers of A-Mark. The Company opened an overseas office in Vienna, Austria in 2009, for the purpose of marketing A-Mark's goods and services in the international markets. The office operates through A-Mark Trading AG ("AMTAG"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. In 2012, the Company formed Transcontinental Depository Services, LLC. ("TDS"), a wholly-owned subsidiary, for the purpose of providing customers with turn-key global storage solutions for their precious metals and precious metal products. In July 2015, the Company launched its Las Vegas-based logistics fulfillment center, A-M Global Logistics, LLC. ("AMGL" or "Logistics"), a wholly-owned subsidiary, for the purpose of providing our customers a platform of complementary services, including packaging, shipping, handling, receiving, processing, and inventorying of precious metals and custom coins on a secure basis. 3 Table of Contents In August 2016, the Company formed a joint venture, AM&ST Associates, LLC. ("AMST"), with SilverTowne, L.P., an Indiana-based fabricator of silver bullion products, for the purpose of acquiring and operating SilverTowne, L.P.'s minting business unit ("SilverTowne Mint" or the "Mint"). Since the formation of AMST, the Company has invested in minting equipment and fabrication tools to expand output capabilities, increase production efficiencies and improve product quality, and has leveraged the Mint’s fabrication capabilities and coin die portfolio to expand our custom coin programs, as well as to introduce new custom products for individual customers. Effective April 1, 2021, the Company purchased the 31% interest in AMST previously held by the joint venture partner and now owns 100% of AMST. In August 2017, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of Goldline, LLC, a direct retailer of precious metals to the investor community, and now conducts those operations through its subsidiary Goldline, Inc. ("Goldline"). Goldline LLC was formed in 1960 and became well-known to collectors and investors for its world-wide distribution of gold, silver, and platinum bullion coins and bars, in part, due to its television, radio, and internet marketing and customer service outreach. Since our acquisition, Goldline has expanded its product offerings and improved its delivery times. In September 2018, the Company formed AM Capital Funding, LLC. (“AMCF”), a wholly owned subsidiary of CFC, for the purpose of issuing and administering privately placed notes, which are collateralized by secured loans (contributed from CFC) and bullion product (purchased from A-Mark). The notes are Secured Senior Term Notes (collectively, the "Notes"): Series 2018-1, Class A in the aggregate principal amount of $72.0 million and Secured Subordinated Term Notes, Series 2018-1, Class B in the aggregate principal amount of $28.0 million. The Class A Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.98% and the Class B Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.98%. The Notes have a maturity date of December 15, 2023. In August 2019, Goldline entered into a joint venture agreement with one of the Company's related parties to form Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC ("PMPP"), a 50% owned subsidiary, primarily for the purpose of purchasing precious metals from the partners' retail customers for resale back into the marketplace. PMPP commenced operations in fiscal 2020. In 2014, the Company made an initial equity investment in JM Bullion, Inc. (“JMB”), and in October 2016, we made an additional investment in JMB, increasing our equity interest to approximately 20.5%. On March 19, 2021, the Company acquired the 79.5% interest in JMB that we did not previously own. JMB is a leading e-commerce retailer providing access to a broad array of gold, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium products through its own websites and marketplaces. JMB owns and operates three separately branded websites targeting specific segments within the precious metals market, including JMBullion.com, ProvidentMetals.com, and Silver.com, and two websites, GoldPrice.org and SilverPrice.org that publish data on precious metal and cryptocurrency pricing and generate leads for its other websites. JMB had approximately 1.5 million total customers as of June 30, 2021, and approximately 159,000 active customers for year ended June 30, 2021. JMB also repurchases precious metal products from customers. JMB has four wholly-owned subsidiaries, each of which is a Delaware corporation: Gold Price Group, Inc., Silver.com, Inc., Goldline Metal Buying Corp, and Provident Metals Corp. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, CFC Alternative Investments, LLC, a newly-created wholly-owned subsidiary of CFC, formed a joint venture with a third party known as Collectible Card Partners, LLC, which was established for the purpose of making commercial loans collateralized by graded sports cards and sports memorabilia. Through strategic relationships with its customers and suppliers and vertical integration across its markets, A-Mark seeks to grow its business volume, expand its presence in non-U.S. markets around the globe, and enlarge its offering of complementary products and services. A-Mark seeks to continue its expansion by building on its strengths and what it perceives to be its competitive advantages. These include: • • • • • • • • • integrated operations that span trading, distribution, logistics, minting, storage, hedging, financing, and consignment products and services; an extensive and varied customer base that includes banks and other financial institutions, coin dealers, collectors, private investors, retail customers, investment advisors, industrial manufacturers, refiners, sovereign and private mints, and mines; the ability to cost effectively acquire and retain new retail customers, with over 159,000 active customers on the JMB platform and approximately 9,000 active Goldline customers; the ability to offer secured financing to customers; secure storage and turn-key logistic services for precious metals products; long-standing relationships with the United States Mint and other sovereign mints, including a working relationship with the United States Mint of over 35 years; access to primary market makers, suppliers and refiners that, along with government mints, provide a dependable supply of precious metals and precious metal products; minting operations which produce bullion and custom coins, allowing for a ready response to changing market demands; the ability to design and fabricate proprietary silver products for customers; 4 Table of Contents • • • • the largest precious metals dealer network in North America; depository relationships in major financial centers around the world; experienced traders who also effectively manage A-Mark's exposure to commodity price risk; and a strong management team, with over 100 years of collective industry experience. As part of our growth strategy, we are focused on: • • • • • • Continuing to grow our direct-to-consumer brands—We fully own six unique direct-to-consumer brands and have minority ownership interests in two additional direct-to-consumer brands. Each of these brands has a differentiated market positioning and target customer demographic, which allows us to tailor our merchandising, pricing, and advertising strategies to maximize the growth and profitability of each brand. We plan to continue to invest in the Direct-to- Consumer segment, to facilitate both the acquisition of new customers and the retention of our existing customers. Cross-selling existing A-Mark products and services to JMB customers—As of June 30, 2021, JMB had over 1.5 million total customers and 159,000 active customers. We believe there is a significant opportunity to offer new products and services provided by A-Mark to this customer base, including new, proprietary minted precious metals products, secure storage and logistics, and product repurchases. Leveraging our minting capabilities to sell additional proprietary products—We have long-standing relationships with the United States Mint and other major international sovereign mints. We also have ownership interests in two private mints with our wholly-owned subsidiary SilverTowne, and with our noncontrolling equity method investment. Although we already leverage our relationships with these mints to offer proprietary products to our wholesale and direct-to-consumer customers, the acquisition of JMB provides us with a significantly larger direct-to-consumer customer base, allowing us to increase the number of proprietary products we design, source, and ultimately sell. Expanding our global footprint—We currently serve customers on five continents. Although the significant majority of our current sales are to customers located in the United States, we believe there is a meaningful opportunity to expand our capabilities in order to offer additional products and services to customers in Canada, Europe, and Asia. Leveraging technology to deliver new products and increased services to customers—We are dedicating significant time and resources to enhance our technology platform and capabilities across all aspects of our business and believe the addition of the technology team of JMB will help enhance these efforts. We intend to develop new digital products that will allow customers to more easily buy, sell, and arrange for storage of physical metal products through a mobile interface. We also intend to continue to improve our customer interfaces to allow more seamless order processing, better cross-selling of products and services across our business units and to increase our new customer targeting and acquisition strategies. Pursuing strategic investments and acquisitions—Since our initial investment in JMB in 2014, we have acquired Goldline, made minority investments in two additional direct-to-consumer precious metals retailers, acquired the entire equity interest in SilverTowne Mint and a noncontrolling interest in a private mint. We intend to continue to evaluate new investment and acquisition opportunities that allow us to broaden our product offerings, allow us to better serve our existing customer base, enter new geographic regions and target new customer demographics. Business Segments The Company conducts its operations in three reportable segments: (i) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services (formerly known as Wholesale Trading & Ancillary Services), (ii) Direct-to-Consumer (formerly known as Direct Sales), and (iii) Secured Lending. Each of these reportable segments represents an aggregation of operating segments that meets the aggregation criteria set forth in the Segment Reporting Topic 280 of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). (See Note 18 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.) The Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services and Direct-to-Consumer segment name changes had no impact on the Company's historical financial position, results of operations, cash flow or segment level results previously reported. A-Mark operates through several business units that comprise the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment, including Industrial, Coin and Bar, Trading and Finance, Storage, Logistics, and Mint. Industrial. Our Industrial unit sells gold, silver, platinum, and palladium to industrial and commercial users. Customers include coin fabricators such as mints and industrial manufacturers, encompassing electronics and component parts companies and refiners. Depending on the intended usage, the metals are either investment or industrial grade and are generally in the form of bars or grains. Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services 5 Table of Contents Coin and Bar. Our Coin and Bar unit deals in over 1,000 different products, including gold and silver coins from around the world and gold, silver, platinum and palladium bars and ingots in a variety of weights, shapes, and sizes. Our customers include coin and bullion dealers, banks and other financial institutions, commodity brokerage houses, manufacturers, investors, investment advisors, and collectors who qualify as “eligible commercial entities” and “eligible contract participants,” as those terms are defined in the Commodity Exchange Act. We are an authorized distributor (and, in the case of the United States Mint, an authorized purchaser) of gold and silver coins for all of the major sovereign mints and various private mints. The sovereign mints include the United States Mint, the Australian (Perth) Mint, the Austrian Mint, the Royal Canadian Mint, the China Mint, Banco de Mexico, the South African Mint (Rand Refinery) and the Royal Mint (United Kingdom). We purchase and take delivery of coins from the mints for resale to coin dealers, financial institutions, and other qualified purchasers. Our distribution and purchase agreements with the mints are non-exclusive and may be terminated by the mints at any time, although in practice our relationship with the mints are long-standing, in some cases, as with the United States Mint, extending back for over 35 years. In some cases, we have developed exclusive products with sovereign and private mints for distribution through our dealer network. In our Industrial and Coin and Bar units, orders are taken telephonically and on an electronic trading platform that can be accessed by qualified wholesale customers at www.amark.com. Pricing is generally based on screen quotes for bullion transactions in the spot market, with two-day settlement, although special pricing and extended settlement terms are also available. Almost all customers in these units take physical delivery of the precious metal. Product is shipped upon receipt of payment, except where the purchase is financed under credit arrangements between A-Mark and the customer. We have relationships with precious metal depositories around the world to facilitate shipment of product from our inventory to these customers, in many cases for next day delivery. Product may either be shipped to the customer's location or delivered to a depository or other storage facility designated by the customer. The Company also periodically loans metals to customers on a short-term consignment basis and may charge interest fees based on the value of the metals loaned. Trading and Finance. Our Trading and Finance units engage in commodity hedging as well as borrowing and lending transactions in support of our Industrial and Coin and Bar units. The Trading unit hedges the commodity risk on A-Mark's inventory in order to protect A-Mark from market price fluctuations. A-Mark maintains relationships with major market-makers and multiple futures brokers in order to provide a variety of alternatives for its hedging needs. Our traders employ a combination of future and forward contracts to hedge our market exposure. Because it seeks to substantially hedge its market exposure, A-Mark believes that its business largely functions independently of the price movements of the underlying commodities. Through its hedging activities, A-Mark may also earn contango yields, in which futures price are higher than the current spot prices, or backwardation yields, in which futures prices are lower than the spot prices. A-Mark also offers precious metals price quotes in a number of foreign currencies. Our Finance unit engages in precious metals borrowing and lending transactions and other customized financial transactions with or on behalf of our customers and other counterparties. These arrangements range from simple hedging structures to complex inventory finance arrangements and forward purchase and sale structures, tailored to the needs of our customers. Storage. Our Transcontinental Depository Services, LLC ("TDS") subsidiary provides storage solutions for precious metals and numismatic coins for financial institutions, dealers, investors and collectors worldwide. TDS contracts on behalf of our clients with independent secure storage facilities in the United States, Canada, Europe, Singapore and Hong Kong, for either fully segregated or allocated storage. We assist our clients in developing appropriate storage options for their particular requirements, and we manage the operational aspects of the storage with the third party facilities on our clients' behalf. TDS’s marketing efforts are conducted both in partnership with A-Mark and independently, including through its dedicated website www.tdsvaults.com. Logistics. Our A-M Global Logistics, LLC ("Logistics") subsidiary, located in Las Vegas, Nevada, supports our Wholesale Sales business by providing a significant amount of the secured storage and shipping and delivery services that had historically been outsourced to third-party depositories in their various locations. By consolidating those operations into one central location under our control, we have reduced our dependence on third-party service providers while enhancing quality control and reducing operating costs. Logistics also provides turn-key logistics services to our customers engaged in the retail business. We provide these customers inventory handling, packaging, storage, and drop-shipping services. AMTAG. Our A-Mark Trading AG ("AMTAG") subsidiary promotes the Company's products and services to international markets. Mint. Through its AMST subsidiary, the Company now owns the entire minting operations of the SilverTowne Mint (or the "Mint"), providing greater product selection to our customers and greater pricing stability within the supply chain, as well as increased access to fabricated silver products during volatile market environments. A- Mark has leveraged SilverTowne Mint’s fabrication capabilities and coin-die portfolio to expand its custom coin programs, as well as to introduce new custom products for individual customers. 6 Table of Contents Although the Company and JMB are the Mint’s primary customers, the Mint also markets its products at www.silvertowne.com. The Company operates its Direct-to-Consumer segment through its wholly-owned subsidiaries JM Bullion, Inc. (“JMB”) and Goldline, Inc. (“Goldline”). The Company’s Direct-to-Consumer segment expands the Company’s distribution capabilities with a retail distribution channel and diversifies the products and services offered to the Company’s retail customers by providing them access to the Company’s wider assortment of precious metal coins and bars, as well as TDS’s storage and asset protection services. Direct-to-Consumer JM Bullion JMB, which became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company in March 2021, is a leading internet retailer of precious metal products that it sells through its proprietary websites. Products. JMB’s products consist primarily of coins, rounds, and bars. Coins are minted by a sovereign government, are legal currency and have a face value, although the face value is typically less than the value of their precious metal content. Rounds are coin-like objects with thematic designs minted by private mints, have no face value and are not legal currency, and their value is solely based upon their precious metal content. Bars are ingot-shaped precious metal objects that are usually produced by private mints. Like rounds, bars have no face value, are not legal currency and are valued based on their precious metal content. Coins, rounds and bars are made from silver, gold, platinum, or palladium and in some cases copper. JMB occasionally sells jewelry products fashioned around coins or rounds as well. Typically, JMB offers approximately 2,000 different products, measured by stock keeping units or SKUs, on its websites. This number can vary over time, particularly when demand is high and certain SKUs may be out of stock. As a service to its customers, JMB makes available for sale on its websites protective accessories for precious metal products, including acrylic coin holders and capsules, coin tubes and silver bar tubes. Websites. JMB operates five websites: JMBullion.com, ProvidentMetals.com, Silver.com, SilverPrice.org and GoldPrice.org. JMBullion.com is the original website of JMB. ProvidentMetals.com was purchased by JMB as an operational website in 2019, while JMB purchased the domain name Silver.com in 2013. SilverPrice.org and GoldPrice.org are primarily precious metals price checking websites, and these were purchased by JMB in 2017. Customers may order product on each of the JMBullion.com, ProvidentMetals.com and Silver.com websites. While each of these sites appeals to a different customer clientele and may from time to time have slightly different product offerings, all orders are processed in the same manner. Customers may place their orders online, or they may use the toll-free telephone number available on the websites to order through a customer representative. The SilverPrice.org and GoldPrice.org websites provide real time price information on silver, gold, and cryptocurrencies. Although customers cannot order product on these websites, the websites direct visitors to JMBullion.com for placing orders. JMB utilizes an internally developed search engine optimization, or SEO, strategy to drive traffic to its websites, particularly to JMBullion.com. JMB also pays for placement on the major search engines, including Google, Bing, Apple, and Yahoo!, employing internally developed strategies to reach a targeted audience and to optimize the cost effectiveness of paid for searches. Buyback Program. JMB also offers to repurchase precious metal products through its websites. With its buyback program, JMB provides collectors of precious metal products with a means to dispose of their holdings at transparent and competitive prices. Generally, JMB will indicate on its websites the products that it is interested in repurchasing, and a collector seeking to sell such products may arrange the sale online. Alternatively, the collector may call a customer representative using the toll-free number on the website and arrange a sale by telephone. The buyback program is a source of inventory for JMB, which is able to acquire product for resale at a discount to dealer prices. Logistics. Historically, the Company has provided logistics services to JMB. With the recent opening of JMB’s distribution facility in Dallas, Texas, the backend logistics for the buyback program has been relocated to Dallas. The Company may consider migrating other logistics functions to the Dallas facility. Goldline Goldline, acquired by the Company in August 2017, is a direct retailer of precious metals to the investor community. Goldline markets its precious metal products on television, radio, and the internet, as well as through customer service outreach, particularly to Goldline’s repeat customers. Online orders are taken on an electronic trading platform that can be accessed by qualified retail customers at www.goldline.com. Goldline customers are required to open an account with Goldline and enter into an account agreement. The agreement specifies the terms and conditions of purchase and explains the availability of certain programs and services offered by Goldline to its customers. 7 Table of Contents Products: Goldline offers a variety of products from gold, silver and platinum bullion in the form of bars and coins as well as rare coins. Many of Goldline’s coins and bars are also IRA eligible. Buyback Purchases. Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC ("PMPP") is a joint venture with one of the Company's related parties, in which Goldline owns a 50% interest. Through PMPP, Goldline acquires precious metals from retail customers in order to diversify its supply chain of product offerings and prices for its affiliates. Intellectual Property. AM IP Assets, LLC ("AMIP"), a wholly owned subsidiary of Goldline, manages certain intellectual property of Goldline, including customer lists and a sales lead data base. Secured Lending The Company operates its Secured Lending segment through its wholly-owned subsidiary, CFC, which in turn owns AMCF. CFC and AMCF have been operating since fiscal years 2005 and 2019, respectively. CFC Alternative Investments, LLC (“CAI”), a newly-formed subsidiary of CFC, is a party to a joint venture known as Collectible Card Partners, LLC (“CCP”), which was formed for the purpose of making commercial loans collateralized by graded sports cards and sports memorabilia. CCP had no operations in fiscal 2021. CFC is a California licensed finance lender that originates and acquires commercial loans secured by bullion and numismatic coins. CFC's customers include coin and precious metal dealers, investors, and collectors. As of June 30, 2021, the aggregate balance of CFC's secured loans was approximately $113.0 million. The balance is comprised of approximately 65.4% of loans acquired from third-parties and approximately 34.6% of loans originated by CFC. AMCF is a special purpose entity whose sole activity consists of operating, owning, and financing precious metal inventory through the issuance of notes (the “AMCF Notes”). AMCF Notes are primarily payable from, and secured by, (i) precious metals obtained by AMCF, (ii) a portfolio of loans collateralized by precious metals, which loans were originated by either CFC or acquired by CFC from third parties and conveyed by CFC to AMCF, and (iii) cash. The indenture governing the AMCF Notes requires AMCF to maintain a specified level of collateral. The indenture also provides that AMCF’s assets are not to be commingled with those of CFC or A-Mark (or any affiliate) and that AMCF is to maintain separate books and records. General. The secured loans that CFC issues consist of on-demand loans and loans with a term of three months to 364 days, with a typical term of approximately six months. Repayment of the loans can be made at any time without penalty. Because the loans are of relatively short duration, CFC does not have significant exposure to interest rate fluctuations, even in a rising interest rate environment. Loans carried by CFC range in size from $15,000 to $10.0 million. All loans are fully secured by bullion or numismatics coins (or in rare cases, by other acceptable collateral.) TDS, on behalf of CFC, takes physical custody of the coins or bullion collateralizing the loans. CFC requires loan-to-value ("LTV") ratios of between 50% and 85%. LTV ratio refers to the principal amount of the loan divided by the liquidation value of the collateral, as conservatively estimated by CFC for numismatic loans and based on daily spot market prices for bullion loans. The LTV ratio varies with the nature of the collateral, with CFC requiring, for example, a higher LTV ratio for bullion than for rare coins. If, because of fluctuations in the market price of the pledged collateral, the LTV ratio on a loan increases above a prescribed maximum ratio, typically 85%, CFC can make a margin call on the loan. If the borrower does not meet the margin call, either by wiring payment or supplying additional collateral, CFC is authorized to sell the collateral, which it does through its A-Mark affiliates. Because of its conservative lending and collateral monitoring practices, CFC has never experienced losses of principal on its loans. Origination Activity. CFC's origination activities are complementary to the Company’s coin and bullion businesses, and afford our customers a convenient means of financing their inventory or collections. CFC also attempts to leverage the worldwide storage capabilities of its TDS affiliate by offering clients TDS’s asset protection services in connection with the loans. CFC’s marketing efforts for its origination activity are conducted both in partnership with A-Mark, particularly with respect to dealers, and independently, including though its dedicated website www.cfcgoldloans.com. Interest rates on loans originated by CFC are determined based on current market conditions, borrower profile and type or mix of collateral. CFC also offers a variety of custom loan services to its origination clients, including renewal options, options to increase loan size, financing arrangements tailored to facilitate participation in numismatic auctions, and revolving loan arrangements. CFC services the loans that it originates. Acquisition Activity. CFC also acquires portfolios of loans secured by bullion and numismatics coins from third party originators. The loans acquired by CFC are sold subject to customary representations and warranties for loan portfolios of this type, and must comply with CFC’s criteria for quality of collateral, LTV ratio, term and interest rate. Upon acquisition of a loan portfolio, CFC takes physical possession of the collateral securing the loans. In the event that a loan is non-performing, the collateral will typically be liquidated by A-Mark on behalf of the originator in order to retire the loan. Typically, loan portfolios acquired by CFC are serviced by the originator for a fee. Financing Activity. CFC has historically financed its loan origination and acquisition activity primarily through A-Mark's demand line of credit with a syndicate of several financial institutions. The AMCF Notes, which were issued by AMCF in September 2018, have provided an additional source of funding for CFC's loan originations and acquisitions of loan portfolios from third parties. 8 Table of Contents Liquidity Our business depends substantially on our ability to obtain financing for our operations. Sources of cash generated from operating activities include receipts upon the sales of precious metals, and cash collected from interest payments on secured loans. Sources of cash provided by financing activities are our uncommitted line of credit, fixed interest rate notes, and other structured financing products. The Company’s line of credit provides it with the liquidity to buy and sell billions of dollars of precious metals annually, and is used to fund a substantial portion of the operations of the Company. As of June 30, 2021, A-Mark's uncommitted line of credit provided access up to $270.0 million, featuring a $220.0 million base with a $50.0 million accordion option. Effective July 16, 2021, the Company’s line of credit was increased to provide for a $330 million credit facility, consisting of a $280 million base and a $50 million accordion feature. The maturity date of the credit facility is March 25, 2022. The Company issued fixed rate notes in September 2018 with an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million, having a maturity of December 2023. The proceeds upon issuance of the notes were used to fund the acquisition of CFC's secured loans and other operating activities. The Company also generates funds from other finance products that include product financing arrangements with customers, whereby the Company sells its inventory with an option to repurchase, and through precious metal borrowing and leasing arrangements with its suppliers. Market Making Activity We act as a principal market maker, maintaining a two-way market for buying and selling precious metals. This means we both sell product to and purchase product from our customers. Material Resources We maintain a substantial inventory of bullion and coins in order to provide our customers with selection and prompt delivery. We acquire product for our inventory in the course of our trading activities with our customers, directly from government and private mints, mines, and refiners, and from commodities brokers and dealers, privately and in transactions on established commodity exchanges. A-Mark’s precious metals inventories are subject to market value changes created by change in the underlying commodity price, as well as supply and demand of the individual products the Company trades. Our inventory is marked-to-market daily for accounting and financial reporting purposes, except for a relatively insignificant amount of inventory that is accounted for at lower of cost or net realizable value. A-Mark’s policy is to remain substantially hedged as to its inventory position and its individual sale and purchase commitments. A-Mark seeks to minimize the effect of price changes of the underlying commodity through the use of financial derivative instruments, such as forward and futures contracts. Sales and Marketing We market our products and services to our wholesale customers primarily through our offices in El Segundo, California, and Vienna, Austria, our websites, and our dealer network, which we believe is the largest of its kind in North America. The dealer network consists of over 800 independent precious metal and coin companies, with whom we transact on a non-exclusive basis. The arrangements with the dealers vary, but generally the dealers acquire product from us for resale to their customers. In some instances, we deliver bullion to the dealers on a consignment basis. We also participate from time to time in trade shows and conventions, at which we promote our products and services. As a vertically integrated precious metals company, a key element of our marketing strategy is being able to cross-sell our products and services to customers within our various business units. JMB markets its products over the internet through its proprietary websites, using an internally developed search optimization strategy and paid placements with major search engines. Goldline reaches its retail customer base on television, radio, and the internet, as well as through customer service outreach. Consistent with the marketing strategy for our wholesale customers, we market our secured loan products and services to customers primarily through our dealer network and by participating in trade shows and conventions. Operational Support The Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment maintains administrative and operational support related to its trading, hedging, and finance product operations at its headquarters in El Segundo, California. We believe that our existing administrative and operational support infrastructure has the capacity to scale up with our business activities. We store our inventories of bullion and numismatics at third party depositories in major financial centers around the world and at our secured facility in Las Vegas, Nevada. 9 Table of Contents The Direct-to-Consumer segment maintains administrative and operational support at its office in Dallas, Texas and Los Angeles, California, for originating and processing its retail orders. The Company's Trading, Finance, and Logistics business units provide supporting services such as hedging and order fulfillment. The Secured Lending segment maintains administrative support at its headquarters in El Segundo, California for the processing of its originated loans, including billing, managing margin calls, and tracking of precious metal collateral. For the processing and administration of loans that are acquired from a third party (usually a customer of A-Mark), customer invoices are typically processed by the originating dealer of the loan portfolio through a fee-based servicing arrangement. Collateral custody and security is managed by our Logistics business unit. Additionally, A-Mark provides funds to CFC to purchase additional bullion and numismatic secured loans. Customer Concentrations For the year ended June 30, 2021, the Company had one customer comprising more than 10% of our revenues. (See Note 17 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.) The Company's largest customers generally have significant forward contract sales activity (as opposed to those customers with whom we principally have physical trading activity), which are entered into in order to hedge the Company's commodity holding risks, and not for speculative purposes. Competition A-Mark's activities cover a broad spectrum of the precious metals industry, with a concentration on the physical market. We service public, industrial, and private sector consumers of precious metals which include industrial manufacturers, refiners, minting facilities, banks, brokerage houses, and private investors. We frequently face different competitors in each area, and it is not uncommon for a customer and/or a supplier in one market segment to be a competitor in another. Our Direct-to-Consumer segment competes with numerous online and other retailers of direct-to-consumer precious metal products. The principal competitors of JMB include APMEX, SD Bullion and Bullion Exchanges. Competition is based primarily on price and customer service, including the ability to offer same day shipping. To a lesser extent, competition is also based on product availability, although all major ecommerce retailers will typically stock the products that are most in demand. Our Secured Lending segment's market is believed to have limited direct competition. We believe factors, including access to capital, secure storage facilities, bullion and numismatic expertise, and other related services and offerings, provide us a competitive advantage in that marketplace. Seasonality and Other Factors Influencing Demand Our business is generally not seasonal, although demand in the retail market tends to be lower in the summer months. On the other hand, we believe our business is directly impacted by the perception of market trends and global economic activity. Historically, higher levels of demand for precious metals are brought on during periods of macroeconomic uncertainty. Typically, factors that impact such uncertainty and correlate with a higher level of demand for precious metals include volatility in the equity markets, increases in rates of inflation, and devaluation of the U.S. dollar. The COVID pandemic has spurred an unprecedented demand for precious metal products, in both our wholesale and retail operations, which may not continue. Compliance with Government Regulations We are subject to a variety of domestic and foreign laws that relate particularly to our business. Because of the nature and value of the precious metal products in which deal, we must be careful to assure compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and a variety of anti-money laundering and know-your-customer rules in response to the USA Patriot Act, and similar foreign statutory regimes. By reason of our direct-to-consumer business in particular, we collect personal data and are subject to European General Data Protection Regulation, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 and similar domestic and foreign statutes that address the collection, use and monitoring of such data. We continue to devote substantial resources to comply with these laws and regulations. Our CFC financing subsidiary operates under a California Finance Lenders License issued by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation. CFC is required to submit a finance lender law annual report to the state which summarizes certain loan portfolio and financial information regarding CFC, which are subject to audit. Although we do not believe that our activities fall within the jurisdiction of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, we have been subject to investigation by this agency, which may in the future seek to assert control over certain of our activities. 10 Table of Contents Human Capital The efforts and expertise of our team members are critical to our success. We are devoted to the attraction, development, and retention of our employees, which enable us to deliver a high level of service to our customers. Because we have a small number of employees, and certain of our subsidiaries are geographically dispersed as a result of various acquisitions as well as from internal growth, our focus is on maintaining a relationship-based and collaborative work environment within each of our geographical locations. For the most part, these operating businesses are authorized to establish specific policies and practices concerning the attraction and retention of person in their organizations, addressing, among other things: maintaining a safe work environment for employees, customers and other business partners, offering competitive compensation and benefits to employees, and hiring practices intended to identify qualified candidates and promote diversity and inclusion in the workforce. At the same time, we recognize the importance of “Tone at the Top”, and we have adopted company-wide corporate governance policies and procedures which emphasize accountability, transparency, fairness, and responsibility. A-Mark’s senior management is responsible for establishing and monitoring A-Mark’s corporate governance practices, including monitoring governance efforts at each location, and participating in the resolution of governance-related issues as needed. A-Mark’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics emphasizes, among other things, the commitment to ethics and compliance with the law and provides basic standards for ethical and legal behavior of all its employees. As of June 30, 2021, the Company had 351 employees, with 349 located in North America, and two located in Europe; all except eight of these employees were considered full-time employees. Our overall employee retention rate for the year ended June 30, 2021 (including JMB) was 24 percent; excluding the Mint and Logistics operations, which hire largely in response to fluctuating business demands, our retention rate was 76 percent. For the companies we have owned for more than five years, the percentage of employees who have more than five years of service was 22 percent. For the companies we have owned and operated for less than five years, the percentage of employees who have continued their employment since the respective acquisition dates was 50 percent. A-Mark is committed to supporting our employees’ financial, mental, and physical well-being. Across our various companies, we offer competitive pay and benefits, including annual short-term incentive awards and long-term equity awards, an employee savings 401(k) plan and company matching contributions, health insurance, disability insurance, life insurance, health savings and flexible spending accounts, wellness incentives, paid time off, family leave, parental leave, and employee assistance programs. The Company has taken steps to support and protect its employees during the COVID-19 pandemic, including by implementing health and safety protocols and providing additional benefits. As of June 30, 2021, many of our employees continue to work remotely under a hybrid work-from-home/work-at-the-office model. For those employees who continue to work at our facilities, we follow state and local guidelines regarding masks and have configured our various working environments to allow for social distancing to the extent feasible. A-Mark provides equal employment opportunities to all qualified individuals without regard to race, color, religion, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, pregnancy, age, national origin, physical or mental disability, military or veteran status, genetic information, or any other protected classification. Equal employment opportunity includes, but is not limited to, hiring, training, promotion, demotion, transfer, leaves of absence, and termination. The diversity of our workforce is essential, and we are committed to diversity and inclusion throughout the Company to ensure a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and skills to provide better solutions, drive innovation and creativity, and enhance decision making. As of June 30, 2021, approximately 40 percent of our employees identified as female, and 42 percent of our employees were made up of underrepresented minorities. Corporate Information Our executive offices are located at 2121 Rosecrans Avenue, Suite 6300, El Segundo CA 90245. Our telephone number is (310) 587-1477, and our website is www.amark.com. Through this website, we make available, free of charge, all of our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), including those under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act"). Such reports are made available on the same day that they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. In addition, copies of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Employees, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Senior Financial and Other Officers, and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Directors are available through our website, along with other information regarding our corporate governance policies. Geographic Information See Note 18 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for information about Company's geographic operations. 11 Table of Contents ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Risks Relating to our Operations Our business is heavily dependent on our credit facility. Our business depends substantially on our ability to obtain financing for our operations. The Trading Credit Facility (as further described and defined below) provides the Company with the liquidity to buy and sell billions of dollars of precious metals annually. The Trading Credit Facility is an uncommitted demand facility provided by a syndicate of financial institutions (the “Trading Credit Lenders”) and is currently scheduled to mature on March 25, 2022. A-Mark routinely uses funds drawn under the Trading Credit Facility to purchase metals from its suppliers and for operating cash flow purposes. Our CFC subsidiary also uses the funds drawn under the Trading Credit Facility to finance its lending activities. Pursuant to the terms of the Trading Credit Facility, each Trading Credit Lender may, at any time in its sole discretion (subject to certain notice requirements), decline to make loans to us. If we are unable to access funds under the Trading Credit Facility, we may be limited in the manner in which we conduct our business and we may be unable to engage in favorable business activities or finance future operations or capital needs. The Trading Credit Facility requires us to maintain certain financial ratios and to comply with various operational and other covenants. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under the Trading Credit Facility that was not cured or waived pursuant to the terms of the Trading Credit Facility, the Trading Credit Lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding under the Trading Credit Facility to be due and payable immediately. Further, Trading Credit Lenders holding 50% or more of the indebtedness under the Trading Credit Facility may require us to repay all outstanding indebtedness under the Trading Credit Facility at any time, even if we are in compliance with the financial and other covenants under the Trading Credit Facility. We cannot assure you that our assets or cash flow would be sufficient to fully repay borrowings under our outstanding debt instruments, including the Trading Credit Facility, upon demand or acceleration, or at maturity, or that we would be able to refinance or restructure the payments under the Trading Credit Facility. The failure of A-Mark to renew or replace the Trading Credit Facility under such circumstances would reduce the financing available to us and could limit our ability to conduct our business, including the lending activity of our CFC subsidiary. There can be no assurance that we could procure replacement financing on commercially acceptable terms on a timely basis, or at all. We have pledged a significant portion of our assets as collateral under the Trading Credit Facility, and if we were unable to repay the amounts outstanding thereunder, the administrative agent under the Trading Credit Facility could proceed against the collateral granted to secure such indebtedness. We are subject to fluctuations in interest rates based on the variable interest terms of the Trading Credit Facility and we may not be able to pass along to our customers and borrowers some or any part of an increase in the interest that we are required to pay under the Trading Credit Facility. Amounts under the Trading Credit Facility bear interest based on one month LIBOR plus 2.50%. The LIBOR was approximately 0.10% as of June 30, 2021. The Trading Credit Facility agreement contains provisions to accommodate the replacement of the existing LIBOR-based rate with a successor Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) based rate upon a triggering event. For risks related to the transition away from LIBOR, see “General Risk Factors—Uncertainty about the future of LIBOR may adversely affect our business,” below. We could suffer losses with our financing operations. We engage in a variety of financing activities with our customers: • • • • • Receivables from our customers with whom we trade in precious metal products are effectively short-term, non-interest bearing extensions of credit that are, in certain cases, secured by the related products maintained in the Company’s possession or by a letter of credit issued on behalf of the customer. On average, these receivables are outstanding for periods of between 8 and 9 days. The Company operates a financing business through CFC that makes secured loans at loan-to-value ratios—principal loan amount divided by the liquidation value, as conservatively estimated by management, of the collateral—of, in most cases, 50% to 85%. These loans are both variable and fixed interest rate loans, with some maturities on-demand and others from three to twelve months. We make advances to our customers on unrefined metals secured by materials received from the customer. These advances are limited to a portion of the materials received. The Company makes unsecured, short-term, non-interest bearing advances to wholesale metals dealers and government mints. The Company periodically extends short-term credit through the issuance of notes receivable to approved customers at interest rates determined on a customer-by-customer basis. 12 Table of Contents Our ability to minimize losses on the credit that we extend to our customers depends on a variety of factors, including: • • • our loan underwriting and other credit policies and controls designed to assure repayment, which may prove inadequate to prevent losses; our ability to sell collateral upon customer defaults for amounts sufficient to offset credit losses, which can be affected by a number of factors outside of our control, including (i) changes in economic conditions, including as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, (ii) increases in market rates of interest and (iii) changes in the condition or value of the collateral; and the reserves we establish for loan losses, which may prove inadequate. Liquidity constraints may limit our ability to grow our business. We will require adequate sources of liquidity to fund both our existing business and our strategy for expansion, evidenced most recently by our acquisition of JMB. Currently, our main sources of liquidity are the cash that we generate from operations, our borrowing availability under the Trading Credit Facility, and the proceeds from our securitization transaction through AMCF. There can be no assurance that these sources will be adequate to support the growth that we are hoping to achieve or that additional sources of financing for this purpose, in the form of additional debt or equity financing, will be available to us, on satisfactory terms or at all. Also, the Trading Credit Facility contains, and any future debt financing is likely to contain, various financial and other restrictive covenants. The need to comply with these covenants may limit our ability to implement our growth initiatives. We are dependent on our key management personnel and our trading experts. Our strategic vision and performance is dependent on Greg Roberts, our Chief Executive Officer, other members of our senior management and certain other key employees. We have employment agreements with Mr. Roberts and Brian Aquilino, our Chief Operating Officer, which both expire on June 30, 2023, and with Thor Gjerdrum, our President, which expires on June 30, 2022. The continuing integration of JMB with our other businesses relies in part on the knowledge and experience of Michael Wittmeyer, the Chief Executive Officer of JMB. We recently entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Wittmeyer which terminates on June 30, 2024. These and other employees have expertise in the trading markets, e-commerce operations and digital marketing; have industry-wide reputations; and perform critical functions for our business. We cannot offer assurance that we will be able to negotiate acceptable terms for the renewal of the employment agreements or otherwise retain our key employees. Also, there is significant competition for skilled precious metals traders and other industry professionals. The loss of our current key officers and employees, without the ability to replace them, would have a materially adverse effect on our business. We rely extensively on computer systems to execute trades and process transactions, and we could suffer substantial damages if the operation of these systems were interrupted. We rely on our computer and communications hardware and software systems to execute a large volume of trading transactions each year. With the acquisition of JMB, whose sales are conducted exclusively through the internet, our dependence on computer and communications technology has further increased. It is therefore critical that we maintain uninterrupted operation of these systems, and we have invested considerable resources to protect our systems from physical compromise and security breaches and to maintain backup and redundancy. Nevertheless, our systems are subject to damage or interruption from power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, security breaches, including breaches of our transaction processing or other systems, catastrophic events such as fires, tornadoes and hurricanes, and usage errors by our employees. If our systems are breached, damaged or cease to function properly, we may have to make a significant investment to fix or replace them, we may suffer interruptions in our ability to provide quotations or trading services in the interim, and we may face costly litigation. Risks Related to World Events Our business is influenced by political conditions and world events. The precious metals business is especially subject to global political conditions and world events. Precious metals are viewed by some as a secure financial investment in times of political upheaval or unrest, particularly in developing economies, which may drive up pricing. The volatility of the commodity prices for precious metals is also likely to increase in politically uncertain times. Conversely, during periods of relative international calm precious metal volatility is likely to decrease, along with demand, and the prices of precious metals may retreat. Because our business is dependent on the volatility and pricing of precious metals, we are likely to be influenced by world events more than businesses in other economic sectors. 13 Table of Contents The Company has experienced outsized growth in its revenues and operating profits since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, but there can be no assurance that this level of performance will continue, and its performance may drop as the pandemic and its related effects subside. The recent growth of the business of the Company generally, and the business of its recently acquired JMB subsidiary in particular, may be attributed to the unprecedented uncertainties and volatility in the financial markets resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, its effects on the economy and the related government responses. Other contemporary events and circumstances, including the presidential election, the change in administration and perceived related political polarization and instability, may also have been contributing factors to the recent growth of the business of the Company. In this environment, consumers may have sought perceived financial safety in precious coins and metals. There can be no assurance that the recent growth in the precious metals business will continue in future periods or will not decline as the pandemic and its effects on the economy, the business environment and the responsive actions of government subside, or as the current political environment becomes less charged. Even if the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the domestic and world markets, or the perceived political instability, continue for an extended period of time, consumer perceptions with respect to precious coins and metals could shift, these commodities may no longer be viewed as secure investments and the demand for the Company’s products could substantially decline. We cannot predict the performance of our business and operations if and when business conditions revert to more normalized levels. A decline in our future revenues and earnings would have adverse effects on our overall results of operations and could cause our stock price to decline. Moreover, because of the unprecedented nature of the current business and financial environment, particularly in regards to the precious metal industry, it is not possible to create with any acceptable measure of precision customary financial projections and forecasts for our business over the next several years. This could adversely affect our ability to engage in financial and operational planning for the future. Our business could also be adversely affected by the continuing COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 outbreak has caused significant disruption in the financial markets both globally and in the United States. While there have been positive effects of the market reaction to the outbreak on our business, as precious metals prices have experienced increased volatility resulting in enhanced pricing spreads and improved profitability, we do not know how long these effects will continue and cannot predict their future magnitude. The continued disruption in the financial markets could have adverse effects on our businesses in the future, including with respect to the following: • • • • We maintain facilities for our clients’ and our own precious metal and numismatic inventories, where we receive and store these products and from which we make shipments for physical settlement in our trading activity. We have implemented procedures at these facilities to ensure social distancing and minimize the risk of infected personnel. Nonetheless, there can be no assurance that we will not experience an outbreak of infection at these facilities, which could necessitate their closure or the curtailment of their activity. We engage in transactions with numerous financial counterparties. If these parties were to experience significant financial reversals, for example as a result of investments in sectors that have suffered severe downturns as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, these parties may be unable to comply with their financial obligations to us, may cease transacting business with us or could curtail or terminate the credit that they extend to us. While we deal with a significant number of counterparties, we nonetheless have concentration in our customer base. To the extent that the COVID-19 pandemic were to materially and adversely affect the financial condition of customers responsible for a material portion of our revenues, our business could be correspondingly impaired. We require a regular supply of newly minted coins and other numismatics in the conduct of our coin and bar and retail businesses. We conduct the AMST joint venture, which supplies a portion of our requirements for silver products. We are also dependent on the production of gold and silver mints around the world for the supply of the majority of our product requirements. A number of mints, and refineries that supply gold and silver for the mints, reduced the capacity of their operations during the COVID-19 crisis, and as a result we have experienced periods when precious metals products were unavailable to us. The uncertainty regarding the availability of coin and other products could make it difficult for us to commit to future delivery, could make it more difficult for us to forecast and plan for our coin and bar operations and could otherwise adversely impact this aspect of our business. We rely on specialized, armored vehicles provided by third party commercial services to transport precious metals and numismatics to and from our customers and from the mints and our other suppliers. If these vehicles were deemed essential to other customers in the current crisis, such that we were unable to obtain adequate use of the vehicles, our ability to make physical settlement of our trading activity, to provide storage services to our customers, and to obtain necessary inventory would be curtailed and could be suspended entirely. We have significant operations outside the United States. We derive a significant portion of our revenues from business outside the United States, including from customers in developing countries. Business operations outside the U.S. are subject to political, economic and other risks inherent in operating in foreign 14 Table of Contents countries. These include risks of general applicability, such as the need to comply with multiple regulatory regimes; trade protection measures and import or export licensing requirements; and fluctuations in equity, revenues and profits due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Currently, we do not conduct substantial business with customers in developing countries. However, if our business in these areas of the world were to increase, we would also face risks that are particular to developing countries, including the difficulty of enforcing agreements, collecting receivables, protecting inventory and other assets through foreign legal systems, limitations on the repatriation of earnings, currency devaluation and manipulation of exchange rates, and high levels of inflation. We try to manage these risks by monitoring current and anticipated political, economic, legal and regulatory developments in the countries outside the United States in which we operate or have customers and adjusting operations as appropriate, but there can be no assurance that the measures we adopt will be successful in protecting the Company’s business interests. Risks Related to our Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Segment Our business is dependent on a concentrated customer base. One of A-Mark's key assets is the customer base of its Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment. This customer base provides deep distribution of product and makes A-Mark a desirable trading partner for precious metals product manufacturers, including sovereign mints seeking to distribute precious metals coinage or large refiners seeking to sell large volumes of physical precious metals. If our relationships with these customers deteriorated, or if we were to lose these customers, our business would be materially adversely affected. The loss of a government purchaser/distributorship arrangement could materially adversely affect our business. A-Mark’s business is heavily dependent on its purchaser/distributorship arrangements with various governmental mints. Our ability to offer numismatic coins and bars to our customers on a competitive basis is based on the ability to purchase products directly from a government source. The arrangements with the governmental mints may be discontinued by them at any time. The loss of an authorized purchaser/distributor relationship, including with the U.S. Mint, could have a material adverse effect on our business. We operate in a highly competitive industry. The business of buying and selling precious metals is global and highly competitive. The Company competes with precious metals firms and banks throughout North America, Europe and elsewhere in the world, some of whom have greater financial and other resources, and greater name recognition, than the Company. We believe that, as a full-service firm devoted exclusively to precious metals trading, we offer pricing, product availability, execution, financing alternatives and storage options that are attractive to our customers and allow us to compete effectively. We also believe that our purchaser/distributorship arrangements with various governmental mints give us a competitive advantage in our coin distribution business. However, given the global reach of the precious metals business, the absence of intellectual property protections and the availability of numerous, evolving platforms for trading in precious metals, we cannot assure you that A-Mark will be able to continue to compete successfully or that future developments in the industry will not create additional competitive challenges. The Company is subject to risks relating to its AMST operations. AMST depends on critical pieces of equipment which may be out of service occasionally for scheduled upgrades or maintenance or as a result of unanticipated failures or business interruptions. AMST’s facilities are subject to equipment failures and the risk of catastrophic loss due to unanticipated events such as fires, earthquakes, accidents or violent weather conditions. AMST has insurance to cover certain of the risks associated with equipment damage and resulting business interruption, but there are certain events that would not be covered by insurance and there can be no assurance that insurance will continue to be available on acceptable terms. Interruptions in AMST’s processing and production capabilities and shutdowns resulting from unanticipated events could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. AMST's ability to continue to expand the scope of its services and customer base depends in part on its ability to increase the size of its skilled labor force. The inability to employ or retain skilled technical personnel could adversely affect AMST’s operating results. In the past, the demand for skilled personnel has been high and the supply limited. We have in the past engaged, and continue to engage, in transactions with Stack’s Bowers, an affiliate of the Company, which could be perceived as not being made at arms-length. Stack’s-Bowers Numismatics, LLC ("Stack's Bowers"), which is primarily engaged in the business of auctions of high-value and rare coins and in coin retailing, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of SGI, our former parent and a related party. We have engaged in the past, and continue to engage, in transactions with Stack’s Bowers, some of which are presently on-going. These transactions include secured lending transactions in which Stack’s Bowers is the borrower, and other transactions involving the purchase and sale of rare coins, including with JMB. SGI and the Company have a common chief executive officer, and the chief executive officer and the general counsel of the Company are board members of SGI. In addition, a majority of the board of directors of the Company has retained an ownership interest in SGI that in the aggregate represents a controlling interest in SGI. All transactions between the Company and 15 Table of Contents Stack’s Bowers are approved by our Audit Committee, and we believe that all such transactions are on terms no less favorable to the Company than would be obtained from an unaffiliated third party. Nonetheless, these transactions could be perceived as being conflicted. The materials held by A-Mark are subject to loss, damage, theft or restriction on access. A-Mark has significant quantities of high-value precious metals on site, at third-party depositories and in transit. There is a risk that part or all of the gold and other precious metals held by A-Mark, whether on its own behalf or on behalf of its customers, could be lost, damaged or stolen. In addition, access to A-Mark’s precious metals could be restricted by natural events (such as an earthquake) or human actions (such as a terrorist attack). Although we maintain insurance on terms and conditions that we consider appropriate, we may not have adequate sources of recovery if our precious metals inventory is lost, damaged, stolen or destroyed, and recovery may be limited. Among other things, our insurance policies exclude coverage in the event of loss as a result of terrorist attacks or civil unrest. In addition, with the establishment of our Logistics facility and the transfer of our wholesale storage operations from third party depositories to that facility, we are assuming greater potential liability for any loss suffered in connection with the stored inventory. Among other things, our insurance, rather than the third-party depository’s, is now the primary risk policy. While we believe we have adequate insurance coverage covering these operations, in the event of any loss in excess of our coverage, we may be held liable for that excess. Our Logistics depository is subject to authorization. Our Trading Credit Lenders have approved our Logistics facility as an authorized depository. If that approval were to be withdrawn for any reason, we would no longer be able to keep inventory at that location, which would substantially limit our ability to conduct business from that facility. Risks Related to our Direct-to Consumer Segment Our Direct-to-Consumer businesses could be subject to accusations of improper sales practices. Through our JMB and Goldline subsidiaries, the Company sells precious metals and numismatics directly to the retail investor community. JMB markets its products over the internet. Goldline markets its precious metal products on television, radio, and over the internet, and through customer service outreach. Prior to its acquisition by the Company, Goldline had been accused of improper sales practices, and was the subject of a state enforcement action that was subsequently settled. Other retailers of precious metal products have similarly been the subject of accusations regarding their sales practices, including claims of misrepresentation, excessive product markups, pressured sales tactics and product switching. The Company believes that the sales practices of its Goldline subsidiary conform to applicable legal and ethical standards, and that there is no material basis for claims against Goldline in this regard. Nevertheless, given the nature of the retail precious metals business, the possibility that investors in precious metals may lose a substantial portion of their investment as a result of adverse market trends and the vulnerability of certain retail precious metal investors to economic loss, there can be no assurance that claims will not be made regarding business practices of Goldline or JMB or that, if made, such claims will not attract the attention of governmental and private sector consumer advocates. Were this to occur, the Company could suffer adverse publicity, be subject to governmental enforcements actions or be forced to modify the sales and marketing practices of its direct-to-consumer business. Our Direct-to-Consumer businesses operate in a highly competitive environment. JMB and Goldline face competition from both traditional precious metal retail brokers and coin stores, as well as other specialty online precious metal and coin sites, such as APMEX, Inc., SD Bullion, Inc., and Bullion Exchange, LLC. In addition, certain general online merchandisers such as eBay also offer collectible coins and bullion for sale, and other major online retailers, with financial and marketing resources, name recognition and a customer base that are far greater than those that are available to JMB and Goldline, may in the future enter this market. Competition is based upon the demand and availability of coin and bullion product, price, delivery times, convenience and customer service. There can be no assurance that JMB and Goldline will be able to compete effectively with other retail sources and channels for precious coin and bullion, especially if the demand for these products were to contract from its current record high levels. JMB’s search engine optimization strategies have provided it with an important competitive advantage, but this may not continue. We believe that the internally developed search engine optimization (SEO) strategies of JMB provide its business with a competitive advantage in driving traffic to its sites over other e-commerce precious metal retailers and have been a significant factor in the growth of JMB. The challenges of efficient SEO programming are continually evolving, and other e-commerce retailers in the precious metal space are constantly working to improve their own SEO capabilities. If JMB does not continue to maintain its competitive edge in SEO technology, it could lose customers and market share to its competitors. 16 Table of Contents JMB relies upon paid and unpaid internet search engines to rank its product offerings and drive traffic to its website, and its website traffic may suffer if its rankings decline or its relationship with these services deteriorates. JMB relies on paid and unpaid internet search engines to attract consumer interest in its product offerings. Search engine companies change their natural search engine algorithms periodically, and these changes may adversely affect JMB’s product offerings in paid and/or unpaid searches. JMB may also at times be subject to ranking penalties if the operators of search engines believe it is not in compliance with their guidelines. If JMB’s search engine rankings decline, and JMB is unable to timely regain its prior rankings, it may have to use more expensive marketing channels to sustain and grow its revenues, resulting in reduced profitability. If JMB and Goldline do not respond effectively to technological and market changes, they will cease to be competitive with other channels that consumers may have for the purchase of precious coins and bullion. To remain competitive, JMB must continue to enhance and improve the responsiveness, functionality and features of its online operations. The internet and the electronic commerce industry are characterized by rapid technological change, changes in user and customer requirements and preferences, frequent new product and service introductions embodying new technologies, and the emergence of new industry standards and practices. The evolving nature of the internet could render JMB’s existing technology and systems obsolete. Its continuing success will depend, in part, on its ability to: • • • develop, license or acquire leading technologies useful in its business; develop new features and technology that address the increasingly sophisticated preferences of its customers; and respond to technological advances and emerging industry and regulatory standards and practices in a cost-effective and timely manner. With the growth of e-commerce, the pace of change in product offerings and consumer tastes in the shipping and logistics industries is faster now than in years past. This accelerated pace of change increases uncertainty and places a greater burden on management to anticipate and respond to such changes. The increased pace of change also means that the window in which a technologically advanced or sophisticated product or service can achieve and maintain partner and consumer interest is shrinking and, to the extent JMB fails to timely anticipate or respond to changes in its industry, the effects of such missteps may be amplified. Future advances in technology may not be beneficial to, or compatible with, JMB’s or Goldline’s businesses. Furthermore, JMB and Goldline may be unsuccessful in using new technologies effectively or adapting their technology and systems to user requirements or emerging industry standards on a timely basis. Their ability to remain technologically competitive may require substantial expenditures and lead time. If JMB or Goldline is unable to adapt in a timely manner and at reasonable cost to changing market conditions or user requirements, it will cease to be competitive with other channels for the purpose of precious coins and bullion. If JMB fails to continuously improve its website (on all relevant platforms, including mobile), it may not attract or retain customers. JMB must continually update its website (on all relevant platforms, including mobile) to improve and enhance its content, accessibility, convenience and ease of use. Failure to do so may create a perception that the websites of JMB’s competitors are easier to use and navigate or that they are better able to service customer needs for precious metal coins and bullion. If such a perception were to gain currency, traffic to JMB’s website and its revenues would suffer. Certain of JMB’s websites publish data concerning the precious metal markets obtained from third parties, which could be inaccurate. JMB’s silverprice.org and goldprice.org publish data on precious metal and cryptocurrency pricing which is obtained from third parties. While we believe that the sources of the published data are reliable, the data is not independently verified by JMB or us. If the data that JMB receives and publishes were inaccurate, and were relied upon by consumers visiting these websites, JMB could be exposed to liability and may suffer damage to its reputation. JMB expects to profit on precious metals acquired from its customers, but that might not be the case. One of the services that JMB provides to its customers is its program of offering to repurchase precious coins and bullion owned by its customers. We believe that this program encourages the purchase of coins and bullion as an investment because it assures JMB’s customers that their investment in the products offered by JMB will be liquid and can be monetized if the customers have a need for cash. JMB offers to repurchase coins and bullion from its customers at prices designed to reflect current market valuations, but also allows JMB to profit on the resale of the products. There can be no assurance, however, that JMB will in fact be able to resell product that it repurchases at a price that will justify the cost of repurchase. In a declining market for precious metal products, JMB could be burdened with substantial amounts of repurchased inventory that it is unable to resell at an economic price, or at all. If JMB were to suspend or discontinue its offer to repurchase coin and bullion from its customers because of adverse market conditions, it could antagonize its customers and impair the perception among its customers that precious coin and bullion is a safe and attractive investment. 17 Table of Contents The Company’s joint venture, Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC, is subject to risks which may affect our ability to successfully operate the joint venture. The Company owns 50% of Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC, ("PMPP"), a joint venture which commenced operations in the first quarter of fiscal year 2020. PMPP purchases products primarily from end-user retail customers, which are then sold to the Company, related parties of the Company or third parties. The Company’s interest in PMPP is subject to the risks customarily associated with the conduct of joint ventures, including the risk of (i) failure to agree on strategic decisions requiring the approval of both parties, (ii) failure of the joint venture partner to meet its obligations, and (iii) disputes between the joint venturers or litigation regarding joint venture matters. Each of these risks could have a material adverse impact on the viability of PMPP, which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, because PMPP engages in transactions with retail customers, it could be subject to risks and accusations similar to those discussed above with respect to the Company’s direct-to-consumer businesses. Risks Related to our Secured Lending Segment CFC may in certain circumstances be required to repurchase loans that it has securitized. CFC has entered into a securitization financing whereby it has transferred, and may continue from time to time to transfer, to its subsidiary AMCF loans secured by precious metal coins or bullion. AMCF has issued 4.98% Class A Notes due 2023 and 5.98% Class B Notes due 2023 which are secured by these loans and related assets. While the notes are non-recourse to the Company or CFC, CFC is required to provide certain warranties concerning the loans and the security interest in the metals collateral securing the loans. In the event the warranties made with respect to any loan are breached and the breach materially and adversely affects the interests of the noteholders, CFC is required to either cure the breach or repurchase the loan within specified a timeframe. If CFC were to default on its repurchase obligations, this could materially adversely affect the business of CFC, and could adversely affect the Company’s future ability to access the credit markets. CFC and the Company have exposure to the performance of AM Capital Funding. Regulation RR of the SEC requires the sponsor of an asset-backed securitization transaction, or certain of its affiliates, to retain an economic interest in the transaction. In compliance with this rule, CFC retained the equity interest in AMCF, and the Company currently holds $5.0 million of Class B Notes, which are subordinated to the Class A Notes. In addition, CFC and the Company may, from time to time, also contribute cash or sell precious metals to AMCF in exchange for subordinated, deferred payment obligations from AMCF. If the performance of AMCF were to suffer such that AMCF were unable to service its notes, CFC and the Company could lose part or all of their investments in AMCF. Under the terms of the servicing arrangements for the precious metals loan securitization, CFC may be required to liquidate the collateral securing securitized loans, even if this would impair relationships with its customers. CFC is the servicer for the loans transferred to AMCF in the securitization transaction. If, under certain circumstances, the equity levels of the obligors on particular loans falls below a specified level and those obligors fail to pay in additional equity, CFC is required to liquidate the metals collateral securing those loans within a specified time period. CFC does not have the flexibility to defer or refrain from the liquidation, even if CFC were to determine that it would be in its best interests to do so. This requirement could impair valuable relationships that the Company may otherwise have with its customers whose loans have been securitized. Risks Relating to Commodities A-Mark’s business is heavily influenced by volatility in commodities prices. A primary driver of A-Mark’s profitability is volatility in commodities prices, which leads to wider bid and ask spreads. Among the factors that can impact the price of precious metals are supply and demand of precious metals; political, economic, and global financial events; movement of the U.S. dollar versus other currencies; and the activity of large speculators such as hedge funds. If commodity prices were to stagnate, there would likely be a reduction in trading activity, resulting in less demand for the services A- Mark provides, which could materially adversely affect our business, liquidity and results of operations. This volatility may drive fluctuation of our revenues, as a consequence of which our results for any one period may not be indicative of the results to be expected for any other period. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” 18 Table of Contents Our business is exposed to commodity price risks, and our hedging activity to protect our inventory is subject to risks of default by our counterparties. A-Mark’s precious metals inventory is subject to market value changes created by change in the underlying commodity price, as well as supply and demand of the individual products the Company trades. In addition, open sale and purchase commitments are subject to changes in value between the date the purchase or sale is fixed (the trade date) and the date metal is delivered or received (the settlement date). A-Mark seeks to minimize the effect of price changes of the underlying commodity through the use of financial derivative instruments, such as forward and futures contracts. A-Mark’s policy is to remain substantially hedged as to its inventory position and its individual sale and purchase commitments. A-Mark’s management monitors its hedged exposure daily. However, there can be no assurance that these hedging activities will be adequate to protect the Company against commodity price risks associated with A-Mark’s business activities. Furthermore, even if we are fully hedged as to any given position, there is the risk of default by our counterparties to the hedge. Any such default could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations. Increased commodity pricing could limit the inventory that we are able to carry. We maintain a large and varied inventory of precious metal products, including bullion and coins, in order to support our trading activities and provide our customers with superior service. The amount of inventory that we are able to carry is constrained by the borrowing limitations and working capital covenants under the Trading Credit Facility. If commodity prices were to rise substantially, and we were unable to modify the terms of the Trading Credit Facility to compensate for the increase, the quantity of product that we could finance, and hence maintain in our inventory, would fall. This would likely have a material adverse effect on our operations. We rely on the efficient functioning of commodity exchanges around the world, and disruptions on these exchanges could adversely affect our business. The Company buys and sells precious metals contracts on commodity exchanges around the world, both in support of its customer operations and to hedge its inventory and transactional exposure against fluctuations in commodity prices. The Company’s ability to engage in these activities would be compromised if the exchanges on which the Company trades or any of their clearinghouses were to discontinue operations or to experience disruptions in trading, due to computer problems, unsettled markets or other factors. The Company may also experience risk of loss if futures commission merchants or commodity brokers with whom the Company deals were to become insolvent or bankrupt. Our business is subject to the risk of fraud and counterfeiting. The precious metals (particularly bullion) business is exposed to the risk of loss as a result of “materials fraud” in its various forms. We seek to minimize our exposure to this type of fraud through a number of means, including third-party authentication and verification, reliance on our internal experts and the establishment of procedures designed to detect fraud. However, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in preventing or identifying this type of fraud, or in obtaining redress in the event such fraud is detected. Risk Related to our Regulatory Environment We are subject to laws and regulations. There are various federal, state, local and foreign laws, ordinances and regulations that affect our trading business. For example, because of the nature and value of the products in which deal, we are required to comply with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and a variety of anti-money laundering and know-your-customer rules in response to the USA Patriot Act. The SEC has promulgated rules mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act regarding disclosure, on an annual basis, of the use of tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold, known as conflict minerals, in products manufactured by public companies. These rules require due diligence to determine whether such minerals originated from the Democratic Republic of Congo (the "DRC") or an adjoining country and whether such minerals helped finance the armed conflict in the DRC. The Company has concluded that it is not currently subject to the conflict minerals rules because it is not a manufacturer of conflict minerals under the definitions set forth in the rules. Depending on developments in the Company’s business, it could become subject to the rules at some point in the future. In that event, there will be costs associated with complying with these disclosure requirements, including costs to determine the origin of gold used in our products. In addition, the implementation of these rules could adversely affect the sourcing, supply and pricing of gold used in our products. Also, we may face disqualification as a supplier for customers and reputational challenges if the due diligence procedures we implement do not enable us to verify the origins for the gold used in our products or to determine that the gold is conflict free. CFC operates under a California Finance Lenders License issued by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation. CFC is required to submit a finance lender law annual report to the state which summarizes certain loan portfolio and financial information regarding CFC. The Department of Financial Protection and Innovation may audit the books and records of CFC 19 Table of Contents to determine whether CFC is in compliance with the terms of its lending license. In addition, although we do not believe that our activities fall within the jurisdiction of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, we have been subject to investigation by this agency, which may in the future, along with other federal and state agencies, seek to assert oversight over aspects of CFC's operations. There can be no assurance that the regulation of our trading and lending businesses will not increase or that compliance with the applicable regulations will not become more costly or require us to modify our business practices. For other risks related to government regulation, see “General Risk Factors— We are subject to other laws and regulations,” below. Compliance with new data protection/privacy statutes could increase our costs and expose the Company to possible sanctions for violation. By reason of our Direct-to-Consumer business in particular, we collect personal data. In 2016, the European Union ("EU") adopted a comprehensive overhaul of its data protection regime from the current national legislative approach to a single European Economic Area Privacy Regulation, the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which went into effect in May 2018. The EU data protection regime expands the scope of the EU data protection law to all foreign companies processing personal data of EU residents, imposes a strict data protection compliance regime with severe penalties of up to the greater of 4% of worldwide turnover or €20 million, and includes new rights such as the “portability” of personal data. Although the GDPR will apply across the EU without a need for local implementing legislation, EU member states have the ability to interpret the GDPR opening clauses, which permit region-specific data protection legislation and have the potential to create inconsistencies on a country-by-country basis. The Company has an office in Vienna, Austria that provides marketing support services for our international (including EU) customers. Although our international operations are currently modest compared to our business in the United States, our international business could grow over time. We have evaluated the new regulation and its requirements, and believe we are currently in compliance with the GDPR in all material respects. Going forward, however, the expansion of our international operations could require us to change our business practices and may increase the costs and complexity of compliance. Also, a violation by the Company of the new regulation could expose us to penalties and sanctions under the regulation. On June 28, 2018, California passed the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”), effective on January 1, 2020. The new law provides California consumers with a greater level of transparency and broader rights and choices with respect to their personal information than those contained in any existing state and federal laws in the U.S. The “personal information” regulated by CCPA is broadly defined to include identification or association with a California consumer or household, including demographics, usage, transactions and inquiries, preferences, inferences drawn to create a profile about a consumer, and education information. Compliance with CCPA requires the implementation of a series of operational measures such as preparing data maps, inventory, or other records of all personal information pertaining to California residents, households and devices, as well as information sources, usage, storage, and sharing, maintaining and updating detailed disclosures in privacy policies, establishing mechanisms (including, at a minimum, a toll-free telephone number and an online channel) to respond to consumers’ data access, deletion, portability, and opt-out requests, providing a clear and conspicuous “Do Not Sell My Personal Information” link on the home page of the business’ website, etc. CCPA prohibits businesses from discriminating against consumers who have opted out of the sale of their personal information, subject to a narrow exception. It allows companies to provide financial incentives to California consumers in order to obtain their consent to the collection and use of their personal information. Violations of CCPA will result in civil penalties up to $7,500 per violation. CCPA further allows consumers to file lawsuits against a business if a data breach has occurred and the California Attorney General does not prosecute the business. In addition, on May 29, 2019, Nevada’s governor approved a bill (the “Amendment Bill”), effective on October 1, 2019. The Amendment Bill provides amendments to an existing law that requires operators of websites and online services to post a notice on their websites regarding their privacy practices. The Amendment Bill requires operators of internet websites or online services to establish a designated request address through which a consumer may submit a verified request directing such operators not to make any sale of covered information collected about the consumer. The “covered information” regulated by the Amendment Bill is defined to include an enumerated list of items of personally identifiable information (including names, addresses, email addresses, phone numbers, social security numbers and identifiers that allow a specific person to be contacted). The changes introduced by the CCPA and the Amendment Bill, and other similar regulations enacted by other jurisdictions, will subject the Company to additional costs and complexity of compliance, by requiring, among other things, changes to the Company’s security systems, policies, procedures and practices. In addition, a violation by the Company of the new regulations could expose us to penalties and sanctions. 20 Table of Contents One or more states or municipalities could assert that the Company is liable for sales and use, commerce, or similar type of taxes, which could adversely affect our business. We ship product to retail customers throughout the United States. In South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. et al ("Wayfair"), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states may charge tax on purchases made from out-of-state sellers, even if the seller does not have a physical presence in the taxing state. The effect of Wayfair was to uphold economic nexus principles in determining sales and use tax nexus. As a result of the decision, most states have adopted laws that require an out-of-state retailer to register and collect sales and use or other non-income type taxes upon meeting certain economic nexus standards regardless of whether the company has physical presence in the state. Although the Company believes it is complying with these new requirements, our interpretation and application of the newly enacted legislation may differ from the states, which could result in the states' attempt to impose additional tax liabilities, including potential penalties and interest. Furthermore, the requirements by state or local governments on out-of- state sellers to collect sales and use taxes could deter futures sales, which could have an impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. For other risks related to taxation, see “General Risk Factors— Changes in U.S. tax law could adversely affect our business and financial condition,” below. We use lead providers and marketing affiliates to assist us in obtaining new customers and, and if lead providers or marketing affiliates do not comply with an increasing number of applicable laws and regulations, or if our ability to use such lead providers or marketing affiliates is otherwise impaired, it could adversely affect our business. We are dependent on third parties, referred to as lead providers (or lead generators) and marketing affiliates, as a source of new customers for our Direct-to-Consumer segment and new borrowers for our Secured Lending segment. Our marketing affiliates place our advertisements on their websites that direct potential customers to our websites. Generally, lead providers operate, and also work with their own marketing affiliates who operate separate websites to attract prospective customers and then sell those “leads” to online traders and lenders. As a result, the success of our business depends substantially on the willingness and ability of lead providers or marketing affiliates to provide us customer leads at acceptable prices. If regulatory oversight of lead providers or marketing affiliates is increased, through the implementation of new laws or regulations or the interpretation of existing laws or regulations, our ability to use lead providers or marketing affiliates could be restricted or eliminated. For example, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) has indicated its intention to examine compliance with federal laws and regulations by lead providers and to scrutinize the flow of non-public, private borrower information between lead providers and lead buyers, such as us. Over the past few years, several states have taken actions that have caused us to discontinue the use of lead providers in those states. While these discontinuations did not have a material adverse effect on us, other states may propose or enact similar restrictions on lead providers and potentially on marketing affiliates in the future, and if other states adopt similar restrictions, our ability to use lead providers or marketing affiliates in those states would also be interrupted. The failure by lead providers or marketing affiliates to comply with applicable laws or regulations, or any changes in laws or regulations applicable to lead providers or marketing affiliates or changes in the interpretation or implementation of such laws or regulations, could have an adverse effect on our business and could increase negative perceptions of our business and industry. Additionally, the use of lead providers and marketing affiliates could subject us to additional regulatory cost and expense. If our ability to use lead providers or marketing affiliates were to be impaired, our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. Judicial decisions, CFPB rulemaking or amendments to the Federal Arbitration Act could render the arbitration agreements we use illegal or unenforceable. We include arbitration provisions in our loan and financing agreements. These provisions are designed to allow us to resolve any customer disputes through individual arbitration rather than in court and explicitly provide that all arbitrations will be conducted on an individual and not on a class basis. Thus, our arbitration agreements, if enforced, have the effect of shielding us from class action liability. Our arbitration agreements do not generally have any impact on regulatory enforcement proceedings. We take the position that the arbitration provisions in loan and financing agreements, including class action waivers, are valid and enforceable; however, the enforceability of arbitration provisions is often challenged in court. If those challenges are successful, our arbitration and class action waiver provisions could be unenforceable, which could subject us to additional litigation, including additional class action litigation. In addition, the U.S. Congress has considered legislation that would generally limit or prohibit mandatory arbitration agreements in consumer contracts and has enacted legislation with such a prohibition with respect to certain mortgage loan agreements and also certain consumer loan agreements to members of the military on active duty and their dependents. Further, the Dodd-Frank Act directed the CFPB to study consumer arbitration and authorized the CFPB to adopt rules limiting or prohibiting consumer arbitration, consistent with the results of its study. In July 2017, the CFPB issued a new rule on arbitration, which would have prohibited class action waivers in certain consumer financial services contracts. However, in November 2017, President Trump signed a joint resolution passed by Congress disapproving the rule under the Congressional Review Act. Because the rule was disapproved, it cannot be reissued in substantially the same form, and the CFPB cannot issue a substantially similar rule unless the new rule is specifically authorized by a law enacted after the date of the joint resolution disapproving the original rule. 21 Table of Contents Any judicial decisions, legislation or other rules or regulations that impair our ability to enter into and enforce consumer arbitration agreements and class action waivers will increase our exposure to class action litigation as well as litigation in plaintiff-friendly jurisdictions, which would be costly and could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our advertising and marketing materials and disclosures have been and continue to be subject to regulatory scrutiny. In the jurisdictions where we operate, our advertising and marketing activities and disclosures are subject to regulation under various industry standards, borrower protection laws, and other applicable laws and regulations. Consistent with the lending industry as a whole, our advertising and marketing materials have come under increased scrutiny. Going forward, there can be no guarantee that we will be able to advertise and market our business units in a manner we consider effective. Any inability to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Risks Relating to Our Common Stock We are not currently paying regular dividends and may not pay any dividends in the future. The Company suspended its regular dividend policy in the third quarter of fiscal 2019. The declaration of cash dividends is subject to the determination each quarter by the Board of Directors, based on its assessment of a number of factors, including the Company’s financial performance, available cash resources, cash requirements, bank covenants, and alternative uses of cash that the Board of Directors may conclude would represent an opportunity to generate a greater return on investment for the Company. There can be no assurance that the Company will resume paying dividends on a regular basis. If the Board of Directors were to determine not to pay dividends in the future, shareholders would not receive any further return on an investment in our capital stock in the form of dividends and may obtain an economic benefit from the common stock only after an increase in its trading price and only by selling the common stock. Your percentage ownership in the Company could be diluted in the future. Your percentage ownership in A-Mark potentially could be diluted in the future because of additional equity awards that we expect will be granted to our directors, officers and employees. We have established an equity incentive plan that provides for the grant of common stock-based equity awards to our directors, officers and other employees. In addition, we may issue equity in order to raise capital or in connection with future acquisitions and strategic investments, which could dilute your percentage ownership. For example, in the acquisition of JMB, we issued stock to the former owners of the company in partial consideration for their interests. Provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws and of Delaware law may prevent or delay an acquisition of the Company, which could decrease the trading price of our common stock. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law contain certain anti-takeover provisions that could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of the Company without negotiating with our board of directors. Such provisions could limit the price that certain investors might be willing to pay in the future for the Company’s securities. Certain of such provisions allow the Company to issue preferred stock with rights senior to those of the common stock, impose various procedural and other requirements which could make it more difficult for Shareholders to effect certain corporate actions and set forth rules regarding how shareholders may present proposals or nominate directors for election at shareholder meetings. We believe these provisions protect our shareholders from coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics by requiring potential acquirors to negotiate with our Board of Directors and by providing our Board of Directors with more time to assess any acquisition proposal. However, these provisions apply even if an acquisition offer may be considered beneficial by some shareholders and could delay or prevent an acquisition that our Board of Directors determines is not in the best interests of our Company and our Shareholders. Accordingly, in the event that our board determines that a potential business combination transaction is not in the best interests of our Company and our Shareholders, but certain shareholders believe that such a transaction would be beneficial to the Company and its Shareholders, such Shareholders may elect to sell their shares in the Company and the trading price of our common stock could decrease. Our board and management beneficially own a sizeable percentage of our common stock and therefore have the ability to exert substantial influence as shareholders. Members of our board and management beneficially own approximately 26% of our outstanding common stock. Acting together in their capacity as shareholders, the board members and management could exert substantial influence over matters on which a shareholder vote is required, such as the approval of business combination transactions. Also because of the size of their beneficial ownership, the board members and management may be in a position effectively to determine the outcome of the election of directors 22 Table of Contents and the vote on shareholder proposals. The concentration of beneficial ownership in the hands of our board and management may therefore limit the ability of our public shareholders to influence the affairs of the Company. General Risk Factors Uncertainty about the future of LIBOR may adversely affect our business. Borrowings under our revolving credit agreement bear interest at rates that are calculated based on LIBOR. On July 27, 2017, the Chief Executive of the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit rates for the calibration of LIBOR to the administrator of LIBOR after 2021. The announcement indicates that the continuation of LIBOR in its current form cannot be assured after 2021. It is impossible to predict whether and to what extent banks will continue to provide LIBOR submissions to the administrator of LIBOR or whether any additional reforms to LIBOR may be enacted in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. In the United States, the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (the “ARRC”) has proposed the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as an alternative to LIBOR for use in contracts that are currently indexed to United States dollar LIBOR and has proposed a paced market transition plan to SOFR. It is not presently known whether SOFR or any other alternative reference rates that have been proposed will attain market acceptance as replacements of LIBOR. On November 30, 2020, ICE Benchmark Administration announced a consultation on its intention to cease the publication of certain LIBOR rates, including its intention to cease the publication of the three-month U.S. Dollar LIBOR on June 30, 2023. The U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”) also announced its proposed approach to ensure an orderly wind-down of LIBOR. It has supported publication of three-month U.S. Dollar LIBOR tenor in a representative manner through June 30, 2023, although legislation has been introduced that would allow the FCA to accelerate the transition. The U.S. Federal Reserve, Office of Comptroller of the Currency and the Federal Deposit Insurance Company also issued a statement encouraging banks to cease entering into new contracts that use U.S. Dollar LIBOR as a reference rate as soon as practicable and in any event by December 31, 2021. The Company utilizes its Trading Credit Facility to purchase and finance precious metals and for operating cash flow purposes. The Trading Credit Facility includes contingency provisions for the discontinuation of LIBOR. Under these provisions, the Trading Credit Facility first looks to a replacement based on the SOFR, but if such replacement cannot be determined, Company and the administrative agent for the facility jointly select an alternative benchmark rate, giving due consideration to recommendations of replacement rates by governmental bodies and prevailing market conventions. Although alternative reference rates have been proposed, it is unknown whether these alternative reference rates will attain market acceptance as replacements of LIBOR. If, as currently anticipated, LIBOR is replaced by alternative rates, the method and rate used to calculate our variable-rate debt in the future, particularly under our Trading Credit Facility, may result in interest rates and/or payments that are higher than, lower than, or that do not otherwise correlate over time with the interest rates and/or payments that would have been made on our obligations if LIBOR was available in its current form. Because arrangements for the anticipated replacement of LIBOR have not yet been finalized, the potential effect of the replacement of LIBOR on our cost of capital, financial results, and cash flows cannot yet be determined. If our customer data were breached, we could suffer damages and loss of reputation. By the nature of our business, we maintain significant amounts of customer data on our systems. Moreover, certain third party providers have access to confidential data concerning the Company in the ordinary course of their business relationships with the Company. In recent years, various companies, including companies that are significantly larger than us, have reported breaches of their computer systems that have resulted in the compromise of customer data. Any compromise or breach of customer or company data held or maintained by either the Company or our third party providers could significantly damage our reputation and result in costs, lost trades, fines and lawsuits. The regulatory environment related to information security and privacy is increasingly rigorous, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to our business, and compliance with those requirements could result in additional costs. There is no guarantee that the procedures that we have implemented to protect against unauthorized access to secured data are adequate to safeguard against all data security breaches. The Company’s failure or inability to protect its intellectual property could harm its competitive position. The Company relies on a combination of patent, trade secret, copyright and trademark laws and contractual restrictions, such as confidentiality agreements and licenses, to establish and protect its rights in its business, services, know-how and information. The Company may apply for additional patents in the future, but there can be no assurance that any such applications will be granted, and if granted may not protect its technology. The Company’s patent, trademarks or service marks may be challenged and found by a court to be invalid or unenforceable. Even if its registrations are upheld or are not challenged, the costs of enforcing intellectual property rights can be material. The Company generally enters into confidentiality agreements with its employees, consultants and other third parties to control and limit access to, and disclosure of, its confidential information. These contractual arrangements or other steps taken to protect its intellectual property may not prove to be sufficient to prevent misappropriation of technology or deter independent third-party development of similar technologies. 23 Table of Contents If the Company were unable to protect or enforce its intellectual property rights, its competitive position would suffer. Third parties may assert violations of their intellectual property rights against the Company. Third parties may currently have, or may eventually be issued, patents upon which the technologies used by the Company infringe, subjecting the Company to claims for infringement. The Company could incur significant costs and diversion of management time and resources to defend such claims, regardless of their validity. The Company could suffer development delays, be required to develop non-infringing technology at considerable cost and expense or be compelled to enter into royalty or license agreements, which might not be available on economically acceptable terms, or at all. For example, JMB was compelled to expend significant resources as a consequence of litigation in which it was accused of infringement prior to its acquisition by the Company. We are subject to other laws and regulations. In addition to the specific matters discussed above, we are subject to various laws, litigation, regulatory matters and ethical standards, and our failure to comply with or adequately address developments as they arise could adversely affect our reputation and operations. Our policies, procedures and practices and the technology we implement are designed to comply with federal, state, local and foreign laws, rules and regulations, including those imposed by the SEC and other regulatory agencies, the marketplace, the banking industry and foreign countries, as well as responsible business, social and environmental practices, all of which may change from time to time. Significant legislative changes, including those that relate to employment matters and health care reform, could impact our relationship with our workforce, which could increase our expenses and adversely affect our operations. In addition, if we fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations or implement responsible business, social and environmental practices, we could be subject to damage to our reputation, class action lawsuits, legal and settlement costs, civil and criminal liability, increased cost of regulatory compliance, restatements of our financial statements, disruption of our business and loss of customers. Any required changes to our employment practices could result in the loss of employees, reduced sales, increased employment costs, low employee morale and harm to our business and results of operations. We are also regularly involved in various litigation matters that arise in the ordinary course of business, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. Changes in U.S. tax law could adversely affect our business and financial condition. The laws, rules, and regulations dealing with U.S. federal, state, and local income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Treasury Department. Changes to tax laws (which changes may have retroactive application) could adversely affect us or holders of our common stock. In recent years, many changes have been made to applicable tax laws and changes are likely to continue to occur in the future. It cannot be predicted whether, when, in what form, or with what effective dates, new tax laws may be enacted, or regulations and rulings may be enacted, promulgated or issued under existing or new tax laws, which could result in an increase in our tax liability or require changes in the manner in which we operate in order to minimize or mitigate any adverse effects of changes in tax law or in the interpretation thereof. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. 24 Table of Contents ITEM 2. PROPERTIES As of June 30, 2021, the Company owned or leased properties in El Segundo, California; Los Angeles, California; Dallas, Texas; Irving, Texas; Las Vegas, Nevada; Carson City, Nevada; Winchester, Indiana; and Vienna, Austria as described below: Location General Use of Facility Wholesale Sales and Ancillary Services Segment El Segundo, California (1) Las Vegas, Nevada Winchester, Indiana Winchester, Indiana Carson City, Nevada Vienna, Austria Direct-to-Consumer Segment Los Angeles, California Dallas, Texas Dallas, Texas Irving, Texas Corporate headquarters, trading desk, secured lending, marketing, and back-office operations Storage and fulfillment logistics operations Minting operations Fabrication facility Die-cutting and engraving facility International marketing support operations Corporate office and support center Corporate office and support center Distribution hub Office and warehouse Square Footage Ownership Lease Term Expiration 9,000 Leased March-2026 17,600 11,400 17,000 2,000 248 21,500 3,068 10,586 24,640 Leased Owned Leased Leased Leased Leased Leased Leased Leased April-2025 — May-2022 June-2022 every three months February-2022 June-2022 November-2028 April-2031 (1) The Secured Lending segment shares office space at this facility. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS We are from time to time involved in legal proceedings, claims, or investigations that are incidental to the conduct of our business. Although the ultimate outcome of any legal matter cannot be predicted with certainty, based on current information, including our assessment of the merits of the particular claim, we do not expect that these legal proceedings or claims will have any material adverse impact on our future consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES None. 25 Table of Contents PART II — OTHER INFORMATION ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information SGI effected the spinoff of A-Mark on March 14, 2014. On March 17, 2014, A-Mark’s shares of common stock commenced trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol "AMRK." As of September 3, 2021, there were 123 registered stockholders of record of our common stock. The following table sets forth the range of high and low closing prices for our common stock for each full quarterly period during fiscal years 2021 and 2020, as reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market. These quotations below reflect inter-dealer closing prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down, or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions. Quarter High Low High Low Fiscal 2021 Fiscal 2020 First Second Third Fourth Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities $ $ $ $ 34.51 37.40 39.74 56.35 $ $ $ $ 18.99 25.08 26.67 35.11 $ $ $ $ 14.47 13.26 12.28 19.56 $ $ $ $ 11.40 8.00 7.85 12.13 On April 26, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program for up to 500,000 shares of the Company’s stock. The actual number of shares repurchased and the timing of repurchases will be determined by the Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including stock price, trading volume, general market conditions, working capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors. The stock repurchase program has no time limit and may be modified, suspended, or terminated at any time. As of September 3, 2021, there have been no repurchases of equity securities under the above-referenced stock repurchase program. Dividend Policy The Board of Directors assesses the Company's capital resources on a quarterly basis and makes a determination whether to declare a dividend based on that assessment. The assessment addresses a number of factors, including the Company’s financial performance, available cash resources, cash requirements, bank restrictive covenants, alternative uses of cash and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems relevant. The Company suspended its regular dividend policy in the third quarter of fiscal 2019. In fiscal 2021, two special dividends were declared by the Board of Directors. See Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 19 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information about a special dividend declared by the Board of Directors in the first quarter of fiscal 2022. 26 Table of Contents Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table provides information as of June 30, 2021, with respect to the shares of our common stock that may be issued under existing equity compensation plans. Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Plan category (a) Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights (b) Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights (c) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) 1,111,749 $ 60,000 $ 1,171,749 $ 14.54 39.74 15.83 94,943 (1) — 94,943 (1) Represents shares that are available for future issuance under A-Mark's amended and restated 2014 Stock Award and Incentive Plan ("2014 Plan"). All of the 2014 Plan shares that are available for future issuance include the following award types: stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, restricted stock, and other "full-value" awards. ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA Not required for a smaller reporting company. 27 Table of Contents ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS CAUTIONARY STATEMENT PURSUANT TO THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995 This Annual Report on Form 10-K ("Form 10-K") contains statements that are considered forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements give the Company's current expectations and forecasts of future events. All statements other than statements of current or historical fact contained in this Annual Report, including statements regarding the Company's future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs and plans, and objectives of management for future operations, are forward- looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” and similar expressions, as they relate to the Company, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on the Company's current plans, and the Company's actual future activities and results of operations may be materially different from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the statements made. Any or all of the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report may turn out to be inaccurate. The Company has based these forward-looking statements largely on its current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that it believes may affect its financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, and financial needs. The forward-looking statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions or by known or unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly revise these forward-looking statements to reflect events occurring after the date hereof. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to the Company or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained in this Form 10-K. In addition to the risks and uncertainties that may ordinarily influence our business, the Company remains exposed to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has caused significant disruption in the financial markets both globally and in the United States. The resulting macroeconomic events have contributed to an increase in the business conducted by the Company, but also pose certain risks and uncertainties for the Company. The Company does not know how long the COVID-19 pandemic will continue, the extent to which the effects that the Company has experienced from the pandemic thus far will persist, or whether other effects on the Company and its businesses will materialize in the short or long term. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes contained elsewhere in this Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those factors discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report, particularly in “Risk Factors.” INTRODUCTION Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is provided as a supplement to the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes to aid in the understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. Our discussion is organized as follows: • • • • Executive overview. This section provides a general description of our business, as well as significant transactions and events that we believe are important in understanding the results of operations. Results of operations. This section provides an analysis of our results of operations presented in the accompanying consolidated statements of income by comparing the results for the respective periods presented. Included in our analysis is a discussion of six performance metrics: (i) ounces of gold and silver sold, (ii) Wholesale Sales ticket volume, (iii) Direct-to-Consumer ticket volume, (iv) number of Direct-to-Consumer customers, (v) inventory turnover ratio, and (vi) number of secured loans at period-end. Segment results of operations. This section provides an analysis of our results of operations presented for our three segments: o o o Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer, and Secured Lending for the comparable periods. Non GAAP Measures. In addition to certain key operational metrics to assess the performance of our business, management uses the financial performance measure “adjusted net income before provision for taxes” that is not prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) 28 Table of Contents • • • Liquidity and financial condition. This section provides an analysis of our cash flows, as well as a discussion of our outstanding debt as of June 30, 2021, sources of liquidity and the amount of financial capacity available to fund our future commitments and other financing arrangements. Critical accounting policies. This section discusses critical accounting policies that are considered both important to our financial condition and results of operations and require management to make significant judgment and estimates. All of our significant accounting policies, including the critical accounting policies are also summarized in Note 2 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Recent accounting pronouncements. This section discusses new accounting pronouncements, dates of implementation and their expected impact on our accompanying consolidated financial statements. EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW Our Business We conduct our operations in three reportable segments: (i) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services (formerly known as Wholesale Trading & Ancillary Services), (ii) Direct-to-Consumer (formerly known as Direct Sales) and (iii) Secured Lending. Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Segment The Company operates its Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment through A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc., and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, A-Mark Trading AG (“AMTAG”), Transcontinental Depository Services, LLC ("TDS" or “Storage”), A-M Global Logistics, LLC (“AMGL” or "Logistics"), and AM&ST Associates, LLC ("AMST" or "SilverTowne" or the "Mint"). The Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment operates as a full-service precious metals company. We offer gold, silver, platinum, and palladium in the form of bars, plates, powder, wafers, grain, ingots, and coins. Our Industrial unit services manufacturers and fabricators of products utilizing or incorporating precious metals. Our Coin and Bar unit deals in over 1,000 coin and bar products in a variety of weights, shapes, and sizes for distribution to dealers and other qualified purchasers. We have a marketing support office in Vienna, Austria, and a trading center in El Segundo, California. The trading center, for buying and selling precious metals, is available to receive orders 24 hours every day, even when many major world commodity markets are closed. In addition to Wholesale Sales activity, A-Mark offers its customers a variety of ancillary services, including financing, storage, consignment, logistics, and various customized financial programs. As a U.S. Mint-authorized purchaser of gold, silver, platinum, and palladium coins, A-Mark purchases product directly from the U.S. Mint and other sovereign mints for sale to its customers. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary, AMTAG, the Company promotes A-Mark's products and services to the international market. Through our wholly-owned subsidiary TDS, we offer a variety of managed storage options for precious metals products to financial institutions, dealers, investors, and collectors around the world. The Company's wholly-owned subsidiary AMGL is based in Las Vegas, Nevada, and provides our customers an array of complementary services, including receiving, handling, inventorying, processing, packing, and shipping of precious metals and custom coins on a secure basis. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary, AMST, the Company designs and produces minted silver products. Our mint operations allow us to provide greater product selection to our customers and greater pricing stability within the supply chain, as well as to gain increased access to silver during volatile market environments, which have historically created higher demand for precious metals products. Direct-to-Consumer The Company operates its Direct-to-Consumer segment through its wholly-owned subsidiaries JM Bullion, Inc. (“JMB”), Goldline, Inc. (“Goldline”), AMIP, LLC ("AMIP"), and through its 50%-owned subsidiary Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC ("PMPP"). JMB is a leading e-commerce retailer providing access to a broad array of gold, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium products through its websites and marketplaces. Currently, JMB operates five separately branded, company-owned websites targeting specific niches within the precious metals retail market. The Company acquired the 79.5% interest in JMB that it did not previously own in March 2021. See Note 1 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding the acquisition of JMB. 29 Table of Contents The Company acquired Goldline in August 2017 through an asset purchase transaction with Goldline, LLC, which had been in operation since 1960. Goldline is a direct retailer of precious metals to the investor community, and markets its precious metal products on television, radio, and the internet, as well as through customer service outreach. AMIP, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Goldline, manages its intellectual property. The Company formed and capitalized PMPP in fiscal 2019, a 50%-owned subsidiary of Goldline, pursuant to terms of a joint venture agreement, for the purpose of purchasing precious metals from the partners' retail customers, and then reselling the acquired products back to affiliates of the partners. PMPP commenced its operations in fiscal 2020. Acquisition of JMB On March 19, 2021, we completed the acquisition of the 79.5% of the stockholder interest in JM Bullion, Inc. (“JMB”) that we did not previously own. JMB is a leading e-commerce retailer providing access to a broad array of gold, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium products through its own websites and marketplaces. JMB owns and operates five separately branded websites, including JMBullion.com, ProvidentMetals.com, Silver.com, GoldPrice.org, and SilverPrice.org. By acquiring JMB, we have substantially both expanded our e-commerce channel for precious coin and metals sales and increased the diversification of our business between wholesale and retail distribution. We believe that the acquisition will enable us to: • • • • • • • apply JMB’s proven online marketing strategies to other aspects of our direct-to-consumer business; more effectively tailor our merchandising and pricing strategies to target multiple customer demographics across our combined six (including Goldline) unique consumer-facing brands; enhance our program under which we repurchase product from our customers; expand our logistics footprint by adding JMB’s centrally located distribution hub in Dallas, Texas; offer JMB’s customers proprietary precious metal products developed by us, as well as additional services, including distribution, storage, and logistics; leverage the increased size of the combined businesses to achieve more favorable pricing and financing terms; and provide JMB with opportunities for geographic expansion through our international presence. For the year ended June 30, 2021, JMB had revenues of approximately $673.3 million. This compares with the Company’s total revenues of approximately $7,613.0 million, and the revenues of the Company’s direct-to-consumer segment of approximately $874.3 million. The aforementioned results include JMB’s activity from March 20, 2021 through June 30, 2021. The following table compares the number of JMB’s new customers, active customers, and total customers to the corresponding number of customers associated with the other subsidiary in our Direct-to-Consumer segment for the year ended June 30, 2021. JMB All-other Direct-to Consumer Year ended June 30, 2021 New Customers Active Customers 80,500 (1) 3,800 84,300 158,800 (1) 8,900 167,700 As of June 30, 2021 Total Customers 1,540,500 162,600 1,703,100 (1) Includes JMB’s customer data from March 20, 2021 through June 30, 2021. In the following table we estimate, on a pro forma basis, the revenue and net income of the Company had the acquisition of JMB, and certain other transactions occurred on July 1, 2019. in thousands, except for per share and share data Revenue Net income June 30, 2021 Years Ended June 30, 2020 $ $ 8,152,982 180,508 $ $ 5,746,116 53,964 These estimates are based on the historical results of the Company and JMB during this period and take into account various transaction accounting adjustments. This pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of what the combined company’s results 30 Table of Contents of operations would have been had the acquisition of JMB been completed as of July 1, 2019, nor is it meant to be indicative of any anticipated future results of operations that the combined company will experience. Secured Lending The Company operates its Secured Lending segment through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Collateral Finance Corporation, LLC. ("CFC"), AM Capital Funding, LLC (“AMCF”), and CFC Alternative Investments (“CAI”). CFC is a California licensed finance lender that originates and acquires commercial loans secured by bullion and numismatic coins. CFC's customers include coin and precious metal dealers, investors, and collectors. As of June 30, 2021, CFC and AMCF had, in the aggregate, approximately $113.0 million in secured loans outstanding, of which approximately 65.4% were acquired from third-parties (some of which may be customers of A-Mark) and approximately 34.6% were originated by CFC. AMCF, a wholly-owned subsidiary of CFC, was formed for the purpose of securitizing eligible secured loans of CFC. AMCF issued, administers, and owns Secured Senior Term Notes: Series 2018-1, Class A, with an aggregate principal amount of $72.0 million and Secured Subordinated Term Notes, Series 2018-1, Class B in the aggregate principal amount of $28.0 million. The Class A Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.98%, and the Class B Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.98% (collectively referred to as the "Notes"). The Notes have a maturity date of December 15, 2023. See Note 14 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for additional information CAI is a holding company that has an equity method interest in Collectible Card Partners, LLC (“CCP”). The purpose of CCP is to provide capital to fund commercial loans secured by graded sport cards and sports memorabilia. Formed in April 2021, CCP had no operations in fiscal 2021. Our Strategy The Company was formed in 1965 and has grown into a significant participant in the bullion and coin markets, with approximately $7.6 billion in revenues for fiscal year 2021. Our strategy continues to focus on growth, including the volume of our business, our geographic presence, and the scope of complementary products, services, and technological tools that we offer to our customers. With our recent acquisition of JMB, we have substantially expanded our e-commerce channel for precious coin and metals sales and increased the diversification of our business between wholesale and retail distribution. We intend to continue to grow by leveraging off the strengths of our existing integrated operations: • • • • • • • • • • • our expertise in e-commerce and marketing; our expansive retail distribution network; the depth of our customer relationships; our access to market makers, suppliers, and sovereign and private mints; our trading systems in the U.S. and Europe; our network of precious metals dealers; our depository relationships around the world; our knowledge of secured lending; our design and production of minted silver products; our logistics capabilities; and the quality and experience of our management team. Our Customers Our customers include financial institutions, bullion retailers, industrial manufacturers and fabricators, sovereign mints, refiners, coin and metal dealers, investors, collectors, and e-commerce and other retail customers. The Company makes a two-way market in its wholesale operations, which results in many customers also operating as our suppliers in that segment. This diverse base of wholesale customers purchases a variety of products from the Company in a multitude of grades, primarily in the form of coins and bars. Our Direct-to-Consumer segment sells to (and, through JMB and PMPP, buys from) retail customers, with JMB focusing on e-commerce operations and Goldline marketing through various traditional channels to the investor community. The Direct-to-Consumer segment offers these customers a variety of gold, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium products. 31 Table of Contents Factors Affecting Revenues, Gross Profit, Interest Income, and Interest Expense Revenues. The Company enters into transactions to sell and deliver gold, silver, platinum, palladium, and rhodium to industrial and commercial users, coin and bullion dealers, mints, and financial institutions. The metals are investment or industrial grade and are sold in a variety of shapes and sizes. The Company also sells and delivers gold, silver, platinum, palladium, and copper products directly to customers and the investor community through its Direct-to Consumer segment. Customers may place orders over the phone or online at one of the Company’s websites. The Company also sells precious metals on forward contracts at a fixed price based on current prevailing precious metal spot prices with a certain delivery date in the future (up to six months from inception date of the forward contract). The Company also uses other derivative products (primarily futures contracts) or combinations thereof to hedge commodity risks. We enter into these forward and future contracts as part of our hedging strategy to mitigate our price risk of holding inventory; they are not entered into for speculative purposes. Forward sales contracts by their nature are required to be included in revenues, unlike futures contracts which do not impact the Company’s revenue. The decision to use a forward contract versus another derivative type of product (e.g., a futures contract) for hedging purposes is based on the economics of the transaction. Since the volume of hedging can be significant, the movement in and out of forwards can substantially impact revenues, either positively or negatively, from period to period. For this reason, the Company believes ounces sold (excluding ounces sold on forward sales contracts) is a meaningful metric to assess our top line performance. In addition, the Company earns revenue by providing storage solutions for precious metals and numismatic coins for financial institutions, dealers, investors and collectors worldwide and by providing storage and order-fulfillment services to our retail customers. The Company also earns revenue from advertisements placed on our Direct-to-Consumer websites. These revenue streams represent less than 1% of the Company’s consolidated revenues. The Company operates in a high volume/low margin industry. Revenues are impacted by three primary factors: product volume, market prices, and market volatility. A material changes in any one or more of these factors may result in a significant change in the Company’s revenues. A significant increase or decrease in revenues can occur simply based on changes in the underlying commodity prices and may not be reflective of an increase or decrease in the volume of products sold. Gross Profit. Gross profit is the difference between our revenues and the cost of our products sold. Since we quote prices based on the current commodity market prices for precious metals, we enter into a combination of forward and futures contracts to affect a hedge position equal to the underlying precious metal commodity value, which substantially represents inventory subject to price risk. We enter into these derivative transactions solely for the purpose of hedging our inventory, and not for speculative purposes. Our gross profit includes the gains and losses resulting from these derivative instruments. However, the gains and losses on the derivative instruments are substantially offset by the gains and losses on the corresponding changes in the market value of our precious metals inventory. As a result, our results of operations generally are not materially impacted by changes in commodity prices. Volatility also affects our gross profit. Greater volatility typically causes the premium spreads to widen resulting in an increase in the gross profit. Product supply constraints during extended periods of higher volatility have historically resulted in a heightening of wider premium spreads resulting in further improvement in the gross profit. Interest Income. The Company enters into secured loans and secured financing structures with its customers under which it charges interest. CFC acquires loan portfolios and originates loans that are secured by precious metal bullion and numismatic material owned by the borrowers and held by the Company for the term of the loan. Additionally, AMCF acquires certain loans from CFC that are secured by precious metal bullion to meet the collateral requirements of the Notes. Also, the Company offers a number of secured financing options to its customers to finance their precious metals purchases including consignments and other structured inventory finance products whereby the Company earns a fee based on the underlying value of the precious metal ("repurchase arrangements with customers"). Interest Expense. The Company incurs interest expense associated with its: lines of credit, notes, product financing agreements for the transfer and subsequent re- acquisition of gold, silver, and platinum at a fixed price with a third-party finance company ("product financing arrangements"), and short-term precious metal borrowing arrangements with our suppliers ("liabilities on borrowed metals"). Performance Metrics In addition to financial statement indicators, management also utilizes certain key operational metrics to assess the performance of our business. Gold and Silver Ounces Sold and Delivered to Customers. We look at the number of ounces of gold and silver sold and delivered to our customers (excluding ounces recorded on forward contracts). These metrics reflect our business volume without regard to changes in commodity pricing, which also impacts revenue, but can mask actual business trends. The primary purpose of entering into forward sales transactions is to hedge commodity price risk. Although the revenues realized from these forward sales transactions are often significant, they generally have negligible impact to gross margins. As a result, the 32 Table of Contents Company excludes the ounces recorded on forward contracts from its performance metrics, as the Company does not enter into forward sales transactions for speculative purposes. Wholesale Sales Ticket Volume. Another measure of our business that is unaffected by changes in commodity pricing, is ticket volume (or number of orders processed). Ticket volume for the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment measures the total number of wholesale orders processed during the period. In periods of higher volatility, there is generally increased trading in the commodity markets, causing increased demand for our products, resulting in higher business volume. Generally, the ounces sold on a per-ticket basis is substantially higher for orders placed telephonically compared to those placed on our online portal platform. During periods of heightened demand order size per ticket may increase. Direct-to-Consumer Ticket Volume. Ticket volume for the Direct-to-Consumer segment measures the total number of retail orders processed during the period. In periods of higher volatility, there is generally increased consumer demand for our products, resulting in higher business volume. Direct-to-Consumer Customers. We are focused on attracting new customers and retaining existing customers to drive revenue growth. We use the following three metrics as revenue growth indicators when assessing our customer base: • • • New Direct-to-Consumer Customers means the number of customers that have registered or setup a new account or made a purchase for the first time. Active Direct-to-Consumer Customers means the number of customers that have made a purchase during the period. Total Direct-to-Consumer Customers means the aggregate number of customers that have registered or set up an account or have made a purchase in the past. Inventory Turnover. Inventory turnover is another performance measure on which we are focused and is calculated as the cost of sales divided by the average inventory during the relevant period. Inventory turnover is a measure of how quickly inventory has moved during the period. A higher inventory turnover ratio, which we typically experience during periods of higher volatility when trading is more robust, typically reflects a more efficient use of our capital. The period of time that inventory is held by the Company varies depending upon the nature of our inventory commitments with customers and suppliers. (See Note 6 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for a description of our classifications of inventory by type.) When management analyzes inventory turnover on a period over period basis, consideration is given to each inventory type and its corresponding impact on the inventory turnover calculation. For example: • • The Company enters into various structured borrowing arrangements that commit the Company's inventory (such as product financing arrangements or liabilities on borrowed metals) for an unspecified period of time. While the Company is able to obtain access to this inventory on demand, this type of inventory tends not to turn over as quickly as other types of inventory. The Company enters into repurchase arrangements with customers under which A-Mark holds precious metals which are subject to repurchase for an unspecified period of time. While the Company has legal title to this inventory, the Company is required to hold this inventory (or like-kind inventory) for the customer until the arrangement is terminated or the material is repurchased by the customer. As a result, this type of inventory tends not to turn over as quickly as other types of inventory. Additionally, our inventory turnover ratio can be affected by hedging activity, as the period over period change of the inventory turnover ratio may be significantly impacted by a period over period change in hedging volume. For example, if trading activity were to remain constant over two periods, but there were significantly higher forward sales in the current period compared to a prior period, the calculated inventory turnover ratio would increase notwithstanding the constancy of the trading volume. Number of Secured Loans. Finally, as a measure of the size of our Secured Lending segment, we look at the number of outstanding secured loans to customers that are primarily collateralized by precious metals at the end of each quarter. Typically, the number of loans increases during periods of increasing precious metal pricing and decreases during periods of declining precious metal prices. The Company calculates a loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio for each loan as the principal amount of the loan divided by the liquidation value of the collateral, which is based on daily spot market prices of precious metal bullion. When the market price of the pledged collateral decreases and thereby increases the LTV ratio of a loan above a prescribed maximum ratio, usually 85%, the Company has the option to make a margin call on the loan. As a result, a decline of precious metal market prices may cause a decrease in the number of loans outstanding in a period. Non-GAAP Financial Measures In addition to certain key operational metrics to assess the performance of our business, management uses financial performance measures that are not prepared in accordance with GAAP. One of these non-GAAP measures is “Adjusted net income before provision for income taxes”. We believe this non-GAAP measure provides useful information that can be used to evaluate our performance. Non-GAAP measures do not have standardized definitions and should not be relied upon in isolation or as a substitute for measures prepared 33 Table of Contents in accordance with GAAP. For a reconciliation of this non-GAAP measure to the amounts included in our Statements of Income for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and certain limitations inherent in such measures, refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures” section below. COVID-19 The COVID-19 outbreak has caused significant disruption in the financial markets both globally and in the United States. The resulting macroeconomic events contributed to an increase in the business conducted by the Company, but also pose certain risks and uncertainties for the Company. It is challenging to predict how long the COVID-19 pandemic will continue, the extent to which the effects that the Company has experienced from the pandemic thus far will persist, or whether other effects on the Company and its businesses will materialize in the short or long term. Macroeconomic events have positively affected the Company’s trading revenues and gross profit as the volatility of the price of precious metals and numismatics resulted in a material increase in the spread between bid and ask prices on these products. We also experienced substantially increased demand for products in each of our coin and bar, industrial and retail businesses. We attribute this to certain customers, particularly in Goldline and our recently acquired JMB retail units, seeking to assure a supply of precious metals necessary for the operation of their businesses, and other customers’ seeking the safety of investments in precious metals. In response to the heightened demand, in certain cases prices for the products we sell have also risen. We also experienced certain negative effects in the precious metals market during fiscal year 2020. Through our CFC finance subsidiary, we make loans to our customers secured by coins and precious metals. Numerous CFC loans were paid off in March 2020 when the market experienced a temporary drop in precious metal prices, which reduced collateral coverage. This had the effect of decreasing the size of our loan portfolio and the interest earned on the portfolio. It also required us to substitute cash and our own precious metals inventory as collateral under our AMCF securitization program, as the pool of loans securing the program declined. While we did not experience any related losses, there is no assurance that this might not occur in the future. In the year that followed, precious metal prices increased and the Company experienced growth in its loan portfolio, which continued through the end of fiscal year 2021. Fiscal Year Our fiscal year end is June 30 each year. Unless otherwise stated, references to years in this report relate to fiscal years rather than to calendar years. 34 Table of Contents RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Overview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 Consolidated Results of Operations The operating results of our business for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 are as follows: in thousands, except per share data and performance metrics Years Ended June 30, Revenues Gross profit Selling, general, and administrative expenses Interest income Interest expense Earnings from equity method investments Other income, net Remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity interest Unrealized (losses) gains on foreign exchange Net income before provision for income taxes Income tax expense Net income Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income attributable to the Company Basic and diluted net income per share attributable to A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc.: Per Share Data: Basic Diluted Performance Metrics:(1) Gold ounces sold(2) Silver ounces sold(3) Inventory turnover ratio(4) Number of secured loans at period end(5) $ $ $ $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) 2021 2020 $ 7,613,015 210,198 (58,809 ) 18,474 (19,865 ) 15,547 1,079 26,306 (129 ) 192,801 (31,877 ) 160,924 1,287 159,637 % of revenue 100.000 % $ 2.761 % (0.772 )% 0.243 % (0.261 )% 0.204 % 0.014 % 0.346 % (0.002 )% 2.533 % (0.419 )% 2.114 % 0.017 % 2.097 % $ $ 5,461,094 66,973 (36,756 ) 21,237 (18,859 ) 4,878 348 — 57 37,878 (6,387 ) 31,491 982 30,509 100.000 % $ 1.226 % $ (0.673 )% $ 0.389 % $ (0.345 )% $ 0.089 % $ 0.006 % $ 0.0 % $ 0.001 % $ 0.694 % $ (0.117 )% $ 0.577 % $ 0.018 % $ 0.559 % $ 2,151,921 143,225 22,053 (2,763 ) 1,006 10,669 731 26,306 186 154,923 25,490 129,433 305 129,128 19.13 17.79 $ $ 4.34 4.31 $ $ 14.79 13.48 2,743,000 114,275,000 19.0 1,881 2,181,000 90,385,000 17.6 717 562,000 23,890,000 1.4 1,164 39.4 % 213.9 % 60.0 % (13.0 %) 5.3 % 218.7 % 210.1 % 0.0 % 326.3 % 409.0 % 399.1 % 411.0 % 31.1 % 423.2 % 340.8 % 312.8 % 25.8 % 26.4 % 8.0 % 162.3 % (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) See "Results of Segments" for a description of additional metrics not listed above. Gold ounces sold represents the ounces of gold product sold and delivered to the customer during the period, excluding ounces of gold recorded on forward contracts. Silver ounces sold represents the ounces of silver product sold and delivered to the customer during the period, excluding ounces of silver recorded on forward contracts. Inventory turnover ratio is the cost of sales divided by average inventory for the period presented above. This calculation excludes precious metals held under financing arrangements, which are not classified as inventory on the consolidated balance sheets. Number of outstanding secured loans to customers that are primarily collateralized by precious metals at the end of the period. 35 Table of Contents Revenues in thousands, except performance metrics Years Ended June 30, Revenues Performance Metrics Gold ounces sold Silver ounces sold 2021 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) $ 7,613,015 100.000 % $ 5,461,094 100.000 % $ 2,151,921 2,743,000 114,275,000 2,181,000 90,385,000 562,000 23,890,000 39.4 % 25.8 % 26.4 % Revenues for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $2,151.9 million, or 39.4% to $7.613 billion from $5.461 billion in 2020. Excluding a decrease of $169.4 million of forward sales, our revenues increased $2.321 billion, which was due to an increase in the total amount of gold and silver ounces sold and higher selling prices of gold and silver. Gold ounces sold for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased 562,000 ounces, or 25.8%, to 2,743,000 ounces from 2,181,000 ounces in 2020. Silver ounces sold for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased 23,890,000 ounces, or 26.4%, to 114,275,000 ounces from 90,385,000 ounces in 2020. On average, the selling prices for gold increased by 19.0% and selling prices for silver increased by 57.5% during the year ended June 30, 2021 as compared to the prior year period. JMB’s revenue activity represented 8.8% of the Company’s consolidated revenue for the year ended June 30, 2021. JMB’s gold and silver ounces sold represented 7.1% and 7.8%, respectively, of the Company’s consolidated total of gold and silver ounces sold for the year ended June 30, 2021. A key factor that contributed to the increase in demand for precious metals was the volatility in precious metal prices caused by macroeconomic and other events. A combination of price volatility, increased demand, and supply constraints led to a significant expansion in premium spreads in the precious metals market, having an onset during the second half of fiscal year 2020 and sustaining through the current fiscal year. We are uncertain of the duration of these conditions. Gross Profit in thousands, except performance metric Years Ended June 30, Gross profit Performance Metric Inventory turnover ratio 2021 2020 $ 210,198 $ % of revenue 2.761 % $ 19.0 $ 66,973 17.6 % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) 1.226 % $ 143,225 213.9 % 1.4 8.0 % Gross profit for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased by $143.2 million, or 213.9%, to $210.2 million from $67.0 million in 2020. The overall gross profit increase was due to higher gross profits from the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services and Direct-to-Consumer segments. The Company’s overall gross margin percentage year ended June 30, 2021 increased by 153.5 basis points to 2.761% from 1.226% in 2020. The increase in gross margin percentage was mainly attributable to significantly wider premium spreads due to increased demand, higher trading profits due to increased volatility; and lower forward sales. Forward sales increase revenues but are associated with negligible gross margins that can significantly affect the gross margin percentage. The Company enters into forward contracts to hedge its precious metals price risk exposure and not for speculative purposes. JMB’s gross profit represented 22.0% of the Company’s consolidated gross profit for the year ended June 30, 2021. Our inventory turnover rate for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased by 8.0%, to 19.0 from 17.6 in 2020. The increase in our inventory turnover ratio was primarily due to higher volume of ounces sold of precious metals, partially offset by lower volume of ounces sold on forward contracts as well as higher average inventory balances related to product financing arrangements, which is a type of inventory that is typically held for longer periods. 36 Table of Contents Selling, General and Administrative Expense in thousands Years Ended June 30, Selling, general, and administrative expenses 2021 $ (58,809 ) $ % of revenue (0.772 )% $ 2020 $ (36,756 ) % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) (0.673 )% $ 22,053 60.0 % Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $22.1 million, or 60.0%, to $58.8 million from $36.8 million in 2020. The change was primarily due to $14.5 million of expenses incurred by JMB, acquisition costs of $2.6 million associated with our recent incremental acquisition of JMB, increased compensation expense (including performance-based accruals) of $2.4 million, and higher insurance costs of $1.4 million. JMB’s selling, general, and administrative expenses represented 24.6% of the Company’s consolidated selling, general, and administrative expenses for the year ended June 30, 2021. Interest Income in thousands, except performance metric Years Ended June 30, Interest income Performance Metric Number of secured loans at period-end 2021 2020 $ 18,474 $ 1,881 % of revenue 0.243 % $ $ 21,237 717 % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) 0.389 % $ (2,763 ) (13.0 %) 1,164 162.3 % Interest income for the year ended June 30, 2021 decreased $2.8 million, or 13.0%, to $18.5 million from $21.2 million in 2020. The aggregate decrease in interest income was primarily due to lower interest income earned by our Secured Lending Segment, partially offset by higher other finance product income. The interest income from our Secured Lending segment decreased by $4.1 million or by 33.2% compared with the prior year. The decrease in interest income earned from the segment’s secured loan portfolio was primarily due to lower average monthly loan balances during the current period as compared to the average monthly loan balances for the prior year period. The number of secured loans outstanding increased by 162.3% to 1,881 as of June 30, 2021, from 717 as of June 30, 2020. Typically, the number of loans increases during periods of increasing precious metal prices and decreases during periods of declining precious metal prices. Silver prices declined significantly in the quarter ended March 31, 2020, resulting in an increase in margin calls and borrower loan liquidations due to a decline in the value of the precious metals collateral. Through the current fiscal year, silver prices increased and the Company experienced growth in the number of loans. The Company did not incur loan losses related to the margin calls or borrower loan liquidations during either the current or the prior year period. The interest income from our other finance product income increased by $1.2 million in comparison to the same year-ago period. Interest Expense in thousands Years Ended June 30, Interest expense 2021 $ (19,865 ) $ % of revenue (0.261 )% $ 2020 $ (18,859 ) % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) (0.345 )% $ 1,006 5.3 % Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $1.0 million, or 5.3% to $19.9 million from $18.9 million in 2020. The increase was primarily driven by higher interest expense associated with product financing arrangements, higher interest and fees from liability on borrowed metals, partially offset by a reduction in loan servicing fees, and less interest expense related to our Trading Credit Facility. As compared to the same year-ago period, the amount of interest expense that increased by component included: (i) $1.4 million related to product financing arrangements, (ii) $0.5 million from liability on borrowed metals, offset by decreased interest expense of (iii) $0.5 million of loan servicing fees, and (iv) $0.5 million of Trading Credit Facility interest expense (including amortization of debt issuance costs). 37 Table of Contents Earnings from equity method investments in thousands Years Ended June 30, Earnings from equity method investments 2021 $ 15,547 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) 0.204 % $ 4,878 0.089 % $ 10,669 218.7 % Earnings from equity method investments for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $10.7 million or 218.7% to $15.5 million from $4.9 million in 2020. The aggregate increase was due to increased net income recognized by each of our unconsolidated equity-method subsidiaries. The Company’s share of JMB’s earnings in fiscal 2021(through the Acquisition Date) and fiscal 2020 totaled $11.7 million and $4.2 million, respectively. Other income, net in thousands Years Ended June 30, 2021 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) Other income, net $ 1,079 0.014 % $ 348 0.006 % $ 731 210.1 % Other income, net for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $0.7 million, or 210.1% to $1.1 million from $0.3 million in 2020. The aggregate increase was primarily due to an increase of $0.5 million in royalties earned, combined with the impact of $0.2 million of costs recorded as other expense associated with the settlement of our purchase of Goldline that was recognized during 2020. Remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity interest in thousands Years Ended June 30, Remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity interest 2021 $ 26,306 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) 0.346 % $ — 0.0 % $ 26,306 0.0 % The remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity interest was recognized during the Company’s fiscal third quarter in connection with the acquisition of JMB. The Company’s estimated fair value of its 20.5% pre-existing equity interest in JMB was determined to be approximately $33.9 million at the acquisition date. Based on the total consideration paid of $207.4 million, the remeasurement resulted in the recognition of a pretax gain of $26.3 million. For additional information about our most recent acquisition see Note 1 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Provision for Income Taxes in thousands Years Ended June 30, Income tax expense 2021 $ (31,877 ) $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) (0.419 )% $ (6,387 ) (0.117 )% $ 25,490 399.1 % Our income tax expense was $31.9 million and $6.4 million for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our effective tax rate was approximately 16.5% and 16.9% for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. For the year ended June 30, 2021, our effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to the exclusion of the fair value remeasurement gain of our pre-existing equity investment in JMB, a one-time benefit from the reversal of the previously established deferred tax liability related to our equity investment in JMB, an exclusion of the fiscal 2021 pre-acquisition period JMB equity earnings, the foreign derived intangible income special deduction, and an adjustment made to pre-acquisition deferred taxes related to our investment in AMST, offset by state taxes (net of federal tax benefit), state tax rate change, and other normal course non-deductible expenditures. 38 Table of Contents SEGMENT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The Company conducts its operations in three reportable segments: (i) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services (formerly known as Wholesale Trading & Ancillary Services), (ii) Direct-to-Consumer (formerly known as Direct Sales), and (iii) Secured Lending. Each of these reportable segments represents an aggregation of operating segments that meets the aggregation criteria set forth in the Segment Reporting Topic 280 of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). The segment name changes of Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services and Direct-to-Consumer had no impact on the Company's historical financial position, results of operations, cash flow or segment level results previously reported. Results of Operations — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Segment The Company operates its Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment through A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc., and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, A-Mark Trading AG (“AMTAG”), Transcontinental Depository Services ("TDS"), and A-M Global Logistics, LLC ("Logistics"), and AM&ST Associates, LLC ("AMST" or "Silver Towne" or the "Mint"). Also, the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment includes the consolidating eliminations of inter-segment transactions and unallocated segment adjustments. Overview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Segment The operating results of our Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 are as follows: in thousands, except performance metrics Years Ended June 30, 2021 2020 Revenues Gross profit Selling, general, and administrative expenses Interest income Interest expense Earnings from equity method investments Other income (expense), net Remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity interest Unrealized (losses) gains on foreign exchange $ $ 6,738,707 138,813 (33,869 ) 10,315 (11,666 ) 15,547 — 26,306 (129 ) Net income before provision for income taxes $ 145,317 Performance Metrics: Gold ounces sold(1) Silver ounces sold(2) Wholesale Sales ticket volume(3) 2,486,000 103,812,000 143,439 % of revenue 100.000 % $ 2.060 % (0.503 )% 0.153 % (0.173 )% 0.231 % — 0.390 % (0.002 )% 2.156 % $ $ 5,360,899 56,908 (27,150 ) 9,024 (10,527 ) 4,878 (10 ) — 57 33,180 2,136,000 89,612,000 142,690 % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) 100.000 % $ 1.062 % $ (0.506 )% $ 0.168 % $ (0.196 )% $ 0.091 % $ (0.000 )% $ 0.0 % $ 0.001 % $ 0.619 % $ 1,377,808 81,905 6,719 1,291 1,139 10,669 10 26,306 186 112,137 350,000 14,200,000 749 25.7 % 143.9 % 24.7 % 14.3 % 10.8 % 218.7 % 100.0 % 0.0 % 326.3 % 338.0 % 16.4 % 15.8 % 0.5 % (1) (2) (3) Gold ounces sold represents the ounces of gold product sold and delivered to the customer during the period, excluding ounces of gold recorded on forward contracts. Silver ounces sold represents the ounces of silver product sold and delivered to the customer during the period, excluding ounces of silver recorded on forward contracts. Trading ticket volume represents the total number of product orders processed by A-Mark. 39 Table of Contents Revenues — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services in thousands, except performance metrics Years Ended June 30, 2021 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) Revenues $ 6,738,707 100.000 % $ 5,360,899 100.000 % $ 1,377,808 Performance Metrics Gold ounces sold Silver ounces sold Wholesale Sales ticket volume 2,486,000 103,812,000 143,439 2,136,000 89,612,000 142,690 350,000 14,200,000 749 25.7 % 16.4 % 15.8 % 0.5 % Revenues for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $1.378 billion, or 25.7%, to $6.739 billion from $5.361 billion in 2020. Excluding a decrease of $169.4 million of forward sales, our revenues increased $1.547 billion mainly due to an increase in the total amount of gold and silver ounces sold and higher selling prices of gold and silver. Gold ounces sold for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased 350,000 ounces, or 16.4%, to 2,486,000 ounces from 2,136,000 ounces in 2020. Silver ounces sold for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased 14,200,000 ounces, or 15.8%, to 103,812,000 ounces from 89,612,000 ounces in 2020. On average, the selling prices for gold increased by 18.7% and selling prices for silver increased by 55.7% during the year ended June 30, 2021 as compared to the prior year period. The Wholesale Sales ticket volume for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased by 749 tickets, or 0.5%, to 143,439 tickets from 142,690 tickets in 2020. The current year ticket volume also reflects a higher dollar order size compared with the prior year as customers purchased in larger quantities during fiscal 2021 due to supply constraints. A key factor that contributed to the increase in demand for precious metals was the volatility in precious metal prices caused by macroeconomic and other events. A combination of price volatility, increased demand, and supply constraints led to a significant expansion in premium spreads in the precious metals market, having an onset during the second half of fiscal year 2020 and sustaining through the current fiscal year. We are uncertain of the duration of these conditions. Gross Profit — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services in thousands, except performance metric Years Ended June 30, Gross profit 2021 $ 138,813 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) 2.060 % $ 56,908 1.062 % $ 81,905 143.9 % Gross profit for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased by $81.9 million, or 143.9%, to $138.8 million from $56.9 million in 2020. The overall gross profit increase was primarily due to higher sales volumes and increased spreads. This segment’s profit margin percentage increased by 99.8 basis points to 2.060% from 1.062% in 2020. The increase in gross margin percentage was mainly attributable to significantly wider premium spreads due to increased demand, higher trading profits due to increased volatility, and the impact of decreased forward sales. Forward sales increase revenues but are associated with negligible gross margins. The Company enters into forward contracts to hedge its precious metals price risk exposure and not for speculative purposes. 40 Table of Contents Selling, General and Administrative Expenses — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services in thousands Years Ended June 30, Selling, general, and administrative expenses 2021 $ (33,869 ) $ % of revenue (0.503 )% $ 2020 $ (27,150 ) % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) (0.506 )% $ 6,719 24.7 % Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $6.7 million, or 24.7%, to $33.9 million from $27.2 million in 2020. The change was primarily due to the acquisition costs of $2.6 million associated with the Company’s recent acquisition of JMB, increased compensation expense (including performance-based accruals) of $2.4 million, and higher insurance costs of $1.4 million. Interest Income — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services in thousands Years Ended June 30, 2021 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) Interest income $ 10,315 0.153 % $ 9,024 0.168 % $ 1,291 14.3 % Interest income for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $1.3 million, or 14.3%, to $10.3 million from $9.0 million in 2020. The overall increase is primarily due to $1.2 million interest earned from repurchase agreements and $0.2 million of interest income earned from spot deferred trade orders. Interest Expense — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services in thousands Years Ended June 30, Interest expense 2021 $ (11,666 ) $ % of revenue (0.173 )% $ 2020 $ (10,527 ) % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) (0.196 )% $ 1,139 10.8 % Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $1.1 million, or 10.8% to $11.7 million from $10.5 million in 2020. The increase was primarily driven by higher interest expense associated with product financing arrangements of $0.5 million, higher interest and fees from liability on borrowed metals of $0.5 million, and higher interest expense of $0.1 million related to the Trading Credit Facility. Earnings from equity method investments— Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services in thousands Years Ended June 30, 2021 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) Earnings from equity method investments $ 15,547 0.231 % $ 4,878 0.091 % $ 10,669 218.7 % Earnings from equity method investments for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $10.7 million, or 218.7% to $15.5 million from $4.9 million in 2020. The increase was due to increased net income recognized by each of our unconsolidated equity-method subsidiaries. The Company’s share of JMB’s earnings in fiscal 2021(through the Acquisition Date) and fiscal 2020 totaled $11.7 million and $4.2 million, respectively. 41 Table of Contents Remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity interest — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services in thousands Years Ended June 30, 2021 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) Remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity interest $ 26,306 0.390 % $ — 0.0 % $ 26,306 0.0 % The remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity interest was recognized during the Company’s fiscal third quarter in connection with the acquisition of JMB. The Company’s estimated fair value of its 20.5% pre-existing equity interest in JMB was determined to be approximately $33.9 million at the acquisition date. Based on the total consideration paid of $207.4 million, the remeasurement resulted in the recognition of a pretax gain of $26.3 million. For additional information about our most recent acquisition see Note 1 to the Company’s the consolidated financial statements. Results of Operations — Direct-to-Consumer Segment The Company operates its Direct-to-Consumer segment through our wholly-owned subsidiaries: JM Bullion, Inc. (“JMB”), Goldline, Inc. (“Goldline”), and AMIP, LLC ("AMIP"), and through our 50%-owned subsidiary Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC ("PMPP"). As a result of the completion of our acquisition of JMB on March 19, 2021 (see Note 1 of the Company’s consolidated financial statements) we have included JMB’s financial activity, including performance data, since March 20, 2021 in the Direct-to-Consumer segment's fiscal 2021 results. Overview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 — Direct-to-Consumer Segment The operating results of our Direct-to-Consumer segment for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 are as follows: in thousands, except performance metrics Years Ended June 30, Revenues Gross profit Selling, general and administrative expenses Interest expense Other expense, net Net income before provision for income taxes Performance Metrics: Gold ounces sold(1) Silver ounces sold(2) Number of new customers(3) Number of active customers(4) Number of total customers(5) DTC ticket volume(6) 2021 $ 874,308 (a) 71,385 (22,391 ) (898 ) — 48,096 $ $ % of revenue 100.000 % $ 8.165 % (b) (2.561 )% (0.103 )% — 5.501 % 257,000 10,463,000 84,300 167,700 1,703,100 331,664 2020 $ 100,195 (c) 10,065 (7,713 ) — (219 ) 2,133 45,000 773,000 1,900 6,200 158,000 18,541 % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) 100.000 % $ 10.045 % (d) $ $ (7.698 )% $ — $ (0.219 )% $ 2.129 % 774,113 61,320 14,678 898 (219 ) 45,963 212,000 9,690,000 82,400 161,500 1,545,100 313,123 772.6 % 609.2 % 190.3 % — (100.0 )% 2154.9 % 471.1 % 1253.6 % 4336.8 % 2604.8 % 977.9 % 1688.8 % (a) (b) (c) (d) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Includes $8.5 million of inter-segment sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment. Gross profit percentage, excluding inter-segment sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment, is 8.226% for the period. Includes $26.4 million of inter-segment sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment. Gross profit percentage, excluding inter-segment company sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment, is 12.549% for the period. Gold ounces sold represents the ounces of gold product sold during the period. Silver ounces sold represents the ounces of silver product sold during the period. Number of new customers represents the number of customers that have registered or setup a new account or made a purchase for the first time during the period. Number of active customers represents the number of customers that have made a purchase during the period. Number of total customers represents the aggregate number of customers that have registered or set up an account or have made a purchase in the past. Ticket volume represents the total number of product orders processed by JMB, Goldline, and PMPP during the period. 42 Table of Contents Segment Results — Direct-to-Consumer Revenues — Direct-to-Consumer in thousands, except performance metrics Years Ended June 30, Revenues Performance Metrics: Gold ounces sold Silver ounces sold Number of new customers Number of active customers Number of total customers DTC ticket volume 2021 2020 $ 874,308 $ % of revenue 100.000 % $ 257,000 10,463,000 84,300 167,700 1,703,100 331,664 $ 100,195 45,000 773,000 1,900 6,200 158,000 18,541 % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) 100.000 % $ 774,113 772.6 % 212,000 9,690,000 82,400 161,500 1,545,100 313,123 471.1 % 1253.6 % 4336.8 % 2604.8 % 977.9 % 1688.8 % Revenues for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $774.1 million, or 772.6%, to $874.3 million from $100.2 million in 2020. Excluding inter-segment sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment, revenues for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $792.0 million or 1073.2% to $865.8 million from $73.8 million in 2020. Gold ounces sold for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased 212,000 ounces, or 471.1%, to 257,000 ounces from 45,000 ounces in 2020. Silver ounces sold for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased 9,690,000 ounces, or 1253.6%, to 10,463,000 ounces from 773,000 ounces in 2020. On average, the selling prices for gold increased by 9.9% and selling prices for silver increased by 49.5% during the year ended June 30, 2021 as compared to the prior year period. The number of new customers for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased 82,400, or 4,336.8% to 84,300 from 1,900 in 2020. The number of active customers for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased 161,500, or 2,604.8% to 167,700 from 6,200 in 2020. The number of total customers as of June 30, 2021 increased 1,545,100, or 977.9% to 1,703,100 from 158,000 as of June 30, 2020. The increases in the customer-based metrics were primarily due to our acquisition of JMB in 2021, inclusive of its customer base. The Direct-to-Consumer ticket volume for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased by 313,123 tickets, or 1688.8%, to 331,664 tickets from 18,541 tickets in 2020. The increase in ticket volume was primarily due to transactions generated by our newly acquired subsidiary, JMB. A key factor that contributed to the increase in demand for precious metals was the volatility in precious metal prices caused by macroeconomic and other events. A combination of price volatility, increased demand, and supply constraints led to a significant expansion in premium spreads in the precious metals market, having an onset during the second half of fiscal year 2020 and sustaining through the current fiscal year. We are uncertain of the duration of these conditions. Gross Profit — Direct-to-Consumer in thousands, except performance metric Years Ended June 30, 2021 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) Gross profit $ 71,385 8.165 % $ 10,065 10.045 % $ 61,320 609.2 % Gross profit for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased by $61.3 million, or 609.2%, to $71.4 million from $10.1 million in 2020. For the year ended June 30, 2021, the Company’s profit margin percentage decreased by 188.1 basis points to 8.165% from 10.045% in 2020. Excluding the impact of inter-segment sales from the Direct-to- Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment, the Direct-to-Consumer segment's gross profit margin percentage decreased by 432.3 basis points to 8.226% from 12.549% in 2020. Selling, General and Administrative Expense — Direct-to-Consumer in thousands Years Ended June 30, Selling, general and administrative expenses 2021 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) $ (22,391 ) (2.561 )% $ (7,713 ) (7.698 )% $ 14,678 190.3 % 43 Table of Contents Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $14.7 million, or 190.3%, to $22.4 million from $7.7 million in 2020. The change was primarily due to increased amortization and depreciation costs of $8.6 million, increased advertising expenses of $2.7 million and higher compensation expense (including performance-based accruals) of $2.5 million. JMB’s activity, a company that we recently acquired, accounted for approximately 98.0% of the aggregate change for this segment. Interest expense — Direct-to-Consumer in thousands Years Ended June 30, 2021 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) Interest expense $ (898 ) (0.103 )% $ — — $ 898 — Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $0.9 million to $0.9 million from $0.0 million in 2020. The increase related to JMB’s product financing activity with A-Mark. Other income (expense) — Direct-to-Consumer in thousands Years Ended June 30, 2021 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) Other expense, net $ — — $ (219 ) (0.219 )% $ (219 ) (100.0 )% There was no activity for the current period. For the year ended June 30, 2020, the other expense activity of $0.2 million related to a one-time charge in connection with the settlement of the purchase price related to the acquisition of Goldline. Results of Operations — Secured Lending Segment The Company operates its Secured Lending segment through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Collateral Finance Corporation, LLC. ("CFC"), AM Capital Funding, LLC (“AMCF”), and CFC Alternative Investments (“CAI”). Overview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 — Secured Lending Segment The operating results of our Secured Lending segment for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 are as follows: in thousands, except performance metrics Years Ended June 30, Interest income Interest expense Selling, general and administrative expenses Other income, net Net (loss) income before provision for income taxes Performance Metric: Number of secured loans at period end(1) 2021 2020 $ % $ $ $ 8,159 (7,301 ) (2,549 ) 1,079 (612 ) 1,881 % of interest income 100.000 % $ (89.484 )% (31.242 )% 13.225 % (7.501 )% $ % of interest income Increase/ (decrease) Increase/ (decrease) 100.000 % $ (68.222 )% $ (15.500 )% $ 4.724 % $ 21.002 % $ (4,054 ) (1,031 ) 656 502 3,177 (33.2 %) (12.4 %) 34.7 % 87.0 % 123.9 % $ 12,213 (8,332 ) (1,893 ) 577 2,565 717 1,164 162.3 % (1) Number of outstanding secured loans to customers at the end of the period. 44 Table of Contents Interest Income — Secured Lending in thousands, except performance metric Years Ended June 30, Interest income Performance Metric 2021 2020 $ % % of interest income $ $ 8,159 100.000 % $ % of interest income Increase/ (decrease) Increase/ (decrease) 100.000 % $ (4,054 ) (33.2 %) 1,164 162.3 % $ 12,213 717 Number of secured loans at period-end 1,881 Interest income for the year ended June 30, 2021 decreased $4.1 million, or 33.2%, to $8.2 million from $12.2 million in 2020. The decrease in interest income earned from the segment’s secured loan portfolio was primarily due to lower average monthly loan balances during the current period as compared to the average monthly loan balances for the prior year period. The number of secured loans outstanding increased by 162.3% to 1,881 as of June 30, 2021, from 717 as of June 30, 2020. Typically, the number of loans increases during periods of increasing precious metal prices and decreases during periods of declining precious metal prices. Silver prices declined significantly in the quarter ended March 31, 2020, resulting in an increase in margin calls and borrower loan liquidations due to a decline in the value of the precious metals collateral. Through the current fiscal year, silver prices increased and the Company experienced growth in the number of loans. The Company did not incur loan losses related to the margin calls or borrower loan liquidations during either the current or the prior year period. Interest Expense — Secured Lending in thousands Years Ended June 30, 2021 2020 $ % % of interest income $ % of interest income $ Increase/ (decrease) Increase/ (decrease) Interest expense $ (7,301 ) (89.484 )% $ (8,332 ) (68.222 )% $ (1,031 ) (12.4 %) Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2021 decreased $1.0 million, or 12.4% to $7.3 million from $8.3 million in 2020. The change in interest expense is driven by the value of our secured loan portfolio, which is primarily financed through our notes payable and Trading Credit Facility. As compared to the same year-ago period, loan servicing costs decreased $0.5 million and interest expense related to our notes payable and Trading Credit Facility decreased $0.5 million. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses — Secured Lending in thousands Years Ended June 30, 2021 2020 $ % % of interest income $ % of interest income $ Increase/ (decrease) Increase/ (decrease) Selling, general, and administrative expenses $ (2,549 ) (31.242 )% $ (1,893 ) (15.500 )% $ 656 34.7 % Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $0.7 million, or 34.7%, to $2.5 million from $1.9 million in 2020. The increase was mainly driven by higher professional fees of $0.3 million, increased marketing expenses of $0.2 million, and higher storage costs of $0.1 million. Other Income, net — Secured Lending in thousands Years Ended June 30, 2021 2020 $ % % of interest income $ $ % of interest income Increase/ (decrease) Increase/ (decrease) Other income, net $ 1,079 13.225 % $ 577 4.724 % $ 502 87.0 % 45 Table of Contents Other income, net for the year ended June 30, 2021 increased $0.5 million, or 87.0% to $1.1 million from $0.6 million in 2020. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $0.5 million in royalty income. NON-GAAP MEASURES Adjusted net income before provision for income taxes Overview In addition to our results determined in accordance with GAAP, we believe the below non-GAAP measure is useful in evaluating our operating performance. We use the financial measure “adjusted net income before provision for income taxes” to present our pre-tax earnings from on-going business operations. This measure is not prepared in accordance with GAAP. The items excluded from this financial measure may have a material impact on our financial results. Certain of those items are non-recurring, while others are non-cash in nature. Accordingly, this non-GAAP financial measure should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or superior to, the comparable measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. Reconciliation In our reconciliation from our reported GAAP “net income before provision for taxes” to our non-GAAP “adjusted net income before provision for taxes,” we eliminate the impact of the following four amounts: (i) remeasurement gains; (ii) acquisition expenses; (iii) amortization expenses related to intangible assets acquired; and (iv) depreciation expense. The following tables reconcile this non-GAAP financial measure to its most closely comparable GAAP measure on our financial statements for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. in thousands Years Ended June 30, 2021 $ % of revenue 2020 $ % of revenue $ Increase/ (decrease) % Increase/ (decrease) Revenues $ 7,613,015 100.000 % $ 5,461,094 100.000 % $ 2,151,921 39.4 % Net income before provision for income taxes Adjustments: Remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity interest Acquisition costs Amortization of acquired intangibles Depreciation expense Adjusted net income before provision for income taxes (Non-GAAP) $ Adjustments $ 192,801 2.533 % $ 37,878 0.694 % $ 154,923 409.0 % (26,306 ) 2,576 9,341 1,447 179,859 (0.346 )% 0.034 % 0.123 % 0.019 % 2.363 % $ — — 1,028 1,872 40,778 $ — — $ 0.019 % $ 0.034 % $ 0.747 % $ 26,306 2,576 8,313 (425 ) 139,081 (— %) (— %) 808.8 % (22.7 %) 341.1 % Remeasurement gains or losses. This adjustment relates to our acquisition in March 2021 of the 79.5% of the equity interest in JMB that was not previously owned by us. When we acquire control of a business for which we had previously owned a noncontrolling equity interest, we are required to estimate the fair value of our pre-existing equity investment and record the change in its value as a remeasurement gain or loss, which we present on the face of our consolidated statements of income. Remeasurement gains and losses are recorded upon the completion of an acquisition. We exclude these types of remeasurement gains and losses when we evaluate our on-going operational performance and to facilitate comparison of period-to-period operational performance. For additional information about our acquisition of JMB, see Note 1 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Acquisition expenses. This adjustment relates as well to the JMB acquisition. We incur expenses for professional services rendered in connection with business combinations, which are included as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. Acquisition expenses are recorded in the periods in which the costs are incurred, and the services are received. We exclude acquisition expenses when we evaluate our on-going operational performance and to facilitate comparison of period-to-period operational performance. Amortization of purchased intangibles. Amortization expense of purchased intangibles is included as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. Such amortization expense varies in amount and frequency and is significantly impacted by the timing and size of our acquisitions. Management finds it useful to exclude these charges from our operating expenses to assist in the review of a measure that more closely corresponds to cash operating income generated from our business. The use of intangible assets such as our existing customer relationships and developed technology contributed to our revenues earned during the periods presented and is expected to contribute to our revenues in future periods. Amortization of purchased intangible assets will recur in future periods. For additional information about the amortization of our purchased intangibles, see Note 8 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. 46 Table of Contents Depreciation expense. Depreciation expense is included as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. Depreciation expense is calculated using a straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the related assets, ranging from three years to twenty-five years. Due to depreciation expense being non-cash in nature, management finds it useful to exclude these charges from our operating expenses to assist in the review of a measure that more closely corresponds to cash operating income generated from our business. LIQUIDITY AND FINANCIAL CONDITION Primary Sources and Uses of Cash Overview Liquidity refers to the availability to the Company of amounts of cash to meet all of our cash needs. Our sources of liquidity principally include cash from operations, Trading Credit Facility (see “Lines of Credit” below), and product financing arrangements. A substantial portion of our assets are liquid. As of June 30, 2021, approximately 80.6% of our assets consisted of cash, receivables, derivative assets, secured loans receivables, precious metals held under financing arrangements and inventories, measured at fair value. Cash generated from the sales or financing of our precious metals products is our primary source of operating liquidity. Among other things, these include our product financing arrangements and liabilities on borrowed metals. Typically, the Company acquires its inventory by: (i) purchasing inventory from its suppliers by utilizing our own capital and lines of credit; (ii) borrowing precious metals from its suppliers under short-term arrangements which may bear interest at a designated rate, and (iii) repurchasing inventory at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price on the specified repurchase date. In addition to selling inventory, the Company generates cash from earning interest income. The Company enters into secured loans and secured financing structures with its customers under which it charges interest. The loans are secured by precious metals and numismatic material owned by the borrowers and held by the Company as security for the term of the loan. The Company also offers a number of secured financing options to its customers to finance their precious metals purchases including consignments and other structured inventory finance products. Furthermore, our customers may enter into agreements whereby the customer agrees to repurchase our precious metals at the prevailing spot price for delivery of the product at a specific point in time in the future; interest income is earned from the contract date until the material is delivered and paid for in full. We may also raise funds through the public or private offering of equity or debt securities, although there is no assurance that we will be able to do so at the times and in the amounts required. We have an effective universal shelf registration statement, on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission for this purpose, under which we may issue approximately $66.5 million worth of securities at this time. We continually review our overall credit and capital needs to ensure that our capital base, both stockholders’ equity and available credit facilities, can appropriately support our anticipated financing needs. The Company also continually monitors its current and forecasted cash requirements and draws upon and pays down its lines of credit so as to minimize interest expense. (See Note 14 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.) Lines of Credit in thousands June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 June 30, 2021 Compared to June 30, 2020 Lines of credit $ 185,000 $ 135,000 $ 50,000 Effective March 26, 2021, through an amendment and restatement of the applicable credit documents, A-Mark renewed its uncommitted demand borrowing facility ("Trading Credit Facility") with a syndicate of banks. Under the agreements, Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A. acts as lead lender and administrative agent and Macquarie Bank Limited acts as syndication agent. As of June 30, 2021, the Trading Credit Facility provided the Company with access up to $270.0 million, featuring a $220.0 million base, with a $50.0 million accordion option. The maturity date of the credit facility is March 25, 2022. The Trading Credit Facility was initially entered into on March 31, 2016, and the Company has successfully amended and extended the terms of the Trading Credit Facility each year since its inception. The Trading Credit Facility was amended effective July 16, 2021, and now provides for a $330 million credit facility, consisting of a $280 million base and a $50 million accordion feature. (See Note 19 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.) A-Mark routinely uses funds drawn under the Trading Credit Facility to purchase metals from its suppliers and for other operating cash flow purposes. Our CFC subsidiary also uses the funds drawn under the Trading Credit Facility to finance its lending activities. 47 Table of Contents Notes Payable in thousands June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 June 30, 2021 Compared to June 30, 2020 Notes payable $ 93,249 $ 92,517 $ 732 On September 14, 2018, AM Capital Funding, LLC. (“AMCF”), a wholly owned subsidiary of CFC, completed an issuance of Secured Senior Term Notes, Series 2018-1, Class A in the aggregate principal amount of $72.0 million and Secured Subordinated Term Notes, Series 2018-1, Class B in the aggregate principal amount of $28.0 million. The Class A Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.98% and the Class B Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.98%. The Notes have a maturity date of December 15, 2023. As of June 30, 2021, the consolidated aggregate carrying balance of the Notes was $93.2 million (which excludes the $5.0 million Note that the Company retained), and the remaining unamortized loan cost balance was approximately $1.8 million, which is amortized using the effective interest method through the maturity date. (See Note 14 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.) Liabilities on Borrowed Metals in thousands Liabilities on borrowed metals $ 91,866 $ 168,206 $ (76,340 ) We borrow precious metals from our suppliers and customers under short-term arrangements using other precious metal from our inventory or precious metals held under financing arrangements as collateral. Amounts under these arrangements require repayment either in the form of precious metals or cash. Liabilities also arise from unallocated metal positions held by customers in our inventory. Typically, these positions are due on demand, in a specified physical form, based on the total ounces of metal held in the position. June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 June 30, 2021 Compared to June 30, 2020 Product Financing Arrangements in thousands June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 June 30, 2021 Compared to June 30, 2020 Product financing arrangements $ 201,028 $ 74,678 $ 126,350 The Company has agreements with financial institutions and other third parties that allow the Company to transfer its gold and silver inventory to the third party at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price, which provides alternative sources of liquidity. During the term of the agreement both parties intend for inventory to be returned at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price on the termination (repurchase) date. The third parties charge monthly interest as a percentage of the market value of the outstanding obligation; such monthly charges are classified as interest expense. These transactions do not qualify as sales and therefore are accounted for as financing arrangements and reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as product financing arrangements. The obligation is stated at the amount required to repurchase the outstanding inventory. Both the product financing arrangements and the underlying inventory (which is entirely restricted) are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value included as a component of cost of sales. 48 Table of Contents Secured Loans Receivable in thousands June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 June 30, 2021 Compared to June 30, 2020 Secured loans receivable $ 112,968 $ 63,710 $ 49,258 CFC is a California licensed finance lender that makes and acquires commercial loans secured by bullion and numismatic coins that affords our customers a convenient means of financing their inventory or collections. (See Note 5 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.) AMCF also purchases and holds secured loans from CFC to meet its collateral requirements related to the Notes (See Note 14 to Company’s consolidated financial statements.) Most of the Company's secured loans are short-term in nature. The renewal of these instruments is at the discretion of the Company and, as such, provides us with some flexibility in regard to our capital deployment strategies. Dividends On September 3, 2020, the Company's Board of Directors declared a non-recurring special dividend of $1.50 per share to common stock shareholders of record at the close of business on September 21, 2020. On October 29, 2020, the Company's Board of Directors declared a non-recurring special dividend of $1.50 per share to common stock shareholders of record at the close of business on November 23, 2020. In the aggregate, the Company paid $21.2 million in dividends during the year ended June 30, 2021. Cash Flows The majority of the Company’s trading activities involve two-day value trades under which payment is received in advance of delivery or product is received in advance of payment. The combination of sales volume, inventory turnover, and precious metals price volatility can cause material changes in the sources of cash used in or provided by operating activities on a daily basis. The Company manages these variances through its liquidity forecasts and counterparty limits by maintaining a liquidity reserve to meet the Company’s cash needs. The Company uses various short-term financial instruments to manage the cycle of our trading activities from customer purchase order to cash collections and product delivery, which can cause material changes in the amount of cash used in or provided by financing activities on a daily basis. The following summarizes components of our consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020: in thousands Year Ended Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 June 30, 2021 Compared to June 30, 2020 $ $ $ (52,654 ) $ (130,393 ) $ $ 232,127 $ 47,935 48,774 $ (52,704 ) $ (100,589 ) (179,167 ) 284,831 For the years presented, our principal capital requirements have been to fund (i) working capital and (ii) investing activity. Our working capital requirements fluctuated with market conditions, the availability of precious metals, and the volatility of precious metals commodity pricing. The primary reason for the increase in net cash used in operating activities was due to increased inventory purchases during a period of increased demand and rising precious metal prices. Net cash used in investing activities increased as a result of increased loan origination and acquisition activity, which was driven by higher precious metal spot prices, as well as our acquisition of JMB. The primary reason for the increase in net cash provided by financing activities was due to an increased use of short term debt financing to accommodate a period of high demand for precious metal products, as well as proceeds received in connection with the Company’s public offering of its common stock. Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities Operating activities used $52.7 million and provided $47.9 million in cash for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, representing a $100.6 million increase in cash used compared to the year ended June 30, 2020. The increase in cash used was primarily due to changes in working capital, which includes the balances of accounts payable and other current liabilities, inventories, liabilities on borrowed metals, and derivative liabilities, partially offset by increased net income as a result of increased demand, adjusted for noncash items, and by changes in the balances of derivative assets. 49 Table of Contents Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities Investing activities used $130.4 million and provided $48.8 million in cash for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, representing a $179.2 million increase in cash used compared to the year ended June 30, 2020. This period over period increase in cash used was primarily due to the higher investing cash outflows of $110.2 million associated with the acquisition and origination of secured loans during the period, the incremental acquisition of a pre-existing equity method investment of $78.9 million, and an increase of cash outflows of $8.0 million in connection with the purchase of long term investments, partially offset by $17.5 million redemption amount upon acquisition of a pre-existing equity method investment. Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Financing activities provided $232.1 million and used $52.7 million in cash for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, representing a $284.8 million increase in the source of cash compared to the year ended June 30, 2020. This period over period increase was primarily due to the change in cash provided by product financing arrangements of $146.2 million, the change in the cash provided by the Trading Credit Facility of $82.0 million, the net proceeds of $75.3 million the Company received in connection with its public offering of common stock, and cash received from employee stock option exercises of $3.6 million, partially offset by the payment of two non- recurring special dividends in the aggregate amount of $21.2 million, and the change in balance of debt issuance costs of $1.1 million. Capital Resources We believe that our current cash availability under the Trading Credit Facility, product financing arrangements, financing derived from borrowed metals and the cash we anticipate generating from operating activities will provide us with sufficient liquidity to satisfy our working capital needs, capital expenditures, investment requirements, and commitments through at least the next twelve months. CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS Counterparty Risk We manage our counterparty risk by setting credit and position risk limits with our trading counterparties. These limits include gross position limits for counterparties engaged in sales and purchase transactions and inventory consignment transactions with us. They also include collateral limits for different types of sale and purchase transactions that counterparties may engage in from time to time. Commodities Risk and Derivatives We use a variety of strategies to manage our risk including fluctuations in commodity prices for precious metals. Our inventory consists of, and our trading activities involve, precious metals and precious metal products, for which prices are linked to the corresponding precious metal commodity prices. Inventory purchased or borrowed by us is subject to price changes. Inventory borrowed is a natural hedge, since changes in value of the metal held are offset by the obligation to return the metal to the supplier or deliver metals to the customer. Open sale and purchase commitments in our trading activities are subject to changes in value between the date the purchase or sale price is fixed (the trade date) and the date the metal is received or delivered (the settlement date). We seek to minimize the effect of price changes of the underlying commodity through the use of forward and futures contracts. Our open sale and purchase commitments generally settle within 2 business days, and for those commitments that do not have stated settlement dates, we have the right to settle the positions upon demand. Our policy is to substantially hedge our underlying precious metal commodity inventory position. We regularly enter into metals commodity forward and futures contracts with financial institutions to hedge price changes that would cause changes in the value of our physical metals positions and purchase commitments and sale commitments. We have access to all of the precious metals markets, allowing us to place hedges. We also maintain relationships with major market makers in every major precious metals dealing center, which allows us to enter into contracts with market makers. Our forwards contracts open at June 30, 2021 are scheduled to settle within 60 days. Futures positions do not have settlement dates. The Company typically uses futures contracts for its shorter-term hedge positions and forward contracts for longer term hedge positions. The Company enters into these derivative transactions solely for the purpose of hedging our inventory holding risk, and not for speculative market purposes. Due to the nature of our hedging strategy, we are not using hedge accounting as defined under, Derivatives and Hedging Topic 815 of the Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC".) Unrealized gains or losses resulting from our futures and forward contracts are reported as cost of sales with the related amounts due from or to counterparties reflected as derivative assets or liabilities. The Company adjusts the derivatives to fair value on a daily basis until the transactions are settled. When these contracts are net settled, the unrealized gains and losses are reversed and the realized gains and losses for forward contracts are recorded in revenue and cost of sales and the net realized gains and losses for futures are recorded in cost of sales. 50 Table of Contents The Company’s net (losses) gains on derivative instruments for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, totaled ($125.6) million and $8.1 million, respectively. These net (losses) gains on derivative instruments were substantially offset by the changes in fair market value of the underlying precious metals inventory and open sale and purchase commitments, which is also recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. The purpose of the Company's hedging policy is to substantially match the change in the value of the derivative financial instrument to the change in the value of the underlying hedged item. The following table summarizes the results of our hedging activities, showing the precious metal commodity inventory position, net of open sale and purchase commitments, which is subject to price risk, compared to change in the value of the derivative instruments as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020: in thousands Inventories Precious metals held under financing arrangements Less unhedgeable inventories: Commemorative coin inventory, held at lower of cost or net realizable value Premium on metals position Precious metal value not hedged Commitments at market: Open inventory purchase commitments Open inventory sales commitments Margin sale commitments In-transit inventory no longer subject to market risk Unhedgeable premiums on open commitment positions Borrowed precious metals Product financing arrangements Advances on industrial metals Precious metal subject to price risk Precious metal subject to derivative financial instruments: Precious metals forward contracts at market values Precious metals futures contracts at market values Total market value of derivative financial instruments June 30, 2021 $ $ 458,019 154,742 612,761 (406 ) (11,017 ) (11,423 ) 601,338 987,926 (590,156 ) (7,322 ) (16,707 ) 8,638 (91,866 ) (201,028 ) 287 89,772 691,110 175,352 514,240 689,592 June 30, 2020 321,281 178,577 499,858 (17 ) (3,684 ) (3,701 ) 496,157 514,553 (309,134 ) (14,652 ) (3,605 ) 2,779 (168,206 ) (74,678 ) 318 (52,625 ) 443,532 73,948 369,842 443,790 Net precious metals subject to commodity price risk $ 1,518 $ (258 ) We are exposed to the risk of default of the counterparties to our derivative contracts. Significant judgment is applied by us when evaluating the fair value implications. We regularly review the creditworthiness of our major counterparties and monitor our exposure to concentrations. At June 30, 2021, we believe our risk of counterparty default is mitigated based on our evaluation of the creditworthiness of our major counterparties, the strong financial condition of our counterparties, and the short-term duration of these arrangements. Commitments and Contingencies Refer to Note 15 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for information relating Company's commitments and contingencies. 51 Table of Contents OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, we had the following outstanding sale and purchase commitments and open forward and future contracts, which are normal and recurring, in nature: in thousands Purchase commitments Sales commitments Margin sale commitments Open forward contracts Open futures contracts Foreign exchange forward contracts June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ $ $ $ $ 987,926 $ (590,156 ) $ (7,322 ) $ $ $ $ 175,352 514,240 6,541 514,553 (309,134 ) (14,652 ) 73,948 369,842 4,599 The notional amounts of the commodity forward and futures contracts and the open sales and purchase orders, as shown in the table above, are not reflected at the notional amounts in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company records commodity forward and futures contracts at the fair value, which is the difference between the market price of the underlying metal or contract measured on the reporting date and the trade amount measured on the date the contract was transacted. The fair value of the open derivative contracts are shown as a component of derivative assets or derivative liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company enters into the derivative forward and future transactions solely for the purpose of hedging its inventory holding risk, and not for speculative market purposes. The Company’s gains (losses) on derivative instruments are substantially offset by the changes in fair market value of the underlying precious metals inventory position, including our open sale and purchase commitments. The Company records the derivatives at the trade date, and any corresponding unrealized gains or losses are shown as a component of cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. We adjust the carrying value of the derivatives to fair value on a daily basis until the transactions are physically settled. (See Note 11 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.) CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). In connection with the preparation of our financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions about future events and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. We base our assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and other factors that we believe to be relevant at the time the Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared. On a regular basis, we review our accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that the Company’s consolidated financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with U.S. GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could materially differ from our estimates. Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. We believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results, and they require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. We have reviewed these critical accounting estimates and related disclosures with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. Revenue Recognition The Company accounts for its metals and sales contracts using settlement date accounting. Pursuant to such accounting, the Company recognizes the sale or purchase of the metals at settlement date. During the period between the trade and settlement dates, the Company has entered into a forward contract that meets the definition of a derivative in accordance with the Derivatives and Hedging Topic 815 of the ASC. The Company records the derivative at the trade date with any corresponding unrealized gain (loss), shown as component of cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. The Company adjusts the derivatives to fair value on a daily basis until the transactions are settled. When these contracts are settled, the unrealized gains and losses are reversed, and revenue is recognized for contracts that are physically settled. For contracts that are net settled, the realized gains and losses are recorded in cost of sales, with the exception of forward contracts, where their associated realized gains and losses are recorded in revenue and cost of sales, respectively. Also, the Company recognizes its storage, logistics, licensing, advertising revenue, and other services revenues in accordance with the FASB's release ASU 2014- 09 Revenue From Contracts With Customers Topic 606 and subsequent related amendments ("ASC 606"), which follows five basic steps to determine whether revenue can be recognized: (i) identify the contract with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. 52 Table of Contents Inventories The Company's inventory, which primarily consists of bullion and bullion coins, is acquired and initially recorded at cost and then marked to fair market value. The fair market value of the bullion and bullion coins comprises two components: (i) published market values attributable to the cost of the raw precious metal, and (ii) the premium paid at acquisition of the metal, which is attributable to the incremental value of the product in its finished goods form. The market value attributable solely to such premium is readily determinable by reference to multiple reputable published sources. The precious metal component of the inventory may be hedged through the use of precious metal commodity positions, while the premium component of our inventory is not a commodity that may be hedged. The Company’s inventory, except for certain lower of cost or net realizable value basis products (as described below), is subsequently recorded at their fair market values. The daily changes in the fair market value of our inventory are offset by daily changes in the fair market value of hedging derivatives that are taken with respect to our inventory positions; both the change in the fair market value of the inventory and the change in the fair market value of these derivative instruments are recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. While the premium component included in inventory is marked-to-market, our commemorative coin inventory, including its premium component, is held at the lower of cost or net realizable value, because the value of commemorative coins is influenced more by supply and demand determinants than on the underlying spot price of the precious metal content of the commemorative coins. Unlike our bullion coins, the value of commemorative coins is not subject to the same level of volatility as bullion coins because our commemorative coins typically carry a substantially higher premium over the spot metal price than bullion coins. Additionally, neither the commemorative coin inventory nor the premium component of our inventory is hedged. Inventory includes amounts borrowed from suppliers and customers arising from various arrangements including unallocated metal positions held by customers in the Company’s inventory, amounts due to suppliers for the use of consigned inventory, metals held by suppliers as collateral on advanced pool metals, as well as shortages in unallocated metal positions held by the Company in the supplier’s inventory. Unallocated or pool metal represents an unsegregated inventory position that is due on demand, in a specified physical form, based on the total ounces of metal held in the position. Amounts under these arrangements require delivery either in the form of precious metals or cash. The Company mitigates market risk of its physical inventory and open commitments through commodity hedge transactions. (See Note 11 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.) The Company enters into product financing agreements for the transfer and subsequent option or obligation to reacquire its gold and silver inventory at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price with a third party finance company. This inventory is restricted and is held at a custodial storage facility in exchange for a financing fee, charged by the third party finance company. During the term of the financing agreement, the third party company holds the inventory as collateral, and both parties intend for the inventory to be returned to the Company at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price on the termination (repurchase) date. The third party charges a monthly fee as percentage of the market value of the outstanding obligation; such monthly charge is classified as interest expense. These transactions do not qualify as sales and have been accounted for as financing arrangements in accordance with ASC 470-40 Product Financing Arrangements, and are reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as product financing arrangements. The obligation is stated at the amount required to repurchase the outstanding inventory. Both the product financing and the underlying inventory (which is restricted) are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value included in cost of sales in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The Company periodically loans metals to customers on a short-term consignment basis. Such inventory is removed at the time the customer elects to price and purchase the metals, and the Company records a corresponding sale and receivable. The Company enters into financing arrangements with certain customers under which A-Mark purchases precious metals products that are subject to repurchase by the customer at the fair value of the product on the repurchase date. The Company or the counterparty may typically terminate any such arrangement with 14 days' notice. Upon termination the customer’s rights to repurchase any remaining inventory is forfeited. Business Combinations We make certain judgments and estimates when determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Those judgments and estimates also include determining the lives assigned to acquired intangibles, the resulting amortization period, what indicators will trigger an impairment, whether those indicators are other than temporary, what economic or competitive factors affect valuation, valuation methodology, and key assumptions including discount rates and cash flow estimates. Goodwill and Other Purchased Intangible Assets We evaluate goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of the fiscal year (or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist) in accordance with the Intangibles - Goodwill and Other Topic 350 of the ASC. Other finite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment when events or changes in business circumstances indicate that 53 Table of Contents the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. We may first qualitatively assess whether relevant events and circumstances make it more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill is less than its carrying value. If, based on this qualitative assessment, we determine that goodwill is more likely than not to be impaired, a quantitative impairment test is performed. This step requires us to determine the fair value of the business and compare the calculated fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If through this quantitative analysis the Company determines the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, the goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not to be impaired. If the Company concludes that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, a goodwill impairment will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The Company also performs impairment reviews on its indefinite-lived intangible assets (i.e., trade names and trademarks). In assessing its indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment, the Company has the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether events or circumstances exist that lead to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount. If the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount, the Company is not required to perform any additional tests in assessing the asset for impairment. However, if the Company concludes otherwise or elects not to perform the qualitative assessment, then it is required to perform a quantitative analysis to determine if the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value. If through a quantitative analysis the Company determines the fair value of an indefinite- lived intangible asset exceeds its carrying amount, the indefinite-lived intangible asset is considered not to be impaired. If the Company concludes that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value, an impairment will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value. Income Taxes As part of the process of preparing the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its provision for income taxes in each of the tax jurisdictions in which it conducts business, in accordance with the Income Taxes Topic 740 of the ASC ("ASC 740"). The Company computes its annual tax rate based on the statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities available to it in the various jurisdictions in which it earns income. Significant judgment is required in determining the Company's annual tax rate and in evaluating uncertainty in its tax positions. The Company has adopted the provisions of ASC 740-10, which clarifies the accounting for uncertain tax positions. ASC 740-10 requires that the Company recognizes the impact of a tax position in the financial statements if the position is not more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to certain uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense and the accrued interest and penalties are included in deferred and income taxes payable in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. See Note 12 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for more information on the Company’s accounting for income taxes. Income taxes are accounted for using an asset and liability approach that requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization include the Company's forecast of the reversal of temporary differences, future taxable income, and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the net deferred tax assets. Failure to achieve forecasted taxable income in applicable tax jurisdictions could affect the ultimate realization of deferred tax assets and could result in an increase in the Company's effective tax rate on future earnings. Based on our assessment, it appears more likely than not that all of the net deferred tax assets will be realized through future taxable income. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS For a description of accounting changes and recent accounting standards, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on our financial position or results of operations, see Note 2 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Not applicable to smaller reporting companies. 54 Table of Contents ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereof Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020 Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1. Description of Business Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Note 3. Assets and Liabilities, at Fair Value Note 4. Receivables Note 5. Secured Loans Receivable Note 6. Inventories Note 7. Property, Plant, and Equipment Note 8. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Note 9. Long-Term Investments Note 10. Accounts Payable and Other Current Liabilities Note 11. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Transactions Note 12. Income Taxes Note 13. Related Party Transactions Note 14. Financing Agreements Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies Note 16. Stockholders' Equity Note 17. Customer and Supplier Concentrations Note 18. Segments and Geographic Information Note 19. Subsequent Events 55 Page 56 60 62 63 64 65 65 68 79 82 82 84 86 86 88 88 88 91 94 96 98 99 102 103 107 Table of Contents Board of Directors and Shareholders A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Opinion on the financial statements REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended June 30, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended June 30, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2021, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated September 13, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion. Basis for opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical audit matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Valuation of certain intangible assets related to the Company’s acquisition of JM Bullion As described further in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement with the selling stockholders of JM Bullion, Inc. (“JMB”), pursuant to which it acquired the remaining 79.5% interest in JMB that it did not previously own. In accounting for this transaction, the Company performed a purchase price allocation and recorded underlying assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values using the information available as of the acquisition date, with the excess of the purchase price allocated to goodwill. In performing the purchase price allocation, the Company identified and recorded a customer relationship asset and a trade name asset. We identified the valuation of these intangible assets as a critical audit matter. The principal consideration for our determination that the valuation of these intangible assets was a critical audit matter is due to the significant measurement uncertainty in determining the fair value of these assets. The fair value determination was sensitive to significant assumptions including the discount rate and the prospective financial information, both of which are unobservable. As such, there is inherent subjectivity and high estimation uncertainty in management’s judgment in identifying and determining the significant valuation assumptions and to conclude upon the appropriate valuation. As a result, obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence related to the assumptions required significant auditor subjectivity. 56 Table of Contents Our audit procedures related to the valuation of the customer relationship asset and the trade name asset included the following, among others. We evaluated the methodologies and tested the significant assumptions and underlying data used by the Company. Such testing included assessing the reasonableness of the prospective financial information that was the basis of the valuation. In addition, we involved a firm valuation specialist to assist in evaluating the methodology as well as evaluating the significant assumptions in the fair value estimate by comparing the discount rate to relevant observable market data. /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP Newport Beach, California September 13, 2021 57 Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Shareholders A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Opinion on internal control over financial reporting We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2021, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2021, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended June 30, 2021, and our report dated September 13, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements. Basis for opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting (“Management’s Report”). Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Our audit of, and opinion on, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting does not include the internal control over financial reporting of JM Bullion, Inc., a wholly- owned subsidiary, whose financial statements reflect total assets, revenues, and net income before provision for income taxes constituting 25, 9, and 16 percent, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended June 30, 2021. As indicated in Management’s Report, JM Bullion, Inc. was acquired during 2021. Management’s assertion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting excluded internal control over financial reporting of JM Bullion, Inc. Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP Newport Beach, California September 13, 2021 58 Table of Contents 59 Table of Contents A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (amounts in thousands, except for share data) June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 ASSETS Current assets: Cash(1) Receivables, net(1) Derivative assets(1) Secured loans receivable(1) Precious metals held under financing arrangements(1) Inventories: Inventories(1) Restricted inventories Prepaid expenses and other assets(1) Total current assets Operating lease right of use assets Property, plant, and equipment, net Goodwill Intangibles, net Long-term investments Other long-term assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Lines of credit Liabilities on borrowed metals Product financing arrangements Accounts payable and other current liabilities Derivative liabilities(1) Accrued liabilities(1) Income tax payable Total current liabilities Notes payable(1) Deferred tax liabilities Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding: none as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020 Common stock, par value $0.01; 40,000,000 shares authorized; 11,229,657 and 7,031,500 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Total A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities, noncontrolling interests and stockholders’ equity $ $ $ 101,405 89,000 44,536 112,968 154,742 256,991 201,028 458,019 3,557 964,227 5,702 8,609 100,943 93,633 18,467 — 1,191,581 185,000 91,866 201,028 200,351 7,539 18,785 5,016 709,585 93,249 19,514 5,291 827,639 — 113 150,420 212,090 362,623 1,319 363,942 1,191,581 $ $ $ $ 52,325 49,142 46,325 63,710 178,577 246,603 74,678 321,281 2,659 714,019 4,223 5,675 8,881 4,974 16,763 3,500 758,035 135,000 168,206 74,678 140,930 25,414 10,397 2,135 556,760 92,517 62 3,802 653,141 — 71 27,289 73,644 101,004 3,890 104,894 758,035 (1) Includes amounts of the consolidated variable interest entity, which is presented separately in the table below. See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 60 Table of Contents A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (amounts in thousands) In September 2018, AM Capital Funding, LLC. (“AMCF”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Collateral Finance Corporation ( CFC”), completed an issuance of Secured Senior Term Notes, Series 2018-1, Class A in the aggregate principal amount of $72.0 million and Secured Subordinated Term Notes, Series 2018-1, Class B in the aggregate principal amount of $28.0 million (collectively, the "Notes"). The Class A Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.98% and the Class B Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.98%. The Notes have a maturity date of December 15, 2023. The Company consolidates a variable interest entity ("VIE") if the Company is considered to be the primary beneficiary. AMCF is a VIE because its equity may be insufficient to maintain its on-going collateral requirements without additional financial support from the Company. The securitization is primarily secured by cash, bullion loans, and precious metals, and the Company is required to continuously hedge the value of certain collateral and make future contributions as necessary. The Company is the primary beneficiary of this VIE because the Company has the right to determine the type of collateral (i.e., cash, secured loans, or precious metals) placed into the entity, has the right to receive (and has received) the proceeds from the securitization transaction, earns on-going interest income from the secured loans (subject to collateral requirements), and has the obligation to absorb losses should AMCF's interest expense and other costs exceed its interest income. The following table presents the assets and liabilities of this VIE, which are included in the consolidated balance sheets above. The holders of the Notes have a first priority security interest in the assets as shown in the table below, which are in excess of the Notes' aggregate principal amount. Additionally, the liabilities of the VIE include intercompany balances, which are eliminated in consolidation. (See Note 14.) ASSETS OF THE CONSOLIDATED VIE Cash Receivables, net Secured loans receivable Precious metals held under financing arrangements Inventories Prepaid expenses and other assets Total assets of the consolidated variable interest entity LIABILITIES OF THE CONSOLIDATED VIE Deferred payment obligations(1) Derivative liabilities Accrued liabilities Notes payable(2) Total liabilities of the consolidated variable interest entity June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ $ $ 2,877 — 84,817 23,976 2,532 23 114,225 20,539 — 847 98,249 119,635 $ $ $ $ 26,697 3,005 34,739 20,968 24,057 16 109,482 13,275 541 387 97,517 111,720 (1) (2) This is an intercompany balance, which is eliminated in consolidation and hence is not shown on the consolidated balance sheets. $5.0 million of the Notes are held by the Company, which is eliminated in consolidation and hence is not shown on the consolidated balance sheets. See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 61 Table of Contents A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (in thousands, except for share and per share data) Revenues Cost of sales Gross profit Selling, general, and administrative expenses Interest income Interest expense Earnings from equity method investments Other income, net Remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity interest Unrealized (losses) gains on foreign exchange Net income before provision for income taxes Income tax expense Net income Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income attributable to the Company Basic and diluted net income per share attributable to A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc.: Basic Diluted Weighted average shares outstanding: Basic Diluted $ $ $ $ Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 7,613,015 7,402,817 210,198 (58,809 ) 18,474 (19,865 ) 15,547 1,079 26,306 (129 ) 192,801 (31,877 ) 160,924 1,287 159,637 $ $ 19.13 17.79 $ $ 8,343,300 8,972,300 5,461,094 5,394,121 66,973 (36,756 ) 21,237 (18,859 ) 4,878 348 — 57 37,878 (6,387 ) 31,491 982 30,509 4.34 4.31 7,031,500 7,080,500 See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 62 Table of Contents A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (in thousands, except for share data) Balance, June 30, 2019 Net income Share-based compensation Net settlement on issuance of common shares on exercise of options Balance, June 30, 2020 Net income Share-based compensation Issuance of common stock sold in public offering, net of offering costs Common stock issued for acquisition of JMB Net settlement on issuance of common shares on exercise of options Acquisition of noncontrolling interest, net of deferred taxes Dividends declared ($1.50 per common share) Balance, June 30, 2021 Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Total A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Stockholders' Equity Non- Controlling Interests Total Stockholders’ Equity $ $ 71 — — — 71 — — 29 10 $ 26,452 — 953 $ 43,135 30,509 — $ 69,658 30,509 953 (116 ) 27,289 — 1,173 75,315 41,598 $ — 73,644 159,637 — $ — — $ (116 ) 101,004 159,637 1,173 75,344 41,608 $ $ 2,908 982 — — 3,890 1,287 — — — Common Stock (Shares) 7,031,450 — — 50 7,031,500 — — 2,875,000 1,047,007 276,150 — — 11,229,657 3 — — 113 $ 3,482 1,563 — 150,420 $ — — (21,191 ) 212,090 $ 3,485 1,563 (21,191 ) 362,623 $ — (3,858 ) — 1,319 $ 72,566 31,491 953 (116 ) 104,894 160,924 1,173 75,344 41,608 3,485 (2,295 ) (21,191 ) 363,942 See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 63 Table of Contents A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (amounts in thousands) Years Ended June 30, Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: 2021 2020 $ 160,924 $ Depreciation and amortization Amortization of loan cost Deferred income taxes Interest added to principal of secured loans Share-based compensation Remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity method investment Earnings from equity method investments Dividend received from equity method investee Changes in assets and liabilities: Receivables Secured loans receivable Secured loans made to affiliates Derivative assets Income tax receivable Precious metals held under financing arrangements Inventories Prepaid expenses and other assets Accounts payable and other current liabilities Derivative liabilities Liabilities on borrowed metals Accrued liabilities Income tax payable Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Capital expenditures for property, plant, and equipment Purchase of long-term investments Purchase of intangible assets Secured loans receivable, net Acquisition of remaining noncontrolling equity interest in joint venture Other secured loans, net Redemption associated with acquisition of pre-existing equity method investment Incremental acquisition of pre-existing equity method investment, net of cash Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Product financing arrangements, net Dividends paid Borrowings and repayments under lines of credit, net Net proceeds from the issuance of common stock Debt funding issuance costs Net settlement on issuance of common shares on exercise of options Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: Interest paid Income taxes paid Income taxes refunded Non-cash investing and financing activities: Interest added to principal of secured loans Fair value of shares exchanged in acquisitions Conversion of loan to customer to equity interest 10,788 2,162 (2,034 ) (13 ) 1,173 (26,306 ) (15,547 ) 343 (20,880 ) 1,932 5,755 7,447 — 23,835 (79,031 ) (7 ) (27,446 ) (20,194 ) (76,340 ) 5,687 (4,902 ) (52,654 ) (2,113 ) (7,996 ) — (56,932 ) (1,950 ) — 17,457 (78,859 ) (130,393 ) 126,350 (21,191 ) 50,000 75,344 (1,861 ) 3,485 232,127 49,080 52,325 101,405 $ 17,933 42,426 3,887 $ $ $ 13 41,608 3,500 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 64 31,491 2,900 1,484 3,225 (19 ) 953 — (4,878 ) — (22,247 ) 3,086 5,261 (43,897 ) 1,473 30,215 (28,420 ) 59 78,750 15,443 (32,938 ) 3,859 2,135 47,935 (836 ) — (150 ) 53,260 — (3,500 ) — — 48,774 (19,827 ) — (32,000 ) — (761 ) (116 ) (52,704 ) 44,005 8,320 52,325 18,160 447 819 19 — — Table of Contents 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS Basis of Presentation A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The consolidated financial statements comprise those of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. ("A-Mark" or the "Company"), its wholly-owned consolidated subsidiaries, and its joint ventures in which the Company has a controlling interest. Business Segments The Company conducts its operations in three reportable segments: (i) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services (formerly known as Wholesale Trading & Ancillary Services), (ii) Direct-to-Consumer (formerly known as Direct Sales), and (iii) Secured Lending. Each of these reportable segments represents an aggregation of operating segments that meets the aggregation criteria set forth in the Segment Reporting Topic 280 of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). (See Note 18.) The Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services and Direct-to-Consumer segment name changes had no impact on the Company's historical financial position, results of operations, cash flow, or segment level results previously reported. Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services The Company operates its Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment through A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc., and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, A-Mark Trading AG (“AMTAG”), Transcontinental Depository Services, LLC ("TDS" or “Storage”), A-M Global Logistics, LLC (“AMGL” or "Logistics"), and AM&ST Associates, LLC ("AMST" or "SilverTowne" or the "Mint"). The Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment operates as a full-service precious metals company. We offer gold, silver, platinum, and palladium in the form of bars, plates, powder, wafers, grain, ingots, and coins. Our Industrial unit services manufacturers and fabricators of products utilizing or incorporating precious metals. Our Coin and Bar unit deals in over 1,000 coin and bar products in a variety of weights, shapes, and sizes for distribution to dealers and other qualified purchasers. We have a marketing support office in Vienna, Austria, and a trading center in El Segundo, California. The trading center, for buying and selling precious metals, is available to receive orders 24 hours every day, even when many major world commodity markets are closed. In addition to Wholesale Sales activity, A-Mark offers its customers a variety of ancillary services, including financing, storage, consignment, logistics, and various customized financial programs. As a U.S. Mint-authorized purchaser of gold, silver, platinum, and palladium coins, A-Mark purchases product directly from the U.S. Mint and other sovereign mints for sale to its customers. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary, AMTAG, the Company promotes A-Mark's products and services to the international market. Through our wholly-owned subsidiary TDS, we offer a variety of managed storage options for precious metals products to financial institutions, dealers, investors, and collectors around the world. The Company's wholly-owned subsidiary AMGL is based in Las Vegas, Nevada, and provides our customers an array of complementary services, including receiving, handling, inventorying, processing, packing, and shipping of precious metals and custom coins on a secure basis. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary, AMST, the Company designs and produces minted silver products. Our mint operations allow us to provide greater product selection to our customers and greater pricing stability within the supply chain, as well as to gain increased access to silver during volatile market environments, which have historically created higher demand for precious metals products. The Company initially operated the Mint pursuant to a joint venture agreement with Silver Towne, L.P. As of March 31, 2021, the Company and Silver Towne L.P. owned 69% and 31%, respectively, of AMST. On April 1, 2021, the Company acquired the remaining 31% interest in AMST, which increased the Company's ownership to 100%. The Company operates its Direct-to-Consumer segment through its wholly-owned subsidiaries JM Bullion, Inc., including its four wholly-owned subsidiaries Gold Price Group, Inc. (“GPG”), Silver.com, Inc. (“SILVER.COM”), Goldline Metal Buying Corp. (“GMBC”), an d Provident Metals Corp. (“PMC”), (collectively “JMB”), and Goldline, Inc., including its two subsidiaries AMIP, LLC ("AMIP") and its 50%-owned subsidiary Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC ("PMPP"), (collectedly “Goldline”). JMB is a leading e-commerce retailer providing access to a broad array of gold, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium products through its websites and marketplaces. Currently, JMB operates five separately branded, company-owned websites Direct-to-Consumer 65 Table of Contents targeting specific niches within the precious metals retail market. The Company acquired the 79.5% interest in JMB that it did not previously own in March 2021. The Company acquired Goldline in August 2017 through an asset purchase transaction with Goldline, LLC, which had been in operation since 1960. Goldline is a direct retailer of precious metals to the investor community, and markets its precious metal products on television, radio, and the internet, as well as through customer service outreach. AMIP, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Goldline, manages its intellectual property. The Company formed and capitalized PMPP in fiscal 2019, a 50%-owned subsidiary of Goldline, pursuant to terms of a joint venture agreement, for the purpose of purchasing precious metals from the partners' retail customers, and then reselling the acquired products back to affiliates of the partners. PMPP commenced its operations in fiscal 2020. Direct-to-Consumer – Incremental Acquisition of a Pre-existing Equity Method Investment Effective March 19, 2021, JMB became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Management’s reasons for acquiring JMB were to: (i) expand our e-commerce channel for precious coin and metals sales; (ii) assist in leveraging proven and internally developed online marketing strategies; (iii) allow us to more effectively tailor our merchandising and pricing strategies to target multiple customer demographics across our combined six unique consumer-facing brands; (iv) enhance our ability to repurchase product from new and existing customers; (v) expand our logistics footprint by adding a centrally located distribution hub in Dallas, Texas; (vi) further diversify our business between wholesale and retail distribution; (vii) allow us to offer JMB’s customers proprietary precious metal products as well as additional services, such as distribution, storage, and logistics; (viii) enable us to leverage the increased size of our combined business to achieve more favorable pricing and financing terms; (ix) provide JMB with opportunities for geographic expansion through our international presence; and (x) and facilitate JMB’s introduction of new bullion offerings to the retail market. Transaction Summary On March 19, 2021 (the “Acquisition Date”), pursuant to a stock purchase agreement with the selling stockholders of JMB, the Company acquired the remaining 79.5% interest in JMB that we did not previously own for total consideration of $141.1 million. The consideration paid consisted of $99.5 million in cash and the remainder in the form of 1,047,007 shares of the Company’s common stock with a fair value of $41.6 million. The Company incurred transaction costs of $2.6 million related to this acquisition, which is shown as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. Business Combination The acquisition of JMB was accounted for as a business combination that was achieved in stages. As a result of the change of control, the Company was required to remeasure its pre-existing equity investment in JMB at fair value prior to consolidation. The Company estimated the fair value of its 20.5% pre-existing investment in JMB to be approximately $33.9 million. The remeasurement resulted in the recognition of a pretax gain of $26.3 million, which is presented on the face of the Company’s consolidated statements of income. Purchase Price Allocation The total purchase consideration was $207.4 million, consisting of $99.5 million in cash, $41.6 million of A-Mark’s common stock, $ 33.9 million in pre-existing equity method investment, and $32.4 million in the settlement of pre-existing net payables. This amount was allocated to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the Acquisition Date, with the excess purchase price recorded as goodwill. A third-party valuation specialist assisted the Company with our fair value estimates for the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets. Management estimated that the tangible assets acquired, and intangible was valued using the relief-from-royalty methodology which considers estimated future discounted cash flows derived from JMB’s website domain names that existed at the Acquisition Date. The developed technology intangible was valued using developer's profit methodology, which estimates the costs and risks associated with developing technology applications (identified as JMB’s front end platform, customer relationship management, and back-office platform software used to fulfill orders) that was discounted to the Acquisition Date. The customer relationships intangible was valued using attrition methodology which considers estimated future discounted cash flows to be derived from the existing number of customers that existed at the Acquisition Date. liabilities assumed were recorded at fair value as of the Acquisition Date. The trade name 66 Table of Contents The Company has allocated the purchase price as of the Acquisition Date as follows: in thousands Purchase consideration — cash, common stock, and pre-existing equity method investment Settlement of pre-existing net payables due to A-Mark Total purchase consideration Assets acquired Current assets Operating lease right of use assets Property and equipment, net Intangibles: Trade names Developed Technology Customer Relationships Liabilities assumed Current Liabilities (1) Deferred tax liabilities (2) Other liabilities (1) Goodwill $ $ $ 101,700 2,700 2,300 43,000 10,500 44,500 (65,600 ) (21,100 ) (2,700 ) 175,000 32,400 207,400 115,300 92,100 (1) In aggregate includes $ 3.0 million of operating lease liabilities. (2) Includes $20.8 million relating to the excess fair value of intangibles other than goodwill over their historical cost basis. The purchase price allocation is based on the Company's analysis of the fair value of the assets acquired. The valuation has been completed and amounts above are considered finalized. The allocation of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets requires extensive use of accounting estimates and management judgment. Certain of these estimates are material. The fair values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on estimates and assumptions from data currently available. Of the goodwill, $3.9 million is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. Refer to Note 8 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding goodwill and intangible assets. Related Agreements At the closing of the acquisition, the Company entered into the following agreements, among others: (i) a new employment agreement with Mr. Michael Wittmeyer, pursuant to which he will continue to serve as the Chief Executive Officer of JMB through June 30, 2024; (ii) a lock-up agreement between us and each JMB selling stockholder that restricts the sale or transfer of shares for 270 days after the Acquisition Date; and (iii) a registration rights agreement with certain JMB selling stockholders. Selected Financial Information The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the financial results of JMB for the post-acquisition period from March 20, 2021 through June 30, 2021. For the year ended June 30, 2021, the Company’s consolidated statements of income include $673.3 million of revenue and $30.8 million of pre-tax income that is attributable to JMB. Pro Forma Information The following pro forma consolidated results of operations for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, assumes that the acquisition of JMB occurred as of July 1, 2019. in thousands, except for per share and share data Revenue Net income June 30, 2021 Years Ended June 30, 2020 $ $ 8,152,982 180,508 $ $ 5,746,116 53,964 The above pro forma supplemental information does not purport to be indicative of what the Company's operations would have been had these transactions occurred on July 1, 2019 and should not be considered indicative of future operating results. 67 Table of Contents The Company believes the assumptions used provide a reasonable basis for reflecting the significant pro forma effects directly attributable to the acquisition of JMB. The unaudited pro forma information accounts for: (i) eliminations of equity investment income recognized prior to the acquisition and transactions between JMB and A- Mark; and (ii) adjustments to the income tax provision, revenue for JMB sales orders that were shipped but not delivered as of period end; stock compensation expense, acquisition costs, the estimated remeasurement gain, and the amortization expense resulting from the estimated fair value of the acquired finite-lived intangible assets. Secured Lending The Company operates its Secured Lending segment through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Collateral Finance Corporation, LLC. including its two wholly-owned subsidiaries AM Capital Funding, LLC (“AMCF”), and CFC Alternative Investments (“CAI”), (collectively “CFC”). Collateral Finance Corporation, LLC. is a California licensed finance lender that originates and acquires commercial loans secured by bullion and numismatic coins. CFC's customers include coin and precious metal dealers, investors, and collectors. AM Capital Funding, LLC (“AMCF”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of CFC, was formed for the purpose of securitizing eligible secured loans of CFC. AMCF issued and administers the Notes. (See Note 14.) CAI is a holding company that has a 50%-ownership stake in CCP. The purpose of CCP is to provide capital to fund commercial loans secured by graded sport cards and sports memorabilia. Formed in April 2021, CCP had no operations in fiscal 2021. 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements reflect the financial condition, results of operations, statements of stockholders’ equity, and cash flows of the Company, and were prepared using accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The Company consolidates its subsidiaries that are wholly-owned, and majority owned, and entities that are variable interest entities where the Company is determined to be the primary beneficiary. The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of: A-Mark, AMTAG, TDS, AMGL, AMST, CFC, JMB, and Goldline, (collectively the “Company”). Intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated. Comprehensive Income For the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, there were no items that gave rise to other comprehensive income or loss, and, as a result net income equaled comprehensive income. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. These estimates include, among others, determination of fair value, allowances for doubtful accounts, impairment assessments of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, valuation allowance determination on deferred tax assets, determining the incremental borrowing rate for calculating right of use assets and lease liabilities, and revenue recognition judgments. Significant estimates also include the Company's fair value determination with respect to its financial instruments, intangible assets, and precious metals inventory. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates. Fair Value Measurement The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic 820 of the ASC ("ASC 820"), creates a single definition of fair value for financial reporting. The rules associated with ASC 820 state that valuation techniques consistent with the market approach, income approach, and/or cost approach should be used to estimate fair value. Selection of a valuation technique, or multiple valuation techniques, depends on the nature of the asset or liability being valued, as well as the availability of data. (See Note 3.) 68 Table of Contents Concentration of Credit Risk Cash is maintained at financial institutions and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses related to these balances. Assets that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of receivables, loans of inventory to customers, and inventory hedging transactions. Concentration of credit risk with respect to receivables is limited due to the large number of customers composing the Company's customer base, the geographic dispersion of the customers, and the collateralization of substantially all receivable balances. Based on an assessment of credit risk, the Company typically grants collateralized credit to its customers. Credit risk with respect to loans of inventory to customers is minimal. The Company enters into inventory hedging transactions, principally utilizing metals commodity futures contracts traded on national futures exchanges or forward contracts with credit worthy financial institutions. All of our commodity derivative contracts are under master netting arrangements and include both asset and liability positions. Substantially all of these transactions are secured by the underlying metals positions. Foreign Currency The functional currency of the Company is the United States dollar ("USD"). The functional currency of the Company's wholly-owned foreign subsidiary, AMTAG, is USD, but it maintains its books of record in the European Union Euro. The Company remeasures the financial statements of AMTAG into USD. The remeasurement of local currency amounts into USD creates remeasurement gains and losses, which are included in the consolidated statements of income. To manage the effect of foreign currency exchange fluctuations, the Company utilizes foreign currency forward contracts. These derivatives generate gains and losses when settled and/or marked-to-market. Business Combination The Company accounts for business combinations by applying the acquisition method in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations. The Company evaluates each purchase transaction to determine whether the acquired assets meet the definition of a business. Transaction costs related to the acquisition of a business are expensed as incurred and excluded from the fair value of consideration transferred. The identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests, if any, in an acquired entity are recognized and measured at their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the fair values of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests, if any, in an acquired entity is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets and liabilities. Net cash paid to acquire a business is classified as investing activities on the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flow. For a given acquisition, the Company may identify certain pre-acquisition uncertainties as of the acquisition date and may extend our review and evaluation of these pre- acquisition uncertainties throughout the measurement period in order to obtain sufficient information to assess whether we include these uncertainties as a part of the purchase price allocation and, if so, to determine the estimated amounts. If we determine that a pre-acquisition contingency (non-income tax related) is probable in nature and estimable as of the acquisition date, we record our best estimate for such an uncertain possibility as a part of the preliminary purchase price allocation. We often continue to gather information and evaluate our pre-acquisition uncertainties throughout the measurement period and if we make changes to the amounts recorded or if we identify additional pre- acquisition uncertainties during the measurement period, such amounts will be included in the purchase price allocation during the measurement period and, subsequently, in our results of operations. Uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances assumed in connection with a business combination are initially estimated as of the acquisition date. We review these items during the measurement period as we continue to actively seek and collect information relating to facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date. Changes to these uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances made subsequent to the measurement period, or if they relate to facts and circumstances that did not exist at the acquisition date, are recorded in the "Provision for income taxes" line of the Company’s consolidated statements of income. (See Note 1.) Variable Interest Entity A variable interest entity ("VIE") is a legal entity that has either (i) a total equity investment that is insufficient to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or (ii) whose equity investors as a group lack the ability to control the entity’s activities or lack the ability to receive expected benefits or absorb obligations in a manner that is consistent with their investment in the entity. 69 Table of Contents A VIE is consolidated for accounting purposes by its primary beneficiary, which is the party that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs economic performance, and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company consolidates VIEs when it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. Management regularly reviews and re-evaluates its previous determinations regarding whether it holds a variable interest in potential VIEs, the status of an entity as a VIE, and whether the Company is required to consolidate such VIEs in its consolidated financial statements. AMCF, a wholly owned subsidiary of CFC, is a special purpose entity ("SPE") formed as part of a securitization transaction in order to isolate certain assets and distribute the cash flows from those assets to investors. AMCF was structured to insulate investors from claims on AMCF’s assets by creditors of other entities. The Company has various forms of on-going involvement with AMCF, which may include (i) holding senior or subordinated interests in AMCF; (ii) acting as loan servicer for a portfolio of loans held by AMCF; and (iii) providing administrative services to AMCF. AMCF is required to maintain separate books and records. The assets and liabilities of this VIE, as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, are indicated on the table that follows the consolidated balance sheets. AMCF is considered a VIE because its initial equity investment may be insufficient to maintain its on-going collateral requirements without additional financial support from the Company. The securitization is primarily secured by bullion loans and precious metals, and the Company is required to continuously hedge the value of certain collateral and make future contributions as necessary. The Company is the primary beneficiary of this VIE because the Company has the right to determine the type of collateral (i.e., cash, secured loans, or precious metals), has the right to receive (and has received) the proceeds from the securitization transaction, earns on-going interest income from the secured loans (subject to collateral requirements), and has the obligation to absorb losses should AMCF's interest expense and other costs exceed its interest income. (See Note 14.) Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, when purchased, to be cash equivalents. The Company does not have any cash equivalents as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020. As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, the Company had $0.0 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in a bank account that is restricted and serves as collateral against a standby letter of credit issued by the bank in favor of the landlord for our office space in Los Angeles, California. Precious Metals held under Financing Arrangements The Company enters into arrangements with certain customers under which A-Mark purchases precious metals from the customers which are subject to repurchase by the customer at the spot value of the product on the repurchase date. The precious metals purchased under these arrangements consist of rare and unique items, and therefore the Company accounts for these transactions as precious metals held under financing arrangements, which generate financing income rather than revenue earned from precious metals inventory sales. In these repurchase arrangements, the Company holds legal title to the metals and earns financing income for the duration of the agreement. These arrangements are typically terminable by either party upon 14 days' notice. Upon termination, the customer’s right to repurchase any remaining precious metal is forfeited, and the related precious metals are reclassified as inventory held for sale. As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, precious metals held under financing arrangements totaled $154.7 million and $178.6 million respectively. The Company’s precious metals held under financing arrangements are marked-to-market. Inventories The Company's inventory, which consists primarily of bullion and bullion coins, is acquired and initially recorded at cost and then marked to fair market value. The fair market value of the bullion and bullion coins comprises two components: (i) published market values attributable to the cost of the raw precious metal, and (ii) the premium paid at acquisition of the metal, which is attributable to the incremental value of the product in its finished goods form. The market value attributable solely to such premium is readily determinable by reference to multiple reputable published sources. The Company’s inventory, except for certain lower of cost or net realizable value basis products (as discussed below), are subsequently recorded at their fair market values, that is, "marked-to-market." The daily changes in the fair market value of our inventory are offset by daily changes in the fair market value of hedging derivatives that are taken with respect to our inventory positions; both the change in the fair market value of the inventory and the change in the fair market value of these derivative instruments are recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. While the premium component included in inventory is marked-to-market, our commemorative coin inventory, including its premium component, is held at the lower of cost or net realizable value, because the value of commemorative coins is 70 Table of Contents influenced more by supply and demand determinants than on the underlying spot price of the precious metal content of the commemorative coins. Unlike our bullion coins, the value of commemorative coins is not subject to the same level of volatility as bullion coins because our commemorative coins typically carry a substantially higher premium over the spot metal price than bullion coins. Neither the commemorative coin inventory nor the premium component of our inventory is hedged. (See Note 6.) Leased Right of Use Assets We lease warehouse space, office facilities, and equipment. Our operating leases with terms longer than twelve months are recorded at the sum of the present value of the lease's fixed minimum payments as operating lease right of use assets ("ROU assets") in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Our finance leases (previously considered by the Company as capital leases prior to our adoption of ASC 842) are another type of ROU asset but are classified in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as a component of property, plant, and equipment at the present value of the lease payments. For leases that contain termination options, where the rights to terminate are held by either of us, the lessor, or both parties and it is reasonably certain that we or the lessor will exercise that option, we factor these extended or shortened lease terms into the minimum lease payments. The ROU assets also include any initial direct costs incurred and lease payments made at or before the commencement date and are reduced by lease incentives. We use our incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate to determine the present value of the lease payments for leases, as our leases do not have readily determinable implicit discount rates. Our incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest that we would incur to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term and amount in a similar economic environment Operating lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Finance lease cost is recognized as a combination of the amortization expense for the ROU assets and interest expense for the outstanding lease liabilities using the discount rate discussed above. The depreciable life of ROU assets is limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. Our lease agreements do not contain any significant residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Components of operating lease expense for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 were as follows: in thousands Operating lease costs Variable lease costs Short term lease costs Finance lease costs Sublease income Total lease costs, net June 30, 2021 Years Ended 1,509 426 91 21 — 2,047 $ $ June 30, 2020 1,399 180 131 22 (108 ) 1,624 $ $ For the year ended June 30, 2021, we made cash payments of $1.6 million for operating lease obligations. These payments are included in operating cash flows. At June 30, 2021, the weighted-average remaining lease term under our capitalized operating leases was 6.0 years, while the weighted-average discount rate for our operating leases was approximately 4.9%. The following represents our future undiscounted cash flows for each of the next five years and thereafter and reconciliation to the lease liabilities, as of June 30, 2021: Years ending June 30, 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Thereafter Total lease payments Imputed interest Operating lease liability - current Operating lease liability - long-term (1) Represents the present value of the capitalized operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2021. 71 Operating Leases 1,710 1,240 1,275 1,239 801 1,519 7,784 (1,078 ) 6,706 (1) 1,415 (2) 5,291 (3) 6,706 (1) $ $ $ Table of Contents (2) (3) Current operating lease liabilities are presented within accrued liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Long-term operating lease liabilities are presented within other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. The Company has no related party leases. We do not have leases that have not yet commenced, which would create significant rights and obligations for us, including any involvement with the construction or design of the underlying asset. Property, Plant, and Equipment Property, plant, and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using a straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the related assets, ranging from three years to twenty-five years. Depreciation and amortization commence when the related assets are placed into service. Internal-use software development costs are capitalized during the application development stage. Internal-use software costs incurred during the preliminary project stage are expensed as incurred. Land is recorded at historical cost and is not depreciated. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. We have no major planned maintenance activities related to our plant assets associated with our minting operations The Company reviews the carrying value of these assets for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. In evaluating for impairment, the carrying value of each asset or group of assets is compared to the undiscounted estimated future cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition. An impairment loss is recognized for the difference when the carrying value exceeds the discounted estimated future cash flows. The factors considered by the Company in performing this assessment include current and projected operating results, trends and prospects, the manner in which these assets are used, and the effects of obsolescence, demand and competition, as well as other economic factors. Finite-lived Intangible Assets Finite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of customer relationships, non-compete agreements, and employment contracts. Existing customer relationships intangible assets are amortized in a manner reflecting the pattern in which the economic benefits of the assets are consumed. All other intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized using the straight-line method over their useful lives, which are estimated to be one year to fifteen years. We review our finite-lived intangible assets for impairment under the same policy described above for property, plant, and equipment; that is, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price paid for an acquisition exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles (such as trade names and trademarks) are not subject to amortization but are evaluated for impairment at least annually. However, for tax purposes, goodwill acquired in connection with a taxable asset acquisition is generally deductible. The Company evaluates its goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles for impairment in the fourth quarter of the fiscal year (or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist) in accordance with the Intangibles - Goodwill and Other Topic 350 of the ASC. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at a reporting unit level, which for the Company, corresponds to the Company’s reportable operating segments. Evaluation of goodwill for impairment The Company has the option to first qualitatively assess whether relevant events and circumstances make it more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill is less than its carrying value. A qualitative assessment includes analyzing current economic indicators associated with a particular reporting unit such as changes in economic, market and industry conditions, business strategy, cost factors, and financial performance, among others, to determine if there would be a significant decline to the fair value of a particular reporting unit. If the qualitative assessment indicates a stable or improved fair value, no further testing is required. If, based on this qualitative assessment, management concludes that goodwill is more likely than not to be impaired, or elects not to perform the qualitative assessment, then it is required to perform a quantitative analysis to determine the fair value of the business, and compare the calculated fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If through this quantitative analysis the Company determines the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, the goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not to be impaired. If the Company concludes that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, a goodwill impairment loss will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. (See Note 8.) 72 Table of Contents Evaluation of indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment The Company evaluates its indefinite-lived intangible assets (i.e., trade names and trademarks) for impairment. In assessing its indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment, the Company has the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether events or circumstances exist that lead to a determination that it is unlikely that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount. If the Company determines that it is unlikely that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount, the Company is not required to perform any additional tests in assessing the asset for impairment. However, if the Company concludes otherwise or elects not to perform the qualitative assessment, then it is required to perform a quantitative analysis to determine if the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value. If through this quantitative analysis the Company determines the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its carrying amount, the indefinite-lived intangible asset is considered not to be impaired. If the Company concludes that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value. The methods used to estimate the fair value measurements of the Company’s reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets include those based on the income approach (including the discounted cash flow and relief-from-royalty methods) and those based on the market approach (primarily the guideline transaction and guideline public company methods). (See Note 8.) Long-Term Investments Investments in privately-held entities are accounted for using the equity method when the Company has significant influence but not control over the investee and are accounted for using the cost method when the Company has little or no influence over the investee. Significant influence is generally deemed to exist if the Company’s ownership interest in the voting stock of the investee ranges between 20% and 50%, although other factors are considered in determining whether the equity method of accounting is appropriate. Under the equity method, the carrying value of the investment is adjusted for the Company’s proportionate share of the investee’s earnings or losses, with the corresponding share of earnings or losses reported in other income, net. The carrying value of the investment is reduced by the amount of the dividends received from the equity-method investee, as they are considered a return of capital. Under the cost method of accounting, the investment is measured at cost, adjusted for observable price changes and impairments, with changes recognized in net income. We evaluate our long-term investments for impairment quarterly or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that a decline in the fair value of these assets is determined to be other-than-temporary. Additionally, the Company performs an on-going evaluation of its investments with which the Company has variable interests to determine if any of these entities are VIEs that are required to be consolidated. None of the Company’s long-term investments are reportable VIEs as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020. Other Long-Term Assets Notes and other receivables, with terms greater than one year, are carried at amortized cost, net of any unamortized origination fees, which are recognized over the life of the note. The determination of an allowance is based on historical experience and, as a result, can differ from actual losses incurred in the future. We charge off receivables at such time as it is determined collection will not occur. On September 19, 2019, the Company, as lender, entered into a convertible revolving credit facility with a privately-held supplier and counterparty (the borrower) that provides the borrower an aggregate principal amount of up to $4.0 million, bearing interest at 12.0% per annum. The facility expires on September 18, 2022. The borrower has the right to prepay the credit facility at any time without premium or penalty. Outstanding principal amounts under the credit facility may, at the lender's discretion, be converted into up to 22.0% of the borrower's issued and outstanding common stock. The credit facility also grants the lender the right to repay the borrower's outstanding unrelated third-party debt, at any time, in exchange for up to 27.5% of the borrower’s issued and outstanding common stock. In the event the borrower sells all or substantially all of its assets or has a change of control during the term of the facility, the lender is entitled to additional interest equal to 10.0% of the gross sales price in excess of $9.9 million. The credit facility collateral includes all: (i) account receivables; (ii) inventory; (iii) fixed assets; (iv) intellectual property; (v) contract rights; and (vi) deposit accounts, in each case subordinated to an unrelated third-party lender’s security interest. Effective October 1, 2020, A-Mark exercised its right to convert $1.0 million of the $3.5 million outstanding convertible revolving credit facility balance and exercised our right to repay in full borrower’s third-party loan, which totaled $ 5.8 million at the exercise date. Effective May 17, 2021, A-Mark exercised its right to convert the remaining $2.5 million outstanding convertible revolving credit facility balance to the borrower’s common stock. As a result of the conversions, the Company currently owns 44.9% of borrower’s outstanding common stock. As of June 30, 2021, and June 30, 2020, the carrying value of the convertible revolving credit facility was $0.0 million and $3.5 million, respectively. 73 Table of Contents Noncontrolling interest The Company’s consolidated financial statements include entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. Noncontrolling interest is the portion of equity (net assets) in a subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to a parent. Such noncontrolling interest is reported on the consolidated balance sheets within equity, separately from the Company’s equity. On the consolidated statements of income, revenues, expenses and net income or loss from the less-than-wholly owned subsidiary are reported at their consolidated amounts, including both the amounts attributable to the Company and the noncontrolling interest. Income or loss is allocated to the noncontrolling interest based on its weighted average ownership percentage for the applicable period. The consolidated statements of equity include beginning balances, activity for the period and ending balances for each component of stockholders’ equity, noncontrolling interest and total equity. The table below presents the reconciliation of changes in noncontrolling interests: in thousands Balance as of June 30, 2019 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Balance as of June 30, 2020 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Acquisition of noncontrolling interest, net of deferred taxes Balance as of June 30, 2021 $ $ $ Total 2,908 982 3,890 1,287 (3,858 ) (1 (2 1,319 ) ) (1) (2) On April 1, 2021, the Company acquired the remaining 31% interest in the AMST joint venture, which increased the C ompany's ownership to 100%. The remaining balance represents the 50% noncontrolling interests associated with the PMPP joint venture. Revenue Recognition Settlement Date Accounting Substantially all of the Company’s sales of precious metals are conducted using sales contracts that meet the definition of derivative instruments in accordance with the Derivatives and Hedging Topic 815 of the ASC ("ASC 815"). The contract underlying A-Mark’s commitment to deliver precious metals is referred to as a “fixed-price forward commodity contract” because the price of the commodity is fixed at the time the order is placed. Revenue is recognized on the settlement date, which is defined as the date on which: (i) the quantity, price, and specific items being purchased have been established, (ii) metals have been delivered to the customer, and (iii) payment has been received or is covered by the customer’s established credit limit with the Company. All derivative instruments are marked-to-market during the interval between the order date and the settlement date, with the changes in the fair value charged to cost of sales. The Company’s hedging strategy to mitigate the market risk associated with its sales commitments is described separately below under the caption “Hedging Activities.” Types of Orders that are Physically Delivered The Company’s contracts to sell precious metals to customers are usually settled with the physical delivery of metals to the customer, although net settlement (i.e., settlement at an amount equal to the difference between the contract value and the market price of the metal on the settlement date) is permitted. Below is a summary of the Company’s major order types and the key factors that determine when settlement occurs and when revenue is recognized for each type: • • • • Traditional physical orders — The quantity, specific product, and price are determined on the order date. Payment or sufficient credit is verified prior to delivery of the metals on the settlement date. Consignment orders — The Company delivers the items requested by the customer prior to establishing a firm order with a price. Settlement occurs and revenue is recognized once the customer confirms its order (quantity, specific product, and price) and remits full payment for the sale. Provisional orders — The quantity and type of metal is established at the order date, but the price is not set. The customer commits to purchasing the metals within a specified time period, usually within one year, at the then-current market price. The Company delivers the metal to the customer after receiving the customer’s deposit, which is typically based on 110% of the prevailing current spot price. The unpriced metal is subject to a margin call if the deposit falls below 105% of the value of the unpriced metal. The purchase price is established, and revenue is recognized at the time the customer notifies the Company that it desires to purchase the metal. Margin orders — The quantity, specific product, and price are determined at the order date; however, the customer is allowed to finance the transaction through the Company and to defer delivery by committing to remit a partial payment (approximately 20%) of the total order price. With the remittance of the partial payment, the customer locks 74 Table of Contents in the purchase price for a specified time period (usually up to two years from the order date). Revenue on margin orders is recognized when the order is paid in full and delivered to the customer. • Borrowed precious metals orders for unallocated positions — Customers may purchase unallocated metal positions in the Company's inventory. The quantity and type of metal is established at the order date, but the specific product is not yet determined. Revenue is not recognized until the customer selects the specific precious metal product it wishes to purchase, full payment is received, and the product is delivered to the customer. In general, unshipped orders for which a customer advance has been received by the Company are classified as advances from customers. Orders that have been paid for and shipped, but not yet delivered to the customer are classified as deferred revenue. Both customer advances and deferred revenue are components of accounts payable and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Hedging Activities The value of our inventory and our purchase and sale commitments are linked to the prevailing price of the underlying precious metal commodity. The Company seeks to minimize the effect of price changes of the underlying commodity and enters into inventory hedging transactions, principally utilizing metals commodity futures contracts traded on national futures exchanges or forward contracts with credit worthy financial institutions. The Company hedges by each commodity type (gold, silver, platinum, and palladium). All of our commodity derivative contracts are under master netting arrangements and include both asset and liability positions. Commodity forward, and futures contracts entered into for hedging purposes are recorded at fair value on the trade date and are marked-to-market each period. The difference between the original contract values and the market values of these contracts are reflected as derivative assets or derivative liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, with the corresponding unrealized gains or losses included as a component of cost of sales. When these contracts are net settled, the unrealized gains and losses are reversed and the realized gains and losses for forward contracts are recorded in revenue and cost of sales and the net realized gains and losses for futures and option contracts are recorded in cost of sales. The Company enters into futures and forward contracts solely for the purpose of hedging our inventory holding risk and our liability on price protection programs, and not for speculative market purposes. The Company’s gains (losses) on derivative instruments are substantially offset by the changes in the fair market value of the underlying precious metals inventory, which is also recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. (See Note 11.) Other Sources of Revenue The Company recognizes its storage, logistics, licensing, and other services revenues in accordance with the FASB's release ASU 2014-09 Revenue From Contracts With Customers Topic 606 and subsequent related amendments ("ASC 606"), which follows five basic steps to determine whether revenue can be recognized: (i) identify the contract with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenue when or as it satisfies its obligation by transferring control of the good or service to the customer. This is either satisfied over time or at a point in time. A performance obligation is satisfied over time if one of the following criteria are met: (i) the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits as the Company performs, (ii) the Company's performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced, or (iii) the Company's performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the Company, and the Company has an enforceable right for payment of performance completed-to-date. When none of those is met, a performance obligation is satisfied at a point-in-time. The Company recognizes storage revenue as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the storage services (e.g., fixed storage fees based on the passage of time). The Company recognizes logistics (i.e., fulfillment) revenue when the customer receives the benefit of the services. The Company recognizes advertising and consulting revenues when the service is performed, and the benefit of the service is received by the customer. In aggregate, these types of service revenues account for less than 1% of the Company's consolidated revenues. 75 Table of Contents Interest Income In accordance with the Interest Topic 835 of the ASC ("ASC 835"), the following are interest income generating activities of the Company: • • • • Secured Loans — The Company uses the effective interest method to recognize interest income on its secured loans transactions. The Company maintains a security interest in the precious metals and records interest income over the terms of the secured loan receivable. Recognition of interest income is suspended, and the loan is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future interest income is not probable. The interest income accrual is resumed, and previously suspended interest income is recognized, when the loan becomes contractually current and/or collection doubts are resolved. Cash receipts on impaired loans are recorded first against the principal and then to any unrecognized interest income. (See Note 5.) Margin accounts — The Company earns a fee (interest income) under financing arrangements related to margin trade orders over the period during which customers have opted to defer making full payment on the purchase of metals. Repurchase agreements — Repurchase agreements represent a form of secured financing whereby the Company sets aside specific metals for a customer and charges a fee on the outstanding value of these metals. The customer is granted the option (but not the obligation) to repurchase these metals at any time during the open reacquisition period. This fee is earned over the duration of the open reacquisition period and is classified as interest income. Spot deferred trade orders Spot deferred orders are a special type of forward delivery order that enable customers to purchase or sell certain precious metals from/to the Company at an agreed upon price but, are allowed to delay remitting or taking delivery up to a maximum of two years from the date of order. Even though the contract allows for physical delivery, it rarely occurs for this type of order. As a result, revenue is not recorded from these transactions. Spot deferred orders are considered a type of financing transaction, where the Company earns a fee (interest income) under spot deferred arrangements over the period in which the order is open. Interest Expense The Company accounts for interest expense on the following arrangements in accordance with Interest Topic 835 of the ASC ("ASC 835"): • • • • Borrowings — The Company incurs interest expense from its lines of credit, its debt obligations, and notes payable using the effective interest method. (See Note 14.) Additionally, the Company amortizes capitalized loan costs to interest expense over the period of the loan agreement. Loan servicing fees — When the Company purchases loan portfolios, the Company may have the seller service the loans that were purchased. The Company incurs a fee based on total interest charged to borrowers over the period the loans are outstanding. The servicing fee incurred by the Company is charged to interest expense. Product financing arrangements — The Company incurs financing fees (classified as interest expense) from its product financing arrangements (also referred to as reverse-repurchase arrangements) with third party finance companies for the transfer and subsequent option to reacquire its precious metal inventory at a later date. These arrangements are accounted for as secured borrowings. During the term of this type of agreement, the third party charges a monthly fee as a percentage of the market value of the designated inventory, which the Company intends to reacquire in the future. No revenue is generated from these arrangements. The Company enters this type of transaction for additional liquidity. Borrowed and leased metals fees — The Company may incur financing costs from its borrowed metal arrangements. The Company borrows precious metals (usually in the form of pool metals) from its suppliers and customers under short-term arrangements using other precious metals as collateral. Typically, during the term of these arrangements, the third party charges a monthly fee as a percentage of the market value of the metals borrowed (determined at the spot price) plus certain processing and other fees. Leased metal transactions are a similar type of transaction, except the Company is not required to pledge other precious metal as collateral for the precious metal received. The fees charged by the third party are based on the spot value of the pool metal received. Both borrowed and leased metal transactions provide an additional source of liquidity, as the Company usually monetizes the metals received under such arrangements. Repayment is usually in the same form as the metals advanced but may be settled in cash. 76 Table of Contents Earnings from Equity Method Investments The Company's proportional interest in the reported earnings from equity method investments is shown on the consolidated statements of income as earnings from equity method investments. Prior to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, the Company presented earnings from equity method investments as a component of other income (loss), net in the statements of income. Such reclassification had no impact on current or prior years’ net income, total assets, total liabilities, stockholders’ equity or cash flows. Other Income and Expense, Net The Company's other income and expense is royalty income, and costs associated with the purchase of Goldline. Advertising Advertising and marketing costs consist primarily of internet advertising, online marketing, direct mail, print media, and television commercials and are expensed when incurred. Advertising costs totaled $5.0 million and $2.2 million for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. Costs associated with the marketing and promotion of the Company's products are included within selling, general, and administrative expenses. Advertising costs associated with the operation of our SilverPrice.org and GoldPrice.org websites, which provide price information on silver, gold, and cryptocurrencies, are not included within selling, general, and administrative expenses, but are reflected as a reduction of revenue since generally the benefits are not sufficiently separable from the sales of the Company's products to customers. Shipping and Handling Costs Shipping and handling costs represent costs associated with shipping product to customers and receiving product from vendors and are included in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. Shipping and handling costs incurred totaled $17.0 million and $8.0 million, respectively, for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. Share-Based Compensation The Company accounts for equity awards under the provisions of the Compensation - Stock Compensation Topic 718 of the ASC ("ASC 718"), which establishes fair value-based accounting requirements for share-based compensation to employees. ASC 718 requires the Company to recognize the grant-date fair value of stock options and other equity-based compensation issued to employees as expense over the service period in the Company's consolidated financial statements. The expense is adjusted for actual forfeitures of unvested awards as they occur. (See Note 16.) Income Taxes As part of the process of preparing its consolidated financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its provision for income taxes in each of the tax jurisdictions in which it conducts business, in accordance with the Income Taxes Topic 740 of the ASC ("ASC 740"). The Company computes its annual tax rate based on the statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities available to it in the various jurisdictions in which it earns income. Significant judgment is required in determining the Company's annual tax rate and in evaluating uncertainty in its tax positions. The Company has adopted the provisions of ASC 740-10, which clarifies the accounting for uncertain tax positions. ASC 740-10 requires that the Company recognizes the impact of a tax position in the financial statements if the position is not more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to certain uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense and the accrued interest and penalties are included in deferred and income taxes payable in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. See Note 12 for more information on the Company’s accounting for income taxes. Income taxes are accounted for using an asset and liability approach that requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization include the Company's forecast of the reversal of temporary differences, future taxable income, and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the net deferred tax assets. Failure to achieve forecasted taxable income in applicable tax jurisdictions could affect the ultimate realization of deferred tax assets and could result in an increase in the Company's effective tax rate on future earnings. Based on our assessment, it appears more likely than not that all of the net deferred tax assets will be realized through future taxable income. 77 Table of Contents Earnings per Share ("EPS") The Company computes and reports both basic EPS and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is computed by dividing net earnings (losses) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net earnings (losses) by the sum of the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects the total potential dilution that could occur from outstanding equity awards, including unexercised stock options, utilizing the treasury stock method. A reconciliation of shares used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per common share for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, is presented below. in thousands Basic weighted average shares outstanding Effect of common stock equivalents — stock issuable under outstanding equity awards Diluted weighted average shares outstanding Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 8,343 629 8,972 7,032 49 7,081 Actual common shares outstanding totaled 11,229,657 and 7,031,500 at June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively. Dividends Dividends are recorded if and when they are declared by the Board of Directors. On September 3, 2020, the Company's Board of Directors declared a non-recurring special dividend of $1.50 per share to common stock shareholders of record at the close of business on September 21, 2020. On October 29, 2020, the Company's Board of Directors declared a non-recurring special dividend of $1.50 per share to common stock shareholders of record at the close of business on November 23, 2020. In the aggregate, the Company paid $21.2 million in dividends during the year ended June 30, 2021. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements and Auditing Standards From time to time, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") or other standards setting bodies issue new accounting pronouncements. Updates to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) are communicated through issuance of an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”). We adopted ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other: Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), which provides additional guidance on the accounting for costs of implementation activities performed in a cloud computing arrangement. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on Company’s consolidated financial statements. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04 (“ASU 2020-04”), Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This update provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease potential accounting impacts associated with transitioning away from reference rates that are expected to be discontinued, such as interbank offered rates and LIBOR. This guidance includes practical expedients for contract modifications due to reference rate reform. Generally, contract modifications related to reference rate reform may be considered an event that does not require remeasurement or reassessment of a previous accounting determination at the modification date. This guidance is effective immediately; however, it is only available through December 31, 2022. The Company will continue to evaluate the standard as well as additional changes, modifications, or interpretations which may impact the Company. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12 (“ASU 2019-12”), Income Taxes (Topic 740) Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes to simplify the accounting for income taxes. The guidance eliminates certain exceptions related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period, and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences related to changes in ownership of equity method investments and foreign subsidiaries. The guidance also simplifies aspects of accounting for franchise taxes and enacted changes in tax laws or rates and clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. The standard will be effective for us beginning July 1, 2021, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or our internal controls over financial reporting. 78 Table of Contents In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, (“ASU 2016-13”), Financial Instruments - Credit Loss (Topic 326), which updates the guidance on recognition and measurement of credit losses for financial assets. The new requirements, known as the current expected credit loss model ("CECL") will require entities to adopt an impairment model based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. This update is effective for the Company on July 1, 2023 (for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 including interim periods within those fiscal years). The Company does not have a history of credit loan losses. The adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements or our internal controls over financial reporting. 3. ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, AT FAIR VALUE Fair Value of Financial Instruments A financial instrument is defined as cash, evidence of an ownership interest in an entity, or a contract that creates a contractual obligation or right to deliver or receive cash or another financial instrument from a second entity. The fair value of financial instruments represents amounts that would be received upon the sale of those assets or that would be paid to transfer those liabilities in an orderly transaction between market participants at that date. Those fair value measurements maximize the use of observable inputs. However, in situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date, the fair value measurement reflects the Company’s own judgments about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Those judgments are developed by the Company based on the best information available in the circumstances, including expected cash flows and appropriately risk adjusted discount rates, and available observable and unobservable inputs. For most of the Company's financial instruments, the carrying amount approximates fair value. The carrying amounts of cash, receivables, secured loans receivable, accounts payable and other current liabilities, accrued liabilities, and income taxes payable approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. The carrying amounts of derivative assets and derivative liabilities, liabilities on borrowed metals and product financing arrangements are marked-to-market on a daily basis to fair value. The carrying amounts of lines of credit approximate fair value based on the borrowing rates currently available to the Company for bank loans with similar terms and average maturities. The Company’s fixed-rate notes payable is reported at its aggregate principal amount less unamortized original issue discount and deferred financing costs on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the notes payable is based on the present value of the expected coupon and principal payments using an estimated discount rate based on current market rates for debt with similar credit risk. The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s fixed-rate notes payable of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020: in thousands Notes payable Valuation Hierarchy June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 Carrying Amount Fair value Carrying Amount Fair value $ 93,249 $ 100,724 $ 92,517 $ 101,017 In determining the fair value of its financial instruments, the Company employs a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs for the valuation techniques used to measure fair value. Topic 820 of the ASC established a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows: • • • Level 1 — inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 — inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 — inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. 79 Table of Contents Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis The significant assumptions used to determine the carrying value and the related fair value of the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are described below: Inventories. The Company's inventory, which consists primarily of bullion and bullion coins, is acquired and initially recorded at cost and then marked to fair market value. The fair market value of the bullion and bullion coins comprises two components: i) published market values attributable to the cost of the raw precious metal, and ii) the premium paid at acquisition of the metal, which is attributable to the incremental value of the product in its finished goods form. The market value attributable solely to such premium is readily determinable by reference to multiple reputable published sources. Except for commemorative coin inventory, which are included in inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value, the Company’s inventory is subsequently recorded at their fair market values on a daily basis. The fair value for commodities inventory (i.e., inventory excluding commemorative coins) is determined using pricing data derived from the markets on which the underlying commodities are traded. Precious metals commodities inventory is classified in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Precious Metals held under Financing Arrangements. The Company enters into arrangements with certain customers under which A-Mark purchases precious metals from the customers which are subject to repurchase by the customer at the spot value of the product on the repurchase date. The precious metals purchased under these arrangements consist of rare and unique items, and therefore the Company accounts for these transactions as precious metals held under financing arrangements, which generate financing income rather than revenue earned from precious metals inventory sales. In these repurchase arrangements, the Company holds legal title to the metals and earns financing income for the duration of the agreement. The fair value for precious metals held under financing arrangements, (a commodity, like inventory above) is determined using pricing data derived from the markets on which the underlying commodities are traded. Precious metals held under financing arrangements are classified in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Derivatives. Futures contracts, forward contracts, option contracts, and open sale and purchase commitments are valued at their fair values, based on the difference between the quoted market price and the contractual price (i.e., intrinsic value,) and are included within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Margin and Borrowed Metals Liabilities. Margin and borrowed metals liabilities consist of the Company's commodity obligations to margin customers and suppliers, respectively. Margin liabilities and borrowed metals liabilities are carried at fair value, which is determined using quoted market pricing and data derived from the markets on which the underlying commodities are traded. Margin and borrowed metals liabilities are classified in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Product Financing Arrangements. Product financing arrangements consist of financing agreements for the transfer and subsequent re-acquisition of the sale of gold and silver at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price with a third party. Such transactions allow the Company to repurchase this inventory on the termination (repurchase) date. The third party charges monthly interest as a percentage of the market value of the outstanding obligation, which is carried at fair value. The obligation is stated at the amount required to repurchase the outstanding inventory. Fair value is determined using quoted market pricing and data derived from the markets on which the underlying commodities are traded. Product financing arrangements are classified in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. 80 Table of Contents The following tables present information about the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the measurements fall: in thousands Assets: Inventories(1) Precious metals held under financing arrangements Derivative assets — open sale and purchase commitments, net Derivative assets — futures contracts Derivative assets — forward contracts Total assets, valued at fair value Liabilities: Liabilities on borrowed metals Product financing arrangements Derivative liabilities — open sale and purchase commitments, net Derivative liabilities — margin accounts Derivative liabilities — futures contracts Derivative liabilities — forward contracts Total liabilities, valued at fair value Quoted Price in Active Markets for Identical Instruments (Level 1) $ $ $ $ 457,613 154,742 38,340 4,510 1,686 656,891 91,866 201,028 243 2,806 465 4,025 300,433 $ $ $ $ June 30, 2021 Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ 457,613 154,742 38,340 4,510 1,686 656,891 91,866 201,028 243 2,806 465 4,025 300,433 (1) Commemorative coin inventory totaling $ 406 thousand is held at lower of cost or realizable value, and thus is excluded from the inventories balance shown in this table. in thousands Assets: Inventories(1) Precious metals held under financing arrangements Derivative assets — open sale and purchase commitments, net Derivative assets — forward contracts Total assets, valued at fair value Liabilities: Liabilities on borrowed metals Product financing arrangements Derivative liabilities — open sale and purchase commitments, net Derivative liabilities — margin accounts Derivative liabilities — futures contracts Derivative liabilities — forward contracts Total liabilities, valued at fair value Quoted Price in Active Markets for Identical Instruments (Level 1) $ $ $ $ 321,264 178,577 46,224 101 546,166 168,206 74,678 4,349 5,380 12,477 3,208 268,298 $ $ $ $ June 30, 2020 Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ 321,264 178,577 46,224 101 546,166 168,206 74,678 4,349 5,380 12,477 3,208 268,298 (1) Commemorative coin inventory totaling $ 17 thousand is held at lower of cost or net realizable value, and thus is excluded from the inventories balance shown in this table. There were no transfers in or out of Level 2 or 3 from other levels within the fair value hierarchy during the reported periods. 81 Table of Contents Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets are not measured at fair value on an on-going basis but are subject to fair value adjustments only under certain circumstances. These include (i) investments in private companies when there are identifiable events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse impact on the fair value of these assets, (ii) equity method investments that are remeasured to the acquisition-date fair value upon the Company obtaining a controlling interest in the investee during a step acquisition, (iii) property, plant, and equipment and definite-lived intangibles, (iv) goodwill, or (v) indefinite-lived intangibles, all of which are written down to fair value when they are held for sale or determined to be impaired. Non-recurring valuations use significant unobservable inputs and significant judgments and therefore fall under Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The valuation inputs include assumptions on the appropriate discount rates, long-term growth rates, relevant comparable company earnings multiples, and the amount and timing of expected future cash flows. The cash flows employed in the analyses are based on the Company’s estimated outlook and various growth rates. Discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of the risk inherent in the future cash flows of the respective equity method investment, asset group, or reporting unit. In assessing the reasonableness of its determined fair values, the Company evaluates its results against other value indicators, such as comparable transactions and comparable public company trading values. During the year end June 30, 2021, the Company used a third-party independent valuation specialist to assist us to determine the fair value on the net assets acquired in connection with Company’s step acquisition of JMB. (See Note 1.) The following valuation techniques were used: (i) relief from royalty (ii) cost replacement and (iii) multi- period excess earnings, related to the valuation of trade names, developed technology and customer relationships, respectively. As of March 19, 2021, the fair values of the trade names, developed technology, customer relationships, and goodwill totaled $43.0 million, $10.5 million $44.5 million, and $92.1 million, respectively. 4. RECEIVABLES Receivables consist of the following as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020: in thousands Customer trade receivables Wholesale trade advances Due from brokers June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ 12,197 26,959 49,844 89,000 $ $ 6,047 10,167 32,928 49,142 Customer Trade Receivables. Customer trade receivables represent short-term, non-interest bearing amounts due from precious metal sales, advances related to financing products, and other secured interests in assets of the customer. Wholesale Trade Advances. Wholesale trade advances represent advances of various bullion products and cash advances for purchase commitments of precious metal inventory. Typically, these advances are unsecured, short-term, and non-interest bearing, and are made to wholesale metals dealers and government mints. Due from Brokers. Due from brokers principally consists of the margin requirements held at brokers related to open futures contracts. (See Note 11.) 5. SECURED LOANS RECEIVABLE Below is a summary of the carrying value of our secured loans as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020: in thousands Secured loans originated Secured loans originated - with a related party Secured loans acquired (1) (2) Includes $5 thousand of loan premium as of June 30, 2021 Includes $6 thousand of loan premium as of June 30, 2020. 82 June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ 36,080 3,042 39,122 73,846 112,968 $ (1) $ 30,019 8,797 38,816 24,894 63,710 (2) Table of Contents Secured Loans - Originated: Secured loans include short-term loans, which include a combination of on-demand lines and short-term facilities that are made to our customers. These loans are fully secured by the customers' assets, which include bullion and numismatic and semi-numismatic material, and which are typically held in safekeeping by the Company. (See Note 13 for further information regarding our secured loans made to related parties.) Secured Loans - Acquired: Secured loans also include short-term loans, which include a combination of on-demand lines and short term facilities that are purchased from our customers. The Company acquires a portfolio of their loan receivables at a price that approximates the outstanding balance of each loan in the portfolio, as determined on the effective transaction date. Each loan in the portfolio is fully secured by the borrowers' assets, which include bullion and numismatic and semi-numismatic material, and which are typically held in safekeeping by the Company. The seller of the loan portfolio generally retains the responsibility for the servicing and administration of the loans. As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, our secured loans carried weighted-average effective interest rates of 8.9% and 8.9%, respectively, and mature in periods ranging typically from on-demand to one year. The secured loans that the Company generates with active customers of A-Mark are reflected as an operating activity on the consolidated statements of cash flows. The secured loans that the Company generates with borrowers that are not active customers of A-Mark are reflected as an investing activity on the consolidated statements of cash flows as secured loans receivables, net. For the secured loans that (i) are reflected as an investing activity and have terms that allow the borrowers to increase their loan balance (at the discretion of the Company) based on the excess value of their collateral compared to their aggregate principal balance of loan, and (ii) are repayable on demand or in the short-term, the borrowings and repayments are netted on the consolidated statements of cash flows. Credit Quality of Secured Loans Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses General The Company's secured loan receivables portfolio comprises loans with similar credit risk profiles, which enables the Company to apply a standard methodology to determine the credit quality for each loan and the allowance for credit losses, if any. The credit quality of each loan is generally determined by the collateral value assessment, loan-to-value ratio (that is, the principal amount of the loan divided by the estimated value of the collateral) and the type (or class) of secured material. All loans are fully secured by precious metal bullion or numismatic and semi-numismatic collateral, which remains in the physical custody of the Company for the duration of the loan. The term of the loans is generally 180 days, however loans are typically renewed prior to maturity and therefore remain outstanding for a longer period of time. Interest earned on a loan is billed monthly and is typically due and payable within 20 days and, if not paid after all applicable grace periods, is added to the outstanding principal balance, and late fees and default interest rates are assessed. When an account is in default or if a margin call has not been met on a timely basis, the Company has the right to liquidate the borrower's collateral in order to satisfy the unpaid balance of the outstanding loans, including accrued and unpaid interest. Class and Credit Quality of Loans The two classes of secured loan receivables are defined by collateral type: (i) bullion items, and (ii) numismatic and semi-numismatic coins. The Company required loan- to-value ratio varies with the class of loans. Typically, the Company requires a loan-to-value ratio of approximately 75% for bullion and 65% for numismatic and semi- numismatic collateral. The reason for the lower loan-to-value ratio for numismatic loans is that, on a percentage basis, more of the value of the numismatic coin relates to its premium value rather than its underlying commodity value. The Company's secured loans by portfolio class, which align with internal management reporting, are as follows: in thousands Bullion Numismatic and semi-numismatic June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ 88,332 24,636 112,968 78.2 % $ 21.8 % 100.0 % $ 36,445 27,265 63,710 57.2 % 42.8 % 100.0 % Due to the nature of market fluctuations of precious metal commodity prices, the Company monitors the bullion collateral value of each loan on a daily basis, based on spot price of precious metals. Numismatic collateral values are updated by numismatic specialists when loan terms are renewed (typically in 180 days). 83 Table of Contents Generally, we initiate the margin call process when the outstanding loan balance is in excess of 85% of the current value of the underlying collateral. In the event that a borrower fails to meet a margin call to reestablish the required loan-to-value ratio, the loan is considered in default. The collateral material (either bullion or numismatic) underlying such loans is then sold by the Company to satisfy all amounts due under the loan. Loans with loan-to-value ratios of less than 75% are generally considered to be higher quality loans. Below is summary of aggregate outstanding secured loan balances bifurcated into (i) loans with a loan-to-value ratio of less than 75% and (ii) loans with a loan-to-value ratio of 75% or more: in thousands Loan-to-value of less than 75% Loan-to-value of 75% or more June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ 96,602 16,366 112,968 85.5 % $ 14.5 % 100.0 % $ 58,296 5,414 63,710 91.5 % 8.5 % 100.0 % The Company had no loans with a loan-to-value ratio in excess of 100% as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020. Non-Performing Loans/Impaired Loans Historically, the Company has not established an allowance for any credit losses because the Company has liquidated the collateral to satisfy the amount due before any loan becomes non-performing or impaired. Non-performing loans have the highest probability for credit loss. The allowance for secured loan credit losses attributable to non-performing loans is based on the most probable source of repayment, which is normally the liquidation of collateral. Due to the accelerated liquidation terms of the Company's loan portfolio, past due loans are generally liquidated within 90 days of default before a loan becomes non-performing. In the event a loan was to become non-performing, the Company would determine a reserve to reduce the carrying balance to its estimated net realizable value. As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, the Company had no allowance for secured loan losses or loans classified as non-performing. A loan is considered impaired if it is probable, based on current information and events, that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan. Customer loans are reviewed for impairment and include loans that are past due, non-performing, or in bankruptcy. In the event of an impairment, recognition of interest income would be suspended, and the loan would be placed on non-accrual status at the time. Accrual would be resumed, and previously suspended interest income would be recognized, when the loan becomes contractually current and/or collection doubts are removed. Cash receipts on impaired loans are recorded first against the receivable and then to any unrecognized interest income. For the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company incurred no loan impairment costs or loans placed on a non-accrual status. 6. INVENTORIES Our inventory consists of the precious metals that the Company has physically received, and inventory held by third-parties, which, at the Company's option, it may or may not receive. Below, our inventory is summarized by classification at June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020: in thousands Inventory held for sale Repurchase arrangements with customers Consignment arrangements with customers Commemorative coins, held at lower of cost or net realizable value Borrowed precious metals Product financing arrangements, restricted June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 159,319 75,063 1,327 406 20,876 201,028 458,019 $ $ 153,412 70,988 2,842 17 19,344 74,678 321,281 $ $ Inventory Held for Sale. Inventory held for sale represents precious metals, excluding commemorative coin inventory, that have been received by the Company and are not subject to repurchase by or consignment arrangements with third parties, borrowed precious metals, and product financing arrangements. As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, the inventory held for sale totaled $159.3 million and $153.4 million, respectively. 84 Table of Contents Repurchase Arrangements with Customers. The Company enters into arrangements with certain customers under which A-Mark purchases precious metals from the customers which are subject to repurchase by the customer at the fair value of the product on the repurchase date. Under these arrangements, the Company, which holds legal title to the metals, earns financing income until the time the arrangement is terminated, or the material is repurchased by the customer. In the event of a repurchase by the customer, the Company records a sale. These arrangements are typically terminable by either party upon 14 days' notice. Upon termination, the customer’s rights to repurchase any remaining inventory is forfeited. As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, included within inventories is $ 75.1 million and $71.0 million, respectively, of precious metals products subject to repurchase arrangements with customers. Consignment Arrangements with Customers. The Company periodically loans metals to customers on a short-term consignment basis. Inventory loaned under consignment arrangements to customers as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020 totaled $1.3 million and $2.8 million, respectively. Such transactions are recorded as sales and are removed from the Company's inventory at the time the customer elects to price and purchase the precious metals. Commemorative Coins. Our commemorative coin inventory, including its premium component, is held at the lower of cost or net realizable value, because the value of commemorative coins is influenced more by supply and demand determinants than on the underlying spot price of the precious metal content of the commemorative coins. The value of commemorative coins is not subject to the same level of volatility as bullion coins because our commemorative coins typically carry a substantially higher premium over the spot metal price than bullion coins. Our commemorative coins are not hedged and are included in inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value and totaled $406,000 and $17,000 as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively. Borrowed Precious Metals. Borrowed precious metals inventory include: (i) metals held by suppliers as collateral on advanced pool metals, (ii) metals due to suppliers for the use of their consigned inventory, (iii) unallocated metal positions held by customers in the Company’s inventory, and (iv) shortages in unallocated metal positions held by the Company in the supplier’s inventory. Unallocated or pool metal represents an unsegregated inventory position that is due on demand, in a specified physical form, based on the total ounces of metal held in the position. Amounts due under these arrangements require delivery either in the form of precious metals or cash. The Company's inventory included borrowed precious metals with market values totaling $20.9 million and $19.3 million as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively, with a corresponding offsetting obligation reflected as liabilities on borrowed metals on the consolidated balance sheets. Product Financing Arrangements. This inventory represents amounts held as security by lenders for obligations under product financing arrangements. The Company enters into a product financing agreement for the transfer and subsequent re-acquisition of gold and silver at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price with a third-party finance company. This inventory is restricted and is held at a custodial storage facility in exchange for a financing fee, paid to the third-party finance company. During the term of the financing, the third-party finance company holds the inventory as collateral, and both parties intend for the inventory to be returned to the Company at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price on the finance arrangement termination date. These transactions do not qualify as sales and have been accounted for as financing arrangements in accordance with ASC 470-40 Product Financing Arrangements. The obligation is stated at the amount required to repurchase the outstanding inventory. Both the product financing arrangements and the underlying inventory are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value included in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. Such obligations totaled $201.0 million and $74.7 million as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively. The Company mitigates market risk of its physical inventory and open commitments through commodity hedge transactions. (See Note 11.) As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, the unrealized (losses) gains resulting from the difference between market value and cost of physical inventory were $(5.6) million and $6.5 million, respectively. Premium component of inventory The premium component, at market value, included in the inventory as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020 totaled $11.0 million and $3.7 million, respectively. 85 Table of Contents 7. PROPERTY, PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT Property, plant, and equipment consists of the following at June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020: in thousands Office furniture, and fixtures Computer equipment Computer software Plant equipment Building Leasehold improvements Total depreciable assets Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization Property and equipment not placed in service Land Property, plant, and equipment, net June 30, 2021 $ $ $ 2,373 1,069 5,387 5,535 505 3,009 17,878 (10,714 ) 1,409 36 8,609 $ June 30, 2020 2,142 900 5,288 3,450 322 2,804 14,906 (9,267 ) — 36 5,675 Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 was $1.4 million and $1.9 million, respectively. For the periods presented, no depreciation or amortization expense was allocated to cost of sales. 8. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS Goodwill is an intangible asset that arises when a company acquires an existing business or assets (net of assumed liabilities) which comprise a business. In general, the amount of goodwill recorded in an acquisition is calculated as the purchase price of the business minus the fair market value of the tangible assets and the identifiable intangible assets, net of the assumed liabilities. Goodwill and intangibles can also be established by push-down accounting. Below is a summary of the significant transactions that generated goodwill and intangible assets of the Company: • • • • In connection with the acquisition of A-Mark by Spectrum Group International, Inc. in July 2005, the accounts of the Company were adjusted using the push down basis of accounting to recognize the allocation of the consideration paid to the respective net assets acquired. In accordance with the push down basis of accounting, the Company's net assets were adjusted to their fair values as of the date of the acquisition based upon an independent appraisal. In connection with the Company's business combination with AMST in August 2016, the Company recorded an additional $2.5 million and $4.3 million of identifiable intangible assets and goodwill, respectively; these values were based upon an independent appraisal and represent their fair values at the acquisition date. The Company’s investment in AMST has resulted in synergies between the acquired minting operation and the Company’s established distribution network by providing a steadier and more reliable fabricated source of silver during times of market volatility. The Company considers that much of the acquired goodwill relates to the “ready state” of AMST's established minting operation with existing quality processes, procedures, and ability to scale production to meet market needs. In connection with the Company's acquisition of Goldline in August 2017, the Company recorded $5.0 million and $1.4 million of additional identifiable intangible assets and goodwill, respectively; these values were based upon an independent appraisal and represent their fair values at the acquisition date. The Company’s investment in Goldline created synergies between Goldline's direct marketing operation and the Company’s established distribution network, secured storage and lending operations that has led to increased product margin spreads, and lower distribution and storage costs for Goldline. In March 2021, the Company acquired 100% ownership-control of JMB, in which we previously held a 20.5% equity interest. As required, we remeasured our previously held equity interest in JMB at the acquisition-date fair value and measured our identifiable intangible assets and goodwill as if we had sold the previously held interest, recognizing an estimated remeasurement gain in earnings. We recognized a $26.3 million gain and measured the value of identifiable intangible assets and goodwill at $98.0 million and $92.1 million, respectively. 86 Table of Contents Carrying Value The carrying value of goodwill and other purchased intangibles as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020 is as described below: dollar amounts in thousands Identifiable intangible assets: Existing customer relationships Developed technology Non-compete and other Employment agreement Intangibles subject to amortization Trade names and trademarks Identifiable intangible assets Estimated Useful Lives (Years) 5 - 15 4 3 - 5 1 - 3 June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 Remaining Weighted Average Amortization Period (Years) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Accumulated Impairment Net Book Value Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Accumulated Impairment Net Book Value 4.7 3.8 0.9 0.0 $ $ 53,498 10,500 2,300 295 (15,832 ) $ (741 ) (2,256 ) (295 ) 66,593 (19,124 ) $ — — — — — $ 37,666 9,759 44 — $ 8,998 — 2,300 295 (7,307 ) $ — (2,187 ) (288 ) 47,469 11,593 (9,782 ) $ — — — — — 1,691 — 113 7 1,811 3,163 4,974 8,881 Goodwill Indefinite Indefinite Indefinite Indefinite 47,454 114,047 $ 102,307 $ $ $ — (19,124 ) $ (1,290 ) (1,290 ) 46,164 93,633 $ 4,454 16,047 $ — (9,782 ) $ (1,291 ) (1,291 ) $ — $ (1,364 ) $ 100,943 $ 10,245 $ — $ (1,364 ) $ The Company's intangible assets are subject to amortization except for trade names and trademarks, which have an indefinite life. Existing customer relationships intangible assets are amortized in a manner reflecting the pattern in which the economic benefits of the assets are consumed. All other intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized using the straight-line method over their useful lives, which are estimated to be one to fifteen years. Amortization expense related to the Company's intangible assets for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 was $9.3 million and $1.0 million, respectively. For the presented periods, no amortization expense was allocated to cost of sales. Impairment The accumulated impairment charge of $2.7 million (goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets) was a non-recurring charge for fiscal 2018 related to the Direct-to- Consumer segment. No further impairment of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets has occurred since fiscal 2018. Estimated Amortization Estimated annual amortization expense related to definite-lived intangible assets for the succeeding five years is as follows (in thousands): Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Thereafter Total Amount 25,669 9,893 7,382 4,240 47 238 47,469 $ 87 Table of Contents 9. LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS As of June 30, 2021, the Company had five investments in privately-held entities. The Company has determined that it is appropriate to account for four of these investments under the equity method of accounting, and the remaining investment under the cost-basis method of accounting. The following table shows the carrying value and ownership percentage of the Company's investment in each entity: Entity Company A JMB (formerly company B) Company C Company D Company E Company F June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 Carrying Value (in thousands) Ownership Percentage Carrying Value (in thousands) Ownership Percentage $ $ (1) (2) 3,795 — 1,940 10,499 233 2,000 18,467 7.4 % $ 0.0 % 10.0 % 44.9 % 33.3 % 50.0 % $ 2,529 13,296 938 — — — 16,763 7.4 % 20.6 % 10.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % (1) (2) On March 19, 2021, JMB became a consolidating entity of the Company, when we acquired 100% of JMB (See Note 1). Previously, we held a noncontrolling equity interest in JMB After June 30, 2021, the Company increased its ownership interest to 49.0% of this privately held entity. (See Note 19) The Company considers all of our equity method investees to be related parties. See Note 13 for a summary of the Company's aggregate balances and activity with these related party entities. 10. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES Accounts payable and other current liabilities consist of the following: in thousands Trade payables to customers Other accounts payable Deferred revenue Advances from customers June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ 1,561 4,374 20,508 173,908 200,351 $ $ 2,316 2,849 6,141 129,624 140,930 11. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING TRANSACTIONS The Company is exposed to market risk, such as changes in commodity prices and foreign exchange rates. To manage the volatility related to these exposures, the Company enters into various derivative products, such as forwards and futures contracts. By policy, the Company historically has entered into derivative financial instruments for the purpose of hedging substantially all of Company's market exposure to precious metals prices, and not for speculative purposes. The Company’s gains (losses) on derivative instruments are substantially offset by the changes in the fair market value of the underlying precious metals inventory, both of which are recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. Commodity Price Management The Company manages the value of certain assets and liabilities of its trading business, including trading inventory, by employing a variety of hedging strategies. These strategies include the management of exposure to changes in the market values of the Company's trading inventory through the purchase and sale of a variety of derivative instruments, such as forwards and futures contracts. The Company enters into derivative transactions solely for the purpose of hedging its inventory subject to price risk, and not for speculative market purposes. Due to the nature of the Company's global hedging strategy, the Company is not using hedge accounting as defined under Topic 815 of the ASC, whereby the gains or losses would be deferred and included as a component of other comprehensive income. Instead, gains or losses resulting from the Company's futures and forward contracts and open sale and purchase commitments are reported in the consolidated statements of income as unrealized gains or losses on commodity contracts (a component of cost of sales) with the related unrealized amounts due from or to counterparties reflected as derivative assets or liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. 88 Table of Contents The Company's trading inventory and purchase and sale transactions consist primarily of precious metal products. The value of these assets and liabilities are marked-to- market daily to the prevailing closing price of the underlying precious metals. The Company's precious metals inventory is subject to market value changes, created by changes in the underlying commodity market prices. Inventory purchased or borrowed by the Company is subject to price changes. Inventory borrowed is considered a natural hedge, since changes in value of the metal held are offset by the obligation to return the metal to the supplier. The Company’s open sale and purchase commitments typically settle within 2 business days, and for those commitments that do not have stated settlement dates, the Company has the right to settle the positions upon demand. Futures and forwards contracts open at end of any period typically settle within 30 days. Open sale and purchase commitments are subject to changes in value between the date the purchase or sale price is fixed (the trade date) and the date the metal is received or delivered (the settlement date). The Company seeks to minimize the effect of price changes of the underlying commodity through the use of forward and futures contracts. The Company's policy is to substantially hedge its inventory position, net of open sale and purchase commitments that are subject to price risk. The Company regularly enters into precious metals commodity forward and futures contracts with financial institutions to hedge price changes that would cause changes in the value of its physical metals positions and purchase commitments and sale commitments. The Company has access to all of the precious metals markets, allowing it to place hedges. The Company also maintains relationships with major market makers in every major precious metals dealing center. The Company’s management sets credit and position risk limits. These limits include gross position limits for counterparties engaged in sales and purchase transactions with the Company. They also include collateral limits for different types of sale and purchase transactions that counterparties may engage in from time to time. Derivative Assets and Liabilities The Company's derivative assets and liabilities represent the net fair value of the difference (or intrinsic value) between market values and trade values at the trade date for open precious metals sale and purchase contracts, as adjusted on a daily basis for changes in market values of the underlying metals, until settled. The Company's derivative assets and liabilities represent the net fair value of open precious metals forwards and futures contracts. The precious metals forwards and futures contracts are settled at the contract settlement date. All of our commodity derivative contracts are under master netting arrangements and include both asset and liability positions (i.e., offsetting derivative instruments). As such, for the Company's derivative contracts with the same counterparty, the receivables and payables have been netted on the consolidated balance sheets. Such derivative contracts include open sale and purchase commitments, futures, forwards and margin accounts. In the table below, the aggregate gross and net derivative receivables and payables balances are presented by contract type and type of hedge, as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020. in thousands Nettable derivative assets: Open sale and purchase commitments Future contracts Forward contracts Nettable derivative liabilities: Open sale and purchase commitments Margin accounts Future contracts Forward contracts Gains or Losses on Derivative Instruments June 30, 2021 Gross Derivative Amounts Netted Cash Collateral Pledge June 30, 2020 Net Derivative Gross Derivative Amounts Netted Cash Collateral Pledge Net Derivative $ $ $ $ 56,923 4,510 1,686 63,119 1,410 7,322 465 4,025 13,222 $ $ $ $ (18,583 ) $ — — (18,583 ) $ — — — — $ $ 38,340 4,510 1,686 44,536 $ $ (1,167 ) $ — — — (1,167 ) $ $ — (4,516 ) — — (4,516 ) $ 243 2,806 465 4,025 7,539 $ 48,896 — 101 48,997 5,653 14,616 12,477 3,208 35,954 $ $ $ $ (2,672 ) $ — — (2,672 ) $ (1,304 ) $ — — — (1,304 ) $ — — — — $ $ $ — (9,236 ) — — (9,236 ) $ 46,224 — 101 46,325 4,349 5,380 12,477 3,208 25,414 The Company records the derivative at the trade date with a corresponding unrealized gains (losses), shown as a component of cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. The Company adjusts the derivatives to fair value on a daily basis until the transactions are settled. When these contracts are net settled, the unrealized gains and losses are reversed and the realized gains and losses for forward contracts are recorded in revenue and cost of sales, and the net realized gains and losses for futures and option contracts are recorded in cost of sales. 89 Table of Contents Below is a summary of the net gains (losses) on derivative instruments for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. in thousands Gains (losses) on derivative instruments: Unrealized gains on open future commodity and forward contracts and open sale and purchase commitments, net Realized losses on future commodity contracts, net Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ 8,874 (134,496 ) (125,622 ) $ $ 37,163 (29,105 ) 8,058 The Company’s net gains (losses) on derivative instruments, as shown in the table above, were substantially offset by the changes in fair market value of the underlying precious metals inventory and open sale and purchase commitments, which were also recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. Summary of Hedging Positions In a hedging relationship, the change in the value of the derivative financial instrument is offset to a great extent by the change in the value of the underlying hedged item. The following table summarizes the results of our hedging activities, which shows the precious metal commodity inventory position, net of open sale and purchase commitments that is subject to price risk as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020. in thousands Inventories Precious metals held under financing arrangements Less unhedgeable inventories: Commemorative coin inventory, held at lower of cost or net realizable value Premium on metals position Precious metal value not hedged Commitments at market: Open inventory purchase commitments Open inventory sales commitments Margin sale commitments In-transit inventory no longer subject to market risk Unhedgeable premiums on open commitment positions Borrowed precious metals Product financing arrangements Advances on industrial metals Precious metal subject to price risk Precious metal subject to derivative financial instruments: Precious metals forward contracts at market values Precious metals futures contracts at market values Total market value of derivative financial instruments June 30, 2021 $ $ 458,019 154,742 612,761 (406 ) (11,017 ) (11,423 ) 601,338 987,926 (590,156 ) (7,322 ) (16,707 ) 8,638 (91,866 ) (201,028 ) 287 89,772 691,110 175,352 514,240 689,592 June 30, 2020 321,281 178,577 499,858 (17 ) (3,684 ) (3,701 ) 496,157 514,553 (309,134 ) (14,652 ) (3,605 ) 2,779 (168,206 ) (74,678 ) 318 (52,625 ) 443,532 73,948 369,842 443,790 Net precious metals subject to commodity price risk $ 1,518 $ (258 ) Notional Balances of Derivatives The notional balances of the Company's derivative instruments, consisting of contractual metal quantities, are expressed at current spot prices of the underlying precious metal commodity. As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, the Company had the following outstanding commitments and open forward and future contracts: 90 Table of Contents in thousands Purchase commitments Sales commitments Margin sales commitments Open forward contracts Open futures contracts June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ $ $ $ $ 987,926 (590,156 ) $ (7,322 ) $ $ $ 175,352 514,240 514,553 (309,134 ) (14,652 ) 73,948 369,842 The contract amounts (i.e., notional balances) of the Company's forward and futures contracts and the open sales and purchase commitments are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The Company records the difference between the market price of the underlying metal or contract and the trade amount at fair value. The Company is exposed to the risk of failure of the counterparties to its derivative contracts. Significant judgment is applied by the Company when evaluating the fair value implications. The Company regularly reviews the creditworthiness of its major counterparties and monitors its exposure to concentrations. At June 30, 2021, the Company believes its risk of counterparty default is mitigated as a result of such evaluation and the short-term duration of these arrangements. Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Management The Company utilizes foreign currency forward contracts to manage the effect of foreign currency exchange fluctuations on its sale and purchase transactions. These contracts generally have maturities of less than one week. Unrealized (losses) gains on foreign exchange derivative instruments related to open trades are shown on the face of the consolidated statements of income totaled $(129,000) and $57,000 for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The market values (fair values) of the Company’s foreign exchange forward contracts and the net open sale and purchase commitment transactions, denominated in foreign currencies, outstanding are as follows: in thousands Foreign exchange forward contracts Open sale and purchase commitment transactions, net 12. INCOME TAXES Net income from operations before provision for income taxes is shown below: in thousands U.S. Foreign 91 June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ 6,541 4,311 $ $ 4,599 3,475 Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ 192,771 30 192,801 $ $ 37,855 23 37,878 Table of Contents The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return based on a June 30 tax year end. The provision for income tax expense by jurisdiction and the effective tax rate for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 are shown below: in thousands Current: Federal State and local Foreign Deferred: Federal State and local Income tax expense Effective tax rate Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ $ $ 28,899 4,954 97 33,950 (2,961 ) 888 (2,073 ) 31,877 16.5 % 2,916 239 6 3,161 2,704 522 3,226 6,387 16.9 % Our effective tax rate was approximately 16.5% and 16.9% for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. For the year ended June 30, 2021, our effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to the exclusion of the fair value remeasurement gain of our pre-existing equity investment in JMB, a one-time benefit from the reversal of the previously established deferred tax liability related to our equity investment in JMB, an exclusion of the fiscal 2021 pre-acquisition period JMB equity earnings, the foreign derived intangible income special deduction, and an adjustment made to pre-acquisition deferred taxes related to our investment in AMST, offset by state taxes (net of federal tax benefit), state tax rate change, and other normal course non-deductible expenditures. For the year ended June 30, 2020, the Company recorded tax expense which differed from the statutory rates primarily due to state taxes (including state minimum franchise taxes net of federal tax benefit), offset by the foreign derived intangible income special deduction, NOL carrybacks, and other normal course non-deductible expenditures. A reconciliation of the income tax provisions to the amounts computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income before income tax provisions for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, are set forth below: in thousands Federal income tax State tax, net of federal benefit Derecognition and remeasurement gain in acquired noncontrolling interest Reversal of pre-acquisition equity earnings Foreign derived intangible income Reversal of existing pre-acquisition deferred taxes in equity-method investment Stock based compensation Reversal of pre-acquisition deferred taxes in joint venture State rate change Transaction costs Permanent adjustments Foreign rate differential Uncertain tax positions Return to Provision NOL Carryback Other June 30, 2021 40,488 3,935 (5,524 ) (2,457 ) (2,427 ) (1,558 ) (1,233 ) (981 ) 950 461 (195 ) 91 (14 ) (80 ) — 421 31,877 $ $ June 30, 2020 $ $ 7,954 642 — — (579 ) — — — — — (184 ) — (62 ) — (1,492 ) 108 6,387 Tax Balances and Activity Income Taxes Receivable and Payable As of June 30, 2021, income taxes payable totaled $5.0 million compared to $2.1 million in the comparative period. 92 Table of Contents Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized by evaluating both positive and negative evidence. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, management concluded that it was more likely than not that the Company would be able to realize the benefit of the U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. We based this conclusion on historical and projected operating performance, as well as our expectation that our operations will generate sufficient taxable income in future periods to realize the tax benefits associated with the deferred tax assets. A tax valuation allowance was considered unnecessary as of management concluded that it was more likely than not that the Company would be able to realize the benefit of the U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. As of June 30, 2021, the consolidated balance sheets reflects the deferred tax items for each tax-paying component (i.e., federal and state), resulting in a state deferred tax liability of $1.7. million and a federal deferred tax liability of $17.8 million. As of June 30, 2020, the consolidated balance sheet reflects the deferred tax items for each tax- paying component (i.e., federal and state), resulting in a state deferred tax asset of $1.0 million primarily comprised of net operating loss carryforwards and a federal deferred tax liability of $1.1 million. On March 19, 2021, JMB became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company as a result of our acquisition of the remaining interest that we did not previously own. On the Acquisition Date, the Company has considered the deferred tax impact of the excess fair value of the assets and liabilities accounted for in the business combination over their historical cost basis. Included in the June 30, 2021 balance is $21.1 million of deferred tax liabilities, $20.8 million of which relates to the excess fair value of intangibles other than goodwill over their historical cost basis and $0.3 million relating to JMB’s historical carryover deferred taxes that we assumed. The schedule of deferred taxes presented below summarizes the components of deferred taxes that have been classified as deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities related to taxable and deductible temporary differences as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020: in thousands Accrued compensation Lease liabilities Stock-based compensation State tax accrual Net operating loss carry forwards Accruals and reserves Other Deferred tax assets Intangible assets Fixed assets Earnings from equity method investment Investment in partnership Right of use assets Other Deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liability Net Operating Loss Carryforwards June 30, 2020 $ June 30, 2021 $ 189 1,871 1,067 391 855 — 50 4,423 (20,834 ) (438 ) (981 ) — (1,633 ) (51 ) (23,937 ) $ (19,514 ) $ 118 1,091 1,025 41 878 17 45 3,215 (416 ) (56 ) (1,679 ) (194 ) (887 ) (45 ) (3,277 ) (62 ) As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, the Company has approximately $12.2 million and $12.6 million, state and city net operating loss carryforwards, respectively. The Company's combined state and city tax-effected net operating loss carryforwards totaled, as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, $0.9 million and $0.9 million, respectively. These state and city net operating loss carryforwards start to expire in the year ending June 30, 2030. Unrecognized Tax Benefits The Company has taken or expects to take certain tax benefits on its income tax return filings that it has not recognized a tax benefit (i.e., an unrecognized tax benefit) on its consolidated statements of income. The Company's measurement of its 93 Table of Contents uncertain tax positions is based on management's assessment of all relevant information, including, but not limited to prior audit experience, audit settlement, or lapse of the applicable statute of limitations. Below is a reconciliation of the net unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020: in thousands Beginning balance Reductions due to lapse of statute of limitations Additions as a results of tax positions taken during current period June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ 163 (26 ) 140 277 $ $ 216 (53 ) — 163 In addition to the $277,000 of accrued tax expense related to unrecognized tax positions, as shown in the table above, the Company has $79,000 of interest and $69,000 of penalties accrued to date related to its uncertain tax positions. As of June 30, 2021, the amount of this accrued liability (inclusive of the uncertain tax deductions and the associated interest and penalty accrual) totaled $425,000, and, if recognized, would reduce the Company's effective tax rate. During the quarter, JMB became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company as a result of our taxable stock purchase of the remaining interest in JMB. We have considered JMB in our analysis of unrecognized tax benefit and increases during the year reflect certain inherited uncertain tax positions of JMB. (See Note 1.) Tax Examinations With exception of the open examinations noted below, either prior federal, state or local examinations have been completed by the tax authorities or the statute of limitations have expired for U.S. federal, state and local income tax returns filed for tax years through June 30, 2017. Open Tax examinations • In November 2020, the Internal Revenue Service notified JMB that its tax return for the period ended December 31, 2018 had been selected for examination. The audit is in the early stage of information exchange and the Company is not aware of any related tax or assessments at this time. 13. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS Related parties are entities that the Company controls or has the ability to significantly influence. Related parties also include persons who are affiliated with related entities or the Company who are in a position to influence corporate decisions (such as owners, executives, board members and their families). In the normal course of business, we enter into transactions with our related parties. Below is a list of related parties with whom we have had significant transactions during the presented periods: 1) 2) 3) Stack’s Bowers Numismatics, LLC ("Stack's Bowers Galleries"). Stack's Bowers Galleries is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Spectrum Group International, Inc. ("SGI"). In March 2014, SGI distributed all of the shares of common stock of A-Mark to its stockholders, effecting a spinoff of A-Mark from SGI. As a result of this distribution the Company became a publicly traded company independent from SGI. SGI and the Company have a common chief executive officer, and the chief executive officer and the general counsel of the Company are board members of SGI. Silver Towne, L.P. Through March 31, 2021, Silver Towne L.P. was noncontrolling owner of AMST (i.e., the Company's minting operations). Equity method investees. As of June 30, 2021, the Company has four investments in privately-held entities, each of which each has been determined to be equity method investee. Our related party transactions include (i) sales and purchases of precious metals (ii) financing activities (iii) repurchase arrangements, and (iv) hedging transactions. Below is a summary of our related party transactions. Reported transactions from the comparable prior period have been updated, as needed, to include the balances and activity attributable to the related parties identified at June 30, 2021. 94 Table of Contents Balances with Related Parties Receivables and Payables, Net As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, the Company had related party receivables and payables balances as set forth below: in thousands Stack's Bowers Galleries Equity method investees(2) SilverTowne L.P. June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 Receivables Payables Receivables Payables $ $ 3,576 10,693 — 14,269 $ (1) $ — 84 36 120 $ $ 7,981 5,522 77 13,580 $ $ — 3,421 — 3,421 (1) (2) Balance primarily represents receivables, net (shown as components of receivables and derivative assets). As of June 30, 2021, the balance excludes the net receivables or payables of JMB, as a result of it becoming a consolidated entity of the Company as of March 19, 2021. (See Note 1.) Long-term Investments As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, the aggregate carrying balance of the equity method investments was $18.2 million and $16.8 million, respectively. (See Note 9.) Secured Loans Receivable On September 19, 2017, CFC entered into a loan agreement with Stack's Bowers Galleries providing a secured line of credit, bearing interest at a competitive rate per annum, with a maximum borrowing line (subject to temporary increases) of $5.3 million. The loan is secured by precious metals and numismatic products. As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, the outstanding principal balance of this loan was $0.0 million and $0.7 million, respectively. On March 1, 2018, CFC entered into a loan agreement with Stack's Bowers Galleries providing a secured line of credit on the wholesale value (i.e., the excess over the spot value of the metal), of numismatic products bearing interest at a competitive rate per annum, with a maximum borrowing line (subject to temporary increases) of $10.0 million. In addition to the annual rate of interest, the Company is entitled to receive a participation interest equal to 10% of the net profits realized by Stack's Bowers Galleries on the ultimate sale of the products. As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, the outstanding principal balance of this loan was $3.0 million and $8.0 million, respectively. Other Long-term Assets On September 19, 2019, the Company, as lender, entered into a convertible revolving credit facility with one of its privately-held customers (the borrower) that provides the borrower an aggregate principal amount of up to $4.0 million, bearing interest at 12.0% per annum. Effective October 1, 2020, A-Mark exercised its right to convert $1.0 million of the $3.5 million outstanding convertible revolving credit facility balance and exercised our right to repay in full borrower’s third-party loan, which totaled $5.8 million at the exercise date. Effective May 17, 2021, A-Mark exercised its right to convert the remaining $2.5 million outstanding convertible revolving credit facility balance to the borrower’s common stock. As a result of the conversions, the Company currently owns 44.9% of borrower’s outstanding common stock. As of June 30, 2021, and June 30, 2020, the carrying value of the convertible revolving credit facility was $0.0 million and $3.5 million, respectively. (See Note 2.) 95 Table of Contents Activity with Related Parties Sales and Purchases During the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company made sales and purchases to various companies, which have been deemed to be related parties, as follows: in thousands Stack's Bowers Galleries Equity method investees SilverTowne L.P. (1) Includes sales and purchases with JMB through the Acquisition Date. Interest Income Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 Sales Purchases Sales Purchases $ $ 59,037 $ 1,622,199 (1) 16,837 1,698,073 $ 66,122 $ 17,020 (1) 4,827 87,969 $ 53,783 1,094,195 8,061 1,156,039 $ $ 47,765 31,847 748 80,360 During the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company earned interest income related to loans made to Stack's Bowers and from financing arrangements (including repurchase agreements) with affiliated companies, as set forth below: in thousands Interest income from secured loans receivables Interest income from finance products and repurchase arrangements (1) Includes JMB’s interest income from the beginning of the period through the Acquisition Date. Equity method investments — Earnings and Dividends Received June 30, 2021 Years Ended 249 8,042 (1) 8,291 $ $ $ $ June 30, 2020 917 6,341 7,258 During the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded its proportional share of its equity method investee's net income as other income that totaled $15.5 million and $4.9 million, respectively. Note that due our acquisition of JMB, the Company recorded its proportional share of JMB’s net income through to the Acquisition Date. Beginning on March 20, 2021, JMB’s results of operations were included in the Company’s consolidated results. During the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company received $0.3 million and $0.0 million, respectively, of dividend payments from an equity method investee. Other Income During the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company earned royalty income related to one of CFC's secured lending agreements with Stack's Bowers that totaled $1.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively. 14. FINANCING AGREEMENTS Lines of Credit Effective March 26, 2021, through an amendment and restatement of the applicable credit documents, A-Mark renewed its uncommitted demand borrowing facility ("Trading Credit Facility") with a syndicate of banks. Under the agreements, Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A. acts as lead lender and administrative agent, and Macquarie Bank Limited acts as syndication agent. The Trading Credit Facility is secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets on a first priority basis and subsidiary guarantees, except for CFC. As of June 30, 2021, and as a result of various amendments, the Trading Credit Facility provided the Company with access up to $270.0 million, featuring a $220.0 million base, with a $50.0 million accordion option. The Trading Credit Facility is scheduled to mature on March 25, 2022. Loan costs have been capitalized when incurred and are amortized over the term of the Trading Credit Facility. As of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, the remaining unamortized balance of loan costs was approximately $0.9 million and $0.5 million, respectively. 96 Table of Contents The Company routinely uses the Trading Credit Facility to purchase and finance precious metals and for operating cash flow purposes. Amounts under the Trading Credit Facility bear interest based on London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus a 2.50% margin for revolving credit line loans. The one-month LIBOR rate was approximately 0.10% and 0.16% as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively. The Trading Credit Facility agreement contains provisions to accommodate the replacement of the existing LIBOR-based rate with a successor Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) based rate upon a triggering event. The Trading Credit Facility was amended after June 30, 2021 and now provides for a $330 million credit facility, consisting of a $280 million base and a $50 million accordion feature. See Note 19. Borrowings are due on demand and totaled $185.0 million and $135.0 million at June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively. The amounts available under the respective lines of credit are determined at the end of each week and at each month end following a specified borrowing base formula. The Company is able to access additional credit as needed to finance operations, subject to the overall limits of the borrowing facilities and lender approval of the borrowing base calculation. Based on the month end borrowing bases in effect, the availability under the Trading Credit Facility, after taking into account current borrowings, totaled $ 65.4 million and $76.3 million as determined on June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively. The Trading Credit Facility contains various restrictive financial covenants, all of which the Company was in compliance as of June 30, 2021. Interest expense related to the Company’s lines of credit totaled $5.9 million and $7.0 million, which represents 29.5% and 37.1% of the total interest expense recognized, for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our lines of credit carried a daily weighted average effective interest rate of 3.63% and 4.01%, respectively, for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. Notes Payable In September 2018, AM Capital Funding, LLC. (“AMCF”), a wholly owned subsidiary of CFC, completed an issuance of Secured Senior Term Notes (collectively, the "Notes"): Series 2018-1, Class A (the “Class A Notes”) in the aggregate principal amount of $ 72.0 million and Secured Subordinated Term Notes, Series 2018-1, Class B (the “Class B Notes” and together with the Class A Notes, the “ Notes”) in the aggregate principal amount of $28.0 million. The Class A Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.98% and the Class B Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.98%. The Notes have a maturity date of December 15, 2023. The Notes were issued under a Master Indenture and the Series 2018- 1 Supplement thereto between AMCF and Citibank, N.A., as trustee. The Company holds $ 5.0 million of the Class B Notes in order to comply with the Credit Risk Retention Rules of Section 15G of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The $5.0 million portion of the Class B Notes retained by the Company is eliminated in consolidation. AMCF applied the net proceeds from the sale to the Company’s purchase loans and precious metals inventory, and to pay certain costs and expenses. CFC and A-Mark may from time to time also contribute cash or sell precious metals to AMCF in exchange for cash or subordinated, deferred payment obligations from AMCF. In addition, AMCF may from time to time sell precious metals to A-Mark for cash. As of June 30, 2021, the consolidated carrying balance of the Notes was $93.2 million (which excludes the $5.0 million note that the Company retained), and the remaining unamortized loan cost balance was approximately $1.8 million, which is amortized using the effective interest method through the maturity date. As of June 30, 2021, the balance of the interest payable was $0.2 million. Interest on the Notes is payable monthly in arrears at the aggregate rate of 5.26% per annum. For the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the interest expense related to the Notes (including loan amortization costs) totaled $5.7 million and $5.6 million, which represents 28.7% and 29.8% of the total interest expense recognized by the Company, respectively. For the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Notes' weighted average effective interest rate was 5.88% and 5.88%, respectively. Liabilities on Borrowed Metals The Company recorded liabilities on borrowed precious metals with market values totaling $91.9 million as of June 30, 2021, with corresponding metals totaling $71.0 million and $20.9 million included in precious metals held under financing arrangements and inventories, respectively, on the consolidated June 30, 2021 balance sheet. The Company recorded liabilities on borrowed metals with market values totaling $168.2 million as of June 30, 2020 with corresponding metals totaling $148.9 million and $19.3 million included in precious metals held under financing arrangements and inventories, respectively, on the consolidated June 30, 2020 balance sheet. 97 Table of Contents Advanced pool metals The Company borrows precious metals from its suppliers and customers under short-term agreements using other precious metals from its inventory as collateral. The Company has the ability to sell the metals advanced. These arrangements can be settled by repayment in similar metals or in cash. Once the obligation is settled, the metals held as collateral are released back to the Company. Liabilities on borrowed metals — Other Liabilities may also arise from: (i) unallocated metal positions held by customers in the Company’s inventory, (ii) amounts due to suppliers for the use of their consigned inventory, and (iii) shortages in unallocated metal positions held by the Company in the supplier’s inventory. Unallocated or pool metal represent an unsegregated inventory position that is due on demand, is a specified physical form, based on the total ounces of metal held in the position. Amounts due under these arrangements require delivery either in the form of precious metals, or in cash. Product Financing Arrangements The Company has agreements with third party financial institutions which allow the Company to transfer its gold and silver inventory at an agreed-upon price, which is based on the spot price. Such agreements allow the Company to repurchase this inventory at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price on the repurchase date. The third party charges a monthly fee as a percentage of the market value of the outstanding obligation; such monthly charges are classified in interest expense. These transactions do not qualify as sales, and therefore have been accounted for as financing arrangements and are reflected in the consolidated balance sheet as product financing arrangements. The obligation is stated at the amount required to repurchase the outstanding inventory. Both the product financing obligation and the underlying inventory (which is entirely restricted) are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded as a component of cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. Such obligations totaled $201.0 million and $74.7 million as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively. 15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Employment and Non-Compete Agreements At June 30, 2021, the Company was a party to various employment agreements and non-compete and/or non-solicitation agreements with its employees, including employment agreements with (a) Thor Gjerdrum, our President, which expires on June 30, 2022, (b) Greg Roberts, our Chief Executive Officer and Brian Aquilino, our Chief Operating Officer, which expire on June 30, 2023, and (c) Michael Wittmeyer, Chief Executive Officer of JMB, which expires on June 30, 2024. The employment agreements provide for minimum salary levels, incentive compensation and severance benefits, among other items. Employee Benefit Plan The Company maintains an employee retirement savings plan for United States employees under the Internal Revenue Code section 401(k). There is an automatic default contribution for newly eligible employees in which 3% will be deducted pre-tax from the employee’s pay and invested in their default fund unless directed otherwise. Employees are eligible to participate in the plan after three complete calendar months of service by the next plan entry date and are 21 years of age. All contributions are immediately vested. Employees' contributions are discretionary to a maximum of 90% of compensation. For all plan members, the Company contributes 30% of the eligible employees' contributions on the first 60% of the participants' compensation to the IRS maximum annual contribution. The Company's matching 401(k) contributions totaled $382,000 and $276,000 for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Operational Contingencies AMST entered into an exclusive supplier agreement, with an unrelated third-party, whereby this supplier agreed to supply all of AMST's requirements for refined silver used for producing the silver products. The term of the agreement is not explicitly defined and contains automatic two-year term renewals (unless terminated prior thereto). Pricing under the agreement is subject to adjustments every six months. A-Mark has also guaranteed AMST's obligations under its agreement with this supplier to lease 100,000 ounces of refined silver. The lease term maturity date is not explicitly defined and contains automatic one year renewal (unless terminated prior thereto), and the lease fees are subject to adjustments every six months. 98 Table of Contents Legal Matters The Company is from time to time party to various lawsuits, claims and other proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of its business. In accordance with GAAP, we review the need for any loss contingency reserves and establish reserves when, in the opinion of management, it is probable that a matter would result in a liability and the amount of loss, if any, can be reasonably estimated. Additionally, we record receivables for insurance recoveries relating to litigation-related losses and expenses if and when such amounts are covered by insurance and recovery of such losses or expenses are due. We review our litigation matters each quarter to assess whether loss contingency reserves are required in accordance with GAAP based on our review. COVID-19 The Company remains exposed to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has caused significant disruption in the financial markets both globally and in the United States. The resulting macroeconomic events have contributed to an increase in the business conducted by the Company, but also pose certain risks and uncertainties for the Company. The Company does not know how long the COVID-19 pandemic will continue, the extent to which the effects that the Company has experienced from the pandemic thus far will persist, or whether other effects on the Company and its businesses will materialize in the short or long term. 16. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Stock Issuances On March 4, 2021, we entered into an underwriting agreement with D.A. Davidson & Co., as representative of the several underwriters identified therein, relating to the sale of 2,500,000 shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at a price to the public of $28.00 per share and granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase from the Company up to an additional 375,000 shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at a price to the public of $28.00 per share to cover over-allotments (the “Offering”). On March 8, 2021 and March 10, 2021, the Company issued 2,500,000 shares and 375,000 shares, respectively, related to the Offering. The Offering generated $80.5 million in gross proceeds from the sale of the shares. The Company received approximately $75.3 million of net proceeds, after offering costs of approximately $5.2 million, which included underwriter discounts and fees, legal and professional fees, and commissions that were directly related to the Offering. The Offering costs were charged to stockholder’s equity upon completion of the Offering. The Company used the net proceeds from the Offering to fund a portion of the consideration payable in connection with our acquisition of stock of JMB not previously owned by us. (See Note 1.) On March 19, 2021, the Company issued 1,047,007 shares of the Company’s common stock with a fair value of $41.6 million to the selling shareholders of JMB as partial consideration for the acquisition of JMB. (See Note 1). Share Repurchase Program In April 2018, the Company's Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program which authorizes the Company to purchase up to 500,000 shares of its common stock from time to time, either in the open market or in block purchase transactions. The amount and timing of specific repurchases are subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements, and other factors. As of June 30, 2021, no shares had been repurchased under the program. Dividends On September 3, 2020, the Company's Board of Directors declared a non-recurring special dividend of $1.50 per share to common stock shareholders of record at the close of business on September 21, 2020. On October 29, 2020, the Company's Board of Directors declared a non-recurring special dividend of $1.50 per share to common stock shareholders of record at the close of business on November 23, 2020. In the aggregate, the Company paid $21.2 million in dividends during the year ended June 30, 2021. 2014 Stock Award and Incentive Plan The Company's amended and restated 2014 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (the "2014 Plan") was approved by the Company's stockholders on November 2, 2017. As of June 30, 2021, 94,943 shares were available for issuance under the 2014 Plan, which terminates in 2027. 99 Table of Contents Under the 2014 Plan, the Company may grant options and other equity awards as a means of attracting and retaining officers, employees, non-employee directors and consultants, to provide incentives to such persons, and to align the interests of such persons with the interests of stockholders by providing compensation based on the value of the Company's stock. Awards under the 2014 Plan may be granted in the form of incentive or non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), dividend equivalent rights and other stock-based awards (which may include outright grants of shares). The 2014 Plan also authorizes grants of performance-based, market-based, and cash incentive awards. The 2014 Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, which, in its discretion, may select officers and other employees, directors (including non-employee directors) and consultants to the Company and its subsidiaries to receive grants of awards. The Board of Directors itself may perform any of the functions of the Compensation Committee under the 2014 Plan. Under the 2014 Plan, the exercise price of options and base price of SARs, as set by the Compensation Committee, generally may not be less than the fair market value of the shares on the date of grant, and the maximum term of stock options and SARs is 10 years. The 2014 Plan limits the number of share-denominated awards that may be granted to any one eligible person to 250,000 shares in any fiscal year. Also, in the case of non-employee directors, the 2014 Plan limits the maximum grant-date fair value at $300,000 of stock-denominated awards granted to a director in a given fiscal year, except for a non-employee Chairman of the Board whose grant-date fair value maximum is $600,000 per fiscal year. The 2014 Plan will terminate when no shares remain available for issuance and no awards remain outstanding; however, the authority to grant new awards will terminate on November 2, 2027. Valuation and Significant Assumptions of Equity Awards Issued The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which uses various inputs such as the common share price and estimates that include the risk-free interest rate, volatility, expected life and dividend yield. The weighted-averages for key assumptions used in determining the fair value of options granted during the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 follows: Average volatility Risk-free interest rate Weighted-average expected life in years Dividend yield rate annual Years Ended June 30, June 30, 2021 41.76 % 0.46 % 6.1 0.0 % 2020 36.37 % 1.62 % 6.3 0.0 % As of June 30, 2021 there were no awards with performance conditions nor awards with market conditions. Stock Options During the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company incurred $1,053,175 and $838,236 of compensation expense related to stock options, respectively. As of June 30, 2021, there was total remaining compensation expense of $3,226,290 related to employee stock options, which will be recorded over a weighted average vesting period of approximately 2.2 years. Two obligatory events were triggered as a result of the non-recurring special dividends declared on September 3, 2020 and October 29, 2020. In accordance with the terms of the Company’s equity award plans under which the options were issued, an adjustment was required to protect the holders of such stock options from decreases in the value of the stock options due to payment of the non-recurring special dividends. Each of these events decreased the exercise price of outstanding stock options by $1.50 per dividend, effective on the respective dates of record (September 21, 2020 and November 23, 2020). The fair value of the options before and after these events were unchanged and therefore no incremental stock-based compensation was recorded. 100 Table of Contents The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the year ended June 30, 2021. Outstanding at June 30, 2020 Granted Exercises Cancellations, expirations and forfeitures Outstanding at June 30, 2021 Exercisable at June 30, 2021 Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Award 15.24 35.50 13.30 18.66 16.01 13.76 $ 6,061 $ 5.34 $ $ 35,343 22,675 $ $ 6.88 5.78 Options $ 1,249,813 196,000 $ (285,185 ) $ (1,600 ) $ $ $ 1,159,028 692,651 Following is a summary of the status of stock options outstanding as of June 30, 2021. Exercise Price Ranges From To $ $ $ $ — 10.01 15.01 25.01 $ $ $ $ 10.00 15.00 25.00 60.00 Options Outstanding Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted Average Exercise Price Number of Shares Exercisable Options Exercisable Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted Average Exercise Price 6.19 7.11 5.18 9.69 6.47 $ $ $ $ $ 6.58 11.42 20.01 38.79 16.01 227,092 128,892 336,667 — 692,651 3.93 6.96 4.70 — 4.87 $ $ $ $ $ 6.20 11.60 19.70 — 13.76 Number of Shares Outstanding 452,246 174,115 376,667 156,000 1,159,028 The following table summarizes the nonvested stock option activity for the year ended June 30, 2021. Nonvested Outstanding at June 30, 2020 Granted Vested Nonvested Outstanding at June 30, 2021 Restricted Stock Units Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Award 4.14 14.70 4.32 8.52 Options 423,002 196,000 (152,625 ) 466,377 $ $ $ $ RSUs granted by the Company are not transferable and automatically convert to shares of common stock on a one-for-one basis as the awards vest. During the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company incurred $120,100 and $114,520 of compensation expense related to RSUs, respectively. As of June 30, 2021, there is $359,736 remaining compensation expense related to RSUs. The following table summarizes the RSU activity for the year ended June 30, 2021: Outstanding at June 30, 2020 Shares granted Outstanding at June 30, 2021 Exercisable at June 30, 2021 101 Awards Outstanding Weighted Average Fair Value per Unit at Grant Date — 12,721 12,721 $ $ $ — $ — 37.72 37.72 — Table of Contents No tax benefit was recognized in the consolidated statements of income related to share-based compensation for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. No share-based compensation was capitalized for the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. Certain Anti-Takeover Provisions The Company’s certificate of incorporation and by-laws contain certain anti-takeover provisions that could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of the Company without negotiating with its Board. Such provisions could limit the price that certain investors might be willing to pay in the future for the Company’s securities. Certain of such provisions allow the Company to issue preferred stock with rights senior to those of the common stock or impose various procedural and other requirements which could make it more difficult for stockholders to effect certain corporate actions. 17. CUSTOMER AND SUPPLIER CONCENTRATIONS Customer Concentration Customers providing 10 percent or more of the Company's revenues for the year ended June 30, 2021 are presented on a comparative basis, with their corresponding balances for the year ended June 30, 2020 in the table below: in thousands Total revenue Customer concentrations JMB (1) June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 Amount Percent Amount Percent Years Ended $ $ 7,613,015 994,864 994,864 100.0 % $ 5,461,094 13.1 % 13.1 % $ 603,572 603,572 100.0 % 11.1 % 11.1 % (2) Includes sales made to JMB from the beginning of the period through the Acquisition Date. Customers providing 10 percent or more of the Company's accounts receivable as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020 are presented on a comparative basis in the table below. in thousands Total accounts receivable Customer concentrations Customer A June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 Amount Percent Amount Percent $ $ 89,000 15,588 100.0 % 17.5 % $ $ 49,142 — 100.0 % 0.0 % No single customer provided 10 percent or more of the Company's secured loan receivable balances as of as of June 30, 2021. Supplier Concentration The Company buys precious metals from a variety of sources, including through brokers and dealers, from sovereign and private mints, from refiners and directly from customers. The Company believes that no one or small group of suppliers is critical to its business, since other sources of supply are available that provide similar products on comparable terms. 102 Table of Contents 18. SEGMENTS AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION The Company evaluates segment reporting in accordance with FASB ASC 280, Segment Reporting, each reporting period, including evaluating the organizational structure and the reporting package that is reviewed by the chief operating decision makers. The Company's operations are organized under three business segments —(i) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services (formerly known as Wholesale Trading & Ancillary Services), (ii) Secured Lending and (iii) Direct-to-Consumer (formerly known as Direct Sales). The Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment includes the consolidating eliminations of inter-segment transactions and unallocated segment adjustments. (See Note 1 for a description of the types of products and services from which each reportable segment derives its revenues.) Revenue in thousands Revenue by segment(1)(2) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Eliminations of inter-segment sales Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, net of eliminations ⁽³⁾ Direct-to-Consumer Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ 7,520,111 (781,404 ) 6,738,707 874,308 7,613,015 (a) $ $ 5,485,645 (124,746 ) 5,360,899 100,195 5,461,094 (b) (1) (2) (3) (a) (b) Inter-segment purchases from and sales to the Direct-to-Consumer segment are transacted at Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment's prices, which is consistent with arms-length transactions with third-parties. The Secured Lending segment earns interest income from its lending activity and earns no revenue from the sales of precious metals. Therefore, no amounts are shown for the Secured Lending segment in the above table. The eliminations of inter-segment sales are reflected in the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment. Includes $8.5 million of inter-segment sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment. Includes $26.4 million of inter-segment sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment. in thousands Revenue by geographic region (1) United States Europe North America, excluding United States Asia Pacific Africa Australia Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ 4,668,324 1,486,323 1,342,597 62,754 14 53,003 7,613,015 $ $ 3,051,322 1,474,048 874,547 44,837 31 16,309 5,461,094 (1) Presentation of amounts realigned based on current accounting policy that defines geographic area based on the delivery or settlement location. The presentation change had no impact on the segments' operations or the Company's consolidated results. 103 Table of Contents Gross Profit and Gross Margin Percentage in thousands Gross profit by segment(1) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Eliminations and adjustments Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, net of eliminations and adjustments Direct-to-Consumer Total gross profit Gross margin percentage by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Eliminations and adjustments Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, net of eliminations and adjustments Direct-to-Consumer Weighted average gross margin percentage Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ 143,540 (4,727 ) 138,813 71,385 210,198 $ $ 1.909 % N/M 2.060 % 8.165 % 2.761 % 56,938 (30 ) 56,908 10,065 66,973 1.038 % N/M 1.062 % 10.045 % 1.226 % NM Not meaningful. (1) The Secured Lending segment earns interest income from its lending activity and earns no gross profit from the sales of precious metals. Therefore, no amounts are shown for the Secured Lending segment in the above table. Operating income and (expenses) in thousands Operating income (expense) by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Eliminations Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, net of eliminations Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, net of eliminations Selling, general and administrative expenses Interest income Interest expense Earnings from equity method investments Other income, net Remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity interest Unrealized (losses) gains on foreign exchange Direct-to-Consumer Selling, general and administrative expenses Interest expense Other expense, net Secured Lending Selling, general and administrative expenses Interest income Interest expense Other income, net Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 6,679 (175 ) 6,504 (33,869 ) 10,315 (11,666 ) 15,547 - 26,306 (129 ) 6,504 (22,391 ) (898 ) - (23,289 ) (2,549 ) 8,159 (7,301 ) 1,079 (612 ) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (23,878 ) (150 ) (23,728 ) (27,150 ) 9,024 (10,527 ) 4,878 (10 ) - 57 (23,728 ) (7,713 ) - (219 ) (7,932 ) (1,893 ) 12,213 (8,332 ) 577 2,565 104 Table of Contents Net income (loss) before provision for income taxes in thousands Net income (loss) before provision for income taxes by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer Secured Lending Depreciation and Amortization in thousands Depreciation and amortization by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer Secured Lending Advertising expense in thousands Advertising expense by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer Secured Lending Precious metals held under financing arrangements in thousands Precious metals held under financing arrangements by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Secured Lending Inventories in thousands Inventories by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer Secured Lending Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ $ 145,317 48,096 (612 ) 192,801 $ 33,180 2,133 2,565 37,878 Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 (876 ) (9,561 ) (351 ) (10,788 ) $ $ (1,554 ) (943 ) (403 ) (2,900 ) Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 (343 ) $ (4,493 ) (192 ) (5,028 ) $ (435 ) (1,745 ) (25 ) (2,205 ) June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 130,766 23,976 154,742 $ $ 157,609 20,968 178,577 June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 402,418 53,069 2,532 458,019 $ $ 289,069 8,155 24,057 321,281 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 105 Table of Contents in thousands Inventories by geographic region United States Europe North America, excluding United States Asia Total Assets in thousands Assets by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Eliminations Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, net of eliminations Direct-to-Consumer Secured Lending in thousands Assets by geographic region United States Europe North America, excluding United States Asia Long-term Assets in thousands Long-term assets by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer Secured Lending in thousands Long-term assets by geographic region United States Europe June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 431,732 9,451 16,633 203 458,019 $ $ June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 874,152 (163,850 ) 710,302 335,829 145,450 1,191,581 $ $ June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 1,162,195 12,550 16,633 203 1,191,581 $ $ June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 36,174 188,208 2,972 227,354 $ $ June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 227,352 2 227,354 $ $ 287,960 19,531 13,735 55 321,281 600,135 (1,103 ) 599,032 18,381 140,622 758,035 723,252 20,993 13,735 55 758,035 39,090 3,607 1,319 44,016 43,963 53 44,016 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 106 Table of Contents Capital Expenditures for Property, Plant, and Equipment in thousands Capital expenditures on property, plant, and equipment by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer Secured Lending Goodwill and Intangible Assets in thousands Goodwill by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer(1) (1) Direct-to-Consumer segment’s goodwill balance is net of $ 1.4 million accumulated impairment losses. Intangible assets in thousands Intangibles by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer(1) (1) Direct-to-Consumer segment’s intangibles balance is net of $ 1.3 million accumulated impairment losses . 19. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS Trading Credit Facility Years Ended June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 $ $ 1,952 157 4 2,113 $ $ June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 8,881 92,062 100,943 $ $ 747 13 76 836 8,881 — 8,881 June 30, 2021 June 30, 2020 2,831 90,802 93,633 $ $ 2,907 2,067 4,974 $ $ $ $ On July 16, 2021, the Company entered into an Eighth Amendment (the “Eighth Amendment”) to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Credit Agreement with Cooperative Rabobank U.A., New York Branch as Administrative Agent, and various other lenders (the “Credit Agreement.”) As so amended, the Credit Agreement now provides for a $330.0 million credit facility, consisting of a $280.0 million base and a $50.0 million accordion feature. The maturity date of the credit facility is March 25, 2022. Increased Investment in Pinehurst Coin Exchange, Inc. On August 27, 2021, the Company increased its ownership interest in Pinehurst Coin Exchange, Inc., a North Carolina corporation (“Pinehurst”), from 10% to 49%, for a purchase price of $9.75 million, consisting of $6.75 million in cash and 61,590 shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company had acquired its initial minority investment in January 2019. As part of the recent transaction, A-Mark also extended its existing exclusive supplier agreement with Pinehurst for an additional five years, to January 2029. Pinehurst is a leading precious metals broker, servicing the wholesale and retail marketplace, and one of the nation’s largest e-commerce retailers of modern and numismatic certified coins on eBay. Special Dividend Declared On August 30, 2021, the Company's Board of Directors declared a special dividend of $2.00 per share to common stock shareholders of record at the close of business on September 20, 2021, payable on or about September 24, 2021. The estimated dividends to be paid total $22.6 million. 107 Table of Contents ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Disclosure Controls and Procedures Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Based on the foregoing, our Certifying Officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Certifying Officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting The financial statements were prepared by management, which is responsible for their integrity and objectivity and for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: i. ii. iii. pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any internal control, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of controls. Accordingly, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurances with respect to financial statement preparation. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of internal controls may vary over time. Management assessed the design and effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2021. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework ("2013 framework"). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of June 30, 2021 based on criteria in Internal Control –Integrated Framework issued by the COSO. Management's evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2021 did not include internal controls over financial reporting for JM Bullion, Inc. (“JMB”), which we acquired in March 2021. JMB comprised approximately 25% of our total assets as of June 30, 2021, and approximately 9% of our total revenues and 16% of our pre-tax income for the year ended June 30, 2021. Grant Thornton LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the financial statements of the Company as of June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, and for the fiscal years then ended. Under Rule 12b-2 and Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Company is required to provide an attestation report from a registered public accounting firm of its internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2021. 108 Table of Contents Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have not experienced any material impact to our internal control over financial reporting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many of our employees worked remotely during the period in which we prepared these financial statements and, accordingly, we ensured on-going related oversight and monitoring procedures continued during the financial close and reporting process. We did not compromise our disclosure controls and procedures. We are continually monitoring and assessing our disclosure controls to ensure disclosure controls and procedures continue to be effective. There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the most recent quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 109 Table of Contents PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement, to be filed within 120 days following June 30, 2021. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement, to be filed within 120 days following June 30, 2021. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement, to be filed within 120 days following June 30, 2021. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement, to be filed within 120 days following June 30, 2021. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement, to be filed within 120 days following June 30, 2021. 110 Table of Contents PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) 1. The following documents are filed as part of this report: Financial Statements Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 2. 3. Financial Statements Schedules: None. Exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K: 111 Page 56 60 62 63 64 65 Table of Contents Regulation S-K Exhibit Table Item No. 3.1** Description of Exhibit Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1/A; Registration No. 333-192260. 3.2** Amended and Restated Bylaws of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1/A; Registration No. 333-192260. 10.1** 10.2** 10.3** Master Indenture, dated as of September 14, 2018, between AM Capital Funding, LLC, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, and Citibank, N.A., a national banking association, as indenture trustee. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K/A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 17, 2018. Series 2018-1 Supplement, dated as of September 14, 2018, between AM Capital Funding, LLC, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, and Citibank, N.A., as indenture trustee. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Report on Form 8-K/A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 17, 2018. Transfer and Sale Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2018, by and between Collateral Finance Corporation, a Delaware corporation, and AM Capital Funding, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Report on Form 8-K/A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 17, 2018. 10.4** Security Agreement, dated March 31, 2016, between Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., New York Branch, and A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 5, 2016. 10.5** Lease Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2016, between The Plaza CP LLP and A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2016. 10.6** Limited Liability Company Agreement of AM&ST Associates, LLC, effective as of August 31, 2016, between A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. and Silver Towne, L.P. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2016. 10.7** Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 31, 2016, between SilverTowne, L.P. and AM&ST Associates, LLC. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2016. 10.8** Memorandum of Tax Sharing Agreement, dated as of June 23, 2011, between Spectrum Group International, Inc. and A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1; Registration No. 333-192260. 10.9** Tax Separation Agreement between Spectrum Group International, Inc. and A-Marl Precious Metals, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1; Registration Statement No. 333-192260. 10.10** Form of 2014 Stock Award and Incentive Plan of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 of the Registration Statement on Form S- 1; Registration No. 333-192260. 10.11** Air Cargo Lease between MCP CARGO, LLC as Landlord, and A-M Global Logistics, LLC as tenant, dated as of November 21, 2014. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2015. 10.12** First Amendment to Air Cargo Lease between MCP CARGO, LLC as Landlord, and A-M Global Logistics, LLC as tenant, dated as of August 28, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2015. 10.13** Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 14, 2017, by and between Goldline Acquisition Corp. and Goldline, LLC. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 18, 2017. 10.14** Amended and Restated Uncommitted Credit Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2019, by and among A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc., as Borrower, Cooperatieve Rabobank U.A. as Administrative Agent and Joint Lead Arranger/Bookrunner, Natixis as Syndication Agent and Joint Lead Arranger, and the Lenders named therein. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K dated February 28, 2019. 112 Table of Contents Regulation S-K Exhibit Table Item No. 10.15** Description of Exhibit Employment Agreement, executed August 1, 2019, between A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. and Thor Gjerdrum. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K dated August 1, 2019. 10.16** Employment Agreement, executed November 22, 2019, between A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. and Greg Roberts. Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K dated November 22, 2019. 10.17** 10.18** 10.19** 10.20** 10.21** First Amendment to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Credit Agreement, dated as of January 13, 2020, by and among A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc., Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., New York Branch, as Administrative Agent, and the Lenders named therein. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K dated January 13, 2020. Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Credit Agreement with Cooperative Rabobank U.A., New York Branch as Administrative Agent and Joint Lead Arranger; Natixis, New York Branch as Syndication Agent and Joint Lead Arranger; and the Lenders named therein. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K dated March 23, 2020. Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Credit Agreement with Cooperative Rabobank U.A., New York Branch as Administrative Agent and Joint Lead Arranger; Natixis, New York Branch as Syndication Agent and Joint Lead Arranger; and the Lenders named therein. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2020. Increase Agreement, dated as of September 2, 2020, by and among A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc., Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., New York Branch, as Administrative Agent, and the Increasing Lenders named therein. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K dated September 2, 2020. Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 8, 2021, by and among A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc., the other stockholders of JM Bullion, Inc. signatory thereto, and Michael R. Wittmeyer, an individual, in his capacity as the Representative. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Report on Form 8-K filed on February 11, 2021 10.22** Underwriting Agreement, dated as of March 4, 2021, by and between A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. and D.A. Davidson & Co., as representative of the several underwriters named therein. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Report on Form 8-K filed on March 8, 2021. 10.23** Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Credit Agreement and Amendment to Security Agreement, dated March 26, 2021, by and among A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc., Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., New York Branch, as Administrative Agent, and the Lenders named therein. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K filed on March 30, 2021. 10.24** Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy, dated April 20, 2021. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 14, 2021. 10.25** Stock Ownership Guidelines for Directors, effective April 29, 2021. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 14, 2021. 10.26** Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement for Non-Employee Directors. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 14, 2021. 10.27** Form of Deferred Stock Units Agreement for Non-Employee Directors. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 14, 2021. 10.28** 10.29** Seventh Amendment to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Credit Agreement and Amendment to Security Agreement, dated July 7, 2021, by and among A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc., Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., New York Branch, as Administrative Agent, and the Lenders named therein. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Report on Form 8-K filed on July 20, 2021. Eighth Amendment to Amended and Restated Uncommitted Credit Agreement and Amendment to Security Agreement, dated July 16, 2021, by and among A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc., Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., New York Branch, as Administrative Agent, and the Lenders named therein. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K filed on July 20, 2021. 21* List of Subsidiaries of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. 113 Table of Contents Regulation S-K Exhibit Table Item No. 23.1* 31.1 * 31.2 * 32.1 * 32.2 * Description of Exhibit Consent of Grant Thornton LLP, independent registered public accounting firm. Certification Under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification Under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification Under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification Under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS * Inline XBRL Instance Document. 101.SCH * Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Schema Document. 101.CAL * Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF * Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB * Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 101.PRE * Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. 104 * Cover Page interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) * ** Filed herewith Previously filed 114 Table of Contents Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the SIGNATURES undersigned thereunto duly authorized. Date: September 13, 2021 Date: September 13, 2021 A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. By: /s/ Gregory N. Roberts Name: Gregory N. Roberts Title: Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. By: /s/ Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Name: Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Title: Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signatures Title(s) Date Chairman of the Board September 13, 2021 /s/ Jeffrey D. Benjamin Jeffrey D. Benjamin /s/ Gregory N. Roberts Gregory N. Roberts Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ Ellis Landau Ellis Landau /s/ Beverley Lepine Beverley Lepine /s/ John U. Moorhead John U. Moorhead /s/ Jess M. Ravich Jess M. Ravich /s/ Monique Sanchez Monique Sanchez /s/ Kendall Saville Kendall Saville /s/ Michael R. Wittmeyer Michael R. Wittmeyer Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 115 September 13, 2021 September 13, 2021 September 13, 2021 September 13, 2021 September 13, 2021 September 13, 2021 September 13, 2021 September 13, 2021 September 13, 2021 Active Direct and Indirect Subsidiaries of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. (100% owned except where indicated) Exhibit 21 Name of Subsidiary Collateral Finance Corporation A-Mark Trading AG Transcontinental Depository Services, LLC A-M Global Logistics, LLC AM&ST Associates, LLC Goldline, Inc. AM Capital Funding, LLC AM IP Assets, LLC AM Services, Inc. Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC JM Bullion, Inc. Gold Price Group, Inc. Silver.com, Inc. Goldline Metal Buying Corp Provident Metals Corp. CFC Alternative Investments, LLC Jurisdiction of Incorporation Delaware Austria Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware (50% owned) Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Exhibit 23.1 We have issued our reports dated September 13, 2021, with respect to the consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting included in the Annual Report of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2021. We consent to the incorporation by reference of said reports in the Registration Statements of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. on Form S-3 (File No. 333-249060, effective September 25, 2020) and on Form S-8 (File No. 333-238111, effective May 8, 2020). /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP Newport Beach, California September 13, 2021 I, Gregory N. Roberts, certify that: CERTIFICATION Exhibit 31.1 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) (b) (c) (d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) (b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: September 13, 2021 /s/ Gregory N. Roberts Name: Gregory N. Roberts Title: Chief Executive Officer I, Kathleen Simpson-Taylor, certify that: CERTIFICATION Exhibit 31.2 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) (b) (c) (d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) (b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: September 13, 2021 /s/ Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Name: Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Title: Chief Financial Officer CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc.'s (the “Company”) Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended June 30, 2021, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) (2) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company. Exhibit 32.1 Date: September 13, 2021 /s/ Gregory N. Roberts Name: Gregory N. Roberts Title: Chief Executive Officer The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document. CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc.'s (the “Company”) Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended June 30, 2021, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned Chief Accounting Officer of the Company, hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) (2) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company. Exhibit 32.2 Date: September 13, 2021 /s/ Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Name: Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Title: Chief Financial Officer The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document. 

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above