A-Mark Precious Metals
Annual Report 2023

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from ________ to ________ Commission File Number: 001-36347 A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State of Incorporation) 11-2464169 (IRS Employer I.D. No.) 2121 Rosecrans Ave. Suite 6300 El Segundo, CA 90245 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) (310) 587-1477 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act: Title of each class Common Stock, $0.01 par value Trading Symbol(s) AMRK Name of each exchange on which registered NASDAQ Global Select Market Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☑ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑ Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes. ☑ No. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such les). Yes. ☑ No. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☑ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ¨ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes. ☐ No. ☑ Aggregate market value of registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on December 31, 2022, based upon the closing price of Common Stock on such date as reported by NASDAQ Global Select Market, was approximately $622,270,086. Shares of common stock known to be beneficially owned by directors and executive officers of the Registrant subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are not included in the computation. No determination has been made that such persons are “affiliates” within the meaning of Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act. As of September 1, 2023, the registrant had 23,344,221 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share outstanding. 1 Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, scheduled to be held on November 15, 2023, are incorporated into Part III. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE 2 PART I PART II PART III PART IV Signatures A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K For the Year Ended June 30, 2023 TABLE OF CONTENTS Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 9C. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Description of Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities [Reserved] Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplemental Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services Item 15. Item 16. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary 3 Page 4 14 28 28 28 28 28 31 31 56 58 104 104 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 107 109 110 ITEM 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS Overview PART I A-Mark, also referred to (together with its subsidiaries) as "we", "us" and the "Company", is a fully integrated precious metals platform that offers an array of gold, silver, platinum, palladium, and copper bullion, numismatic coins, and related products to wholesale and retail customers via a portfolio of channels. The Company conducts its operations through three complementary segments: Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, Direct-to-Consumer, and Secured Lending. A-Mark believes it has one of the largest customer bases in each of its markets and provides one of the most comprehensive offerings of products and services in the precious metals trading industry. Our global customer base, spanning four continents, includes mints, manufacturers and fabricators, refiners, coin and bullion dealers, e-commerce retailers, banks and other financial institutions, commodity brokerage houses, industrial users of precious metals, investors, collectors, and retail customers. Specifically, A-Mark: • • • • • • • operates as a wholesaler of gold, silver, platinum, and palladium bullion and related products, including bars, wafers, grain, and coins; distributes gold and silver coins and bars from sovereign and private mints; sells to and purchases from the retail community; provides financing and other services relating to the purchase and sale of bullion and numismatics; offers secure storage for precious metal products; provides our customers a platform of turn-key logistics services; and provides a variety of custom fabricated gold and silver bullion and other specialty products through sovereign and private mint suppliers and its mint operations. A-Mark believes its businesses largely function independently of the price movement of the underlying commodities. However, factors such as global economic activity or uncertainty and inflationary trends, which affect market volatility, have the potential to impact demand, supply, volumes, and margins. History A-Mark was founded in 1965 and has grown into a significant participant in the bullion and coin market. A-Mark became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Spectrum Group International, Inc. ("SGI") in 2005. In March 2014, SGI distributed all of the shares of common stock of A-Mark to its stockholders, effecting a spinoff of A-Mark from SGI. As a result of this distribution, the Company became a publicly traded company independent from SGI. Over the years, A-Mark has been steadily expanding its products and services. In 1986, A-Mark became an authorized purchaser of gold and silver bullion coins struck by the United States Mint. Similar arrangements with other sovereign mints followed, so that by the early 1990s, A-Mark had (and continues to have) relationships with all major sovereign mints offering bullion coins and bars internationally. In 2005, the Company launched Collateral Finance Corporation ("CFC"), a wholly-owned subsidiary, for the purpose of making secured loans primarily collateralized by bullion and numismatic material. Since then, CFC has expanded the value of its aggregate loan portfolio and number of its customers and makes secured loans collateralized by graded sport cards and sports memorabilia. CFC has achieved its growth through both loan origination and acquisitions of loan portfolios from wholesale customers of A- Mark. The Company opened an overseas office in Vienna, Austria in 2009, for the purpose of marketing A-Mark's goods and services in the international markets. The office operates through A-Mark Trading AG ("AMTAG"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. In 2012, the Company formed Transcontinental Depository Services, LLC. ("TDS"), a wholly-owned subsidiary, for the purpose of providing customers with turn-key global storage solutions for their precious metal products. In July 2015, the Company launched its Las Vegas-based logistics fulfillment center, A-M Global Logistics, LLC. ("AMGL" or "Logistics"), a wholly-owned subsidiary, for the purpose of providing our customers a platform of complementary services, including packaging, shipping, handling, receiving, processing, and inventorying of precious metals, custom coins, and sports cards and sports memorabilia on a secure basis. 4 In August 2016, the Company formed a joint venture, AM&ST Associates, LLC. ("AMST"), with SilverTowne, L.P., an Indiana-based fabricator of silver bullion products, for the purpose of acquiring and operating SilverTowne, L.P.'s minting business unit ("Silver Towne Mint" or the "Mint"). Since the formation of AMST, the Company has invested in minting equipment and fabrication tools to expand output capabilities, increase production efficiencies and improve product quality, and has leveraged the Mint’s fabrication capabilities and coin die portfolio to expand our custom coin programs, as well as to introduce new custom products for individual customers. In April 2021, the Company purchased the 31% interest in AMST previously held by the joint venture partner and currently owns 100% of AMST. In August 2017, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of Goldline, LLC, a direct retailer of precious metals to the investor community, and now conducts those operations through its subsidiary Goldline, Inc. ("Goldline"). Goldline, LLC was formed in 1960 and became well-known to collectors and investors for its distribution of gold, silver, and platinum bullion coins and bars, in part, due to its television, radio, and internet marketing and customer service outreach. Since our acquisition, Goldline has expanded its product offerings and improved its delivery times. In August 2019, Goldline entered into a joint venture agreement with one of the Company's related parties to form Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC ("PMPP"), a 50% owned subsidiary, primarily for the purpose of purchasing precious metals from the partners' retail customers for resale back into the marketplace. PMPP commenced operations in fiscal 2020. In September 2014, the Company made an initial equity investment in JM Bullion, Inc. (“JMB”), and in October 2016, we made an additional investment in JMB, increasing our equity interest to approximately 20.5%. In March 2021, the Company acquired the 79.5% interest in JMB that we did not previously own. JMB is a leading e- commerce retailer providing access to a broad array of gold, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium products through its own websites. In April 2022, JMB commercially launched the CyberMetals online platform, where customers can purchase fractional ounces of digital gold, silver, platinum, and palladium in a range of denominations, with the option to convert their digital holdings to fabricated precious metals products via an integrated redemption flow with JMB. JMB operates eight separately branded, company-owned websites targeting specific niches within the precious metals retail market, including JMBullion.com, ProvidentMetals.com, Silver.com, CyberMetals.com, GoldPrice.org, SilverPrice.org, BGASC.com, and BullionMax.com. JMB had approximately 2.2 million total customers as of June 30, 2023, and approximately 456,600 active customers for the year ended June 30, 2023. In April 2021, CFC Alternative Investments, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of CFC, formed a joint venture with a third party known as Collectible Card Partners, LLC, which was established for the purpose of making commercial loans collateralized by graded sports cards and sports memorabilia. Through strategic relationships with its customers and suppliers and vertical integration across its markets, A-Mark seeks to grow its business volume, expand its presence in non-U.S. markets around the globe, and enlarge its offering of complementary products and services. A-Mark seeks to continue its expansion by building on its strengths and what it perceives to be its competitive advantages. These include: • • • • • • • • • • • • integrated operations that span trading, distribution, logistics, minting, storage, hedging, financing, and consignment products and services; an extensive and varied customer base that includes banks and other financial institutions, coin dealers, collectors, private investors, retail customers, investment advisors, industrial manufacturers, refiners, sovereign and private mints, and mines; the ability to cost effectively acquire and retain new retail customers, with approximately 456,600 active customers on the JMB platform and approximately 19,700 active Goldline customers; the ability to offer secured financing to customers; our expertise in e-commerce and marketing; secure storage and turn-key logistic services for precious metals products; long-standing relationships with the United States Mint and other sovereign mints, including a working relationship with the United States Mint of over 35 years; access to primary market makers, suppliers and refiners that, along with government mints, provide a dependable supply of precious metals and precious metal products; the ability to obtain more favorable pricing and financing terms due to our size; minting operations and partnerships which produce silver bullion and custom coins, allowing for a ready response to changing market demands; the ability to design and fabricate proprietary silver products for customers; the largest precious metals dealer network in North America; 5 • • • depository relationships in major financial centers around the world; our global trading systems, coupled with experienced traders who also effectively manage A-Mark's exposure to commodity price risk; and a strong management team, with over 100 years of collective industry experience. As part of our growth strategy, we are focused on: • • • • • • Continuing to grow our consumer facing brands—We fully own seven unique direct-to-consumer brands and have minority ownership interests in four additional consumer facing brands. Each of these brands has a differentiated market positioning and target customer demographic, which allows us to tailor our merchandising, pricing, and advertising strategies to maximize the growth and profitability of each brand. We plan to continue to invest in the Direct-to- Consumer segment, to facilitate both the acquisition of new customers and the retention of our existing customers. Cross-selling existing A-Mark products and services to JMB customers—As of June 30, 2023, JMB had approximately 2.2 million total customers and 456,600 active customers. We believe there are continued opportunities to offer new products and services provided by A-Mark to this customer base, including new, proprietary minted precious metals products, secure storage and logistics. Leveraging our minting capabilities to sell additional proprietary products—We have long-standing relationships with the United States Mint and other major international sovereign mints. We also own one mint, Silver Towne, and have a noncontrolling interest in another mint. We leverage our relationships with these mints to offer proprietary products to our wholesale and direct-to-consumer customers. The acquisition of JMB has provided us with a significantly larger direct-to-consumer customer base, allowing us to increase the number of proprietary products we design, source, and ultimately sell. Expanding our global footprint—We currently serve customers on four continents. Although the majority of our current sales are to customers located in the United States, we believe there is a meaningful opportunity to expand our capabilities in order to offer additional products and services to customers in Canada, Europe, and Asia. Leveraging technology to deliver new products and increased services to customers—We are dedicating significant time and resources to enhance our technology platform and capabilities across all aspects of our business and the addition of JMB is helping to enhance these efforts. We intend to develop new digital products that will allow customers to more easily buy, sell, and arrange for storage of physical metal products through a mobile interface. We also intend to continue to improve our customer interfaces to allow more seamless order processing, better cross-selling of products and services across our business units, to increase our new customer targeting and acquisition strategies, and to further improve our fulfillment and inventorying capabilities. Pursuing strategic investments and acquisitions—Since our initial investment in JMB in 2014, we have acquired Goldline, made minority investments in four additional consumer facing precious metals retailers, acquired the entire equity interest in JMB, acquired two new brands which we have fully integrated into JMB, acquired the entire equity interest in Silver Towne Mint and acquired a noncontrolling interest in a private mint. We intend to continue to evaluate new investment and acquisition opportunities that allow us to broaden our product offerings, allow us to better serve our existing customer base, enter new geographic regions and target new customer demographics. Business Segments The Company conducts its operations in three reportable segments: (i) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, (ii) Direct-to-Consumer, and (iii) Secured Lending. See Note 19 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for further information regarding our reportable segments. Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services A-Mark operates through several business units that comprise the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment, including Industrial, Coin and Bar, Trading and Finance, Storage, Logistics, and Mint. Industrial. Our Industrial unit sells gold, silver, platinum, and palladium to industrial and commercial users. Customers include coin fabricators such as mints and industrial manufacturers, encompassing electronics and component parts companies and refiners. Depending on the intended usage, the metals are either investment or industrial grade and are generally in the form of bars or grains. Coin and Bar. Our Coin and Bar unit deals in over 1,800 different products, including gold and silver coins from around the world and gold, silver, platinum and palladium bars and ingots in a variety of weights, shapes, and sizes. Our customers include coin and bullion dealers, banks and other financial institutions, commodity brokerage houses, manufacturers, investors, investment advisors, and collectors who qualify as “eligible commercial entities” and “eligible contract participants,” as those terms are defined in the Commodity Exchange Act. 6 We are an authorized distributor (and, in the case of the United States Mint, an authorized purchaser) of gold and silver coins for all of the major sovereign mints and various private mints. The sovereign mints include the United States Mint, the Australian (Perth) Mint, the Austrian Mint, the Royal Canadian Mint, the China Mint, Banco de Mexico, the South African Mint (Rand Refinery) and the Royal Mint (United Kingdom). We purchase and take delivery of coins from the mints for resale to coin dealers, financial institutions, and other qualified purchasers. Our distribution and purchase agreements with the mints are non-exclusive and may be terminated by the mints at any time, although in practice our relationships with the mints are long-standing, in some cases, as with the United States Mint, extending back for over 35 years. In some cases, we have developed exclusive products with sovereign and private mints for distribution through our dealer network. In our Industrial and Coin and Bar units, orders are taken telephonically and on an electronic trading platform that can be accessed by qualified wholesale customers at www.amark.com. Pricing is generally based on screen quotes for bullion transactions in the spot market, with two-day settlement, although special pricing and extended settlement terms are also available. Almost all customers in these units take physical delivery of the precious metal. Product is shipped upon receipt of payment, except where the purchase is financed under credit arrangements between A-Mark and the customer. We have relationships with precious metal depositories around the world to facilitate shipment of product from our inventory to these customers, in many cases for next day delivery. Product may either be shipped to the customer's location or delivered to a depository or other storage facility designated by the customer. The Company also periodically loans metals to customers on a short-term consignment basis and may charge interest fees based on the value of the metals loaned. Trading and Finance. Our Trading and Finance units engage in commodity hedging as well as borrowing and lending transactions in support of our Industrial and Coin and Bar units. The Trading unit hedges the commodity risk on A-Mark's inventory in order to protect A-Mark from market price fluctuations. A-Mark maintains relationships with major market-makers and multiple futures brokers in order to provide a variety of alternatives for its hedging needs. Our traders employ a combination of future and forward contracts to hedge our market exposure. Because it seeks to substantially hedge its market exposure, A-Mark believes that its business largely functions independently of the price movements of the underlying commodities. Through its hedging activities, A-Mark may also earn contango yields, in which futures price are higher than the current spot prices, or backwardation yields, in which futures prices are lower than the spot prices. A-Mark also offers precious metals price quotes in a number of foreign currencies. Our Finance unit engages in precious metals borrowing and lending transactions and other customized financial transactions with or on behalf of our customers and other counterparties. These arrangements range from simple hedging structures to complex inventory finance arrangements and forward purchase and sale structures, tailored to the needs of our customers. Storage. Our Transcontinental Depository Services, LLC ("TDS") subsidiary provides storage solutions for precious metals and numismatic coins for financial institutions, dealers, investors, and collectors worldwide. TDS contracts on behalf of our clients with independent secure storage facilities in the United States, Canada, Europe, Singapore, and Hong Kong, for either fully segregated or allocated storage. We assist our clients in developing appropriate storage options for their particular requirements, and we manage the operational aspects of the storage with the third-party facilities on our clients' behalf. TDS's marketing efforts are conducted both in conjunction with A-Mark's trading operations and independently, including through its dedicated website www.tdsvaults.com. Logistics. Our A-M Global Logistics, LLC ("Logistics") subsidiary, located in Las Vegas, Nevada, supports our Wholesale Sales business by providing a significant amount of the secured storage and shipping and delivery services that had historically been outsourced to third-party depositories in their various locations. By consolidating those operations into one central location under our control, we reduced our dependence on third-party service providers while enhancing quality control and reducing operating costs. Logistics also provides turn-key logistics services to our customers engaged in the retail business. We provide these customers inventory handling, packaging, storage, and drop-shipping services. AMTAG. Our A-Mark Trading AG ("AMTAG") subsidiary promotes the Company's products and services to international markets. Mint. Through its AMST subsidiary, the Company owns the minting operations of the Silver Towne Mint (or the "Mint"), providing greater product selection to our customers and greater pricing stability within the supply chain, as well as increased access to fabricated silver products during volatile market environments. A-Mark has leveraged Silver Towne Mint’s fabrication capabilities to introduce new custom products for individual customers. Although the Company and JMB are the Mint’s primary customers, the Mint also markets its products at www.silvertowne.com. In March 2023, the Mint achieved ISO 9000:2015 certification which allows all products produced by the Mint to be accepted into individual retirement accounts ("IRA"). 7 The Company operates its Direct-to-Consumer segment through its wholly-owned subsidiaries JM Bullion, Inc. (“JMB”) and Goldline, Inc. (“Goldline”). The Company’s Direct-to-Consumer segment expands the Company’s distribution capabilities with a retail distribution channel and diversifies the products and services offered to the Company’s retail customers by providing them access to the Company’s wider assortment of precious metal coins and bars, as well as TDS’s storage and asset protection services. Direct-to-Consumer JMB JMB, which became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company in March 2021, is a leading internet retailer of precious metal products that it sells through its proprietary websites. Products. JMB’s products consist primarily of coins, rounds, and bars. Coins are minted by a sovereign government, are legal currency and have a face value, although the face value is typically less than the value of their precious metal content. Rounds are coin-like objects with thematic designs minted by private mints, have no face value and are not legal currency, and their value is solely based upon their precious metal content. Bars are ingot-shaped precious metal objects that are usually produced by private mints. Like rounds, bars have no face value, are not legal currency and are valued based on their precious metal content. Coins, rounds, and bars are made from silver, gold, platinum, or palladium and in some cases copper. JMB occasionally sells jewelry products fashioned around coins or rounds as well. JMB offers nearly 5,000 different products, measured by stock keeping units or SKUs, on its websites during a fiscal year. This number can vary over time, particularly when demand is high. As a service to its customers, JMB makes available for sale on its websites protective accessories for precious metal products, including acrylic coin holders and capsules, coin tubes and silver bar tubes. JMB owns and operates six separately branded websites targeting specific segments within the precious metals market: JMBullion.com, ProvidentMetals.com, Silver.com, CyberMetals.com, BGASC.com, and BullionMax.com. JMB also owns two websites: GoldPrice.org and SilverPrice.org, which publish data on precious metal and cryptocurrency pricing and generate leads for its other websites. Through the CyberMetals online platform, customers can purchase and sell fractional shares of digital gold, silver, platinum, and palladium bars in a range of denominations. CyberMetals’ customers have the option to convert their digital holdings to fabricated precious metals products via an integrated redemption flow with JMB. These products may be designated for storage by the Company or shipped directly to the customer. Customers may order product on each of the JMBullion.com, ProvidentMetals.com and Silver.com websites. While each of these sites appeals to a different customer clientele and may from time to time have slightly different product offerings, all orders are processed in the same manner. Customers may place their orders online, or they may use the toll-free telephone number available on the websites to order through a customer representative. The SilverPrice.org and GoldPrice.org websites provide real time price information on silver, gold, and cryptocurrencies. Although customers cannot order product on these websites, the websites direct visitors to JMBullion.com for placing orders. JMB utilizes an internally developed search engine optimization, or SEO, strategy to drive traffic to its websites, particularly to JMBullion.com. JMB also pays for placement on the major search engines, including Google, Bing, Apple, and Yahoo!, employing internally developed strategies to reach a targeted audience and to optimize the cost effectiveness of paid for searches. JMB's Direct-to-Consumer Purchase Program. JMB also offers to purchase precious metal products through its websites. With this program, JMB provides collectors of precious metal products with a means to dispose of their holdings at transparent and competitive prices. Generally, JMB will indicate on its websites the products that it is interested in purchasing, and a collector seeking to sell such products may arrange the sale online. Alternatively, the collector may call a customer representative using the toll- free number on the website and arrange a sale by telephone. The Direct-to-Consumer Purchase Program is a source of inventory for JMB, which enables JMB to acquire product for resale at a discount to dealer prices. Logistics. The Company's main distribution facility in Las Vegas, Nevada, together with its ancillary facility in Dallas, Texas, handle the backend logistics for the Company's Direct-to-Consumer Purchase Program and the secured storage for CyberMetals' precious metals. Goldline Goldline, acquired by the Company in August 2017, is a direct retailer of precious metals to the investor community. Goldline markets its precious metal products on television, radio, podcasts, and the internet, as well as through customer service outreach, particularly to Goldline’s repeat customers. Online orders are taken on an electronic trading platform that can be accessed by qualified retail customers at www.goldline.com. 8 Goldline customers are required to enter into an account agreement that specifies the terms and conditions of purchase and explains the availability of certain programs and services offered by Goldline to its customers. Products. Goldline offers a variety of products from gold, silver, and platinum bullion in the form of bars and coins, as well as rare coins. Goldline's Direct-to-Consumer Purchase Program. Through Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC ("PMPP"), a joint venture between Goldline and one of the Company's related parties, Goldline acquires precious metals from its retail customers in order to diversify its supply of product offerings and provide discounted pricing to its affiliates. This program provides Goldline's customers with a means to monetize their holdings efficiently and at competitive prices. Intellectual Property. AM IP Assets, LLC ("AMIP"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Goldline, manages certain intellectual property of Goldline, including customer lists and a sales lead data base. Secured Lending The Company operates its Secured Lending segment through its wholly-owned subsidiary, CFC, which in turn owns AM Capital Funding, LLC (“AMCF”). CFC and AMCF have been operating since fiscal years 2005 and 2019, respectively. CFC Alternative Investments, LLC (“CAI”), a subsidiary of CFC, is a party to a joint venture known as Collectible Card Partners, LLC (“CCP”), which was formed for the purpose of making commercial loans collateralized by graded sports cards and sports memorabilia. CFC is a California licensed finance lender that originates and acquires commercial loans secured by bullion, numismatic coins, sports cards and sports memorabilia. CFC's customers include coin and precious metal dealers, investors, and collectors. As of June 30, 2023, the aggregate balance of CFC's secured loans was approximately $100.6 million which is comprised of approximately 32% of loans acquired from third-parties and approximately 68% of loans originated by CFC. AMCF is a special purpose entity whose sole activity consists of operating, owning, and financing precious metal inventory through the issuance of notes (the “AMCF Notes”). AMCF Notes are primarily payable from, and secured by, (i) precious metals obtained by AMCF, (ii) a portfolio of bullion loans collateralized by precious metals, which loans were originated by either CFC or acquired by CFC from third parties and conveyed by CFC to AMCF, and (iii) cash. The indenture governing the AMCF Notes requires AMCF to maintain a specified level of collateral. The indenture also provides that AMCF’s assets are not to be commingled with those of CFC or A-Mark (or any affiliate) and that AMCF is to maintain separate books and records. It is expected that AMCF will be liquidated shortly following the repayment of the AMCF Notes, which mature on December 15, 2023. General. The secured loans that CFC issues consist of on-demand loans and loans with a term of three months to 364 days, with a typical term of approximately six months. Repayment of the loans can be made at any time without penalty. Because the loans are of relatively short duration, CFC does not have significant exposure to interest rate fluctuations, even in a rising interest rate environment. Loans carried by CFC range in size up to approximately $14.0 million. All loans are fully secured by bullion, numismatic coins, graded sports memorabilia, or other eligible alternative investment assets. TDS, on behalf of CFC, takes physical custody of the coins or bullion collateralizing the loans. CFC requires loan-to-value ("LTV") ratios of between 50% and 85%. LTV ratio refers to the principal amount of the loan divided by the liquidation value of the collateral, as conservatively estimated by CFC for numismatic loans and based on daily spot market prices for bullion loans. The LTV ratio varies with the nature of the collateral, with CFC allowing, for example, a higher LTV ratio for bullion than for rare coins. If, because of fluctuations in the market price of the pledged collateral, the LTV ratio on a loan increases above a prescribed maximum ratio, typically 85%, CFC can make a margin call on the loan. If the borrower does not meet the margin call, either by wiring payment or supplying additional collateral, CFC is authorized to sell the collateral, which it does through its A-Mark affiliates. CFC has never experienced losses of principal on its loans. Origination Activity. CFC's origination activities are complementary to the Company’s coin and bullion businesses and afford our customers a convenient means of financing their inventory or collections. CFC also attempts to leverage the worldwide storage capabilities of its TDS affiliate by offering clients TDS’s asset protection services in connection with the loans. CFC’s marketing efforts for its origination activity are conducted both in conjunction with A-Mark's trading operations, particularly with respect to dealers, and independently, including though its dedicated website www.cfcgoldloans.com. Interest rates on loans originated by CFC are determined based on current market conditions, borrower profile and type or mix of collateral. CFC also offers a variety of custom loan services to its origination clients, including renewal options, options to increase loan size, financing arrangements tailored to facilitate participation in numismatic auctions, and revolving loan arrangements. CFC services the loans that it originates. 9 Acquisition Activity. CFC also acquires portfolios of loans secured by bullion and numismatics coins from third-party originators. The loans acquired by CFC are sold subject to customary representations and warranties for loan portfolios of this type and must comply with CFC’s criteria for quality of collateral, LTV ratio, term and interest rate. Upon acquisition of a loan portfolio, CFC takes physical possession of the collateral securing the loans. In the event that a loan is non-performing, we will typically liquidate the collateral on behalf of the originator in order to retire the loan. Typically, loan portfolios acquired by CFC are serviced by the originator for a fee. Financing Activity. CFC has historically financed its loan origination and acquisition activity primarily through A-Mark's demand line of credit with a syndicate of several financial institutions. The AMCF Notes, which mature on December 15, 2023, have provided an additional source of funding for CFC's loan originations and acquisitions of loan portfolios from third parties. Liquidity Our business depends substantially on our ability to obtain financing for our operations. Sources of cash generated from operating activities include receipts upon the sales of precious metals, and cash collected from interest payments on secured loans. Sources of cash provided by financing activities are our uncommitted line of credit, fixed interest rate notes, and other structured financing products. The Company’s line of credit provides it with the liquidity to buy and sell billions of dollars of precious metals annually, and is used to fund a substantial portion of the operations of the Company. As of June 30, 2023, A-Mark's uncommitted line of credit provided access up to $350.0 million. The maturity date of the credit facility is December 21, 2024. The Company issued fixed rate notes in September 2018 with an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million, having a maturity of December 15, 2023. The proceeds upon issuance of the AMCF Notes were used to fund the acquisition of CFC's secured loans and other operating activities. The Company also generates funds from other finance products that include product financing arrangements with customers, whereby the Company sells its inventory with an option to repurchase, and through precious metal borrowing and leasing arrangements with its suppliers. The Company is in discussions with its Trading Credit Facility lenders to refinance the AMCF Notes under this facility. If the Company is unable to refinance the AMCF Notes through the Trading Credit Facility or other alternative financing, the Company intends to generate funds to repay the AMCF Notes through the sale of inventory and/or product financing arrangements, which will reduce the Company's liquidity. We periodically purchase our own common stock that is traded on public markets as part of our announced stock repurchase program. See more information regarding our share repurchase program in Part II, Item 5 of this Annual Report. Market Making Activity We act as a principal market maker, maintaining a two-way market for buying and selling precious metals. This means we both sell product to and purchase product from our customers. Material Resources We maintain a substantial inventory of bullion and coins in order to provide our customers with selection and prompt delivery. We acquire product for our inventory in the course of our trading activities with our customers, directly from government and private mints, mines, and refiners, and from commodities brokers and dealers, privately and in transactions on established commodity exchanges. A-Mark’s precious metals inventories are subject to market value changes created by change in the underlying commodity price, as well as supply and demand of the individual products the Company trades. Our inventory is marked-to-market daily for accounting and financial reporting purposes, except for a relatively insignificant amount of inventory that is accounted for at lower of cost or net realizable value. A-Mark’s policy is to remain substantially hedged as to its inventory position and its individual sale and purchase commitments. A-Mark seeks to minimize the effect of price changes of the underlying commodity through the use of financial derivative instruments, such as forward and futures contracts. 10 Sales and Marketing We market our products and services to our wholesale customers primarily through our offices in El Segundo, California, and Vienna, Austria, our websites, and our dealer network, which we believe is the largest of its kind in North America. The dealer network consists of approximately 1,000 independent precious metal and coin companies, with whom we transact on a non-exclusive basis. The arrangements with the dealers vary, but generally the dealers acquire product from us for resale to their customers. In some instances, we deliver bullion to the dealers on a consignment basis. We also participate from time to time in trade shows and conventions, at which we promote our products and services. As a vertically integrated precious metals company, a key element of our marketing strategy is being able to cross-sell our products and services to customers within our various business units. JMB markets its products over the internet through its proprietary websites, using an internally developed search optimization strategy and paid placements with major search engines. Goldline reaches its retail customer base on television, radio, and the internet, as well as through customer service outreach. Consistent with the marketing strategy for our wholesale customers, we market our secured loan products and services to customers primarily through our dealer network and by participating in trade shows and conventions. Operational Support The Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment maintains administrative and operational support related to its trading, hedging, and finance product operations at its headquarters in El Segundo, California. We believe that our existing administrative and operational support infrastructure has the capacity to scale with our business activities. We store our inventories of bullion and numismatics at third-party depositories in major financial centers around the world and at our secured facility in Las Vegas, Nevada. The Direct-to-Consumer segment maintains administrative and operational support at its office in Dallas, Texas and Los Angeles, California, for originating and processing its retail orders. The Company's Trading, Finance, and Logistics business units provide supporting services such as hedging and order fulfillment. The Secured Lending segment maintains administrative support at its headquarters in El Segundo, California for the processing of its originated loans, including billing, managing margin calls, and tracking of precious metal collateral. For the processing and administration of loans that are acquired from a third party (which may be a customer of A-Mark), customer invoices are typically processed by the originating dealer of the loan portfolio through a fee-based servicing arrangement. Collateral custody and security is managed by our Logistics business unit. Customer Concentrations For the year ended June 30, 2023, we had one customer that comprised more than 10% of our revenues. See Note 18 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company's largest customers generally are engaged with us in significant forward contract sales activity (as opposed to those customers with whom we principally have physical trading activity), which are entered into in order to hedge the Company's commodity holding risks, and not for speculative purposes. Competition A-Mark's activities cover a broad spectrum of the precious metals industry, with a concentration on the physical market. We service public, industrial, and private sector consumers of precious metals which include industrial manufacturers, refiners, minting facilities, banks, brokerage houses, and private investors. We frequently face different competitors in each area, and it is not uncommon for a customer and/or a supplier in one market segment to be a competitor in another. Our Direct-to-Consumer segment competes with numerous online and other retailers of direct-to-consumer precious metal products. The principal competitors of JMB include APMEX, SD Bullion, and Bullion Exchanges. Competition is based primarily on price and customer service, including the ability to offer same day shipping. To a lesser extent, competition is also based on product availability, although all major ecommerce retailers will typically stock the products that are most in demand. Our Secured Lending segment's market is believed to have limited direct competition. We believe factors, including access to capital, secure storage facilities, bullion and numismatic expertise, and other related services and offerings, provide us a competitive advantage in that marketplace. Seasonality and Other Factors Influencing Demand Our business is generally not seasonal, although demand in the retail market tends to be lower in the summer months. On the other hand, we believe our business is directly impacted by the perception of market trends and global economic activity. Historically, higher levels of demand for precious metals are brought on during periods of macroeconomic uncertainty. Typically, factors that impact such uncertainty and correlate with a higher level of demand for precious metals include volatility in the equity markets, increases in rates of inflation, and devaluation of the U.S. dollar. 11 Compliance with Government Regulations We are subject to a variety of domestic and foreign laws that relate particularly to our business. Because of the nature and value of the precious metal products in which deal, we must be careful to assure compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and a variety of anti-money laundering and know-your-customer rules in response to the USA Patriot Act, and similar foreign statutory regimes. By reason of our direct-to-consumer business in particular, we collect personal data and are subject to European General Data Protection Regulation, the California Consumer Privacy Act and similar domestic and foreign statutes that address the collection, use and monitoring of such data. We continue to devote substantial resources to comply with these laws and regulations. Our CFC financing subsidiary operates under a California Finance Lenders License issued by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation. CFC is required to submit a finance lender law annual report to the state which summarizes certain loan portfolio and financial information regarding CFC, which are subject to audit. Human Capital The efforts and expertise of our team members are critical to our success. We are devoted to the attraction, development, and retention of our employees, which enable us to deliver a high level of service to our customers. Because we have a small number of employees, and certain of our subsidiaries are geographically dispersed as a result of various acquisitions as well as from internal growth, our focus is on maintaining a relationship-based and collaborative work environment within each of our geographical locations. For the most part, these operating businesses are authorized to establish specific policies and practices concerning the attraction and retention of person in their organizations, addressing, among other things: maintaining a safe work environment for employees, customers and other business partners, offering competitive compensation and benefits to employees, and hiring practices intended to identify qualified candidates and promote diversity and inclusion in the workforce. At the same time, we recognize the importance of “Tone at the Top”, and we have adopted company-wide corporate governance policies and procedures which emphasize accountability, transparency, fairness, and responsibility. A-Mark’s senior management is responsible for establishing and monitoring A-Mark’s corporate governance practices, including monitoring governance efforts at each location, and participating in the resolution of governance-related issues as needed. A-Mark’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics emphasizes, among other things, the commitment to ethics and compliance with the law and provides basic standards for ethical and legal behavior of all its employees. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had 429 employees, with 427 located in North America, and 2 located in Europe; all except 16 of these employees were considered full-time employees. Our overall employee retention rate for the year ended June 30, 2023 was 74%; excluding the Mint and Logistics operations, which hire largely in response to fluctuating business demands, our retention rate was 90%. For the companies we have owned for more than five years, the percentage of employees who have more than five years of service was 29%. For the companies we have owned and operated for less than five years, the percentage of employees who have continued their employment since the respective acquisition dates was 37%. A-Mark is committed to supporting our employees’ financial, mental, and physical well-being. Across our various companies, we offer competitive pay and benefits, including annual short-term incentive awards and long-term equity awards, an employee savings 401(k) plan and company matching contributions, health insurance, disability insurance, life insurance, health savings and flexible spending accounts, wellness incentives, paid time off, family leave, parental leave, and employee assistance programs. A-Mark provides equal employment opportunities to all qualified individuals without regard to race, color, religion, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, pregnancy, age, national origin, physical or mental disability, military or veteran status, genetic information, or any other protected classification. Equal employment opportunity includes, but is not limited to, hiring, training, promotion, demotion, transfer, leaves of absence, and termination. The diversity of our workforce is essential, and we are committed to diversity and inclusion throughout the Company to ensure a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and skills to provide better solutions, drive innovation and creativity, and enhance decision making. As of June 30, 2023, approximately 35% of our employees identified as female, and 42% of our employees were made up of underrepresented minorities. Corporate Information Our executive offices are located at 2121 Rosecrans Avenue, Suite 6300, El Segundo CA 90245. Our telephone number is (310) 587-1477, and our website is www.amark.com. Through this website, we make available, free of charge, all of our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), including those under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act"). Such reports are made available on the same day that they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. In addition, copies of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Employees, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Senior Financial and Other Officers, and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Directors are available through our website, along with other information regarding our corporate governance policies. 12 Geographic Information See Note 19 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for information about Company's geographic operations. 13 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Risks Relating to Market Trends and Global Events The demand for our products and our profitability ultimately depends on preferences and perceptions regarding the desirability of owning precious metals, but those preferences and perceptions are subject to change. While the Company operates at both the wholesale and direct-to-consumer levels, the demand for our products is dependent upon the perceptions and preferences in the global market regarding the ownership of precious metals and numismatics. These perceptions and preferences depend on a variety of factors, including world events (as discussed more fully below), business and economic conditions, inflationary and other currency related trends and alternative investment opportunities. All such factors may change over time and as a consequence the results of our operations, profitability and stock price may vary over both the short and the long term. In recent times, our profitability has risen to historically unprecedented levels, but may in the future revert to more normalized levels. Global and macroeconomic events have had an overall positive effect on the demand for our products and ancillary services, the margins that we are able to realize on our products and services and our overall profitability. Our stock price has responded favorably to these unprecedented circumstances as well. While it is not possible to predict with any accuracy future market trends, our business may revert at some point to levels more closely in line with industry activity prior to such events, particularly in the direct- to-consumer business of the Company. If that were to occur our profitability and the price of our stock could return to more normalized levels as well. We regularly seek to innovate and to anticipate market changes, but there is no assurance that we will be successful in doing so. We are alert to the special sensitivity of our business to economic, social and political trends and events, and we attempt to project their effects on our business over the long term. For example, we have been placing increasing emphasis on our direct-to-consumer business, in anticipation that the economic uncertainties, market volatilities and global challenges that we face will continue to make investment in precious metals and numismatics more attractive to individual consumers. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be correct in our assessments of market trends or evolving business and consumer preferences, or that, even if our judgments are correct, our response to projected trends and preferences will be timely or effective. Moreover, because of the sensitivity of our business to macro-economic, social and political circumstances, there may be no effective strategy to insulate us from the adverse effects that these circumstances could have on our business. Risks Relating to our Operations Our business is heavily dependent on our credit facility. Our business depends substantially on our ability to obtain financing for our operations. On December 21, 2021, we entered into a new committed facility provided by a syndicate of financial institutions (the “Trading Credit Facility”), with a total current revolving commitment of up to $350.0 million and with a termination date of December 21, 2024. The Trading Credit Facility provides the Company with the liquidity to buy and sell billions of dollars of precious metals annually. A-Mark routinely uses funds drawn under the Trading Credit Facility to purchase metals from its suppliers and for operating cash flow purposes. Our CFC subsidiary also uses the funds drawn under the Trading Credit Facility to finance certain of its lending activities. The Trading Credit Facility requires us to comply with customary affirmative and negative covenants, and with a variety of financial covenants, including a minimum working capital requirement; a fixed charge coverage ratio; a ratio of total recourse debt to consolidated tangible net worth; and limitations on the amount of ownership-based financings (as defined). Upon the occurrence of an event of default under the Trading Credit Facility that was not cured or waived pursuant to the terms of the Trading Credit Facility, the lenders under the Trading Credit Facility could elect to declare all amounts outstanding under the Trading Credit Facility to be due and payable immediately. Further, lenders holding at least 66.67% of the revolving commitments under the Trading Credit Facility may require us to repay all outstanding indebtedness under the Trading Credit Facility at any time, even if we are in compliance with the financial and other covenants under the Trading Credit Facility. After such demand, each lender with a revolving loan commitment may, but is not obligated to, make revolving loans until the termination date of the Trading Credit Facility. If we are unable to access funds under the Trading Credit Facility, we may be limited in the manner in which we conduct our business, and we may be unable to engage in favorable business activities or finance future operations or capital needs. 14 We cannot assure you that our assets or cash flow would be sufficient to fully repay borrowings under our outstanding debt instruments, including the Trading Credit Facility, upon demand or acceleration, or at maturity, or that we would be able to refinance or restructure the payments under the Trading Credit Facility. Our failure to renew or replace the Trading Credit Facility under such circumstances would reduce the financing available to us and could limit our ability to conduct our business, including certain lending activity of our CFC subsidiary. There can be no assurance that we could procure replacement financing on commercially acceptable terms on a timely basis, or at all. We have pledged a significant portion of our assets as collateral under the Trading Credit Facility, and if we were unable to repay the amounts outstanding thereunder, the administrative agent under the Trading Credit Facility could proceed against the collateral granted to secure such indebtedness. We are subject to fluctuations in interest rates based on the variable interest terms of the Trading Credit Facility, and we may not be able to pass along to our customers and borrowers some or any part of an increase in the interest that we are required to pay under the Trading Credit Facility. Loans under our credit facility may bear interest based on SOFR, but experience with SOFR based loans is limited. Revolving loans under the Trading Credit Facility are at our option either Based Rate Loans that bear interest at a base rate plus a prescribed margin, or SOFR Loans that bear interest at rates selected by us based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (SOFR) plus prescribed margins. The use of SOFR based rates replaced rates based on the London interbank offered rate (LIBOR), and reflects the cessation of the publication of LIBOR rates previously announced by regulators in the United Kingdom and the discontinuation of the use of LIBOR in the financial markets. The use of SOFR based rates may result in interest rates and/or payments that are higher or lower than the rates and payments that we experienced under our prior Trading Credit Facility, where interest rates were based on LIBOR. Also, the use of SOFR based rates is relatively new, and there could be unanticipated difficulties or disruptions with the calculation and publication of SOFR based rates. In particular, if the agent under the Trading Credit Facility determines that SOFR Rates cannot be determined or the agent or the lenders determine that SOFR based rates do not adequately reflect the cost of funding the SOFR Loans, outstanding SOFR Loans will be converted into Base Rate Loans. This could result in increased borrowing costs for the Company. We could suffer losses with our financing operations. We engage in a variety of financing activities with our customers: • • • • • Receivables from our customers with whom we trade in precious metal products are effectively short-term, non-interest bearing extensions of credit that are, in certain cases, secured by the related products maintained in the Company’s possession or by a letter of credit issued on behalf of the customer. On average, these receivables are outstanding up to 10 days. We make advances to our customers on unrefined metals secured by materials received from the customer. These advances are limited to a portion of the materials received. The Company makes unsecured, short-term, non-interest bearing advances to wholesale metals dealers and government mints. The Company periodically extends short-term credit through the issuance of notes receivable to approved customers at interest rates determined on a customer- by-customer basis. The Company operates a financing business through CFC which makes secured loans at loan-to-value ratios—principal loan amount divided by the liquidation value, as conservatively estimated by management, of the collateral—of, in most cases, 50% to 85%. These loans are both variable and fixed interest rate loans, with some maturities on-demand and others from three to twelve months. Our ability to minimize losses on the credit that we extend to our customers depends on a variety of factors, including: • • • our loan underwriting and other credit policies and controls designed to assure repayment, which may prove inadequate to prevent losses; our ability to sell collateral upon customer defaults for amounts sufficient to offset credit losses, which can be affected by a number of factors outside of our control, including (i) changes in economic conditions, (ii) increases in market rates of interest and (iii) changes in the condition or value of the collateral; and the reserves we establish for loan losses, which may prove insufficient. 15 Liquidity constraints may limit our ability to grow our business. We will require adequate sources of liquidity to fund both our existing business and our strategy for expansion, evidenced by our acquisition of JMB and other acquisition activity. Currently, our main sources of liquidity are the cash that we generate from operations, our borrowing availability under the Trading Credit Facility, and the proceeds from the issuance of the AMCF Notes, which mature on December 15, 2023. There can be no assurance that our sources of liquidity will be adequate to support the growth that we are hoping to achieve or that additional sources of financing for this purpose, in the form of additional debt or equity financing, will be available to us, on satisfactory terms or at all. Also, the Trading Credit Facility contains, and any future debt financing is likely to contain, various financial and other restrictive covenants. The need to comply with these covenants may limit our ability to implement our growth initiatives. We may experience supply chain disruptions in our operations. As a result of various macro-economic factors, including in the past few years the COVID-19 pandemic, businesses in a variety of industries have experienced difficulty in obtaining the source materials required for their operations. We require coin and other bullion products, particularly products manufactured by government mints, for resale to our customers, and silver for the productions of bullion bars and rounds by our Silver Towne mint. We have multiple sources for obtaining the bullion products which we resell to our customers, and our relationships with major refiners have to date provided us with an adequate source of material for our minting operations. We also maintain a supply of metal in case we experience a shortage of raw materials for our Silver Towne mint. However, while we do not currently anticipate that our business will suffer as a consequence of the current problems in the national and global supply chains, we cannot assure you that this will continue to be the case. Our operations could be adversely impacted if we did not have an adequate source of supply for our Silver Towne mint, particularly if we expand our minting operations to meet increased demand, or if supply chain disruptions significantly interfered with our sources of coin and bullion for resale. If significant supply chain constraints were to occur, we might be required to cut back on our minting operations or we might be unable to timely satisfy customer requirements for coin and bullion products. This could lead to a loss of sales or could adversely impact our reputation. We are dependent on our key management personnel and our trading experts. Our strategic vision and performance are dependent on Gregory Roberts, our Chief Executive Officer, other members of our senior management and certain other key employees. We have an employment agreement with Mr. Roberts which expires in June 2027. We also have employment agreements with Thor Gjerdrum, our President, and Brian Aquilino, our Chief Operating Officer, which expire in June 2025, and Robert Pacelli, Chief Executive Officer and President of JMB, which expires in June 2026. These and other employees have expertise in the trading markets, e-commerce operations and digital marketing; have industry-wide reputations; and perform critical functions for our business. We cannot offer assurance that we will be able to negotiate acceptable terms for the renewal of the employment agreements or otherwise retain our key employees. Also, there is significant competition for skilled precious metals traders and other industry professionals. The loss of our current key officers and employees, without the ability to replace them, would have a materially adverse effect on our business. We rely extensively on computer systems to execute trades and process transactions, and we could suffer substantial damages if the operation of these systems were interrupted. We rely on our computer and communications hardware and software systems to execute a large volume of trading transactions each year. Our dependence on computer and communications technology increased with the acquisition of JMB, whose sales are conducted exclusively through the internet. It is therefore critical that we maintain uninterrupted operation of these systems, and we have invested considerable resources to protect our systems from physical compromise and security breaches and to maintain backup and redundancy. Nevertheless, our systems are subject to damage or interruption from power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, security breaches, including breaches of our transaction processing or other systems, catastrophic events such as fires, tornadoes and hurricanes, and usage errors by our employees. Breaches, damage or malfunctions affecting our systems may require significant investment for repair or replacement, and could interrupt our ability to provide quotations or trading services, or to conduct our e-commerce business. Also, if personal data were compromised, we could be subject to costly litigation. Risks Related to World Events Our business is influenced by political conditions and world events. The precious metals business is especially subject to global political conditions and world events. Precious metals are viewed by some as a secure financial investment in times of political upheaval or unrest, particularly in developing economies, which may drive up pricing. The volatility of the commodity prices for precious metals is also likely to increase in politically uncertain times. Conversely, during periods of relative international calm precious metal volatility is likely to decrease, along with demand, and the prices of precious metals may retreat. Because our business is dependent on the volatility and pricing of precious metals, we are likely to be influenced by world events more than businesses in other economic sectors. 16 Russia is continuing to engage in its military action against Ukraine. In response, the U.S. and certain other countries imposed significant sanctions and export controls, and could impose further sanctions and controls, against Russia, Belarus and certain individuals and entities connected to Russian or Belarusian political, business, and financial organizations. The conflict has also created uncertainty regarding, and potential shortages of, grain and fossil fuel supplies in Europe and elsewhere. It is not possible to predict the broader consequences of this conflict, which could materially adversely affect global trade, currency exchange rates, regional economies and the global economy, and its impact on us. We could benefit from the resulting uncertainty and instability, as it may encourage investors to seek perceived safety in the ownership of precious metals. On the other hand, we have a marketing support operation in Austria and have significant business in Germany and other parts of Europe that could be materially and adversely affected by the continuing or expanded military activity in that region. More generally, a depressing effect on the global economy as a consequence of the military action in Ukraine could similarly dampen our business activity and reduce the demand for our products and services. The Company has experienced outsized growth in its revenues and operating profits since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, but there can be no assurance that this level of performance will continue. The recent growth of the business of the Company generally, and the business of its JMB subsidiary in particular, may be attributed to the unprecedented uncertainties and volatility in the financial markets resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, its effects on the economy and the related government responses. Other contemporary events and circumstances, including political polarization, macroeconomic uncertainty, volatility in the financial markets and global instability, have also been contributing factors to the recent growth of the business of the Company. In this environment, consumers may have sought perceived financial safety in precious coins and metals. There can be no assurance that the recent growth in the precious metals business will continue in future periods. Consumer perceptions with respect to precious coins and metals could shift, these commodities may no longer be viewed as secure investments and the demand for the Company’s products could substantially decline. We cannot predict the performance of our business and operations if and when business conditions revert to more normalized levels. A decline in our future revenues and earnings would have adverse effects on our overall results of operations and could cause our stock price to decline. Moreover, because of the nature of the current business and financial environment, particularly in regards to the precious metal industry, it is difficult to create with any acceptable measure of precision customary financial projections and forecasts for our business over the next several years. This could adversely affect our ability to engage in financial and operational planning for the future. We have significant operations outside the United States. We derive a significant portion of our revenues from business outside the United States, including from customers in developing countries. Business operations outside the U.S. are subject to political, economic and other risks inherent in operating in foreign countries. These include risks of general applicability, such as the need to comply with multiple regulatory regimes; trade protection measures and import or export licensing requirements; and fluctuations in equity, revenues and profits due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Currently, we do not conduct substantial business with customers in developing countries. However, if our business in these areas of the world were to increase, we would also face risks that are particular to developing countries, including the difficulty of enforcing agreements, collecting receivables, protecting inventory and other assets through foreign legal systems, limitations on the repatriation of earnings, currency devaluation and manipulation of exchange rates, and high levels of inflation. We try to manage these risks by monitoring current and anticipated political, economic, legal and regulatory developments in the countries outside the United States in which we operate or have customers and adjusting operations as appropriate, but there can be no assurance that the measures we adopt will be successful in protecting the Company’s business interests. The current inflationary and high interest rate environment may adversely affect our costs and expenses and the demand for our products. The United States and other world economies are currently experiencing high interest rates and have recently experienced high levels of inflation, although this has eased in recent months. Certain investors, including customers of our Direct-to-Consumer segment, may regard precious metal products as a hedge against inflation and high interest rates, which could positively affect demand for our goods and services. However, inflation may also increase our expenses of operations, which because of the nature of our business we cannot generally pass along to our customers. Our Trading Credit Facility bears interest at a variable rate of interest, so that higher interest rates will also increase our cost of borrowing under that facility, and rising interest rates may also increase the costs under our product financing arrangements, and we may be unable to compensate for these increases through higher interest income received from our counterparties. Also, inflation, together with high interest rates, may reduce discretionary spending among consumers, thereby reducing product demand in the retail sector. 17 Risks Related to our Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Segment Our business is dependent on a concentrated customer base. One of A-Mark's key assets is the customer base of its Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment. This customer base provides deep distribution of product and makes A-Mark a desirable trading partner for precious metals product manufacturers, including sovereign mints seeking to distribute precious metals coinage or large refiners seeking to sell large volumes of physical precious metals. In any given quarter, our sales in this segment may be derived from a small number of significant customers. If our relationships with these customers deteriorated, or if we were to lose these customers, our business could be materially adversely affected. The loss of a government purchaser/distributorship arrangement could materially adversely affect our business. A-Mark’s business is heavily dependent on its purchaser/distributorship arrangements with various governmental mints. Our ability to offer numismatic coins and bars to our customers on a competitive basis is based on the ability to purchase products directly from a government source. The arrangements with the governmental mints may be discontinued by them at any time. The loss of an authorized purchaser/distributor relationship, including with the U.S. Mint, could have a material adverse effect on our business. We operate in a highly competitive industry. The business of buying and selling precious metals is global and highly competitive. The Company competes with precious metals firms and banks throughout North America, Europe and elsewhere in the world, some of whom have greater financial and other resources, and greater name recognition, than the Company. We believe that, as a full-service firm devoted exclusively to precious metals trading, we offer pricing, product availability, execution, financing alternatives and storage options that are attractive to our customers and allow us to compete effectively. We also believe that our purchaser/distributorship arrangements with various governmental mints give us a competitive advantage in our coin distribution business. However, given the global reach of the precious metals business, the absence of intellectual property protections and the availability of numerous, evolving platforms for trading in precious metals, we cannot assure you that A-Mark will be able to continue to compete successfully or that future developments in the industry will not create additional competitive challenges. The Company is subject to risks relating to its AMST operations. Our AMST subsidiary, which operates our Silver Towne Mint, depends on critical pieces of equipment which may be out of service occasionally for scheduled upgrades or maintenance or as a result of unanticipated failures or business interruptions. AMST’s facilities are subject to equipment failures and the risk of catastrophic loss due to unanticipated events such as fires, earthquakes, accidents or violent weather conditions. AMST has insurance to cover certain of the risks associated with equipment damage and resulting business interruption, but there are certain events that would not be covered by insurance, and there can be no assurance that insurance will continue to be available on acceptable terms. AMST's ability to continue to expand the scope of its services and customer base depends in part on its ability to increase the size of its skilled labor force. In the past, the demand for skilled personnel has been high and the supply limited. The inability to employ or retain skilled technical personnel could adversely affect AMST’s operating results. We have in the past engaged, and continue to engage, in transactions with Stack’s Bowers, an affiliate of the Company, which could be perceived as not being made at arms-length. Stack’s-Bowers Numismatics, LLC ("Stack's Bowers"), which is primarily engaged in the business of auctions of high-value and rare coins and in coin retailing, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Spectrum Group International, Inc. ("SGI"), our former parent and a related party. We have engaged in the past, and continue to engage, in transactions with Stack’s Bowers. These transactions include secured lending transactions in which Stack’s Bowers is the borrower, and other transactions involving the purchase and sale of rare coins, including with JMB. SGI and the Company have a common chief executive officer, and the chief executive officer and the general counsel of the Company are board members of SGI. In addition, a majority of the board of directors of the Company have an ownership interest in SGI that in the aggregate represents a controlling interest in SGI. All transactions between the Company and Stack’s Bowers are approved by our Audit Committee, and we believe that all such transactions are on terms no less favorable to the Company than would be obtained from an unaffiliated third-party. Nonetheless, these transactions could be perceived as being conflicted. The materials held by A-Mark are subject to loss, damage, theft or restriction on access. A-Mark has significant quantities of high-value precious metals at its Logistics facilities, at third-party depositories and in transit. There is a risk that part or all of the gold and other precious metals held by A-Mark, whether on its own behalf or on behalf of its customers, could be lost, damaged or stolen. In addition, access to A-Mark’s precious metals could be restricted by natural events (such as an earthquake) or human actions (such as a terrorist attack). Although we maintain insurance on terms and conditions that we consider appropriate, we may not have adequate sources of recovery if our precious metals inventory is lost, damaged, stolen or destroyed, and recovery may be limited. Among other things, our insurance policies exclude coverage in the event of loss as a result of terrorist attacks or civil unrest. 18 Our Logistics depository is subject to authorization by our lenders. Our lenders under our Trading Credit Facility have approved our Logistics facilities as an authorized depository. If that approval were to be withdrawn for any reason, we would no longer be able to keep inventory at that location, which would substantially limit our ability to conduct business from that facility. Risks Related to our Direct-to Consumer Segment Our Direct-to-Consumer businesses could be subject to accusations of improper sales practices. Through our JMB and Goldline subsidiaries, the Company sells precious metals and numismatics directly to the retail investor community. JMB markets its products over the internet. Goldline markets its precious metal products on television, radio, and over the internet, and through customer service outreach. Prior to its acquisition by the Company, Goldline had been accused of improper sales practices, and was the subject of a state enforcement action that was subsequently settled. Other retailers of precious metal products have similarly been the subject of accusations regarding their sales practices, including claims of misrepresentation, excessive product markups, pressured sales tactics and product switching. The Company believes that the sales practices of its Goldline subsidiary conform to applicable legal and ethical standards, and that there is no material basis for claims against Goldline in this regard. Nevertheless, given the nature of the retail precious metals business, the possibility that investors in precious metals may lose a substantial portion of their investment as a result of adverse market trends and the vulnerability of certain retail precious metal investors to economic loss, there can be no assurance that claims will not be made regarding business practices of Goldline or JMB or that, if made, such claims will not attract the attention of governmental and private sector consumer advocates. Were this to occur, the Company could suffer adverse publicity, be subject to governmental enforcements actions or be forced to modify the sales and marketing practices of its direct-to-consumer business. Our Direct-to-Consumer businesses operate in a highly competitive environment. JMB and Goldline face competition from other specialty online precious metal and coin sites, as well as from traditional precious metal retail brokers and coin stores. In addition, certain general online merchandisers such as eBay also offer collectible coins and bullion for sale, and other major online retailers, with financial and marketing resources, name recognition and a customer base that are far greater than those that are available to JMB and Goldline, may in the future enter this market. Competition is based upon the availability of coin and bullion product, price, delivery times, convenience and customer service. There can be no assurance that JMB and Goldline will be able to compete effectively with other retail sources and channels for precious coin and bullion, especially if the demand for these products were to contract from its current record high levels. We intend to continue to pursue selective acquisitions and investments to complement our organic growth, which may not be successful. As part of our Direct-to-Consumer operating strategy, we have sought, and in the future may seek, to supplement our organic growth through strategic acquisitions of and investments in other e-commerce retailers of coins and precious metals. We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition or investment candidates in the future. If we are unable to successfully execute on organic growth opportunities or complete acquisitions or investments in the future, or if we incur greater than anticipated costs to execute this strategy, our growth may be limited. To the extent that we grow through acquisitions or investments, we cannot ensure that we will be able to adequately or profitably manage this growth. JMB’s search engine optimization strategies have provided it with an important competitive advantage, but this may not continue. We believe that the internally developed search engine optimization (SEO) strategies of JMB provide its business with a competitive advantage in driving traffic to its sites over other e-commerce precious metal retailers and have been a significant factor in the growth of JMB. The challenges of efficient SEO programming are continually evolving, and other e-commerce retailers in the precious metal space are constantly working to improve their own SEO capabilities. If JMB does not continue to maintain its competitive edge in SEO technology, it could lose customers and market share to its competitors. JMB relies upon paid and unpaid internet search engines to rank its product offerings and drive traffic to its website, and its website traffic may suffer if its rankings decline or its relationship with these services deteriorates. JMB relies on paid and unpaid internet search engines to attract consumer interest in its product offerings. Search engine companies change their natural search engine algorithms periodically, and these changes may adversely affect JMB’s product offerings in paid and/or unpaid searches. JMB may also at times be subject to ranking penalties if the operators of search engines believe it is not in compliance with their guidelines. If JMB’s search engine rankings decline, and JMB is unable to timely regain its prior rankings, it may have to use more expensive marketing channels to sustain and grow its revenues, resulting in reduced profitability. 19 If JMB and Goldline do not respond effectively to technological and market changes, they will cease to be competitive with other channels that consumers may have for the purchase of precious coins and bullion. To remain competitive, JMB and Goldline must continue to enhance and improve the responsiveness, functionality and features of its online operations. The internet and the electronic commerce industry are characterized by rapid technological change, changes in user and customer requirements and preferences, frequent new product and service introductions embodying new technologies, and the emergence of new industry standards and practices. The evolving nature of the internet could render JMB’s existing technology and systems obsolete. Its continuing success will depend, in part, on its ability to: • • • develop, license or acquire leading technologies useful in its business; develop new features and technology that address the increasingly sophisticated preferences of its customers; and respond to technological advances and emerging industry and regulatory standards and practices in a cost-effective and timely manner. With the growth of e-commerce, the pace of change in product offerings and consumer tastes in the shipping and logistics industries is faster now than in years past. This accelerated pace of change increases uncertainty and places a greater burden on management to anticipate and respond to such changes. The increased pace of change also means that the window in which a technologically advanced or sophisticated product or service can achieve and maintain partner and consumer interest is shrinking and, to the extent JMB and Goldline fail to timely anticipate or respond to changes in its industry, the effects of such missteps may be amplified. Future advances in technology may not be beneficial to, or compatible with, JMB’s or Goldline’s businesses. Furthermore, JMB and Goldline may be unsuccessful in using new technologies effectively or adapting their technology and systems to user requirements or emerging industry standards on a timely basis. Their ability to remain technologically competitive may require substantial expenditures and lead time. If JMB or Goldline is unable to adapt in a timely manner and at reasonable cost to changing market conditions or user requirements, it will cease to be competitive with other channels for the purchase of precious coins and bullion. If JMB fails to continuously improve its websites (on all relevant platforms, including mobile), it may not attract or retain customers. JMB owns and operates six separately branded websites targeting specific segments within the precious metals market: JMBullion.com, ProvidentMetals.com, Silver.com, BGASC.com, CyberMetals.com, and BullionMax.com. JMB also owns two websites, GoldPrice.org and SilverPrice.org, which publish data on precious metal and cryptocurrency pricing and generate leads for its other websites. JMB must continually update its websites (on all relevant platforms, including mobile) to improve and enhance its content, accessibility, convenience and ease of use. Failure to do so may create a perception that the websites of JMB’s competitors are easier to use and navigate or that they are better able to service customer needs for precious metal coins and bullion. If such a perception were to gain currency, traffic to JMB’s websites and its revenues would suffer. Certain of JMB’s websites publish data concerning the precious metal and cryptocurrency markets obtained from third parties, which could be inaccurate. JMB’s GoldPrice.org and SilverPrice.org publish data on precious metal and cryptocurrency pricing which is obtained from third parties. While we believe that the sources of the published data are reliable, the data is not independently verified by JMB or us. If the data that JMB receives and publishes were inaccurate, and were relied upon by consumers visiting these websites, JMB could be exposed to liability and may suffer damage to its reputation. JMB and Goldline expect to profit on precious metals acquired from their customers, but that might not be the case. Through the Direct-to-Consumer Purchase Program, JMB and Goldline (through its affiliate, PMPP) offer to purchase precious coins and bullion owned by their customers. We believe that this program encourages the purchase of coins and bullion as an investment because it assures customers that their investment in the products offered by JMB and Goldline will be liquid and can be monetized if the customers have a need for cash. JMB and Goldline offer to purchase coins and bullion from their customers at prices designed to reflect current market valuations, but also allows JMB and Goldline to profit on the resale of the products. There can be no assurance, however, that JMB or Goldline will in fact be able to resell product that they purchase at a price that will justify the cost of purchase. In a declining market for precious metal products, JMB and Goldline could be burdened with substantial amounts of purchased inventory that they are unable to resell at an economic price, or at all. The suspension or discontinuance of the Direct-to-Consumer Purchase Program because of adverse market conditions could impair the perception among JMB's and Goldline's customers that precious coin and bullion is a safe and attractive investment. The Company’s joint venture, Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC, is subject to risks which may affect our ability to successfully profit from the joint venture. The Company owns a 50% joint venture interest in PMPP. PMPP purchases products primarily from end-user retail customers, which are then sold to the Company or affiliated companies. 20 The Company’s interest in PMPP is subject to the risks customarily associated with the conduct of joint ventures, including the risk of (i) failure to agree on strategic decisions requiring the approval of both parties, (ii) failure of the joint venture partner to meet its obligations, and (iii) disputes between the joint venturers or litigation regarding joint venture matters. Each of these risks could have a material adverse impact on the viability of PMPP, and its potential contributions to the Company’s future cash flows and earnings. In addition, PMPP is subject to the risks that it will be unable to sell the product that it acquires at economic prices or at all, as described above with respect to the Company's overall Direct-to-Consumer Purchase Program. Risks Related to our Secured Lending Segment CFC may in certain circumstances be required to repurchase loans that it has securitized. CFC has entered into a securitization financing whereby it has transferred, and may continue from time to time to transfer, to its AMCF subsidiary loans secured by precious metal coins or bullion. AMCF has issued 4.98% Class A Notes due 2023 and 5.98% Class B Notes due 2023 (collectively, the "AMCF Notes") which are secured by these loans and related assets. While the AMCF Notes are non-recourse to the Company or CFC, CFC is required to provide certain warranties concerning the loans and the security interest in the metals collateral securing the loans. In the event the warranties made with respect to any loan are breached and the breach materially and adversely affects the interests of the noteholders, CFC is required to either cure the breach or repurchase the loan within specified a timeframe. If CFC were to default on its repurchase obligations, this could materially adversely affect the business of CFC, and could adversely affect the Company’s future ability to access the credit markets. CFC and the Company have exposure to the performance of AMCF. Regulation RR of the SEC requires the sponsor of an asset-backed securitization transaction, or certain of its affiliates, to retain an economic interest in the transaction. In compliance with this rule, CFC retained the equity interest in AMCF, and the Company currently holds $5.0 million of Class B Notes, which are subordinated to the Class A Notes. In addition, CFC and the Company may, from time to time, also contribute cash or sell precious metals to AMCF in exchange for subordinated, deferred payment obligations from AMCF. If the performance of AMCF were to suffer such that AMCF were unable to service its AMCF Notes, CFC and the Company could lose part or all of their investments in AMCF. Although the Company expects to refinance the AMCF Notes, there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so. The AMCF Notes have a maturity date of December 15, 2023. The Company is in discussions with its Trading Credit Facility lenders to refinance the AMCF Notes under this facility, but the Company will require the consent of the lenders in order to do so, and additional lenders may need to be added to the facility for this purpose. There can be no assurance that the Company will receive the necessary consents or that additional lenders can be identified and joined to the facility. If the AMCF Notes cannot be refinanced using the Trading Credit Facility, the Company may be able to obtain alternative financing for this purpose, including by issuing replacement collateralized notes, although there can be no assurance that the Company would be successful in obtaining such alternative financing in a timely manner. Also, the interest rate on any replacement financing will likely be higher than the current rates of the AMCF Notes, making the financing for the Company’s operations more costly. If the Company were unable to refinance the AMCF Notes through the Trading Credit Facility or additional alternative financing, the Company will be likely required to generate funds to repay the AMCF Notes through the sale of inventory and/or product financing arrangements, reducing the Company's liquidity. Failure to repay the AMCF Notes when due may result in the exercise of remedies against the collateral for the AMCF Notes, and may cause the lenders to exercise their right of termination under the Trading Credit Facility. Under the terms of the servicing arrangements for the precious metals loan securitization, CFC may be required to liquidate the collateral securing securitized loans, even if this would impair relationships with its customers. CFC is the servicer for the loans transferred to AMCF in the securitization transaction. If, under certain circumstances, the equity levels of the obligors on particular loans falls below a specified level and those obligors fail to pay in additional equity, CFC is required to liquidate the metals collateral securing those loans within a specified time period. CFC does not have the flexibility to defer or refrain from the liquidation, even if CFC were to determine that it would be in its best interests to do so. This requirement could impair valuable relationships that the Company may otherwise have with its customers whose loans have been securitized. 21 Risks Relating to Commodities A-Mark’s business is heavily influenced by volatility in commodities prices. A primary driver of A-Mark’s profitability is volatility in commodities prices, which leads to wider bid and ask spreads. Among the factors that can impact the price of precious metals are supply and demand of precious metals; political, economic, and global financial events; movement of the U.S. dollar versus other currencies; and the activity of large speculators such as hedge funds. If commodity prices were to stagnate, there would likely be a reduction in trading activity, resulting in less demand for the services A-Mark provides, and spreads would likely decrease, which could materially adversely affect our profitability. The period to period changes in volatility may cause our revenues to fluctuate, as a consequence of which our results for any one period may not be indicative of the results to be expected for any future period. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Our business is exposed to the risk of changes in commodity prices, and our hedging activity to protect our inventory is subject to risks of default by our counterparties. A-Mark’s precious metals inventory is subject to market value changes created by changes in the underlying commodity price, as well as supply and demand of the individual products the Company trades. In addition, open sale and purchase commitments are subject to changes in value between the date the purchase or sale is fixed (the trade date) and the date metal is delivered or received (the settlement date). A-Mark seeks to minimize the effect of price changes of the underlying commodity through the use of financial derivative instruments, such as forward and futures contracts. A-Mark’s policy is to remain substantially hedged as to its inventory position and its individual sale and purchase commitments. A-Mark’s management monitors its hedged exposure daily. However, there can be no assurance that these hedging activities will be adequate to protect the Company against commodity price risks associated with A-Mark’s business activities. Furthermore, even if we are fully hedged as to any given position, there is the risk of default by our counterparties to the hedge. A default by a counterparty on a substantial hedge could have a material adverse effect on our business. Increased commodity pricing could limit the inventory that we are able to carry. We maintain a large and varied inventory of precious metal products, including bullion and coins, in order to support our trading activities and provide our customers with superior service. The amount of inventory that we are able to carry is constrained by the borrowing limitations and working capital covenants under the Trading Credit Facility. If commodity prices were to rise substantially, and we were unable to modify the terms of the Trading Credit Facility to compensate for the increase, the quantity of product that we could finance, and hence maintain in our inventory, would fall. This would likely have a material adverse effect on our operations. We rely on the efficient functioning of commodity exchanges around the world, and disruptions on these exchanges could adversely affect our business. The Company buys and sells precious metals contracts on commodity exchanges around the world, both in support of its customer operations and to hedge its inventory and transactional exposure against fluctuations in commodity prices. The Company’s ability to engage in these activities would be compromised if the exchanges on which the Company trades or any of their clearinghouses were to discontinue operations or to experience disruptions in trading, due to computer problems, unsettled markets, sanctions against commodity exporting countries or other factors. For example, if there were to be disruptions in the supply chain for gold, silver, platinum or palladium, our ability to buy and sell these metals on the commodity exchanges would be materially and adversely affected. The Company may also experience disruption and risk of loss if futures commission merchants or commodity brokers with whom the Company deals were to become insolvent or bankrupt. Our business is subject to the risk of fraud and counterfeiting. The precious metals (particularly bullion) business is exposed to the risk of loss as a result of “materials fraud” in its various forms. We seek to minimize our exposure to this type of fraud through a number of means, including third-party authentication and verification, reliance on our internal experts and the establishment of procedures designed to detect fraud. However, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in preventing or identifying this type of fraud, or in obtaining redress in the event such fraud is detected. Risk Related to our Regulatory Environment We are subject to laws and regulations. There are various federal, state, local and foreign laws, ordinances and regulations that affect our trading business. For example, because of the nature and value of the products in which deal, we are required to comply with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and a variety of anti-money laundering and know-your-customer rules in response to the USA Patriot Act. 22 The SEC has promulgated rules mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act regarding disclosure, on an annual basis, of the use of tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold, known as conflict minerals, in products manufactured by public companies. These rules require due diligence to determine whether such minerals originated from the Democratic Republic of Congo ("DRC") or an adjoining country and whether such minerals helped finance the armed conflict in the DRC. The Company has concluded that it is not currently subject to the conflict minerals rules because it is not a manufacturer of conflict minerals under the definitions set forth in the rules. Depending on developments in the Company’s business, it could become subject to the rules at some point in the future. In that event, there will be costs associated with complying with these disclosure requirements, including costs to determine the origin of gold used in our products. In addition, the implementation of these rules could adversely affect the sourcing, supply and pricing of gold used in our products. Also, we may face disqualification as a supplier for customers and reputational challenges if the due diligence procedures we implement do not enable us to verify the origins for the gold used in our products or to determine that the gold is conflict free. CFC operates under a California Finance Lenders License issued by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation. CFC is required to submit a finance lender law annual report to the state which summarizes certain loan portfolio and financial information regarding CFC. The Department of Financial Protection and Innovation may audit the books and records of CFC to determine whether CFC is in compliance with the terms of its lending license. The Company believes that its Direct-to-Consumer operations are generally conducted in a manner that does not implicate the jurisdiction of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ("CFTC"), as it does not sell products to retail customers for future delivery. The Commodity Exchange Act (the “CEA”) and the rules and regulations of the CFTC are drafted broadly, however, and practices that the Company does not regard as futures transactions may be regarded as such by the CFTC. During the first quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company and Goldline settled an action in which the CFTC alleged, among other things, that certain financing arrangements that were made available to customers constituted off-exchange retail commodity transactions. Although this matter was settled on terms satisfactory to the Company with no material financial impact, and Goldline has discontinued these particular arrangements and practices, there can be no assurance that the CFTC will not in the future accuse us of violating the CEA or the rules and regulations of the CFTC, or otherwise (along with other federal or state agencies) seek to assert oversight over aspects of our operations which could adversely affect us. There can be no assurance that the regulation of our trading and lending businesses will not increase or that compliance with the applicable regulations will not become more costly or require us to modify our business practices. For other risks related to government regulation, see “Risk Factors of General Applicability — We are subject to other laws and regulations,” below. Compliance with new data protection/privacy statutes could increase our costs and expose the Company to possible sanctions for violation. By reason of our Direct-to-Consumer business in particular, we collect personal data. In 2016, the European Union ("EU") adopted a comprehensive overhaul of its data protection regime from a national legislative approach to a single European Economic Area Privacy Regulation, the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which went into effect in May 2018. The EU data protection regime expands the scope of the EU data protection law to all foreign companies processing personal data of EU residents, imposes a strict data protection compliance regime with severe penalties of up to the greater of 4% of worldwide turnover or €20 million, and includes new rights such as the “portability” of personal data. Although the GDPR applies across the EU without a need for local implementing legislation, EU member states have the ability to interpret the GDPR opening clauses, which permit region-specific data protection legislation and have the potential to create inconsistencies on a country-by-country basis. Our Direct-to-Consumer business currently has limited international operations which would subject it to the GDPR. Our Wholesale Sales and Ancillary Services segment maintains an office in Vienna, Austria that provides marketing support services for its international (including EU) customers. We have evaluated GDPR and its requirements, and believe we are currently in compliance with GDPR in all material respects. Going forward, however, the expansion of our international operations could require us to change our business practices and may increase the costs and complexity of compliance. Also, a violation by the Company of this regulation could expose us to penalties and sanctions under the regulation. 23 In 2020, California passed amendments to the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) that took effect on January 1, 2023. This law provides California consumers with a high level of transparency and broad rights and choices with respect to their personal information. For example, the CCPA grants consumers privacy rights including the rights of data correction and data portability, the right to limit the Company’s use of a new subset of personal information called “sensitive personal information” that requires heightened protections, and the right to appeal the Company’s response to an individual’s exercise of these new or existing privacy rights. The “personal information” regulated by CCPA is broadly defined to include identification or association with a California consumer or household, including demographics, usage, transactions and inquiries, preferences, inferences drawn to create a profile about a consumer, government identification numbers, and education information. Compliance with CCPA requires the implementation of a series of operational measures such as: preparing data maps, inventory, or other records of all personal information pertaining to California residents, households and devices, as well as information sources, usage, storage, and sharing; maintaining and updating detailed disclosures in privacy policies; conducting risk assessments for the use of sensitive personal information; establishing mechanisms (including, at a minimum, a toll-free telephone number and an online channel) to respond to consumers’ data access, deletion, portability, and opt-out requests; and providing clear and conspicuous links on the home page of the business’ website, where applicable, allowing residents to limit or opt-out of certain data processing activities. CCPA prohibits businesses from discriminating against consumers who have opted out of the sale of their personal information, subject to narrow exceptions. Failure to comply with the CCPA can result in civil penalties up to $7,500 per violation or actual damages suffered by a consumer. Colorado, Virginia, and Connecticut also passed comprehensive privacy laws, modeled in part after the CCPA, that took effect in 2023. Eight other states have passed similar privacy laws that will take effect between 2023 and 2025, including Texas, Delaware, Oregon, Tennessee, Iowa, Indiana, Utah, and Montana. These U.S. privacy laws have some provisions and requirements similar to the CCPA. However, preparing to comply with the varying requirements of these laws has already subjected the Company to costs and legal fees and will subject the Company to additional costs and risks as they take effect. For example, these laws may limit the Company’s ability to use personal information for advertising purposes, may limit the ways in which the Company may use certain categories of personal information, may require the Company to obtain additional permissions from the consumer, and may require revision of the Company's contracts with service providers with whom the Company shares personal information in the course of providing its products and services. These laws may also limit the Company’s ability to process sensitive personal information, which includes financial data, account information, identification card numbers, social security numbers, and precise geolocation. The Company will have to update is policies, notices, procedures, and permissions in response to these new privacy laws. The Company may also have to update its advertising practices. Failure to comply with these privacy laws can result in civil penalties ranging from $2,500 to $20,000 per violation. In addition, the SEC recently changed its disclosure requirements regarding cybersecurity risk management, strategy, governance and incident reporting. These changes require companies to investigate all cybersecurity incidents without unreasonable delay, determine their level of materiality, and report specific details about any material cybersecurity incidents in a separate filing within four business days. These changes also require additional information in annual disclosures regarding the Company’s cybersecurity risk management and reporting processes, as well as the cybersecurity expertise of relevant Company personnel and third-party service providers or auditors. Nevada law requires operators of websites and online services to post a notice on their websites regarding their privacy practices. The law also requires operators of internet websites or online services to establish a designated request address through which a consumer may submit a verified request directing such operators not to make any sale of covered information collected about the consumer. The “covered information” regulated by the Nevada law is defined to include an enumerated list of items of personally identifiable information (including names, addresses, email addresses, phone numbers, social security numbers and identifiers that allow a specific person to be contacted). The changes introduced by these statutes, and other similar regulations enacted by other jurisdictions, will subject the Company to additional costs and complexity of compliance, by requiring, among other things, changes to the Company’s security systems, policies, procedures and practices. In addition, a violation by the Company of the new regulations could expose us to penalties and sanctions. One or more states or municipalities could assert that the Company is liable for sales and use, commerce, or similar type of taxes, which could adversely affect our business. We ship product to retail customers throughout the United States. In South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. et al ("Wayfair"), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states may charge tax on purchases made from out-of-state sellers, even if the seller does not have a physical presence in the taxing state. The effect of Wayfair was to uphold economic nexus principles in determining sales and use tax nexus. As a result of the decision, most states have adopted laws that require an out-of-state retailer to register and collect sales and use or other non-income type taxes upon meeting certain economic nexus standards regardless of whether the company has physical presence in the state. Although the Company believes it is complying with these requirements, our interpretation and application of the newly enacted legislation may differ from the states, which could result in the states' attempt to impose additional tax liabilities, including potential penalties and interest. Furthermore, the requirements by state or local governments on out-of-state sellers to collect sales and use taxes could deter futures sales, which could have an adverse impact on our business. For other risks related to taxation, see “Risk Factors of General Applicability — Changes in U.S. tax law could adversely affect our business,” below. 24 We use lead providers and marketing affiliates to assist us in obtaining new customers, and if lead providers or marketing affiliates do not comply with an increasing number of applicable laws and regulations, or if our ability to use such lead providers or marketing affiliates is otherwise impaired, it could adversely affect our business. We are dependent on third parties, referred to as lead providers (or lead generators) and marketing affiliates, as a source of new customers for our Direct-to-Consumer segment and new borrowers for our Secured Lending segment. Our marketing affiliates place our advertisements on their websites that direct potential customers to our websites. Generally, lead providers operate, and also work with their own marketing affiliates who operate, separate websites to attract prospective customers and then sell those “leads” to online traders and lenders. As a result, the success of our Direct-to-Consumer and Secured Lending businesses depends materially on the willingness and ability of lead providers or marketing affiliates to provide us customer leads at acceptable prices. If regulatory oversight of lead providers or marketing affiliates is increased, through the implementation of new laws or regulations or the interpretation of existing laws or regulations, our ability to use lead providers or marketing affiliates could be restricted or eliminated. For example, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB") has indicated its intention to examine compliance with federal laws and regulations by lead providers and to scrutinize the flow of non-public, private borrower information between lead providers and lead buyers, such as us. Over the past few years, several states have taken actions that have caused us to discontinue the use of lead providers in those states. While these discontinuations did not have a material adverse effect on us, other states may propose or enact similar restrictions on lead providers and potentially on marketing affiliates in the future, and if other states adopt similar restrictions, our ability to use lead providers or marketing affiliates in those states would also be interrupted. The failure by lead providers or marketing affiliates to comply with applicable laws or regulations, or any changes in laws or regulations applicable to lead providers or marketing affiliates or changes in the interpretation or implementation of such laws or regulations, could have an adverse effect on our business and could increase negative perceptions of our business and industry. Additionally, the use of lead providers and marketing affiliates could subject us to additional regulatory cost and expense. If our ability to use lead providers or marketing affiliates were to be impaired, our business could be materially adversely affected. Judicial decisions, CFPB rulemaking or amendments to the Federal Arbitration Act could render the arbitration agreements we use illegal or unenforceable. We include arbitration provisions in our loan and financing agreements. These provisions are designed to allow us to resolve any customer disputes through individual arbitration rather than in court and explicitly provide that all arbitrations will be conducted on an individual and not on a class basis. Thus, our arbitration agreements, if enforced, have the effect of shielding us from class action liability. Our arbitration agreements do not generally have any impact on regulatory enforcement proceedings. We take the position that the arbitration provisions in loan and financing agreements, including class action waivers, are valid and enforceable; however, the enforceability of arbitration provisions is often challenged in court. If those challenges are successful, our arbitration and class action waiver provisions could be unenforceable, which could subject us to additional litigation, including class action litigation. In addition, the U.S. Congress has considered legislation that would generally limit or prohibit mandatory arbitration agreements in consumer contracts and has enacted legislation with such a prohibition with respect to certain mortgage loan agreements and also certain consumer loan agreements to members of the military on active duty and their dependents. Further, the Dodd-Frank Act directed the CFPB to study consumer arbitration and authorized the CFPB to adopt rules limiting or prohibiting consumer arbitration, consistent with the results of its study. In July 2017, the CFPB issued a new rule on arbitration, which would have prohibited class action waivers in certain consumer financial services contracts. However, in November 2017, a joint resolution passed by Congress was signed disapproving the rule under the Congressional Review Act. Because the rule was disapproved, it cannot be reissued in substantially the same form, and the CFPB cannot issue a substantially similar rule unless the new rule is specifically authorized by a law enacted after the date of the joint resolution disapproving the original rule. Any judicial decisions, legislation or other rules or regulations that impair our ability to enter into and enforce consumer arbitration agreements and class action waivers could increase our exposure to class action litigation as well as litigation in plaintiff-friendly jurisdictions, which would be costly and could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our advertising and marketing materials and disclosures related to our Direct-to-Consumer and Secured Lending segments have been and continue to be subject to regulatory scrutiny. In the jurisdictions where our Direct-to-Consumer business operates, our advertising and marketing activities and disclosures are subject to regulation under various industry standards, borrower protection laws, and other applicable laws and regulations. Consistent with the lending industry as a whole, our advertising and marketing materials have come under increased scrutiny. There can be no guarantee that we will be able to continue advertising and marketing our business units in a manner we consider effective. Any inability to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business. 25 Risks Relating to Our Common Stock We may not continue to pay any dividends in the future. A-Mark’s board of directors has adopted a regular quarterly cash dividend policy of $0.20 per common share ($0.80 per share on an annual basis). The initial quarterly cash dividend under the policy was paid on October 24, 2022 to stockholders of record as of October 10, 2022. The most recent cash dividend under the policy was paid on July 28, 2023 to stockholders of record as of July 17, 2023. The declaration of regular cash dividends in the future is subject to the determination each quarter by the board of directors, based on a number of factors, including the Company’s financial performance, available cash resources, cash requirements and alternative uses of cash and applicable bank covenants. There can be no assurance that the Company will pay dividends in the future on a regular basis or otherwise. If the board of directors were to determine not to pay dividends in the future, stockholders would not receive any further return on an investment in our capital stock in the form of dividends and may obtain an economic benefit from the common stock only after an increase in its trading price and only by selling the common stock. In September 2021 and 2022, the Company paid non-recurring special cash dividends to our stockholders, as a consequence in part of the Company's favorable performance during the preceding periods. There is no assurance that any such non-recurring special dividend will be paid in the future, and if made, the timing or amount of any such dividend. See Note 20 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our dividends. Your percentage ownership in the Company could be diluted in the future. Your percentage ownership in A-Mark potentially could be diluted in the future because of additional common stock-based equity awards that we expect will be granted to our directors, officers and employees, including through our current equity incentive plan. In addition, we may issue equity in order to raise capital or in connection with future acquisitions and strategic investments, which could dilute your percentage ownership. For example, in the acquisition of JMB and our increased investments in Pinehurst Coin Exchange, Inc. and Silver Gold Bull, Inc., we issued stock to the selling shareholders in partial consideration for their interests. We also issued stock to the public to finance, in part, the acquisition of JMB. Provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws and of Delaware law may prevent or delay an acquisition of the Company, which could decrease the trading price of our common stock. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law contain certain anti-takeover provisions that could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third-party to acquire, or of discouraging a third-party from attempting to acquire, control of the Company without negotiating with our board of directors. Such provisions could limit the price that certain investors might be willing to pay in the future for the Company’s securities. Certain of such provisions allow the Company to issue preferred stock with rights senior to those of the common stock, impose various procedural and other requirements which could make it more difficult for stockholders to effect certain corporate actions and set forth rules regarding how stockholders may present proposals or nominate directors for election at stockholder meetings. We believe these provisions protect our stockholders from coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics by requiring potential acquirors to negotiate with our board of directors and by providing our board of directors with more time to assess any acquisition proposal. However, these provisions apply even if an acquisition offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders and could delay or prevent an acquisition that our board of directors determines is not in the best interests of our Company and our stockholders. Accordingly, in the event that our board determines that a potential business combination transaction is not in the best interests of our Company and our stockholders, but certain stockholders believe that such a transaction would be beneficial to the Company and its stockholders, such stockholders may elect to sell their shares in the Company and the trading price of our common stock could decrease. Our board and management beneficially own a sizable percentage of our common stock and therefore have the ability to exert substantial influence as stockholders. Members of our board and management beneficially own approximately 24% of our outstanding common stock. Acting together in their capacity as stockholders, the board members and management could exert substantial influence over matters on which a stockholder vote is required, such as the approval of business combination transactions. Also because of the size of their beneficial ownership, the board members and management may be in a position effectively to determine the outcome of the election of directors and the vote on stockholder proposals. The concentration of beneficial ownership in the hands of our board and management may therefore limit the ability of our public stockholders to influence the affairs of the Company. 26 Risk Factors of General Applicability If our customer data were breached, we could suffer damages and loss of reputation. We maintain significant amounts of customer data on our systems, and certain third-party providers have access to confidential data concerning the Company. A breach of customer data maintained by the Company or third-party providers could damage our reputation and result in costs, fines and lawsuits. Our procedures to protect against unauthorized access to secured data may be inadequate to safeguard against all data security breaches. The Company’s failure or inability to protect its intellectual property could harm its competitive position. The Company relies on a combination of patent, trade secret, copyright and trademark laws and contractual restrictions, such as confidentiality agreements and licenses, to protect its business, services, know-how and information. The Company’s patent, trademarks or service marks may be challenged or found to be unenforceable, and contractual arrangements to protect our intellectual property may be insufficient to prevent its misappropriation. If that were the case, the Company’s competitive position would suffer. Third parties may assert violations of their intellectual property rights against the Company. Third parties may currently have, or may be issued, patents upon which the technologies used by the Company infringe. The Company could incur significant costs to defend infringements claims, regardless of their validity, or could be required to develop non-infringing technology at considerable expense or be compelled to enter into expensive royalty or license agreements. For example, JMB was compelled to expend significant resources as a consequence of litigation in which it was accused of infringement prior to its acquisition by the Company. We are subject to other laws and regulations. In addition to matters discussed above, we are subject to various laws, and regulations, both domestic and foreign, as well as responsible business, social and environmental practices, which may change from time to time. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations or implement responsible business practices could subject us to damage to our reputation, lawsuits, criminal exposure, or increased cost of regulatory compliance. Changes in U.S. tax law could adversely affect our business. Changes to tax laws (which changes may have retroactive application) could adversely affect us or holders of our common stock. It cannot be predicted whether, when, in what form, or with what effective dates, new tax laws or regulations may be enacted under existing or new tax laws. This could result in an increase in our tax liability or require changes in our business in order to mitigate any adverse effects of changes in tax laws. Third-party expectations relating to Environment, Social and Governance (“ESG”) factors may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks. In recent years, there has been an increasing focus by stakeholders of public companies—including investors, employees, customers, suppliers, and governmental and non-governmental organizations—on ESG matters. A failure, whether real or perceived, to address ESG could adversely affect our business, including by heightening other risks that we face, such as those related to consumer behavior and consumer perceptions of us. We may also face pressure from stakeholders to provide disclosure and establish commitments, targets or goals, and take actions to meet them, regarding ESG. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors and other stakeholders or our initiatives are not executed as planned, our reputation, results of our operations and ability to grow our business may be negatively impacted. Additionally, new legislative or regulatory initiatives related to ESG could adversely affect our business. 27 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES As of June 30, 2023, the Company owned or leased properties as described below: Location General Use of Facility Wholesale Sales and Ancillary Services Segment (1) El Segundo, California Las Vegas, Nevada Winchester, Indiana Winchester, Indiana Carson City, Nevada Vienna, Austria Direct-to-Consumer Segment Los Angeles, California Dallas, Texas Dallas, Texas Irving, Texas (1) The Secured Lending segment shares office space at this facility. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Corporate headquarters, trading desk, secured lending, marketing, and back-office operations Storage and fulfillment logistics operations Minting operations Fabrication facility Die-cutting and engraving facility International marketing support operations Corporate office and support center Corporate office and support center Corporate office and support center Distribution hub Square Footage 9,000 17,600 11,400 17,000 2,000 248 11,468 3,093 10,586 24,640 Ownership Lease-term Expiration Leased Leased Owned Leased Leased Leased Leased Leased Leased Leased March-2026 April-2025 not applicable May-2024 June-2025 every three months January-2028 December-2024 November-2028 April-2031 We are from time to time involved in legal proceedings, claims, or investigations that are incidental to the conduct of our business. Although the ultimate outcome of any legal matter cannot be predicted with certainty, based on current information, including our assessment of the merits of the particular claim, we do not expect that these legal proceedings or claims will have any material adverse impact on our future consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES None. PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information A-Mark's shares of common stock are traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol "AMRK". As of September 1, 2023, there were 104 registered stockholders of record of our common stock. Stock Performance Graph Set forth below is a graph comparing the cumulative total stockholder return on shares of A-Mark common stock against the cumulative total return of (i) the Nasdaq Composite Index and (ii) a group of companies that are in lines of business reasonably comparable to A-Mark's businesses ("peer companies") for the five-year period from June 30, 2018 to June 30, 2023. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on June 30, 2018 in our common stock, in the Nasdaq Composite Index companies and in the peer group companies (on a market-capitalization-weighted basis), and that all dividends were reinvested in the same class of stock. 28 Below are the companies which comprise the peer group in the graph above, in the indicated lines of business: Alternative Brokerage Firms BGC Group, Inc. (BGC) IG Group Holdings plc (IGG.L) StoneX Group Inc. (SNEX) Swissquote Group Holding Ltd (SQN.SW) B. Riley Financial, Inc. (RILY) Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. (OPY) Alternative Financial Services Enova International, Inc. (ENVA) EZCORP, Inc. (EZPW) FirstCash Holdings, Inc. (FCFS) Regional Management Corp. (RM) World Acceptance Corporation (WRLD) GreenDot Corporation (GDOT) E-Commerce Carvana Co. (CVNA) Stitch Fix, Inc. (SFIX) The Lovesac Company (LOVE) Liquidity Services, Inc. (LQDT) Overstock.Com, Inc. (OSTK) PC Connection, Inc. (CNXN) Dividend Policy The Company's board of directors has adopted a regular quarterly cash dividend policy of $0.20 per common share ($0.80 per share on an annual basis). While we currently intend to continue paying quarterly dividends, any future determination will be subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent on a number of factors, including the Company’s financial performance, available cash resources, cash requirements and alternative uses of cash and applicable bank covenants. In fiscal 2022, the Company paid the following dividends: • • On August 30, 2021, the Company's board of directors declared a non-recurring special dividend of $1.00 per common share (as adjusted for the two-for-one split of A-Mark’s common stock in the form of a stock dividend) to stockholders of record at the close of business on September 20, 2021. The dividend was paid on September 24, 2021 and totaled $22.6 million. On April 28, 2022, the Company’s board of directors declared a two-for-one split of A-Mark’s common stock in the form of a stock dividend. Each stockholder of record at the close of business on May 23, 2022 received a dividend of one additional share of common stock for every share held on the record date that was distributed after the close of trading on June 6, 2022. This was a noncash transaction. In fiscal 2023, the Company paid the following dividends. • • On August 18, 2022, the Company's board of directors declared a non-recurring special dividend of $1.00 per common share to stockholders of record at the close of business on September 12, 2022. The dividend was paid on September 26, 2022 and totaled $23.4 million. On August 18, 2022, the Company's board of directors also declared the initial quarterly regular cash dividend under its dividend policy of $0.20 per common share to stockholders of record at the close of business on October 10, 2022. The dividend was paid on October 24, 2022 and totaled $4.7 million. 29 • • On January 4, 2023, the Company's board of directors declared a quarterly regular cash dividend of $0.20 per common share to stockholders of record at the close of business on January 16, 2023. The dividend totaling $4.7 million was paid on January 27, 2023. On April 5, 2023, our board of directors declared a regular dividend of $0.20 per share to shareholders of record at the close of business on April 17, 2023. The dividend totaling $4.7 million was paid on April 28, 2023. See Note 20 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our dividends. Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table provides information as of June 30, 2023, with respect to the shares of our common stock that may be issued under existing equity compensation plans. Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Plan category (a) Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and restricted stock units (b) Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and restricted stock units 1,539,217 — 1,539,217 $ $ (1) (1) 6.68 — 6.68 (c) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) 1,727,894 — 1,727,894 (2) (2) (1) (2) The weighted average exercise prices are calculated including the restricted stock units ("RSUs") as rights to acquire shares with an exercise price assumed to be zero. The weighted average exercise price of stock options for all outstanding stock options excluding RSUs was $7.11. Represents shares that are available for future issuance under the 2014 Plan. All of the 2014 Plan shares that are available for future issuance include the following award types: stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, restricted stock, and other "full-value" awards. Share Repurchase Program In April 2018, the Company's board of directors approved a share repurchase program which authorized the Company to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares (as adjusted for the two-for-one split of A-Mark’s common stock in the form of a stock dividend in fiscal 2022) of its common stock. The share repurchase program was initially announced on May 8, 2018. In fiscal 2023, we repurchased a total of 335,735 shares under the program for $9.8 million. Late in fiscal 2023, the board revised the repurchase program to authorize the purchase of up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock, in addition to the shares previously repurchased, and extended the expiration date of the program from June 30, 2023 to June 30, 2028. Prior to fiscal 2023, no shares had been repurchased under our share repurchase program. Under the share repurchase program, we may repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time at prevailing market prices, depending on market conditions, through open market or privately negotiated transactions. Subject to applicable corporate securities laws, repurchases may be made at such times and in amounts as management deems appropriate. We are not obligated to repurchase any shares under the program, and repurchases under the program may be discontinued if management determines that additional repurchases are not warranted. As of June 30, 2023, the maximum number of shares that may be repurchased under the share repurchase program authorized by the Board equaled 1,000,000 shares. The following table reflects activity related to equity securities we repurchased during the quarter ended June 30, 2023: Period 4/1/23 - 4/30/23 5/1/23 - 5/31/23 6/1/23 - 6/30/23 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs — — — — — — — — — — — — 664,265 1,000,000 1,000,000 Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities We did not sell any unregistered equity securities during the period covered by this Annual Report. 30 ITEM 6. [RESERVED] ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS CAUTIONARY STATEMENT PURSUANT TO THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995 This Annual Report on Form 10-K ("Form 10-K") contains statements that are considered forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements give the Company's current expectations and forecasts of future events. All statements other than statements of current or historical fact contained in this Annual Report, including statements regarding the Company's future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs and plans, and objectives of management for future operations, are forward- looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” and similar expressions, as they relate to the Company, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on the Company's current plans, estimates and beliefs, and the Company's actual future activities and results of operations may be materially different from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the statements made. Any or all of the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report may turn out to be inaccurate. The Company has based these forward-looking statements largely on its current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that it believes may affect its financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, and financial needs. The forward-looking statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions or by known or unknown risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly revise these forward-looking statements to reflect events occurring after the date hereof. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to the Company or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained in this Form 10-K. In addition to the risks and uncertainties that may ordinarily influence our business, continued macroeconomic uncertainty and volatility in the financial markets have contributed to an increase in the business conducted by the Company, but also pose certain risks and uncertainties for the Company. The Company does not know how long these conditions will continue, the extent to which the effects that the Company has experienced from these conditions will persist, or whether other effects on the Company and its businesses will materialize in the short or long term. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes contained elsewhere in this Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those factors discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report, particularly in “Risk Factors.” INTRODUCTION Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is provided as a supplement to the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes to aid in the understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. We have omitted discussion of our fiscal year 2021 results where it would be redundant to the discussion previously included in Item 7 of our fiscal year 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our discussion is organized as follows: • • Executive overview. This section provides a general description of our business, as well as significant transactions and events that we believe are important in understanding the results of operations. Results of operations. This section provides an analysis of our results of operations presented in the accompanying consolidated statements of income by comparing the results for the respective periods presented. Included in our analysis is a discussion of seven performance metrics: o o o o o (i) ounces of gold and silver sold, (ii) Wholesale Sales ticket volume, (iii) Direct-to-Consumer ticket volume: • • • (a) Direct-to-Consumer ticket volume from new customers, (b) Direct-to-Consumer ticket volume from pre-existing customers, (c) Direct-to-Consumer total ticket volume, (iv) Direct-to-Consumer and JMB average order value, (v) number of Direct-to-Consumer customers: 31 • • • (a) Direct-to-Consumer number of new customers, (b) Direct-to-Consumer number of active customers, (c) Direct-to-Consumer total customers, o o (vi) inventory turnover ratio, and (vii) number of secured loans at period-end. • Segment results of operations. This section provides an analysis of our results of operations presented for our three segments: o o o Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, Direct-to-Consumer, and Secured Lending for the comparable periods. • • • • Non-GAAP Measures. This section provides an analysis of our non-GAAP measures with a reconciliation to the most directly comparable U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”) measure reported on the consolidated financial statements. The Company uses the following two non-GAAP measures: o o "adjusted net income before provision for income taxes", and "earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization", or "EBITDA". Liquidity and financial condition. This section provides an analysis of our cash flows, as well as a discussion of our outstanding debt as of June 30, 2023, sources of liquidity and the amount of financial capacity available to fund our future commitments and other financing arrangements. Critical accounting policies. This section discusses critical accounting policies that are considered both important to our financial condition and results of operations and require management to make significant judgment and estimates. All of our significant accounting policies, including the critical accounting policies, are also summarized in Note 2 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Recent accounting pronouncements. This section discusses new accounting pronouncements, dates of implementation, and their expected impact on our accompanying consolidated financial statements. EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW Our Business We conduct our operations in three reportable segments: (i) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, (ii) Direct-to-Consumer, and (iii) Secured Lending. Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Segment The Company operates its Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment directly and through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, A-Mark Trading AG (“AMTAG”), Transcontinental Depository Services, LLC ("TDS" or “Storage”), A-M Global Logistics, LLC (“AMGL” or "Logistics"), and AM&ST Associates, LLC ("AMST" or the “Silver Towne Mint"). The Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment operates as a full-service precious metals company. We offer gold, silver, platinum, and palladium in the form of bars, plates, powder, wafers, grain, ingots, and coins. Our Industrial unit services manufacturers and fabricators of products utilizing or incorporating precious metals. Our Coin and Bar unit deals in over 1,800 coin and bar products in a variety of weights, shapes, and sizes for distribution to dealers and other qualified purchasers. We have a marketing support office in Vienna, Austria, and a trading center in El Segundo, California. The trading center, for buying and selling precious metals, is available to receive orders 24 hours every day, even when many major world commodity markets are closed. In addition to Wholesale Sales activity, A-Mark offers its customers a variety of ancillary services, including financing, storage, consignment, logistics, and various customized financial programs. As a U.S. Mint-authorized purchaser of gold, silver, platinum, and palladium coins, A-Mark purchases product directly from the U.S. Mint, and it also purchases product from other sovereign mints, for sale to its customers. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary AMTAG, the Company promotes its products and services to the international market. Through our wholly-owned subsidiary TDS, we offer a variety of managed storage options for precious metals products to financial institutions, dealers, investors, and collectors around the world. 32 The Company's wholly-owned subsidiary AMGL is based in Las Vegas, Nevada, and provides our customers an array of complementary services, including receiving, handling, inventorying, processing, packing, and shipping of precious metals and custom coins on a secure basis. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary AMST, the Company designs and produces minted silver products. Our Silver Towne Mint operations allow us to provide greater product selection to our customers and greater pricing stability within the supply chain, as well as to gain increased access to silver during volatile market environments, which have historically created higher demand for precious metals products. Direct-to-Consumer The Company operates its Direct-to-Consumer segment through its wholly-owned subsidiaries JM Bullion, Inc. (“JMB”) and Goldline, Inc. (“Goldline”). JMB currently has six wholly-owned subsidiaries: Buy Gold and Silver Corp. ("BGASC"), BX Corporation ("BullionMax"), Gold Price Group, Inc. (“GPG”), Silver.com, Inc. (“Silver.com”), Provident Metals Corp. (“PMC”), and CyberMetals Corp. ("CyberMetals"). Goldline, Inc. owns 100% of AMIP, LLC ("AMIP"), and has a 50% ownership interest in Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC ("PMPP"). As the context requires, references in this Form 10-K to JMB may include BGASC, BullionMax, GPG, Silver.com, PMC, and CyberMetals, and references to Goldline may include AMIP and PMPP. JMB is a leading e-commerce retailer providing access to a broad array of gold, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium products through its websites. JMB currently operates eight separately branded, company-owned websites targeting specific niches within the precious metals retail market, including JMBullion.com, ProvidentMetals.com, Silver.com, BGASC.com, CyberMetals.com, BullionMax.com, GoldPrice.org, and SilverPrice.org. The Company acquired the 79.5% interest in JMB that it did not previously own in March 2021. With this acquisition, we substantially expanded our e-commerce channel for precious metals product sales and increased the diversification of our business between wholesale and retail distribution. In April 2022, JMB commercially launched the CyberMetals online platform, where customers can purchase and sell fractional shares of digital gold, silver, platinum, and palladium bars in a range of denominations. CyberMetals’ customers have the option to convert their digital holdings to fabricated precious metals products via an integrated redemption flow with JMB. These products may be designated for storage by the Company or shipped directly to the customer. The Company acquired Goldline in August 2017 through an asset purchase transaction with Goldline, LLC, which had been in operation since 1960. Goldline is a direct retailer of precious metals to the investor community, and markets its precious metal products on television, radio, and the internet, as well as through customer service outreach. AMIP manages Goldline’s intellectual property. PMPP was formed in fiscal 2019 pursuant to terms of a joint venture agreement, for the purpose of purchasing precious metals from the partners' retail customers, and then reselling the acquired products back to affiliates of the partners. PMPP commenced operations in fiscal 2020. Secured Lending The Company operates its Secured Lending segment through its wholly-owned subsidiary Collateral Finance Corporation, LLC ("CFC"). CFC has two wholly-owned subsidiaries: AM Capital Funding, LLC (“AMCF”), and CFC Alternative Investments (“CAI”). CFC is a California licensed finance lender that originates and acquires commercial loans secured primarily by bullion and numismatic coins. CFC's customers include coin and precious metal dealers, investors, and collectors. As of June 30, 2023, CFC and AMCF had, in the aggregate, approximately $100.6 million in secured loans outstanding, of which approximately 31.8% were acquired from third parties (some of which may be customers of A-Mark) and approximately 68.2% were originated by CFC. AMCF was formed for the purpose of securitizing eligible secured loans of CFC. AMCF issued and administers Secured Senior Term Notes: Series 2018-1, Class A, with an aggregate principal amount of $72.0 million and Secured Subordinated Term Notes, Series 2018-1, Class B in the aggregate principal amount of $28.0 million (collectively referred to as the "AMCF Notes"). The Class A Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.98%, and the Class B Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.98%. The AMCF Notes have a maturity date of December 15, 2023. See Note 15 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for additional information. CAI is a holding company that has an equity method interest in Collectible Card Partners, LLC (“CCP”). CCP provides capital to fund commercial loans secured by graded sports cards and sports memorabilia. CCP commenced operations in fiscal 2022. 33 Our Strategy The Company was formed in 1965 and has grown into a significant participant in the bullion and coin markets, with $9.3 billion in revenues for fiscal year 2023. We have remained active in seeking investment opportunities to strategically enhance our business, and also continue to focus on growth in the volume of our business, our geographic presence, and the scope of complementary products, services, and technological tools that we offer to our customers. In doing so, we seek to leverage off the strengths of our existing integrated operations, which span trading, distribution, logistics, minting, storage, hedging, financing, and consignment products and services: • • • • • • • • • • • • • Our Customers our expertise in e-commerce and marketing; the depth of our customer relationships and our ability to acquire and retain new customers; our long-standing relationships with the United States Mint and other sovereign and private mints; our access to market makers and suppliers; our global trading systems; our network of precious metals dealers; our depository relationships around the world; our knowledge of secured lending; our design and production of minted silver products; our ability to obtain more favorable pricing and financing terms due to our size; our ability to manage exposure to commodity price risk through our experienced traders; our distribution, storage and logistics capabilities; and the quality and experience of our management team. Our customers include financial institutions, bullion retailers, industrial manufacturers and fabricators, sovereign mints, refiners, coin and metal dealers, investors, collectors, and e-commerce and other retail customers. The Company makes a two-way market in its wholesale operations, which results in many customers also operating as our suppliers in that segment. This diverse base of wholesale customers purchases a variety of products from the Company in a multitude of grades, primarily in the form of coins and bars. Our Direct-to-Consumer segment sells to (and, through JMB and PMPP, buys from) retail customers, with JMB focusing on e-commerce operations and Goldline marketing through various traditional and e-commerce channels to the investor community. The Direct-to-Consumer segment offers these customers a variety of gold, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium products. Factors Affecting Revenues, Gross Profit, Interest Income, and Interest Expense Set forth below are the key factors affecting the Company’s revenues, gross profit, interest income, and interest expense. These factors can result from both the Company’s ongoing business activities as well as from Company acquisitions. Revenues. The Company enters into transactions to sell and deliver gold, silver, platinum, and palladium to industrial and commercial users, coin and bullion dealers, mints, and financial institutions. The metals are investment or industrial grade and are sold in a variety of shapes and sizes. The Company also sells and delivers gold, silver, platinum, palladium, and copper products directly to customers and the investor community through its Direct-to Consumer segment. Customers may place orders online at one of the Company's websites or over the phone. The Company sells precious metals on forward contracts at a fixed price based on current prevailing precious metal spot prices with a certain delivery date in the future (up to six months from inception date of the forward contract). The Company also uses other derivative products (primarily futures contracts) or combinations thereof to hedge commodity risks. We enter into these forward and future contracts as part of our hedging strategy to mitigate our price risk of holding inventory; they are not entered into for speculative purposes. Forward sales contracts by their nature are required to be included in revenues, unlike futures contracts which do not impact the Company’s revenue. The decision to use a forward contract versus another derivative type of product (e.g., a futures contract) for hedging purposes is based on the economics of the transaction. Since the volume of hedging can be significant, the movement in and out of forwards can substantially impact revenues, either positively or negatively, from period to period. For this reason, the Company believes ounces sold (excluding ounces sold on forward sales contracts) is a meaningful metric to assess our top line performance. 34 In addition, the Company earns revenue by providing storage solutions for precious metals and numismatic coins for financial institutions, dealers, investors, and collectors worldwide and by providing storage and order-fulfillment services to our retail customers. The Company also earns revenue from advertisements placed on our Direct-to-Consumer websites. These revenue streams represent less than 1% of the Company’s consolidated revenues. The Company operates in a high volume/low margin industry. Revenues are impacted by three primary factors: product volume, market prices, and market volatility. A material changes in any one or more of these factors may result in a significant change in the Company’s revenues. A significant increase or decrease in revenues can occur simply based on changes in the underlying commodity prices and may not be reflective of an increase or decrease in the volume of products sold. Gross Profit. Gross profit is the difference between our revenues and the cost of our products sold. Since we quote prices based on the current commodity market prices for precious metals, we enter into a combination of forward and futures contracts to effect a hedge position equal to the underlying precious metal commodity value, which substantially represents inventory subject to price risk. We enter into these derivative transactions solely for the purpose of hedging our inventory, and not for speculative purposes. Our gross profit includes the gains and losses resulting from these derivative instruments. However, the gains and losses on the derivative instruments are substantially offset by the gains and losses on the corresponding changes in the market value of our precious metals inventory. As a result, our results of operations generally are not materially impacted by changes in commodity prices. Volatility also affects our gross profit. Greater volatility typically causes the premium spreads to widen resulting in an increase in the gross profit. Product supply constraints during extended periods of higher volatility have historically resulted in a heightening of wider premium spreads resulting in further improvement in the gross profit. Interest Income. The Company enters into secured loans and secured financing structures with its customers under which it charges interest. CFC acquires loan portfolios and originates loans that are secured by precious metal bullion and numismatic material owned by the borrowers and held by the Company for the term of the loan. Additionally, AMCF acquires certain loans from CFC that are secured by precious metal bullion to meet the collateral requirements of the AMCF Notes. Also, the Company offers a number of secured financing options to its customers to finance their precious metals purchases including consignments and other structured inventory finance products whereby the Company earns a fee based on the underlying value of the precious metal ("repurchase arrangements with customers"). Interest Expense. The Company incurs interest expense associated with its lines of credit, notes payable, product financing agreements for the transfer and subsequent re-acquisition of gold, silver, and platinum at a fixed price with a third-party finance company ("product financing arrangements"), and short-term precious metal borrowing arrangements with our suppliers ("liabilities on borrowed metals"). Performance Metrics In addition to financial statement indicators, management also utilizes key operational metrics to assess the performance of our business. Gold and Silver Ounces Sold and Delivered to Customers. A key performance metric we utilize is the number of ounces of gold and silver sold and delivered to our customers (excluding ounces recorded on forward contracts). These metrics reflect our business volume without regard to changes in commodity pricing, which also impacts revenue, but can mask actual business trends. The primary purpose of entering into forward sales transactions is to hedge commodity price risk. Although the revenues realized from these forward sales transactions are often significant, they generally have negligible impact on gross margins. As a result, the Company excludes the ounces recorded on forward contracts from its performance metrics as the Company does not enter into forward sales transactions for speculative purposes. Wholesale Sales Ticket Volume. Another measure of our business that is unaffected by changes in commodity pricing is ticket volume (or number of orders processed). Ticket volume for the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment measures the total number of wholesale orders processed during the period. In periods of higher volatility, there is generally increased trading in the commodity markets, causing increased demand for our products, resulting in higher business volume. During periods of heightened demand, order size per ticket may increase. Direct-to-Consumer Customers. We are focused on attracting new customers and retaining existing customers to drive revenue growth. We use the following three metrics as revenue growth indicators when assessing our customer base: • • • New Direct-to-Consumer Customers means the number of customers that have registered or setup a new account or made a purchase for the first time during the period. Active Direct-to-Consumer Customers means the number of customers that have made a purchase during any month during the period. Total Direct-to-Consumer Customers means the aggregate number of customers that have registered or set up an account or have made a purchase in the past. 35 Direct-to-Consumer Ticket Volume. Ticket volume for the Direct-to-Consumer segment measures the number of product orders processed during the period. In periods of higher volatility, there is generally increased consumer demand for our products, resulting in higher business volume. We use the following three metrics indicators when assessing our ticket volume: • • • Ticket Volume from New Direct-to-Consumer Customers means the number of product orders from new customers (refer to the definition of new customers above) processed by JMB, Goldline, and PMPP during the period. Ticket Volume from Pre-existing Direct-to-Consumer Customers means the number of product orders from pre-existing customers, processed by JMB, Goldline, and PMPP during the period. Total Ticket Volume from Direct-to-Consumer Customers means the aggregate number of product orders processed by JMB, Goldline, and PMPP during the period. Average Order Value. Average order value for the Direct-to-Consumer segment and JMB measures the average dollar value of product orders (excluding accumulation program orders) delivered to the customer during the period. Inventory Turnover. Inventory turnover is another performance measure on which we are focused and is calculated as the cost of sales divided by the average inventory during the relevant period. Inventory turnover is a measure of how quickly inventory has moved during the period. A higher inventory turnover ratio, which we typically experience during periods of higher volatility when trading is more robust, typically reflects a more efficient use of our capital. The period of time that inventory is held by the Company varies depending upon the nature of our inventory commitments with customers and suppliers. See Note 6 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for a description of our classifications of inventory by type. When management analyzes inventory turnover on a period over period basis, consideration is given to each inventory type and its corresponding impact on the inventory turnover calculation. For example: • • The Company enters into various structured borrowing arrangements that commit the Company's inventory (such as product financing arrangements or liabilities on borrowed metals) for an unspecified period of time. While the Company is able to obtain access to this inventory on demand, this type of inventory tends not to turn over as quickly as other types of inventory. The Company enters into repurchase arrangements with customers under which it holds precious metals which are subject to repurchase for an unspecified period of time. While the Company has legal title to this inventory, the Company is required to hold this inventory (or like-kind inventory) for the customer until the arrangement is terminated or the material is repurchased by the customer. As a result, this type of inventory tends not to turn over as quickly as other types of inventory. Additionally, our inventory turnover ratio can be affected by hedging activity, as the period over period change of the inventory turnover ratio may be significantly impacted by a period over period change in hedging volume. For example, if trading activity were to remain constant over two periods, but there were significantly higher forward sales in the current period compared to a prior period, the calculated inventory turnover ratio would increase notwithstanding the constancy of the trading volume. Number of Secured Loans. Finally, as a measure of the size of our Secured Lending segment, we utilize the number of outstanding secured loans to customers that are primarily collateralized by precious metals at the end of each quarter. The Company calculates a loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio for each loan as the principal amount of the loan divided by the liquidation value of the collateral, which is based on daily spot market prices of precious metal bullion. When the market price of the pledged collateral decreases and thereby increases the LTV ratio of a loan above a prescribed maximum ratio, usually 85%, the Company has the option to make a margin call on the loan. As a result, a decline of precious metal market prices may cause a decrease in the number of loans outstanding in a period. Non-GAAP Measures In addition to key operational metrics that are used to assess the performance of our business, management also uses non-GAAP financial performance and liquidity measures. We believe "adjusted net income before provision for income taxes” and "EBITDA" can provide useful information to evaluate our financial performance and liquidity position. Non-GAAP measures do not have standardized definitions and should not be a substitute for measures that are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. For a reconciliation of these non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure reported in our consolidated statements of income and consolidated statements of cash flows and a discussion of certain limitations inherent in such measures, refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures” section below. Fiscal Year Our fiscal year end is June 30 each year. 36 Macroeconomic Volatility Continued macroeconomic uncertainty and the volatility in the financial markets have positively affected the Company’s trading revenues and gross profit as the volatility of the price of precious metals and numismatics resulted in a material increase in the spread between bid and ask prices on these products. We also experienced substantially increased demand for products in each of our coin and bar, industrial and retail businesses. We attribute this to certain customers seeking to assure a supply of precious metals necessary for the operation of their businesses, and other customers, particularly in Goldline and our JMB retail units, seeking the safety of investments in precious metals. In response to the heightened demand, in certain cases prices for the products we sell have also risen. We are uncertain of the duration of these conditions. 37 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Overview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated Results of Operations The operating results of our business were as follows (in thousands, except per share and performance metrics data): Year Ended June 30, 2023 Revenues Gross profit Selling, general, and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization expense Interest income Interest expense Earnings from equity method investments Other income, net Unrealized gains (losses) on foreign exchange Net income before provision for income taxes Income tax expense Net income Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to the Company Basic and diluted net income per share attributable to A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc.: Per Share Data: Basic Diluted (1) Performance Metrics: (2) Gold ounces sold Silver ounces sold Inventory turnover ratio Number of secured loans at period end (3) (4) (5) $ $ $ $ $ 9,286,561 294,669 (85,282 ) (12,525 ) 22,231 (31,528 ) 12,576 2,663 366 203,170 (46,401 ) 156,769 409 156,360 6.68 6.34 2,667,000 156,233,000 10.5 882 % of revenue 100.000 % $ 3.173 % (0.918 %) (0.135 %) 0.239 % (0.340 %) 0.135 % 0.029 % 0.004 % 2.188 % (0.500 %) 1.688 % 0.004 % 1.684 % $ $ 8,159,254 261,765 (76,618 ) (27,300 ) 21,800 (21,992 ) 6,907 1,953 (98 ) 166,417 (33,338 ) 133,079 543 132,536 2022 % of revenue 100.000 % $ 3.208 % $ (0.939 %) $ (0.335 %) $ 0.267 % $ (0.270 %) $ 0.085 % $ 0.024 % $ (0.001 %) $ 2.040 % $ (0.409 %) $ 1.631 % $ 0.007 % $ 1.624 % $ % Change $ 1,127,307 32,904 8,664 (14,775 ) 431 9,536 5,669 710 464 36,753 13,063 23,690 (134 ) 23,824 $ $ 5.81 5.45 $ $ 0.87 0.89 2,668,000 132,209,000 13.2 2,271 (1,000 ) 24,024,000 (2.7 ) (1,389 ) 13.8 % 12.6 % 11.3 % (54.1 %) 2.0 % 43.4 % 82.1 % 36.4 % 473.5 % 22.1 % 39.2 % 17.8 % (24.7 %) 18.0 % 15.0 % 16.3 % (0.0 %) 18.2 % (20.5 %) (61.2 %) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) See "Results of Segments" for a description of additional metrics not listed above. Gold ounces sold represents the ounces of gold product sold and delivered to the customer during the period, excluding ounces of gold recorded on forward contracts. Silver ounces sold represents the ounces of silver product sold and delivered to the customer during the period, excluding ounces of silver recorded on forward contracts. Inventory turnover ratio is the cost of sales divided by average inventory for the period presented above. This calculation excludes precious metals held under financing arrangements, which are not classified as inventory on the consolidated balance sheets. Number of outstanding secured loans to customers that are primarily collateralized by precious metals at the end of the period. 38 Revenues in thousands, except performance metrics Year Ended June 30, Revenues Performance Metrics Gold ounces sold Silver ounces sold 2023 % of revenue 100.000 % $ $ 9,286,561 $ 2,667,000 156,233,000 $ 8,159,254 2,668,000 132,209,000 2022 Change % of revenue $ % 100.000 % $ 1,127,307 (1,000 ) 24,024,000 13.8 % (0.0 %) 18.2 % Revenues for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $1.1 billion, or 13.8% to $9.287 billion from $8.159 billion in 2022. Excluding an increase of $1.2 billion of forward sales, our revenues decreased $33.3 million or 0.5%, which was due to a decrease in gold ounces sold and lower average selling prices of silver, partially offset by an increase in silver ounces sold and higher average selling prices of gold. Gold ounces sold for the year ended June 30, 2023 decreased 1,000 ounces, or 0.0%, to 2,667,000 ounces from 2,668,000 ounces in 2022. Silver ounces sold for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased 24,024,000 ounces, or 18.2%, to 156,233,000 ounces from 132,209,000 ounces in 2022. On average, the selling prices for gold increased by 1.0% and selling prices for silver decreased by 9.5% during the year ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the prior year. JMB's revenue represented 19.4% and 23.8% of the Company's consolidated revenue for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Gross Profit in thousands, except performance metric Year Ended June 30, Gross profit Performance Metric Inventory turnover ratio 2023 2022 Change $ % of revenue $ % of revenue $ % $ 294,669 3.173 % $ 261,765 3.208 % $ 32,904 10.5 13.2 (2.7 ) 12.6 % (20.5 %) Gross profit for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $32.9 million, or 12.6%, to $294.7 million from $261.8 million in 2022. The overall gross profit increase was due to higher gross profits earned from both the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services and Direct-to-Consumer segments. The Company’s overall gross margin percentage for the year ended June 30, 2023 decreased by 3.5 basis points to 3.173% from 3.208% in 2022. Excluding an increase of $1.2 billion of forward sales that had a negligible impact to the amount of gross profit, our gross margin percentage for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased by 49.8 basis points to 4.291% from 3.793%, which was primarily due to higher trading profits and wider premium spreads. JMB’s retail market activity represented 48.5% and 46.0%, respectively, of the Company’s consolidated gross profit for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. Our inventory turnover ratio for the year ended June 30, 2023 decreased by 20.5%, to 10.5 from 13.2 in 2022. The decrease in our inventory turnover ratio was primarily due to higher average inventory balances held under product financing arrangements, partially offset by higher forward sales. Selling, General and Administrative Expense in thousands Year Ended June 30, $ 2023 % of revenue 2022 Change $ % of revenue $ % Selling, general, and administrative expenses $ (85,282 ) (0.918 %) $ (76,618 ) (0.939 %) $ 8,664 11.3 % Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $8.7 million, or 11.3%, to $85.3 million from $76.6 million in 2022. The change was primarily due to: (i) an increase in compensation expense (including performance-based accruals) of $6.4 million, (ii) higher advertising costs of $3.5 million, (iii) an increase in information technology costs of $1.7 million, partially offset by (iv) a decrease in insurance costs of $1.7 million and (v) lower consulting and professional fees of $2.0 million. Depreciation and Amortization Expense in thousands Year Ended June 30, $ 2023 % of revenue 2022 Change $ % of revenue $ % Depreciation and amortization expense $ (12,525 ) (0.135 %) $ (27,300 ) (0.335 %) $ (14,775 ) (54.1 %) Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended June 30, 2023 decreased $14.8 million, or 54.1%, to $12.5 million from $27.3 million in 2022 primarily due to a $14.9 million decrease in JMB’s intangible asset amortization expense. 39 Interest Income in thousands, except performance metric Year Ended June 30, Interest income Performance Metric Number of secured loans at period-end 882 2023 2022 Change $ % of revenue $ % of revenue $ % $ 22,231 0.239 % $ 21,800 2,271 0.267 % $ 431 (1,389 ) 2.0 % (61.2 %) Interest income for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $0.4 million, or 2.0%, to $22.2 million from $21.8 million in 2022. The aggregate increase in interest income was primarily due to an increase in other finance product income of $1.8 million partially offset by lower interest income earned by our Secured Lending segment. The interest income from our Secured Lending segment decreased by $1.4 million or by 12.5% compared with the prior year. The decrease in interest income earned from the segment’s secured loan portfolio was primarily due to fewer loans outstanding and lower average monthly loan balances during the current year as compared to the prior year, partially offset by an increase in interest rates. The number of secured loans outstanding decreased by 61.2% to 882 as of June 30, 2023, from 2,271 as of June 30, 2022. Interest Expense in thousands Year Ended June 30, Interest expense 2023 2022 Change $ % of revenue $ % of revenue $ % $ (31,528 ) (0.340 %) $ (21,992 ) (0.270 %) $ 9,536 43.4 % Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $9.5 million, or 43.4% to $31.5 million from $22.0 million in 2022. The increase in interest expense was primarily driven by each of the following components: (i) $7.2 million associated with our Trading Credit Facility (primarily due to an increase in interest rates) and the AMCF Notes (including amortization of debt issuance costs), (ii) $2.6 million related to product financing arrangements, (iii) $0.6 million in interest associated with liabilities on borrowed metals, partially offset by (iv) a decrease of $0.9 million of loan servicing fees. Earnings from Equity Method Investments in thousands Year Ended June 30, $ 2023 % of revenue 2022 Change $ % of revenue $ % Earnings from equity method investments $ 12,576 0.135 % $ 6,907 0.085 % $ 5,669 82.1 % Earnings from equity method investments for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $5.7 million or 82.1% to $12.6 million from $6.9 million in 2022. The increase of $5.7 million was primarily due to our additional 40% ownership interest in Silver Gold Bull, Inc., which was acquired in June 2022, as well as earnings from our other equity method investments. Other Income, Net in thousands Year Ended June 30, Other income, net $ 2023 % of revenue 2022 Change $ % of revenue $ % $ 2,663 0.029 % $ 1,953 0.024 % $ 710 36.4 % Other income, net for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $0.7 million, or 36.4% to $2.7 million from $2.0 million in 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher royalties earned by our Secured Lending segment of $0.2 million and related-party consulting income of $0.2 million. Income Tax Expense in thousands Year Ended June 30, Income tax expense $ 2023 % of revenue 2022 Change $ % of revenue $ % $ (46,401 ) (0.500 %) $ (33,338 ) (0.409 %) $ 13,063 39.2 % Our income tax expense was $46.4 million and $33.3 million for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our effective tax rate was approximately 22.8% and 20.0% for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, our effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to state taxes (net of federal tax benefit) and other normal course non-deductible expenditures, partially offset by the excess tax benefit from share-based compensation and the foreign derived intangible income special deduction. 40 SEGMENT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The Company conducts its operations in three reportable segments: (i) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, (ii) Direct-to-Consumer, and (iii) Secured Lending. Results of Operations — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Segment The Company operates its Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment directly and through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, A-Mark Trading AG (“AMTAG”), Transcontinental Depository Services ("TDS"), A-M Global Logistics, LLC ("Logistics"), and AM&ST Associates, LLC ("AMST" or "Silver Towne" or the "Mint"). Also, the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment includes the consolidating eliminations of inter-segment transactions and unallocated segment adjustments. Overview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Segment The operating results of our Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment were as follows (in thousands, except performance metrics data): Year Ended June 30, Revenues Gross profit Selling, general, and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization expense Interest income Interest expense Earnings from equity method investments Other income, net Unrealized gains (losses) on foreign exchange $ Net income before provision for income taxes $ Performance Metrics: (1) Gold ounces sold Silver ounces sold Wholesale Sales ticket volume (2) (3) $ 7,289,139 125,678 (40,181 ) (970 ) 12,523 (19,660 ) 12,575 161 366 90,492 2,038,000 132,582,000 101,488 2023 % of revenue (a) 100.000 % (c) $ 1.724 % (0.551 %) (0.013 %) 0.172 % (0.270 %) 0.173 % 0.002 % 0.005 % 1.241 % $ 2022 % of revenue (b) 100.000 % (d) $ 1.894 % $ $ (0.678 %) $ (0.015 %) $ 0.178 % $ (0.167 %) $ 0.115 % — % $ $ (0.002 %) 1.325 % $ $ 6,024,742 114,093 (40,844 ) (891 ) 10,706 (10,034 ) 6,903 — (98 ) 79,835 2,059,000 104,598,000 107,594 Change $ 1,264,397 11,585 (663 ) 79 1,817 9,626 5,672 161 464 10,657 (21,000 ) 27,984,000 (6,106 ) % 21.0 % 10.2 % (1.6 %) 8.9 % 17.0 % 95.9 % 82.2 % — % 473.5 % 13.3 % (1.0 %) 26.8 % (5.7 %) (a) (b) (c) (d) (1) (2) (3) Revenues are presented net of inter-segment transactions with the Direct-to-Consumer segment that totaled $1.464 billion. This segment’s gross sales before eliminations of inter-segment activity totaled $8.754 billion. Revenues are presented net of inter-segment transactions with the Direct-to-Consumer segment that totaled $1.623 billion. This segment’s gross sales before eliminations of inter-segment activity totaled $7.648 billion. Gross profit percentage before elimination of inter-segment sales to the Direct-to-Consumer segment was 1.449% for the period. Gross profit percentage before elimination of inter-segment sales to the Direct-to-Consumer segment was 1.482% for the period. Gold ounces sold represents the ounces of gold product sold and delivered to the customer during the period, excluding ounces of gold recorded on forward contracts. Silver ounces sold represents the ounces of silver product sold and delivered to the customer during the period, excluding ounces of silver recorded on forward contracts. Wholesales Sales ticket volume represents the total number of product orders processed. Revenues — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services in thousands, except performance metrics Year Ended June 30, Revenues Performance Metrics Gold ounces sold Silver ounces sold Wholesale Sales ticket volume $ 7,289,139 (a) $ 2023 % of revenue 100.000 % $ 2,038,000 132,582,000 101,488 $ 6,024,742 (b) 2,059,000 104,598,000 107,594 2022 % of revenue Change $ % 100.000 % $ 1,264,397 (21,000 ) 27,984,000 (6,106 ) 21.0 % (1.0 %) 26.8 % (5.7 %) (a) (b) Revenues are presented net of inter-segment transactions with the Direct-to-Consumer segment that totaled $1.464 billion. This segment’s gross sales before eliminations of inter-segment activity totaled $8.754 billion. Revenues are presented net of inter-segment transactions with the Direct-to-Consumer segment that totaled $1.623 billion. This segment’s gross sales before eliminations of inter-segment activity totaled $7.648 billion. Revenues for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $1.3 billion, or 21.0%, to $7.289 billion from $6.025 billion in 2022. Excluding an increase in forward sales of $1.2 billion, our revenues increased $103.8 million, which was due to an increase in silver ounces sold and higher average selling prices of gold, partially offset by a decrease in gold ounces sold and lower average selling prices of silver. 41 Gold ounces sold for the year ended June 30, 2023 decreased 21,000 ounces, or 1.0%, to 2,038,000 ounces from 2,059,000 ounces in 2022. Silver ounces sold for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased 27,984,000 ounces, or 26.8%, to 132,582,000 ounces from 104,598,000 ounces in 2022. On average, the selling prices for gold increased by 0.4% and selling prices for silver decreased by 9.5% during the year ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the prior year. The Wholesale Sales ticket volume for the year ended June 30, 2023 decreased by 6,106 tickets, or 5.7% to 101,488 tickets from 107,594 tickets in 2022. Gross Profit — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services in thousands Year Ended June 30, Gross profit $ $ 125,678 2023 % of revenue 1.724 % $ (c) $ 114,093 2022 % of revenue (d) 1.894 % $ Change $ 11,585 % 10.2 % (c) (d) Gross profit percentage before elimination of inter-segment sales to the Direct-to-Consumer segment was 1.449% for the period. Gross profit percentage before elimination of inter-segment sales to the Direct-to-Consumer segment was 1.482% for the period. Gross profit for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $11.6 million, or 10.2%, to $125.7 million from $114.1 million in 2022. The gross profit increase was primarily due to higher trading profit and wider premium spreads. This segment’s profit margin percentage decreased by 17.0 basis points to 1.724% from 1.894% in 2022. The decrease in gross margin percentage was mainly attributable to the impact of increased forward sales partially offset by higher trading profits and wider premium spreads. Excluding an increase of $1.2 billion of forward sales that had a negligible impact to the amount of gross profit, this segment's gross margin percentage for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased by 18.7 basis points to 2.581% from 2.394%. Forward sales increase revenues but are associated with negligible gross profit. The Company enters into forward contracts to hedge its precious metals price risk exposure and not for speculative purposes. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services in thousands Year Ended June 30, $ 2023 % of revenue $ 2022 % of revenue Change $ % Selling, general, and administrative expenses $ (40,181 ) (0.551 %) $ (40,844 ) (0.678 %) $ (663 ) (1.6 %) Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended June 30, 2023 decreased $0.7 million, or 1.6%, to $40.2 million from $40.8 million in 2022. The change was primarily due to: (i) a decrease in consulting and professional fees of $2.4 million and (ii) a decrease in insurance costs of $1.9 million, partially offset by (iii) an increase in compensation expense (including performance-based accruals) of $1.7 million, (iv) an increase in advertising costs of $0.8 million, and (v) an increase in information technology costs of $0.6 million. Interest Income — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services in thousands Year Ended June 30, Interest income $ 2023 % of revenue $ 2022 % of revenue Change $ % $ 12,523 0.172 % $ 10,706 0.178 % $ 1,817 17.0 % Interest income for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $1.8 million, or 17.0%, to $12.5 million from $10.7 million in 2022. The overall increase was primarily due to higher interest and fees earned related to margin orders of $1.4 million. Interest Expense — Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services in thousands Year Ended June 30, Interest expense $ 2023 % of revenue $ 2022 % of revenue Change $ % $ (19,660 ) (0.270 %) $ (10,034 ) (0.167 %) $ 9,626 95.9 % 42 Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $9.6 million, or 95.9% to $19.7 million from $10.0 million in 2022. The overall increase was primarily due to an increase of $7.6 million in connection with our Trading Credit Facility (primarily due to an increase in interest rates) and the AMCF Notes, higher interest and fees from product financing arrangements of $2.6 million, and higher interest expense related to liabilities on borrowed metals of $0.6 million, partially offset by inter-segment eliminations related to JMB’s product financing activity with A-Mark of $1.1 million. Earnings from Equity Method Investments— Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Year Ended June 30, 2023 Compared to Year Ended June 30, 2022 in thousands Year Ended June 30, $ 2023 % of revenue $ 2022 % of revenue Change $ % Earnings from equity method investments $ 12,575 0.173 % $ 6,903 0.115 % $ 5,672 82.2 % Earnings from equity method investments for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $5.7 million, or 82.2% to $12.6 million from $6.9 million in 2022. The net increase of $5.7 million was primarily due to our additional 40% ownership interest in Silver Gold Bull, Inc., which was acquired in June 2022, as well as earnings from our other equity method investments. 43 Results of Operations — Direct-to-Consumer Segment The Company operates its Direct-to-Consumer segment through our wholly-owned subsidiaries: JM Bullion, Inc. (“JMB”), Goldline, Inc. (“Goldline”), and through our 50%-owned subsidiary Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC ("PMPP"). Overview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 — Direct-to-Consumer Segment The operating results of our Direct-to-Consumer ("DTC") segment were as follows (in thousands, except performance metrics data): Year Ended June 30, Revenues Gross profit Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization expense Interest expense Other income (expense), net Net income before provision for income taxes $ $ (2) (3) Performance Metrics: (1) Gold ounces sold Silver ounces sold Number of new customers Number of active customers (5) Number of total customers DTC ticket volume from new customers DTC ticket volume from pre-existing customers DTC total ticket volume DTC average order value JMB average order value (8) (6) (4) (9) (9) (7) $ $ $ 1,997,422 168,991 (42,976 ) (11,204 ) (4,098 ) 142 110,855 629,000 23,651,000 335,300 476,300 2,348,300 152,592 626,248 778,840 2,606 2,390 2023 % of revenue (a) 100.000 % (c) $ 8.460 % (2.152 %) (0.561 %) (0.205 %) 0.007 % 5.550 % $ $ $ $ 2,134,512 147,672 (34,152 ) (26,057 ) (2,958 ) (229 ) 84,276 609,000 27,611,000 230,400 623,700 2,013,000 178,086 680,544 858,630 2,520 2,328 2022 % of revenue (b) 100.000 % (d) $ 6.918 % $ $ (1.600 %) $ (1.221 %) $ (0.139 %) $ (0.011 %) 3.948 % $ $ $ Change $ (137,090 ) 21,319 8,824 (14,853 ) 1,140 371 26,579 20,000 (3,960,000 ) 104,900 (147,400 ) 335,300 (25,494 ) (54,296 ) (79,790 ) 86 62 % (6.4 %) 14.4 % 25.8 % (57.0 %) 38.5 % 162.0 % 31.5 % 3.3 % (14.3 %) 45.5 % (23.6 %) 16.7 % (14.3 %) (8.0 %) (9.3 %) 3.4 % 2.7 % (a) (b) (c) (d) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Includes $3.5 million of inter-segment sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment. Includes $2.4 million of inter-segment sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment. Gross profit percentage, excluding inter-segment sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment, was 8.468% for the period. Gross profit percentage, excluding inter-segment company sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment, was 6.911% for the period. Gold ounces sold represents the ounces of gold product sold and delivered during the period. Silver ounces sold represents the ounces of silver product sold and delivered during the period. Number of new customers represents the number of customers that have registered or setup a new account or made a purchase for the first time during the period. Number of active customers represents the number of customers that have made a purchase during any month during the period. Number of total customers represents the aggregate number of customers that have registered or set up an account or have made a purchase in the past. Ticket volume from new customers represents the number of product orders from new customers processed by JMB, Goldline, and PMPP during the period. Ticket volume from pre-existing customers represents the total number of product orders from pre-existing customers processed by JMB, Goldline, and PMPP during the period. Total ticket volume represents the total number of product orders processed by JMB, Goldline, and PMPP during the period. Average Order Value ("AOV") represents the average dollar value of product orders (excluding accumulation program orders) delivered to the customer during the period. 44 Revenues — Direct-to-Consumer in thousands, except performance metrics Year Ended June 30, Revenues Performance Metrics: Gold ounces sold Silver ounces sold Number of new customers Number of active customers Number of total customers DTC ticket volume from new customers DTC ticket volume from pre-existing customers DTC total ticket volume DTC average order value JMB average order value $ $ $ $ 1,997,422 629,000 23,651,000 335,300 476,300 2,348,300 152,592 626,248 778,840 2,606 2,390 2023 % of revenue 100.000 % $ $ $ $ 2,134,512 609,000 27,611,000 230,400 623,700 2,013,000 178,086 680,544 858,630 2,520 2,328 2022 % of revenue Change $ % 100.000 % $ (137,090 ) 20,000 (3,960,000 ) 104,900 (147,400 ) 335,300 (25,494 ) (54,296 ) (79,790 ) 86 62 $ $ (6.4 %) 3.3 % (14.3 %) 45.5 % (23.6 %) 16.7 % (14.3 %) (8.0 %) (9.3 %) 3.4 % 2.7 % Revenues for the year ended June 30, 2023 decreased $137.1 million, or 6.4%, to $1.997 billion from $2.135 billion in 2022. The decrease in revenue was due to a decrease in silver ounces sold and lower average selling prices of silver, partially offset by an increase in gold ounces sold and higher average selling prices of gold. For the year ended June 30, 2023, JMB's revenue decreased $139.4 million, while revenue of Goldline and PMPP, in the aggregate, increased by $2.3 million as compared to the prior year. Gold ounces sold for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased 20,000 ounces, or 3.3%, to 629,000 ounces from 609,000 ounces in 2022. Silver ounces sold for the year ended June 30, 2023 decreased 3,960,000 ounces, or 14.3%, to 23,651,000 ounces from 27,611,000 ounces in 2022. Gold ounces sold by JMB increased 14,000 ounces for the year ended June 30, 2023 compared to 2022. Gold ounces sold by Goldline and PMPP, in the aggregate, increased 6,000 ounces compared to 2022. Silver ounces sold by JMB decreased 3,931,000 ounces for the year ended June 30, 2023 compared to 2022. Silver ounces sold by Goldline and PMPP, in the aggregate, decreased 28,000 ounces compared to 2022. On average, selling prices for gold increased by 2.4% and selling prices for silver decreased by 6.0% during the year ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the prior year. The number of new customers for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased 104,900, or 45.5% to 335,300 from 230,400 in 2022. For the year ended June 30, 2023, approximately 31% of the new customers were attributable to the acquired customer lists of BGASC and BullionMax in October 2022 and June 2023, respectively. The number of active customers for the year ended June 30, 2023 decreased 147,400, or 23.6% to 476,300 from 623,700 in 2022. The number of total customers as of June 30, 2023 increased 335,300, or 16.7% to 2,348,300 from 2,013,000 as of June 30, 2022. The changes in the customer-based metrics were primarily due to JMB's activity. As of June 30, 2023, the number of total CyberMetals customers was 22,400 and CyberMetals customer assets under management were $6.5 million. For the year ended June 30, 2023, the Direct-to-Consumer ticket volume related to new customers decreased by 25,494 tickets, or 14.3%, to 152,592 tickets from 178,086 tickets in 2022. For the year ended June 30, 2023, Direct-to-Consumer ticket volume related to pre-existing customers decreased by 54,296 tickets, or 8.0%, to 626,248 tickets from 680,544 tickets in 2022. For the year ended June 30, 2023, the Direct-to-Consumer total ticket volume decreased by 79,790 tickets, or 9.3%, to 778,840 tickets from 858,630 tickets in 2022. For the year ended June 30, 2023, the Direct-to-Consumer average order value increased by $86, or 3.4%, to $2,606 from $2,520 in 2022. Gross Profit — Direct-to-Consumer in thousands Year Ended June 30, Gross profit $ 2023 % of revenue $ 2022 % of revenue Change $ % $ 168,991 8.460 % $ 147,672 6.918 % $ 21,319 14.4 % Gross profit for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased by $21.3 million, or 14.4%, to $169.0 million from $147.7 million in 2022. The increase in gross profit was mainly due to an increased gross profit margin percentage, partially offset by a lower ticket volume. For the year ended June 30, 2023, the Direct-to-Consumer segment's profit margin percentage increased by 154.2 basis points to 8.460% from 6.918% in 2022. The increase in the gross profit margin percentage was mainly due to the improved gross profit percentages of JMB, partially offset by the lower gross profit percentages of Goldline and PMPP. 45 Selling, General and Administrative Expense — Direct-to-Consumer in thousands Year Ended June 30, $ 2023 % of revenue $ 2022 % of revenue Change $ % Selling, general and administrative expenses $ (42,976 ) (2.152 %) $ (34,152 ) (1.600 %) $ 8,824 25.8 % Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $8.8 million, or 25.8%, to $43.0 million from $34.2 million in 2022. The change was primarily due to (i) an increase in compensation expense (including performance-based accruals) of $4.7 million, (ii) higher advertising costs of $2.6 million, (iii) an increase in information technology costs of $1.1 million, and (iv) an increase in insurance costs of $0.2 million. Depreciation and Amortization Expense — Direct-to-Consumer in thousands Year Ended June 30, $ 2023 % of revenue $ 2022 % of revenue Change $ % Depreciation and amortization expense $ (11,204 ) (0.561 %) $ (26,057 ) (1.221 %) $ (14,853 ) (57.0 %) Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended June 30, 2023, decreased $14.9 million, or 57.0%, to $11.2 million from $26.1 million in 2022. The change was primarily due to a $14.9 million decrease in JMB’s intangible asset amortization expense. Interest expense — Direct-to-Consumer in thousands Year Ended June 30, Interest expense $ 2023 % of revenue $ 2022 % of revenue Change $ % $ (4,098 ) (0.205 %) $ (2,958 ) (0.139 %) $ 1,140 38.5 % Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $1.1 million to $4.1 million from $3.0 million in 2022. The increase is related to JMB’s increased product financing activity with A-Mark and higher interest rates. Results of Operations — Secured Lending Segment The Company operates its Secured Lending segment through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Collateral Finance Corporation, LLC ("CFC"), AM Capital Funding, LLC (“AMCF”), and CFC Alternative Investments (“CAI”). Overview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 — Secured Lending Segment The operating results of our Secured Lending segment were as follows (in thousands, except performance metrics data): Year Ended June 30, Interest income Interest expense Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization expense Earnings from equity method investments Other income, net Net income before provision for income taxes Performance Metric: Number of secured loans at period end (1) $ $ $ 9,708 (7,770 ) (2,125 ) (351 ) 1 2,360 1,823 882 2023 % of interest income 2022 $ % of interest income Change $ % 11,094 (9,000 ) (1,622 ) (352 ) 4 2,182 2,306 2,271 100.000 % $ (80.037 %) (21.889 %) (3.616 %) 0.010 % 24.310 % 18.778 % $ 46 100.000 % $ (81.125 %) $ (14.621 %) $ (3.173 %) $ 0.036 % $ 19.668 % $ 20.786 % $ (1,386 ) (1,230 ) 503 (1 ) (3 ) 178 (483 ) (1,389 ) (12.5 %) (13.7 %) 31.0 % (0.3 %) (75.0 %) 8.2 % (20.9 %) (61.2 %) (1) Number of outstanding secured loans to customers at the end of the period. Interest Income — Secured Lending in thousands, except performance metric Year Ended June 30, Interest income Performance Metric Number of secured loans at period-end $ $ 9,708 882 2023 % of interest income 100.000 % $ 2022 % of interest income Change $ % 100.000 % $ (1,386 ) (1,389 ) $ 11,094 2,271 (12.5 %) (61.2 %) Interest income for the year ended June 30, 2023 decreased $1.4 million, or 12.5%, to $9.7 million from $11.1 million in 2022. The decrease in interest income earned from the segment’s secured loan portfolio was primarily due to fewer loans outstanding and lower average monthly loan balances during the current year as compared to the prior year, partially offset by an increase in interest rates. The number of secured loans outstanding decreased by 1,389, or 61.2% to 882 from 2,271 as of June 30, 2022. Interest Expense — Secured Lending in thousands Year Ended June 30, 2023 $ % of interest income 2022 $ % of interest income Change $ % Interest expense $ (7,770 ) (80.037 %) $ (9,000 ) (81.125 %) $ (1,230 ) (13.7 %) Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2023 decreased $1.2 million, or 13.7%, to $7.8 million from $9.0 million in 2022. The change in interest expense was primarily due to lower loan servicing costs of $0.9 million and lower interest expense of $0.4 million associated with our Trading Credit Facility and the AMCF Notes (including amortization of debt issuance costs). Selling, General and Administrative Expenses — Secured Lending in thousands Year Ended June 30, 2023 $ % of interest income 2022 $ % of interest income Change $ % Selling, general, and administrative expenses $ (2,125 ) (21.889 %) $ (1,622 ) (14.621 %) $ 503 31.0 % Selling, general, and administrative expenses for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $0.5 million, or 31.0%, to $2.1 million from $1.6 million in 2022. The change in selling, general, and administrative expenses was not significant. Other Income, Net — Secured Lending in thousands Year Ended June 30, 2023 $ % of interest income 2022 $ % of interest income Change $ % Other income, net $ 2,360 24.310 % $ 2,182 19.668 % $ 178 8.2 % Other income, net for the year ended June 30, 2023 increased $0.2 million, or 8.2%, to $2.4 million from $2.2 million in 2022. The change in other income, net was not significant. NON-GAAP MEASURES Adjusted net income before provision for income taxes Overview In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe the below non-GAAP measure is useful in evaluating our operating performance. We use the financial measure “adjusted net income before provision for income taxes” to present our pre-tax earnings from core business operations. This measure does not have standardized definitions and is not prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The items excluded from this financial measure may have a material impact on our financial results. Certain of those items are non-recurring, while others are non-cash in nature. Accordingly, this non-GAAP financial performance measure should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or superior to, the comparable measures prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. 47 Reconciliation We calculate this non-GAAP financial performance measure by eliminating from net income before provision for income taxes the impact of items we do not consider indicative of our core operating performance. We eliminate the impact of the following three items: (i) acquisition expenses; (ii) amortization expenses related to intangible assets acquired; and (iii) depreciation expense. The following table reconciles this non-GAAP financial performance measure to its most closely comparable U.S. GAAP measure on our financial statements (in thousands): Year Ended June 30, Net income before provision for income taxes Adjustments: Acquisition costs Amortization of acquired intangibles Depreciation expense 2023 $ 2022 $ Change $ % $ 203,170 $ 166,417 $ 285 10,343 2,182 1,283 25,668 1,632 195,000 $ $ $ $ 36,753 (998 ) (15,325 ) 550 20,980 22.1 % (77.8 %) (59.7 %) 33.7 % 10.8 % Adjusted net income before provision for income taxes (non-GAAP) $ 215,980 $ Adjustments Acquisition expenses. We incur expenses for professional services rendered in connection with business combinations, which are included as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. Acquisition expenses are recorded in the periods in which the costs are incurred, and the services are received. We exclude acquisition expenses when we evaluate our core operating performance and to facilitate comparison of period-to-period operating performance. Amortization of purchased intangibles. Amortization expense of purchased intangibles varies in amount and frequency and is significantly impacted by the timing and size of our acquisitions. Due to amortization expense being non-cash in nature, management finds it useful to exclude these charges from our operating expenses to assist in the review of a measure that more closely corresponds to cash operating income generated from our business. Amortization of purchased intangible assets will recur in future periods. For additional information about the amortization of our purchased intangibles. See Note 9 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Depreciation expense. Depreciation expense is calculated using a straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the related assets, ranging from three years to twenty-five years. Due to depreciation expense being non-cash in nature, management finds it useful to exclude these charges from our operating expenses to assist in the review of a measure that more closely corresponds to cash operating income generated from our business. See Note 8 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization Overview In addition to the non-GAAP financial performance measure discussed in the section above, we use the non-GAAP liquidity measure “earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization” or "EBITDA" to evaluate our business operations before investing activities, interest, and income taxes. Management and external users of our consolidated financial statements, such as industry analysts and investors, may use EBITDA to compare business operations with other publicly traded companies. Reconciliation We calculate EBITDA by eliminating from net income the following five items: (i) interest income; (ii) interest expense; (iii) amortization expenses related to intangible assets acquired; (iv) depreciation expense; and (v) income tax expense. 48 Management believes the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is “net cash provided by or used in operating activities” presented in the consolidated statement of cash flows. Below is the reconciliation of net cash provided by or used in operating activities to EBITDA (in thousands): Year Ended June 30, Net income Adjustments: Interest income Interest expense Amortization of acquired intangibles Depreciation expense Income tax expense Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (non-GAAP) Reconciliation of Operating Cash Flows to EBITDA: Net cash used in operating activities Changes in operating working capital Interest expense Interest income Income tax expense Dividends and distributions received from equity method investees Earnings from equity method investments Share-based compensation Deferred income taxes Amortization of loan cost Other Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (non-GAAP) Cash Flow Data: Net cash used in operating activities Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Net cash provided by financing activities LIQUIDITY AND FINANCIAL CONDITION Primary Sources and Uses of Cash Overview 2023 $ 2022 $ Change $ % $ 156,769 $ 133,079 (22,231 ) 31,528 10,343 2,182 46,401 68,223 224,992 $ (30,323 ) 193,738 31,528 (22,231 ) 46,401 (978 ) 12,576 (2,176 ) (1,585 ) (2,113 ) 155 224,992 $ $ (30,323 ) 6,839 25,019 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (21,800 ) 21,992 25,668 1,632 33,338 60,830 193,909 (89,166 ) 245,216 21,992 (21,800 ) 33,338 (1,678 ) 6,907 (2,140 ) 4,106 (2,651 ) (215 ) 193,909 (89,166 ) (60,563 ) 86,107 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 23,690 431 9,536 (15,325 ) 550 13,063 7,393 31,083 (58,843 ) (51,478 ) 9,536 431 13,063 (700 ) 5,669 36 (5,691 ) (538 ) 370 31,083 (58,843 ) 67,402 (61,088 ) 17.8 % 2.0 % 43.4 % (59.7 %) 33.7 % 39.2 % 12.2 % 16.0 % (66.0 %) (21.0 %) 43.4 % 2.0 % 39.2 % (41.7 %) 82.1 % 1.7 % (138.6 %) (20.3 %) 172.1 % 16.0 % (66.0 %) 111.3 % (70.9 %) Liquidity refers to the availability to the Company of amounts of cash to meet all of our cash needs. Our sources of liquidity principally include cash from operations, Trading Credit Facility (see “Lines of Credit” below), and product financing arrangements. A substantial portion of our assets are liquid. As of June 30, 2023, approximately 81.5% of our assets consisted of cash, receivables, derivative assets, secured loans receivables, precious metals held under financing arrangements, and inventories, measured at fair value. Cash generated from the sales or financing of our precious metals products is our primary source of operating liquidity. Among other things, these include our product financing arrangements and liabilities on borrowed metals. Typically, the Company acquires its inventory by: (i) purchasing inventory from its suppliers by utilizing our own capital and lines of credit; (ii) borrowing precious metals from its suppliers under short-term arrangements which may bear interest at a designated rate, and (iii) repurchasing inventory at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price on the specified repurchase date. In addition to selling inventory, the Company generates cash from earning interest income. The Company enters into secured loans and secured financing structures with its customers under which it charges interest. The loans are secured by precious metals and numismatic material, and graded sports cards and sports memorabilia owned by the borrowers and held by the Company as security for the term of the loan. The Company also offers a number of secured financing options to its customers to finance their precious metals purchases including consignments and other structured inventory finance products. Furthermore, our customers may enter into agreements whereby the customer agrees to repurchase our precious metals at the prevailing spot price for delivery of the product at a specific point in time in the future; interest income is earned from the contract date until the material is delivered and paid for in full. We may also raise funds through the public or private offering of equity or debt securities, although there is no assurance that we will be able to do so at the times and in the amounts required. We have an effective universal shelf registration statement on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, under which we may issue approximately $69.5 million worth of securities at this time through March 2024. 49 We continually review our overall credit and capital needs to ensure that our capital base, both stockholders’ equity and available credit facilities, can appropriately support our anticipated financing needs. The Company also continually monitors its current and forecasted cash requirements and draws upon and pays down its lines of credit so as to minimize interest expense. See Note 15 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Lines of Credit in thousands Lines of credit June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Change $ 235,000 $ 215,000 $ 20,000 Effective December 21, 2021, A-Mark entered into a three-year committed borrowing facility (the "Trading Credit Facility") with CIBC Bank USA, as agent and joint lead arranger, and a syndicate of banks. As of June 30, 2023, the Trading Credit Facility provided the Company with access up to $350.0 million. The credit facility has a termination date of December 21, 2024. A-Mark routinely uses funds drawn under the Trading Credit Facility to purchase metals from its suppliers and for other operating cash flow purposes. Our CFC subsidiary also uses the funds drawn under the Trading Credit Facility to finance certain of its lending activities. Notes Payable in thousands Notes payable — short-term Notes payable — long-term June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Change 95,308 — 95,308 $ $ — 94,073 94,073 $ $ 95,308 (94,073 ) 1,235 $ $ In September 2018, AMCF, a wholly-owned subsidiary of CFC, completed an issuance of Secured Senior Term Notes, Series 2018-1, Class A in the aggregate principal amount of $72.0 million and Secured Subordinated Term Notes, Series 2018-1, Class B in the aggregate principal amount of $28.0 million (collectively, the "AMCF Notes".) The Class A Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.98% and the Class B Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.98%. The AMCF Notes have a maturity date of December 15, 2023. The holders of the AMCF Notes have a first priority security interest in the AMCF's cash, secured loan receivable, precious metals held under financing arrangements, and inventory, which are in excess of the AMCF Notes' aggregate principal amount. As of June 30, 2023, the consolidated aggregate carrying balance of the AMCF Notes was $94.8 million (which excludes the $5.0 million portion of the Class B Notes that the Company retained), and the remaining unamortized loan cost balance was approximately $0.2 million, which is amortized using the effective interest method through the maturity date. See Note 15 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company is in discussions with its Trading Credit Facility lenders to refinance the AMCF Notes under this facility. If the Company is unable to refinance the AMCF Notes through the Trading Credit Facility or other alternative financing, the Company intends to generate funds to repay the AMCF Notes through the sale of inventory and/or product financing arrangements. In April 2021, CCP entered into a loan agreement with CFC, which provides CFC with up to $4.0 million to fund commercial loans secured by graded sports cards and sports memorabilia to its borrowers. All loans to be funded using the proceeds from the CCP Note are subject to CCP’s prior written approval. The term of the CCP Note expires on April 1, 2024 and may be extended by mutual agreement. As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 the outstanding principal balance of the CCP Note was $0.5 million and $0.0 million. See Note 14 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Liabilities on Borrowed Metals in thousands Liabilities on borrowed metals June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Change $ 21,642 $ 59,417 $ (37,775 ) We borrow precious metals from our suppliers and customers under short-term arrangements using other precious metal from our inventory or precious metals held under financing arrangements as collateral. Amounts under these arrangements require repayment either in the form of precious metals or cash. Liabilities also arise from unallocated metal positions held by customers in our inventory. Typically, these positions are due on demand, in a specified physical form, based on the total ounces of metal held in the position. Product Financing Arrangements in thousands Product financing arrangements June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Change $ 335,831 $ 282,671 $ 53,160 50 The Company has agreements with financial institutions and other third parties that allow the Company to transfer its gold and silver inventory to the third-party at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price, which provides alternative sources of liquidity. During the term of the agreement both parties intend for inventory to be returned at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price on the repurchase date. The third parties charge monthly interest as a percentage of the market value of the outstanding obligation; such monthly charges are classified as interest expense. These transactions do not qualify as sales and therefore are accounted for as financing arrangements and reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as product financing arrangements. The obligation is stated at the amount required to repurchase the outstanding inventory. Both the product financing arrangements and the underlying inventory (which is entirely restricted) are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value included as a component of cost of sales. Secured Loans Receivable in thousands Secured loans receivable June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Change $ 100,620 $ 126,217 $ (25,597 ) CFC is a California licensed finance lender that makes and acquires commercial loans secured by bullion and numismatic coins, and graded sports cards and sports memorabilia that affords our customers a convenient means of financing their inventory or collections. See Note 5 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. AMCF also purchases and holds secured loans from CFC to meet its collateral requirements related to the AMCF Notes. See Note 15 to Company’s consolidated financial statements. Most of the Company's secured loans are short-term in nature. The renewal of these secured loans is at the discretion of the Company and, as such, provides us with some flexibility in regard to our capital deployment strategies. Dividends The Company’s board of directors has adopted a regular quarterly cash dividend policy of $0.20 per common share ($0.80 per share on an annual basis). The declaration of regular cash dividends in the future is subject to the determination each quarter by the board of directors. On August 18, 2022, the Company's board of directors declared a non-recurring special dividend of $1.00 per common share to stockholders of record at the close of business on September 12, 2022. The dividend was paid on September 26, 2022 and totaled $23.4 million. On August 18, 2022, the Company's board of directors also declared the initial quarterly regular cash dividend under its new dividend policy, of $0.20 per common share to stockholders of record at the close of business on October 10, 2022. The dividend was paid on October 24, 2022 and totaled $4.7 million. On January 4, 2023, the Company's board of directors declared a quarterly regular cash dividend of $0.20 per common share to stockholders of record at the close of business on January 16, 2023. The dividend totaling $4.7 million was paid on January 27, 2023. On April 5, 2023, the Company's board of directors declared a quarterly regular cash dividend of $0.20 per common share to shareholders of record at the close of business on April 17, 2023. The dividend totaling $4.7 million was paid on April 28, 2023. See Note 20 to the Company's consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our dividends. Cash Flows The majority of the Company’s trading activities involve two-day value trades under which payment is received in advance of delivery or product is received in advance of payment. The combination of sales volume, inventory turnover, and precious metals price volatility can cause material changes in the sources of cash used in or provided by operating activities on a daily basis. The Company manages these variances through its liquidity forecasts and counterparty limits by maintaining a liquidity reserve to meet the Company’s cash needs. The Company uses various short-term financial instruments to manage the cycle of our trading activities from customer purchase order to cash collections and product delivery, which can cause material changes in the amount of cash used in or provided by financing activities on a daily basis. The following summarizes components of our consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands): Year Ended Net cash used in operating activities Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Net cash provided by financing activities June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Change $ $ $ (30,323 ) 6,839 25,019 $ $ $ (89,166 ) (60,563 ) 86,107 $ $ $ (58,843 ) 67,402 (61,088 ) For the periods presented, our principal capital requirements have been to fund (i) working capital and (ii) financing activity. Our working capital requirements fluctuated with market conditions, the availability of precious metals, and the volatility of precious metals commodity pricing. 51 Net Cash Flows From Operating Activities Operating activities used $30.3 million and used $89.2 million in cash for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing a $58.8 million decrease in cash used compared to the year ended June 30, 2022. The decrease in cash used was primarily due to net changes in working capital, which includes the balances of inventories, precious metals held under financing arrangements, receivables, and derivative liabilities, partially offset by increased net income adjusted for noncash items. Net Cash Flows From Investing Activities Investing activities provided $6.8 million and used $60.6 million in cash for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing a $67.4 million change in cash provided or used compared to the year ended June 30, 2022. This period over period change was primarily due to higher cash inflows of $41.6 million associated with the net liquidations of secured loans in the current period, a decrease in purchases of long-term investments primarily related to our equity method investees of $32.0 million, and $0.7 million from digital asset activity. These increases in cash inflows were partially offset by higher investing cash outflows in the current year of $5.0 million related to the acquisition of intangible assets from BGASC and BullionMax, and $1.9 million of capital expenditures for property, plant and equipment. Net Cash Flows From Financing Activities Financing activities provided $25.0 million and provided $86.1 million in cash for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing a $61.1 million decrease in cash provided compared to the year ended June 30, 2022. This period over period decrease in cash provided by financing activities was primarily due to decreases in cash provided of $28.5 million related to our product financing arrangements, an increase in cash paid for dividends of $14.8 million, decreased net borrowings of $10.0 million under our lines of credit, an increase of $9.8 million of cash used to repurchase our common stock under our share repurchase program, an increase of $3.0 million on repayments on notes payable to related parties, a decrease in cash provided of $2.3 million related to the exercise and taxes related to share-based awards, and an increase of $1.0 million in distributions paid to PMPP's noncontrolling interest holder. These increases in cash outflows were partially offset by lower debt issuance costs paid in the current year of $4.7 million and increased proceeds of $3.5 million from the issuance of related party notes. Capital Resources We believe that our current cash availability under the Trading Credit Facility, product financing arrangements, financing derived from borrowed metals and the cash we anticipate generating from operating activities will provide us with sufficient liquidity to satisfy our working capital needs, capital expenditures, investment requirements, and commitments through at least the next twelve months. The Company is in discussions with its Trading Credit Facility lenders to refinance the AMCF Notes, which mature on December 15, 2023, under this facility. If the Company is unable to refinance the AMCF Notes through the Trading Credit Facility or other alternative financing, the Company intends to generate funds to repay the AMCF Notes through the sale of inventory and/or product financing arrangements, which will reduce the Company's liquidity. CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS Counterparty Risk We face counterparty risks in our Wholesale Sales and Ancillary Services segment. We manage these risks by setting credit and position risk limits with our trading counterparties, including gross position limits for counterparties engaged in sales and purchase transactions and inventory consignment transactions with us, as well as collateral limits for different types of sale and purchase transactions that counterparties may engage in from time to time. Commodities Risk and Derivatives We use a variety of strategies to manage our risk including fluctuations in commodity prices for precious metals. Our inventory consists of, and our trading activities involve, precious metals and precious metal products, for which prices are linked to the corresponding precious metal commodity prices. The Company's precious metals inventory is subject to fluctuations in market value, resulting from changes in the underlying commodity prices. Inventory purchased or borrowed by us is subject to price changes. Inventory borrowed is a natural hedge, since changes in value of the metal held are offset by the obligation to return the metal to the supplier or deliver metals to the customer. Open sale and purchase commitments in our trading activities are subject to changes in value between the date the purchase or sale price is fixed (the trade date) and the date the metal is received or delivered (the settlement date). We seek to minimize the effect of price changes of the underlying commodity through the use of forward and futures contracts. Our open sale and purchase commitments generally settle within 2 business days, and for those commitments that do not have stated settlement dates, we have the right to settle the positions upon demand. 52 Our policy is to substantially hedge our inventory position, net of open sale and purchase commitments that are subject to price risk. We regularly enter into precious metals commodity forward and futures contracts with financial institutions to hedge against this risk. We use futures contracts, which typically settle within 30 days, for our shorter-term hedge positions, and forward contracts, which may remain open for up to six months, for our longer-term hedge positions. We have access to all of the precious metals markets, allowing us to place hedges. We also maintain relationships with major market makers in every major precious metals dealing center. The Company enters into these derivative transactions solely for the purpose of hedging our inventory holding risk, and not for speculative market purposes. Due to the nature of our hedging strategy, we are not using hedge accounting as defined under Derivatives and Hedging Topic 815 of the ASC ("ASC 815"). Unrealized gains or losses resulting from our futures and forward contracts are reported as cost of sales with the related amounts due from or to counterparties reflected as derivative assets or liabilities. The Company adjusts the derivatives to fair value on a daily basis until the transactions are settled. When these contracts are net settled, the unrealized gains and losses are reversed and the realized gains and losses for forward contracts are recorded in revenue and cost of sales and the net realized gains and losses for futures are recorded in cost of sales. The Company’s net gains and losses on derivative instruments for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 totaled gains of $97.1 million and gains of $47.8 million, respectively. These net gains and losses on derivative instruments were substantially offset by the changes in fair market value of the underlying precious metals inventory and open sale and purchase commitments, which is also recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. The purpose of the Company's hedging policy is to substantially match the change in the value of the derivative financial instrument to the change in the value of the underlying hedged item. The following table summarizes the results of our hedging activities, showing the precious metal commodity inventory position, net of open sale and purchase commitments, which is subject to price risk, compared to change in the value of the derivative instruments (in thousands): June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Inventories Precious metals held under financing arrangements Less unhedgeable inventories: Commemorative coin inventory, held at lower of cost or net realizable value Premium on metals position Precious metal value not hedged Commitments at market: Open inventory purchase commitments Open inventory sales commitments Margin sale commitments In-transit inventory no longer subject to market risk Unhedgeable premiums on open commitment positions Borrowed precious metals Product financing arrangements Advances on industrial metals Precious metal subject to price risk Precious metal subject to derivative financial instruments: Precious metals forward contracts at market values Precious metals futures contracts at market values Total market value of derivative financial instruments Net precious metals subject to commodity price risk $ $ 981,643 25,530 1,007,173 (948 ) (29,358 ) (30,306 ) 921,108 (587,392 ) (17,682 ) (5,505 ) 11,224 (21,642 ) (335,831 ) 698 (35,022 ) 941,845 767,767 170,466 938,233 $ 3,612 $ 741,018 79,766 820,784 (1,434 ) (27,059 ) (28,493 ) 681,835 (497,949 ) (26,984 ) (13,164 ) 12,933 (59,417 ) (282,671 ) 768 (184,649 ) 607,642 278,326 326,713 605,039 2,603 We are exposed to the risk of default of the counterparties to our derivative contracts. Significant judgment is applied by us when evaluating the fair value implications. We regularly review the creditworthiness of our major counterparties and monitor our exposure to concentrations. As of June 30, 2023, we believe our risk of counterparty default is mitigated based on our evaluation of the creditworthiness of our major counterparties, the strong financial condition of our counterparties, and the short-term duration of these arrangements. We had the following outstanding sale and purchase commitments and open forward and future contracts, which are normal and recurring, in nature (in thousands): Purchase commitments Sales commitments Margin sales commitments Open forward contracts Open futures contracts Foreign exchange forward contracts June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 $ $ $ $ $ $ 921,108 (587,392 ) (17,682 ) 767,767 170,466 7,101 $ $ $ $ $ $ 681,835 (497,949 ) (26,984 ) 278,326 326,713 9,738 53 The notional amounts of the commodity forward and futures contracts and the open sales and purchase orders, as shown in the table above, are not reflected at the notional amounts in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company records commodity forward and futures contracts at the fair value, which is the difference between the market price of the underlying metal or contract measured on the reporting date and the trade amount measured on the date the contract was transacted. The fair value of the open derivative contracts are shown as a component of derivative assets or derivative liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company enters into the derivative forward and future transactions solely for the purpose of hedging its inventory holding risk, and not for speculative market purposes. The Company’s gains and losses on derivative instruments are substantially offset by the changes in fair market value of the underlying precious metals inventory position, including our open sale and purchase commitments. The Company records the derivatives at the trade date, and any corresponding unrealized gains or losses are shown as a component of cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. We adjust the carrying value of the derivatives to fair value on a daily basis until the transactions are physically settled. See Note 12 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Commitments and Contingencies Refer to Note 16 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for information relating Company's commitments and contingencies. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). In connection with the preparation of our financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions about future events and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. We base our assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and other factors that we believe to be relevant at the time the Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared. On a regular basis, we review our accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that the Company’s consolidated financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with U.S. GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could materially differ from our estimates. Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. We believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results, and they require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. We have reviewed these critical accounting estimates and related disclosures with the Audit Committee of our board of directors. Revenue Recognition The Company accounts for its metals and sales contracts using settlement date accounting. Pursuant to such accounting, the Company recognizes the sale or purchase of the metals at settlement date. During the period between the trade and settlement dates, the Company enters into forward contracts that meet the definition of a derivative in accordance with the Derivatives and Hedging Topic 815 of the ASC (“ASC 815”). The Company records the derivative at the trade date with any corresponding unrealized gain (loss), shown as component of cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. The Company adjusts the derivatives to fair value on a daily basis until the transactions are settled. When these contracts are settled, the unrealized gains and losses are reversed, and revenue is recognized for contracts that are physically settled. For contracts that are net settled, the realized gains and losses are recorded in cost of sales, with the exception of forward contracts, where their associated realized gains and losses are recorded in revenue and cost of sales, respectively. Also, the Company recognizes its storage, logistics, licensing, advertising revenue, and other services revenues in accordance with the FASB's release ASU 2014-09 Revenue From Contracts With Customers Topic 606 of the ASC and subsequent related amendments ("ASC 606"), which follows five basic steps to determine whether revenue can be recognized: (i) identify the contract with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. Inventories The Company's inventory, which primarily consists of bullion and bullion coins, is acquired and initially recorded at cost and then marked to fair market value. The fair market value of the bullion and bullion coins comprises two components: (i) published market values attributable to the cost of the raw precious metal, and (ii) the premium paid at acquisition of the metal, which is attributable to the incremental value of the product in its finished goods form. The market value attributable solely to such premium is readily determinable by reference to multiple sources. The precious metal component of the inventory may be hedged through the use of precious metal commodity positions, while the premium component of our inventory is not a commodity that may be hedged. 54 The Company’s inventory, except for certain lower of cost or net realizable value basis products (as described below), is subsequently recorded at their fair market values. The daily changes in the fair market value of our inventory are offset by daily changes in the fair market value of hedging derivatives that are taken with respect to our inventory positions; both the change in the fair market value of the inventory and the change in the fair market value of these derivative instruments are recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. While the premium component included in inventory is marked-to-market, our commemorative coin inventory, including its premium component, is held at the lower of cost or net realizable value, because the value of commemorative coins is influenced more by supply and demand determinants than on the underlying spot price of the precious metal content of the commemorative coins. Unlike our bullion coins, the value of commemorative coins is not subject to the same level of volatility as bullion coins because our commemorative coins typically carry a substantially higher premium over the spot metal price than bullion coins. Additionally, neither the commemorative coin inventory nor the premium component of our inventory is hedged. Inventory includes amounts borrowed from suppliers and customers arising from various arrangements including unallocated metal positions held by customers in the Company’s inventory, amounts due to suppliers for the use of consigned inventory, metals held by suppliers as collateral on advanced pool metals, as well as shortages in unallocated metal positions held by the Company in the supplier’s inventory. Unallocated or pool metal represents an unsegregated inventory position that is due on demand, in a specified physical form, based on the total ounces of metal held in the position. Amounts under these arrangements require delivery either in the form of precious metals or cash. The Company mitigates market risk of its physical inventory and open commitments through commodity hedge transactions. See Note 12 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company enters into product financing agreements for the transfer and subsequent option or obligation to reacquire its gold and silver inventory at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price with a third-party finance company. This inventory is restricted and is held at a custodial storage facility in exchange for a financing fee, charged by the third-party finance company. During the term of the financing agreement, the third-party company holds the inventory as collateral, and both parties intend for the inventory to be returned to the Company at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price on the repurchase date. The third-party charges a monthly fee as percentage of the market value of the outstanding obligation; such monthly charge is classified as interest expense. These transactions do not qualify as sales and have been accounted for as financing arrangements in accordance with ASC 470-40 Product Financing Arrangements, and are reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as product financing arrangements. The obligation is stated at the amount required to repurchase the outstanding inventory. Both the product financing and the underlying inventory (which is restricted) are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value included in cost of sales in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The Company periodically loans metals to customers on a short-term consignment basis. Such inventory is removed at the time the customer elects to price and purchase the metals, and the Company records a corresponding sale and receivable. The Company enters into financing arrangements with certain customers under which A-Mark purchases precious metals products that are subject to repurchase by the customer at the fair value of the product on the repurchase date. The Company or the counterparty may typically terminate any such arrangement with 14 days' notice. Upon termination the customer’s rights to repurchase any remaining inventory is forfeited. Business Combinations The accounting for a business combination requires tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed to be recorded at estimated fair value. We valued intangible assets at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date based upon assumptions related to the future cash flows and discount rates utilizing the then currently available information, and in some cases, valuation results from independent valuation specialists. The use of a discounted cash flow analysis requires significant judgment to estimate the future cash flows derived from the asset and the expected period of time over which those cash flows will occur and to determine an appropriate discount rate. We make certain judgments and estimates when determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Those judgments and estimates also include determining the lives assigned to acquired intangibles, the resulting amortization period, what indicators will trigger an impairment, whether those indicators are other than temporary, what economic or competitive factors affect valuation, valuation methodology, and key assumptions including discount rates and cash flow estimates. 55 Goodwill and Other Purchased Intangible Assets We evaluate goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of the fiscal year (or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist) in accordance with the Intangibles - Goodwill and Other Topic 350 of the ASC (“ASC 350”). Other finite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment when events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. We may first qualitatively assess whether relevant events and circumstances make it more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill is less than its carrying value. If, based on this qualitative assessment, we determine that goodwill is more likely than not to be impaired, a quantitative impairment test is performed. This step requires us to determine the fair value of the business and compare the calculated fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If through this quantitative analysis the Company determines the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, the goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not to be impaired. If the Company concludes that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, a goodwill impairment will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The Company also performs impairment reviews on its indefinite-lived intangible assets (i.e., trade names and trademarks). In assessing its indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment, the Company has the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether events or circumstances exist that lead to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount. If the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount, the Company is not required to perform any additional tests in assessing the asset for impairment. However, if the Company concludes otherwise or elects not to perform the qualitative assessment, then it is required to perform a quantitative analysis to determine if the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value. If through a quantitative analysis the Company determines the fair value of an indefinite- lived intangible asset exceeds its carrying amount, the indefinite-lived intangible asset is considered not to be impaired. If the Company concludes that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value, an impairment will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value. Income Taxes As part of the process of preparing the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its provision for income taxes in each of the tax jurisdictions in which it conducts business, in accordance with Income Taxes Topic 740 of the ASC ("ASC 740"). The Company computes its annual tax rate based on the statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities available to it in the various jurisdictions in which it earns income. Significant judgment is required in determining the Company's annual tax rate and in evaluating uncertainty in its tax positions. The Company has adopted the provisions of ASC 740-10, which clarifies the accounting for uncertain tax positions. ASC 740-10 requires that the Company recognizes the impact of a tax position in the financial statements if the position is not more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to certain uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense and the accrued interest and penalties are included in deferred and income taxes payable in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. See Note 13 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for more information on the Company’s accounting for income taxes. Income taxes are accounted for using an asset and liability approach that requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization include the Company's forecast of the reversal of temporary differences, future taxable income, and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the net deferred tax assets. Failure to achieve forecasted taxable income in applicable tax jurisdictions could affect the ultimate realization of deferred tax assets and could result in an increase in the Company's effective tax rate on future earnings. Based on our assessment, it appears more likely than not that all of the net deferred tax assets will be realized through future taxable income. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS For a description of accounting changes and recent accounting standards, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on our financial position or results of operations. See Note 2 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Market Risk Market risk is the risk that changes in market conditions may adversely impact the value of assets or liabilities, or otherwise negatively impact earnings. The Company is exposed to market risk related to changes in commodity prices. 56 The Company's precious metals inventory is subject to fluctuations in market value, resulting from changes in the underlying commodity prices. Inventory purchased or borrowed by the Company is subject to price changes. Open sale and purchase commitments are subject to changes in value between the date the purchase or sale price is fixed (the trade date) and the date the metal is received or delivered (the settlement date). To manage the volatility related to this exposure, the Company enters into precious metals commodity forward and futures contracts. Our policy is to substantially hedge our inventory position, net of open sale and purchase commitments that are subject to price risk. We similarly seek to minimize the effect of price changes on our open sale and purchase commitments through hedging activity. Inventory borrowed is considered a natural hedge, since changes in value of the metal held are offset by the obligation to return the metal to the supplier. We generally use futures contracts for our shorter-term hedge positions, and forward contracts, which may remain open for up to six months, for our longer-term hedge positions. We have access to all of the precious metals markets, allowing us to place hedges. We also maintain relationships with major market makers in every major precious metals dealing center. We enter into these derivative contracts for the purpose of hedging substantially all of our market exposure to precious metals prices, and not for speculative purposes. As a result of these hedging strategies, we do not believe we have a material exposure to market risk. The Company is exposed to the risk of failure of the counterparties to its derivative contracts. The Company regularly reviews the creditworthiness of its major counterparties and monitors its exposure to concentrations. The Company believes its risk of counterparty default is mitigated as a result of such evaluation and the short-term duration of these arrangements. See Note 12 to the Company's consolidated financial statements, “Derivative Instruments and Hedging Transactions”. Foreign Exchange Risk Foreign exchange risk represents exposures to changes in the values of current holdings and future cash flows denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. The types of instruments exposed to this risk include foreign currency denominated receivables and payables and future cash flows in foreign currencies arising from foreign exchange transactions. To manage the effect of foreign currency exchange fluctuations on its sale and purchase transactions, the Company utilizes foreign currency forward contracts with maturities of generally less than one week. Because of these hedging policies, we do not believe our exposure to foreign exchange risk is material. See Note 12 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, “Derivative Instruments and Hedging Transactions—Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Management.” Interest Rate Risk Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our product financing arrangements and Trading Credit Facility. We are subject to fluctuations in interest rates based on the variable interest terms of these arrangements, and we do not utilize derivative contracts to hedge the interest rate fluctuation. See Note 15 to the Company's consolidated financial statements, "Financing Agreements". We manage the interest rate risks related to our interest income generating activities by increasing our secured loan interest rates and finance product pricing in response to rising interest rates. While our weighted-average effective interest rates on these products increased during the year, the rate increases only partially mitigated the effect of higher interest rates related to our product financing arrangements and Trading Credit Facility. We do not believe our exposure to interest rate risk is material. 57 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereof Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 248) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1. Description of Business Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Note 3. Assets and Liabilities, at Fair Value Note 4. Receivables, Net Note 5. Secured Loans Receivable Note 6. Inventories Note 7. Leases Note 8. Property, Plant, and Equipment Note 9. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Note 10. Long-Term Investments Note 11. Accounts Payable and Other Current Liabilities Note 12. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Transactions Note 13. Income Taxes Note 14. Related Party Transactions Note 15. Financing Agreements Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies Note 17. Stockholders' Equity Note 18. Customer and Supplier Concentrations Note 19. Segments and Geographic Information Note 20. Subsequent Events 58 Page 59 61 63 64 65 66 66 67 78 81 81 83 84 85 85 86 87 87 90 92 93 95 96 100 100 103 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Stockholders A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Opinion on the financial statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2023, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated September 11, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion. Basis for opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical audit matters Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters. /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015. Newport Beach, California September 11, 2023 59 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Stockholders A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Opinion on internal control over financial reporting We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2023, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2023, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended June 30, 2023, and our report dated September 11, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements. Basis for opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP Newport Beach, California September 11, 2023 60 A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (amounts in thousands, except for share data) June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 (1) ASSETS Current assets Cash Receivables, net Derivative assets Secured loans receivable Precious metals held under financing arrangements Inventories: Inventories Restricted inventories (1) (1) (1) Prepaid expenses and other assets (1) Total current assets Operating lease right of use assets Property, plant, and equipment, net Goodwill Intangibles, net Long-term investments Other long-term assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities Lines of credit Liabilities on borrowed metals Product financing arrangements Accounts payable and other payables Deferred revenue and other advances Derivative liabilities (1) Accrued liabilities Income tax payable Notes payable Total current liabilities (1) (2) Notes payable Deferred tax liabilities Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding: none as of June 30, 2023 or June 30, 2022 Common stock, par value $0.01; 40,000,000 shares authorized; 23,672,122 and 23,379,888 shares issued and 23,336,387 and 23,379,888 shares outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively Treasury stock, 335,735 and 0 shares at cost as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive loss Retained earnings Total A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interest Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities, noncontrolling interest and stockholders’ equity $ $ $ $ 39,318 35,243 77,881 100,620 25,530 645,812 335,831 981,643 6,956 1,267,191 5,119 12,513 100,943 62,630 88,535 8,640 1,545,571 235,000 21,642 335,831 25,465 181,363 8,076 20,418 958 95,308 924,061 — 16,677 4,440 945,178 — 237 (9,762 ) 169,034 (1,025 ) 440,639 599,123 1,270 600,393 1,545,571 $ $ $ $ 37,783 97,040 91,743 126,217 79,766 458,347 282,671 741,018 7,558 1,181,125 6,482 9,845 100,943 67,965 70,828 5,471 1,442,659 215,000 59,417 282,671 6,127 175,545 75,780 21,813 382 — 836,735 94,073 15,408 5,972 952,188 — 234 — 166,526 — 321,849 488,609 1,862 490,471 1,442,659 (1) (2) Includes amounts of the consolidated variable interest entity, which are presented separately in the table below. Notes payable as of June 30, 2022 includes amounts of the consolidated variable interest entity, which is presented separately in the table below. See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 61 A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (amounts in thousands) In September 2018, AM Capital Funding, LLC (“AMCF”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Collateral Finance Corporation (CFC”), completed an issuance of Secured Senior Term Notes, Series 2018-1, Class A in the aggregate principal amount of $72.0 million and Secured Subordinated Term Notes, Series 2018-1, Class B in the aggregate principal amount of $28.0 million (collectively, the "AMCF Notes"). The Class A Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.98% and the Class B Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.98%. The AMCF Notes have a maturity date of December 15, 2023. The Company consolidates a variable interest entity ("VIE") if the Company is considered to be the primary beneficiary. AMCF is a VIE because its equity may be insufficient to maintain its ongoing collateral requirements without additional financial support from the Company. The securitization is primarily secured by cash, bullion loans, and precious metals, and the Company is required to continuously hedge the value of certain collateral and make future contributions as necessary. The Company is the primary beneficiary of this VIE because the Company has the right to determine the type of collateral (i.e., cash, secured loans, or precious metals) placed into the entity, has the right to receive (and has received) the proceeds from the securitization transaction, earns ongoing interest income from the secured loans (subject to collateral requirements), and has the obligation to absorb losses should AMCF's interest expense and other costs exceed its interest income. The following table presents the assets and liabilities of this VIE, which are included in the consolidated balance sheets above. The holders of the AMCF Notes have a first priority security interest in the assets as shown in the table below, which are in excess of the AMCF Notes' aggregate principal amount. Additionally, the liabilities of the VIE include intercompany balances, which are eliminated in consolidation. (See Note 15.) ASSETS OF THE CONSOLIDATED VIE Cash Secured loans receivable Precious metals held under financing arrangements Inventories Prepaid expenses and other assets Total assets of the consolidated variable interest entity LIABILITIES OF THE CONSOLIDATED VIE Deferred payment obligations Accrued liabilities Notes payable (2) (1) Total liabilities of the consolidated variable interest entity June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 $ $ $ $ 1,915 46,368 14,950 56,841 7 120,081 30,083 551 99,762 130,396 $ $ $ $ 3,264 92,246 13,524 4,752 23 113,809 21,081 832 99,073 120,986 (1) (2) This is an intercompany balance which is eliminated in consolidation and not shown on the consolidated balance sheets. $5.0 million of the AMCF Notes are held by the Company which are eliminated in consolidation and not shown on the consolidated balance sheets. See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 62 Revenues Cost of sales Gross profit Selling, general, and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization expense Interest income Interest expense Earnings from equity method investments Other income, net Remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity interest Unrealized gains (losses) on foreign exchange Net income before provision for income taxes Income tax expense Net income Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to the Company Basic and diluted net income per share attributable to A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc.: Basic Diluted Weighted average shares outstanding: Basic Diluted A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (in thousands, except for share and per share data) $ $ $ $ 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 9,286,561 8,991,892 294,669 (85,282 ) (12,525 ) 22,231 (31,528 ) 12,576 2,663 — 366 203,170 (46,401 ) 156,769 409 156,360 6.68 6.34 $ $ $ $ 8,159,254 7,897,489 261,765 (76,618 ) (27,300 ) 21,800 (21,992 ) 6,907 1,953 — (98 ) 166,417 (33,338 ) 133,079 543 132,536 5.81 5.45 $ $ $ $ 7,613,015 7,402,817 210,198 (48,020 ) (10,789 ) 18,474 (19,865 ) 15,547 1,079 26,306 (129 ) 192,801 (31,877 ) 160,924 1,287 159,637 9.57 8.90 23,400,300 24,648,600 22,805,600 24,329,500 16,686,600 17,944,600 See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 63 A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (in thousands, except for share data) Common Stock Amount Additiona l Paid-in Retained Earnings Capital Accumulated other comprehensiv e income (loss) Treasury Stock Shares Amount Balance, June 30, 2020 Net income Share-based compensation Issuance of common stock sold in public offering, net of offering costs Common stock issued for acquisition of JMB Exercise of share-based awards Net settlement of share-based awards Acquisition of noncontrolling interest, net of deferred taxes Dividends declared ($0.75 per common share) Balance, June 30, 2021 Net income Share-based compensation Exercise of share-based awards Net settlement of share-based awards Common stock issued for increase in long- term investments Dividends declared ($1.00 per common share) Dividends declared (2:1 stock split per common share) Balance, June 30, 2022 Net income Share-based compensation Earnings distribution paid to noncontrolling interest Cumulative translation adjustment, net of tax Common stock issued as employee compensation Exercise of share-based awards Net settlement of share-based awards Repurchases of common stock Dividends declared ($1.00 per common share) Dividends declared ($0.20 per common share) Balance, June 30, 2023 Shares 14,063,00 0 — — 5,750,000 2,094,014 546,380 5,920 — — 22,459,31 4 — — 329,598 213,868 377,108 — — 23,379,88 8 — — — — 10,500 210,999 70,735 — — — 23,672,12 2 $ 71 — — 29 10 3 — — — 113 — — 2 — 3 — 116 234 — — — — — 2 1 — — — $ 27,289 — 1,173 75,315 41,598 3,520 (38 ) 1,563 $ $ 73,644 159,637 — — — — — — — (21,191 ) 150,420 — 2,140 2,321 (35 ) 212,090 132,536 — — — 11,680 — — — 166,526 — 2,176 — — 293 1,882 (1,855 ) — 3 9 (22,661 ) (116 ) 321,849 156,360 — — — — — — — (23,468 ) (14,102 ) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (1,025 ) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (335,73 5 ) — — (335,73 $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (9,762 ) — — Total A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Stockholders' Equity Non- controllin g Interest Total Stockholders ’ Equity $ $ 101,004 159,637 1,173 3,890 1,287 — $ 104,894 160,924 1,173 75,344 41,608 3,523 (38 ) — — — — 1,563 (3,858 ) 75,344 41,608 3,523 (38 ) (2,295 ) (21,191 ) — (21,191 ) 362,623 132,536 2,140 2,323 (35 ) 11,683 (22,661 ) — 488,609 156,360 2,176 1,319 543 — — — — — — 1,862 409 — — (1,001 ) (1,025 ) 293 1,884 (1,854 ) (9,762 ) (23,465 ) (14,093 ) — — — — — — — 363,942 133,079 2,140 2,323 (35 ) 11,683 (22,661 ) — 490,471 156,769 2,176 (1,001 ) (1,025 ) 293 1,884 (1,854 ) (9,762 ) (23,465 ) (14,093 ) $ 237 $ 169,034 $ 440,639 $ (1,025 ) 5 ) $ (9,762 ) $ 599,123 $ 1,270 $ 600,393 See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 64 A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (amounts in thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Amortization of loan cost Deferred income taxes Share-based compensation Remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity method investment Earnings from equity method investments Dividends and distributions received from equity method investees Other Changes in assets and liabilities: Receivables, net Secured loans receivable Secured loans made to affiliates Derivative assets Precious metals held under financing arrangements Inventories Prepaid expenses and other assets Accounts payable and other payables Deferred revenue and other advances Derivative liabilities Liabilities on borrowed metals Accrued liabilities Income tax payable Net cash used in operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Capital expenditures for property, plant, and equipment Purchase of long-term investments Purchase of an option to acquire long-term investments Purchase of intangible assets Secured loans receivable, net Acquisition of remaining noncontrolling equity interest in joint venture Purchase of digital assets Proceeds from the sale of digital assets Redemption associated with acquisition of pre-existing equity method investment Incremental acquisition of pre-existing equity method investment, net of cash Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Product financing arrangements, net Dividends paid Distributions paid to noncontrolling interest Net borrowings and repayments under lines of credit Repayments on notes payable to related party Repurchases of common stock Proceeds from issuance of related party note Debt funding issuance costs Net proceeds from the issuance of common stock Proceeds from the exercise of share-based awards Payments for tax withholding related to net settlement of share-based awards Net cash provided by financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash Cash, beginning of period Cash, end of period Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: Cash paid during the period for: Interest paid Income taxes paid Income taxes refunded Non-cash investing and financing activities: Declared distributions and unpaid dividends Property, plant, and equipment acquired on account Interest added to principal of secured loans Fair value of shares exchanged for increase in long-term investment Addition of right of use assets under operating lease obligations 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 $ 156,769 $ 133,079 $ 160,924 12,525 2,113 1,585 2,176 — (12,576 ) 978 (155 ) 61,797 1,012 — 13,862 54,236 (240,625 ) (3,336 ) 19,338 5,818 (67,704 ) (37,775 ) (937 ) 576 (30,323 ) (4,783 ) (7,950 ) (340 ) (5,000 ) 24,599 — — 313 — — 6,839 53,160 (37,468 ) (1,001 ) 20,000 (2,955 ) (9,762 ) 3,500 (485 ) — 1,884 (1,854 ) 25,019 1,535 37,783 39,318 28,787 44,337 124 90 76 14 — — $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 27,300 2,651 (4,106 ) 2,140 — (6,907 ) 1,678 215 (8,040 ) 757 3,042 (47,207 ) 74,976 (282,999 ) (649 ) 192 (18,871 ) 68,241 (32,449 ) 2,425 (4,634 ) (89,166 ) (2,879 ) (34,950 ) (5,300 ) — (17,034 ) — (400 ) — — — (60,563 ) 81,643 (22,645 ) — 30,000 — — — (5,179 ) — 2,323 (35 ) 86,107 (63,622 ) 101,405 37,783 20,576 42,548 122 — — 14 11,683 2,013 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 10,789 2,162 (2,034 ) 1,173 (26,306 ) (15,547 ) 343 (13 ) (20,880 ) 1,932 5,755 7,447 23,835 (79,031 ) (7 ) (86,097 ) 58,651 (20,194 ) (76,340 ) 5,686 (4,902 ) (52,654 ) (2,113 ) (7,996 ) — — (56,932 ) (1,950 ) — — 17,457 (78,859 ) (130,393 ) 126,350 (21,191 ) — 50,000 — — — (1,861 ) 75,344 3,523 (38 ) 232,127 49,080 52,325 101,405 17,933 42,426 3,887 — — 13 41,608 — $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 65 A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements comprise those of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. ("A-Mark", also referred to as "we", "us", and the "Company"), its wholly- owned consolidated subsidiaries (including a wholly-owned variable interest entity), and its joint venture in which the Company has a controlling interest. Business Segments The Company conducts its operations in three reportable segments: (i) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, (ii) Direct-to-Consumer, and (iii) Secured Lending. See Note 19 for further information regarding our reportable segments. Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services The Company operates its Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment directly and through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, A-Mark Trading AG (“AMTAG”), Transcontinental Depository Services, LLC ("TDS" or “Storage”), A-M Global Logistics, LLC (“AMGL” or "Logistics"), and AM&ST Associates, LLC ("AMST" or the "Silver Towne Mint"). The Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment operates as a full-service precious metals company. We offer gold, silver, platinum, and palladium in the form of bars, plates, powder, wafers, grain, ingots, and coins. Our Industrial unit services manufacturers and fabricators of products utilizing or incorporating precious metals. Our Coin and Bar unit deals in over 1,800 coin and bar products in a variety of weights, shapes, and sizes for distribution to dealers and other qualified purchasers. We have a marketing support office in Vienna, Austria, and a trading center in El Segundo, California. The trading center, for buying and selling precious metals, is available to receive orders 24 hours every day, even when many major world commodity markets are closed. In addition to Wholesale Sales activity, A-Mark offers its customers a variety of ancillary services, including financing, storage, consignment, logistics, and various customized financial programs. As a U.S. Mint-authorized purchaser of gold, silver, platinum, and palladium coins, A-Mark purchases product directly from the U.S. Mint, and it also purchases product from other sovereign mints, for sale to its customers. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary AMTAG, the Company promotes its products and services to the international market. Through our wholly-owned subsidiary TDS, we offer a variety of managed storage options for precious metals products to financial institutions, dealers, investors, and collectors around the world. The Company's wholly-owned subsidiary AMGL is based in Las Vegas, Nevada, and provides our customers an array of complementary services, including receiving, handling, inventorying, processing, packing, and shipping of precious metals and custom coins on a secure basis. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary AMST, the Company designs and produces minted silver products. Our Silver Towne Mint operations allow us to provide greater product selection to our customers as well as to gain increased access to silver during volatile market environments, which have historically created higher demand for precious metals products. The Company operates its Direct-to-Consumer segment through its wholly-owned subsidiaries JM Bullion, Inc. (“JMB”) and Goldline, Inc. (“Goldline”). As of June 30, 2023, JMB has six wholly-owned subsidiaries: Buy Gold and Silver Corp. ("BGASC"), BX Corporation ("BullionMax"), Gold Price Group, Inc. (“GPG”), Silver.com, Inc. (“Silver.com”), Provident Metals Corp. (“PMC”), and CyberMetals Corp. ("CyberMetals"). Goldline, Inc. owns 100% of AMIP, LLC ("AMIP"), and has a 50% ownership interest in Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC ("PMPP"). As the context requires, references in these Notes to JMB may include BGASC, BullionMax, GPG, Silver.com, PMC, and CyberMetals, and references to Goldline may include AMIP and PMPP. Direct-to-Consumer JM Bullion, Inc. JMB is a leading e-commerce retailer providing access to a broad array of gold, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium products through its websites. As of June 30, 2023, JMB operated eight separately branded, company-owned websites targeting specific niches within the precious metals retail market, including JMBullion.com, ProvidentMetals.com, Silver.com, BGASC.com, CyberMetals.com, BullionMax.com, GoldPrice.org, and SilverPrice.org. Typically, JMB offers approximately 4,900 different products during a fiscal year, measured by stock keeping units or SKUs, on its websites. This number can vary over time, particularly when demand is high and certain SKUs may be out of stock. 66 In April 2022, JMB commercially launched the CyberMetals online platform, where customers can purchase and sell fractional shares of digital gold, silver, platinum, and palladium bars in a range of denominations. CyberMetals’ customers have the option to convert their digital holdings to fabricated precious metals products via an integrated redemption flow with JMB. These products may be designated for storage by the Company or shipped directly to the customer. Goldline, Inc. The Company acquired Goldline in August 2017 through an asset purchase transaction with Goldline, LLC, which had been in operation since 1960. Goldline is a direct retailer of precious metals to the investor community, and markets its precious metal products on television, radio, and the internet, as well as through customer service outreach. Goldline’s subsidiary AMIP manages its intellectual property. PMPP was formed in fiscal 2019 pursuant to terms of a joint venture agreement, for the purpose of purchasing precious metals from the partners' retail customers, and then reselling the acquired products back to affiliates of the partners. PMPP commenced its operations in fiscal 2020. Secured Lending The Company operates its Secured Lending segment through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Collateral Finance Corporation, LLC, including its two wholly-owned subsidiaries AM Capital Funding, LLC (“AMCF”) and CFC Alternative Investments (“CAI”), (collectively “CFC”). CFC is a California licensed finance lender that originates and acquires commercial loans secured primarily by bullion and numismatic coins. CFC's customers include coin and precious metal dealers, investors, and collectors. AMCF, a wholly-owned subsidiary of CFC, was formed for the purpose of securitizing eligible secured loans of CFC. AMCF issued and administers the AMCF Notes. (See Note 15.) CAI is a holding company that has a 50%-ownership stake in Collectible Card Partners, LLC ("CCP"). CCP provides capital to fund commercial loans secured by graded sports cards and sports memorabilia. 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements reflect the financial condition, results of operations, statements of stockholders’ equity, and cash flows of the Company, and were prepared using accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The Company consolidates its subsidiaries that are wholly-owned, and majority owned, and entities that are variable interest entities where the Company is determined to be the primary beneficiary. In addition to A-Mark, our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of: AMTAG, TDS, AMGL, AMST, JMB, Goldline, and CFC. Intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated. Comprehensive Income Our other comprehensive income and losses are comprised of unrealized gains and losses associated with the translation of foreign-based equity method investments which are shown in our consolidated statements of stockholders' equity. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. These estimates include, among others, determination of fair value (primarily, with respect to precious metal inventory, derivatives, certain financial instruments, and certain investments), impairment assessments of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, valuation allowance determination on deferred tax assets, determining the incremental borrowing rate for calculating right of use assets and lease liabilities, and revenue recognition judgments. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates. Stock Split in the Form of a Dividend On April 28, 2022, the Company’s board of directors declared a two-for-one split of A-Mark’s common stock in the form of a stock dividend. Each stockholder of record at the close of business on May 23, 2022 received a dividend of one additional share of common stock for every share held on the record date, which was distributed on June 6, 2022. All share and per share amounts (except par value) have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the stock split in the form of a stock dividend for all periods presented. Dividends are recorded if and when they are declared by the board of directors (see Note 17). 67 Fair Value Measurement The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic 820 of the ASC ("ASC 820") creates a single definition of fair value for financial reporting. The rules associated with ASC 820 state that valuation techniques consistent with the market approach, income approach, and/or cost approach should be used to estimate fair value. Selection of a valuation technique, or multiple valuation techniques, depends on the nature of the asset or liability being valued, as well as the availability of data. (See Note 3.) Concentration of Credit Risk Cash is maintained at financial institutions, and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses related to these balances. Assets that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of receivables, loans of inventory to customers, and inventory hedging transactions. Based on an assessment of credit risk, the Company typically grants collateralized credit to its customers. Credit risk with respect to loans of inventory to customers is minimal. The Company enters into inventory hedging transactions, principally utilizing metals commodity futures contracts traded on national futures exchanges or forward contracts with credit worthy financial institutions. All of our commodity derivative contracts are under master netting arrangements and include both asset and liability positions. Substantially all of these transactions are secured by the underlying metals positions. Foreign Currency The functional currency of the Company is the United States dollar ("USD"). All transactions in foreign currencies are recorded in US dollars at the then-current exchange rate(s). Upon settlement of the underlying transaction, all amounts are remeasured to US dollars at the current exchange rate on date of settlement. All unsettled foreign currency transactions that remain in accounts receivable and trade account payables are remeasured to US dollars at the period end exchange rates. All remeasurement gains and losses are recorded in the current period net income. The Company's wholly-owned foreign subsidiary, AMTAG, also generates remeasurement gains and losses. AMTAG functions as the Company’s international sales and marketing support and has a functional currency of USD, but maintains its books of record in the European Union Euro. For the Company’s foreign-based equity method investments, the proportionate share of the investee’s income is translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rate for the period and the investment is translated using the exchange rate as of the end of the reporting period. The unrealized gains and losses associated with the translation of the investment are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. To manage the effect of foreign currency exchange fluctuations, the Company utilizes foreign currency forward contracts. These derivatives generate gains and losses when settled and/or marked-to-market. Business Combination The Company accounts for business combinations by applying the acquisition method in accordance with Business Combinations Topic 805 of the ASC (“ASC 805”). The Company evaluates each purchase transaction to determine whether the acquired assets meet the definition of a business. Transaction costs related to the acquisition of a business are expensed as incurred and excluded from the fair value of consideration transferred. The identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests, if any, in an acquired entity are recognized and measured at their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the fair values of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests, if any, in an acquired entity is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets and liabilities. Net cash paid to acquire a business is classified as investing activities on the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows. Variable Interest Entity A variable interest entity ("VIE") is a legal entity that has either (i) a total equity investment that is insufficient to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or (ii) whose equity investors as a group lack the ability to control the entity’s activities or lack the ability to receive expected benefits or absorb obligations in a manner that is consistent with their investment in the entity. 68 A VIE is consolidated for accounting purposes by its primary beneficiary, which is the party that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance, and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company consolidates VIEs when it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. Management regularly reviews and re-evaluates its previous determinations regarding whether it holds a variable interest in potential VIEs, the status of an entity as a VIE, and whether the Company is required to consolidate such VIEs in its consolidated financial statements. AMCF, a wholly-owned subsidiary of CFC, is a special purpose entity ("SPE") formed as part of a securitization transaction in order to isolate certain assets and distribute the cash flows from those assets to investors. AMCF was structured to insulate investors from claims on AMCF’s assets by creditors of other entities. The Company has various forms of ongoing involvement with AMCF, which may include (i) holding senior or subordinated interests in AMCF; (ii) acting as loan servicer for a portfolio of loans held by AMCF; and (iii) providing administrative services to AMCF. AMCF is required to maintain separate books and records. The assets and liabilities of this VIE, as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, are indicated on the table that follows the consolidated balance sheets. AMCF is considered a VIE because its initial equity investment may be insufficient to maintain its ongoing collateral requirements without additional financial support from the Company. The securitization is primarily secured by bullion loans and precious metals, and the Company is required to continuously hedge the value of certain collateral and make future contributions as necessary. The Company is the primary beneficiary of this VIE because the Company has the right to determine the type of collateral (i.e., cash, secured loans, or precious metals), has the right to receive (and has received) the proceeds from the securitization transaction, earns ongoing interest income from the secured loans (subject to collateral requirements), and has the obligation to absorb losses should AMCF's interest expense and other costs exceed its interest income. (See Note 15.) Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, when purchased, to be cash equivalents. The Company did not have any cash equivalents as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022. Allowance for Credit Losses On July 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses Topic 326: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASC 326"), which introduces a new credit reserving methodology known as the Current Expected Credit Loss ("CECL") model. The CECL model applies to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including accounts receivable, contract assets and held-to-maturity loan receivables. Under the CECL model, we identify allowances for credit losses based on future expected losses when accounts receivable, contract assets or held-to-maturity loan receivables are created rather than when losses are probable. The Company sets credit and position risk limits based on management's judgements of the customer's creditworthiness and regularly monitors its credit arrangements. These limits include gross position limits for counterparties engaged in sales and purchase transactions with the Company. They also include collateral limits for different types of sale and purchase transactions that counterparties may engage in from time to time. ASC 326 provides a practical expedient for assets secured by collateral when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale of the collateral in the event of the borrower's financial difficulty. In these arrangements, a reporting entity may estimate the expected credit losses by comparing the fair value of the collateral as of the balance sheet date to the asset’s amortized cost basis. In situations when the fair value of the collateral is equal to or greater than the amortized cost, a reporting entity may determine that there are no expected credit losses. The Company applies the practical expedient based on collateral maintenance provisions in estimating an allowance for credit losses for its secured loan receivables activity. The Company has not historically experienced credit losses related to its lending activity, and since it does not expect any future losses, no allowance has been recorded for this asset class. We expect trends and business practices to continue in a manner consistent with historical activity. The Company has not historically experienced credit losses related to its other receivables activity; including (i) customer trade receivables, (ii) wholesale trade advances, and (iii) due from brokers, and, accordingly, no allowance has been recorded for these asset classes. Precious Metals held under Financing Arrangements The Company enters into arrangements with certain customers under which A-Mark purchases precious metals from the customers which are subject to repurchase by the customer at the spot value of the product on the repurchase date. The precious metals purchased under these arrangements consist of rare and unique items, and therefore the Company accounts for these transactions as precious metals held under financing arrangements, which generate financing income rather than revenue earned from precious metals inventory sales. In these repurchase arrangements, the Company holds legal title to the metals and earns financing income for the duration of the agreement. 69 These arrangements are typically terminable by either party upon 14 days' notice. Upon termination, the customer’s right to repurchase any remaining precious metal is forfeited, and the related precious metals are reclassified as inventory held for sale. As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, precious metals held under financing arrangements totaled $25.5 million and $79.8 million respectively. The Company’s precious metals held under financing arrangements are marked-to-market. Inventories The Company's inventory, which consists primarily of bullion and bullion coins, is acquired and initially recorded at cost and then marked to fair market value. The fair market value of the bullion and bullion coins comprises two components: (i) published market values attributable to the cost of the raw precious metal, and (ii) the premium paid at acquisition of the metal, which is attributable to the incremental value of the product in its finished goods form. The market value attributable solely to such premium is readily determinable by reference to multiple sources. The Company’s inventory, except for certain lower of cost or net realizable value basis products (as discussed below), are subsequently recorded at their fair market values, that is, "marked-to-market." The daily changes in the fair market value of our inventory are offset by daily changes in the fair market value of hedging derivatives that are taken with respect to our inventory positions; both the change in the fair market value of the inventory and the change in the fair market value of these derivative instruments are recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. While the premium component included in inventory is marked-to-market, our commemorative coin inventory, including its premium component, is held at the lower of cost or net realizable value, because the value of commemorative coins is influenced more by supply and demand determinants than on the underlying spot price of the precious metal content of the commemorative coins. Unlike our bullion coins, the value of commemorative coins is not subject to the same level of volatility as bullion coins because our commemorative coins typically carry a substantially higher premium over the spot metal price than bullion coins. Neither the commemorative coin inventory nor the premium component of our inventory is hedged. (See Note 6.) Leased Right of Use Assets We lease warehouse space, office facilities, and equipment. Our operating leases with terms longer than twelve months are recorded at the sum of the present value of the lease's fixed minimum payments as operating lease right of use assets ("ROU assets") in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Lease terms include all periods covered by renewal and termination options where the Company is reasonably certain to exercise the renewal options or not to exercise the termination options. Our lease agreements do not contain any significant residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Our finance leases are another type of ROU asset, but are classified in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as a component of property, plant, and equipment at the present value of the lease payments. Finance leases were not material during any period presented. The ROU asset amounts include any initial direct costs incurred and lease payments made at or before the commencement date and are reduced by lease incentives. We use our incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate to determine the present value of the lease payments for leases, as our leases do not have readily determinable implicit discount rates. Our incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest that we would incur to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term and amount in a similar economic environment. Operating lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The depreciable life of ROU assets is limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. (See Note 7.) For a lease modification, an evaluation is performed to determine if it should be treated as either a separate lease or a change in the accounting of an existing lease. Any amounts related to a modified lease are reflected as an operating lease ROU asset or related operating lease liability in our consolidated balance sheet. Property, Plant, and Equipment Property, plant, and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using a straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the related assets, ranging from three years to twenty-five years. Depreciation and amortization commence when the related assets are placed into service. Internal-use software development costs are capitalized during the application development stage. Internal-use software costs incurred during the preliminary project stage are expensed as incurred. Land is recorded at historical cost and is not depreciated. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. We have no major planned maintenance activities related to our plant assets associated with our minting operations. 70 The Company reviews the carrying value of these assets for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. In evaluating for impairment, the carrying value of each asset or group of assets is compared to the undiscounted estimated future cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition. An impairment loss is recognized for the difference when the carrying value exceeds the discounted estimated future cash flows. The factors considered by the Company in performing this assessment include current and projected operating results, trends and prospects, the manner in which these assets are used, and the effects of obsolescence, demand and competition, as well as other economic factors. Finite-lived Intangible Assets Finite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of customer relationships, non-compete agreements, and employment contracts. Existing customer relationships intangible assets are amortized in a manner reflecting the pattern in which the economic benefits of the assets are consumed. All other intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized using the straight-line method over their useful lives, which are estimated to be one year to fifteen years. We review our finite-lived intangible assets for impairment under the same policy described above for property, plant, and equipment; that is, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price paid for an acquisition exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles (such as trade names and trademarks) are not subject to amortization, but are evaluated for impairment at least annually. However, for tax purposes, goodwill acquired in connection with a taxable asset acquisition is generally deductible. The Company evaluates its goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles for impairment in the fourth quarter of the fiscal year (or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist) in accordance with ASC 350. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at a reporting unit level, which for the Company, corresponds to the Company’s operating segments. Evaluation of goodwill for impairment The Company has the option to first qualitatively assess whether relevant events and circumstances make it more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill is less than its carrying value. A qualitative assessment includes analyzing current economic indicators associated with a particular reporting unit such as changes in economic, market and industry conditions, business strategy, cost factors, and financial performance, among others, to determine if there would be a significant decline to the fair value of a particular reporting unit. If the qualitative assessment indicates it is not more likely than not that goodwill is impaired, no further testing is required. If, based on this qualitative assessment, management concludes that goodwill is more likely than not to be impaired, or elects not to perform the qualitative assessment, then it is required to perform a quantitative analysis to determine the fair value of the business, and compare the calculated fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If through this quantitative analysis the Company determines the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, the goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not to be impaired. If the Company concludes that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, a goodwill impairment loss will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. (See Note 9.) Evaluation of indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment The Company evaluates its indefinite-lived intangible assets (i.e., trade names and trademarks) for impairment. In assessing its indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment, the Company has the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether events or circumstances exist that lead to a determination that it is unlikely that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount. If the Company determines that it is unlikely that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount, the Company is not required to perform any additional tests in assessing the asset for impairment. However, if the Company concludes otherwise or elects not to perform the qualitative assessment, then it is required to perform a quantitative analysis to determine if the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value. If through this quantitative analysis the Company determines the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its carrying amount, the indefinite-lived intangible asset is considered not to be impaired. If the Company concludes that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value. The methods used to estimate the fair value measurements of the Company’s reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets include those based on the income approach (including the discounted cash flow and relief-from-royalty methods) and those based on the market approach (primarily the guideline transaction and guideline public company methods). (See Note 9.) 71 Long-Term Investments Investments in privately-held entities are accounted for using the equity method when the Company has significant influence, but not control over the investee. Significant influence is generally deemed to exist if the Company’s ownership interest in the voting stock of the investee ranges between 20% and 50%, although other factors are considered in determining whether the equity method of accounting is appropriate. Under the equity method, the carrying values of these investments are adjusted to reflect our proportionate share of the investee's net income or loss, any unrealized gain or loss resulting from the translation of foreign-denominated financial statements into U.S. dollars, and dividends received. We use the cumulative earnings approach for classifying dividends received in the statements of cash flows. Under the cumulative earnings approach, we compare the distributions received to cumulative equity method earnings since inception. Any distributions received up to the amount of cumulative equity earnings are considered a return on investment and classified in operating activities. Any excess distributions are considered a return of capital and classified in investing activities. The basis difference between the carrying value and our proportionate share of the equity method investment's book value is primarily related to consideration paid in excess of the stepped-up basis of assets and liabilities on the date of purchase. Investments in privately-held entities for which the Company has little or no influence over the investee are initially recorded at cost. Because the investments do not have a readily determinable fair value, the Company has elected to measure the investments at cost minus impairments, if any, with changes recognized in net income. If the Company identifies observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or a similar investment, the Company’s investment will be measured at fair value as of the date the observable transaction occurs. We evaluate our long-term investments for impairment quarterly or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that a decline in the fair value of these assets is determined to be other-than-temporary. Additionally, the Company performs an ongoing evaluation of the investments with which the Company has variable interests to determine if any of these entities are VIEs that are required to be consolidated. None of the Company’s long-term investments were VIEs as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022. Other Long-Term Assets Digital Assets The Company has purchased certain digital assets (crypto currencies) that are held for investment purposes. The Company accounts for digital assets in accordance with Intangibles - Goodwill and Other Topic 350 of the ASC ("ASC 350"). Digital assets are shown in the other long-term assets line-item on the consolidated balance sheets. Digital assets are a type of intangible asset with indefinite useful lives, which are recorded at cost less impairment. Accordingly, if the fair market value at any point during the reporting period is lower than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recorded. If the fair market value at any point during the reporting period is higher than the carrying value, the basis of the digital assets will not be adjusted to account for this increase. Gains on digital assets, if any, are recognized upon sale or disposal of the digital assets. Write downs and gains are shown in the consolidated statement of income, as component of the line-item other income, net. Option to Acquire Additional Interest in a Long-Term Investment On June 27, 2022, the Company acquired an additional 40% interest in Silver Gold Bull, Inc. (See Note 10.) Also included in this acquisition was an option, which is exercisable between December 2023 and September 2024, to purchase an additional 27.6% of the outstanding equity of Silver Gold Bull, Inc. to bring the Company's ownership interest up to 75.0%. As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, the fair value of the option was $5.3 million and $5.3 million, respectively. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income For the Company’s foreign-based equity method investments, the proportionate share of the investee’s income is translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rate for the period and the investment is translated using the exchange rate as of the end of the reporting period. Foreign currency translation gains and losses associated with this activity are deferred and included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Treasury Stock The Company periodically purchases its own common stock that is traded on public markets as part of announced stock repurchase programs. The repurchased common stock is classified as treasury stock on the consolidated balance sheets and held at cost. The direct costs incurred to acquire treasury stock are treated like stock issue costs and added to the cost of the treasury stock, which includes applicable fees and taxes. There have been no reissuances of treasury stock. 72 Noncontrolling Interest The Company’s consolidated financial statements include entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. Noncontrolling interest is the portion of equity (net assets) in an entity in which the Company has a controlling financial interest that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company. Such noncontrolling interest is reported on the consolidated balance sheets within equity, separately from the Company’s equity. On the consolidated statements of income, revenues, expenses and net income or loss from the less-than-wholly-owned subsidiary are reported at their consolidated amounts, including both the amounts attributable to the Company and the noncontrolling interest. Income or loss is allocated to the noncontrolling interest based on its weighted average ownership percentage for the applicable period. The consolidated statements of equity include beginning balances, activity for the period and ending balances for each component of stockholders’ equity, noncontrolling interest and total equity. The table below presents the reconciliation of changes in noncontrolling interests (in thousands): Balance as of June 30, 2020 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Acquisition of noncontrolling interest Balance as of June 30, 2021 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Balance as of June 30, 2022 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Distributions paid to noncontrolling interest Balance as of June 30, 2023 $ $ $ $ 3,890 1,287 (3,858 ) 1,319 543 1,862 409 (1,001 ) 1,270 (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) On April 1, 2021, the Company acquired the remaining 31% interest in the AMST joint venture, which increased the Company's ownership to 100%. The remaining balance represents the 50% noncontrolling interests associated with the PMPP joint venture. Revenue Recognition Settlement Date Accounting Substantially all of the Company’s sales of precious metals are conducted using sales contracts that meet the definition of derivative instruments in accordance with Derivatives and Hedging Topic 815 of the ASC ("ASC 815"). The contract underlying A-Mark’s commitment to deliver precious metals is referred to as a “fixed-price forward commodity contract” because the price of the commodity is fixed at the time the order is placed. Revenue is recognized on the settlement date, which is defined as the date on which: (i) the quantity, price, and specific items being purchased have been established, (ii) metals have been delivered to the customer, and (iii) payment has been received or is covered by the customer’s established credit limit with the Company. All derivative instruments are marked-to-market during the interval between the order date and the settlement date, with the changes in the fair value charged to cost of sales. The Company’s hedging strategy to mitigate the market risk associated with its sales commitments is described separately below under the caption “Hedging Activities.” Types of Orders that are Physically Delivered The Company’s contracts to sell precious metals to customers are usually settled with the physical delivery of metals to the customer, although net settlement (i.e., settlement at an amount equal to the difference between the contract value and the market price of the metal on the settlement date) is permitted. Below is a summary of the Company’s major order types and the key factors that determine when settlement occurs and when revenue is recognized for each type: • • • • Traditional physical orders — The quantity, specific product, and price are determined on the order date. Payment or sufficient credit is verified prior to delivery of the metals on the settlement date. Consignment orders — The Company delivers the items requested by the customer prior to establishing a firm order with a price. Settlement occurs and revenue is recognized once the customer confirms its order (quantity, specific product, and price) and remits full payment for the sale. Provisional orders — The quantity and type of metal is established at the order date, but the price is not set. The customer commits to purchasing the metals within a specified time period, usually within one year, at the then-current market price. The Company delivers the metal to the customer after receiving the customer’s deposit, which is typically based on 110% of the prevailing current spot price. The unpriced metal is subject to a margin call if the deposit falls below 105% of the value of the unpriced metal. The purchase price is established, and revenue is recognized at the time the customer notifies the Company that it desires to purchase the metal. Margin orders — The quantity, specific product, and price are determined at the order date; however, the customer is allowed to finance the transaction through the Company and to defer delivery by committing to remit a partial payment (approximately 20%) of the total order price. With the remittance of the partial payment, the customer locks in the purchase price for a specified time period (usually up to two years from the order date). Revenue on margin orders is recognized when the order is paid in full and delivered to the customer. 73 • Borrowed precious metals orders for unallocated positions — Customers may purchase unallocated metal positions in the Company's inventory, which includes precious metals held for CyberMetals' customers. The quantity and type of metal is established at the order date, but the specific product is not yet determined. Revenue is not recognized until the customer selects the specific precious metal product it wishes to purchase, full payment is received, and the product is delivered to the customer. In general, unshipped orders for which a customer advance has been received by the Company are classified as advances from customers. Orders that have been paid for and shipped, but not yet delivered to the customer are classified as deferred revenue. Both customer advances and deferred revenue are shown, in the aggregate, as deferred revenue and other advances in the consolidated financial statements. (See Note 11.) Hedging Activities The value of our inventory and our purchase and sale commitments are linked to the prevailing price of the underlying precious metal commodity. The Company seeks to minimize the effect of price changes of the underlying commodity and enters into inventory hedging transactions, principally utilizing metals commodity forward contracts with credit worthy financial institutions or futures contracts traded on national futures exchanges. The Company hedges by each commodity type (gold, silver, platinum, and palladium). All of our commodity derivative contracts are under master netting arrangements and include both asset and liability positions. Commodity forward and futures contracts entered into for hedging purposes are recorded at fair value on the trade date and are marked-to-market each period. The difference between the original contract values and the market values of these contracts are reflected as derivative assets or derivative liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, with the corresponding unrealized gains or losses included as a component of cost of sales. When these contracts are net settled, the unrealized gains and losses are reversed and the realized gains and losses for forward contracts are recorded in revenue and cost of sales, and the net realized gains and losses for futures are recorded in cost of sales. The Company enters into forward and futures contracts solely for the purpose of hedging our inventory holding risk and our liability on price protection programs, and not for speculative market purposes. The Company’s gains and losses on derivative instruments are substantially offset by the changes in the fair market value of the underlying precious metals inventory, which is also recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. (See Note 12.) Other Sources of Revenue The Company recognizes its storage, logistics, licensing, and other services revenues in accordance with the FASB's release ASU 2014-09 Revenue From Contracts With Customers Topic 606 of the ASC and subsequent related amendments ("ASC 606"), which follows five basic steps to determine whether revenue can be recognized: (i) identify the contract with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenue when (or as) it satisfies its obligation by transferring control of the good or service to the customer. This is either satisfied over time or at a point in time. A performance obligation is satisfied over time if one of the following criteria are met: (i) the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits as the Company performs, (ii) the Company's performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced, or (iii) the Company's performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the Company, and the Company has an enforceable right for payment of performance completed-to-date. When none of those is met, a performance obligation is satisfied at a point-in-time. The Company recognizes storage revenue as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the storage services (e.g., fixed storage fees based on the passage of time). The Company recognizes logistics (i.e., fulfillment) revenue when the customer receives the benefit of the services. The Company recognizes advertising and consulting revenues when the service is performed, and the benefit of the service is received by the customer. In aggregate, these types of service revenues account for less than 1% of the Company's consolidated revenues. Interest Income In accordance with Interest Topic 835 of the ASC ("ASC 835"), the following are interest income generating activities of the Company: • Secured Loans — The Company uses the effective interest method to recognize interest income on its secured loans transactions. The Company maintains a security interest in the precious metals and records interest income over the terms of the secured loan receivable. Recognition of interest income is suspended, and the loan is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future interest income is not probable. The interest income accrual is resumed, and previously suspended interest income is recognized, when the loan becomes contractually current and/or collection doubts are resolved. Cash receipts on impaired loans are recorded first against the principal and then to any unrecognized interest income. (See Note 5.) 74 • • • Margin accounts — The Company earns a fee (interest income) under financing arrangements related to margin orders over the period during which customers have opted to defer making full payment on the purchase of metals. Repurchase agreements — Repurchase agreements represent a form of secured financing whereby the Company sets aside specific metals for a customer and charges a fee on the outstanding value of these metals. The customer is granted the option (but not the obligation) to repurchase these metals at any time during the open reacquisition period. This fee is earned over the duration of the open reacquisition period and is classified as interest income. Spot deferred orders — Spot deferred orders are a special type of forward delivery order that enable customers to purchase or sell certain precious metals from/to the Company at an agreed upon price but, are allowed to delay remitting or taking delivery up to a maximum of two years from the date of order. Even though the contract allows for physical delivery, it rarely occurs for this type of order. As a result, revenue is not recorded from these transactions. Spot deferred orders are considered a type of financing transaction, where the Company earns a fee (interest income) under spot deferred arrangements over the period in which the order is open. Interest Expense The Company accounts for interest expense on the following arrangements in accordance with ASC 835: • • • • Borrowings — The Company incurs interest expense from its lines of credit, its debt obligations, and notes payable using the effective interest method. (See Note 15.) Additionally, the Company amortizes capitalized loan costs to interest expense over the period of the loan agreement. Loan servicing fees — When the Company purchases loan portfolios, the Company may have the seller service the loans that were purchased. The Company incurs a fee based on total interest charged to borrowers over the period the loans are outstanding. The servicing fee incurred by the Company is charged to interest expense. Product financing arrangements — The Company incurs financing fees (classified as interest expense) from its product financing arrangements (also referred to as reverse-repurchase arrangements) with third-party finance companies for the transfer and subsequent option to reacquire its precious metal inventory at a later date. These arrangements are accounted for as secured borrowings. During the term of this type of agreement, the third-party charges a monthly fee as a percentage of the market value of the designated inventory, which the Company intends to reacquire in the future. No revenue is generated from these arrangements. The Company enters this type of transaction for additional liquidity. Borrowed and leased metals fees — The Company may incur financing costs from its borrowed metal arrangements. The Company borrows precious metals (usually in the form of pool metals) from its suppliers and customers under short-term arrangements using other precious metals as collateral. Typically, during the term of these arrangements, the third-party charges a monthly fee as a percentage of the market value of the metals borrowed (determined at the spot price) plus certain processing and other fees. Leased metal transactions are a similar type of transaction, except the Company is not required to pledge other precious metal as collateral for the precious metal received. The fees charged by the third-party are based on the spot value of the pool metal received. Both borrowed and leased metal transactions provide an additional source of liquidity, as the Company usually monetizes the metals received under such arrangements. Repayment is usually in the same form as the metals advanced, but may be settled in cash. 75 Amortization of Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs incurred in connection with the issuance of the AMCF Notes have been included as a component of the carrying amount of the debt, and Trading Credit Facility debt issuance costs are included in prepaid expenses and other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Debt issuance costs are amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of the debt. Debt issuance costs of the Trading Credit Facility are amortized on a straight-line basis, while all other debt issuance costs are amortized using the effective interest method. Amortization of debt issuance costs included in interest expense was $2.1 million, $2.7 million, and $2.2 million for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Earnings from Equity Method Investments The Company's proportional interest in the reported earnings from equity method investments is shown on the consolidated statements of income as earnings from equity method investments. Other Income, Net The Company's other income, net is comprised of royalty and consulting income, which is recognized when earned. Advertising Advertising and marketing costs consist primarily of internet advertising, online marketing, direct mail, print media, and television commercials and are expensed when incurred. Advertising costs totaled $15.9 million, $12.2 million, and $5.0 million for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Costs associated with the marketing and promotion of the Company's products are included within selling, general, and administrative expenses. Advertising costs associated with the operation of our SilverPrice.org and GoldPrice.org websites, which provide price information on silver, gold, and cryptocurrencies, are not included within selling, general, and administrative expenses, but are included in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. Shipping and Handling Costs Shipping and handling costs represent costs associated with shipping product to customers and receiving product from vendors and are included in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. Shipping and handling costs totaled $28.4 million, $25.6 million, and $17.0 million for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Share-Based Compensation The Company accounts for equity awards under the provisions of Compensation - Stock Compensation Topic 718 of the ASC ("ASC 718"), which establishes fair value-based accounting requirements for share-based compensation to employees. ASC 718 requires the Company to recognize the grant-date fair value of stock options and other equity-based compensation issued to employees as expense over the service period in the Company's consolidated financial statements. The expense is adjusted for actual forfeitures of unvested awards as they occur. (See Note 17.) Income Taxes As part of the process of preparing its consolidated financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its provision for income taxes in each of the tax jurisdictions in which it conducts business, in accordance with Income Taxes Topic 740 of the ASC ("ASC 740"). The Company computes its annual tax rate based on the statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities available to it in the various jurisdictions in which it earns income. Significant judgment is required in determining the Company's annual tax rate and in evaluating uncertainty in its tax positions. The Company has adopted the provisions of ASC 740-10, which clarifies the accounting for uncertain tax positions. ASC 740-10 requires that the Company recognizes the impact of a tax position in the financial statements if the position is not more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to certain uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense and the accrued interest and penalties are included in deferred and income taxes payable in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. See Note 13 for more information on the Company’s accounting for income taxes. 76 Income taxes are accounted for using an asset and liability approach that requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization include the Company's forecast of the reversal of temporary differences, future taxable income, and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the net deferred tax assets. Failure to achieve forecasted taxable income in applicable tax jurisdictions could affect the ultimate realization of deferred tax assets and could result in an increase in the Company's effective tax rate on future earnings. Based on our assessment, it appears more likely than not that all of the net deferred tax assets will be realized through future taxable income. Earnings per Share ("EPS") The Company calculates basic EPS by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year, adjusted for the potentially dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs"), and deferred stock units (“DSUs") using the treasury stock method. The Company considers participating securities in its calculation of EPS. Under the two-class method of calculating EPS, earnings are allocated to both common shares and participating securities. The Company’s participating securities include vested RSU and DSU awards. Unvested RSU and DSU awards are not considered participating securities as they are forfeitable until the vesting date. A reconciliation of shares used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per common share is presented below (in thousands): Basic weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding Effect of common stock equivalents Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding 2023 23,400 1,249 24,649 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 22,806 1,524 24,330 16,687 1,258 17,945 The anti-dilutive shares excluded from the table above for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were 29,000, 43,000 and 337,000, respectively. Actual common shares outstanding totaled 23,336,387, 23,379,888, and 22,459,314 as of June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements and Auditing Standards From time to time, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") or other standards setting bodies issue new accounting pronouncements. Updates to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) are communicated through issuance of an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”). In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, (“ASU 2016-13”), Financial Instruments - Credit Loss (Topic 326), which updates the guidance on recognition and measurement of credit losses for financial assets. The new guidance, known as the current expected credit loss model ("CECL"), requires entities to adopt an impairment model based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. This update was effective for the Company on July 1, 2022 (for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 including interim periods within those fiscal years). The FASB has issued multiple updates to ASU 2016-13 as codified in Topic 326, including ASU’s 2018-19, 2019-05, 2019-10, 2019- 11, 2020-02, and 2022-02. These ASUs have provided for various minor technical corrections and improvements to the codification as well as other transition matters. The Company does not have a history of credit losses. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted Management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting pronouncement if currently adopted would have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. 77 3. ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, AT FAIR VALUE Fair Value of Financial Instruments A financial instrument is defined as cash, evidence of an ownership interest in an entity, or a contract that creates a contractual obligation or right to deliver or receive cash or another financial instrument from a second entity. The fair value of financial instruments represents amounts that would be received upon the sale of those assets or that would be paid to transfer those liabilities in an orderly transaction between market participants at that date. Those fair value measurements maximize the use of observable inputs. However, in situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date, the fair value measurement reflects the Company’s own judgments about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Those judgments are developed by the Company based on the best information available in the circumstances, including expected cash flows and appropriately risk adjusted discount rates, and available observable and unobservable inputs. For most of the Company's financial instruments, the carrying amount approximates fair value. The carrying amounts of cash, receivables, secured loans receivable, accounts payable and other current liabilities, accrued liabilities, and income taxes payable approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. The carrying amounts of derivative assets and derivative liabilities, liabilities on borrowed metals and product financing arrangements are marked-to-market on a daily basis to fair value. The carrying amounts of lines of credit approximate fair value based on the borrowing rates currently available to the Company for bank loans with similar terms and average maturities. The Company’s AMCF Notes are reported at their aggregate principal amount less unamortized original issue discount and deferred financing costs on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the AMCF Notes is based on the present value of the expected coupon and principal payments using an estimated discount rate based on current market rates for debt with similar credit risk. The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s AMCF Notes (in thousands): AMCF Notes Valuation Hierarchy June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Carrying Amount $ 94,762 $ Fair value 94,038 Carrying Amount $ 94,073 $ Fair value 92,398 In determining the fair value of its financial instruments, the Company employs a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs for the valuation techniques used to measure fair value. ASC 820 established a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows: • • • Level 1 — inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 — inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 — inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis The significant assumptions used to determine the carrying value and the related fair value of the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are described below: Inventories. The Company's inventory, which consists primarily of bullion and bullion coins, is acquired and initially recorded at cost and then marked to fair market value. The fair market value of the bullion and bullion coins comprises two components: i) published market values attributable to the cost of the raw precious metal, and ii) the premium paid at acquisition of the metal, which is attributable to the incremental value of the product in its finished goods form. The market value attributable solely to such premium is readily determinable by reference to multiple sources. Except for commemorative coin inventory, which are included in inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value, the Company’s inventory is subsequently recorded at their fair market values on a daily basis. The fair value for commodities inventory (i.e., inventory excluding commemorative coins) is determined using pricing data derived from the markets on which the underlying commodities are traded. Precious metals commodities inventory is classified in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. 78 Precious Metals held under Financing Arrangements. The Company enters into arrangements with certain customers under which A-Mark purchases precious metals from the customers which are subject to repurchase by the customer at the spot value of the product on the repurchase date. The precious metals purchased under these arrangements consist of rare and unique items, and therefore the Company accounts for these transactions as precious metals held under financing arrangements, which generate financing income rather than revenue earned from precious metals inventory sales. In these repurchase arrangements, the Company holds legal title to the metals and earns financing income for the duration of the agreement. The fair value for precious metals held under financing arrangements, (a commodity, like inventory above) is determined using pricing data derived from the markets on which the underlying commodities are traded. Precious metals held under financing arrangements are classified in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Derivatives. Futures contracts, forward contracts, and open sale and purchase commitments are valued at their fair values, based on the difference between the quoted market price and the contractual price (i.e., intrinsic value,) and are included within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Margin and Borrowed Metals Liabilities. Margin and borrowed metals liabilities consist of the Company's commodity obligations to margin customers and suppliers, respectively. Margin liabilities and borrowed metals liabilities are carried at fair value, which is determined using quoted market pricing and data derived from the markets on which the underlying commodities are traded. Margin and borrowed metals liabilities are classified in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Product Financing Arrangements. Product financing arrangements consist of financing agreements for the transfer and subsequent re-acquisition of the sale of gold and silver at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price with a third-party. Such transactions allow the Company to repurchase this inventory upon demand. The third-party charges monthly interest as a percentage of the market value of the outstanding obligation, which is carried at fair value. The obligation is stated at the amount required to repurchase the outstanding inventory. Fair value is determined using quoted market pricing and data derived from the markets on which the underlying commodities are traded. Product financing arrangements are classified in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Option to Purchase Interests in a Long-term Investment. The fair value of the option to purchase additional ownership interest in Silver Gold Bull, Inc, which is exercisable between December 2023 and September 2024, was determined by an independent third-party valuation firm and was recorded as a component of other long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets. This option is classified in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The value of the option was determined using a Monte Carlo Simulation model ("MCS model"). The MCS model includes inputs based on significant assumptions related to management’s forecasts of the investee’s earnings-before-interest-taxes-depreciation-amortization ("EBITDA") and corresponding future total equity simulations, where an early exercise multiple is calibrated to maximize the fair value of the option during the exercise period. For each simulation path, option payoffs are calculated based on the contractual terms, and then discounted at the term-matched risk-free rate, where the value of the option is calculated as the average present value over all simulated paths. We used the historical volatility of comparable companies to make certain assumptions in the MCS model, which resulted in an expected EBITDA volatility of 70.0% and an equity volatility of 70.0%, with these two inputs having a correlation factor of 70.0%. A 4.1% risk-free interest rate was used, which was based on U.S. treasury yields for a time period corresponding to the remaining contractual life of the option. Lastly, the MCS model assumed a EBITDA risk premium of 12.4%. 79 The following tables present information about the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, aggregated by each fair value hierarchy level (in thousands): Assets: (1) Inventories Precious metals held under financing arrangements Derivative assets — open sale and purchase commitments, net Derivative assets — futures contracts Derivative assets — forward contracts Option to purchase interest in a long-term investment Total assets, valued at fair value Liabilities: Liabilities on borrowed metals Product financing arrangements Derivative liabilities — open sale and purchase commitments, net Derivative liabilities — margin accounts Derivative liabilities — future contracts Derivative liabilities — forward contracts Total liabilities, valued at fair value June 30, 2023 Quoted Price in Active Markets for Identical Instruments (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total $ $ $ $ 980,695 25,530 37,957 832 39,092 — 1,084,106 21,642 335,831 853 4,441 1,161 1,621 365,549 $ $ $ $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ — — — — — 5,300 5,300 — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ 980,695 25,530 37,957 832 39,092 5,300 1,089,406 21,642 335,831 853 4,441 1,161 1,621 365,549 (1) Commemorative coin inventory totaling $0.9 million was held at lower of cost or realizable value, and thus is excluded from the inventories balance shown in this table. Assets: (1) Inventories Precious metals held under financing arrangements Derivative assets — open sale and purchase commitments, net Derivative assets — futures contracts Derivative assets — forward contracts Option to purchase interest in a long-term investment Total assets, valued at fair value Liabilities: Liabilities on borrowed metals Product financing arrangements Derivative liabilities — open sale and purchase commitments, net Derivative liabilities — margin accounts Derivative liabilities — forward contracts Total liabilities, valued at fair value June 30, 2022 Quoted Price in Active Markets for Identical Instruments (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total $ $ $ $ 739,584 79,766 27,423 20,245 44,075 — 911,093 59,417 282,671 70,564 4,686 530 417,868 $ $ $ $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ — — — — — 5,300 5,300 — — — — — — $ $ $ $ 739,584 79,766 27,423 20,245 44,075 5,300 916,393 59,417 282,671 70,564 4,686 530 417,868 (1) Commemorative coin inventory totaling $1.4 million was held at lower of cost or net realizable value, and thus is excluded from the inventories balance shown in this table. There were no transfers in or out of Level 2 or 3 from other levels within the fair value hierarchy during the reported periods. Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis, but are subject to fair value adjustments only under certain circumstances. These include (i) investments in private companies when there are identifiable events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse impact on the fair value of these assets, (ii) equity method investments that are remeasured to the acquisition-date fair value upon the Company obtaining a controlling interest in the investee during a step acquisition, (iii) property, plant, and equipment and definite-lived intangibles, (iv) digital assets, (v) goodwill, and (vi) indefinite-lived intangibles, all of which are written down to fair value when they are held for sale or determined to be impaired. 80 With the exception of digital assets, our non-recurring valuations use significant unobservable inputs and significant judgments and therefore fall under Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The valuation inputs include assumptions on the appropriate discount rates, long-term growth rates, relevant comparable company earnings multiples, and the amount and timing of expected future cash flows. The cash flows employed in the analyses are based on the Company’s estimated outlook and various growth rates. Discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of the risk inherent in the future cash flows of the respective equity method investment, asset group, or reporting unit. In assessing the reasonableness of its determined fair values, the Company evaluates its results against other value indicators, such as comparable transactions and comparable public company trading values. The Company used a third-party independent valuation specialist to assist us to determine the fair value of the net assets acquired in connection with Company’s step acquisition of JMB. 4. RECEIVABLES, NET Receivables, net consisted of the following (in thousands): Customer trade receivables Wholesale trade advances Due from brokers and other June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 $ $ 5,031 13,679 16,533 35,243 $ $ 59,066 27,675 10,299 97,040 Customer Trade Receivables. Customer trade receivables represent short-term, non-interest bearing amounts due from precious metal sales, advances related to financing products, and other secured interests in assets of the customer. Wholesale Trade Advances. Wholesale trade advances represent advances of various bullion products and cash advances for purchase commitments of precious metal inventory. Typically, these advances are unsecured, short-term, and non-interest bearing, and are made to wholesale metals dealers and government mints. Due from Brokers and Other. Due from brokers and other consists of the margin requirements held at brokers related to open futures contracts (see Note 12) and other receivables. 5. SECURED LOANS RECEIVABLE Below is a summary of the carrying value of our secured loans (in thousands): Secured loans originated Secured loans acquired June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 $ $ 68,630 31,990 100,620 $ $ 44,498 81,719 126,217 Secured Loans - Originated: Secured loans include short-term loans, which include a combination of on-demand lines and short-term facilities. These loans are fully secured by the customers' assets, which predominantly include bullion and numismatic and semi-numismatic material, and which are typically held in safekeeping by the Company. Secured Loans - Acquired: Secured loans also include short-term loans, which include a combination of on-demand lines and short-term facilities that are purchased from our customers. The Company acquires a portfolio of their loan receivables at a price that approximates the outstanding balance of each loan in the portfolio, as determined on the effective transaction date. Each loan in the portfolio is fully secured by the borrowers' assets, which include bullion and numismatic and semi-numismatic material, and which are typically held in safekeeping by the Company. The seller of the loan portfolio generally retains the responsibility for the servicing and administration of the loans. As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, our secured loans carried weighted-average effective interest rates of 10.4% and 9.4%, respectively, and mature in periods ranging typically from on-demand to one year. The secured loans that the Company generates with its active customers are reflected as an operating activity on the consolidated statements of cash flows. The secured loans that the Company generates with borrowers that are not active customers are reflected as an investing activity on the consolidated statements of cash flows as secured loans receivables, net. For the secured loans that (i) are reflected as an investing activity and have terms that allow the borrowers to increase their loan balance (at the discretion of the Company) based on the excess value of their collateral compared to their aggregate principal balance of loan, and (ii) are repayable on demand or in the short-term, the borrowings and repayments are netted on the consolidated statements of cash flows. 81 Credit Quality of Secured Loans Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses General The Company's secured loan receivables portfolio comprises loans with similar credit risk profiles, which enables the Company to apply a standard methodology to determine the credit quality for each loan and the allowance for credit losses, if any. The credit quality of each loan is generally determined by the collateral value assessment, loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratio (that is, the principal amount of the loan divided by the estimated value of the collateral) and the type (or class) of secured material. All loans are fully secured by precious metal bullion, numismatic and semi-numismatic collateral, or graded sports cards and sports memorabilia, which remains in the physical custody of the Company for the duration of the loan. The term of the loans is generally 180 days, however loans are typically renewed prior to maturity and therefore remain outstanding for a longer period of time. Interest earned on a loan is billed monthly and is typically due and payable within 20 days and, if not paid after all applicable grace periods, is added to the outstanding principal balance, and late fees and default interest rates are assessed. When an account is in default or if a margin call has not been met on a timely basis, the Company has the right to liquidate the borrower's collateral in order to satisfy the unpaid balance of the outstanding loans, including accrued and unpaid interest. Class and Credit Quality of Loans The three classes of secured loan receivables are defined by collateral type: (i) bullion, (ii) numismatic and semi-numismatic and (iii) graded sports cards and sports memorabilia. The Company required LTV ratios vary with the class of loans. Typically, the Company requires an LTV ratio of approximately 75% for bullion, 65% for numismatic and semi-numismatic collateral, and 50% for graded sports cards and sports memorabilia. The LTV ratio for loans collateralized by numismatic and semi- numismatic collateral is typically lower on a percentage basis than bullion collateralized loans because a higher value of the numismatic and semi-numismatic collateral relates to its premium value, rather than its underlying commodity value. The LTV ratio for loans collateralized by graded sports cards and sports memorabilia is lower because the underlying collateral is not as liquid as bullion and numismatic and semi-numismatic collateral. The Company's secured loans by portfolio class, which align with internal management reporting, were as follows (in thousands): Bullion Numismatic and semi-numismatic Graded sports cards and sports memorabilia June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 $ $ 52,165 47,856 599 100,620 51.8 % $ 47.6 % 0.6 % 100.0 % $ 95,691 30,231 295 126,217 75.8 % 24.0 % 0.2 % 100.0 % Due to the nature of market fluctuations of precious metal commodity prices, the Company monitors the bullion collateral value of each loan on a daily basis, based on spot price of precious metals. Numismatic and graded sports cards and sports memorabilia collateral values are updated by numismatic and graded sports cards and sports memorabilia specialists typically within every 90 days and when loan terms are renewed. Generally, we initiate the margin call process when the outstanding loan balance is in excess of 85% of the current value of the underlying collateral. In the event that a borrower fails to meet a margin call to reestablish the required LTV ratio, the loan is considered in default. The collateral material (either bullion, numismatic or graded sports cards and sports memorabilia) underlying such loans is then sold by the Company to satisfy all amounts due under the loan. Loans with LTV ratios of less than 75% are generally considered to be higher quality loans. Below is summary of aggregate outstanding secured loan balances bifurcated into (i) loans with an LTV ratio of less than 75% and (ii) loans with an LTV ratio of 75% or more (in thousands): Loan-to-value of less than 75% Loan-to-value of 75% or more June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 $ $ 90,378 10,242 100,620 89.8 % $ 10.2 % 100.0 % $ 49,503 76,714 126,217 39.2 % 60.8 % 100.0 % The Company had no loans with an LTV ratio in excess of 100% as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022. Non-Performing Loans/Impaired Loans Historically, the Company has not established an allowance for any credit losses because the Company has liquidated the collateral to satisfy the amount due before any loan becomes non-performing or impaired. 82 Non-performing loans have the highest probability for credit loss. The allowance for secured loan credit losses attributable to non-performing loans is based on the most probable source of repayment, which is normally the liquidation of collateral. Due to the accelerated liquidation terms of the Company's loan portfolio, past due loans are generally liquidated within 90 days of default. In the event a loan were to become non-performing, the Company would determine a reserve to reduce the carrying balance to its estimated net realizable value. As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, the Company had no allowance for secured loan losses or loans classified as non-performing. A loan is considered impaired if it is probable, based on current information and events, that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan. Customer loans are reviewed for impairment and include loans that are past due or non-performing, or if the customer is in bankruptcy. In the event of an impairment, recognition of interest income would be suspended, and the loan would be placed on non-accrual status at the time. Accrual would be resumed, and previously suspended interest income would be recognized, when the loan becomes contractually current and/or collection doubts are removed. Cash receipts on impaired loans are recorded first against the principal and then to any unrecognized interest income. For the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company incurred no loan impairment costs and no loans were placed on a non-accrual status. 6. INVENTORIES Our inventory consists of the precious metals that the Company has physically received, and inventory held by third-parties, which, at the Company's option, it may or may not receive. Below, our inventory is summarized by classification (in thousands): Inventory held for sale Repurchase arrangements with customers Consignment arrangements with customers Commemorative coins, held at lower of cost or net realizable value Borrowed precious metals Product financing arrangements June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 437,670 181,751 3,801 948 21,642 335,831 981,643 $ $ 299,844 130,171 2,490 1,434 24,408 282,671 741,018 $ $ Inventory Held for Sale. Inventory held for sale represents precious metals, excluding commemorative coin inventory, that have been received by the Company and are not subject to repurchase by or consignment arrangements with third parties, borrowed precious metals, or product financing arrangements. As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, inventory held for sale totaled $437.7 million and $299.8 million, respectively. Repurchase Arrangements with Customers. The Company enters into arrangements with certain customers under which A-Mark purchases precious metals from the customers which are subject to repurchase by the customer at the fair value of the product on the repurchase date. Under these arrangements, the Company, which holds legal title to the metals, earns financing income until the time the arrangement is terminated, or the material is repurchased by the customer. In the event of a repurchase by the customer, the Company records a sale. These arrangements are typically terminable by either party upon 14 days' notice. Upon termination, the customer’s rights to repurchase any remaining inventory is forfeited. As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, included within inventories is $181.8 million and $130.2 million, respectively, of precious metals products subject to repurchase arrangements with customers. Consignment Arrangements with Customers. The Company periodically loans metals to customers on a short-term consignment basis. Inventory loaned under consignment arrangements to customers as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 totaled $3.8 million and $2.5 million, respectively. Such transactions are recorded as sales and are removed from the Company's inventory at the time the customer elects to price and purchase the precious metals. Commemorative Coins. Our commemorative coin inventory, including its premium component, is held at the lower of cost or net realizable value, because the value of commemorative coins is influenced more by supply and demand determinants than on the underlying spot price of the precious metal content of the commemorative coins. The value of commemorative coins is not subject to the same level of volatility as bullion coins because our commemorative coins typically carry a substantially higher premium over the spot metal price than bullion coins. Our commemorative coins are not hedged and totaled $0.9 million and $1.4 million as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively. Borrowed Precious Metals. Borrowed precious metals inventory include: (i) metals held by suppliers as collateral on advanced pool metals, (ii) metals due to suppliers for the use of their consigned inventory, (iii) unallocated metal positions held by customers in the Company’s inventory, and (iv) shortages in unallocated metal positions held by the Company in the supplier’s inventory. Unallocated or pool metal represents an unsegregated inventory position that is due on demand, in a specified physical form, based on the total ounces of metal held in the position. Amounts due under these arrangements require delivery either in the form of precious metals or cash. The Company's inventory included borrowed precious metals with market values totaling $21.6 million and $24.4 million as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively, with a corresponding offsetting obligation reflected as liabilities on borrowed metals on the consolidated balance sheets. 83 Product Financing Arrangements. This inventory represents amounts held as security by lenders for obligations under product financing arrangements. The Company enters into a product financing agreement for the transfer and subsequent re-acquisition of gold and silver at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price with a third-party finance company. This inventory is restricted and is held at a custodial storage facility in exchange for a financing fee, paid to the third-party finance company. During the term of the financing, the third-party finance company holds the inventory as collateral, and both parties intend for the inventory to be returned to the Company at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price on the finance arrangement repurchase date. These transactions do not qualify as sales and have been accounted for as financing arrangements in accordance with ASC 470-40 Product Financing Arrangements. The obligation is stated at the amount required to repurchase the outstanding inventory. Both the product financing arrangements and the underlying inventory are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value included in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. Such obligations totaled $335.8 million and $282.7 million as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively. The Company mitigates market risk of its physical inventory and open commitments through commodity hedge transactions. (See Note 12.) As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, the unrealized gains or losses resulting from the difference between market value and cost of physical inventory were losses of $4.6 million and losses of $15.4 million, respectively. Premium Component of Inventory The premium component, at market value, included in the inventory as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 totaled $29.4 million and $27.1 million, respectively. 7. LEASES Components of operating lease expense were as follows (in thousands): Operating lease costs Variable lease costs Short term lease costs Finance lease costs 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 1,460 469 108 — 2,037 $ $ 1,403 627 94 16 2,140 $ $ 1,509 426 91 21 2,047 $ $ For the year ended June 30, 2023, we made cash payments of $1.6 million for operating lease obligations. These payments are included in operating cash flows. As of June 30, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term under our capitalized operating leases was 4.7 years, while the weighted-average discount rate for our operating leases was approximately 4.9%. As of June 30, 2022, the weighted-average remaining lease term under our capitalized operating leases was 5.4 years, while the weighted- average discount rate for our operating leases was approximately 4.9%. The following represents our future undiscounted cash flows for each of the next five years and thereafter and reconciliation to the lease liabilities as of June 30, 2023 (in thousands): Year ending June 30, 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Total lease payments Imputed interest Total operating lease liability Operating lease liability - current Operating lease liability - long-term Operating Leases 1,624 1,599 1,171 823 700 626 6,543 (737 ) 5,806 1,366 4,440 5,806 (1) (2) (3) (1) $ $ $ $ (1) (2) (3) Represents the present value of the capitalized operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2023. Current operating lease liabilities are presented within accrued liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Long-term operating lease liabilities are presented within other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. The Company has one related party lease; for information on this lease refer to Note 14. We do not have any leases that have not yet commenced which would create significant rights and obligations for us, including any involvement with the construction or design of the underlying asset. 84 8. PROPERTY, PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT Property, plant, and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands): Computer software Plant equipment Leasehold improvements Office furniture, and fixtures Computer equipment Building Total depreciable assets Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization Property and equipment not placed in service Land Property, plant, and equipment, net June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 $ $ 7,442 8,477 3,969 2,960 1,713 857 25,418 (13,553 ) 242 406 12,513 $ $ 6,519 6,328 3,863 2,536 1,595 509 21,350 (11,932 ) 391 36 9,845 Property, plant and equipment depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $2.2 million, $1.6 million, and $1.4 million respectively. For the periods presented, depreciation and amortization expense allocable to cost of sales was not significant. 9. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS Goodwill is an intangible asset that arises when a company acquires an existing business or assets (net of assumed liabilities) which comprise a business. In general, the amount of goodwill recorded in an acquisition is calculated as the purchase price of the business minus the fair market value of the tangible assets and the identifiable intangible assets, net of the assumed liabilities. Goodwill and intangibles can also be established by push-down accounting. Below is a summary of the significant transactions that generated goodwill and intangible assets of the Company: • • • • In connection with the Company's formation of AMST in August 2016, the Company recorded an additional $2.5 million and $4.3 million of identifiable intangible assets and goodwill, respectively; these values were based upon an independent appraisal and represent their fair values at the acquisition date. The Company’s investment in AMST has resulted in synergies between the acquired minting operation and the Company’s established distribution network by providing a steadier and more reliable fabricated source of silver during times of market volatility. The Company considers that much of the acquired goodwill relates to the “ready state” of AMST's established minting operation with existing quality processes, procedures, and ability to scale production to meet market needs. In connection with the Company's acquisition of Goldline in August 2017, the Company recorded $5.0 million and $1.4 million of additional identifiable intangible assets and goodwill, respectively; these values were based upon an independent appraisal and represent their fair values at the acquisition date. The Company’s investment in Goldline created synergies between Goldline's direct marketing operation and the Company’s established distribution network, secured storage and lending operations that has led to increased product margin spreads, and lower distribution and storage costs for Goldline. In March 2021, the Company acquired 100% ownership of JMB, in which we previously held a 20.5% equity interest. At the acquisition date we measured the value of identifiable intangible assets and goodwill at $98.0 million and $92.1 million, respectively. In October 2022, JMB acquired $4.5 million of intangible assets that included: BGASC’s website, domain name, trademarks, logos, customer list, and all intellectual property. 85 Carrying Value The carrying value of goodwill and other purchased intangibles are described below (dollar amounts in thousands): June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Estimated Useful Lives (Years) 5 - 15 4 3 - 5 1 - 3 Identifiable intangible assets: Existing customer relationships Developed technology Non-compete and other Employment agreement Intangibles subject to amortization Trade names and trademarks Indefinite Indefinite Identifiable intangible assets Goodwill Indefinite Indefinite Remaining Weighted Average Amortization Period (Years) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Accumulated Impairment Net Book Value Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Accumulated Impairment Net Book Value 2.0 1.9 4.3 0.0 $ $ $ 55,768 11,036 2,310 295 69,409 49,648 119,057 $ $ (46,465 ) (6,077 ) (2,300 ) (295 ) (55,137 ) — (55,137 ) $ $ — — — — — (1,290 ) (1,290 ) $ $ 9,303 4,959 10 — 14,272 48,358 62,630 $ $ 53,498 10,500 2,300 295 66,593 47,454 114,047 $ $ (38,831 ) (3,366 ) (2,300 ) (295 ) (44,792 ) — (44,792 ) $ $ — — — — — (1,290 ) (1,290 ) $ $ 14,667 7,134 — — 21,801 46,164 67,965 102,307 $ — $ (1,364 ) $ 100,943 $ 102,307 $ — $ (1,364 ) $ 100,943 The Company's intangible assets are subject to amortization except for trade names and trademarks, which have an indefinite life. Existing customer relationships intangible assets are amortized in a manner reflecting the pattern in which the economic benefits of the assets are consumed. All other intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized using the straight-line method over their useful lives, which are estimated to be one to fifteen years. Amortization expense related to the Company's intangible assets for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $10.3 million, $25.7 million, and $9.3 million, respectively. For the presented periods, amortization expense allocable to cost of sales was not significant. Impairment We recorded a non-recurring impairment charge of $2.7 million (goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets) in fiscal 2018 related to Goldline. Other than the impairment charge related to Goldline, we have not recorded any impairment of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets. Estimated Amortization Estimated annual amortization expense related to definite-lived intangible assets for the succeeding five years is as follows (in thousands): Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter 10. LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS $ $ Amount 8,086 4,945 752 304 47 138 14,272 As of June 30, 2023, the Company had seven investments in privately-held entities. The following table shows the carrying value and ownership percentage of the Company's investment in each entity (in thousands): Investee Silver Gold Bull, Inc. Pinehurst Coin Exchange, Inc. Sunshine Minting, Inc. Company A Company B Texas Precious Metals, LLC Atkinsons Bullion & Coins June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Carrying Value Ownership Percentage Carrying Value Ownership Percentage $ $ 44,699 15,999 17,719 233 2,005 5,465 2,415 88,535 86 47.4 % $ 49.0 % 44.9 % 33.3 % 50.0 % 12.0 % 25.0 % $ 41,251 13,843 13,497 233 2,004 — — 70,828 47.4 % 49.0 % 44.9 % 33.3 % 50.0 % — % — % We consider all of our equity method investees to be related parties. See Note 14 for a summary of the Company's aggregate balances and activity with these related party entities. All of the Company's investees are accounted for using the equity method, with the exception of Company A, which is accounted for using the cost method and is not considered a related party. For equity method investments with greater than 20% ownership, the carrying value at June 30, 2023 exceeded our share of the investees' book value by $40.6 million which is primarily attributable to goodwill and intangible assets. 11. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES Accounts payable and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands): Trade payables to customers Other accounts payable Accounts payable and other payables Deferred revenue Advances from customers Deferred revenue and other advances June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 20,512 4,953 25,465 7,419 173,944 181,363 $ $ $ $ 2,571 3,556 6,127 17,456 158,089 175,545 $ $ $ $ 12. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING TRANSACTIONS The Company is exposed to market risk, such as changes in commodity prices and foreign exchange rates. To manage the volatility related to these exposures, the Company enters into various derivative products, such as forwards and futures contracts. By policy, the Company historically has entered into derivative financial instruments for the purpose of hedging substantially all of Company's market exposure to precious metals prices, and not for speculative purposes. The Company’s gains (losses) on derivative instruments are substantially offset by the changes in the fair market value of the underlying precious metals inventory, both of which are recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. Commodity Price Management The Company manages the value of certain assets and liabilities of its trading business, including trading inventory, by employing a variety of hedging strategies. These strategies include the management of exposure to changes in the market values of the Company's trading inventory through the purchase and sale of a variety of derivative instruments, such as forwards and futures contracts. The Company enters into derivative transactions solely for the purpose of hedging its inventory subject to price risk, and not for speculative market purposes. Due to the nature of the Company's global hedging strategy, the Company is not using hedge accounting as defined under ASC 815, whereby the gains or losses would be deferred and included as a component of other comprehensive income. Instead, gains or losses resulting from the Company's futures and forward contracts and open sale and purchase commitments are reported in the consolidated statements of income as unrealized gains or losses on commodity contracts (a component of cost of sales) with the related unrealized amounts due from or to counterparties reflected as derivative assets or liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company's trading inventory and purchase and sale transactions consist primarily of precious metal products. The value of these assets and liabilities are marked- to-market daily to the prevailing closing price of the underlying precious metals. The Company's precious metals inventory is subject to fluctuations in market value, resulting from changes in the underlying commodity prices. Inventory purchased or borrowed by the Company is subject to price changes. Inventory borrowed is considered a natural hedge, since changes in value of the metal held are offset by the obligation to return the metal to the supplier. Open sale and purchase commitments are subject to changes in value between the date the purchase or sale price is fixed (the trade date) and the date the metal is received or delivered (the settlement date). The Company seeks to minimize the effect of price changes of the underlying commodity through the use of forward and futures contracts. The Company’s open sale and purchase commitments typically settle within 2 business days, and for those commitments that do not have stated settlement dates, the Company has the right to settle the positions upon demand. The Company's policy is to substantially hedge its inventory position, net of open sale and purchase commitments that are subject to price risk, and regularly enters into precious metals commodity forward and futures contracts with financial institutions to hedge against this risk. The Company uses futures contracts, which typically settle within 30 days, for its shorter-term hedge positions, and forward contracts, which may remain open for up to 6 months, for its longer-term hedge positions. The Company has access to all of the precious metals markets, allowing it to place hedges. The Company also maintains relationships with major market makers in every major precious metal dealing center. 87 The Company’s management sets credit and position risk limits. These limits include gross position limits for counterparties engaged in sales and purchase transactions with the Company. They also include collateral limits for different types of sale and purchase transactions that counterparties may engage in from time to time. Derivative Assets and Liabilities The Company's derivative assets and liabilities represent the net fair value of the difference (or intrinsic value) between market values and trade values at the trade date for open precious metals sale and purchase contracts, as adjusted on a daily basis for changes in market values of the underlying metals, until settled. The Company's derivative assets and liabilities also include the net fair value of open precious metals forwards and futures contracts. The precious metals forwards and futures contracts are settled at the contract settlement date. All of our commodity derivative contracts are under master netting arrangements and include both asset and liability positions (i.e., offsetting derivative instruments). As such, for the Company's derivative contracts with the same counterparty, the receivables and payables have been netted on the consolidated balance sheets. Such derivative contracts include open sale and purchase commitments, futures, forwards and margin accounts. The aggregate gross and net derivative receivables and payables balances by contract type and type of hedge, were as follows (in thousands): Nettable derivative assets: Open sale and purchase commitments Futures contracts Forward contracts Nettable derivative liabilities: Open sale and purchase commitments Margin accounts Futures contracts Forward contracts June 30, 2023 Gross Derivative Amounts Netted Cash Collateral Pledge Net Derivative Gross Derivative Amounts Netted Cash Collateral Pledge Net Derivative June 30, 2022 $ $ $ $ 53,924 832 39,092 93,848 2,271 17,681 1,161 1,621 22,734 $ $ $ $ (15,967 ) — — (15,967 ) (1,418 ) — — — (1,418 ) $ $ $ $ — — — — — (13,240 ) — — (13,240 ) $ $ $ $ 37,957 832 39,092 77,881 853 4,441 1,161 1,621 8,076 $ $ $ $ 34,821 20,245 44,075 99,141 72,937 26,984 — 530 100,451 $ $ $ $ (7,398 ) — — (7,398 ) (2,373 ) — — — (2,373 ) $ $ $ $ — — — — — (22,298 ) — — (22,298 ) $ $ $ $ 27,423 20,245 44,075 91,743 70,564 4,686 — 530 75,780 Gains or Losses on Derivative Instruments The Company records the derivative at the trade date with corresponding unrealized gains or losses shown as a component of cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. The Company adjusts the derivatives to fair value on a daily basis until the transactions are settled. When these contracts are net settled, the unrealized gains and losses are reversed and the realized gains and losses for forward contracts are recorded in revenue and cost of sales and the net realized gains and losses for futures are recorded in cost of sales. Below is a summary of the net gains (losses) on derivative instruments (in thousands): Gains (losses) on derivative instruments: Unrealized gains (losses) on open futures commodity and forward contracts and open sale and purchase commitments, net Realized gains (losses) on futures commodity contracts, net 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 $ $ 53,453 43,630 97,083 $ $ (18,799 ) 66,624 47,825 $ $ 8,874 (134,496 ) (125,622 ) The Company’s net gains (losses) on derivative instruments, as shown in the table above, were substantially offset by the changes in the fair market value of the underlying precious metals inventory, which were also recorded in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. 88 Summary of Hedging Positions In a hedging relationship, the change in the value of the derivative financial instrument is offset to a great extent by the change in the value of the underlying hedged item. The following table summarizes the results of our hedging activities, which shows the precious metal commodity inventory position, net of open sale and purchase commitments, that was subject to price risk (in thousands): June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Inventories Precious metals held under financing arrangements Less unhedgeable inventories: Commemorative coin inventory, held at lower of cost or net realizable value Premium on metals position Precious metal value not hedged Commitments at market: Open inventory purchase commitments Open inventory sales commitments Margin sale commitments In-transit inventory no longer subject to market risk Unhedgeable premiums on open commitment positions Borrowed precious metals Product financing arrangements Advances on industrial metals Precious metal subject to price risk Precious metal subject to derivative financial instruments: Precious metals forward contracts at market values Precious metals futures contracts at market values Total market value of derivative financial instruments Net precious metals subject to commodity price risk Notional Balances of Derivatives $ $ 981,643 25,530 1,007,173 (948 ) (29,358 ) (30,306 ) 921,108 (587,392 ) (17,682 ) (5,505 ) 11,224 (21,642 ) (335,831 ) 698 (35,022 ) 941,845 767,767 170,466 938,233 $ 3,612 $ 741,018 79,766 820,784 (1,434 ) (27,059 ) (28,493 ) 681,835 (497,949 ) (26,984 ) (13,164 ) 12,933 (59,417 ) (282,671 ) 768 (184,649 ) 607,642 278,326 326,713 605,039 2,603 The notional balances of the Company's derivative instruments, consisting of contractual metal quantities, are expressed at current spot prices of the underlying precious metal commodity. As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, the Company had the following outstanding commitments and open forward and future contracts (in thousands): Purchase commitments Sales commitments Margin sales commitments Open forward contracts Open futures contracts June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 $ $ $ $ $ 921,108 (587,392 ) (17,682 ) 767,767 170,466 $ $ $ $ $ 681,835 (497,949 ) (26,984 ) 278,326 326,713 The contract amounts (i.e., notional balances) of the Company's forward and futures contracts and the open sales and purchase commitments are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The Company records the difference between the market price of the underlying metal or contract and the trade amount at fair value. The Company is exposed to the risk of failure of the counterparties to its derivative contracts. Significant judgment is applied by the Company when evaluating the fair value implications. The Company regularly reviews the creditworthiness of its major counterparties and monitors its exposure to concentrations. On June 30, 2023, the Company believes its risk of counterparty default is mitigated as a result of such evaluation and the short-term duration of these arrangements. Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Management The Company utilizes foreign currency forward contracts to manage the effect of foreign currency exchange fluctuations on its sale and purchase transactions. These contracts generally have maturities of less than one week. The market values (fair values) of the Company’s foreign exchange forward contracts and the net open sale and purchase commitment transactions, denominated in foreign currencies, outstanding were as follows (in thousands): Foreign exchange forward contracts Open sale and purchase commitment transactions, net June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 $ $ 7,101 5,611 $ $ 9,738 10,371 89 13. INCOME TAXES Net income from operations before provision for income taxes is shown below (in thousands): U.S. Foreign $ $ 2023 203,139 31 203,170 $ $ Year Ended June 30, 2022 166,379 38 166,417 $ $ 2021 192,771 30 192,801 The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return based on a June 30 tax year end. The provision for income tax expense by jurisdiction and the effective tax rate are shown below (in thousands): Current: Federal State and local Foreign Deferred: Federal State and local Income tax expense Effective income tax rate 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 $ $ 39,408 5,371 37 44,816 178 1,407 1,585 $ 32,518 4,701 225 37,444 (3,281 ) (825 ) (4,106 ) $ 46,401 $ 33,338 $ 28,899 4,954 97 33,950 (2,961 ) 888 (2,073 ) 31,877 22.8 % 20.0 % 16.5 % Our provision for income taxes varied from the tax computed at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rates for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 primarily due to excess tax benefit from share-based compensation and foreign derived intangible income special deduction, partially offset by state taxes (net of federal tax benefit). In addition, for the year ended June 30, 2021, our effective tax rate differed from the federal statutory rate primarily due to our acquisition of the remaining 79.5% of JMB. A reconciliation of the income tax provision to the amounts computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income before tax are set forth below (in thousands): Federal income tax provision at statutory rate State and local tax, net of federal benefit Adjustment related to JMB acquisition Foreign derived intangible income Stock based compensation Reversal of pre-acquisition deferred taxes in joint venture State rate change Permanent adjustments Foreign rate differential Other Income Taxes Receivable and Payable 2023 $ $ 42,666 5,083 — (791 ) (1,171 ) — 202 311 30 71 46,401 $ $ Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 34,947 3,236 — (1,476 ) (3,075 ) — (171 ) (252 ) 217 (88 ) 33,338 $ $ 40,488 3,935 (9,539 ) (2,427 ) (1,233 ) (981 ) 950 266 91 327 31,877 As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, our income tax payable totaled $1.0 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized by evaluating both positive and negative evidence. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, management concluded that it was more likely than not that the Company would be able to realize the benefit of the U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. We based this conclusion on historical and projected operating performance, as well as our expectation that our operations will generate sufficient taxable income in future periods to realize the tax benefits associated with the deferred tax assets. A tax valuation allowance was considered unnecessary, as management concluded that it was more likely than not that the Company would be able to realize the benefit of the U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. 90 As of June 30, 2023, the consolidated balance sheet reflects the deferred tax items for each tax-paying component (i.e., federal and state), resulting in a state deferred tax liability of $2.3 million and a federal deferred tax liability of $14.4 million. As of June 30, 2022, the consolidated balance sheet reflects the deferred tax items for each tax- paying component (i.e., federal and state), resulting in a state deferred tax liability of $0.9 million and a federal deferred tax liability of $14.5 million. The schedule of deferred taxes presented below summarizes the components of deferred taxes that have been classified as deferred tax assets and liabilities related to taxable and deductible temporary differences (in thousands): Accrued compensation Lease liabilities Stock-based compensation State tax accrual Net operating loss carry forwards Other Deferred tax assets Intangible assets Fixed assets Earnings from equity method investment Investment in partnership Right of use assets Other Deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liability Net Operating Loss Carryforwards June 30, 2022 $ June 30, 2023 $ 195 1,800 1,409 422 2 39 3,867 (13,111 ) (1,036 ) (4,534 ) (204 ) (1,637 ) (22 ) (20,544 ) $ (16,677 ) $ 58 1,804 1,222 368 855 34 4,341 (15,071 ) (1,000 ) (2,052 ) — (1,617 ) (9 ) (19,749 ) (15,408 ) As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, the Company has approximately $0.0 million and $12.2 million of state net operating loss carryforwards, respectively. The Company's state tax-effected net operating loss carryforwards totaled $0.0 million and $0.9 million, as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively. Unrecognized Tax Benefits The Company has taken or expects to take certain tax benefits on its income tax return filings that it has not recognized as a tax benefit (i.e., an unrecognized tax benefit) on its consolidated statements of income. The Company's measurement of its uncertain tax positions is based on management's assessment of all relevant information, including, but not limited to prior audit experience, audit settlement, or lapse of the applicable statute of limitations. Below is a reconciliation of net unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands): Beginning balance Decreases in tax positions for prior year Reductions due to lapse of statute of limitations Additions as a results of tax positions taken during current period 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 146 — — — 146 $ $ 277 (93 ) (38 ) — 146 $ $ 163 — (26 ) 140 277 $ $ In addition to the $146,000 of accrued tax expense, as shown in the table above, the Company has $69,000 of interest and $37,000 of penalties accrued to date related to its uncertain tax positions. As of June 30, 2023, the amount of this accrued liability (inclusive of the uncertain tax deductions and the associated interest and penalty accrual) totaled $252,000, and, if recognized, would reduce the Company's effective tax rate. Tax Examinations The Company files income tax returns in the United States, Austria, and various state and local jurisdictions. It is no longer subject to examination for U.S. federal, Austria, and various state income taxes for periods prior to fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2017, respectively. 91 14. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS Related parties include entities which the Company controls or has the ability to significantly influence, and entities which are under common control with the Company. Related parties also include persons who are affiliated with related entities or the Company who are in a position to influence corporate decisions (such as owners, executives, board members and their families). In the normal course of business, we enter into transactions with our related parties. Below is a list of related parties with whom we have had significant transactions during the presented periods: 1) 2) Stack’s Bowers Numismatics, LLC ("Stack's Bowers Galleries"). Stack's Bowers Galleries is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Spectrum Group International, Inc. ("SGI"). SGI and the Company have a common chief executive officer, and the chief executive officer and the general counsel of the Company are board members of SGI. Equity method investees. As of June 30, 2023, the Company has six investments in privately-held entities which have been determined to be equity method investees and related parties. Our related party transactions primarily include (i) sales and purchases of precious metals, (ii) financing activities, (iii) repurchase arrangements, and (iv) hedging transactions. Below is a summary of our related party transactions. The amounts presented for each period were based on each entity’s related party status for that period. Balances with Related Parties Receivables and Payables, Net Our related party net receivables and payables balances were as shown below (in thousands): Stack's Bowers Galleries Equity method investees (1) (2) (3) Balance includes trade receivables and other receivables, net Balance includes note payables, trade payables, and other payables, net Balance includes trade and other payables, net Long-term Investments June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Receivables Payables Receivables Payables $ $ (1) (1) 534 737 1,271 $ $ — 2,977 2,977 (2) $ $ — 3,060 3,060 (1) $ $ (3) (3) 1,802 173 1,975 As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, the aggregate carrying balance of the equity method investments was $88.3 million and $70.6 million respectively. (See Note 10.) Long-term Other Assets As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, the fair value of the option to purchase an additional 27.6% ownership interest in Silver Gold Bull, Inc. was $5.3 million and $5.3 million, respectively. This option was acquired in June 2022 in conjunction with the Company’s acquisition of an additional 40% ownership interest in Silver Gold Bull, Inc., and is exercisable between December 2023 and September 2024. (See Note 10.) Notes Payable On April 1, 2021, CCP entered into a loan agreement ("CCP Note") with CFC, which provides CFC with up to $4.0 million to fund commercial loans secured by graded sports cards and sports memorabilia to its borrowers. All loans to be funded using the proceeds from the CCP Note are subject to CCP’s prior written approval. The term of the CCP Note expires on April 1, 2024 and may be extended by mutual agreement. As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 the outstanding principal balance of the CCP Note was $0.5 million and $0.0 million, respectively. 92 Activity with Related Parties Sales and Purchases Our sales and purchases with companies deemed to be related parties were as follows (in thousands): Stack's Bowers Galleries Equity method investees SilverTowne L.P. 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 Sales Purchases Sales Purchases Sales Purchases $ $ 153,409 1,212,936 — 1,366,345 $ $ 49,460 45,651 — 95,111 $ $ 95,271 756,583 — 851,854 $ $ 51,220 48,529 — 99,749 $ $ (1) 59,037 1,622,199 16,837 1,698,073 $ $ (1) 66,122 17,020 4,827 87,969 (1) Includes sales and purchases activity with JMB, which the Company fully acquired in March 2021. Interest Income We earned interest income on loans made to Stack's Bower Galleries and from financing arrangements (including repurchase agreements) with affiliated companies, as set forth below (in thousands): Interest income from secured loans receivables Interest income from finance products and repurchase arrangements (1) Includes JMB's interest income from the beginning of the period through acquisition date. Selling, General, and Administrative 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 $ $ — 7,839 7,839 $ $ 155 6,668 6,823 $ $ 249 8,042 8,291 (1) During the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company incurred selling, general, and administrative expense related to its subleasing agreement with Stack's Bower Galleries that totaled $34,000, $0, and $0, respectively. Interest Expense During the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company incurred interest expense related to its note with CCP that totaled $38,000, $0, and $0, respectively. Equity Method Investments — Earnings, Dividends and Distributions Received During the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company's proportional share of our equity method investee's net income totaled $12.6 million, $6.9 million, and $15.5 million, respectively. As a result of our acquisition of JMB in March 2021, we no longer account for JMB's earnings under the equity method since the acquisition date, when it became a wholly-owned consolidated entity of the Company. The Company received dividend and distribution payments from our equity method investees that totaled, in the aggregate, $1.0 million, $1.7 million, and $0.3 million, during the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Other Income The Company earned royalty and consulting services income from related parties that totaled $2.6 million, $2.2 million, and $1.1 million during the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. 15. FINANCING AGREEMENTS Lines of Credit - Trading Credit Facility On December 21, 2021, the Company entered into a new three-year committed facility provided by a syndicate of financial institutions (the “Trading Credit Facility”), with a total current revolving commitment of up to $350.0 million and with a termination date of December 21, 2024. The Trading Credit Facility is secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets on a first priority basis and is guaranteed by all of the Company's subsidiaries, with the exception of AMCF. The Trading Credit Facility currently bears interest at the daily SOFR rate plus an applicable margin of 236 basis points. As of June 30, 2023, the interest rate was approximately 7.5%. The daily SOFR rate was approximately 5.1% as of June 30, 2023. 93 Also on December 21, 2021, in connection with entry into the Trading Credit Facility, all amounts outstanding under the Company’s uncommitted demand borrowing facility with a syndicate of banks (the "Prior Credit Facility”) were paid in full, and the Prior Trading Credit Facility was terminated. The amounts set forth in our consolidated financial statements for all periods prior to December 21, 2021 refer to the Prior Credit Facility. The Trading Credit Facility provides the Company with the liquidity to buy and sell billions of dollars of precious metals annually. We routinely use funds drawn under the Trading Credit Facility to purchase metals from our suppliers and for operating cash flow purposes. Our CFC subsidiary also uses the funds drawn under the Trading Credit Facility to finance certain of its lending activities. Borrowings totaled $235.0 million and $215.0 million at June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively. The amounts available under the respective lines of credit are determined at the end of each week and at each month end following a specified borrowing base formula. The Company is able to access additional credit as needed to finance operations, subject to the overall limits of the borrowing facilities and lender approval of the borrowing base calculation. Based on the month end borrowing bases in effect, the availability under the Trading Credit Facility, after taking into account current borrowings, totaled $115.0 million and $122.0 million as determined on June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, the remaining unamortized balance of loan costs was approximately $2.4 million and $3.4 million, respectively. The Trading Credit Facility contains various covenants, all of which the Company was in compliance with as of June 30, 2023. Although the Trading Credit Facility is a committed facility, lenders holding at least 66.67% of the revolving commitments under the Trading Credit Facility may require us to repay all outstanding indebtedness under the Trading Credit Facility at any time, even if we are in compliance with the financial and other covenants under the Trading Credit Facility. After such demand, each lender with a revolving loan commitment may, but is not obligated to, make revolving loans until the termination date of the Trading Credit Facility. Interest expense related to the Company’s Trading Credit Facility totaled $15.9 million, $8.5 million, and $5.9 million, which represents 50.3%, 38.6%, and 29.5% of the total interest expense recognized, for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The Trading Credit Facility carried a daily weighted average effective interest rate of 7.15%, 4.47%, and 3.63% for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Notes Payable - AMCF Notes In September 2018, AM Capital Funding, LLC (“AMCF”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of CFC, completed an issuance of Secured Senior Term Notes (collectively, the "AMCF Notes"): Series 2018-1, Class A (the “Class A Notes”) in the aggregate principal amount of $72.0 million and Secured Subordinated Term Notes, Series 2018-1, Class B (the “Class B Notes”) in the aggregate principal amount of $28.0 million. The Class A Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.98% and the Class B Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.98%. The AMCF Notes have a maturity date of December 15, 2023. The AMCF Notes were issued under a Master Indenture and the Series 2018-1 Supplement thereto between AMCF and Citibank, N.A., as trustee. The Company holds $5.0 million of the Class B Notes in order to comply with the Credit Risk Retention Rules of Section 15G of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The $5.0 million portion of the Class B Notes retained by the Company is eliminated in consolidation. AMCF applied the net proceeds from the sale to the Company’s purchase of loans and precious metals inventory, and to pay certain costs and expenses. CFC and A- Mark may from time to time also contribute cash or sell precious metals to AMCF in exchange for cash or subordinated, deferred payment obligations from AMCF. In addition, AMCF may from time to time sell precious metals to A-Mark for cash. As of June 30, 2023, the consolidated carrying balance of the AMCF Notes was $94.8 million (which excludes the $5.0 million note that the Company retained), and the remaining unamortized loan cost balance was approximately $0.2 million. As of June 30, 2023, the balance of the interest payable was $0.2 million. Interest on the AMCF Notes is payable monthly in arrears at the aggregate rate of 5.26% per annum. For the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the interest expense related to the AMCF Notes (including loan amortization costs) totaled $5.7 million, $5.8 million, and $5.7 million, which represents 17.9%, 26.3%, and 28.7% of the total interest expense recognized by the Company, respectively. For the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the AMCF Notes' weighted average effective interest rate was 5.88%, 5.88%, and 5.88%, respectively. Notes Payable — Related Party See Note 14. 94 Liabilities on Borrowed Metals The Company recorded liabilities on borrowed metals with market values totaling $21.6 million as of June 30, 2023, with corresponding metals totaling $0.0 million and $21.6 million included in precious metals held under financing arrangements and inventories, respectively, on the consolidated June 30, 2023 balance sheet. The Company recorded liabilities on borrowed metals with market values totaling $59.4 million as of June 30, 2022 with corresponding metals totaling $35.0 million and $24.4 million included in precious metals held under financing arrangements and inventories, respectively, on the consolidated June 30, 2022 balance sheet. For the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the interest expense related to liabilities on borrowed metals totaled $1.9 million, $1.3 million, and $2.2 million which represents 5.9%, 6.0%, and 11.0% of the total interest expense recognized by the Company, respectively. Advanced Pool Metals The Company borrows precious metals from its suppliers and customers under short-term agreements using other precious metals from its inventory as collateral. The Company has the ability to sell the metals advanced. These arrangements can be settled by repayment in similar metals or in cash. Once the obligation is settled, the metals held as collateral are released back to the Company. Liabilities on Borrowed Metals — Other Liabilities may also arise from: (i) unallocated metal positions held by customers in the Company’s inventory, (ii) amounts due to suppliers for the use of their consigned inventory, and (iii) shortages in unallocated metal positions held by the Company in the supplier’s inventory. Unallocated or pool metal represents an unsegregated inventory position that is due on demand, in a specified physical form, based on the total ounces of metal held in the position. Amounts due under these arrangements require delivery either in the form of precious metals, or in cash. Product Financing Arrangements The Company has agreements with third-party financial institutions which allow the Company to transfer its gold and silver inventory at an agreed-upon price, which is based on the spot price. Such agreements allow the Company to repurchase this inventory upon demand at an agreed-upon price based on the spot price on the repurchase date. The third-party charges a monthly fee as a percentage of the market value of the outstanding obligation; such monthly charges are classified in interest expense. These transactions do not qualify as sales, and therefore have been accounted for as financing arrangements and are reflected in the consolidated balance sheet as product financing arrangements. The obligation is stated at the amount required to repurchase the outstanding inventory. Both the product financing obligation and the underlying inventory (which is entirely restricted) are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded as a component of cost of sales in the consolidated statements of income. Such obligations totaled $335.8 million and $282.7 million as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively. For the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the interest expense related to product financing arrangements totaled $6.9 million, $4.3 million, and $3.1 million, which represents 21.7%, 19.4%, and 15.5% of the total interest expense recognized by the Company, respectively. 16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Legal Matters The Company is from time-to-time party to various lawsuits, claims and other proceedings, that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Although the ultimate outcome of any legal matter cannot be predicted with certainty, based on current information, including our assessment of the merits of the particular claim, we do not expect that these legal proceedings or claims will have any material adverse impact on our future consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we review the need to accrue for any loss contingency and establish a liability when, in the opinion of management, it is probable that a matter would result in a liability and the amount of loss, if any, can be reasonably estimated. We do not believe that the resolution of any currently pending lawsuits, claims and proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on financial position, results of operations or liquidity. However, the outcomes of any currently pending lawsuits, claims and proceedings cannot be predicted, and therefore, there can be no assurance that this will be the case. Additionally, we record receivables for insurance recoveries relating to litigation-related losses and expenses if and when such amounts are covered by insurance and recovery of such losses or expenses are due. 95 Employment and Non-Compete Agreements As of June 30, 2023, the Company was a party to various employment agreements and non-compete and/or non-solicitation agreements with its employees, including employment agreements with (a) Greg Roberts, our Chief Executive Officer, which expires in June 2027, and (b) Thor Gjerdrum, our President, and Brian Aquilino, our Chief Operating Officer, which expire in June 2025. The Company's employment agreement with Michael Wittmeyer, formerly Chief Executive Officer of JMB, was terminated as of June 30, 2023, at which time the Company and Mr. Wittmeyer entered into a consulting agreement, which expires in June 2025. The employment agreements provide for minimum salary levels, incentive compensation and severance benefits, among other items, and the employment agreements and the consulting agreement contain various non- compete and non-solicitation provisions. Employee Benefit Plan The Company maintains an employee retirement savings plan for United States employees under the Internal Revenue Code section 401(k). There is an automatic default contribution for newly eligible employees in which 3% will be deducted pre-tax from the employee’s pay and invested in their default fund unless directed otherwise. Employees are eligible to participate in the plan after three complete calendar months of service by the next plan entry date and are 21 years of age. All contributions are immediately vested. Employees' contributions are discretionary to a maximum of 90% of compensation. For all plan members, the Company contributes 100% of the eligible employees' contributions on the first 3% of the participants' contribution, plus 50% of the next 3% of the participants contribution up to the IRS' maximum annual contribution. The Company's matching 401(k) contributions totaled $1.0 million, $0.7 million, and $0.4 million for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. 17. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Shelf Registration Statement On September 25, 2020, the Company filed a universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 4, 2021, on which the Company registered for sale up to $150.0 million of any combination of its debt securities, shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, rights, warrants, units and/or purchase contracts from time to time and at prices and on terms that the Company may determine. After a public offering of common stock in March 2021, approximately $69.5 million of securities remain available for issuance under this shelf registration statement. Securities may be offered or sold under this registration statement until March 2024. Dividends On August 18, 2022, the Company's board of directors declared a non-recurring special dividend of $1.00 per common share to stockholders of record at the close of business on September 12, 2022. The dividend was paid on September 26, 2022 and totaled $23.4 million. On August 18, 2022, the Company's board of directors also declared the initial quarterly regular cash dividend of $0.20 per common share to stockholders of record at the close of business on October 10, 2022. The dividend was paid on October 24, 2022 and totaled $4.7 million. On January 4, 2023, the Company's board of directors declared a regular dividend of $0.20 per share to stockholders of record at the close of business on January 16, 2023. The dividend was paid on January 27, 2023 and totaled $4.7 million. On April 5, 2023, the Company's board of directors declared a regular dividend of $0.20 per share to stockholders of record as of the close of business on April 17, 2023. The dividend was paid on April 28, 2023 and totaled $4.7 million. Share Repurchase Program In April 2018, the Company's board of directors approved a share repurchase program which authorized the Company to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares (as adjusted for the two-for-one split of A-Mark’s common stock in the form of a stock dividend in fiscal 2022) of its common stock. The share repurchase program was initially announced on May 8, 2018. In fiscal 2023, we repurchased a total of 335,735 shares under the program for $9.8 million. Late in fiscal 2023, the board revised the repurchase program to authorize the purchase of up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock, in addition to the shares previously repurchased, and extended the expiration date from June 30, 2023 to June 30, 2028. Prior to fiscal 2023, no shares had been repurchased under our share repurchase program. Under the share repurchase program, we may repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time at prevailing market prices, depending on market conditions, through open market or privately negotiated transactions. Subject to applicable corporate securities laws, repurchases may be made at such times and in amounts as management deems appropriate. We are not obligated to repurchase any shares under the program, and repurchases under the program may be discontinued if management determines that additional repurchases are not warranted. 96 2014 Stock Award and Incentive Plan The Company's amended and restated 2014 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (the "2014 Plan") was approved most recently on October 27, 2022 by the Company's stockholders. As of June 30, 2023, 1,446,260 stock options and 92,957 restricted stock units were outstanding, and 1,727,894 shares were available for issuance of new awards under the 2014 Plan. Under the 2014 Plan, the Company may grant options and other equity awards as a means of attracting and retaining officers, employees, non-employee directors and consultants, to provide incentives to such persons, and to align the interests of such persons with the interests of stockholders by providing compensation based on the value of the Company's stock. Awards under the 2014 Plan may be granted in the form of incentive or non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock, RSUs, dividend equivalent rights, other stock-based awards (which may include outright grants of shares) and cash incentive awards. The 2014 Plan also authorizes grants of awards with performance-based conditions and market-based conditions. The 2014 Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the board of directors, which, in its discretion, may select officers and other employees, directors (including non-employee directors) and consultants to the Company and its subsidiaries to receive grants of awards. The board of directors itself may perform any of the functions of the Compensation Committee under the 2014 Plan. Under the 2014 Plan, the exercise price of options and base price of SARs, as set by the Compensation Committee, generally may not be less than the fair market value of the shares on the date of grant, and the maximum term of stock options and SARs is 10 years. The 2014 Plan limits the number of share-denominated awards that may be granted to any one eligible person in any fiscal year to 500,000 shares plus the participant's unused annual limit at the close of the previous year. Also, in the case of non- employee directors, the 2014 Plan limits the maximum grant-date fair value at $300,000 of stock-denominated awards granted to a director in a given fiscal year, except for a non-employee Chairman of the Board whose grant-date fair value maximum is $600,000 per fiscal year. The 2014 Plan will terminate when no shares remain available for issuance and no awards remain outstanding; however, the authority to grant new awards will terminate on October 27, 2032. Stock Options The Company measures the compensation cost of stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which uses various inputs such as the common share price and estimates that include the risk-free interest rate, volatility, expected life and dividend yield. The weighted-averages for key assumptions used in determining the fair value of options granted were as follows: Average volatility Risk-free interest rate Weighted-average expected life in years Dividend yield rate annual 2023 47.96% 3.76% 6.0 2.10% Year Ended June 30, 2022 (1) N/A N/A N/A N/A (1) (1) (1) 2021 41.76% 0.46% 6.1 0.0% (1) Not applicable; no employee stock options were issued during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022. During the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company incurred $1.2 million, $1.4 million and $1.1 million of compensation expense related to stock options, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, there was total remaining compensation expense of $0.8 million related to employee stock options, which will be recorded over a weighted average vesting period of approximately 1.1 years. A required adjustment to outstanding stock options was triggered as a result of the non-recurring special dividend declared on August 18, 2022. In accordance with the terms of the Company’s equity award plans under which the options were issued, an adjustment was required to protect the holders of such stock options from decreases in the value of the stock options due to payment of the non-recurring special dividends. This event decreased the exercise price of outstanding stock options by $1.00 per option share, effective as of the ex-dividend date (September 9, 2022). The fair value of the options before and after this event was unchanged, and therefore no incremental stock-based compensation expense was recorded. 97 The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021: Fiscal 2021 Outstanding at June 30, 2020 Granted Exercises Cancellations, expirations and forfeitures Outstanding at June 30, 2021 Exercisable at June 30, 2021 Fiscal 2022 Outstanding at June 30, 2021 Exercises Cancellations, expirations and forfeitures Outstanding at June 30, 2022 Exercisable at June 30, 2022 Fiscal 2023 Outstanding at June 30, 2022 Granted Exercised Cancellations, expirations and forfeitures Outstanding at June 30, 2023 Exercisable at June 30, 2023 Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Award 2,499,626 392,000 (570,370 ) (3,200 ) 2,318,056 1,385,302 2,318,056 (538,596 ) — 1,779,460 1,147,972 1,779,460 10,000 (343,200 ) — 1,446,260 1,175,591 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7.62 17.75 6.65 9.33 $ $ $ $ 8.01 $ 6.88 $ 8.01 4.32 — $ $ $ 7.84 $ 6.28 $ 7.84 39.69 6.68 — $ $ $ $ 7.11 $ 5.02 $ 6,061 — 7,037 — $ (1) $ $ $ 35,343 $ 22,675 $ 35,343 15,874 — $ $ $ 43,433 $ 29,811 $ 43,433 — 8,562 — $ (1) $ $ $ 43,882 $ 38,505 $ 2.67 7.35 2.75 3.49 3.44 2.89 3.44 3.22 — 3.51 2.65 3.51 16.56 3.57 — 3.58 2.53 (1) The Company issued the options with an exercise price per share not less than the closing market price of common stock on the grant date. The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and exercisable as of June 30, 2023: Exercise Price Ranges From To $ $ $ $ $ — 5.01 7.51 12.51 30.01 $ $ $ $ $ 5.00 7.50 12.50 30.00 50.00 Number of Underlying Shares Options Outstanding Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted Average Exercise Price Number of Underlying Shares Options Exercisable Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted Average Exercise Price 704,658 49,600 426,668 255,334 10,000 1,446,260 6.24 2.86 2.93 7.69 9.60 $ $ $ $ $ 5.43 $ 1.90 6.37 8.86 17.42 39.69 7.11 704,658 49,600 400,000 21,333 — 1,175,591 6.24 2.86 2.64 7.48 — $ $ $ $ $ 4.90 $ 1.90 6.37 8.83 14.77 — 5.02 The following table summarizes the nonvested stock option activity for the year ended June 30, 2023: Nonvested outstanding at June 30, 2022 Granted Vested Nonvested outstanding at June 30, 2023 Restricted Stock Units Options Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Award 631,488 10,000 (370,819 ) 270,669 $ $ $ $ 5.06 16.56 3.13 8.14 RSUs granted by the Company are not transferable and automatically convert to shares of common stock on a one-for-one basis as the awards vest or at a specified date after vesting. RSUs granted to a non-US citizen are referred to as "deferred stock units" or "DSUs". The Company measures the compensation cost of RSUs based on the closing price of the underlying shares at the grant date. A required adjustment to certain outstanding RSUs was triggered as a result of the non-recurring special dividend declared on August 18, 2022. In accordance with the terms of the 2014 Plan and the Company’s RSU agreements under which the RSUs were issued, the holders of the RSUs were entitled to credits equivalent to dividends that would have been paid if the RSUs had been outstanding shares as of the applicable record date (such credits being either in cash or additional RSUs). The fair values of these RSUs before and after the dividend payment dates were unchanged, and therefore no incremental stock-based compensation expense was recorded. RSUs also are credited with dividend equivalents when the Company pays regular dividends; these are cash credits that are paid upon settlement of the RSUs, except in the case of DSUs the dividend equivalents are converted into additional DSUs. 98 During the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company incurred $0.9 million, $0.8 million and $0.1 million of compensation expense related to RSUs, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, there is $1.6 million remaining compensation expense related to RSUs, which will be recorded over a weighted average vesting period of approximately 2.0 years. The following table summarizes RSU activity for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021: Awards Outstanding Weighted Average Fair Value per Unit at Grant Date Fiscal 2021 Nonvested outstanding at June 30, 2020 Granted Nonvested outstanding at June 30, 2021 Fiscal 2022 Nonvested outstanding at June 30, 2021 Granted Vested & delivered Vested & deferred (1) Nonvested outstanding at June 30, 2022 Vested but subject to deferred settlement at June 30, 2022 (1) Outstanding at June 30, 2022 Fiscal 2023 Nonvested outstanding at June 30, 2022 (2) Granted Vested & delivered Vested & deferred (1) Nonvested outstanding at June 30, 2023 Vested but subject to deferred settlement at June 30, 2023 (1) Outstanding at June 30, 2023 — 25,442 25,442 25,442 56,205 (6,360 ) (19,194 ) 56,093 19,194 75,287 56,093 35,269 (17,599 ) (10,176 ) 63,587 29,370 92,957 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ — 18.86 18.86 18.86 32.51 18.86 18.75 32.58 18.75 29.05 32.58 32.90 32.34 35.36 32.37 24.50 29.89 (1) Certain RSU holders elected to defer settlement of the RSUs to a specified date. The DSU holder is contractually obligated to defer settlement of the DSUs to a specified date following the holder’s termination of service. (2) Includes 9,397 RSUs that vest based on continuous employment and achievement of non-market performance goals through June 30, 2024, 2025 and 2026. Common Stock In fiscal 2023, a portion of the fiscal 2022 annual bonuses was paid in the form of common stock to the Chief Executive Officer and President. The Company issued 10,500 shares (in the aggregate) of common stock, after deducting 3,184 shares of common stock to satisfy tax withholding obligations relating to the President's award. Certain Anti-Takeover Provisions The Company’s certificate of incorporation and by-laws contain certain anti-takeover provisions that could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third-party to acquire, or of discouraging a third-party from attempting to acquire, control of the Company without negotiating with its board of directors. Such provisions could limit the price that certain investors might be willing to pay in the future for the Company’s securities. Certain of such provisions allow the Company to issue preferred stock with rights senior to those of the common stock or impose various procedural and other requirements which could make it more difficult for stockholders to effect certain corporate actions. 99 18. CUSTOMER AND SUPPLIER CONCENTRATIONS Customer Concentration The following customer provided 10 percent or more of the Company's revenues (in thousands): Total revenue Customer concentrations HSBC Bank (1) 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent $ $ 9,286,561 100.0 % 1,191,436 12.8 % $ $ 8,159,254 100.0 % $ 7,613,015 100.0 % 492,390 6.0 % $ 552,845 7.3 % (1) Sales with this trading partner include sales on forward contracts that are entered into for hedging purposes rather than sales characterized with the physical delivery of precious metal product. This sales activity has been reported within the Wholesale Sales and Ancillary Services segment. No single customer provided 10 percent or more of the Company's accounts receivable balances as of June 30, 2023. The following customers accounted for 10 percent or more of the Company's secured loans receivable as of June 30, 2023 (in thousands): Total secured loans Customer concentrations Customer A Customer B Supplier Concentration June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 Amount Percent Amount Percent $ $ 100,620 11,500 13,500 100.0 % 11.4 % 13.4 % $ $ 126,217 — 13,500 100.0 % 0.0 % 10.7 % The Company buys precious metals from a variety of sources, including through brokers and dealers, from sovereign and private mints, from refiners and directly from customers. The Company believes that no one supplier or small group of suppliers is critical to its business, since other sources of supply are available that provide similar products on comparable terms. 19. SEGMENTS AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION The Company evaluates segment reporting in accordance with Segment Reporting Topic 280 of the ASC (“ASC 280”), each reporting period, including evaluating the organizational structure and the reporting package that is reviewed by the chief operating decision makers. The Company's operations are organized under three business segments (i) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, (ii) Direct-to-Consumer, and (iii) Secured Lending. The Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment includes the consolidating eliminations of inter-segment transactions and unallocated segment adjustments. See Note 1 for a description of the types of products and services from which each reportable segment derives its revenues. Revenue in thousands Revenue by segment (1) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Eliminations of inter-segment sales Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, net of eliminations Direct-to-Consumer (2) 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 $ $ 8,753,549 (1,464,410 ) 7,289,139 1,997,422 9,286,561 (a) $ $ 7,647,950 (1,623,208 ) 6,024,742 2,134,512 8,159,254 (b) $ $ 7,520,111 (781,404 ) 6,738,707 874,308 7,613,015 (c) (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) The Secured Lending segment earns interest income from its lending activity and earns no revenue from the sales of precious metals. Therefore, no amounts are shown for the Secured Lending segment in the above table. The eliminations of inter-segment sales are reflected in the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment. Includes $3.5 million of inter-segment sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment. Includes $2.4 million of inter-segment sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services segment. Includes $8.5 million of inter-segment sales from the Direct-to-Consumer segment to the Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Segment. 100 in thousands Revenue by geographic region United States Europe North America, excluding United States Asia Pacific Africa Australia Gross Profit and Gross Margin Percentage in thousands Gross profit by segment (1) Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Eliminations and adjustments Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, net of eliminations and adjustments Direct-to-Consumer, net of eliminations Gross margin percentage by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, net of eliminations and adjustments Direct-to-Consumer Consolidated gross margin percentage $ $ $ $ 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 5,634,423 2,780,015 837,504 26,891 — 7,728 9,286,561 $ $ 5,215,858 1,998,105 893,575 39,863 17 11,836 8,159,254 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 $ $ 126,816 (1,138 ) 125,678 168,991 294,669 1.449 % 1.724 % 8.460 % 3.173 % 113,316 777 114,093 147,672 261,765 1.482 % 1.894 % 6.918 % 3.208 % $ $ $ $ 4,668,324 1,486,323 1,342,597 62,754 14 53,003 7,613,015 2021 143,540 (4,727 ) 138,813 71,385 210,198 1.909 % 2.060 % 8.165 % 2.761 % (1) The Secured Lending segment earns interest income from its lending activity and earns no gross profit from the sales of precious metals. Therefore, no amounts are shown for the Secured Lending segment in the above table. Operating Income and (Expenses) in thousands Operating income (expenses) by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Eliminations Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, net of eliminations Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, net of eliminations Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization expense Interest income Interest expense Earnings from equity method investments Other income, net Remeasurement gain on pre-existing equity interest Unrealized gains (losses) on foreign exchange Direct-to-Consumer Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization expense Interest expense Other income (expense), net Secured Lending Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation and amortization expense Interest income Interest expense Earnings from equity method investments Other income, net 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 (34,939 ) (247 ) (35,186 ) (40,181 ) (970 ) 12,523 (19,660 ) 12,575 161 — 366 (35,186 ) (42,976 ) (11,204 ) (4,098 ) 142 (58,136 ) (2,125 ) (351 ) 9,708 (7,770 ) 1 2,360 1,823 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (34,004 ) (254 ) (34,258 ) (40,844 ) (891 ) 10,706 (10,034 ) 6,903 — — (98 ) (34,258 ) (34,152 ) (26,057 ) (2,958 ) (229 ) (63,396 ) (1,622 ) (352 ) 11,094 (9,000 ) 4 2,182 2,306 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 6,679 (175 ) 6,504 (32,992 ) (877 ) 10,315 (11,666 ) 15,547 — 26,306 (129 ) 6,504 (12,830 ) (9,561 ) (898 ) — (23,289 ) (2,198 ) (351 ) 8,159 (7,301 ) — 1,079 (612 ) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 101 Net Income (Loss) Before Provision for Income Taxes in thousands Net income (loss) before provision for income taxes by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer Secured Lending Advertising Expense in thousands Advertising expense by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer Secured Lending Capital Expenditures for Property, Plant, and Equipment in thousands Capital expenditures for property, plant, and equipment by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer Secured Lending Precious Metals Held Under Financing Arrangements in thousands Precious metals held under financing arrangements by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Secured Lending Inventories in thousands Inventories by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer Secured Lending in thousands Inventories by geographic region United States North America, excluding United States Europe Asia Australia $ $ $ $ $ $ 102 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 2021 90,492 110,855 1,823 203,170 $ $ 79,835 84,276 2,306 166,417 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 (1,639 ) (14,001 ) (237 ) (15,877 ) $ $ (627 ) (11,353 ) (198 ) (12,178 ) 2023 Year Ended June 30, 2022 3,173 1,610 — 4,783 $ $ 1,048 1,831 — 2,879 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2021 2021 145,317 48,096 (612 ) 192,801 (343 ) (4,493 ) (192 ) (5,028 ) 1,952 157 4 2,113 66,242 13,524 79,766 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 $ $ $ $ $ $ 10,580 14,950 25,530 June 30, 2023 815,576 109,226 56,841 981,643 June 30, 2023 938,177 20,787 18,454 4,139 86 981,643 $ $ $ $ $ $ June 30, 2022 648,279 87,987 4,752 741,018 June 30, 2022 691,212 30,534 19,105 22 145 741,018 Total Assets in thousands Total assets by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Eliminations Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services, net of eliminations Direct-to-Consumer Secured Lending in thousands Total assets by geographic region United States North America, excluding United States Europe Asia Australia Long-term Assets in thousands Long-term assets by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer Secured Lending in thousands Long-term assets by geographic region United States Europe Goodwill in thousands Goodwill by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer (1) (1) Direct-to-Consumer segment’s goodwill balance is net of $1.4 million accumulated impairment losses. Intangible assets in thousands Intangible assets by segment Wholesale Sales & Ancillary Services Direct-to-Consumer (1) (1) Direct-to-Consumer segment’s intangible asset balance is net of $1.3 million accumulated impairment losses. 20. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS Dividends June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 1,110,615 (214,009 ) 896,606 471,796 177,169 1,545,571 June 30, 2023 1,500,555 20,787 20,004 4,139 86 1,545,571 $ $ $ $ 1,049,011 (125,737 ) 923,274 368,696 150,689 1,442,659 June 30, 2022 1,390,982 30,534 20,976 22 145 1,442,659 June 30, 2023 June 30, 2022 116,189 159,918 2,273 278,380 June 30, 2023 278,378 2 278,380 June 30, 2023 8,881 92,062 100,943 June 30, 2023 2,687 59,943 62,630 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 93,441 165,469 2,624 261,534 June 30, 2022 261,532 2 261,534 June 30, 2022 8,881 92,062 100,943 June 30, 2022 2,755 65,210 67,965 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ On July 5, 2023, our board of directors declared a regular dividend of $0.20 per share, which we paid on July 28, 2023 to stockholders of record as of July 17, 2023. 103 On August 17, 2023, our board of directors declared a non-recurring special cash dividend of $1.00 per common share. The special dividend will be paid on September 26, 2023 to stockholders of record as of September 12, 2023. On the same date, our board of directors also declared a regular dividend of $0.20 per share, which is payable on October 24, 2023 to stockholders of record as of October 10, 2023. ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Disclosure Controls and Procedures Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Based on the foregoing, our Certifying Officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Certifying Officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting The financial statements were prepared by management, which is responsible for their integrity and objectivity and for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: i. ii. iii. pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any internal control, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of controls. Accordingly, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurances with respect to financial statement preparation. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of internal controls may vary over time. Management assessed the design and effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2023. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework ("2013 framework"). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of June 30, 2023 based on criteria in Internal Control –Integrated Framework issued by the COSO. Grant Thornton LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued its report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2023, which appears elsewhere in this Form 10-K. 104 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting During our most recent fiscal quarter, there has not been any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a- 15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. 105 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS None. PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement, to be filed within 120 days following June 30, 2023. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement, to be filed within 120 days following June 30, 2023. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement, to be filed within 120 days following June 30, 2023. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement, to be filed within 120 days following June 30, 2023. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Proxy Statement, to be filed within 120 days following June 30, 2023. 106 PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) The following documents are filed as part of this report: 1. Financial Statements Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Page Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 2. 3. Financial Statements Schedules: None. Exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K: 59 61 63 64 65 66 Exhibit Index Exhibit No. 3.1** 3.2** 4.1* 10.01 ** 10.02 ** 10.03 ** 10.04 ** 10.05 ** 10.06 ** 10.07 ** Description of Exhibit Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1/A; Registration No. 333-192260. Bylaws, as Amended and Restated on October 27, 2022. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Report on Form 8-K filed on November 1, 2022. Description of Securities of Registrant Master Indenture, dated as of September 14, 2018, between AM Capital Funding, LLC, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, and Citibank, N.A., a national banking association, as indenture trustee. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K/A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 17, 2018. Series 2018-1 Supplement, dated as of September 14, 2018, between AM Capital Funding, LLC, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, and Citibank, N.A., as indenture trustee. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Report on Form 8-K/A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 17, 2018. Transfer and Sale Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2018, by and between Collateral Finance Corporation, a Delaware corporation, and AM Capital Funding, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Report on Form 8-K/A as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 17, 2018. Lease Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2016, between The Plaza CP LLP and A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2016. Air Cargo Lease between MCP CARGO, LLC as Landlord, and A-M Global Logistics, LLC as tenant, dated as of November 21, 2014. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2015. First Amendment to Air Cargo Lease between MCP CARGO, LLC as Landlord, and A-M Global Logistics, LLC as tenant, dated as of August 28, 2015. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2015. Joinder and Third Amendment to Credit Agreement, effective as of September 30, 2022, by and among A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc., the Lenders party thereto, CIBC Bank USA, as administrative agent for the Lenders, and certain other parties thereto. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K filed on November 8, 2022. 10.09 ** Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy, dated April 20, 2021. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 14, 2021. 107 10.10 ** Stock Ownership Guidelines for Directors, effective April 29, 2021. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 14, 2021. 10.11 ** Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement for Non-Employee Directors. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 14, 2021. 10.12 ** Form of Deferred Stock Units Agreement for Non-Employee Directors. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 14, 2021. 10.13 ** Amended and Restated 2014 Stock Award And Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 9, 2022. 10.14 ** 10.15 ** 10.16 ** Employment Agreement, executed May 18, 2022, between A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. and Thor Gjerdrum. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K dated May 20, 2022. Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), dated December 21, 2021, among the Company, the other loan parties party thereto, CIBC Bank USA, as agent and joint lead arranger, Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., Axos Bank, Brown Brothers Harriman, California Bank & Trust and First Foundation Bank as joint lead arrangers, and the various financial institutions party thereto as lenders. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K filed on December 27, 2021. First Amendment to Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), effective as of April 22, 2022, among the Company, the other loan parties party thereto, CIBC Bank USA, as agent and joint lead arranger, Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., Axos Bank, Brown Brothers Harriman, California Bank & Trust and First Foundation Bank as joint lead arrangers, and the various financial institutions party thereto as lenders. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 9, 2022. 10.17** Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated February 14, 2023, between the Company and Gregory N. Roberts. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K filed on February 17, 2023. 10.18** 10.19** 10.20** Fourth Amendment to Credit Agreement, effective as of December 8, 2022, by and among A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc., the Lenders party thereto, CIBC Bank USA, as administrative agent for the Lenders, and certain other parties thereto. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 10-Q filed on February 8, 2023. Consulting Agreement, dated June 5, 2023, between A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. and Michael R. Wittmeyer. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K filed on June 7, 2023. Employment Agreement, dated February 1, 2023, between A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. and Brian Aquilino. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 8-K filed on February 7, 2023. 10.21** Form of Indemnification Agreement. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2023. 10.22** Waiver and Fifth Amendment to Credit Agreement. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2023. 21* 23.1* 31.1* 31.2* 32.1* 32.2* List of Subsidiaries of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. Consent of Grant Thornton LLP, independent registered public accounting firm. Certification Under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification Under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification Under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification Under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS* Inline XBRL Instance Document. 101.SCH* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Schema Document. 101.CAL* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 108 101.PRE* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. 104* Cover Page interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) * Filed herewith ** Previously filed ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 109 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. Date: September 11, 2023 Date: September 11, 2023 A-MARK PRECIOUS METALS, INC. By: /s/ Gregory N. Roberts Gregory N. Roberts Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) By: /s/ Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signatures Title(s) /s/ Jeffrey D. Benjamin Jeffrey D. Benjamin /s/ Gregory N. Roberts Gregory N. Roberts /s/ Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Kathleen Simpson-Taylor /s/ Ellis Landau Ellis Landau /s/ Beverley Lepine Beverley Lepine /s/ Carol Meltzer Carol Meltzer /s/ John U. Moorhead John U. Moorhead /s/ Jess M. Ravich Jess M. Ravich /s/ Monique Sanchez Monique Sanchez /s/ Kendall Saville Kendall Saville /s/ Michael R. Wittmeyer Michael R. Wittmeyer Director (Chairman of the board of directors) Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 110 Date September 11, 2023 September 11, 2023 September 11, 2023 September 11, 2023 September 11, 2023 September 11, 2023 September 11, 2023 September 11, 2023 September 11, 2023 September 11, 2023 September 11, 2023 DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT of 1934 EXHIBIT 4.1 A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. (“A-Mark” or the “Company”) had one class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended: Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Common Stock”). The following description of the Common Stock is a summary that is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (“Certificate of Incorporation”) and the Company’s Amended and Restated Bylaws (“Bylaws”). Authorized Capitalization The Company’s Certificate of Incorporation provide that it may issue up to 40,000,000 shares of Common Stock. Voting Rights The holders of shares of Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each share so held with respect to each matter voted on by the Company’s stockholders. There is no cumulative voting. Dividends Dividends may be paid on the Common Stock as and when declared by the Company’s Board of Directors. Liquidation Rights Upon the dissolution or liquidation or the sale of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets, after payment in full of all amounts required to be paid to creditors and to the holders of preferred stock having liquidation preferences, if any, the holders of the Common Stock will be entitled to receive, pro rata, all remaining assets available for distribution. Other Rights Holders of the Common Stock do not have conversion, redemption or preemptive rights to subscribe to any of the Company’s securities. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of the Common Stock are subject to the rights of the holders of any shares of the Company’s preferred stock which it may issue in the future. Transfer Agent The transfer agent for the Common Stock is Computershare. Listing The Common Stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol "AMRK." Certain Other Provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws contain certain provisions that could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control or that may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company: • • • • • Our Board of Directors may adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws without stockholder approval, except for provisions adopted by stockholders that specifically provide that such provision is not subject to amendment or repeal by the directors; Vacancies on our Board of Directors (including any vacancy due to an increase in the size of our Board of Directors) may be filled by a majority of remaining directors, although less than a quorum; Our Bylaws establish an advance notice procedure and proxy access procedures for stockholders to submit proposed nominations of persons for election to our Board of Directors or other proposals at our annual meeting of stockholders; Our Bylaws limit the ability to call special meetings of stockholders to our Board of Directors, and our Certificate of Incorporation precludes actions by stockholders by written consent; and Our Board of Directors is authorized to issue up to 10 million shares of preferred stock without stockholder approval. Such preferred stock could have rights senior to those of the common stock, impose various procedural and other requirements which could make it more difficult for stockholders to effect certain corporate actions and set forth rules regarding how stockholders may present proposals or nominate directors for election at stockholder meetings. Active Direct and Indirect Subsidiaries of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. (100% owned except where indicated) Exhibit 21 Name of Subsidiary Collateral Finance Corporation A-Mark Trading AG Transcontinental Depository Services, LLC A-M Global Logistics, LLC AM&ST Associates, LLC Goldline, Inc. AM Capital Funding, LLC AM IP Assets, LLC AM Services, Inc. Precious Metals Purchasing Partners, LLC JM Bullion, Inc. Gold Price Group, Inc. Silver.com, Inc. Provident Metals Corp. CFC Alternative Investments, LLC Collectible Card Partners, LLC Marksmen Holdings, LLC Cybermetals, Corp Buy Gold and Silver Corp BX Corporation Jurisdiction of Incorporation Delaware Austria Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware (50% owned) Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware (50% owned) Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Exhibit 23.1 We have issued our reports dated September 11, 2023, with respect to the consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting included in the Annual Report of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2023. We consent to the incorporation by reference of said reports in the Registration Statements of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc. on Forms S-3 (File No. 333-263935, effective April 11, 2022, and File No. 333-249060, effective March 4, 2020), and on Forms S- 8 (File No. 333-268226, effective November 7, 2022, and File No. 333-238111, effective May 8, 2020). /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP Newport Beach, California September 11, 2023 I, Gregory N. Roberts, certify that: CERTIFICATION Exhibit 31.1 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) (b) (c) (d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) (b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: September 11, 2023 /s/ Gregory N. Roberts Gregory N. Roberts Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) I, Kathleen Simpson-Taylor, certify that: CERTIFICATION Exhibit 31.2 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) (b) (c) (d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) (b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: September 11, 2023 /s/ Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc.'s (the “Company”) Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended June 30, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) (2) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company. Exhibit 32.1 Date: September 11, 2023 /s/ Gregory N. Roberts Gregory N. Roberts Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document. CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with A-Mark Precious Metals, Inc.'s (the “Company”) Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended June 30, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) (2) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company. Exhibit 32.2 Date: September 11, 2023 /s/ Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Kathleen Simpson-Taylor Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document. 

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