Quarterlytics / Consumer Cyclical / Auto - Parts / AB Dynamics plc

AB Dynamics plc

abdp.l · LSE Consumer Cyclical
Claim this profile
Ticker abdp.l
Exchange LSE
Sector Consumer Cyclical
Industry Auto - Parts
Employees 555
← All annual reports
FY2018 Annual Report · AB Dynamics plc
Sign in to download
Loading PDF…
252371 AB Dynamics Cover Spread 4mm.QXP  13/11/2018  14:53  Page 1

AB Dynamics plc

2018 Annual Report & Accounts 

For the year ended 31 August 2018

AB Dynamics plc
Holt Road
Bradford on Avon
Wiltshire BA15 1AJ

T: +44 (0)1225 860 200 
F: +44 (0)1225 860 201 
E: info@abd.uk.com 
www.abd.uk.com 

Stock code: ABDP

Company Registration No. 08393914

252371 AB Dynamics Cover Spread 4mm.QXP  13/11/2018  14:53  Page 2

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Table of  contents 

Officers and professional advisers

Chairman's statement

Strategic report

Directors' report

Chief Financial Officer’s report 

Corporate governance statement

Statement of compliance with the QCA corporate governance code

Independent auditor's report

Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

Consolidated statement of financial position

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

Consolidated statement of cash flows

Accounting policies for the consolidated financial statements 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements 

Company statement of financial position

Company statement of changes in equity

Notes to the Company financial statements

Page 

1 

2 

5 

14 

18 

22 

23 

28 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

36 

60 

61 

62 

Image on cover: Advanced Driving Simulator.

 
 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 1

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Officers and professional advisers 

DIRECTORS 

Anthony Best, Non-Executive Chairman and Interim Chief Executive Officer 
Dr James Mathew Routh, Chief Executive Officer – Appointed 1 October 2018 
Timothy John Rogers, Chief Executive Officer – Resigned 28 February 2018 
Robert Andrew Leonard Hart, Chief Financial Officer 
Matthew Hubbard, Chief Operations Officer 
Graham Dudley Eves, Non-Executive Director 
Frederick Bryan Smart, Non-Executive Director 
Richard Hickinbotham, Non-Executive Director 

SECRETARY 

Robert Andrew Leonard Hart 

REGISTERED OFFICE 
AB Dynamics Plc 
Middleton Drive 
Bradford-on-Avon 
Wiltshire 
BA15 1GB 

Registered number: 08393914 (England and Wales) 

INDEPENDENT AUDITOR
Crowe U.K. LLP
St Bride’s House
10 Salisbury Square
London 
EC4Y 8EH

NOMINATED ADVISER
Cairn Financial Advisers LLP
Cheyne House
62-63 Cheapside
London
EC2V 6AX

BROKER
Cantor Fitzgerald Europe
One Churchill Place
Canary Wharf
London
E14 5RB 

BANKERS 
Bank of Scotland 

LEGAL ADVISER 
Pinsent Masons LLP 
30 Crown Place 
Earl Street 
London 
EC2A 4ES 

REGISTRARS 
Share Registrars Ltd 
The Courtyard 
17 West Street 
Farnham 
Surrey 
GU9 7DR 

PUBLIC RELATIONS ADVISER 
IFC Advisory Limited 
24 Cornhill 
London 
EC3V 3ND 

 Page 1

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 2

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Chairman’s Statement 

Results Overview 
I am very pleased to report that the Group has delivered another record year of revenue and adjusted profit 
that reflects the increased demand for our advanced test and measurement equipment. The development of 
new Advanced  Driver Assistance  Systems  (‘ADAS’)  technologies  and  standards  and  the  drive  towards 
semi-and fully-autonomous vehicles continues to provide a supportive market backdrop for the Group. 

For the year ended 31 August 2018 the Group delivered revenues of £37.05m (2017: £24.57m), a growth of 
50.8%. Revenue from Driving Robots was at an all-time high at £21.09m (2017: £13.95m) and similarly for 
our ADAS products at £11.85m (2017: £6.40m). As expected, revenue from Laboratory Test Systems was 
broadly unchanged at £3.75m (2017: £3.80m). Over 98% of our sales were exported to customers based 
outside the United Kingdom. 

During the year, we increased investment in our facilities, new product development, marketing and personnel. 
This investment will ensure that we remain well positioned within our markets to benefit from the research 
and development spending of our automotive OEM customers, as they continue to develop vehicles with 
improved safety and driving characteristics. Vehicle complexity is increasing rapidly and there is an established 
need for faster and more efficient ways to develop these new vehicles. We are seeing significant interest in 
our advanced Vehicle Dynamic Simulator (“aVDS”) as the automotive industry continues to adopt virtual 
prototyping to complement physical testing with the longer-term goal of developing fully autonomous vehicles. 

As a result of increased investment in new products and operational capabilities, adjusted operating margins 
(excluding non-cash charges in respect of share-based payments) reduced slightly to 23.1% (2017: 23.9%).  
Reported profit before tax increased to £7.95m (2017: £4.47m), a growth of 77.9%. On a fully diluted basis, 
I am pleased to report that earnings per share increased by 70% to 35.03p (2017: 20.56p), with the added 
benefit of a reduction in the effective corporation tax rate to 11.7% (2017: 12.7%). Further detail and discussion 
of our financial performance can be found in the Chief Financial Officer’s Statement on pages 18 to 21. 

People 
I would like to thank all our employees for their continued hard work and professionalism over the last year. 
AB Dynamics is a people business and it is the performance and dedication of our employees that underpins 
the strong achievements of the Group. I am pleased that we continue to attract first class engineering talent 
and over the last year the number of our employees has increased by ca. 25% to greater than 150. 

New Facilities 
Our new 3,070 m2 state of the art factory and headquarters in Bradford on Avon is now fully operational. The 
facility has met all our expectations and has provided an attractive environment for both our employees and 
customers, who regularly spend time with us. We mostly occupied the building during the first quarter of the 
financial year and I am pleased to report that the first Suspension Parameter Measurement Machine (“SPMM”) 
is  now  being  assembled,  following  completion  of  the  bespoke  and  complex  foundations  in  July  2018. 
The increased space brings added flexibility and capacity for the manufacture of our Laboratory Test equipment. 

We have an increasingly large installed base of equipment and systems across the world and the Group, 
in conjunction with its reseller partners, remains focused on providing the high levels of support and service 
that our customers expect when working with our increasingly sophisticated products. In Germany, our wholly 
owned subsidiary AB Dynamics Europe GmbH recently leased 950m2 of premises in Wetzlar, near Frankfurt, 
and  we  are  in  the  process  of  optimising  the  space  to  meet  our  immediate  needs.  This  is  an  important 
development  for  the  Group  and  will  enable  us  to  offer  improved  levels  of  service  and  maintenance  and 
assembly of our products within the German market. We expect the Group to benefit significantly from on-going 
investment in this market which will deepen our customer relationships and allow us to capture new business. 

 Page 2

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 3

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Despite the addition of over 4,000 m2 of new space over the last year, we have previously announced the 
acquisition of further land on a site adjacent to our new headquarters for an additional factory of approximately 
3,000  m2  to  meet  our  future  expansion  needs. This  building  is  currently  in  the  planning  stage  and  it  is 
anticipated that the factory will be completed in 2020. The Board continues to review the Group’s capacity 
requirements against the expected future growth and remains confident that the business has sufficient 
manufacturing capacity until a new facility becomes available. 

New Product Development 
During the year, we significantly increased the level of resources applied to new product development and in 
particular the next phase of development work on our advanced vehicle driving simulator. In June 2018, we 
were delighted to announce the first order for the aVDS, valued at over £2m. The simulator is now being 
assembled and will be shipped to the customer, a Chinese test house, in FY19. 

We recently introduced our new LaunchPad ADAS target product to the market which has been well received 
by the industry and we have already received multiple orders. LaunchPad is a highly manoeuvrable, compact 
powered  platform  that  has  been  designed  to  carry  Vulnerable  Road  User  (‘VRU’)  targets  for  ADAS 
development and autonomous vehicle testing and is fully compatible with Euro NCAP approved pedestrian, 
cyclist and moped dummies. We see LaunchPad as a significant addition to our comprehensive suite of track 
testing products where there is rapidly growing demand for complex testing scenarios with multiple moving 
objects. We remain the only supplier to offer a full suite of interactive track testing products managed from a 
sophisticated and comprehensive single software environment. 

The Group continues to work on a number of innovative new products that we expect to bring to the market 
in  the  coming  years  and  we  continue  to  be  pleased  with  the  reaction  of  our  customers  to  these 
exciting projects. 

Corporate Governance 
The Board firmly believes that robust corporate governance and risk management are essential to maintaining 
the stability of the Group and its financial health. During the year the Board decided to adopt the new Quoted 
Companies Alliance “QCA” Corporate Governance Code and I am pleased to confirm that the Group is in full 
compliance with the QCA Code as required under the AIM Rules. I report separately on the Group’s corporate 
governance approach and procedures in my Corporate Governance Statement which can be found on page 22 
of this annual report. 

The Board 
At the end of February 2018 Tim Rogers stepped down as Chief Executive Officer and left the Group. I would 
like to express my sincere thanks to him for his hard work over the previous five years in developing the 
business from a small private company into a mid-sized AIM quoted group. 

Dr James Routh was appointed CEO with effect from 1st October 2018 and I am delighted to have him on 
board to lead the Group in our next phase of growth. James joins from Diploma PLC where he was responsible 
for the International Seals businesses outside North America. James brings extensive experience of delivering 
strong growth both organically and through carefully selected, value-enhancing acquisitions. 

I assumed the role of interim Executive Chairman when Tim Rogers stepped down and I would like to thank 
Rob Hart (CFO) and Mat Hubbard (COO) for their support and commitment during this time and also all our 
Non-Executive Directors for their continuing counsel. 

Dividend 
The combination of strong results, a robust balance sheet and a positive outlook supports an increased 
dividend. The Board is recommending a final dividend of 2.2p per ordinary share, payable on 14 December 
2018, subject to shareholder approval at the AGM. The ex-dividend date will be 22 November 2018 and the 
record date will be 23 November 2018. The total dividend for the year will therefore be 3.665p representing 
an increase of 10% over the prior year. 

 Page 3

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 4

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Outlook 
Since its formation in 1982, Anthony Best Dynamics has gone through many changes to establish itself as a 
market leader in its targeted segments within the automotive R&D market. Our customers remain very active 
in introducing ever more complex ADAS equipment into their vehicles and in the development of semi- and 
fully-autonomous vehicles. Vehicle safety standards continue to evolve under Euro NCAP and NHTSA and 
their safety ratings are expected to continue to include more and more ADAS and crash avoidance systems, 
such as future Autonomous Emergency Braking and Autonomous Emergency Steering developments. 

Despite our very strong growth, order intake has continued to run ahead of sales and this has provided the 
Group with a healthy order book into our new financial year and, as usual, visibility into our third quarter.  
Against this pleasing backdrop, our progress continues to require ever greater investment in systems and our 
operational capability to ensure that we are fully capable of supporting current and future growth. In the coming 
year we expect to make further investment in new product development, marketing, service and support, our 
growing overseas footprint and, of course, our people, whose skills and energy remain so important to our 
future success. Inevitably this investment will provide some constraint to our operating margin, but the Board 
remains  confident  that,  under  the  leadership  of  our  new  CEO,  we  are  positioned  to  deliver  a  year  of 
solid progress. 

Tony Best 
Non-Executive Chairman 
13 November 2018 

 Page 4

 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 5

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Strategic report for the year ended 31 August 2018 

The Directors present the Strategic Report of AB Dynamics Plc for the year ended 31 August 2018. 

Our Business – Providing testing solutions to the global automotive market 
The  Group  supplies  advanced  testing  equipment  to  the  global  automotive  industry,  for  both  R&D  and 
production quality control. The Company’s products help the automotive industry to design vehicles that are 
better and safer for all road users by providing engineering solutions and testing machinery to test and develop 
the following: 

● Driving safety systems – often referred to as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). These include 

systems such as Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) and Lane Keeping Assist (LKA). 

● Autonomous Vehicle driving technology – Evaluating and testing the technologies that will enable future 

driverless vehicles to become viable and commonplace. 

● Suspension, Chassis, Brake and Steering systems – for Compliance, Dynamics, and Durability. 

Track testing – Driving robots   

Advanced Vehicle Driving Simulator(aVDS) 

Track testing – ADAS LaunchPad target carrier.   

Track testing - ADAS Guided Soft Target

 Page 5

 
 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 6

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Overview of  the customer base 
Our  customers  are  typically  automotive  companies  and  associated  industries  engaged  in  R&D  for  the 
development of the technology for the areas shown above, they include: 

● Major Automotive OEMs – Large multinational automotive car companies with central and regional 
facilities serving both global and local research and testing needs. All of  the top 25 car companies 
routinely use the Company’s equipment for the development of  their products. 

● Smaller Regional OEMs – Notably China that has a very large emerging indigenous car and truck market, 

requiring solutions that are appropriate for its particular technical demands for that region. 

● New technology entrants – There are a significant number of  new technology companies entering the 
automotive sector. They may be developing their own vehicles or developing technologies to be supplied 
to existing OEMs. 

● Tier One suppliers – providing the technology and products to the OEMs to package into their vehicles 

such as steering and braking systems. 

● Testing houses – Especially Euro NCAP laboratories who are Verifying and Homologating ADAS systems 

for the OEMs. 

● Design consultancies – providing lead technical inputs to the OEMs and Tier One suppliers. 

Market Drivers 
The Company invests in new product development and services and support to meet the following four key 
market drivers: 

1.

Increases in global spending on automotive R&D 

R&D spending in the automotive industry continues to be very diverse in nature, not least to keep pace with 
ever-growing demands for new technologies as the industry deals with new challenges in the market. Many 
traditional car manufacturers are now starting to consider themselves to be “mobility providers.” We believe 
it is likely that vehicle autonomy will be a key feature of future mobility technology. 

The  top  automotive  OEMs  have  been  consistently  among  the  largest  R&D  spenders  for  many  years. 
Volkswagen, Toyota, GM, Ford, Daimler and Honda all feature in the top 20 Global R&D spenders of 2017. In 
addition, new entrants to the automotive markets are also spending considerable sums of money as well as 
the plethora of smaller and younger automotive manufacturers in China. 

 Page 6

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 7

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Table 1. Automotive OEMs continue to outspend most industries globally on R&D 

2.

Increasing role of  computer aided design in new product development 

The auto industry is constantly looking for more efficient ways to design new vehicles to shorten development 
times and reduce cost. Greater use of computer aided design and modelling has emphasised the need for 
more accurate and reliable vehicle data on which mathematical car models can be assessed. The Group’s 
track testing products allow customers to undertake testing for both vehicle dynamics and ADAS applications. 
The track test systems provide repeatable, accurate and reliable vehicle data on which mathematical vehicle 
models can be assessed. 

Realtime vehicle models developed with the assistance of ABD’s track testing systems can also be used on 
ABD’s driver-in-the-loop vehicle driving simulator to enable human drivers to evaluate vehicle features in a 
virtual environment. 

3. The advancement of  new ADAS technologies and standards 

Pressure from Euro NCAP and NHTSA has challenged vehicle manufacturers across the World to offer the 
best possible technology, protecting not only car occupants of all ages but also increasingly addressing the 
safety of other more vulnerable road users. 

Euro NCAP has announced its strategic Roadmap to 2025 which details that testing will rely on vehicle targets 
like the Guided Soft Target and other ADAS carriers developed by the Company. They are also proposing a 
move into a more scenario-based rating scheme, which will include wider use of simulation to provide a 
broader and more robust assessment. 

“Euro NCAP expects AEB technology to continue to evolve in the years ahead and has identified three priority 
areas where the rating scheme will be updated to reflect the progress in the industry” 

Euro NCAP 2025 Roadmap 

 Page 7

 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 8

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Euro NCAP has announced its strategic Roadmap to 2025 which details that testing will rely on vehicle targets 
like the Guided Soft Target and other ADAS carriers developed by the Company. They are also proposing a 
move into a more scenario-based rating scheme, which will include wider use of simulation to provide a 
broader and more robust assessment. An assessment of automated driving has been proposed, this would 
fall outside of the main star rating scheme. The report discussed how a driver-initiated in-lane steering support 
could be initiated earlier in the roadmap than the more complex Autonomous Emergency Steering, expected 
in 2022. 

Further developments in Autonomous Emergency Braking (expected in 2020) have been proposed to address 
cross-junction, head-on and reversing accidents. 

“Euro NCAP has clearly recognised that primary safety has an increasingly important role to play. As the rate 
of  development in this area accelerates, the safety rating is expected to include more and more ADAS and 
crash avoidance technologies, introduced by vehicle manufacturers.” 

Euro NCAP 2025 Roadmap 

4. Drive towards autonomous vehicles and the demand for new testing technology 

Original-equipment  manufacturers  (OEMs)  and  their  suppliers  now  see ADAS  and  autonomous  vehicle 
features as a key product differentiator. 

Evolution  of  technologies  that  enable  today’s ADAS  technology  will  be  used  to  create  fully  autonomous 
vehicles in future. We believe that this is now a major focus of research and development, both at OEMs and 
by new technology entrants to the automotive sector. 

There remains some confusion in the industry as to what level of automation is desired and indeed the 
technology that will be required. The International and national legal framework on this matter is in its infancy. 

Our Products and Solutions 
The Company provides its customers with the testing tools for generating accurate and repeatable data at all 
stages of their vehicle development cycle, providing testing solutions that shorten the customer’s development 
time and introduction of new models to the market. The Company is able to deliver testing solutions through 
extensive inhouse technical competencies in the areas of mechanical and electronic design, real-time and 
HMI (human machine interface) software design and control algorithm development. 

The Company has close working relationships with key customers which helps ABD to understand future 
automotive testing requirements and shape its future product and solutions offerings to the market. The 
Company also perceives that increasingly complicated vehicle testing will require automotive manufacturers 
to seek more assistance with undertaking tests and this provides additional opportunities to offer services and 
increase customer contact. 

Our two main business product areas are Laboratory Testing and Track Testing. However, many key customers 
see AB Dynamics as being capable of providing a suite of solutions to assist in their new product development 
(as shown below). 

Laboratory Testing – Suspension Parameter Measurement Machine (SPMM) 

Sales of the Suspension Parameter Measurement Machine (“SPMM”) have been broadly flat this year. There 
is a steady worldwide demand for machines that can measure the suspension properties of road vehicles. 
Whilst the product is sold into a mature market, we continue to receive sales from new customers in emerging 
markets and see an increasing demand from customers who are looking to replace aging machines and/or 
increase testing capacity. 

ABD continues to invest in strategically developing the capabilities of the SPMM to improve its performance 
as well as reduce manufacturing cost. 

 Page 8

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 9

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Laboratory Testing – Advanced Vehicle Driving Simulator (aVDS) 
The Company has entered the market for designing, supplying, and supporting vehicle driving simulators. 
The  aVDS  is  a  ‘next  generation’  vehicle  driving  simulator  that  is  being  developed  by  AB  Dynamics  in 
partnership with Williams Advanced Engineering. The system provides automotive OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers 
with the ability to reduce the cost and time of development of new vehicle systems. 

The aVDS is designed to integrate seamlessly with the Group’s portfolio of vehicle development tools that 
include our SPMM used for the measurement of vehicle kinematics and compliance characteristics and our 
ADAS test systems, used also for track based validation of a vehicle’s active safety measures. 

The  aVDS  provides  a  fully  immersive  and  realistic  environment  that  enables  the  test  driver  to  ‘drive’ 
mathematically modelled vehicles in the virtual world. 

The Company received its first order for the aVDS in 2018 and expects sales to develop sustainably over the 
coming years. The aVDS is believed to be strategically important to the future revenue stream of the Company. 
There is strong competition in the area of driving simulation and ABD will need to invest further to ensure that 
the aVDS is commercially successful. 

Track testing – Driving Robots and ADAS platforms 
Track testing now represents approximately 90% of our revenue and continues to be the most strategically 
important part of our business. The Company continues to develop its track testing product portfolio offering 
a wide range of driving robots to meet customers requirements. The Company has also recently expanded 
the range of ADAS platforms with the introduction of LaunchPad. 

The  LaunchPad  is  a  highly  manoeuvrable,  compact  powered  platform  that  has  been  designed  to  carry 
Vulnerable  Road  User  (‘VRU’)  targets  for  ADAS  development  and  autonomous  vehicle  testing.  With  a 
maximum speed of 50kph and full path following capability, The LaunchPad is a significant addition to our 
sophisticated and comprehensive suite of track testing products that allows for complex testing scenarios with 
multiple moving objects. We remain the only supplier offering a full suite of interactive track testing products. 

The Company is also strategically developing its software offering to meet the future testing requirements. 
The Company anticipates that the testing of autonomous technology will become more complicated and our 
software offering needs to be developed to meet the future needs of our customers. 

Some manufacturers now have vehicles that can be controlled electronically without the need for robotic 
actuators. ABD’s Flex-0 electronic vehicle controller allows customers to control these vehicles from ABD’s 
software suite that allows the motion of multiple vehicles and ADAS platforms to be synchronised. Whilst 
vehicles continue to have steering wheels and pedals, ABD expects sales of physical robot actuators to 
continue  as  there  will  always  be  a  need  to  measure  vehicles  and  control  them  in  the  same  way  as  a 
human driver. 

TMS now accounts for around 1% of our revenue. The Company has over 30 years of experience designing, 
deploying and supporting production testing systems where noise/vibration measurements are used as primary 
indicators of product quality. 

Areas of  Investment: 

Investment in customer support 
As  mentioned  in  previous Annual  Reports,  to  maintain  and  build  on  the  Company’s  reputation  for  good 
customer service and to reflect the fact that more systems are out in the field than ever before, additional 
customer technical support teams are required. The Company is looking to establish more international 
regional technical and sales support hubs as well as growing the support team at its UK headquarters. The 
Company  wishes  to  commit  to  its  customers  and  long-term  future  by  continuing  to  carry  out  significant 
investment this area. 

The ADAS platform products typically have a higher requirement for replacement parts. Our customers expect 
replacement parts to be available at short notice. We are investing in inventories of spare parts to be stored 
at regional offices as well as processes to manage the delivery of spare parts to customers. 

 Page 9

 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 10

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Investment in new products 
AB  Dynamics  is  further  expanding  its  product  range  to  offer  innovative  testing  solutions  for  customers. 
The Company year-on-year spend on R&D continues to grow and seeks to develop and introduce new and 
novel ranges of ADAS testing products, as well as upgrading existing products to meet the new demands for 
sophisticated testing regimes which are now being employed by its customers seeking to develop better and 
safer future vehicles. 

Investment in facilities, infrastructure, and inventory 
The Company has invested in and continues to expand its manufacturing and R&D facilities to meet expected 
future demand. The facilities also need to reflect the image that the Company wishes to portray to its customers 
as a designer and manufacturer of high quality test equipment. In the next 12 months, the Company hopes 
to  begin  the  construction  of  a  new  3,000m2  facility  designed  to  be  flexible  so  that  it  can  be  adapted  to 
future needs. 

The World is facing a shortage of electronic components and other items that are typically used in robotics 
and process automation. The Company has taken the decision to increase inventory of raw materials to reduce 
the risk of being unable to supply products to customers. 

Investment in People 
The  Group  recruits  high  calibre  personnel  across  all  roles  within  the  Company.  ABD  offers  attractive 
remuneration packages to staff which have proved to be successful to ensure that our staff are motivated. 
The Company also operates a profit related bonus scheme so that staff share in the financial success of the 
business. Staff turnover is extremely low and customers benefit through engineering staff having extensive 
current and historic product knowledge as well as customer specific knowledge. The quality of support offered 
to customers is of paramount importance to customer retention. 

The Company ensures that staff pass through a rigorous interview process prior to being offered a role at the 
Company. We recruit from local universities with a high proportion of graduate engineering staff coming from 
the University of Bath. The Company recently passed the threshold of 150 direct employees. 

We have also expanded our apprenticeship program for school leavers to ensure that we have sufficient 
numbers of technically competent technicians to meet future requirements. 

Continued improvements in supply chain and product fulfilment 
The Group has generated improvements in supply chain and product fulfilment following a reorganisation of 
the mechanical and electrical production units, resulting in better utilisation of resources, shortening delivery 
times  and  increasing  units  delivered. The  Company  is  also  investing  in  creating  business  management 
software systems that are able to cope with the particularly complex needs of the business. 

 Page 10

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 11

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Principal risks and uncertainties facing the business 

Principal risks and uncertainties 
Set out below are certain risk factors which could have an impact on the Group’s long term performance. 
The factors discussed below should not be regarded as a complete and comprehensive statement of all 
potential risks and uncertainties facing the Group. 

1. Risks relating to the business and operations of  the Group 

The Group is reliant on key executives and personnel 
The Group’s business, development and prospects are dependent upon the continued services and 
performance of its Directors and other key personnel. The experience and commercial relationships of 
the Group’s personnel help provide the Group with a competitive advantage. The Directors believe that 
the loss of services of any existing key executives, for any reason, or failure to attract and retain necessary 
additional personnel, could adversely impact on the business, development, financial condition, results 
of operations and prospects of the Group. However, several members of staff have worked for the Group 
for over 20 years and the Group continues to recruit and develop intelligent and motivated individuals. In 
addition, key man insurance exists for all key personnel in the Group, save for Anthony Best. 

The Group may not successfully manage its growth 
Expansion of the business of the Group may place additional demands on the Group’s management, 
administrative and technological resources and marketing capabilities, and may require additional capital 
expenditure. If the Group is unable to manage any such expansion effectively, then this may adversely 
impact the business, development, financial condition, results of operations, prospects, profits, cash flow 
and reputation of the Group. 

The Group’s growth and future success will be dependent to some extent on the successful completion 
of such expansion strategies proposed to be undertaken by the Group and the sufficiency of demand for 
the Group’s products. The execution of the Group’s expansion strategies may also place a strain on its 
managerial, operational and financial reserves. Should the Group fail to implement such expansion 
strategies, or should there be insufficient demand for the Group’s products and services, the Group’s 
business operations, financial performance and prospects may be adversely affected. 

Potential requirement for further investment 
The  Group  may  require  additional  capital  in  the  future  for  expansion,  its  activities  and/or  business 
development, whether from equity or debt sources. There can be no guarantee that the necessary funds 
will be available on a timely basis, on favourable terms, or at all, or that such funds if raised, would be 
sufficient.  If  additional  funds  are  raised  by  issuing  equity  securities,  material  dilution  to  the  existing 
shareholdings may result. The level and timing of future expenditure will depend on a number of factors, 
many of which are outside of the Group’s control. If the Group is not able to obtain additional capital on 
acceptable terms, or at all, it may be forced to curtail or abandon such expansion, activities and/or 
business development which could adversely impact upon the Group, its business, development, financial 
condition, operating results or prospects. 

Litigation 
Legal  proceedings,  with  or  without  merit,  may  arise  from  time  to  time  in  the  course  of  the  Group’s 
business, including in connection with intellectual property rights. The Directors cannot preclude litigation 
being brought against the Group and any litigation brought against the Group could have a material 
adverse effect on the financial condition, results or operations of the Group. The Group’s business may 
be materially adversely affected if the Group and/or its employees or agents are found not to have met 
the appropriate standard of care or exercised their discretion or authority in a prudent or appropriate 
manner in accordance with accepted standards. 

 Page 11

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 12

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Internal controls 
Future  growth  and  prospects  for  the  Group  will  depend  on  its  management’s  ability  to  manage  the 
business of the Group and to continue to expand and improve operational, financial and management 
information and quality control systems on a timely basis, whilst at the same time maintaining effective 
cost controls. Any failure to expand and improve operational, financial and management information and 
quality control systems in line with the Group’s growth could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s 
business, financial condition and results of operations. 

The Group is reliant on overseas sales representatives, agents and distributors 
The Group has appointed a number of sales representatives, agents and distributors for certain of its 
products in overseas jurisdictions, including the US, Canada, India, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Germany, 
China and Taiwan. However, for the majority of these individuals, there are no formal written terms of 
engagement. Terms concerning, inter alia, notice and termination are therefore uncertain, meaning that 
there are potential issues regarding the Group’s ability to sell and distribute in certain jurisdictions should 
such sales representatives, agents and distributors cease to work with the Group at short notice. In 
addition, provisions as to termination payments and/or compensation are also uncertain, meaning the 
Group is at risk of being liable to pay uncapped compensation to these individuals, either under the 
Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations 1993 or local law equivalent, as well as possible 
common law damages if statutory minimum notice periods are not complied with. 

Uninsured liabilities 
The Group may be subject to substantial liability claims due to the technical nature of its business and 
products or for acts or omissions of its sales representatives, agents or distributors. The Group can give 
no  assurance  that  the  proceeds  of  insurance  applicable  to  covered  risks  will  be  adequate  to  cover 
expenses  relating  to  losses  or  liabilities.  Accordingly,  the  Group  may  suffer  material  losses  from 
uninsurable or uninsured risks or insufficient insurance coverage. 

Competitors 
While the Directors are unaware of any single competitor that provides the range of products and services 
offered by the Group, there are a number of competitors for each of the Group’s product categories. The 
acquisition of market share by any of these competitors may have a material adverse impact on the 
Group’s revenues and profitability. 

Limited IP protection 
The Group does not have a formal policy on intellectual property. While the Directors believe that the 
barriers to entry in its market are high, the ability of a competitor to develop similar products to those 
manufactured by the Group may have a material adverse impact on the Group’s revenues and profitability. 

2. Risks relating to the market in which the Group operates 

Research  &  development  budgets  of   global  automotive  corporations  can  get  squeezed  or 
significantly reduced 
The  global  automotive  market  is  highly  competitive  and  continues  its  recovery  from  the  significant 
downturn in 2008. Competition is expected to intensify further in light of continuing globalisation in the 
industry, possibly resulting in industry reorganisation. Factors affecting competition include product quality 
and features, safety, reliability, fuel economy, the amount of time required for innovation and development, 
pricing, customer service and financing terms. Increased competition may lead to lower vehicle unit sales, 
which may result in downward pressure on research and development budgets. Furthermore, adverse 
issues arising in the automotive industry or in the global economy may significantly reduce the level of 
these research and development budgets. 

The Group’s ability to respond adequately to changes in the automotive industry and to maintain its 
position as a leading technology supplier will be fundamental to its future success in existing and new 
markets and to maintain its market share. There can be no assurance that the Group will be able to 
compete successfully in the future. 

 Page 12

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 13

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Key suppliers 
Over  the  past  30  years,  the  Group  has  built  up  a  reliable  supplier  base  for  its  externally  sourced 
components. At  present,  a  significant  proportion  of  these  components  are  supplied  by  certain  key 
suppliers. While the Group uses its design capabilities to dual source components, there remains a risk 
of material impact in the short term if one of its key suppliers were to fail. 

In certain instances, the Group has taken out an insurance policy to protect its profits should a key supplier 
be unable to supply for whatever reason. 

Exposure to exchange rate fluctuations 
The Group is exposed to exchange rate fluctuations, principally the GBP, the US$, the Euro and, to a 
lesser extent, the Japanese Yen and Chinese RMB. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may 
affect the Group’s pricing of products sold and materials purchased in foreign currencies. 

The Directors believe that its use of certain derivative financial instruments, including foreign currency 
forward contracts used to mitigate the impact of commitments denominated in foreign currencies, reduces 
the Group’s exposure to this risk. 

Exposure to economic cycle 
Market conditions may affect the value of the Group’s share price regardless of operating performance. 
The Group could be affected by unforeseen events outside of its control including economic and political 
events and trends, inflation and deflation, terrorist attacks or currency exchange fluctuation. The combined 
effect of these factors is difficult to predict and an investment in the Group could be affected adversely by 
changes in economic, political, administrative, taxation or other regulatory factors in any jurisdiction in 
which the Group may operate. Deterioration in the economic climate could result in a delay or cancellation 
of clients’ projects. The Group has considered the uncertainty regarding Brexit and how this might impact 
trading going forward. The Group believes it is well placed to continue to trade within Europe and has put 
measures in place to ensure this continues by opening ABD Europe GmbH. 

Force majeure events 
There is a risk that the markets in which the Group currently operates could be affected by events such 
as  war,  civil  war,  riot  or  armed  conflict,  acts  of  terrorism,  floods,  explosions  or  other  catastrophes, 
epidemics or quarantine restrictions, which are outside of the Directors’ control and generally not covered 
by insurance. Such events could have a variety of materially adverse consequences for the Group, 
including risks and costs related to decline in revenues or reputational damage, and injury or loss of life, 
as well as litigation related thereto. 

Laws and regulations 
The Group is subject to the laws of the United Kingdom. Existing and future legislation and regulation 
could cause additional expense, capital expenditure and restrictions and delays in the activities of the 
Group, the extent of which cannot be predicted. No assurance can be given that new laws, rules and 
regulations will not be enacted, or existing laws, rules and regulations will not be applied in a manner 
which could limit or curtail certain of the Group’s activities or services. In addition, the Group may have 
to defend itself against legal proceedings which could have an adverse effect on trading performance 
and, in turn, future profits. The Group also exports its products overseas and therefore its exports may 
be subject to existing and future overseas legislation and regulation and similar risks therefore also 
applying in relation to such overseas existing and future legislation and regulation. 

Approved by the board on 13 November 2018 

Matthew Hubbard 
Director 

 Page 13

 
 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 14

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Directors’ report 

The Directors present their report and the audited financial statements of AB Dynamics plc for the year ended 
31 August 2018. 

Dividends 
During the year an interim dividend of £0.01465 per share was paid and the Board has proposed a final 
dividend of £0.022 per share. 

Research and development 
The Group continues to invest in research and development associated with the design and manufacture of 
test equipment for vehicle suspension, steering, noise and vibration. Costs attributed to this process have 
been charged to profit or loss to the extent that they do not meet all of the criteria for capitalisation as set out 
in IAS 38 ‘Intangible Assets’. 

Research and development costs expensed is separately identified and disclosed in Note 5. 

Financial instruments 
The Company’s principal financial instruments comprise cash at bank, bank facilities, and various items within 
current assets and current liabilities that arise directly from its operations including foreign currency forward 
contracts. The Group’s financial risk management objectives and policies are set out in note 19 to the financial 
statements. 

Future Developments 
Please see the Strategic Report for details of future developments. 

Directors 
The following directors have held office during the year: 

Anthony Best 
Dr James Mathew Routh              Appointed 1 October 2018 
Timothy John Rogers                    Resigned 28 February 2018 
Robert Andrew Leonard Hart 
Graham Dudley Eves 
Frederick Bryan Smart 
Matthew Hubbard 
Richard Hickinbotham 

At the forthcoming Annual General Meeting, and in accordance with the Company’s articles of association, 
Dr James Routh as a Director appointed by the Board after the conclusion of the Company’s previous Annual 
General Meeting is required to retire and stands for re-appointment. Anthony Best and Graham Dudley Eves 
will also retire by rotation and being eligible will offer themselves for re-election. 

Conflicts of  interest 
Under the articles of association of the Company and in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act 
2006, a director must avoid a situation where he has, or can have, a direct or indirect interest that conflicts, 
or possibly may conflict with the Company’s interests. However, the directors may authorise conflicts and 
potential conflicts, as they deem appropriate. As a safeguard, only directors who have no interest in the matter 
being considered will be able to take the relevant decision, and the directors will be able to impose limits or 
conditions when giving authorisation if they think this is appropriate. During the financial year ended 31 August 
2018, the directors have authorised no such conflicts or potential conflicts. 

Directors’ indemnities 
The company has made qualifying third party indemnity provisions for the benefit of its directors which were 
made during the year and remain in force at the date of this report. 

 Page 14

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 15

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Directors’ interests in shares 
Directors’ interests in the shares of the Company, including family interests, were as follows: 

                                                                                                                            Ordinary shares of  1p each 
Anthony Best                                                                                                                                      6,247,107 
Robert Andrew Leonard Hart                                                                                                                   13,012 
Matthew Hubbard                                                                                                                                  109,649 

There have been no changes in the Directors’ shareholdings since the year end. 

Directors’ interests in share options 
                                              Exercise                 As at        Exercised                 As at 
                                                    price     1 September              during         31 August     Earliest date       Latest date 
                                                 (pence)                 2017           the year                  2018      for exercise      for exercise 
Robert Andrew Leonard Hart     395.00             100,341                       –             100,341      11 July 2017      11 July 2026 
Matthew Hubbard                      395.00               65,119                       –               65,119      11 July 2017      11 July 2026 

Directors’ remuneration and service contracts 
The remuneration paid to the directors during 2018 is shown below: 

                                                                             Short 
                                                                               term                 Post                Share 
                                                                         benefits    employment                based                  2018                  2017 
                                                                   (Incl. bonus)          benefits         payments                  Total                  Total 
                                                                                     £                       £                        £                        £                        £ 
Anthony Best                                                       94,409                       –                        –               94,409               76,785 
Timothy John Rogers                                        178,818                7,675               37,160             223,653             307,261 
Robert Andrew Leonard Hart *                          165,924              12,000               49,466             227,390             265,236 
Matthew Hubbard                                              162,620              12,000               32,102             206,722             202,288 
Graham Dudley Eves                                          38,000                       –                        –               38,000               30,000 
Frederick Bryan Smart                                        38,000                       –                        –               38,000               30,000 
Richard Hickinbotham                                         38,000                       –                        –               38,000                        – 
                                                                            ––––––––––––       ––––––––––––        ––––––––––––        ––––––––––––        –––––––––––– 
                                                                          715,771              31,675             118,728             866,174             911,570 
                                                                            ––––––––––––       ––––––––––––        ––––––––––––        ––––––––––––        –––––––––––– 
                                                                            ––––––––––––       ––––––––––––        ––––––––––––        ––––––––––––        –––––––––––– 

* Highest paid director 

Other substantial shareholdings 
As at 12 November 2018, being the latest practicable date before the issue of these financial statements, the 
Company had been notified of the following shareholdings which constitute 3% or more of the total issued 
shares of the Company. 

                                                                                                             Ordinary 
                                                                                                                shares                        Shareholding 
                                                                                                                      No.                                            % 
Anthony Best                                                                                       4,647,107                                        24.0 
Naemi Best                                                                                          1,500,000                                          7.7 
Castlefield CFP SDL UK Buffetology Fund General                            1,315,000                                          6.8 
Anne Middleton                                                                                    1,200,000                                          6.2 
Cannacord Genuity Group Inc                                                                971,893                                          5.0 
Liontrust Investment Management                                                         964,690                                          5.0 
Hargreaves Landsdown Asset Management                                          933,775                                          4.8 
Tellworth Investments                                                                             742,818                                          3.8 
Amati AIM VCT plc                                                                                 652,750                                          3.4 

 Page 15

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 16

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Statement of  Directors’ responsibilities 
The  Directors  are  responsible  for  preparing  the  Strategic  Report,  Directors’  Report,  any  other  surround 
information and the group and parent company financial statements in accordance with applicable law and 
regulations. Company law requires the Directors to prepare group and parent company financial statements 
for  each  financial  year.  Under  that  law,  they  have  elected  to  prepare  the  group  financial  statements  in 
accordance with International Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as adopted by the European Union (EU) and 
applicable law and have elected to prepare the parent company financial statements in accordance with UK 
Accounting Standards and applicable law (UK Generally Accepted Accounting Practice). 

Under Company law, the Directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that 
they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the group and parent company and of their profit or loss 
for that year. In preparing each of the group and parent company financial statements, the Directors are 
required to: 

● select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently; 

● make judgments and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent; 

● state whether applicable accounting standards have been followed, subject to any material departures 

disclosed and explained in the financial statements; and 

● prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that 

the group and the parent company will continue in business. 

The Directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain 
the parent company’s transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position 
of the parent company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies 
Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the parent company and hence for taking 
reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities. 

They are further responsible for ensuring that the Strategic Report and the Report of the Directors and other 
information included in the Annual Report and Financial Statements is prepared in accordance with applicable 
law in the United Kingdom. 

The maintenance and integrity of the AB Dynamics PLC web site is the responsibility of the directors; the work 
carried out by the auditors does not involve the consideration of these matters and, accordingly, the auditors 
accept no responsibility for any changes that may have occurred in the accounts since they were initially 
presented on the website. 

Legislation in the United Kingdom governing the preparation and dissemination of the accounts and the other 
information included in annual reports may differ from legislation in other jurisdictions. 

Provision of  information to auditors 
Each of the persons who are directors at the time when this Directors’ Report is approved has confirmed that: 

● so far as that director is aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the Company’s auditors 

are unaware; and 

● that director has taken all the steps that ought to have been taken as a director in order to be aware of 
any information needed by the Company’s auditors in connection with preparing their report and to 
establish that the Company’s auditors are aware of the information. 

 Page 16

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 17

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Auditor 
The auditor, Crowe U.K. LLP, will be proposed for re-appointment in accordance with Section 489 of the 
Companies Act 2006. 

This report was approved by the board and signed on its behalf. 

Tony Best 
Director 

13 November 2018 

 Page 17

 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 18

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Chief  Financial Officer’s report 

RRevenue £m

24.57

20.47

16.52

12.17

13.85

8.91

37.05

Revenue £m 
The Group’s revenue for the financial year ended 31 
August  2018  increased  by  51%  to  £37.05m  from 
£24.57m in 2017.

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

GGross Margin %

27.7 

25.7 

29.1 

32.3 

31.2 

32.2 

33.9 

Gross Margin % 
Gross margins were 33.9% (2017:32.2%), reflecting 
the  change  in  sales  mix  and  the  reallocation  of 
certain labour costs.

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

OOperating Profit (Adjusted) £m

8.54

5.87 

1.80 

1.91 

2.68 

4.65 

3.79 

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Operating Profit (Adjusted) £m 
Adjusted operating profit increased to £8.54m from 
£5.87m in 2017, an increase of 46% driven again by 
strong demand for Track Testing products, notably 
for  the  testing  of  Advanced  Driver  Assistance 
Systems (ADAS). The operating profit is adjusted to 
exclude  a  £0.659m  (2017:  £1.464m)  non-cash 
charge made in respect of share based payments. 
These  costs  are  excluded  due  to  their  variable 
nature,  as  demonstrated  by  the  values  from  both 
2017 and 2018 the fluctuation in these would not 
allow for a true comparison year on year.

Administrative Expenses Bridge 

 Page 18

        
 
        
 
        
 
        
 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 19

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Turnover by Region £m

0.6

5.1

18.9

12.5

UK

North America

Europe

Rest of the world

Turnover by Region £m 
Over 98% of sales are exported to customers based 
outside the United Kingdom. 

                                                                 Increase/
                                2018        2017       (Decrease) 
Region                       £m          £m                      % 
UK                             0.62         1.17                   (53) 
North America           5.09         3.30                      54 
Europe                    12.48         8.97                      39 
(excluding UK) 
Rest of the world     18.86       11.13                      69 

Total Assets £m

48.19

35.52

Total Assets £m 
Total assets increased by approximately 36% during 
the year. Further details can be found on page 33 of 
the financial statements.

11.62

13.59

6.95

21.33

16.91

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

EEmployees – Monthly Average

39

47

56

64

128

97

78

Employees – Monthly Average 
The  average  number  of  employees  increased  by 
31  during  the  year.  At  the  end  of  the  year  the 
average headcount was 128. 

At  31  August  2018,  the  Group’s  total  number  of 
employees stood at 149 (2017: 120).

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

TTurnover by Product £m

Turnover by Product £m 

0.36

3.75

11.85

Driving Robots

21.09

ADAS

Laboratory Test
equipment

TMS

                                                                 Increase/ 
                                2018        2017       (Decrease) 
Product                      £m          £m                      % 
Driving Robots        21.09       13.95                      51 
ADAS Testing          11.85         6.40                      85 
Laboratory Test         3.75         3.80                     (1) 
TMS                          0.36         0.42                   (14) 

 Page 19

        
 
        
 
        
 
        
 
 
 
 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 20

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Cash Flow 
Cash generated from operations in 2018 totalled £9.94m (2017: £2.12m). 

Stock levels have increased in line with increased activity but also to support increasing demands for shorter 
lead times. 

Year-end cash and cash equivalents increased by £6.3m to £15.9m (2017: £9.6m). 

Further details can be found on page 46 of the financial statements. 

Capital Expenditure 
Capital expenditure on tangible assets was £3,698,479 (2017: £8,040,906) and included approximately £2.5m 
of costs incurred in respect of the new facility. The charge for depreciation increased by £196,138 to £462,994 
(2017: £266,856). 

The multiple of net capital expenditure to depreciation was 7.9 times (2017: 30.1 times). 

Interest Received 
Bank interest received was £63,167 (2017: £65,257). 

Trade Debtors 
Trade debtors have reduced by £0.6m to £6.5m. 

Trade and other payables 
Trade creditors have increased by £0.9m to £2.4m (2017: £1.5m) 

Other payables have increased due to significant increases to deferred income on increased sales. Accrued 
bonuses have also increased because of increased profits. 

Taxation 
The effective tax rate for the Group in 2018 was 11.7% (2017: 12.7%) principally as a result of sizeable R&D 
and Patent Box tax credits coupled with significant capital allowances claimed on the new facility. 

Earnings per Share 
Basic earnings per share was 36.29p (2017: 20.83p). This calculation is based on the profit after tax of £7.01m 
and 19,330,494 shares, being the weighted average number of shares in issue during the year. 

Diluted earnings per share were 35.03p (2017: 20.56p). 

On a fully diluted basis the adjusted EPS increased by over 35% to 38.3p (2017: 28.3p) 

Further details of the earnings per share calculations are provided in note 8 to the financial statements. 

Working Capital 
Working capital (net current assets) increased by £5.78m to £23.41m (2017: £17.63m). 

Return on Capital Employed 
The return on capital employed rose in the current year to 21.3% from 15.6% in 2017. Our definition of ROCE 
is based on operating profit before tax as a return on the total assets less current liabilities. 

 Page 20

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 21

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Foreign Exchange Risk 
The Group continues to monitor the need for forward contracts depending upon the level of natural hedging 
achievable and the extent to which surplus currencies are expected to be generated. 

The most important foreign currencies for the Group remain the Euro and the US dollar and the relevant rate 
of exchange for the consolidated income statement were: 

                                                                                                                                    2018                       2017 
Euro                                                                                                                             1.118                      1.083 
US dollar                                                                                                                     1.297                      1.288 

Exchange losses in the year amounted to £77,074 compared to a gain of £404,835 in 2017. 

This was predominantly due to £259,796 of translation gains arising in FY17 reversing in FY18. 

Share Capital and Reserves 
The Group’s issued share capital at the year-end totalled 19,536,534 ordinary shares (2017: 19,111,946). 

A total of 424,588 share options were exercised during the year. 

Order Intake 
The Board considers order intake and the resultant period end order book as a critical guide to the Group’s 
ability to achieve its profit targets. As it currently stands, the order book takes us into the third quarter of FY19. 

Dividends 
The Board has proposed a final dividend of 2.20p per share. Together with the interim dividend of 1.465p per 
share this gives a total Ordinary dividend of 3.665p for the year (2017: 3.331p). 

Dividend cover, defined as the ratio of underlying earnings per share to dividend per share, was 9.77 times 
(2017: 6.25 times). If approved by shareholders, the final dividend will be paid to shareholders on the register 
at 23 November 2018. 

The Group’s policy is to pay a progressively increasing dividend provided the Group retains sufficient cash 
with which to pursue its R&D and business development policies. 

Full Year Dividend 

2.500 

2.750 

3.025 

3.331 

3.665 

P
R
O
P
O
S
E
D

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

 Page 21

 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 22

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Corporate governance statement 
Board structure 
During the year the Board consisted of seven directors of which three were executive and four non-executive. 
During the year Tony Best acted as both Chief executive officer and Interim Chairman and was therefore not 
considered independent. 

The Board meets as and when required and is satisfied that it is provided with information in an appropriate 
form and quality to enable it to discharge its duties. All directors are required to retire by rotation with one third 
of the board seeking re-election each year. 

The board has undertaken a formal assessment of the auditor’s independence and will continue to do so at 
least annually. This assessment includes: 

● a review of non-audit services provided to the Company and the related fees; 

● a review of the auditor’s own procedures for ensuring the independence of the audit firm and parties and 

staff involved in the audit; and 

● obtaining confirmation from the auditor that, in their professional judgement, they are independent. 

Internal controls 
The Board is responsible for the Company’s system of internal controls and for reviewing their effectiveness. 
The internal controls are designed to ensure the reliability of financial information for both internal and external 
purposes. The Directors are satisfied that the current controls are effective with regard to the size of the 
Company. Any internal control system can only provide reasonable, but not absolute assurance against 
material mis-statement or loss. 

Given the size of the Company, the Board considers there is currently no need for an internal audit function. 

Tony Best 
Director 

13 November 2018 

 Page 22

 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 23

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Statement of  compliance with the QCA corporate governance Code 

Establish a strategy and business model which promotes long-term value for shareholders 
The Company’s strategy is shaped by the executive board and is set out in the 2018 Annual Report. 

Our Business – Providing test solutions to the Global Automotive Test Market. 

This is achieved by employing high calibre individuals and developing a global customer base. The Company’s 
understanding  of  future  automotive  testing  requirements  enables  it  to  develop  suitable  products  and 
sustainable shareholder returns. 

The Strategic Report further explains the Company’s business model and strategy. 

The Strategic Report also includes a number of Risks and Uncertainties identified by the board which also 
represent challenges. We also explain how we are addressing them. 

Embed  effective  risk  management,  considering  both  opportunities  and  threats,  throughout  the 
organisation 
The Board is responsible for the Group’s system of internal controls and for the reviewing its effectiveness. 
The system is designed to manage, rather than eliminate, the risk of failure to achieve the Group’s strategic 
objectives and can only provide reasonable but not absolute assurance against material misstatement or loss. 

The Board monitors financial controls through the setting and approval of an annual budget and the regular 
review of monthly management accounts. Management accounts contain a number of indicators that are 
designed to reduce the possibility of misstatement in the financial statements. 

The  Group  has  in  place  defined  authorisation  levels  for  expenditure,  the  placing  of  orders  and  signing 
authorities. The daily cash movements of the Group are reconciled and monitored by the finance department. 
The Group’s cash flow is also monitored by management. 

Each year on behalf of the Board, the Audit Committee reviews the effectiveness of these systems. This is 
achieved primarily by a comprehensive review of risks which cover both financial and non-financial issues 
potentially affecting the Group and from discussions with the external auditor. The Board is not aware of any 
significant failings or weaknesses in the system of internal control. On the recommendation of the Audit 
Committee, the Board has determined that an internal audit function is not required due to the small size of 
the administrative function and the high level of Director Review and authorisation of transactions. The Board 
intends to keep this matter under review as the Group develops. 

Where the management of operational risk requires outside advice, this is sought from expert parties. 

The Group has put measures in place to protect itself against supplier failure including dual sourcing, insurance 
and sufficient stock. 

The Group has developed a diversified customer base across multiple geographic locations. 

The Board of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Anthony Best Dynamics Ltd, meet on a regular basis 
and monitors business risk as part of its agenda. 

Maintain the board as a well-functioning, balanced team led by the chair 
The  purpose  of  the  Board  is  to  ensure  that  the  business  is  managed  for  the  long-term  benefit  of  all 
shareholders, whilst at the same time having regard for employees, customers, suppliers and our impact on 
the environment and the communities in which we operate. 

The full Board is responsible and accountable to the shareholders for the management and success of the 
Group and to provide effective controls to assess and manage risks in the Company. 

 Page 23

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 24

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Following the departure of the CEO in February 2018 and the appointment of a successor which was made 
on 1 October 2018, Tony Best has acted as Interim Chief Executive Officer and Non-Executive Chairman. 
The Board therefore currently comprises Mr Best, two additional executive directors and three independent 
non-executive directors. 

The Board is supported by the Audit, Remuneration and Nominations Committees, each of which has access 
to information, resources and advice that it deems necessary, at the company’s cost, to enable the committee 
to discharge its duties. These duties are set out in the Terms of Reference of each committee which are 
available on the AIM rule 26 page of this website. 

The Audit Committee is comprised of all three Independent Non-Executive Directors and is chaired by Bryan 
Smart. The Audit Committee will meet at least twice a year and is responsible for ensuring that the financial 
performance of the Group is properly reported and monitored and for meeting the auditors and reviewing the 
reports from the auditors relating to accounts and internal control systems. The external auditors will attend 
all meetings and the Audit Committee will have discussions with the external auditors at least once a year 
without any executive Directors being present. 

The Remuneration Committee comprises all three independent non-executive directors and is chaired by 
Graham Eves. The remuneration committee reviews the performance of the executive Directors and sets and 
reviews the scale and structure of their remuneration and the terms of their service agreements with due regard 
to the interests of the Shareholders. In determining the remuneration of executive Directors, the Remuneration 
Committee seeks to enable the Company to attract and retain executives of high calibre. No director is 
permitted to participate in discussions or decisions concerning his own remuneration. The Remuneration 
Committee meets as and when necessary. 

The Nominations Committee comprises all three independent non-executive directors and is chaired by 
Richard Hickinbotham. The Nomination Committee is responsible for recommendations to the Board for the 
appointment of additional directors or replacement of current directors and for succession planning for the 
Company. 

The Board and its committees receive appropriate and timely information prior to each meeting. A formal 
agenda  is  produced  for  each  meeting  and  board  committee  papers  are  distributed  several  days  before 
meetings take place. Any director can challenge proposals with decisions being taken after discussion. Any 
director can ask for a concern to be noted in the minutes of the meeting which are circulated to all directors. 
Specific actions arising from meetings are agreed by the Board or relevant committee and then followed up 
by management. 

Directors have access to advice or services needed to enable them to carry out their roles and duties. 

All relevant directors attended all board and board committee meetings during the year. 

Graham Eves, Richard Hickinbotham and Bryan Smart (and Tony Best in his capacity as Non-Executive 
Chairman) are each Non-Executive Directors and Messrs Eves, Hickinbotham and Smart are considered to 
be independent of the management and free to exercise independence of judgement. 

The Board has established procedures to identify and monitor potential or actual conflicts of interest. 

The Board has also established procedures to ensure AIM Rules are complied with and that there is close 
liaison with the Company’s Nominated Adviser. 

All Directors are subject to reappointment by shareholders at the first Annual General Meeting following their 
appointment and thereafter by rotation. 

The Board has a formal schedule of matters reserved for its decisions. There are a minimum of 4 full board 
meetings spread across each year which tie in as far as possible with the Group’s financial reporting and 
trading calendars. Additional meetings are held as required. 

 Page 24

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 25

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

All directors spend such time as is necessary to effectively carry out their roles, typically on average two days 
a month. All of the directors were in attendance at the 7 board and board committee meetings held during 
the year. 

Ensure  that  between  them  the  directors  have  the  necessary  up-to-date  experience,  skills  and 
capabilities 
The skills and experience of the Board are set out in their biographical details included within the“Investors” 
area of the Company’s website. . The experience and knowledge of each of the Directors gives them the 
ability to constructively challenge strategy and to scrutinise performance. 

Role of  the Non-Executive Chairman and Chief  Executive 
There  is  normally  a  clear  division  of  responsibility  between  the  Non-Executive  Chairman  and  the  Chief 
Executive but in the interregnum the division has been between the Chairman and the Executive Directors. 
The Chairman is responsible for running the business of the board and for ensuring appropriate strategic 
focus  and  direction.  The  Chief  Executive  is  responsible  for  proposing  the  strategic  focus  to  the  Board, 
implementing it once it has been approved and overseeing the management of the Group. 

Role of  the Independent Directors 
The role of the Independent Non-Executive Directors includes questioning and challenging the Executive 
Directors and assisting where possible in developing strategic proposals, reviewing and commenting on the 
integrity  of  the  Company’s  financial  reporting  systems  and  the  information  they  provide;  recommending 
appropriate  standards  of  corporate  governance;  reviewing  internal  control  systems;  ensuring  that  risk 
management systems are robust and reviewing corporate performance and ensuring that performance is 
reported to shareholders. 

The directors of the Company are: 

Tony Best (Interim Chief Executive Officer and Non-Executive Chairman) 
Matthew Hubbard (Chief Operations Officer) 
Robert Hart (Chief Financial Officer and Company Secretary) 
Graham Eves (NED) 
Richard Hickinbotham (NED) 
Bryan Smart (NED) 

Their roles on the Board, biographical details and skills and experience, are set out in the“Investors” area of 
the  Company’s  website.All  directors  ensure  their  skillsets  are  up  to  date  by  a  combination  of  reading 
professional journals or trade press, attending industry events, conferences and workshops. 

The Board comprises a range of different skills including business, engineering and financial. In addition, the 
Company’s  non-executive  directors  have  all  held  senior  executive  positions  and  do  hold  a  number  of 
non-executive roles in public companies. 

The Company Secretary is responsible for ensuring that the board and its committees receive appropriate 
and timely information prior to each meeting. A formal agenda is notified ahead of each meeting and relevant 
board committee papers are distributed before meetings take place. Any director can challenge proposals 
with decisions being taken after discussion. Any director can ask for a concern to be noted in the minutes of 
the meeting which are circulated to all directors. Specific actions arising from meetings are agreed by the 
Board or relevant committee and then followed up by management. 

Evaluate board performance based on clear and relevant objectives, seeking continuous improvement 
The  collective  performance  of  the  board  is  reflected  in  the  success  of  the  business.  Evaluation  of  the 
performance of individual members has historically been implemented in an ad hoc manner. From 2019 
however, these processes will be reviewed. 

On an ongoing basis, board members maintain a watching brief to identify relevant internal and external 
candidates to meet the future needs of the business. 

Responsibility for succession planning lies with the Nomination Committee as exemplified by the recent search 
for a new CEO. 

 Page 25

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 26

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Promote a corporate culture that is based on ethical values and behaviours 
The Board recognises that its decisions will impact the corporate culture of the Group as a whole and that 
this will affect the performance of the business. The Board is also very conscious that the tone and culture 
that it sets will greatly impact all aspects of the Group and the way employees behave and operate. The 
importance of sound ethical values and behaviours is crucial to the ability of the Group to successfully achieve 
its corporate objectives whilst, in particular, meeting the exacting demands of a sophisticated and demanding 
customer base. The Board appreciate it is important to retain and attract staff to continue to grow the business. 
Employees are motivated through a bonus scheme which the employees share the success of the group. 

The Company’s ethical approach to business is reflected in the way the Company has been able to develop 
long term and fruitful relationships with many of its clients. Employees are also aware of how business should 
be  conducted  and  the  group  provide  guidance  on  how  the  brand  values  of  the  business  should  be 
demonstrated. 

Communicate  how  the  company  is  governed  and  is  performing  by  maintaining  a  dialogue  with 
shareholders and other relevant stakeholders 
The Board recognises that meaningful engagement with its shareholders is integral to the continued success 
of the Group. Throughout FY18, members of the Board have sought to actively engage with shareholders on 
a number of occasions, through meetings, presentations and roadshows. Non-Executive Directors are kept 
informed of the views of the shareholders through periodic reports from the Chief Executive Officer and the 
Chief Financial Officer, including inputs from the corporate brokers with whom they are in regular contact. 

The Board believes that the Annual Report and Accounts, and the Interim Report published at the half-year, 
play an important part in presenting all shareholders with an assessment of the Group’s position and prospects. 
All reports and press releases are published on the Group’s website. 

The Annual General Meeting (‘AGM’) is the principal opportunity for private shareholders to meet and discuss 
the  Group’s  business  with  the  Directors.  There  is  an  open  question  and  answer  session  during  which 
shareholders may ask questions both about the resolutions being proposed and the business in general. The 
Directors are also available after the meeting for an informal discussion with shareholders. 

The Board is supported by the Audit, Remuneration and Nominations Committees, each of which has access 
to information, resources and advice that it deems necessary, at the company’s cost, to enable the committee 
to discharge its duties. These duties are set out in the Terms of Reference of each committee which are 
available at 

https://www.abdynamics.com/en/investors-area/corporate-governance 

The Audit Committee 
The  audit  committee  is  chaired  by  Bryan  Smart  FCA  and  supported  by  Graham  Eves  and  Richard 
Hickinbotham and meets at least twice a year. All meetings involve the external auditors, together with invited 
attendees comprising executive members of the board. 

The first meeting is held before the start of the final audit, and typically covers matters such as audit scope, 
materiality, auditor independence, new emerging business and corporate governance issues and finally a 
negotiation of audit budgets. 

The second meeting is held before the final accounts are finalised, and the draft annual reports are reviewed, 
and the auditor’s findings and any recommendations for enhanced control procedures are considered. 

All meetings are minuted by an independent secretarial service company representative, and action points 
arising are followed up to ensure compliance. 

The audit committee chairman will periodically extend a committee meeting to allow discussion when only 
the committee members and external auditors are present. 

The scope of the audit committee function is planned to be expanded for future financial years to include a 
review of Risk Management. 

 Page 26

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 27

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

No formal internal audit function is thought necessary at this time, but as the company expands, this policy 
will be regularly revisited. 

The Nomination Committee 
The Nomination Committee consists of the three Independent Non-Executive Directors, Richard Hickinbotham 
(Chairman), Graham Eves and Bryan Smart. 

The Committee is responsible for recommendations to the Board for the appointment of additional directors 
or the replacement of current directors and for succession planning for the Group. The terms of reference of 
the Committee were reviewed and updated in September 2018 and can be found on the Group’s website. 

The Committee met five times during the year with its principal focus on the recruitment of a new Chief 
Executive Officer following the departure of Tim Rogers who stepped down from the Board in February 2018. 
The Committee employed the services of an external search firm with the ensuing search conducted against 
a  comprehensive  job  specification.  After  an  extensive  and  thorough  process,  the  Board  approved  the 
appointment of James Routh as Chief Executive Officer with effect from 1 October 2018. 

The  Committee  also  works  with  the  Executive  Directors  to  support  them  in  decisions  concerning  the 
development and succession of senior managers within the business. During the year Andrew Pick and Adrian 
Simms were appointed to the Board of Anthony Best Dynamics Limited reflecting their respective leadership 
roles in managing the Laboratory Test and Track Test activities of the Group. 

The  on-going  work  of  the  Committee  remains  to  support  the  Board  in  reviewing  its  size,  structure  and 
composition to ensure an appropriate balance of skills, knowledge, independence and experience, and as 
appropriate to make suitable recommendations to the Board. 

The Remuneration Committee 
The year was exceptional in that, apart from the usual two meetings, the Remuneration Committee had a 
number of additional meetings and telephone conference calls jointly with the Nomination Committee to 
discuss the terms of employment of the new CEO, as well as the COO. The Committee also discussed, with 
Mr Best not being present, his terms and remuneration for assuming the role of Interim Executive Chairman. 
The remuneration will not change when Mr Best reverts to being Non-Executive Chairman when the new CEO 
joins in view of the additional time required helping the CEO to become established. The Remuneration 
Committee is pleased to record that, with the exception of the CEO, there has been no leavers during the 
year, despite the national shortage of people with the qualifications and experience of the Company’s staff. 

The  objective  of  the  Company’s  remuneration  policy  is  to  incentivise  and  reward  the  achievement  of 
shareholder value. The Company’s growth in the UK and internationally makes it essential that the Company 
attracts and retains the very best people. 

 Page 27

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 28

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Independent Auditor’s report to the members of  AB Dynamics plc 

Opinion 
We have audited the financial statements of AB Dynamics plc (the “Parent Company”) and its subsidiary 
(the “Group”) for the year ended 31 August 2018, which comprise: 

● the Group income statement and statement of comprehensive income for the year ended 31 August 2018; 

● the Group and parent company statement of financial position as at 31 August 2018; 

● the Group statement of cash flows for the year ended 31 August 2018; 

● the Group and parent company statements of changes in equity for the year ended 31 August 2018; and 

● the notes to the financial statements, which include a summary of significant accounting policies and  

other explanatory information. 

The financial reporting framework that has been applied in the preparation of the Group financial statements 
is applicable law and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as adopted by the European Union. 
The financial reporting framework that has been applied in the preparation of the Parent Company financial 
statements  is  applicable  law  and  United  Kingdom Accounting  Standards,  including  Financial  Reporting 
Standard 102. The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (United Kingdom 
Generally Accepted Accounting Practice). 

In our opinion: 

● give a true and fair view of the state of the Group’s and of the Parent Company’s affairs as at 31 August 

2018 and of the Group’s profit for the year then ended; 

● the Group financial statements have been properly prepared in accordance with IFRS as adopted by the 

European Union; 

● the  Parent  Company  financial  statements  have  been  properly  prepared  in  accordance  with  United 

Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice 

● the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies 

Act 2006. 

Basis for opinion 
We  conducted  our  audit  in  accordance  with  International  Standards  on  Auditing  (UK)  (ISAs  (UK))  and 
applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor’s responsibilities 
for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the Group in accordance 
with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the 
FRC’s Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these 
requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a 
basis for our opinion. 

Conclusions relating to going concern 
We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which ISAs (UK) require us to report 
to you when: 

● the directors’ use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements 

is not appropriate; or 

● the directors have not disclosed in the financial statements any identified material uncertainties that may 
cast significant doubt about the Group’s and the parent company’s ability to continue to adopt the going 
concern basis of accounting for a period of at least twelve months from the date when the financial 
statements are authorised for issue. 

 Page 28

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 29

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Overview of  our audit approach 
Materiality 
In planning and performing our audit we applied the concept of materiality. An item is considered material if it 
could reasonably be expected to change the economic decisions of a user of the financial statements. We used 
the concept of materiality to both focus our testing and to evaluate the impact of misstatements identified. 

Based on our professional judgement, we determined overall materiality for the Group financial statements 
as a whole to be £250,000 (2017: £165,000), based on a percentage of Group profit before tax. 

We use a different level of materiality (‘performance materiality’) to determine the extent of our testing for the 
audit of the financial statements. Performance materiality is set based on the audit materiality as adjusted for 
the judgements made as to the entity risk and our evaluation of the specific risk of each audit area having 
regard to the internal control environment. 

Where considered appropriate performance materiality may be reduced to a lower level, such as, for related 
party transactions and directors’ remuneration. 

We agreed with the Audit Committee to report to it all identified errors in excess of £10,000 (2017: £5,000). 
Errors below that threshold would also be reported to it if, in our opinion as auditor, disclosure was required 
on qualitative grounds. 

Overview of  the scope of  our audit 
The Group and its subsidiary are accounted for from one central operating location, the group’s registered 
office. Our audit was conducted from the main operating location and all group companies were within the 
scope of our audit testing. 

Key Audit Matters 
Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgement, were of most significance in our audit 
of the financial statements of the current period and include the most significant assessed risks of material 
misstatement (whether or not due to fraud) that we identified. These matters included those which had the 
greatest effect on: the overall audit strategy, the allocation of resources in the audit; and directing the efforts 
of the engagement team. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the financial statements 
as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters. 

This is not a complete list of all risks identified by our audit. 

 Page 29

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 30

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

Key audit matter                                                           How  the  scope  of   our  audit  addressed  the  key 
                                                                                      audit matter 

Revenue recognition 
Revenue  is  recognised  in  accordance  with  the 
accounting policy set out in the financial statements. 
The  accounting  policy  contains  a  number  of 
judgements, particularly in recognising when control 
of  ownership  have  passed  to  the  buyer.  This  is 
determined with reference to the underlying contract 
with the purchaser.

Accounting for long-term contracts 
For  certain  products  the  Company  recognises 
revenue over the period of the contract. 

The  group  uses  the  percentage  of  completion 
method  to  determine  the  appropriate  amount  of 
revenue  to  recognise  in  a  given  period.  This  is 
measured  by  the  proportion  that  contract  costs 
incurred  for  work  performed  to  date  bear  to  the 
estimated 
total  contract  costs.  A  number  of 
judgements are made by management in making its 
assessment of estimated costs and profitability.

We  validated  a  sample  of  contracts  to  confirm 
revenue  was  being  recognised  in  line  with  the 
requirements  of  IFRS  15.  We  performed  cut  off 
testing to ensure revenue is being recorded in the 
correct period.

Our  work  focussed  on  validating  that  estimated 
contract costs which include staff costs, overheads 
and  material  costs  are  appropriate  and  reliably 
estimated. In addition, we assessed whether cut off 
has  been  correctly  applied  and  that  any  resulting 
work in progress and other entries are appropriate. 
We considered the original budget for the contract 
and compared this to actual costs to validate how the 
contract has performed and enquired into any events 
which could change this assessment. 

Our audit procedures in relation to these matters were designed in the context of our audit opinion as a whole. 
They were not designed to enable us to express an opinion on these matters individually and we express no 
such opinion. 

Other information 
The directors are responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the information 
included in the annual report, other than the financial statements and our auditor’s report thereon. Our opinion 
on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly 
stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. 

In connection with our audit of the financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, 
in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or 
our knowledge obtained in the audit or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such 
material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether there is 
a material misstatement in the financial statements or a material misstatement of the other information. 
If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other 
information, we are required to report that fact. 

We have nothing to report in this regard. 

Opinion on other matter prescribed by the Companies Act 2006 
In our opinion based on the work undertaken in the course of our audit: 

● the information given in the strategic report and the directors’ report for the financial year for which the 

financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and 

● the  directors’  report  and  strategic  report  have  been  prepared  in  accordance  with  applicable  legal 

requirements. 

Matters on which we are required to report by exception 
In light of the knowledge and understanding of the group and the parent company and their environment 
obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified material misstatements in the strategic report or the 
directors’ report. 

 Page 30

  
 
  
 
 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 31

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters where the Companies Act 2006 requires us to 
report to you if, in our opinion: 

● adequate accounting records have not been kept by the parent company, or returns adequate for our 

audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or 

● the parent company financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or 
● certain disclosures of directors’ remuneration specified by law are not made; or 
● we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit. 

Responsibilities of  the directors for the financial statements 
As explained more fully in the directors’ responsibilities statement set out on page 18, the directors are 
responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair 
view, and for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial 
statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. 

In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the Group’s and Parent 
Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern 
and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the Group or 
the Parent Company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so. 

Auditor’s responsibilities for the audit of  the financial statements 
Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are 
free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes 
our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted 
in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. 

Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, 
they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these 
financial statements. 

A further description of our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements is located on the Financial 
Reporting Council’s website at: www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities. This description forms part of our 
auditor’s report. 

Use of  our report 
This report is made solely to the company’s members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of 
the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the company’s 
members those matters we are required to state to them in an auditor’s report and for no other purpose. To the 
fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the company 
and the company’s members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed. 

John Glasby 
Senior Statutory Auditor 
for and on behalf of 
Crowe U.K. LLP 
Statutory Auditor 
St Bride’s House,  
10 Salisbury Square 
London 
EC4Y 8EH 

Date: 13 November 2018 

 Page 31

 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 32

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

Consolidated statement of  comprehensive income 
                                                                                                                         Year ended            Year ended 
                                                                                                                           31 August             31 August 
                                                                                                                                    2018                       2017 
                                                                                                      Note                             £                             £ 

––––––––––––––

Continuing operations 
Revenue                                                                                                             37,051,145             24,570,050 
Cost of sales                                                                                                     (24,497,241)          (16,654,153) 
–––––––––––––– 
Gross profit                                                                                                        12,553,904               7,915,897 
Administrative expenses                                                                                     (4,011,336)            (1,985,069) 
Fair value loss in respect of foreign currency forward contracts                                        –                   (59,241) 
–––––––––––––– 
Operating profit before Share based payment costs                                     8,542,568               5,871,587 
Share based payment costs                                                                                  (659,167)            (1,464,817) 
–––––––––––––– 
Operating profit                                                                                                  7,883,401               4,406,770 
Finance income                                                                                   4                    63,167                    65,257 
–––––––––––––– 
Profit before taxation                                                                        5               7,946,568               4,472,027 
Corporation tax expense                                                                     6                 (931,900)               (569,286) 
–––––––––––––– 
Profit after taxation                                                                                            7,014,668               3,902,741 
Other comprehensive income                                                                                        –                             – 
–––––––––––––– 

––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

Total comprehensive income for the year 
attributed to equity holders                                                                              7,014,668               3,902,741 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

Earnings per share – Basic (pence)                                                    8                    36.29p                    20.83p 
Earnings per share – Diluted (pence)                                                  8                    35.03p                    20.56p 

 Page 32

 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 33

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

Consolidated statement of  financial position 
as at 31 August 2018 
                                                                                                                                    2018                       2 0 1 7 
                                                                                                      Note                             £                             £ 
ASSETS 
NON-CURRENT ASSETS 
Property, plant and equipment                                                            9             13,679,409             10,464,904 
Deferred tax assets                                                                           16               1,288,777                  148,140 
–––––––––––––– 
                                                                                                                          14,968,186             10,613,044 
–––––––––––––– 

––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

CURRENT ASSETS 
Inventories                                                                                         10               6,903,374               4,959,435 
Trade receivables                                                                              11               6,489,393               7,115,351 
Other receivables, deposits and prepayments                                  12               1,980,870               1,536,134 
Amount owing by contract customers                                               13               2,188,770               1,675,508 
Taxation                                                                                                                     55,749                             – 
Cash and cash equivalents                                                               14             15,941,961               9,619,345 
–––––––––––––– 
                                                                                                                           33,560,117             24,905,773 

––––––––––––––

TOTAL ASSETS                                                                                                48,528,303             35,518,817 
–––––––––––––– 

––––––––––––––

EQUITY AND LIABILITIES 
Share capital                                                                                     15                  195,365                  191,119 
Share premium                                                                                                  10,257,615               8,579,265 
Reconstruction reserve                                                                                     (11,284,500)           (11,284,500) 
Merger relief reserve                                                                                          11,390,000             11,390,000 
Retained profits                                                                                                  27,484,250             19,370,938 
–––––––––––––– 

––––––––––––––

Total equity attributable to owners of the 
Company and total equity                                                                                  38,042,730             28,246,822 
–––––––––––––– 

––––––––––––––

NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES 
Deferred tax liabilities                                                                        16                  339,040                             – 
–––––––––––––– 

––––––––––––––

CURRENT LIABILITIES 
Trade and other payables and accruals                                            17             10,146,533               6,951,803 
Provision for taxation                                                                                                         –                  320,192 
–––––––––––––– 
                                                                                                                          10,146,533               7,271,995 

––––––––––––––

TOTAL LIABILITIES                                                                                          10,485,573               7,271,995 
–––––––––––––– 
TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES                                                                   48,528,303             35,518,817 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

The financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors and authorised for issue on  and are signed 
on its behalf by: 

Director                                                                         Director 

COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 08393914 

 Page 33

 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 34

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

Consolidated statement of  changes in equity 
                                                                                                                 Merger          Recon- 
                                                                        Share            Share             relief      struction       Retained             Total 
                                                                       capital      premium         reserve         reserve          profits           equity 
                                                     Note                    £                    £                    £                    £                    £                    £ 
Balance at 1 September 2016                      177,646      2,590,267    11,390,000   (11,284,500)  14,580,185    17,453,598 
Share based payment 
expense                                                                                                                                           1,464,817      1,464,817 
Profit after taxation and 
total comprehensive 
income for the financial 
year                                                                                                                                                  3,902,741      3,902,741 
Dividend paid                                      7                                                                                              (576,805)      (576,805) 
Issue of shares, net of share 
issue costs                                                      13,473      5,988,998                                                                      6,002,471 
––––––––––– 
–––––––––––
Balance at 31 August 2017                           191,119      8,579,265    11,390,000   (11,284,500)  19,370,938    28,246,822 
––––––––––– 
–––––––––––
––––––––––– 
–––––––––––

–––––––––––
–––––––––––

–––––––––––
–––––––––––

–––––––––––
–––––––––––

–––––––––––
–––––––––––

–––––––––––

–––––––––––

–––––––––––

–––––––––––

Balance at 1 September 2017                       191,119      8,579,265    11,390,000   (11,284,500)  19,370,938    28,246,822 
Share based payment 
expense                                                                                                                                              659,167         659,167 
Profit after taxation and 
total comprehensive 
income for the financial 
year                                                                                                                                                  7,014,668      7,014,668 
Taxation on options                                                                                                                          1,107,382      1,107,382 
Dividend paid                                      7                                                                                              (667,905)      (667,905) 
Issue of shares, net of share 
issue costs                                                        4,246      1,678,350                                                                      1,682,596 
––––––––––– 
–––––––––––
Balance at 31 August 2018                           195,365    10,257,615    11,390,000   (11,284,500)  27,484,250    38,042,730 
––––––––––– 
–––––––––––
––––––––––– 
–––––––––––

–––––––––––
–––––––––––

–––––––––––
–––––––––––

–––––––––––
–––––––––––

–––––––––––
–––––––––––

–––––––––––

–––––––––––

–––––––––––

–––––––––––

The share premium account is a non-distributable reserve representing the difference between the nominal 
value of shares in issue and the amounts subscribed for those shares. 

The reconstruction reserve and merger relief reserve have arisen as follows: 

The acquisition by the Company of the entire issued share capital of Anthony Best Dynamics limited in 2013 
was  accounted  for  a  group  reconstruction.  Consequently,  the  assets  and  liabilities  of  the  Group  were 
recognised at their previous book values as if the Company had always been the parent company of the group. 

The share capital for the period covered by these consolidated financial statements and the comparative 
periods is stated at the nominal value of the shares issued pursuant to the above share arrangement. Any 
differences between the nominal value of these shares and previously reported nominal values of shares and 
applicable  share  premium  issued  by  Anthony  Best  Dynamics  Limited  were  transferred  to  the 
reconstruction reserve. 

Retained profits represent the cumulative value of the profits not distributed to shareholders but retained to 
finance the future capital requirements of the Group. 

 Page 34

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp01-pp35.qxp  13/11/2018  14:54  Page 35

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

Consolidated statement of  cash flows 
                                                                                                                                    2018                       2017 
                                                                                                                                          £                             £ 
Cash flow from operating activities 
Profit before taxation                                                                                            7,946,568               4,472,027 
Adjustments for: 
Change in accounting policy                                                                                              –                   (78,562) 
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment                                                       462,994                  266,856 
Loss on sale of property, plant and equipment                                                         14,606                      4,243 
Interest income                                                                                                        (63,167)                 (65,257) 
Share based payment                                                                                             659,167               1,464,817 
–––––––––––––– 
Operating profit before working capital changes                                           9,020,168               6,064,124 
Increase in inventories                                                                                        (1,943,939)            (1,767,793) 
(Increase) in trade and other receivables                                                              (332,040)            (5,432,557) 
Increase in trade and other payables and accruals                                             3,194,730               3,342,941 
Fair value loss / (gain) on derivative instruments                                                               –                   (90,434) 
–––––––––––––– 
Cash flow from operations                                                                                9,938,919               2,116,281 
Interest received                                                                                                       63,167                    65,257 
Income tax paid                                                                                                  (1,002,057)               (351,476) 
–––––––––––––– 
Net cash flow from operating activities                                                           9,000,029               1,830,062 
–––––––––––––– 

––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

Cash flow from investing activities 
Purchase of property, plant and equipment                                                        (3,698,478)            (8,040,906) 
Sale of property, plant and equipment                                                                        6,374                             – 
–––––––––––––– 
Cash flow used in investing activities                                                            (3,692,104)            (8,040,906) 
–––––––––––––– 

––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

Cash flow from financing activities 
Dividends paid                                                                                                       (667,905)               (576,805) 
Proceeds from issue of share capital, net of share issue costs                           1,682,596               6,002,471 
–––––––––––––– 
Net cash flow used in financing activities                                                       1,014,691               5,425,666 
–––––––––––––– 
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents                                                         6,322,616                 (785,178) 
–––––––––––––– 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the financial year                             9,619,345             10,404,523 
–––––––––––––– 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the financial year                                    15,941,961               9,619,345 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––

 Page 35

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 36

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements 

1.

General information 
The Company is a public company limited by shares and registered in England and Wales with company 
number 08393914. The Company is domiciled in the United Kingdom and the registered office and 
principal place of business is Middleton Drive, Bradford on Avon, Wiltshire, BA15 1GB. 

The principal activity is the specialised area of design and manufacture of test equipment for vehicle 
suspension, steering, noise and vibration. The Company also offers a range of services which include 
analysis, design, prototype manufacture, testing and development. 

Basis of  preparation 
The financial statements are measured and presented in sterling (£) and all values are rounded to the 
nearest pound, unless otherwise stated, which is the currency of the primary economic environment in 
which the entities operate. They have been prepared under the historical cost convention, except for 
financial instruments that have been measured at fair value through profit or loss. 

The financial statements have been prepared on the going concern basis, which assumes that the 
Group will continue to be able to meet its liabilities as they fall due for the foreseeable future. 

The  financial  information  has  been  prepared  in  accordance  with  International  Financial  Reporting 
Standards (‘IFRS’) as adopted by the EU including related interpretations issued by the International 
Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (“IFRIC”). 

Standards, amendments and interpretations to published standards not yet effective 
The Directors have considered those Standards and Interpretations, which have not been applied in 
the Financial Statements but are relevant to the Group’s operations, that are in issue but not yet effective 
and do not consider that they will have a material impact on the future results of the Group. 

The Directors are in the process of considering the potential changes that may occur to the financial 
statements under IFRS 9 ‘Financial Instruments’ and IFRS 16 ‘Leases’. These will apply to periods 
commencing on or after 1 January 2018 and 1 January 2019 respectively. It is not expected that the 
application of IFRS 9 or IFRS 16 will have a material impact on the group’s results. 

2.

Summary of  significant accounting policies 

(a)

Going concern 
The Group’s activities and an outline of the developments taking place in relation to its products, 
services and marketplace are considered in the Chief Operations Officer’s statement on page 5. 

Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements sets out the Company’s financial risks and the 
management of capital risks. 

Accordingly,  after  careful  enquiry  and  review  of  available  financial  information,  including 
projections of profitability and cash flows, the Directors believe that the Company has adequate 
resources to continue to operate for the foreseeable future and that it is therefore appropriate to 
continue to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the consolidated 
and company financial statements. 

(b)

Critical accounting estimates and judgements 
Estimates and judgements are continually evaluated by the directors and management and are 
based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are 
believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. 

The key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at 
the  statement  of  financial  position  date,  that  have  a  significant  risk  of  causing  a  material 
adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial period are 
as stated below: 

Page 36

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 37

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

2.

Summary of  significant accounting policies (continued) 

(b)

Critical accounting estimates and judgements (continued) 
Assessment of  the percentage of  completion of  construction projects (laboratory test systems) 
The probability of a profitable outcome and stage of completion of the contract is determined by 
regular review by management of project milestones, actual costs against budgeted costs and 
any other pertinent information. 

The above estimates are made internally by the Group and any changes of these estimates will 
result in a corresponding change in revenue and profit. The Group’s accounting approach reflects 
a sound judgement as potential losses on contract are being considered and reflected with its 
probability immediately upon occurrence, while contract revenue which cannot be estimated 
reliably is recognised only after confirmed by written agreement. 

Share based payments 
The calculation of the fair value of share based payments at the grant date impacts the profit or 
loss over the vesting period and in the current year this has resulted in a charge of £659,167. 

The magnitude of the fair value is primarily determined by the estimated volatility. The volatility 
has been based on historical share price movement but this is not necessarily representative of 
future volatility. If share price volatility had been 5% higher this would have resulted in the current 
year charge being £83,793 higher than currently shown. 

(c)

Revenue and long-term contracts 
Revenue  represents  the  value,  net  of  sales  taxes,  of  goods  sold  and  services  provided 
to customers. 

Revenue is disaggregated into the following two categories: 

1)

Revenues on laboratory test systems and simulators, which projects lasting longer than 
12 months and require a significant degree of customisation, are recognised according to 
the percentage of completion method. 

When a contract with a customer is judged to be a long-term contract, contract revenue 
and contract costs are recognised over the period of the contract, respectively, as revenue 
and expenses. The Group uses the percentage of completion method to determine the 
appropriate amount of revenue and costs to recognise in a given period. Management 
considers  the  terms  and  conditions  of  the  contract,  including  how  the  contract  was 
negotiated and any elements the customer specifies when identifying individual projects 
as  a  long-term  contract.  The  percentage  of  completion  is  normally  measured  by  the 
proportion that contract costs incurred for work performed to date bear to the estimated 
total  contract  costs,  except  where  this  would  not  be  representative  of  the  stage  of 
completion. This measurement basis is considered to be the most faithful depiction of the 
transfer of ownership as the customer is contractually liable for costs incurred to date. 
Where this is not representative of the stage of completion, management will assess the 
completion of a physical proportion of the contract work in determining the overall stage 
of completion. 

Variations in contract work, claims and incentive payments are recognised to the extent 
that they have been agreed with the customer. The probability of a profitable outcome of 
the contract is determined by regular review by management of project milestones, actual 
costs against budgeted costs and any other pertinent information. When it is probable that 
total contract costs will exceed total contract revenue, the expected loss is recognised as 
an expense immediately. 

The aggregate of the cost incurred and the profit/loss recognised on each contract is 
compared against the progress billings up to the year end. 

Page 37

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 38

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

2.

Summary of  significant accounting policies (continued) 

(c)

Revenue and long-term contracts (continued) 

Contract assets (accrued revenue) and contract liabilities (amounts received in advance 
of performance delivery) are recognised separately. Business development and other pre-
contract costs are expensed as incurred. 

Revenue is recognised on a pro-rata basis according to the work performed and the degree 
of completion of the contract. Where the value of the work performed on a contract exceeds 
the aggregate of payments received on account from customers, the resulting balance is 
included in trade and other receivables. Where the aggregate of payments received on 
account from customers exceeds the value of work performed on a contract, the resulting 
balance is included in current liabilities. 

2)

Revenue from track testing systems, principally in relation the robotic systems which are 
constructed and supplied to a customer within 12 months and where there is no significant 
degree of customisation, is recognised when control is passed to the buyer, which in almost 
all cases is on delivery. Any payments received on account are deferred until these items 
are delivered to the customer. Items such as guarantees or servicing arrangements sold 
in relation to these systems are accounted for as separate performance obligations and 
are recognised over the period to which these obligations are performed by the Company. 
Guarantees  and  servicing  arrangements  have  standard  pricing,  which  management 
consider  reflects  fair  value,  and  these  prices  are  allocated  to  the  separate 
performance obligations. 

(d)

Basis of  consolidation 
The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of all subsidiaries. The 
financial year ends of all entities in the Group are coterminous. 

The financial statements of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements 
from the date on which control over the operating and financial decisions is obtained and cease 
to be consolidated from the date on which control is transferred out of the Group. Control exists 
when the Company has the power, directly, or indirectly, to govern the financial and operating 
policies of an entity so as to obtain economic benefits from its activities. 

All intercompany balances and transactions, including recognised gains arising from inter-group 
transactions, have been eliminated in full. 

Unrealised losses are eliminated in the same manner as recognised gains except to the extent 
that they provide evidence of impairment. 

(e)

Inventories 
Inventories are valued on a first in, first out basis at the lower of cost and net realisable value. 
Cost  includes  all  expenditure  incurred  during  the  normal  course  of  business  in  bringing  in 
inventories to their present location and condition, including in the case of work-in-progress and 
finished goods an appropriate proportion of production overheads. Net realisable value is based 
on the estimated useful selling price less further costs expected to be incurred to completion and 
subsequent disposal. 

(f)

Financial instruments 
Financial instruments are recognised in the statements of financial position when the Company 
has become a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments. 

Financial  instruments  are  classified  as  assets,  liabilities  or  equity  in  accordance  with  the 
substance of the contractual arrangement. Interest, dividends, gains and losses relating to a 
financial instrument classified as a liability, are reported as an expense or income. Distributions 
to holders of financial instruments classified as equity are charged directly to equity. 

Page 38

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 39

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

2.

Summary of  significant accounting policies (continued) 

(f)

Financial instruments (continued) 
Financial instruments are offset when the Group has a legally enforceable right to offset and 
intends to settle either on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. 
A  financial  instrument  is  recognised  initially,  at  its  fair  value  plus,  in  the  case  of  a  financial 
instrument not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable 
to the acquisition or issue of the financial instrument. Financial instruments recognised in the 
statements of financial position are disclosed in the individual policy statement associated with 
each item. 

(i)

Financial assets 
On initial recognition, financial assets are classified as either financial assets at fair value 
through profit or loss or loans and receivables financial assets. The group does not hold 
any held-to-maturity investments or available-for-sale financial assets. 

●

●

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss 
As  at  the  end  of  the  reporting  period,  there  were  no  foreign  currency  forward 
contracts classified under this category. 

Loans and receivables financial assets 
Trade receivables and other receivables that have fixed or determinable payments 
that are not quoted in an active market are classified as loans and receivables 
financial assets. Loans and receivables financial assets are measured at amortised 
cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment loss. Interest income 
is  recognised  by  applying  the  effective  interest  rate,  except  for  short-term 
receivables when the recognition of interest would be immaterial. 

(ii)

Financial liabilities 
All financial liabilities are initially recorded at fair value plus directly attributable transaction 
costs and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method 
other than those categorised as fair value through profit or loss. 

Fair value through profit or loss category comprises financial liabilities that are either held 
for  trading  or  are  designated  to  eliminate  or  significantly  reduce  a  measurement  or 
recognition inconsistency that would otherwise arise. Derivatives are also classified as 
held for trading unless they are designated as hedges. 

(iii)

Equity instruments 
Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue 
of new shares or options are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from proceeds. 

Interim dividends are recognised when paid and final dividends on ordinary shares are 
recognised as liabilities when approved for appropriation. 

(iv) Derivative financial instruments and hedging activities 

Derivatives are initially recognised at fair value on the date a derivative contract is entered 
into and are subsequently measured at their fair value. The method of recognising any 
resulting  gain  or  loss  depends  on  whether  the  derivative  is  designated  as  a  hedging 
instrument and, if so, the nature of the item being hedged. Changes in the fair value of 
any  derivative  instruments  that  do  not  qualify  for  hedge  accounting  are  recognised 
immediately in the income statement. 

Page 39

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 40

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

2.

Summary of  significant accounting policies (continued) 

(g)

Property, plant and equipment 
Property, plant and equipment is initially recorded at cost. Once the asset is available for use, 
depreciation is calculated at rates estimated to write off the cost of the relevant assets, less any 
estimated residual value, on either a straight-line basis or reducing balance basis over their 
expected useful lives. 

Plant and machinery                             10% straight line 
Motor vehicles                                      25% reducing balance 
Furniture and fittings                             10% straight line 
Computer equipment                            25% straight line 
General equipment                               10% straight line 
Proprietorial equipment                        20% straight line 
Test equipment                                     Between 10 20% straight line 
Buildings                                               5% straight line 

(h)

Impairment 
(i)

Impairment of  non-financial assets 
The carrying values of assets, other than those to which IAS 36 Impairment of Assets does 
not apply, are reviewed at the end of each reporting period for impairment when there is 
an indication that the assets might be impaired. Impairment is measured by comparing 
the carrying values of the assets with their recoverable amounts. The recoverable amount 
of the assets is the higher of the assets’ fair value less costs to sell and their value in use, 
which is measured by reference to discounted future cash flow. 

(ii)

Impairment of  non-financial assets (continued) 
An impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss immediately. 

When there is a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount, a 
subsequent increase in the recoverable amount of an asset is treated as a reversal of the 
previous impairment loss and is recognised to the extent of the carrying amount of the 
asset that would have been determined (net of amortisation and depreciation) had no 
impairment loss been recognised. The reversal is recognised in profit or loss immediately. 

(i)

Income taxes 
The income tax expense for the period comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in 
the  income  statement,  except  to  the  extent  that  it  relates  to  items  recognised  in  other 
comprehensive  income  or  directly  in  equity.  In  this  case,  the  tax  is  recognised  in  other 
comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively. 

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively 
enacted at the balance sheet date in the countries where the Company and its subsidiaries 
operate and generate taxable income. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax 
returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It 
establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the 
tax authorities. 

Deferred income tax is recognised, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising 
between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated 
financial statements. 

Deferred  income  tax  is  determined  using  tax  rates  (and  laws)  that  have  been  enacted  or 
substantively enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected to apply when the related 
deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled. 

Deferred income tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable 
profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised. 

Page 40

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 41

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

2.

Summary of  significant accounting policies (continued) 

(j)

Share-based payments 
Employees (including Directors and Senior Executives) of the Group receive remuneration in the 
form  of  share-based  payment  transactions,  whereby  these  individuals  render  services  as 
consideration for equity instruments (“equity-settled transactions”). These individuals are granted 
share option rights approved by the Board which can only be settled in shares of the respective 
companies that award the equity-settled transactions. Share options rights are also granted to 
these individuals by majority shareholders over their shares held. No cash settled awards have 
been made or are planned. 

The cost of equity-settled transactions is recognised, together with a corresponding increase in 
equity, over the period in which the performance and/or service conditions are fulfilled, ending 
on the date on which the relevant individuals become fully entitled to the award (“vesting point”). 
The cumulative expense recognised for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until 
the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Group’s best 
estimate of the number of equity instruments and value that will ultimately vest. The statement 
of  comprehensive  income  charge  for  the  year  represents  the  movement  in  the  cumulative 
expense recognised as at the beginning and end of that period. 

The fair value of share-based remuneration is determined at the date of grant and recognised 
as an expense in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, taking account of 
the estimated number of shares that will vest. The fair value is determined by use of Black 
Scholes model method. 

(k)

Foreign exchange 
Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are translated into sterling at the rates prevailing 
of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the 
balance sheet date are translated at the rates prevailing at that date. These translation differences 
are dealt with in the Consolidated statement of comprehensive income. 

Page 41

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 42

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

3.

Segment reporting 
The Group derives revenue from the sale of its advanced measurement and testing products derived 
in assisting the global automotive industry in the laboratory and on the test track. The income streams 
are all derived from the utilisation of these products which, in all aspects except details of revenue, are 
reviewed and managed together within the Group and as such are considered to be the only segment. 

Per IFRS 8, the operating segment is based on internal reports about components of the group, which 
are  regularly  reviewed  and  used  by  the  board  of  directors  being  the  Chief  Operating  Decision 
Maker (“CODM”). 

All of the Group’s non-current assets are held in the UK. 

Material revenues attributable to individual foreign countries are as follows: 

United Kingdom
Rest of the European Union
North America
Rest of the World

2018
£

2017 
£ 

616,964
12,477,737
5,093,783
18,862,661
––––––––––––––
37,051,145
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

1,174,643 
8,965,899 
3,299,671 
11,129,837 
–––––––––––––– 
24,570,050 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

No revenues derive from major customers, which individually represent 10% or more of total revenue. 

Revenues are disaggregated, as required by IFRS 15, as follows: 

Revenue from track testing systems
Revenue from laboratory test systems

4.

Finance income 

Interest received

33,304,089
3,747,056
––––––––––––––
37,051,145
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

20,766,061 
3,803,989 
–––––––––––––– 
24,570,050 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

2018
£

2017 
£ 

63,167
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

65,257 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

Page 42

 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 43

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

5.

Profit before taxation 
The profit before taxation is arrived at after charging/(crediting): - 

Depreciation 
Loss on sale of assets
Realised loss/(gain) on foreign exchange
Staff costs: 
– salaries, allowances and bonuses
Social security costs
Defined contribution pension scheme costs
Share based payments
Research and development costs
Operating lease payments recognised as an expense

Auditors remuneration 

Fees payable to the Company’s auditors for the audit of the 
Company’s financial statements
Fees payable to the Company’s auditors for other services: 
The audit of the Company’s subsidiary subject to legislation
Fees payable to the Company’s auditors for tax compliance services

Total

2018
£

462,994
14,605
(149,869)

2017 
£ 

266,856 
4,242 
(404,835) 

7,328,441
696,793
348,772
659,168
478,458
164,761
––––––––––––––

5,250,212 
540,954 
282,503 
1,464,817 
375,016 
157,065 
–––––––––––––– 

2018
£

2017 
£ 

26,500

23,226 

18,010
7,750
––––––––––––––
52,260
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

17,485 
8,880 
–––––––––––––– 
49,591 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

The average monthly number of employees, including the directors, during the year was as follows: 

Directors & Commercial
Engineers & Technicians
Administration

2018
No.

2017 
No. 

9
94
25
––––––––––––––
128 
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

10 
72 
15 
–––––––––––––– 
97 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

Total remuneration of key management personnel, being the directors of the Company plus the directors 
of the operating subsidiary, is set out below in aggregate for each of the categories specified in IAS24, 
related party disclosures: 

Short term employee benefits
Post-employment benefits
Social security costs
Share based payments – equity settled

2018
£

2017 
£ 

1,260,052
63,630
154,173
217,837
––––––––––––––
1,695,692
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

1,070,060 
55,648 
126,087 
479,555 
–––––––––––––– 
1,731,350 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

Further  details  relating  to  the  remuneration  of  the  directors  of  the  Company  can  be  found  in  the 
directors report. 

Page 43

 
 
 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 44

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

6.

Income tax expense 

Current tax: 
– for the financial year
– under/(over) provision in the 
 previous financial year

Deferred tax: (Note 16): 
– origination and reversal of temporary differences 
– related to share-based payments on exercised options

2018
£

2017 
£ 

1,010,058

747,883 

(110,766)
––––––––––––––
899,292
––––––––––––––

88,489 
–––––––––––––– 
836,372 
–––––––––––––– 

147,787
(115,179)
––––––––––––––
931,900
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

72,307 
(339,393) 
–––––––––––––– 
569,286 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

The tax assessed for the year is the same as (2017 – the same as) the standard rate of corporation tax 
in the UK of 19% (2017 – 19.58%) as set out below. 

A reconciliation of income tax expense applicable to the profit before taxation at the effective tax rate 
to the income tax expense at the effective tax rate of the Group are as follows: 

Profit before taxation

Tax at the applicable statutory tax rate of 
19% (2017 – 19.58%)
Tax effects of: 
Non-deductible expenses
Adjustment in research and development tax credit
(Over)/under provision in the previous financial year
Non-taxable foreign currency forward contracts
Patent box relief *
Other differences including change in rate of deferred tax provision

Income tax expense for the financial year

2018
£

2017 
£ 

7,946,568
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

4,472,027 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

1,509,848

875,623 

41,123
(118,179)
(110,766)
– 
(271,974)
(118,152)
––––––––––––––
931,900
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

17,215 
(95,461) 
88,489 

(279,062) 
(37,518) 
–––––––––––––– 
569,286 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

* Patent box relief represents the tax effect of the reduced amount payable on profits that fall within the 
Patent Box. 

In addition to the amount charged to the profit or loss, the following amounts relating to tax have been 
recognised directly in equity: 

Current tax 
Excess tax deductions related to share-based  
payments on exercised options
Deferred tax 
Change in estimated excess tax deductions related to  
share-based payments

Total income tax recognised directly in equity

Page 44

2018
£

2017 
£ 

(273,177)

– 

(834,205)
––––––––––––––
(1,107,382)
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

– 
–––––––––––––– 
– 
–––––––––––––– 
––––––––––––––

 
 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 45

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

7.

Dividends paid 

Final 2016 dividend paid of £0.01815 per share
Interim dividend paid of £0.01331 per share
Final 2017 dividend paid of £0.02 per share
Interim dividend paid of £0.01465 per share

2018
£

2017 
£ 

–
–
383,880
284,025
––––––––––––––
667,905
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

322,426 
254,379 
– 
– 
–––––––––––––– 
576,805 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

The Board has proposed a final dividend of 2.20p per share totalling £429,804. Together with the interim 
dividend of 1.465p per share this gives a total Ordinary dividend of 3.665p for the year. 

8.

Earnings per share 
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to equity holders by the weighted 
average number of ordinary shares in issue during the period. 

Diluted earnings per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average number of ordinary shares 
outstanding to assume conversion of all dilutive potential shares. The Company has one category of 
potentially dilutive shares, namely share options. 

The calculation of earnings per share is based on the following earnings and number of shares. 

Profit after tax attributable to owners of 
the Group (£)
Weighted average number of shares: 
Basic 
Adjustments in respect of potentially dilutive share options 
Diluted 
Earnings per share (pence) 
Basic
Diluted

Years ended 31 August 
2017 
2018

7,014,668

3,902,741 

19,330,494

18,734,960 

20,023,754

18,982,585 

36.29
35.03

20.83 
20.56 

Page 45

 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 46

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

9.

Property, plant and equipment 

Test
Equipment
£

Cost 
At 31 August 2017

Additions 
Disposals 
Transfer between classes

At 31 August 2018

Accumulated depreciation 
At 31 August 2017
Charge for the year 
Disposals 

At 31 August 2018

Net book value 
At 31 August 2017

At 31 August 2018

1,812,842
–––––––––
–––––––––
365,279
–
–
–––––––––
2,178,121
–––––––––
–––––––––

245,074
33,546
–
–––––––––
278,620
–––––––––
–––––––––

1,567,768
–––––––––
–––––––––
1,899,501
–––––––––
–––––––––

Furniture
and
fittings
£

722,613
–––––––––
–––––––––
310,702
(18,575)
259,970
–––––––––
1,274,710
–––––––––
–––––––––

350,492
117,059
(11,825)
–––––––––
455,726
–––––––––
–––––––––

Motor

Vehicles machinery
£

Plant and Other fixed
assets
£

£

164,120
–––––––––
–––––––––
79,207
(31,851)
–
–––––––––
211,476
–––––––––
–––––––––

72,522
30,205
(27,456)
–––––––––
75,271
–––––––––
–––––––––

443,345
–––––––––
–––––––––
51,657
(15,931)
–
–––––––––
479,071
–––––––––
–––––––––

221,770
35,636
(6,097)
–––––––––
251,309
–––––––––
–––––––––

120,278
–––––––––
–––––––––
105,908
–
–
–––––––––
226,186
–––––––––
–––––––––

61,061
30,289
–
–––––––––
91,350
–––––––––
–––––––––

Land &
Buildings
£

Total 
£ 

8,315,406
–––––––––
–––––––––
2,785,725
–
(259,970)
–––––––––
10,841,161
–––––––––
–––––––––

11,578,604 
–––––––––– 
–––––––––– 
3,698,478 
(66,357) 
– 
–––––––––– 
15,210,725 
–––––––––– 
–––––––––– 

162,781
216,259
–
–––––––––
379,040
–––––––––
–––––––––

1,113,700 
462,994 
(45,378) 
–––––––––– 
1,531,316 
–––––––––– 
–––––––––– 

372,121
–––––––––
–––––––––
818,984
–––––––––
–––––––––

91,598
–––––––––
–––––––––
136,205
–––––––––
–––––––––

221,575
–––––––––
–––––––––
227,762
–––––––––
–––––––––

59,217
–––––––––
–––––––––
134,836
–––––––––
–––––––––

8,152,625
–––––––––
–––––––––
10,462,121
–––––––––
–––––––––

10,464,904 
–––––––––– 
–––––––––– 
13,679,409 
–––––––––– 
–––––––––– 

Included within land and buildings is property under the course of construction with a total net book 
value of £163,944 (2017: £7,959,947). Depreciation will not be charged until the property is ready 
for use. 

Costs associated with the development of the advanced vehicle dynamic simulator, which is under 
construction,  are  included  within  test  equipment  and  have  a  total  net  book  value  of  £1,650,024 
(2017: £1,368,108). Depreciation will not be charged until the asset is ready for use. 

Test
Equipment
£

Cost 
At 31 August 2016

Additions 
Disposals 

At 31 August 2017

Accumulated depreciation 
At 31 August 2016
Charge for the year 
Disposals 

At 31 August 2017

Net book value 
At 31 August 2016

At 31 August 2017

816,293
–––––––––
–––––––––
996,549
–
–––––––––
1,812,842
–––––––––
–––––––––

210,040
35,034
–
–––––––––
245,074
–––––––––
–––––––––

606,253
–––––––––
–––––––––
1,567,768
–––––––––
–––––––––

Furniture
and
fittings
£

612,709
–––––––––
–––––––––
116,696
(6,792)
–––––––––
722,613
–––––––––
–––––––––

274,813
78,228
(2,549)
–––––––––
350,492
–––––––––
–––––––––

337,896
–––––––––
–––––––––
372,121
–––––––––
–––––––––

Motor

Vehicles machinery
£

Plant and Other fixed
assets
£

£

95,089
–––––––––
–––––––––
69,031
–
–––––––––
164,120
–––––––––
–––––––––

57,321
15,201
–
–––––––––
72,522
–––––––––
–––––––––

37,768
–––––––––
–––––––––
91,598
–––––––––
–––––––––

364,420
–––––––––
–––––––––
78,925
–
–––––––––
443,345
–––––––––
–––––––––

192,074
29,696
–
–––––––––
221,770
–––––––––
–––––––––

172,346
–––––––––
–––––––––
221,575
–––––––––
–––––––––

103,895
–––––––––
–––––––––
16,383
–
–––––––––
120,278
–––––––––
–––––––––

40,282
20,779
–
–––––––––
61,061
–––––––––
–––––––––

63,613
–––––––––
–––––––––
59,217
–––––––––
–––––––––

Land &
Buildings
£

1,552,084
–––––––––
–––––––––
6,763,322
–
–––––––––
8,315,406
–––––––––
–––––––––

74,863
87,918
–
–––––––––
162,781
–––––––––
–––––––––

Total 
£ 

3,544,490 
–––––––––– 
–––––––––– 
8,040,906 
(6,792) 
–––––––––– 
11,578,604 
–––––––––– 
–––––––––– 

849,393 
266,856 
(2,549) 
–––––––––– 
1,113,700 
–––––––––– 
–––––––––– 

1,477,221
–––––––––
–––––––––
8,152,625
–––––––––
–––––––––

2,695,097 
–––––––––– 
–––––––––– 
10,464,904 
–––––––––– 
–––––––––– 

Page 46

 
 
 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 47

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

10.

Inventories 

Work in progress
Raw materials

2018
£

2017 
£ 

3,279,398
3,623,976
––––––––––––––
6,903,374
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

1,970,871 
2,988,564 
–––––––––––––– 
4,959,435 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

The value of inventories (being materials used and consumables) recognised as an expense was  
£15,492,323 (2017: £9,753,366). 

The amount of write down of inventories recognised as an expense was £Nil (2017: £Nil). 

11.

Trade receivables 

Trade receivables

2018
£

2017 
£ 

6,489,393
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

7,115,351 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

The Group’s normal trade credit term is 30 to 60 days. Other credit terms are assessed and approved 
on a case by case basis. 

12. Other receivables and prepayments 

Other receivables 
Prepayments

13.

Amount owing to contract customers 

Cost incurred to date
Attributable profits

Progress billings

Represented by: 
Contract liabilities (see note 24)
Contract assets (see note 24)

No retentions were held by customers for contract work.

2018
£

2017 
£ 

1,056,398
924,472
––––––––––––––
1,980,870
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

868,807 
667,327 
–––––––––––––– 
1,536,134 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

2018
£

2017 
£ 

36,789,365
3,786,166
––––––––––––––
40,575,531
(42,727,869)
––––––––––––––
(2,152,338)

(4,341,108)
2,188,770
––––––––––––––
(2,152,338)
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

20,130,826 
2,888,698 
–––––––––––––– 
23,019,524 
(23,908,729) 
–––––––––––––– 
(889,205) 

(2,564,713) 
1,675,508 
–––––––––––––– 
(889,205) 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

Page 47

 
 
 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 48

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

14.

Cash and cash equivalents 
For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents comprise the following:  

Cash and bank balances

2018
£

2017 
£ 

15,941,961
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

9,619,345 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

15.

Share capital 
The allotted, called up and full paid share capital is made up of 19,536,534 ordinary shares of £0.01 
each. 

At 1 September 2016
On 9 December 2016
On 9 December 2016
On 28 December 2016
On 28 December 2016

At 31 August 2017

On 13 September 2017
On 19 January 2018
On 15 May 2018
On 23 July 2018
At 31 August 2018

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)

Note

Number
of  shares

Share
Capital
£

177,646
11,368

17,764,578
1,136,842

210,526

2,105

–––––––––––––
19,111,946
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––
82,053
193,486
25,127
123,922
19,536,534
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––

–––––––––––––
191,119
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––
821
1,935
251
1,239
195,365
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––

Share 
premium
£

2,590,267
5,388,631
(393,478)
997,894
(4,048)
–––––––––––––
8,579,265
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––
323,288
765,758
99,001
490,303
10,257,615
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––

Total 
£ 

2,767,913 
5,399,999 
(393,478) 
999,999 
(4,048) 
––––––––––––– 
8,770,384 
––––––––––––– 
––––––––––––– 
324,109 
767,693 
99,252 
491,542 
10,452,980 
––––––––––––– 
––––––––––––– 

(i)

On 9 December 2016, a total of 1,136,842 new ordinary shares were placed of £0.01 each 
for £4.75. 

(ii)

Costs of £393,478 associated with the Placing on 9 December 2016 were incurred. 

(iii) On 28 December 2016, a total of 210,526 new ordinary shares were admitted to trading on AIM 

following the issue of Offer shares. 

(iv)

Costs of £4,048 associated with the Offer in 28 December 2016 were incurred. 

(v)

On 13 September 2017, a total of 82,053 share options were exercised of £0.01 each for £3.95. 

(vi) On 19 January 2018, a total of 193,486 share options were exercised of £0.01 each for £3.95. 

(vii) On 15 May 2018, a total of 25,127 share options were exercised of £0.01 each for £3.95. 

(viii) On 23 July 2018, a total of 123,922 share options were exercised of £0.01 each for £3.95. 

Page 48

 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 49

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

16.

Deferred tax 

At 1 September 
Recognised in profit or loss: 
In respect of accelerated capital allowances
In respect of deferred tax on share options
Recognised in equity: 

In respect of deferred tax on share options

At 31 August 

The deferred tax balance is analysed as follows: 

Deferred tax asset 
Deferred tax liability 

The deferred tax assets are attributable to: 

Accelerated capital allowances
Deferred tax on share options

The deferred tax liabilities are attributable to: 

Accelerated capital allowances
Short term timing differences 

17.

Trade and other payables and accruals 

Trade payables
Contract liabilities (note 24)
Social security and other taxes
Other payables and accruals

2018
£

2017 
£ 

148,140

(118,946) 

(147,787)
115,179

(72,307) 
339,393 

834,205
––––––––––––––
949,737
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

– 
–––––––––––––– 
148,140 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

£

£ 

1,288,777
(339,040)
––––––––––––––
949,737
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

148,140 
– 
–––––––––––––– 
148,140 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

£

£ 

–
1,288,777
––––––––––––––
1,288,777
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

(191,253) 
339,393 
–––––––––––––– 
148,140 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

£

£ 

(347,106)
8,066
––––––––––––––

(339,040) 

––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

– 
– 
–––––––––––––– 

–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

2018
£

2017 
£ 

2,427,501
4,341,108
153,943
3,223,981
––––––––––––––
10,146,533
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

1,532,313 
2,564,713 
114,660 
2,740,117 
–––––––––––––– 
6,951,803 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

Contract liabilities consist of Deferred income and payments in advance. Where payments are received 
on account and then deferred until the goods and have been delivered to the customer. Payments in 
advance relate to contractual revenue billed in advance and the income to be recognised upon delivery 
of goods and completion of services. 

Page 49

 
 
 
 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 50

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

18.

Financial instruments 
The Group’s activities are exposed to a variety of market risk (including foreign currency risk, interest 
rate risk and equity price risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. The overall financial risk management policy 
focuses on mitigating the potential adverse effects on the Group’s financial performance, through the 
use of forward contracts. 

(a)

Financial risk management policies 
The Group’s policies in respect of the major areas of treasury activity are as follows: 

(i)

Market risk 
(i)       Foreign currency risk 

The Group is exposed to foreign currency risk on transactions and balances that 
are denominated in currencies other than the Great Britain Pound. The currencies 
giving  rise  to  this  risk  are  primarily  the  Euro  and  United  States  Dollar.  Foreign 
currency  risk  is  monitored  closely  on  an  ongoing  basis  to  ensure  that  the  net 
exposure is at an acceptable level. 

The Group maintains a natural hedge whenever possible, by matching the cash 
inflows  (revenue  stream)  and  cash  outflows  used  for  purposes  such  as  capital 
expenditure and operational expenditure in the respective currencies. 

Where appropriate the Group has also utilised derivative financial instruments in 
the form of forward contracts to sell currency in respect of sales denominated in 
currencies other than Great Britain Pound. 

The Group’s exposure to foreign currency is as follows: 

Great
Britain
Pound
£

United 
States
Dollar
£

Euro
£

Japan
Yen
£

Chinese 
RMB
£

Total 
£ 

2018 
Financial assets 
6,256,844
Trade receivables
1,063,765
Contract assets
Other receivables
924,472
Cash and bank balances 14,296,139
––––––––––
22,541,220
––––––––––

71,123
–
–
1,277,232
–––––––––
1,348,355
–––––––––

161,426
1,125,005
–
6,573
–––––––––
1,293,004
–––––––––

–
–
–

–
–
–
250

6,489,393 
2,188,770 
924,472 
361,767 15,941,961 
––––––––– –––––––––– –––––––––– 
361,767 25,544,596 
––––––––– –––––––––– –––––––––– 

250

Financial liabilities 
Trade payables
Other payables and 
accruals

Net financial assets
Less: Net financial 
assets denominated 
in the functional currency

Currency exposure

2,059,262

108,572

246,434

13,233

–

2,427,501 

–

–

3,223,981 
––––––––– –––––––––– –––––––––– 
5,651,482 
––––––––– –––––––––– –––––––––– 
19,893,114 

13,233

–

17,257,937 
–––––––––– 
2,635,177 
–––––––––– 
–––––––––– 

3,223,981
––––––––––
5,283,243
––––––––––

–
–––––––––
108,572
–––––––––

–
–––––––––
246,434
–––––––––

Page 50

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 51

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

18.

Financial instruments (continued) 
(a)

Financial risk management policies (continued) 
(i)

Market risk (continued) 
(i)       Foreign currency risk (continued) 

The Group’s exposure to foreign currency is as follows:  

Great
Britain
Pound
£

United 
States
Dollar
£

Euro
£

Japan
Yen
£

Chinese 
RMB
£

Total 
£ 

2017 
Financial assets 
Trade receivables
Contract assets
Other receivables
Cash and bank balances

Financial liabilities 
Trade payables
Other payables and 
accruals

Net financial assets
Less: Net financial 
assets denominated 
in the functional currency

Currency exposure

4,921,481
1,231,550
667,327
9,175,451
––––––––––
15,995,809
––––––––––

1,892,235
–
–
263,652
–––––––––
2,155,887
–––––––––

143,453
393,144
–
29,965
–––––––––
566,562
–––––––––

–
–
–
2,636

7,115,351 
158,182
1,675,508 
50,814
667,327 
–
9,619,345 
147,641
––––––––– –––––––––– –––––––––– 
356,637 19,077,531 
––––––––– –––––––––– –––––––––– 

2,636

1,034,267

177,140

289,179

31,727

–

1,532,313 

2,740,117
––––––––––
3,774,384
––––––––––

–
–––––––––
177,140
–––––––––

–
–––––––––
289,179
–––––––––

–

–

2,740,117 
––––––––– –––––––––– –––––––––– 
4,272,430 
––––––––– –––––––––– –––––––––– 
14,805,101 

31,727

–

12,221,425 
–––––––––– 
2,583,676 
–––––––––– 
–––––––––– 

The  Group  seeks  to  offset  foreign  currency  risk  exposure  by  way  of  forward 
exchange contracts. 

The  consolidated  statement  of  comprehensive  income  would  be  affected  by  a 
gain/loss of approximately £105k (2017 – £28k) by a reasonable 10 percentage 
point fluctuation down/up in the exchange rate between sterling and the US dollar, 
a gain/loss of approximately £124k (2017 – £198k) by a reasonable 10 percentage 
point fluctuation down/up in the exchange rate between sterling and the Euro, a 
gain/loss of approximately £1k (2017 – £3k) by a reasonable 10 percentage point 
fluctuation down/up in the exchange rate between sterling and the Japanese Yen 
and a gain/loss of approximately £36k (2017 – £36k) by a reasonable 10 percentage 
point  fluctuation  down/up  in  the  exchange  rate  between  sterling  and  the 
Chinese RMB. 

(ii)      Interest rate risk 

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial 
instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Group’s 
exposure to interest rate risk arises mainly from interest-bearing financial assets 
being  interest  bearing  bank  deposits.  The  Group’s  policy  is  to  obtain  the  most 
favourable interest rates available whilst ensuring that cash is deposited with a 
financial institution with a credit rating of “AA” or better. Any surplus funds are placed 
with licensed financial institutions to generate interest income. 

Interest rate risk sensitivity analysis 
A 100 basis points strengthening/weakening of the interest rate as at the end of the 
reporting period would have immaterial impact on profit after taxation and equity. 
This assumes that all other variables remain constant. 

Page 51

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 52

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

18.

Financial instruments (continued) 
(a)

Financial risk management policies (continued) 
(i)

Market risk (continued) 
(iii)     Equity price risk 

The Group does not have any quoted investments and hence is not exposed to 
equity price risk. 

(ii)

Credit risk 
The Group’s exposure to credit risk, or the risk of counterparties defaulting, arises mainly 
from trade and other receivables. The Group manages its exposure to credit risk by the 
application of credit approvals, credit limits and monitoring procedures on an ongoing 
basis. For other financial assets (including cash and bank balances), the Group seeks to 
minimise credit risk by dealing exclusively with high credit rating counterparties. 

The Group establishes an allowance for impairment that represents its estimate of incurred 
losses in respect of the trade and other receivables as appropriate. The main components 
of  this  allowance  are  a  specific  loss  component  that  relates  to  individually  significant 
exposures. Impairment is estimated by management based on prior experience and the 
current economic environment. 

Credit risk concentration profile 
The Group’s major concentration of credit risk at 31 August 2018 relates to the amounts 
owing by three customers which constituted approximately 47% of its trade receivables 
as at the end of the reporting period. 

Exposure to credit risk 
As  the  Group  does  not  hold  any  collateral,  the  maximum  exposure  to  credit  risk  is 
represented  by  the  carrying  amount  of  the  financial  assets  as  at  the  end  of  the 
reporting period. 

The exposure of credit risk for trade receivables by geographical region is as follows: 

United States
United Kingdom
Europe
Rest of the World

2018
£

2017 
£ 

864,320
15,726
2,934,353
2,674,994
––––––––––––––
6,489,393
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

1,390,707 
559,943 
2,917,059 
2,247,642 
–––––––––––––– 
7,115,351 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

Page 52

 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 53

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

18.

Financial instruments (continued) 
(a)

Financial risk management policies (continued) 
(ii)

Credit risk (continued) 
Ageing analysis 
The ageing analysis of the Group’s trade receivables as at each of the two years ended 
31 August 2018 is as follows: 

2018 
Not past due 
Past due: 
– less than 3 months
– 3 to 6 months

2017 
Not past due 
Past due: 
– less than 3 months
– 3 to 6 months

Gross
amount
£

Individual
impairment
£

Carrying 
value 
£ 

2,838,021

–

2,838,021 

3,479,630
179,024
7,122,633
––––––––––––––
6,496,675
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

–
7,282
7,282
––––––––––––––
7,282
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

3,479,630 
171,742 
7,115,351 
–––––––––––––– 
6,489,393 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

3,503,178

–

3,503,178 

3,325,162
294,293
7,122,633
7,122,633
––––––––––––––
7,122,633
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

–
7,282
7,282
7,282
––––––––––––––
7,282
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

3,325,162 
287,011 
7,115,351 
7,115,351 
–––––––––––––– 
7,115,351 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

At the end of the reporting period, trade receivables that are individually impaired were 
those in significant financial difficulties and have defaulted on payments. These receivables 
are not secured by any collateral or credit enhancement. 

Trade receivables that are past due but not impaired 
The Group believes that no impairment allowance is necessary in respect of these trade 
receivables. They are substantially companies with good collection track record and no 
recent history of default. 

(iii)

Liquidity risk 
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Group will not be able to meet its financial obligations as 
they  fall  due.  The  exposure  to  liquidity  risk  arises  primarily  from  mismatches  of  the 
maturities of financial assets and liabilities. 

The Group maintains a level of cash and cash equivalents and bank facilities deemed 
adequate by the management to ensure as far as possible, that it will have sufficient 
liquidity to meet its liabilities when they fall due. 

Page 53

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 54

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

18.

Financial instruments (continued) 
(a)

Financial risk management policies (continued) 
(iii)

Liquidity risk (continued) 
The following table details the Group’s contractual maturity for its financial liabilities. The 
table has been drawn up based on the undiscounted cash flows of financial liabilities based 
on the earliest date on which the Group and the Company can be required to pay. 

As at 31 August 2018 

Less than
1 month
£

Less than
3 months
£

3 to 
12 months
£

Total 
£ 

Trade and other payables

3,277,394

66,302

2,307,786

5,651,482 

This compares to the maturity of the Group’s financial liabilities in the previous reporting 
periods as follows: 

As at 31 August 2017 

Trade and other payables

Less than
1 month
£

Less than
3 months
£

3 to 
12 months
£

Total 
£ 

2,820,623
–––––––––––––
2,820,623
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––

–
–––––––––––––
–
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––

1,451,807
–––––––––––––
1,451,807
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––

4,272,430 
––––––––––––– 
4,272,430 
––––––––––––– 
––––––––––––– 

The above contractual maturities reflect the gross cash flows, which may differ to the 
carrying values of the liabilities at the balance sheet date. 

(b)

Capital risk management 
Capital is defined as the total equity of the Group. The Group’s objectives when managing capital 
are to safeguard the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for 
shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to 
reduce the cost of capital. In order to maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Group may 
adjust the amount of dividends paid to shareholders, return capital to shareholders, issue new 
shares or sell assets to reduce debt. 

The  Group  manages  its  capital  based  on  debt-to-equity  ratio. The  strategies  adopted  were 
unchanged during the period under review and from those adopted in the previous financial year. 
The debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as net debt divided by total equity. Net debt is calculated as 
borrowings plus trade and other payables less cash and cash equivalents. 

At 31 August 2018, the Group’s cash resources exceed its total debt. The Company hence has 
no net debt. 

Page 54

 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 55

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

18.

Financial instruments (continued) 
(c)

Classification of  financial instruments 
All financial instruments are categorised as follows. 

Loans and receivables 
Trade receivables
Contract assets
Other receivables 
Cash and bank balances
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss 
Derivative financial instruments

Financial liabilities held at amortised cost 
Trade and accruals and other payables 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss 
Derivative financial instruments

2018
£

6,489,393
2,188,770
924,472
15,941,961

–
––––––––––––––
25,544,596
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

2017 
£ 

7,115,351 
1,675,508 
667,327 
9,619,345 

– 
–––––––––––––– 
19,077,531 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

5,651,482

4,272,430 

–
––––––––––––––
5,651,482
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

– 
–––––––––––––– 
4,272,430 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

(d)

Fair value hierarchy 
The fair values of the financial assets and liabilities are analysed into level 1 to 3 as follows: 

Level 1:

Level 2:

Level 3:

Fair value measurements derive from quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets 
for identical assets or liabilities. 

Fair value measurements derive from inputs other than quoted prices included within 
level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. 

Fair value measurements derive from valuation techniques that include inputs for 
that  are  not  based  on  observable  market  data 
the  asset  or 
(unobservable inputs). 

liability 

The only financial instruments carried at fair values were foreign currency forward contracts being 
derivative financial instruments falling within Level 2 and valued based on discounted cash flow. 
The future cash flows are estimated based on forward exchange rates (from observable forward 
exchange rates at the end of the reporting period) and contract forward rates, discounted at a 
rate that reflects the credit risk of various counterparties. The carrying value of all other financial 
instruments approximates their fair value. 

There were no forward contracts in 2018. 

19.

Lease commitments 
The Group had total commitments at the end of each financial year in respect of non-cancellable 
operating leases of: 

Property leases 
Payable within one year
Payable within 2-5 years

The lease terms are due to complete between 2018 and 2023. 

Page 55

2018
£

2017 
£ 

220,147
404,800
––––––––––––––
624,947
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

143,079 
170,233 
–––––––––––––– 
313,312 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 56

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

20.

Related party disclosures 
Mr. A. Best, a director of the Company, is a trustee and beneficiary of the Best Middleton Trust. Rental 
payments of £48,000 (2017 – £48,000) were made in the year. No amounts were due to or from the 
trust at any year end. 

Balances and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries are eliminated on consolidation 
and are not disclosed in this note. 

The remuneration of the key management personnel of the Group is set out in the Directors’ report on 
page 16. 

During the year, the directors received dividends from the Company totalling £226,254. 

21.

Share options and warrants 
The share option schemes were established to reward and incentivise the executive management team 
and  staff  for  delivering  share  price  growth.  The  share  option  schemes  are  administered  by  the 
Remuneration Committee. 

The share option scheme adopted by the Company during the year ending 31 August 2018 is equity 
settled and a charge of £659,167 (2017 £1,464,817) has been charged to profit or loss relating to 
these options. 

These fair values were calculated using Black Scholes option pricing model. The inputs into the model 
were as follows: 

Stock price                                      395p 
Exercise price                                  395p 
Interest rate                                     1% 
Volatility                                           40% 
Time to maturity                               10 years 

The expected volatility was determined with reference to recent trading performance. 

One third of the options will vest on each of the first, second and third anniversary of the grant date of 
11 July 2016 subject to the employees remaining employed by the Company. 

Details of the share options outstanding at the year-end are as follows: 

Outstanding as at  
1 September
Granted during the year
Forfeited during the year
Expired during the year
Exercised during the year

Options outstanding at  
31 August

Exercisable at 31 August

Number
31 August
2018

1,337,122
–
–
–
(424,588)
––––––––––––––

912,534
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
912,534
––––––––––––––

WAEP
(pence)
31 August
2018

395.00
–
–
–
395.00
––––––––––––––

395.00
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
395.00
––––––––––––––

Number
31 August
2017

1,337,122
–
–
–
–
––––––––––––––

1,337,122
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
445,731
––––––––––––––

WAEP 
(pence) 
31 August 
2017 

395.00 
– 
– 
– 
– 
–––––––––––––– 

395.00 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 
395.00 
–––––––––––––– 

The weighted average share price on the date of exercise was 940.00p. 

The weighted average remaining contractual life of the options outstanding at the statement of financial 
position date is 7.8 years. 

Warrants 
There are no warrants outstanding at 31 August 2018. 

Page 56

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 57

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

22.

23.

Ultimate controlling party 
There is no ultimate controlling party. 

Capital commitments 
At 31 August 2018 the Group had capital commitments as follows: 

Contracted but not provided in these financial statements

2018
£

2017 
£ 

77,828
––––––––––––––
77,828
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

2,449,272 
–––––––––––––– 
2,449,272 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

24.

Revenue recognition and contract balances 
Contract balances 
At 31 August 2018, the group had the following customer contract related assets and liabilities: 

Contract assets: 

Opening balance at 1 September 2017
Closing balance at 31 August 2018

Accrued income 

£1,675,508 
£2,188,770 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

The increase in contract assets is the result of the stage of completion of two contracts. 

Within the figure of £2,188,770 is a balance of: 

£1,125,005 for a customer whereby nothing has been invoiced yet £1,125,005 of expenditure has been 
allocated. In October 2018 75% of the contract was invoiced which has resulted in a contract liability in 
the month. 

£1,063,765 for a customer whereby nothing has been invoiced yet £1,063,765 of expenditure has 
been allocated. 

Contract liabilities: 

Opening balance at 1 September 2017

Closing balance at 31 August 2018

Contract Liabilities 

£2,564,713 
–––––––––––––– 
£4,341,108 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

This balance consists of Deferred income and Payments in advance. The significant increase of contract 
liabilities is due to deferred income which principally relates to a marked increase in the volume of track 
testing systems in progress as at 31 August 2018 where payments received on account are deferred 
until the goods have been delivered to the customer. Within this figure is £0.56m relating to support 
and warranty and is recognised over the period to which these obligations are performed. 

Within the opening balance of £2,564,713, an amount of £2,039,929 has been recognised in revenue 
during the period. 

Page 57

 
 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 58

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

24.

Revenue recognition and contract balances (continued) 

Performance obligations 
The performance obligations in relation to the contracts with its customers are as follows: 

Laboratory test systems 
The long term construction contracts are in relation to the laboratory test systems which are highly 
customised items which typically take more than 12 months to construct and supply these systems to 
the customers. In the judgement of management, the group satisfies the performance obligations under 
these  contracts  over  time.  The  key  determination  of  this  judgement  was  that  the  Company’s 
performance does not create an asset with alternative use to the Company and that the Company has 
an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Payment for these construction 
contracts is accordance with an agreed schedule with typical contracts including certain technical and 
physical completion milestones as payment points for customers. The majority of contracts are expected 
to result in contract liability balances. These balances arise as these contracts typically provide for an 
up-front deposit and other payments through the course of the contract. 

The consideration for these contracts is agreed in advance between the Company and the customer 
and is fixed. 

Revenue relating to warranties and related obligations is recognised over the period to which these 
obligations are performed by the Company. 

In  determining  the  transaction  prices  and  amounts  allocated  to  performance  obligations  for  these 
systems, management have consideration to price lists of component parts and standard pricing for 
servicing and guarantee arrangements. 

Track testing systems 
The contracts in relation to the sale of track testing systems are in relation to the robotic systems which 
typically take less than 12 months to construct and supply these systems to the customers. In the 
judgement of management, due to the lower level of customisation required to these items, the relative 
cost and time required to construct the systems, the group satisfies the performance obligations under 
these contracts on delivery to the customer. In making this determination, management have considered 
when customer has obtained control of this system, and the principal indicator of this was when the 
customer has physical possession. Payment for these construction contracts is accordance with an 
agreed schedule with typical contracts including certain technical and physical completion milestones 
as payment points for customers. A typical contract may include a 30% deposit, which is recorded as 
a contract liability until such time as the performance obligation is met. The consideration for these 
contracts is agreed in advance between the Company and the customer and is fixed. 

Revenue relating to warranties and related obligations is recognised over the period to which these 
obligations are performed by the Company. 

In  determining  the  transaction  prices  and  amounts  allocated  to  performance  obligations  for  these 
systems, management have consideration to price lists of component parts and standard pricing for 
servicing and guarantee arrangements. 

Page 58

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp36-59.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 59

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Consolidated financial statements 

24.

Revenue recognition and contract balances (continued) 

Performance obligations (continued) 
Remaining performance obligations as at 31 August 2018 
As  at  31 August  2017,  the  aggregate  amount  of  the  transaction  price  on  open  contracts  which  is 
allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) was as follows: 

Unsatisfied performance obligations
Partially unsatisfied performance obligations 

Laboratory
test systems

Track testing 
systems 

£1,276,031
£664,789

£20,186,149 
3,926,354 

The revenue recognised in the period in relation to Laboratory test systems amount to £1,208,887 and 
track testing systems amounted to £12,204,603. 

As  at  31 August  2018,  the  aggregate  amount  of  the  transaction  price  on  open  contracts  which  is 
allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) was as follows: 

Unsatisfied performance obligations
Partially unsatisfied performance obligations 

Laboratory
test systems

Track testing 
systems 

£1,174,329
£2,150,101

£20,216,344 
£3,926,294 

The revenue on outstanding performance obligations at 31 August 2018 on the track testing systems 
will be recognised on delivery of these items, alongside the associated cost of sales, in the following 
financial year. 

The revenue on outstanding performance obligations at 31 August 2018 on laboratory test systems will 
be recognised over time alongside the associated cost of sales, in the following financial year. The 
typical length of time for these construction projects is 18-24 months. 

No practical expedients have been applied on transition to IFRS 15. 

Assets recognised from costs to obtain or fulfil customer contracts 
No amounts have been recognised in relation to these categories of assets as at 31 August 2018. 

Page 59

 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp60-end.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 60

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Company financial statements 

Company statement of  financial position 

Fixed assets 
Investments

Current assets 
Other debtors

Creditors: amounts falling due within one year

Net current assets

Total assets less current liabilities

Capital and reserves 
Called up share capital
Share premium account
Profit and loss account

Equity – attributable to the owners of  the parent

Note

2018
£

2017 
£ 

3

4

5

2,591,274
––––––––––––––

1,932,106 
–––––––––––––– 

11,528,758
––––––––––––––
11,528,758

20,000
––––––––––––––
11,508,758
––––––––––––––
14,100,032
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

195,365
10,257,615
3,647,052
––––––––––––––
14,100,032
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

9,743,437 
–––––––––––––– 
9,743,437 

15,600 
–––––––––––––– 
9,727,837 
–––––––––––––– 
11,659,943 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

191,119 
8,579,265 
2,889,559 
–––––––––––––– 
11,659,943 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

The profit for the financial year dealt with in the financial statements of the parent company was £766,230 
(2017 – £679,687). 

The financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors and authorised for issue on   and are signed 
on its behalf by: 

Anthony Best                                                            Robert Hart 
Director                                                                     Director 

COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 08393914 

Page 60

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp60-end.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 61

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Company financial statements 

Company statement of  changes in equity 

Balance at 1 September 2016
Share based payment expense 

Profit after taxation and 
total comprehensive 
income for the financial year
Dividend paid
Issue of shares, net of  
share issue costs

Balance at 31 August 2017

Balance at 1 September 2017

Share based payment 
Expense
Profit after taxation and 
total comprehensive 
income for the financial 
year
Dividend paid
Issue of shares, net of share  
issue costs

Balance at 31 August 2018

Share
capital
£

Share
premium
£

Retained
profits
£

Total 
equity 
£ 

Note

177,646

2,590,267

1,321,860

4,089,773 

7

7

1,464,817

1,464,817 

679,687
(576,805)

679,687 
(576,805) 

13,473
––––––––––––––
191,119
––––––––––––––
191,119
––––––––––––––

5,988,998
––––––––––––––
8,579,265
––––––––––––––
8,579,265
––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––
2,889,559
––––––––––––––
2,889,559
––––––––––––––

6,002,471 
–––––––––––––– 
11,659,943 
–––––––––––––– 
11,659,943 
–––––––––––––– 

659,168

659,168 

766,230
(667,905)

766,230 
(667,905) 

4,246
––––––––––––––
195,365
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

1,678,350
––––––––––––––
10,257,615
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

1,682,596 
––––––––––––––
3,647,052
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

–––––––––––––– 
14,100,032 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

The share premium account is a non-distributable reserve representing the difference between the nominal 
value of shares in issue and the amounts subscribed for those shares. 

Retained profits represent the cumulative value of the profits not distributed to shareholders but retained to 
finance the future capital requirements of the Group. 

Page 61

 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp60-end.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 62

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Company financial statements 

Notes to the Company financial statements 

GENERAL INFORMATION 
AB Dynamics Plc (“the Company”) is the UK holding company of a group of companies which are engaged 
in the provision of advanced testing systems to the global motor industry. The Company is registered in 
England and Wales (registered number 08393914). Its registered office and principal place of business is 
Middleton Drive, Bradford-on-Avon, BA15 1GB. 

BASIS OF ACCOUNTING 
The  financial  statements  have  been  prepared  in  accordance  with  the  historical  cost  convention  and  in 
accordance with FRS 102 – The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic or Ireland 
and  the  Companies Act  2006.  The  financial  statements  present  information  about  the  Company  as  an 
individual  entity  and  the  principal  accounting  policies  are  described  below.  They  have  all  been  applied 
consistently throughout the period. 

REDUCED DISCLOSURE EXEMPTIONS 
The company, as a qualifying entity, has taken advantage of the disclosure exemptions in FRS102 paragraph 
1.12 as follows: 

No cash flow statement has been presented as the Company is included within the consolidated financial 
statements of the group. 

Disclosures  in  respect  of  the  Company’s  financial  instruments  have  not  been  presented  as  equivalent 
disclosures are included in the consolidated financial statements of the group. 

The company has also taken advantage of the disclosure exemptions in FRS102 paragraph 33.1A as follows: 

Related party transactions have not been disclosed with other wholly owned members of the group. 

GOING CONCERN 
At 31 August 2018, the Company had net current assets of £11,486,712 (2017 – £9,727,837) with the main 
current asset being amounts owed from its subsidiary Anthony Best Dynamics Ltd, amounting to £11,514,088 
(2017 – £9,716,403). The Company has assessed its ongoing costs with cash generated by its subsidiary to 
ensure that it can continue to settle its debts as they fall due. 

The Directors have, after careful consideration of the factors set out above, concluded that it is appropriate to 
adopt the going concern basis for the preparation of the financial statements and the financial statements do 
not include any adjustments that would result if the going concern basis was not appropriate. 

INVESTMENTS 
Investments held as fixed assets are stated at cost less provision for impairment. 

TAXATION 
Current tax, including UK corporation tax and foreign tax, is provided at amounts expected to be paid (or 
recovered) using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance 
sheet date. 

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of all timing differences that have originated but not reversed at the 
balance sheet date where transactions or events that result in an obligation to pay more tax in the future or a 
right to pay less tax in the future have occurred at the balance sheet date. Timing differences are differences 
between the Company’s taxable profits and its results as stated in the financial statements that arise from the 
inclusion of gains and losses in tax assessments in periods different from those in which they are recognised 
in the financial statements. A net deferred tax asset is regarded as recoverable and therefore recognised only 
when, on the basis of all available evidence, it can be regarded as more likely than not that there will be 
suitable taxable profits from which the future reversal of the underlying timing differences can be deducted. 

Page 62

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp60-end.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 63

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Company financial statements 

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS 
Financial assets and liabilities are recognised in the statements of financial position when the Company has 
become a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments. 

The Company only enters into basic financial instruments transactions that result in the recognition of financial 
assets and liabilities like trade and other debtors and creditors and loans to related parties. 

Debtors 
Short  term  debtors  are  measured  at  transaction  price,  less  any  impairment.  Loans  and  receivables  are 
measured initially at fair value and are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest 
method, less any impairment. 

Creditors 
Short term trade creditors are measured at the transaction price. Other financial liabilities, including bank 
loans, are measured initially at fair value and are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective 
interest method. 

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING JUDGEMENTS AND KEY SOURCES OF ESTIMATION UNCERTAINTY 
In the application of the Company’s accounting policies, the Directors are required to make judgements, 
estimates and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not apparent from 
other sources. The estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors, including 
expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may 
differ from these estimates. 

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an on-going basis. Revisions to accounting 
estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period 
or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods. 

The following are the key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation uncertainty 
at the statement of financial position date that have a significant risk of causing a significant adjustment to the 
carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the Financial statements: 

Share based payment 
The fair value of share-based remuneration is determined at the date of grant and recognised as a capital 
contribution to its subsidiary on a straight line basis over the vesting period, taking account of the estimated 
number of shares that will vest. The fair value is determined by use of Black Scholes model method. 

Page 63

 
252371 AB Dynamics pp60-end.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 64

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Company financial statements 

1

2

PROFIT FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR 
The Company has taken advantage of section 408 of the Companies Act 2006 and, consequently, a 
profit and loss account for the Company alone has not been presented. 

The Company’s profit for the financial year was £766,230 (2017 – £679,687). 

The Company’s profit for the financial year has been arrived at after charging auditor’s remuneration 
payable to Crowe U.K. LLP for audit services to the Company of £38,540 (2017 – £18,600). Statutory 
information on remuneration for other services provided by the Company’s auditors and its associates 
is given on a consolidated basis in note 5 of the consolidated financial statements. 

EMPLOYEES AND DIRECTORS’ REMUNERATION 
Staff costs during the year by the Company were as follows: 

Wages and salaries
Social security costs

2018
£

2017 
£ 

182,325
20,179
––––––––––––––
202,504
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

62,500 
6,036 
–––––––––––––– 
68,536 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

The executive management team is remunerated by the operating subsidiary Anthony Best Dynamics 
Limited. Details of their remuneration is in the Directors’ report on page 44. 

The average number of employees of the Company during the year was: 

Directors and management

3

INVESTMENTS 

Subsidiary undertaking 
Brought forward
Addition (capital contribution arising on share based payment)

Carried forward

2018
Number

2017 
Number 

7
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

5 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

2018
£

2017 
£ 

1,932,106
659,168
––––––––––––––
2,591,274
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

467,289 
1,464,817 
–––––––––––––– 
1,932,106 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

The  Company  owns  more  than  20%  of  the  following  undertakings  which  are  incorporated  in  the 
United Kingdom: 

Class of share held % shareholding

Registered office 

Subsidiary undertaking: 
Anthony Best Dynamics Limited

Ordinary

100

 Middleton Drive 
Bradford-on-Avon 
Wiltshire 
BA15 1GB 

Anthony Best Dynamics Ltd owns 100% of the ordinary share capital of AB Dynamics Europe GmbH 
and 100% of the ordinary share capital of AB Dynamics 2013 Ltd which is dormant. 

Page 64

 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp60-end.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 65

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Company financial statements 

4

OTHER DEBTORS 

Amounts owed by group undertakings
Prepayment

5

CREDITORS: AMOUNTS FALLING DUE WITHIN ONE YEAR 

Accruals

2018
£

2017 
£ 

11,514,088
14,670
––––––––––––––
11,528,758
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

9,716,403 
27,034 
–––––––––––––– 
9,743,437 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

2018
£

2017 
£ 

20,000
––––––––––––––
20,000
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

15,600 
–––––––––––––– 
15,600 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

All amounts fall due within 30 days of the year end. 

6

SHARE CAPITAL 
The  allotted,  called  up  and  full  paid  share  capital  is  made  up  of  19,536,534  ordinary  shares  of 
£0.01 each. 

At 1 September 2016
On 9 December 2016
On 9 December 2016
On 28 December 2016
On 28 December 2016

At 31 August 2017

On 13 September 2017
On 19 January 2018
On 15 May 2018
On 23 July 2018
At 31 August 2018

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)

Note

Number of
shares

Share
Capital
£

177,646
11,368

17,764,578
1,136,842

210,526

2,105

–––––––––––––
19,111,946
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––
82,053
193,486
25,127
123,922
19,536,534
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––

–––––––––––––
191,119
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––
821
1,935
251
1,239
195,365
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––

Share 
Premium
£

2,590,267
5,388,631
(393,478)
997,893
(4,048)
–––––––––––––
8,579,265
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––
323,288
765,758
99,001
490,303
10,257,615
–––––––––––––
–––––––––––––

Total 
£ 

2,767,913 
5,399,999 
(393,478) 
999,998 
(4,048) 
––––––––––––– 
8,770,384 
––––––––––––– 
––––––––––––– 
324,109 
767,693 
99,252 
491,542 
10,452,980 
––––––––––––– 
––––––––––––– 

(ix) On 9 December 2016, a total of 1,136,842 new ordinary shares were placed of £0.01 each 

for £4.75. 

(x)

Costs of £393,478 associated with the Placing on 9 December 2016 were incurred. 

(xi) On 28 December 2016, a total of 210,526 new ordinary shares were admitted to trading on AIM 

following the issue of Offer shares. 

(xii) Costs of £4,048 associated with the Offer in 28 December 2016 were incurred. 

(xiii) On 13 September 2017, a total of 82,053 share options were exercised of £0.01 each for £3.95. 

(xiv) On 19 January 2018, a total of 193,486 share options were exercised of £0.01 each for £3.95. 

(xv) On 15 May 2018, a total of 25,127 share options were exercised of £0.01 each for £3.95. 

(xvi) On 23 July 2018, a total of 123,922 share options were exercised of £0.01 each for £3.95. 

Page 65

 
 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp60-end.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 66

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Company financial statements 

7

DIVIDENDS 

Final 2016 dividend paid of £0.01815 per share
Interim dividend paid of £0.01331 per share
Final 2017 dividend paid of £0.02 per share
Interim dividend paid of £0.01465 per share

2018
£

2017 
£ 

–
–
383,880
284,025
––––––––––––––
667,905
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

322,426 
254,379 
– 
– 
–––––––––––––– 
576,805 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

8

9

The Board has proposed a final dividend of 2.20p per share totalling £429,804. Together with the interim 
dividend of 1.465p per share this gives a total Ordinary dividend of 3.665p for the year. 

RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS 
The only key management personnel of the Company are the Directors. Details of their remuneration 
are contained in the Director’s Report on page 17 of the consolidated financial statements. 

During the year, the directors received dividends from the Company totalling £226,254. 

SHARE OPTIONS AND WARRANTS 
The share option schemes were established to reward and incentivise the executive management team 
and  staff  for  delivering  share  price  growth.  The  share  option  schemes  are  administered  by  the 
Remuneration Committee. 

The share option scheme adopted by the Company during the year ending 31 August 2018 is equity 
settled and a charge of £659,168 (2017: £1,464,817) has been charged to profit or loss of the subsidiary 
Anthony Best Dynamics Limited relating to these options on the basis that the scheme members and 
profits are in that entity. 

These fair values were calculated using Black Scholes option pricing model. The inputs into the model 
were as follows: 

Stock price                                    395p 
Exercise price                               395p 
Interest rate                                     1% 
Volatility                                         40% 
Time to maturity                      10 years 

The expected volatility was determined with reference to recent trading performance. 

One third of the options will vest on each of the first, second and third anniversary of the grant date of 
11 July 2016 subject to the employees remaining employed by the Company. 

Page 66

 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp60-end.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 67

AB Dynamics plc 
Annual report and financial statements 
For the year ended 31 August 2018 
Company financial statements 

9

SHARE OPTIONS AND WARRANTS (continued) 
Details of the share options outstanding at the year end are as follows: 

Number
31 August
2018

WAEP
(pence)
31 August
2018

1,337,122
–
–
–
(424,588)
––––––––––––––

395.00
–
–
–
395.00
––––––––––––––

Number
31 August
2017

1,337,122
–
–
–
–
––––––––––––––

WAEP 
(pence) 
31 August 
2017 

395.00 
– 
– 
– 
– 
–––––––––––––– 

912,534
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

395.00
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

1,337,122
––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––

395.00 
–––––––––––––– 
–––––––––––––– 

Outstanding as at  
1 September
Granted during the year
Forfeited during the year
Expired during the year
Exercised during the year

Options outstanding at  
31 August

Exercisable at 31 August

912,534
––––––––––––––

395.00
––––––––––––––

445,731
––––––––––––––

395.00 
–––––––––––––– 

The weighted average remaining contractual life of the options outstanding at the statement of financial 
position date is 7.8 years. 

Warrants 

There are no warrants outstanding at 31 August 2018. 

Page 67

 
 
 
252371 AB Dynamics pp60-end.qxp  13/11/2018  14:55  Page 68

Perivan Financial Print  252371

252371 AB Dynamics Cover Spread 4mm.QXP  13/11/2018  14:53  Page 1

AB Dynamics plc

2018 Annual Report & Accounts 

For the year ended 31 August 2018

AB Dynamics plc
Holt Road
Bradford on Avon
Wiltshire BA15 1AJ

T: +44 (0)1225 860 200 
F: +44 (0)1225 860 201 
E: info@abd.uk.com 
www.abd.uk.com 

Stock code: ABDP

Company Registration No. 08393914