Acer Therapeutics Inc.
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K XX ☐☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 Commission File Number: 001-33004 ACER THERAPEUTICS INC. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) One Gateway Center, Ste. 351, 300 Washington St., Newton MA (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 32-0426967 (IRS Employer Identification No.) 02458 (Zip Code) Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (844) 902-6100 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☑ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer,” "accelerated filer,” "smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer ☐ ☑ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company ☐ ☑ provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑ The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 29, 2018, based upon the closing price as of such date was $66,840,336. As of March 1, 2019, 10,087,363 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, were outstanding. Table of Contents Page PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. 5 Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART IV Item 15. Item 16. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary Signatures 2 2 26 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 67 75 75 94 94 94 95 95 99 101 104 105 107 107 110 111 Unless otherwise indicated, references in this report to "Acer,” the "Company,” "we,” "us” and "our” refer to the business of Acer Therapeutics Inc. "ACER THERAPEUTICS,” "EDSIVO” and the Acer logo are trademarks of Acer Therapeutics Inc. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply relationships with, or endorsements or sponsorship of us by, these other companies. i Forward-Looking Statements This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements which are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Statements contained in this report, other than statements of historical fact, constitute "forward- looking statements.” The words "expects,” "believes,” "hopes,” "anticipates,” "estimates,” "may,” "could,” "intends,” "exploring,” "evaluating,” "progressing,” "proceeding” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements do not constitute guarantees of future performance. Investors are cautioned that statements which are not strictly historical statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding current or future financial payments, costs, returns, royalties, performance and position, plans and objectives for future operations, plans and objectives for product development, plans and objectives for present and future clinical trials and results of such trials, plans and objectives for regulatory approval, litigation, intellectual property, product development, manufacturing plans and performance, management’s initiatives and strategies, and the development of our product candidates, including EDSIVO™ (celiprolol), ACER-001, and osanetant constitute forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those risks discussed in "Risk Factors,” as well as, without limitation, risks associated with: • • • • • • • • the strategies, prospects, plans, expectations and objectives of management for future operations, including the anticipated timing of regulatory submissions; the progress, scope or duration of the development of product candidates or programs; the benefits that may be derived from product candidates or the commercial or market opportunity in any target indication; our ability to protect our intellectual property rights; our anticipated operations, financial position, costs or expenses; statements regarding future economic conditions or performance; statements concerning proposed new products, services or developments; and statements of belief and any statement of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made. We assume no obligation or undertaking to update any forward-looking statements to reflect any changes in expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based. You should, however, review additional disclosures we make in the reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC”). 1 Item 1. Business. Overview PART I We are a pharmaceutical company focused on the acquisition, development, and commercialization of therapies for serious rare and life-threatening diseases with significant unmet medical needs. Our pipeline includes three clinical-stage candidates: EDSIVO™ (celiprolol) for the treatment of vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome ("vEDS”) in patients with a confirmed type III collagen (COL3A1) mutation; ACER-001 (a fully taste-masked, immediate release formulation of sodium phenylbutyrate) for the treatment of various inborn errors of metabolism, including urea cycle disorders ("UCD”), Maple Syrup Urine Disease ("MSUD”), and osanetant for the treatment of various neuroendocrine disorders. Our product candidates are believed to present a comparatively de-risked profile, having one or more of a favorable safety profile, clinical proof-of-concept data, mechanistic differentiation, and an accelerated path for development, which may include utilizing expedited programs (e.g., Priority Review) established by the United States Food and Drug Administration ("FDA”) and/or using the regulatory pathway established under section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act ("FFDCA”) that allows an applicant to rely at least in part on third-party data for approval, which may expedite the preparation, submission, and approval of a marketing application. Our current product candidate pipeline is summarized in the chart below: • • • FDA granted a priority review of the EDSIVO™ new drug application ("NDA”) and assigned a Prescription Drug User Fee Act ("PDUFA”) target action date of June 25, 2019 NDA submission for ACER-001 in UCD is anticipated late in the fourth quarter of 2019 An investigational new drug application ("IND”) filing for osanetant is anticipated in the second half of 2019 2 Our Strategy Our goal is to become a leading pharmaceutical company that acquires, develops and commercializes therapies for the treatment of serious rare and life-threatening diseases with significant unmet medical needs. The key elements of our strategy include: • • • • • focus on serious rare and life-threatening diseases with significant unmet needs; accelerate development timelines and lower costs, while reducing risk; provide differentiated products that create value; protect our assets via intellectual property protections and regulatory and market exclusivities; and commercialize our products in geographies that make strategic sense. We plan to continue evaluating external opportunities to acquire or license product candidates in order to enhance our pipeline and leverage our business development, clinical development, regulatory and commercial expertise. We believe our management team has the capability and experience to continue to execute this business model. Product Candidates EDSIVO™ Background Our most advanced product candidate is EDSIVO™ (celiprolol) for the treatment of vEDS. EDSIVO™ is a selective adrenergic modulator and, if approved for marketing by the FDA, would be a New Chemical Entity ("NCE”) in the United States. Celiprolol is currently approved in the European Union for the treatment of hypertension and angina. Ehlers- Danlos Syndrome ("EDS”) is an inherited disorder caused by mutations in the genes responsible for the structure, production, or processing of collagen, an important component of the connective tissues in the human body, or proteins that interact with collagen. EDS is a spectrum disorder where patients present with various forms, the most serious of which is vEDS, also known as EDS type IV, which is generally caused by a mutation in the COL3A1 gene. vEDS causes abnormal fragility in blood vessels, which can give rise to aneurysms, abnormal connections between blood vessels known as arteriovenous fistulas, arterial dissections, and spontaneous vascular ruptures, all of which can be potentially life-threatening. Gastrointestinal and uterine fragility or rupture also commonly occur in vEDS patients. Spontaneous arterial rupture has a peak incidence in the third or fourth decade of life in vEDS patients but may occur earlier and is the most common cause of sudden death in vEDS patients. Arterial rupture or dissection events occur in about 25% of patients before the age of 20 but increase to roughly 90% of patients by the age of 40. The median survival age of vEDS patients in the United States is 51 years, with arterial rupture being the most common cause of sudden death. Pregnancy-related complications also occur in women with vEDS and include arterial dissection or rupture, uterine rupture, hemorrhage, premature rupture of membranes, lacerations, and complications during and after surgery. Diagnosis and Incidence vEDS is diagnosed through clinical observation, which is usually confirmed by mutational analysis of the COL3A1 gene. In the absence of a family history of the disorder, however, most vEDS patients are not diagnosed until the occurrence of an arterial aneurysm or dissection, bowel perforation, or organ rupture. As a result, it has been difficult to precisely measure the incidence or prevalence of vEDS in any population. Studies estimate the prevalence of vEDS as ranging from approximately 1 in 90,000 to 1 in 250,000. In 2017, we commissioned a patient-finder study that phenotypically identified 4,169 vEDS patients in the United States from an analysis of a commercially available patient claims database, with data of approximately 190 million unique patient lives. Based 3 on that information, we estimate the prevalence of phenotypically-defined vEDS in the United States could be greater than 1 in 45,000. Current Treatment Options for vEDS Currently, there are no approved pharmacologic therapies in the United States or the European Union for the treatment of vEDS. Medical intervention for vEDS focuses on surgery, symptomatic treatment, genetic counseling and prophylactic measures, such as avoiding intense physical activity, scuba diving, and violent sports. Arterial, digestive or uterine complications in vEDS patients typically require immediate hospitalization, observation in an intensive care unit, and sometimes surgery. Pregnant women with vEDS are considered to be at risk and receive special care. While vEDS patients are encouraged to take steps to minimize the chances of an arterial rupture or dissection, there are no pharmacologic options to reduce the likelihood of such an event, and accordingly all current treatments for vEDS focus on the repair of arterial ruptures or dissection. Therefore, patients must adopt a "watch and wait” approach following any confirmed diagnosis. Unfortunately, many of these arterial events have high mortality associated with them, and thus, a pharmacologic intervention that reduces the rate of events would be clinically meaningful. EDSIVO™ for Treatment of vEDS Rationale for EDSIVO™ Treatment in vEDS In 2004, researchers at Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou ("AP-HP”) in Paris, France, published data on vEDS patients, observing that an abnormally low intima-media thickness generates a higher wall stress than in control subjects at the site of an elastic artery, which may increase the risk of arterial dissection and rupture. Based on this observation, the investigators aimed to assess the preventive effect of celiprolol for major cardiovascular events in patients with vEDS via a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open trial with blinded evaluation of clinical events, which is referred to herein as the Ong trial. Results from the Ong trial were published on October 30, 2010 in The Lancet. The Ong trial was funded by the French Ministry of Health, and the principal investigator for the study was Professor Pierre Boutouyrie. Fifty-three participants were enrolled in the Ong trial and randomized at eight centers in France and one center in Belgium. Patient ages ranged from 15 to 65 (with a mean age of 35), with a female-to-male ratio of 2-to-1. Patients were randomly assigned to a five-year intervention, receiving either celiprolol or no treatment, with important phenotype characteristics equally balanced between the celiprolol group and the control group. Celiprolol was administered twice daily to patients in the celiprolol group and the dosage was up- titrated every six months by 100 milligrams per day to a maximum of 400 milligrams per day. Patients assigned to the control group received the same attention as those assigned to the celiprolol group but did not receive celiprolol or any beta blocker. Thirty-three of the 53 patients participating in the study had proven mutations in the COL3A1 gene. Of those patients with proven mutations, demographic and arterial characteristics did not differ from those of the study population as a whole. The duration of follow-up was five years or until the first qualifying cardiac or arterial event. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiac or arterial events (rupture or dissection, fatal or not) during follow-up. Secondary endpoints were gastrointestinal or uterine rupture. The study was ended early after a consensus decision of the safety monitoring board, the methodologist of AP-HP, and the principal investigator because significant differences were recorded between the treatment group and the control group after 64 months. Mean duration of follow-up was 47 months prior to trial halt. As described in the tables below, in 5 of 25 patients on celiprolol a primary endpoint was recorded, compared with 14 of 28 patients in the control group. The hazard ratio ("HR”) for event-free survival, was 0.36, (95% CI 0.15—0.88; p=0.040), meaning that with celiprolol the risk of having a cardiac or arterial event was reduced by 64% compared to control. Combined primary and secondary endpoints affected 6 patients on celiprolol and 17 patients in the control group, (HR 0.31; 95% CI 0.14—0.71; p=0.010): 4 As described in the table below, in the 33 patients with COL3A1 mutations, the primary endpoint was noted in 2 of the 13 patients in the treatment group, compared with 11 of the 20 patients in the control group, (HR 0.24; 95% CI 0.08—0.71; p=0.041). Combined primary and secondary endpoints were recorded in 3 of 13 patients on celiprolol and 14 of the patients in the control group, (HR 0.25; 95% CI 0.10—0.64; p=0.017), correlating to a three times reduction in arterial events among treated patients compared to non-treated patients. The results in the trial did not vary significantly between those patients who had a confirmed mutation in the COL3A1 gene versus the overall 53-patient population: 5 Figure 3: Kaplan-Meier curves of event-free survival in 33 patients with positive COL3A1 mutation Primary endpoint (A). Primary and secondary endpoints (B). AP-HP granted us an exclusive right to access and use the data generated by the Ong trial. We have conducted a retrospective, source-verified analysis of that data, including the primary and secondary endpoints, which confirmed the published results of the Ong trial. Celiprolol is a selective adrenergic modulator, acting as a cardioselective beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist with partial beta2 adrenoceptor agonist activity, beta3 agonist activity, and alpha2 antagonist activity and with intrinsic sympathomimetic and vasodilating properties. The potential benefit of celiprolol in vEDS is thought to be mediated through a combination of agonist activity at beta2 and beta3 adrenergic receptors, and antagonist activity at alpha2 adrenergic receptors. While the exact mechanism is not fully understood, it has been proposed that it could exert its effects through vascular smooth muscle relaxation and dilatation, thereby decreasing the mechanical stress on collagen fibers in the arterial wall. Celiprolol has also been shown to increase the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase ("eNOS”) messenger ribonucleic acid ("mRNA”) and protein, and to activate phosphorylation of eNOS through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ("PI3K”)-Akt signaling pathway. eNOS is known to catalyze the synthesis of nitric oxide ("NO”) in blood 6 vessels, and NO plays a critical role in maintaining blood pressure ("BP”) homeostasis and vascular integrity. Celiprolol’s potential effect in vEDS is not thought to be substantially mediated via antagonist activity at the beta1 adrenergic receptor, as vEDS patients are typically normotensive, and as brachial systolic and diastolic blood pressures have been shown to not decrease in vEDS patients after treatment with celiprolol. Thus, the potential protective effect of celiprolol in vEDS patients is believed to be independent of any effect on BP lowering. We do not believe that there are any other drugs approved or in development in the United States or Europe that have a similar mechanism of action to celiprolol: Registration Plan Celiprolol has not been approved for any indication in the United States. Celiprolol has been approved for the treatment of hypertension in the European Union since 1984. An NDA for celiprolol for the treatment for hypertension was submitted to the FDA by Rorer (subsequently acquired by Aventis Pharma SA ("Aventis”)) in June 1987 but was withdrawn prior to FDA review and therefore never approved. We have obtained from Aventis the exclusive right in North and South America to reference the celiprolol data included in the marketing authorization dossier filed with and approved by the U.K. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency ("MHRA”). We have also licensed from AP-HP exclusive worldwide rights to the data from the Ong trial. The FDA has accepted for review our NDA for EDSIVO™ for the treatment of vEDS in patients with a confirmed type III collagen (COL3A1) mutation. The FDA also granted a priority review of the NDA and assigned a PDUFA target action date of June 25, 2019. Priority review is a designation granted by the FDA to accelerate the review process for drugs that offer a significant improvement in treatment or provide treatment where no satisfactory alternative therapy exists. Additionally, a manuscript for the Paris (AP-HP) vEDS patient registry data has been submitted for publication in a top-tier cardiology journal and is currently under peer review. If published, we will submit the manuscript to the FDA for review as part of our NDA and as supplemental data to the Ong trial. 7 ACER-001 Background Sodium phenylbutyrate ("NaPB”) is currently approved in the United States and the European Union to treat patients with UCD. Our product candidate ACER-001 is a fully taste-masked, immediate release formulation of NaPB, designed to potentially treat UCD and MSUD. Urea Cycle Disorders (UCD) Background The urea cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that occur primarily in the liver, which converts toxic ammonia produced by the breakdown of protein and other nitrogen- containing molecules in the human body into urea for excretion. UCD are a group of disorders caused by genetic mutations that result in a deficiency in one of the six enzymes that catalyze the urea cycle, which can lead to an excess accumulation of ammonia in the bloodstream, a condition known as hyperammonemia. Acute hyperammonemia can cause lethargy, somnolence, coma, and multi-organ failure, while chronic hyperammonemia can lead to headaches, confusion, lethargy, failure to thrive, behavioral changes, and learning and cognitive deficits. Common symptoms of both acute and chronic hyperammonemia also include seizures and psychiatric symptoms. Diagnosis and Incidence The diagnosis of UCD is based on clinical observations, confirmed by biochemical and molecular genetic testing. A plasma ammonia concentration of 150 lmol/L or higher associated with a normal anion gap and a normal plasma glucose concentration is an indication for the presence of UCD. Plasma quantitative amino acid analysis and measurement of urinary orotic acid can distinguish between the various types of UCD. A definitive diagnosis of UCD depends on either molecular genetic testing or measurement of enzyme activity. Molecular genetic testing is possible for all urea cycle defects. Studies suggest that the incidence of UCD in the United States is 1 in 35,000 live births. Approximately 2,000 patients suffer from UCD in the United States. Current Treatment Options for UCD The current treatment of UCD consists of dietary management to limit ammonia production in conjunction with medications that provide alternative pathways for the removal of ammonia from the bloodstream. Dietary protein must be carefully monitored and some restriction is necessary; too much dietary protein causes excessive ammonia production. However, if protein intake is too restrictive or insufficient calories are consumed, the body will break down lean muscle mass to obtain the amino acids or energy it requires, which can also lead to excessive ammonia in the bloodstream. Dietary management may also include supplementation with special amino acid formulas developed specifically for UCD, which can be prescribed to provide approximately 50% of the daily dietary protein allowance. Some patients may also require individual branched-chain amino acid supplementation. Medications for UCD primarily comprise nitrogen scavenger drugs, which are substances that provide alternative excretion pathways for nitrogen by bypassing the urea cycle. The use of these alternative pathways for nitrogen removal is important for the management of acute episodes of hyperammonemia and are also included as part of a long-term treatment regime for UCD patients. Current nitrogen scavenger treatments for UCD are based on sodium benzoate or phenylbutyrate, which conjugate with glycine and glutamine, respectively, allowing for urinary excretion of nitrogen as hippurate and phenylacetylglutamine, respectively. According to a 2016 study by Shchelochkov et al., published in Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Reports, while nitrogen scavenging medications are effective in helping to manage UCD, non-compliance with treatment is common. Reasons given for non-compliance include the unpleasant taste associated with available medications, the frequency with which medication must be taken and the high cost of the medication. Phenylbutyrate is available as both NaPB, which is marketed as Buphenyl®, and glycerol phenylbutyrate, which is marketed as Ravicti®. While a study provided by Horizon Therapeutics, Inc. in the Ravicti package insert 8 involving 46 adults with UCD demonstrated that Buphenyl and Ravicti were similarly effective in controlling the blood level of ammonia over a 24-hour period, many patients who take their medicine orally prefer Ravicti, as it is significantly more palatable than Buphenyl. However, the cost of Ravicti, at approximately $800,000 per patient per year (based on patient weight), is often prohibitive. In cases where dietary management or medication is not effective, patients with UCD may require a liver transplant. ACER-001 for Treatment of UCD Rationale for ACER-001 Treatment in UCD ACER-001 is a proprietary, immediate release, taste-masked suspension formulation of NaPB. Buphenyl, a non-taste-masked formulation of NaPB, has been approved by the FDA for UCD with demonstrated efficacy and safety in UCD patients of all ages. We believe that if it is approved, ACER-001’s taste-masked properties will make it a compelling alternative to existing phenylbutyrate-based treatments, as the unpleasant taste associated with NaPB is cited as a major impediment to patient compliance with those treatments. Registration Plan We intend to initially seek FDA approval to market ACER-001 in the United States using a 505(b)(2) NDA. We also intend to seek approval in the European Union and potentially other territories outside the United States, after the 505(b)(2) NDA for treatment of UCD is filed. Because the FDA has approved an NDA for NaPB, which is referred to as the reference listed drug ("RLD”), we intend to rely on the RLD’s pre-clinical and clinical safety data, while supplementing the data with a bridging study that demonstrates bioequivalence of ACER-001 to NaPB. We anticipate submitting to the FDA the 505(b)(2) NDA for ACER-001 for the treatment of UCD late in the fourth quarter of 2019. Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) Background MSUD is a rare inherited disorder caused by defects in the mitochondrial branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex, which results in elevated blood levels of the branched-chain amino acids ("BCAA”), leucine, valine, and isoleucine, as well as the associated branded-chain ketoacids ("BCKA”) in a patient’s blood. Left untreated, this can result in neurological damage, mental disability, coma or death. There are currently no approved pharmacologic therapies in the United States or the European Union for MSUD. Treatment of MSUD consists primarily of a severely restricted diet to limit the intake of BCAA, with aggressive medical interventions when blood-levels of BCAA or BCKA become elevated. The most severe presentation of MSUD, known as "classic” MSUD, accounts for 80% of cases and can result in neonatal onset with encephalopathy and coma. Although metabolic management of the disease is possible via a highly restrictive diet, the outcome is unpredictable and a significant portion of affected individuals are mentally impaired or experience neurological complications. Studies indicate that MSUD affects an estimated 1 in 185,000 infants worldwide. The disorder occurs more frequently in the Old Order Mennonite population, with an estimated incidence of about 1 in 380 newborns, and the Ashkenazi Jewish population, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 26,000. Approximately 3,000 patients suffer from MSUD worldwide, of whom approximately 800 are located in the United States. ACER-001 for Treatment of MSUD Rationale for ACER-001 Treatment in MSUD Therapy with NaPB in UCD patients has been associated with a selective reduction in BCAA despite adequate dietary protein intake. 9 Based on this clinical observation, investigators at Baylor College of Medicine ("BCM”) explored the potential of NaPB treatment to lower BCAA and their corresponding BCKA in patients with MSUD. The investigators found that BCAA and BCKA were both significantly reduced following NaPB therapy in control subjects and in patients with MSUD, although there was no simple correlation between the patients’ levels of residual enzymatic activity with the response of plasma BCAA and their BCKA to NaPB. NaPB demonstrated a statistically significant reduction of leucine in all three healthy subjects and in three out of the five MSUD patients who participated in the trial. The reduction in leucine, the most toxic of the BCAAs, in the three responsive MSUD patients ranged between 28-34%, which is considered by clinicians to be a meaningful response. Registration Plan We intend to seek FDA approval to market ACER-001 for the treatment of MSUD in the United States by submitting a 505(b)(2) NDA using data from the RLD’s NDA while supplementing the data with additional pharmokinetic, pharmodynamic, efficacy and safety data specifically in the MSUD population. We anticipate submitting to the FDA the 505(b) (2) NDA for ACER-001 for the treatment of MSUD late in 2021, subject to our ability to generate sufficient capital resources to fund this program. We also intend to seek approval in the European Union and other territories outside the United States after the 505(b)(2) NDA for treatment of MSUD is filed. ACER-001 Planned Clinical Development in MSUD Patients Subject to our ability to generate sufficient capital resources, we intend to support a 505(b)(2) NDA for ACER-001 for the treatment of MSUD by submitting an IND in the second half of 2019. The following four clinical trials are planned: Study One This multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled clinical trial is expected to enroll approximately 60 subjects with MSUD ages 8 to 48 years, who have baseline blood leucine levels >150 μmol/L, while achieving steady-state leucine intake via a restricted diet. All subjects will receive ACER-001 for 7 days. Response will be defined as a greater than or equal to 30% decrease in blood leucine from baseline. Study Two This multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study is expected to enroll approximately 40 subjects with MSUD who responded to sodium phenylbutyrate in Study 1. After a washout period from Study 1, subjects will be randomized equally to either ACER-001 or placebo for four weeks. Efficacy will be assessed by the mean change in blood leucine level from baseline to week four in the ACER-001-treated group as compared to the mean change in the placebo group. Study Three This multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled clinical trial is expected to enroll approximately 20 subjects with MSUD who did not respond to sodium phenylbutyrate in Study 1. After a washout period from Study 1, subjects will undergo six weeks of forced dose-titration with three different doses of ACER-001. Treatments will consist of three consecutive two-week courses of ACER-001 at increasing doses above the top dose studied in Study 1. Blood leucine levels will be monitored after two weeks of treatment at each dose level. Study Four This multicenter, open-label, extension study is expected to enroll up to 60 subjects who respond to ACER-001 treatment in Study 1 and complete Study 2, and any subjects from Study 3 who are identified as responders 10 following dose titration. Blood leucine levels will be monitored every four weeks, and additional safety information will be collected. Osanetant Background Osanetant is a clinical-stage, selective, non-peptide tachykinin NK3 receptor antagonist. NK3R is the main receptor for neurokinin B ("NKB”), a tachykinin peptide primarily found in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. In December 2018, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with Sanofi to acquire worldwide rights to osanetant. Rationale for Osanetant Treatment for Neuroendocrine-Related Disorders NKB/NK3R is implicated in a variety of human functions and affects the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, which plays a critical part in the development and regulation of a number of the body’s systems, such as the reproductive and immune systems. Clinical proof of concept studies with other NK3R antagonists have demonstrated rapid and clinically-meaningful improvement in vasomotor symptoms and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Osanetant was originally developed by Sanofi for the treatment of symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Development was discontinued in 2005. Osanetant was shown to be safe and well tolerated at the doses studied in healthy subjects and schizophrenic patients: we have clinical and laboratory safety results with osanetant from 21 completed Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies in a total of 1,586 people, of whom 325 were healthy subjects and 665 patients were treated with osanetant. Osanetant is orally bioavailable and readily crosses the blood-brain barrier. We believe that several disorders involving the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis could benefit from treatment with an NK3R antagonist. Registration Plan We anticipate filing an IND for osanetant with the FDA in the second half of 2019. We plan to explore treatment with osanetant in multiple rare and life-threatening neuroendocrine disorders in multiple phase 1/2 studies, evaluating pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety, subject to our ability to raise sufficient capital reserves to fund these clinical studies. Commercialization Strategy Assuming the FDA approves EDSIVOTM and ACER-001, we expect that the majority of vEDS, UCD and MSUD patients will be treated at tertiary care centers, and therefore can be addressed with a targeted sales force. vEDS patients will primarily be treated by vascular medicine or cardiology specialists, while the UCD and MSUD patients will primarily be managed by metabolic geneticists and dietitians. We intend to build our own commercial infrastructure in the United States to target these centers and will evaluate whether to commercialize in other geographies ourselves or with an experienced partner. We are in the process of formulating our commercialization strategy for osanetant and the specific rare and life-threatening neuroendocrine disorders that we intend to target. Competition The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive. We face competition from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. Given the significant unmet medical needs for novel therapies to treat vEDS, UCD and MSUD, many companies, public and private universities and research organizations are actively engaged in the discovery, research and development of product candidates to treat these conditions. As a result, there are and will likely continue to be extensive resources invested 11 in the discovery and development of new products to treat these unmet medical needs. We anticipate facing intense and increasing competition as new products enter the market and advanced technologies become available. We are not aware of any other companies that are pursuing a treatment for vEDS, although we are aware of a study that is currently enrolling vEDS patients at AP-HP that includes adding irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, with celiprolol, to provide supplemental vascular protection and thus reduce recurrence of arterial events in vEDS patients. Our potential competitors and the related stage of development for their product candidates in our other target indications for ACER-001 include the following: • • UCD: Horizon Pharma plc / SOBI, Inc. (Marketed); Promethera Biosciences S.A./N.V. (Phase 2); Aeglea BioTherapeutics Inc. (Phase 1/2); Dimension Therapeutics Inc. (Phase 1/2); Synlogic, Inc. (preclinical) MSUD: Synlogic, Inc. (preclinical) Many of our competitors, either alone or with strategic partners, have or will have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do. Accordingly, our competitors may be more successful than us in developing or marketing products and technologies that are more effective, safer or less costly. Additionally, our competitors may obtain regulatory approval for their products more rapidly and may achieve more widespread market acceptance. These companies also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical study sites and patient registration for clinical studies and acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. There are other non-pharmaceutical therapeutic approaches that are used or may be used for our targeted indications. For example, liver transplantation may be used in some cases to treat UCD or MSUD in pediatric patients who have developed acute liver failure. We believe that the key competitive factors that will affect the development and commercial success of our product candidates are efficacy, safety and tolerability profile, convenience in dosing, product labeling, price, and the availability of reimbursement. Licenses Baylor College of Medicine ("BCM”) In April 2014, we obtained exclusive rights to patents and certain other intellectual property relating to ACER-001 and preclinical and clinical data, through an exclusive license agreement with BCM. Under the terms of the agreement, as amended, we have worldwide exclusive rights to develop, manufacture, use, sell and import products incorporating the licensed intellectual property. The license agreement requires us to make upfront and annual payments to BCM, reimburse certain of BCM’s legal costs, make payments upon achievement of defined milestones, and pay low single-digit percent royalties on net sales of any developed product over the royalty term. Aventis Pharma SA In June 2016, we entered into an agreement with Aventis Pharma SA (now Sanofi) granting us the exclusive access and exclusive right to use the data included in the marketing authorization application dossier filed with and approved by the MHRA in 1986 for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension pursuant to the UK regulatory approval procedure, for the sole purpose of allowing us to further develop, manufacture, register and commercialize celiprolol in the United States and Brazil for the treatment of EDS, Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome. We have paid in full for the exclusive access and right to use the data. Subsequently we amended our agreement with Sanofi to provide the same rights to data access and use for potential marketing approval in all of North and South America. 12 Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) In August 2016, we entered into an agreement with AP-HP granting us the exclusive worldwide rights to access and use data from the Ong trial. We intend to use this pivotal clinical data to support an NDA filing for EDSIVOTM for the treatment of vEDS. The agreement required us to make certain upfront payments to AP-HP, reimburse certain of AP-HP’s costs, make payments upon achievement of defined milestones and pay low single-digit percent royalties on net sales of celiprolol over the royalty term. In September 2018, we entered into an additional agreement with AP-HP to acquire the exclusive worldwide intellectual property rights to three European patent applications relating to certain uses of celiprolol including (i) the use of celiprolol during pregnancy, (ii) the optimal dose of celiprolol in treating vEDS patients and (iii) the use of celiprolol to treat kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type VI). Pursuant to the agreement, we will reimburse AP-HP for certain costs and will pay annual maintenance fee payments. Subject to a minimum royalty amount, we will also pay royalty payments on annual net sales of celiprolol during the royalty term in the low single digit percent range, depending upon whether there is a valid claim of a licensed patent. Under the agreement, we will control and pay the costs of ongoing patent prosecution and maintenance for the licensed applications. We subsequently filed three United States patent applications on this subject matter in October 2018. Sanofi In December 2018, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with Sanofi granting us worldwide rights to osanetant, a clinical-stage, selective, non-peptide tachykinin NK3 receptor antagonist. We plan to initially pursue development of osanetant as a potential treatment for certain neuroendocrine-related disorders. The agreement required us to make an upfront payment to Sanofi, with further payments due upon achievement of defined development and sales milestones, and to pay royalties on our net sales of osanetant over the royalty term. Manufacturing We contract with third parties for the manufacture, testing, and storage of our product candidates and intend to continue to do so in the future. We do not own and have no plans to build our own manufacturing capabilities for clinical or commercial supply. We have hired both internal resources and consultants with extensive technical, manufacturing, analytical, regulatory and quality assurance and control experience to oversee contract manufacturing and testing activities, and to compile manufacturing and quality information for our regulatory submissions. Intellectual Property EDSIVO™ We intend to protect our commercial rights to EDSIVOTM in the United States via multiple pathways. We believe that we will be eligible for NCE exclusivity for EDSIVOTM, which provides upon approval of an NCE five years of marketing exclusivity, during which time the FDA will not approve another drug with the same active ingredient, regardless of the indication for use, in the United States. In January 2015, the FDA granted EDSIVOTM Orphan Drug Designation, which provides upon the approval of a drug intended to treat a rare condition seven years of marketing exclusivity during which time the FDA will not approve the same drug for the same indication, unless it demonstrates clinical superiority. Orphan Drug exclusivity does not prevent the FDA from approving the same drug for a different indication, or a different drug for the same indication. NCE exclusivity and Orphan Drug exclusivity run concurrently. Furthermore, EDSIVOTM may qualify for an additional six months of pediatric exclusivity in the United States, which requires the submission of one or more studies in pediatric subjects that meet requirements to be specified by the FDA in a written request for pediatric studies. Pediatric exclusivity can be obtained either before or after NDA approval. Pediatric exclusivity is attached to the end of an existing exclusivity and runs consecutively. We may also consider making modifications to the formulation to obtain additional intellectual property. While unapproved drugs may be imported into the United States under specified circumstances, such as for use in clinical studies under a valid and effective IND or for further manufacture into an IND drug or an approved drug, we intend to aggressively assert our rights, via regulatory and legal means, to limit 13 the importation of non-FDA approved versions of celiprolol. We intend to provide a robust patient assistance program ("PAP”) to offset costs associated with a high priced therapeutic to minimize the incentive for vEDS patients in the United States to seek to obtain celiprolol elsewhere. In October 2018, we filed three United States patent applications relating to certain uses of celiprolol including (i) the use of celiprolol during pregnancy, (ii) the optimal dose of celiprolol in treating vEDS patients and (iii) the use of celiprolol to treat kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type VI). ACER-001 We obtained exclusive rights to certain patents and other intellectual property from BCM for the use of NaPB for the treatment of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism, including MSUD. The licensed patent covers methods and compositions for treating humans (and animals) with various formulations and prodrugs of NaPB for inborn errors of BCAA metabolism, including MSUD, and does not expire until 2030. We made filings in the geographic regions that represent the largest incidence and prevalence of MSUD: the United States, selected countries in Europe (including Turkey), and Brazil. BCM has been issued one patent in each of the United States and the European Union with respect to ACER-001, each of which was exclusively licensed to us pursuant to our agreement with BCM. We filed a formulation patent application with respect to ACER-001 in March 2016 and plan to seek further patent protection in major markets, including the United States and the European Union. We also expect to benefit from potential commercial exclusivity afforded to the first drug approved after obtaining Orphan Drug designation for the treatment of MSUD. Orphan Drug exclusivity provides, upon the approval by the FDA of a drug intended to treat a rare condition, seven years of marketing exclusivity, during which time the FDA will not approve the same drug for the same indication unless it demonstrates clinical superiority. Orphan Drug exclusivity does not prevent the FDA from approving the same drug for a different indication, or a different drug for the same indication. We were granted Orphan Drug designation for ACER-001 for the treatment of MSUD by the FDA in August 2014. Furthermore, we may qualify to receive an additional six months of pediatric exclusivity in the United States, which runs consecutively to an existing exclusivity. Osanetant We intend to explore various pathways to protect our commercial rights to osanetant in multiple rare and life-threatening neuroendocrine disorders, including evaluating filing patent applications and acquiring existing intellectual property. Government Regulation and Product Approval Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local level and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the use of unapproved drugs, pre-clinical and clinical studies, development, testing, quality control, manufacture, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, import, and export of pharmaceutical products such as those we are developing. The process for obtaining approvals or authorizations to market a drug product in the United States and in foreign countries and jurisdictions, along with pre- and post-approval compliance with applicable statutes and regulations, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Our product candidates must be approved by the FDA before they may be legally marketed in the United States and by the appropriate foreign regulatory agency before they may be legally marketed in foreign countries. Generally, our activities in other countries will be subject to regulation that is similar in nature and scope as that imposed in the United States, although there can be important differences. Additionally, some significant aspects of approval requirements within the European Union are addressed uniformly, while country- specific requirements must also be met. 14 United States Drug Approval Process. In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the FFDCA and the FDA’s implementing regulations. Drugs are also subject to other federal, state and local statutes and regulations. The process of obtaining marketing approvals and pre- and post-approval compliance with applicable federal, state, and local statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable United States requirements at any time before or after approval, may subject an applicant to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as the FDA’s refusal to approve a pending NDA, withdrawal of an approval, imposition of a clinical hold on a clinical study or studies, issuance of a warning letter or untitled letter, product recall, product seizure, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunction, fines, refusals or cancellation of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement, or civil or criminal penalties. The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following: • • • • • • • • completion of preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies in compliance with the FDA’s current good laboratory practice ("cGLP”) regulations; submission to the FDA of an IND to which the FDA has no objections and which must become effective before clinical trials in the United States may begin; approval by an institutional review board ("IRB”) for each clinical site before each trial may be initiated; performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug candidate for each proposed indication in accordance with the FDA’s current Good Clinical Practice ("cGCP”) regulations, IND regulations, and human subject protection regulations; submission to the FDA of an NDA; satisfactory review by an FDA advisory committee, if applicable; satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the product is produced to assess compliance with the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices ("cGMP”) regulation and to assure that the methods used in, and the facilities and controls used for, manufacture, processing, and packing are adequate to preserve the drug’s identity, strength, quality and purity; and FDA review and approval of the NDA. Preclinical Studies. Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies to assess the characteristics and potential safety and efficacy of the product. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and a proposed clinical trial protocol, among other things, to the FDA as part of an IND. Some preclinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises questions or concerns, including concerns that human research subjects will be exposed to unreasonable health risks, related to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the trial on a clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence. Clinical Trials. Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to patients under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with IND regulations and human subject protection regulations as well as cGCP standards, which include the requirement that all research patients provide their informed consent for their participation in any clinical trial and that an IRB approve each study before it begins. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. A protocol for each clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. In addition, an IRB for each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve each protocol and protocol amendment for any clinical trial before it commences at that institution. Information about certain clinical trials must be submitted 15 within specific timeframes to the National Institutes of Health ("NIH”) for public dissemination on their ClinicalTrials.gov website. Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three or four sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined: Phase 1: The drug is initially introduced into a small number of healthy human subjects and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion or, on occasion, in patients with severe problems or life-threatening disease to gain an early indication of its effectiveness. Phase 2: The drug is administered to a limited patient population to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for a specific targeted disease, gather additional safety information and to determine dosage tolerance, optimal dosage, and method of delivery. Phase 3: The drug is administered to a larger patient population, generally at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, in well-controlled clinical trials to generate enough data to statistically evaluate the efficacy and safety of the product to determine effectiveness, to establish the overall risk-benefit profile of the product, and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the product and ultimately to support approval. Phase 4: In some cases, the FDA may condition approval of an NDA for a product candidate on the sponsor’s agreement to conduct additional clinical trials after NDA approval. In other cases, a sponsor may voluntarily conduct additional clinical trials post-approval to gain more information about the drug. Such post-approval trials are typically referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials. Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and more frequently if serious and unexpected adverse reactions occur. Trial sponsors must monitor other information including published as well as unpublished scientific papers, reports from foreign regulatory authorities and reports of foreign commercial marketing experience for the investigational drug and notify the FDA and clinical trial investigators of certain information. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may fail to be completed successfully within a specified period, or at all. Furthermore, the FDA may impose a clinical hold on one or more or all of the clinical studies or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial or development of an investigational product at any time for a variety of reasons, including a finding that the research patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Development, or the aspects of development, that are affected by the clinical hold may not continue unless and until the sponsor addresses all of the FDA’s concerns and has been notified that the hold is removed. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate its approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the protocol or the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. Nearly all Phase 3 trials and some other trials are overseen by a Data and Safety Monitoring Board ("DSMB”) which is composed of doctors, statisticians, and others who are independent of the clinical trial sponsor. Similar to IRBs, the DSMBs review the progress of a clinical trial and participant safety, but they also review data on the effectiveness of the drug being studied. DSMB members can stop a trial early if safety concerns arise or if they determine that the trial should be stopped due to "futility” meaning that the trial will not be able to answer the question or questions it set out to explore. Concurrent with clinical trials, companies may need to complete additional animal trials and must develop information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the drug and finalize a process for manufacturing the drug in commercial quantities in accordance with Current Good Manufacturing Practice ("cGMP”) requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the drug candidate and, among other things, the manufacturer must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final drug product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be completed to establish an expiration date and demonstrate that the drug candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration prior to the expiration date. The NDA Approval Process. Assuming successful completion of the required clinical testing, the results of the preclinical studies and clinical trials, including negative or ambiguous results as well as positive findings, together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacture, controls and proposed labeling, 16 among other things, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA to support approval to market the product for one or more indications. In most cases, the submission of an NDA is subject to a substantial application user fee. The FDA is required to conduct a preliminary review of an NDA within the first 60 days after submission, before accepting it for filing, to determine whether it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. The FDA may accept the NDA for filing, potentially refuse to file the NDA due to deficiencies but work with the applicant to rectify the deficiencies (in which case the NDA is filed upon resolution of the deficiencies) or refuse to file the NDA. The FDA must notify the applicant of a refusal to file a decision within 60 days after the original receipt date of the application. If the FDA refuses to file the NDA the applicant may resubmit the NDA with the deficiencies addressed. The resubmitted NDA is considered a new application subject to a new ten-month review goal, as described below. If the NDA is resubmitted for the same product (by the same person) a new application fee will not be required. The resubmitted application is also subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once an NDA is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act ("PDUFA”) and the FDA’s commitments under the current PDUFA Reauthorization Act, the FDA has a goal of reviewing and acting on 90% of standard non-priority NDA applications within ten months from the filing date of the NDA. The FDA reviews an NDA to determine, among other things, whether the drug is safe and effective for its intended use and whether the facility in which it is manufactured, processed, packaged or held meets standards designed to assure the product’s continued safety, quality and purity. The FDA is required to refer an application for a novel drug to an advisory committee or explain why such referral was not made. An advisory committee is a panel of independent experts, including clinicians and other scientific experts, that reviews, evaluates and provides a recommendation in response to specific questions raised by the FDA, which may include whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. Before approving an NDA, the FDA inspects the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect and audit data at one or more clinical sites to evaluate the integrity of the data and confirm compliance with cGCP. After the FDA evaluates the NDA and conducts its inspections, it may issue an approval letter or a Complete Response Letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug subject to specific prescribing information for specific indications and, if applicable, specific post-approval requirements. A Complete Response Letter indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete and the application is not ready for approval. After receiving a Complete Response Letter, the applicant must decide within twelve months (subject to extension), if it wants to resubmit the NDA addressing the deficiencies identified by the FDA in the Complete Response Letter, withdraw the NDA, or request an opportunity for a hearing to challenge the FDA’s determination. A Complete Response Letter may require additional clinical data and/or an additional pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial(s), and/or other significant, expensive and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials, nonclinical studies or manufacturing. Even if such data are submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret data. The FDA also may require implementation of a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy ("REMS”) to mitigate any identified or suspected serious risks. The REMS plan could include medication guides, physician communication plans, assessment plans and elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries or other risk minimization tools. The drug testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and may take several years to complete. Data obtained from clinical activities are not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent marketing approval. The FDA may not grant marketing approval on a timely basis, or at all. 17 Even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use for the product. The FDA requires that the approved product labeling include information regarding contraindications, warnings or precautions. It may also require that post-approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, including a long-term registry, be conducted to further assess a drug’s safety after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including distribution restrictions or other risk management mechanisms, which can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product. The FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of post-marketing studies or surveillance programs. After approval, some types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications or labeling claims or manufacturing changes may be subject to further testing requirements and FDA review and approval. Also after approval, the FDA may require labeling changes as new information becomes known, particularly if new risks are identified, such as unexpected adverse events. The FDA has the authority to prevent or limit further marketing of a drug based on the results of these post-marketing studies and programs or other information that may become known after approval. Hatch-Waxman Amendments and Exclusivity. The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, amended the FFDCA and established abbreviated pathways to market, as well as incentives for the development of new drug products. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments established section 505(b)(2) of the FFDCA that provides an alternative pathway for submission of an NDA, referred to as the 505(b)(2) application, when some or all of the safety and efficacy investigations relied on for approval were not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments also established the abbreviated new drug application ("ANDA”) approval pathway, which provides an expedient route for generic drugs that have the same active ingredient as a previously approved drug. At the same time, to incentivize continued pharmaceutical innovation, the Hatch-Waxman Amendments authorized periods of market exclusivity to protect certain approved new drugs from competition for five- or three-year periods. Under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, a new drug containing an active ingredient that had never before been approved in any other NDA, ANDA, or 505(b)(2) NDA is provided five years of market exclusivity upon approval. The FDA refers to this exclusivity as NCE exclusivity. During the NCE exclusivity period, the FDA cannot approve an ANDA or a 505(b)(2) application for a drug containing the same active ingredient. For NCE exclusivity, the FDA regulations interpret "active ingredient” to mean "active moiety,” which is defined as "the molecule or ion, excluding those appended portions of the molecule that cause the drug to be an ester, salt . . . , or other noncovalent derivative . . . of the molecule, responsible for the physiological or pharmacological action of the drug substance.” Although the FDA may not approve an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA with the same active ingredient during the five-year NCE exclusivity period, an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA may be submitted to the FDA after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or non- infringement. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments also provide three years of market exclusivity for an NDA, a 505(b)(2) NDA, or a supplement to either of these applications for a drug product containing an active moiety that has been previously approved, if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant, are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application. During this three-year exclusivity period, the FDA will not make effective the approval of any ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA for the same active moiety for the same conditions of use. Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a new drug containing the same active moiety if it is the subject of a full NDA for which the applicant conducted, sponsored, or obtained a right of reference to all of the preclinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness. Other Regulatory Requirements. Drugs manufactured or distributed pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, annual establishment registration and product listing and associated user fees, compliance with the cGMP, recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising and promotion, and adverse drug experience monitoring and reporting with the product. After approval, most changes to the approved product labeling, such as adding new indications are subject to prior FDA review and approval. Also, any post-approval changes in the drug substance, drug product, production process, quality controls, equipment, or facilities that have a substantial potential to have an adverse effect on the identity, strength, quality, purity, or potency of the drug product is subject to FDA review and approval. Any such changes that have a moderate potential to have an adverse effect on the identity, strength, 18 quality, purity, or potency of the drug product must be submitted to the FDA for review 30 days prior to implementation. All manufacturing facilities, as well as records required to be maintained under FDA regulations, are subject to inspection or audit by the FDA. In addition, manufacturers are required to pay annual user fees for establishment registration and user fees for the submission of each new or supplemental application with clinical data. The FDA may impose a number of post-approval requirements as a condition of approval of an NDA. For example, the FDA may require post-approval testing, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to further assess and monitor the product’s safety and effectiveness after commercialization. The Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 gave the FDA the authority to require a REMS from drug manufacturers to manage a known or potential serious risk associated with the drug and to ensure that the benefits of a drug outweigh its risks. Examples of a REMS include, but are not limited to, a Medication Guide, a patient package insert to help mitigate a serious risk of the drug, and a communication plan to health care providers to support the implementation of an element of the REMS. In addition, drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and register or obtain permits or licenses in states where they do business, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and state regulatory authorities with jurisdiction over their activities to determine compliance with regulatory requirements. A drug manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that its third-party contractors operate in compliance with applicable laws and regulations including the cGMP regulation. The failure of a drug manufacturer or any of its third-party contractors to comply with federal or state laws or regulations may subject the drug manufacturer to possible legal or regulatory action, such as an untitled letter, warning letter, recall, suspension of manufacturing or distribution or both, suspension of state permit or license, seizure of product, import detention, injunctive action, civil and criminal penalties. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require a drug manufacturer to conduct investigations and implement appropriate corrective actions to address any deviations from cGMP requirements and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon the manufacturer and any third-party contractors (including contract manufacturers and laboratories) involved in the manufacture of a drug product. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend significant time, money and effort to maintain and ensure ongoing cGMP compliance and to confirm and ensure ongoing cGMP compliance of their third-party contractors. Once an approval is granted, the FDA may withdraw the approval if there is new information or evidence that the drug is unsafe or not shown to be safe for use under the conditions of its approval, or that new information shows there is a lack of substantial evidence of effectiveness, or that the approved application contained an untrue statement of material fact, or that the required patent information was not submitted within 30 days after receiving notice from the FDA of the failure to submit such information. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety and risk information; imposition of a post-market study requirement to assess new safety risks; or implementation of a REMS that may include distribution or other restrictions. The FDA closely regulates drug advertising and promotional activities, including promotion of an unapproved drug, direct-to-consumer advertising, dissemination of scientific information about a drug not on the approved labeling, off-label promotion, communications with payors and formulary committees, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities, and promotional activities involving the internet and social media. A company’s product claims must be true and not misleading, provide fair balance, provide adequate risk information, and be consistent with the product label approved by the FDA. Failure to comply with these requirements can lead to regulatory actions including, among other things, warning letters, corrective advertising, injunction, violation and related penalties under the False Claims Act and result in reputational and economic harm. Physicians may prescribe FDA-approved drugs for uses that are not described in the product’s labeling and that differ from those uses tested by the manufacturer. Such off- label uses are common across medical specialties. Physicians may believe that such off-label uses are the best treatment for many patients in varied circumstances. The 19 FDA does not regulate the behavior of physicians in their choice of treatments for their individual patients. The FDA does, however, regulate manufacturers’ communications about their drug products and interprets the FFDCA to prohibit pharmaceutical companies from promoting their FDA-approved drug products for uses that are not specified in the FDA- approved labeling. Companies that market drugs for off-label uses have been subject to warning letters, related costly litigation, criminal prosecution, and civil liability under the FFDCA and the False Claims Act. In addition, the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical products is subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act ("PDMA”) which regulates the distribution of drug and drug samples at the federal level, and sets minimum standards for the registration and regulation of wholesale drug distributors by the states. Orphan Designation. The Orphan Drug Act of 1983 provides incentives, including marketing exclusivity, user fee waivers and tax benefits, to companies that undertake development and marketing of products to treat rare diseases, which are defined as diseases for which there is a patient population of fewer than 200,000 persons in the United States or a patient population greater than 200,000 in the United States where there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the drug will be recovered from sales in the United States. A drug that receives Orphan Drug designation may receive up to seven years of exclusive marketing in the United States for that indication, which means the FDA may not approve any other application to market the same drug for the same indication for a period of seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority over the product with orphan exclusivity or where the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient product quantity. A drug may be entitled to an additional six months of exclusive marketing if it satisfies the requirements for pediatric exclusivity. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products ("COMP”) grants Orphan Drug designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of life-threatening or chronically debilitating conditions affecting not more than five in 10,000 persons in the European Union Community and for which no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention, or treatment has been authorized (or the product would be a significant benefit to those affected). Additionally, designation is granted for products intended for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of a life-threatening, seriously debilitating or serious and chronic condition and when, without incentives, it is unlikely that sales of the drug in the European Union would be sufficient to justify the necessary investment in developing the medicinal product. In the European Union, Orphan Drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers and ten years of market exclusivity is granted following medicinal product approval. This period may be reduced to six years if the Orphan Drug designation criteria are no longer met, including where it is shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity. New Legislation and Regulations. From time to time, legislation is drafted, introduced and passed in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the testing, approval, manufacturing, and marketing of products regulated by the FDA. In addition to new legislation, FDA regulations and policies are often revised or interpreted by the agency in ways that may significantly affect our business and products. It is impossible to predict whether further legislative changes will be enacted or FDA regulations, guidance, policies or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes, if any, may be. Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing, and Reimbursement. Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any drug products for which we may obtain marketing approval. Sales of any of our product candidates, if approved, will depend, in part, on the extent to which the costs of the products will be covered by third-party payors, including government health programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, commercial health insurers and managed care organizations. The process for determining whether a third-party payor will provide coverage for a drug product typically is separate from the process for establishing the reimbursement rate that a payor will pay for the drug product once coverage is approved. Some third-party payors may limit coverage to specific drug products on an approved list, also known as a formulary, which might not include all of the approved drugs for a particular indication. In order to obtain coverage and reimbursement for any product that might be approved for sale, we may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of the product, in addition to the costs required to obtain FDA or other comparable regulatory 20 approvals. Whether or not we conduct such studies, our product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost-effective. A third-party payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Further, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage, and adequate reimbursement, for the product. Third-party reimbursement may not be sufficient to enable us to maintain price levels high enough to realize an appropriate return on our investment in product development. The containment of healthcare costs has become a priority of federal, state and foreign governments, and the prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services, examining the medical necessity and reviewing the cost-effectiveness of drug products and medical services and questioning safety and efficacy. Emphasis on managed care in the United States has increased and we expect will continue to increase the pressure on drug pricing. If third-party payors do not consider our products to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover the products for which we receive FDA approval or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our products at a profit. The United States government, state legislatures, and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs to limit the growth of government-paid healthcare costs and drug prices in general, including for therapies for rare diseases. These measures include price controls, transparency requirements triggered by the introduction of new high-cost drugs into the market, drug re-importation, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products for branded prescription drugs. Some laws and regulations have already been enacted in these areas, and additional measures have been introduced or are under consideration at both the federal and state levels. Additionally, at the request of United States Senators, the Government Accountability Office is currently investigating abuses of the Orphan Drug Act, which could potentially lead to legislation that affects reimbursement for drugs with small patient populations. Adoption of such controls and measures and tightening of restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures could limit payments for pharmaceuticals such as our drug product candidates and could adversely affect our net revenue and results. In addition, in the United States, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("the Affordable Care Act”) contains provisions that have the potential to substantially change healthcare delivery and financing, including impacting the profitability of drugs. For example, the Affordable Care Act revised the methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers for covered outpatient drugs are calculated under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, extended the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program to utilization of covered drugs dispensed to individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations and subjected manufacturers to new annual fees for certain branded prescription drugs. On May 4, 2017, the House of Representatives passed the American Health Care Act ("AHCA”) which contains provisions that would change the level of federal funding of state Medicaid programs and affect funding for long term care recipients, including the elderly and disabled. The Senate then moved to craft its own "repeal and replace” legislation known as the Better Care Reconciliation Act ("BCRA”) with more onerous funding changes affecting the elderly and disabled relative to the Affordable Care Act. The BCRA and two other amendments failed in the Senate and it is unclear if the Senate will debate potential amendments further. However, even if a different bill or amendment passed in the Senate, reconciliation with the House’s AHCA bill would be required. Under any new legislation, we expect additional rules, regulations and interpretations to be issued that may materially affect our future financial condition and operations. Even if the Affordable Care Act is not amended or repealed, the current administration could propose changes impacting implementation of the Affordable Care Act. The ultimate composition and timing of any legislation enacted under the current administration that would impact the current implementation of the Affordable Care Act remains uncertain. Given the complexity of the Affordable Care Act and the substantial requirements for regulation thereunder, the impact of the Affordable Care Act on our financial conditions and operations cannot be predicted, whether in its current form or as amended or repealed. Pricing and reimbursement methodologies vary widely from country to country. Some countries require that drug products may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed. Some countries may require the completion of additional studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies. For example, the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of drug products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. European Union member states may approve a specific price for a drug product 21 or they may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on our profitability in placing the drug product on the market. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for drug products, but monitor and control company profits. The downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, particularly prescription drugs, has become intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products. In addition, in some countries, cross-border imports from low-priced markets exert competitive pressure that may reduce pricing within a country. Any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for drug products may not allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products. Coverage policies, third-party reimbursement rates, and drug pricing regulation may change at any time, and there is the potential for significant movement in these areas in the foreseeable future. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which we receive marketing approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future. Healthcare Law and Regulation. Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescribing of any product candidates for which we may obtain marketing approval. Our business operations and arrangements with investigators, healthcare professionals, consultants, third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws. These laws may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we research, manufacture, market, promote, sell and distribute our products that obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws include, but are not limited to, the following: • • • • • • • the federal healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or paying any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of, any good, facility, item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid; the federal False Claims Act and civil monetary penalties law impose penalties and provide for civil whistleblower or qui tam actions against individuals or entities for, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment or approval that are false or fraudulent or making a false record or statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government; the civil monetary penalties statute, which imposes penalties against any person or entity who, among other things, is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal health program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent; the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA”) among other things, imposes criminal liability for knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services; HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and its implementing regulations, also imposes certain obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information without proper written authorization; the federal transparency requirements under the Affordable Care Act requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologicals and medical supplies to annually report to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ("CMS”) an agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS”) information related to payments and other transfers of value provided to physicians and teaching hospitals and certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; and analogous state and foreign laws, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non- 22 governmental third-party payors, including private insurers; state and foreign laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers; state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; and state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. Further, the Affordable Care Act, among other things, amended the intent requirement of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and certain criminal statutes governing healthcare fraud. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the Affordable Care Act provided that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to it, we may be subject to significant administrative, civil, and/or criminal penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to administrative, civil, and/or criminal sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs. Foreign Regulation. In order to market any product outside of the United States, we would need to comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries and jurisdictions regarding quality, safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales and distribution of our products. The cost of establishing a regulatory compliance system for numerous varying jurisdictions can be very significant. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we would need to obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable foreign regulatory authorities before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in foreign countries and jurisdictions. Although many of the issues discussed above with respect to the United States apply similarly in the context of the European Union, the approval process varies between countries and jurisdictions and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries and jurisdictions might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain FDA approval. Regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction may negatively impact the regulatory process in others. 23 The United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Other Anti-Corruption Laws We may be subject to a variety of domestic and foreign anti-corruption laws with respect to our regulatory compliance efforts and operations. The United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the "FCPA”) is a criminal statute that prohibits an individual or business from paying, offering, promising or authorizing the provision of money (such as a bribe or kickback) or anything else of value (such as an improper gift, hospitality, or favor), directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining, retaining, or directing business or other advantages (such as favorable regulatory rulings). The FCPA also obligates companies with securities listed in the United States to comply with certain accounting provisions. Those provisions require a company such as ours to (i) maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions, expenses, and asset dispositions, and (ii) devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that transactions are properly authorized, executed and recorded. The FCPA is subject to broad interpretation by the United States government. The past decade has seen a significant increase in enforcement activity. In addition to the FCPA, there are a number of other federal and state anti- corruption laws to which we may be subject, including, the United States domestic bribery statute contained in 18 USC § 201 (which prohibits bribing U.S. government officials) and the United States Travel Act (which in some instances addresses private-sector or commercial bribery both within and outside the United States). Also, a number of the countries in which we may conduct activities have their own domestic and international anti-corruption laws, such as the UK Bribery Act 2010. There have been cases where companies have faced multi-jurisdictional liability under the FCPA and the anti-corruption laws of other countries for the same illegal act. We can be held liable under the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws for the illegal activities of our employees, representatives, contractors, collaborators, agents, subsidiaries, or affiliates, even if we did not explicitly authorize such activity. Although we will seek to comply with anti-corruption laws, there can be no assurance that all of our employees, representatives, contractors, collaborators, agents, subsidiaries or affiliates will comply with these laws at all times. Noncompliance with these laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with certain governments or other persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. In addition, our directors, officers, employees, and other representatives who engage in violations of the FCPA and certain other anti- corruption statutes may face imprisonment, fines, and penalties. If any subpoenas or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of our management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees. Enforcement actions and sanctions could further harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Employees As of December 31, 2018, we had twenty-three full-time employees and no part-time employees, in addition to a number of consultants or independent contractors working for us. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We have not experienced a work stoppage and consider our relations with our employees to be good. Organizational History Merger and Reverse Stock Split On September 19, 2017, Acer Therapeutics Inc., a Texas corporation, formerly known as Opexa Therapeutics, Inc. (the "Registrant”), completed its business combination with Acer Therapeutics Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Private Acer”), in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of June 30, 2017, by and among the Registrant, Opexa Merger Sub, Inc. ("Merger Sub”) and Private Acer (the "Merger Agreement”), pursuant to which Merger Sub merged with and into Private Acer, with Private Acer surviving as a 24 wholly-owned subsidiary of the Registrant (the "Merger”). This transaction was approved by the Registrant’s stockholders at a special meeting of its stockholders on September 19, 2017. Also on September 19, 2017, in connection with, and prior to the completion of, the Merger, the Registrant effected a 1-for-10.355527 reverse stock split of its then outstanding common stock (the "Reverse Split”) and immediately following the Merger, the Registrant changed its name to "Acer Therapeutics Inc.” pursuant to amendments to its certificate of formation filed with the Texas Secretary of State on September 19, 2017. All share numbers in this report have been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Split. Following the completion of the Merger, the business conducted by the Registrant became primarily the business conducted by Private Acer. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Registrant issued shares of its common stock to Private Acer’s stockholders, at an exchange rate of one share of common stock (after giving effect to the Reverse Split and the conversion of Private Acer’s Series A and Series B preferred stock and convertible debt) in exchange for each share of Private Acer common stock outstanding immediately prior to the Merger. The exchange rate was determined through arm’s length negotiations between the Registrant and Private Acer. The Registrant also assumed all issued and outstanding stock options under the Acer Therapeutics Inc. 2013 Stock Incentive Plan, with such stock options henceforth representing the right to purchase a number of shares of the Registrant’s common stock equal to the number of shares of Private Acer’s common stock previously represented by such stock options. Immediately after the Merger: (i) there were approximately 6.5 million shares of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding; (ii) the former Private Acer stockholders, including investors in the Concurrent Financing (as defined below), owned approximately 89% of the outstanding common stock of the Registrant; and (iii) the Registrant’s shareholders immediately prior to the Merger, whose shares of the Registrant’s common stock remained outstanding after the Merger, owned approximately 11% of the outstanding common stock of the Registrant. The issuance of the shares of the Registrant’s common stock to the former stockholders of Private Acer was registered with the SEC on a Registration Statement on Form S-4 (Reg. No. 333-219358). Immediately prior to the Merger, Private Acer issued and sold an aggregate of approximately $15.7 million (inclusive of the conversion of approximately $5.7 million of principal and accrued interest on outstanding convertible promissory notes issued by Private Acer) of shares of Private Acer’s common stock (the "Concurrent Financing”) to certain current stockholders of Private Acer and certain new investors at a per share price of $9.47. The Registrant’s common stock continued to trade on a pre-split basis through the close of business on Wednesday, September 20, 2017 on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol "OPXA.” Commencing with the open of trading on Thursday, September 21, 2017, the post-split shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol "ACER.” For accounting and financial reporting purposes, Private Acer was considered to have acquired the Registrant in the Merger. Private Acer was incorporated on December 26, 2013, as part of a reorganization whereby Acer Therapeutics, LLC was converted into a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Delaware Delaware Reincorporation and Subsidiary Merger On May 15, 2018, we changed our state of incorporation from the State of Texas to the State of Delaware (the "Reincorporation”) pursuant to a plan of conversion, dated May 15, 2018. We filed the following instruments on May 15, 2018 to effect the Reincorporation: (i) a certificate of conversion with the Texas Secretary of State; (ii) a certificate of conversion with the Delaware Secretary of State; and (iii) a certificate of incorporation with the Delaware Secretary of State. Pursuant to the plan of conversion, we also adopted new bylaws, which became effective with the Reincorporation. The Reincorporation was approved by our stockholders at our annual meeting on May 14, 2018. Immediately following the Reincorporation, we eliminated our holding company structure by merging our wholly-owned subsidiary Private Acer with and into the Company (the "Subsidiary Merger”). The Company was the surviving corporation in connection with the Subsidiary Merger. As the Delaware certificate of incorporation used the placeholder name of "Acer Reincorporation, Inc.” due to "Acer Therapeutics Inc.” already being in existence in Delaware as Private Acer, in connection with the Subsidiary Merger the Company changed its name to "Acer Therapeutics Inc.” pursuant to a certificate of ownership and merger filed with the Delaware 25 Secretary of State on May 15, 2018. As a result of the Reincorporation, the par value our preferred stock was changed from no par value to $0.0001 and the par value of our common stock was reduced to $0.0001 from $0.01. Company Information Our principal executive offices are located at One Gateway Center, Suite 351 (300 Washington St.), Newton, Massachusetts 02458, and our telephone number is (844) 902- 6100. Our website address is www.acertx.com. The information found on our website, or that may be accessed by links on our website, is not part of this report. Available Information We are subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act”) under which we file periodic reports, proxy and information statements and other information with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC”). Copies of the reports, proxy statements and other information are available on the SEC’s website, https://www.sec.gov. Financial and other information about us is available on our website (www.acertx.com). Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report. We make available on our website, free of charge, copies of our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such material electronically or otherwise furnishing it to the SEC. Copies are available in print to any stockholder upon request in writing to Attention: Investor Relations, Acer Therapeutics, One Gateway Center, Suite 351 (300 Washington St.), Newton, MA 02458. Item 1A. Risk Factors. Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should consider the following risk factors, as well as other information contained or incorporated by reference in this report, before deciding to invest in our securities. The following factors affect our business, our intellectual property, the industry in which we operate and our securities. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known or which we consider immaterial as of the date hereof may also have an adverse effect on our business. If any of the matters discussed in the following risk factors were to occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or prospects could be materially adversely affected, the market price of our securities could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment in our securities. Risks Related to Our Business and Financial Condition We have a limited operating history and have incurred significant losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability. The absence of any commercial sales and our limited operating history make it difficult to assess our future viability. We are a development-stage pharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. On September 19, 2017, we completed the reverse merger (the "Merger”) with Acer Therapeutics Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Private Acer”), in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of June 30, 2017, by and among Private Acer, ourselves and Opexa Merger Sub, Inc. Also on September 19, 2017, in connection with, and prior to the completion of, the Merger, we effected a 1-for-10.355527 reverse stock split of our common stock and changed our name to "Acer Therapeutics Inc.”. On May 15, 2018, we changed our state of incorporation from the State of Texas to the State of Delaware pursuant to a plan of conversion. We also eliminated our holding company structure by merging our wholly-owned subsidiary Private Acer with and into the parent company, with the parent company being the surviving entity. 26 Pharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We are focused principally on repurposing and/or reformulating existing drugs for serious rare and life-threatening diseases with significant unmet medical needs. We are not profitable and Private Acer had incurred losses in each year since its inception in 2013. We have only a limited operating history upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects. In addition, we have limited experience and have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry. We have not generated any revenue to date. We continue to incur significant research and development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations. Our net loss for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $21.3 million and $14.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of $46.8 million. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future as we continue our development of, and seek marketing approvals for, our product candidates. We have devoted substantially all of our financial resources to identify, acquire, and develop our product candidates, including providing general and administrative support for our operations. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities and convertible promissory notes. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of our future expenditures and our ability to obtain funding through equity or debt financings, strategic collaborations, or grants. Pharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We expect losses to increase as we conduct clinical trials and continue to develop our product candidates. We expect to invest significant funds into the research and development of our current product candidates to determine the potential to advance these product candidates to regulatory approval. We may also invest in acquiring or in-licensing additional product candidates to expand our pipeline. If we obtain regulatory approval to market a product candidate, our future revenue will depend upon the size of any markets in which our product candidates may receive approval and our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, pricing, reimbursement from third-party payors, and adequate market share for our product candidates in those markets. Even if we obtain adequate market share for our product candidates, because the potential markets in which our product candidates may ultimately receive regulatory approval could be very small, we may never become profitable despite obtaining such market share and acceptance of our products. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future, and our expenses will increase substantially if and as we: • • • • • • • • • • • • seek regulatory and marketing approvals and reimbursement for our product candidates; continue the clinical development of our product candidates; continue efforts to discover new product candidates; undertake the manufacturing of our product candidates or increase volumes manufactured by third parties; advance our programs into larger, more expensive clinical trials; initiate additional pre-clinical, clinical, or other trials or studies for our product candidates; establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval and market for ourselves; seek to identify, assess, acquire and/or develop other product candidates; make milestone, royalty or other payments under third-party license agreements; seek to maintain, protect and expand our intellectual property portfolio; seek to attract and retain skilled personnel; and experience any delays or encounter issues with the development and potential for regulatory approval of our clinical candidates such as safety issues, clinical trial enrollment delays, longer follow-up for planned studies, additional major studies or supportive studies necessary to support marketing approval. 27 Further, the net losses we incur will fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance. We currently have no source of product sales revenue and may never be profitable. We have not generated any revenues from commercial sales of any of our current product candidates, EDSIVOTM (for vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome ("vEDS”)), ACER- 001 (for urea cycle disorders ("UCD”) and Maple Syrup Urine Disease ("MSUD”)), and osanetant. Our ability to generate product revenue depends upon our ability to successfully identify, develop and commercialize these product candidates or other product candidates that we may develop, in-license or acquire in the future. Our ability to generate future product revenue from our current or future product candidates also depends on a number of additional factors, including our ability to: • • • • • • • • successfully complete research and clinical development of current and future product candidates; establish and maintain supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties, and ensure adequate and legally compliant manufacturing of product candidates; obtain regulatory approval from relevant regulatory authorities in jurisdictions where we intend to market our product candidates; launch and commercialize future product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval, if any, and if launched independently, successfully establish a sales force and medical affairs, marketing and distribution infrastructure; obtain coverage and adequate product reimbursement from third-party payors, including government payors; achieve market acceptance for our approved products, if any; establish, maintain and protect our intellectual property rights; and attract, hire and retain qualified personnel. In addition, because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with clinical product development, including that our product candidates may not successfully advance through development or achieve regulatory approval, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of any potential future product sales revenues. Our expenses also could increase beyond expectations if we decide to or are required by the United States Food and Drug Administration ("FDA”) or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, to perform studies or trials in addition to those that we currently anticipate. Even if we complete the development and regulatory processes described above, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with launching and commercializing these products. We may require additional financing to obtain marketing approval of our product candidates and, if approved, to commercialize our product candidates, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development, other operations or commercialization efforts. Since our inception, substantially all of our resources have been dedicated to the clinical development of our product candidates. As of December 31, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of $46.8 million, cash and cash equivalents of $41.7 million and current liabilities of $5.6 million. Based on available resources, we believe that our cash and cash equivalents currently on hand are sufficient to fund our anticipated operating and capital requirements into the first half of 2020. We believe that we will continue to expend substantial resources for the foreseeable future on the completion of clinical development and regulatory preparedness of our product candidates, preparations for a commercial launch of our product candidates, if approved, and development of any other current or future product candidates we may choose to further develop. These expenditures will include costs associated with research and development, conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, obtaining marketing approvals, and manufacturing and supply as well as marketing and selling any products approved for sale. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise. 28 Because the outcome of any drug development process is highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our current product candidates, if approved, or future product candidates, if any. Our operating plan may change as a result of factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, such as strategic collaborations. Such financing may result in dilution to stockholders, imposition of debt covenants and repayment obligations, or other restrictions that may adversely affect our business. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including: • • • • • • • • • • • the cost of commercialization activities if our current product candidates and future product candidates are approved for sale, including marketing, sales and distribution costs, and preparedness of our corporate infrastructure; the cost of manufacturing current product candidates and future product candidates that we obtain approval for and successfully commercialize; the scope, progress, results, and costs of researching and developing our current product candidates, future product candidates and conducting preclinical and clinical trials; the cost of seeking regulatory and marketing approvals and reimbursement for our product candidates; our ability to establish and maintain strategic collaborations, licensing or other arrangements and the financial terms of such agreements; the number and characteristics of any additional product candidates we may develop or acquire; any product liability or other lawsuits related to our products or commenced against us; the expenses needed to attract and retain skilled personnel; the costs associated with being a public company; the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing our intellectual property rights, including litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation; and the timing, receipt and amount of sales of, or royalties on, any future approved products, if any. Additional funds may not be available when we need them, on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to: • • • delay, limit, reduce or terminate preclinical studies, clinical trials or other development activities for our current product candidates or future product candidates, if any; delay, limit, reduce or terminate our research and development activities; or delay, limit, reduce or terminate our establishment of sales and marketing capabilities or other activities that may be necessary to commercialize our future product candidates. We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, increased costs and risks as a result of being a public company. As a public company, we are required to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ("SOX”) as well as rules and regulations implemented by the SEC and The Nasdaq Capital Market ("Nasdaq”). Changes in the laws and regulations affecting public companies, including the provisions of SOX and rules adopted by the SEC and by Nasdaq, have resulted in, and will continue to result in, increased costs as we respond to their requirements. Given the risks inherent in the design and operation of internal controls over financial reporting, the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting is uncertain. If our internal controls are not designed or operating 29 effectively, we may not be able to conclude an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting as required or we or our independent registered public accounting firm may determine that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective. We currently have a very limited workforce, and it may be difficult to adhere to appropriate internal controls over financial reporting or disclosure controls with such limited staffing. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm may determine that our internal controls are not effective. Investors may lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and which could affect our ability to run our business effectively. New rules related to being a public company could also make it more difficult or more costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. The impact of these events could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our Board of Directors, our Board committees and as executive officers. If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, SOX and Nasdaq rules and regulations. SOX requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. We must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filing for that year, as required by Section 404 of SOX. Although we are committed to continuing to improve our internal control processes, and although we will continue to diligently and vigorously review our internal controls over financial reporting, we cannot be certain that, in the future, a material weakness or significant deficiency will not exist or otherwise be discovered. We may discover weaknesses in our system of internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that could result in a material misstatement of our financial statements. Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of SOX, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If that were to happen, the market price of our common stock could decline and we could be subject to penalties or investigations by Nasdaq or the SEC. Any acquisitions that we make could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition. We expect to evaluate potential strategic acquisitions of complementary businesses, products or technologies worldwide. We may also consider joint ventures, licensing and other collaborative projects. We may not be able to identify appropriate acquisition candidates or strategic partners, or successfully negotiate, finance or integrate acquisitions of any businesses, products or technologies. Furthermore, the integration of any acquisition and management of any collaborative project may divert our management’s time and resources from our core business and disrupt our operations. As a company, we have limited experience with acquiring other companies, or with acquiring products outside of the United States. Any cash acquisition we pursue would potentially divert the cash we have on our balance sheet from our present clinical development programs. Any stock acquisitions would dilute our stockholders’ ownership. Funding from our ATM facility may be limited or be insufficient to fund our operations or to implement our strategy. We will need to keep current our shelf registration statement and an offering prospectus relating to an at-the-market ("ATM”) facility with Roth Capital Partners, LLC ("Roth Capital”) in order to use the program to sell shares 30 of our common stock, as well as provide certain periodic deliverables required by the sales agreement with Roth Capital for the ATM facility. The number of shares and price at which we may be able to sell shares under the ATM facility may be limited due to market conditions and other factors beyond our control. Risks Related to the Clinical Development and Marketing Approval of Our Product Candidates The marketing approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign authorities are lengthy, time-consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain marketing approval for our product candidates, our business will be substantially harmed. None of our current product candidates have gained marketing approval for sale in the United States or any other country, and we cannot guarantee that we will ever have marketable products. Our business is substantially dependent on our ability to complete the development of, obtain marketing approval for, and successfully commercialize our product candidates in a timely manner. We cannot commercialize our product candidates in the United States without first obtaining approval from the FDA to market each product candidate. Similarly, we cannot commercialize our product candidates outside of the United States without obtaining regulatory approval from comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Our product candidates could fail to receive marketing approval for many reasons, including the following: • • • • • • • • • • • we may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities that a product candidate is safe and effective for its proposed indication; the results of clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for approval; we may be unable to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks; the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of any clinical trials we conduct or rely upon for regulatory approval; the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may find the human subject protections for our clinical trials inadequate and place a clinical hold on an Investigational New Drug Application ("IND”) at the time of its submission precluding commencement of any trials or a clinical hold on one or more clinical trials at any time during the conduct of our clinical trials; the FDA could determine that we cannot rely on Section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act ("FFDCA”) for one or more of our product candidates; the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials; the FDA could determine that we have identified the wrong reference listed drug or drugs or that approval of our 505(b)(2) application for any of our product candidates is blocked by patent or non-patent exclusivity of the reference listed drug or drugs; the data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates may not be sufficient to support the submission of an application to obtain marketing approval in the United States or elsewhere; the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may find inadequate the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we contract for clinical and commercial supplies; and the approval policies or regulations of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner that would delay marketing approval. Before obtaining marketing approval for the commercial sale of any drug product for a target indication, we must demonstrate in preclinical studies and well-controlled clinical trials and, to the satisfaction of the applicable regulatory authorities, that the product is safe and effective for its intended use and that the manufacturing facilities, 31 processes, and controls are adequate to preserve the drug’s identity, strength, quality and purity. In the United States, it is necessary to submit and obtain approval of a New Drug Application ("NDA”) from the FDA. An NDA must include extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to establish the product safety and efficacy for each desired indication. The NDA must also include significant information regarding the chemistry, manufacturing, and controls for the product. After the submission but before approval of the NDA, the manufacturing facilities used to manufacture a product candidate must be inspected by the FDA to ensure compliance with the applicable Current Good Manufacturing Practice ("cGMP”) requirements. The FDA and the Competent Authorities of the Member States of the European Economic Area ("EEA”) and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, may also inspect our clinical trial sites and audit clinical study data to ensure that our studies are properly conducted in accordance with the IND regulations, human subject protection regulations, and current good clinical practice ("cGCP”). Obtaining approval of an NDA is a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and approval may not be obtained. Upon submission of an NDA, the FDA must make an initial determination that the application is sufficiently complete to accept the submission for filing. We cannot be certain that any submissions, even those that are accepted for filing and reviewed by the FDA, will ultimately be approved. If the application is not accepted for review, the FDA may require that we conduct additional clinical studies or preclinical testing, or take other actions before it will reconsider our application. If the FDA requires additional studies or data, we would incur increased costs and delays in the marketing approval process, which may require us to expend more resources than we have available. In addition, the FDA may not consider any additional information to be complete or sufficient to support the filing or approval of the NDA. Regulatory authorities outside of the United States, such as in Europe and Japan and in emerging markets, also have requirements for approval of drugs for commercial sale with which we must comply prior to marketing in those areas. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of our product candidates. Clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted or the results may not be found adequate by regulatory authorities in other countries, and obtaining regulatory approval in one country does not mean that regulatory approval will be obtained in any other country. However, the failure to obtain regulatory approval in one jurisdiction could have a negative impact on our ability to obtain approval in a different jurisdiction. Approval processes vary among countries and can involve additional product candidate testing and validation and additional administrative review periods. Seeking foreign regulatory approval could require additional non-clinical studies or clinical trials, which could be costly and time-consuming. Foreign regulatory approval may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. For all of these reasons, we may not obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. The process to develop, obtain marketing approval for, and commercialize product candidates is long, complex and costly, both inside and outside of the United States, and approval is never guaranteed. The time required to obtain approval by the FDA and comparable foreign authorities is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. Even if our product candidates were to successfully obtain approval from regulatory authorities, any such approval might significantly limit the approved indications for use, including more limited patient populations, require that precautions, warnings or contraindications be included on the product labeling, including black box warnings, require expensive and time-consuming post-approval clinical studies, risk evaluation and mitigation strategies or surveillance as conditions of approval, or, through the product label, the approval may limit the claims that we may make, which may impede the successful commercialization of our product candidates. Following any approval for commercial sale of our product candidates, certain changes to the product, such as changes in manufacturing processes and additional labeling claims, as well as new safety information, may require new studies and will be subject to additional FDA notification, or review and approval. Also, marketing approval for any of our product candidates may be withdrawn. If we are unable to obtain marketing approval for our product candidates in one or more jurisdictions, or any approval contains significant limitations, our ability to market to our full target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our product candidates will be impaired. Furthermore, we may not be able to obtain sufficient funding or generate sufficient revenue and cash flows to continue or complete the development of any of our current or future product candidates. 32 Our risk of delay in product approvals is increased if the United States government is fully or partially shut down due to lack of continuity in funding. Our business operations, and particularly the timing of the outcome of review of our NDA filing for marketing approval of EDSIVOTM, are directly and indirectly affected by the operations of the United States government, including but not limited to the FDA. Any interruption in the continuity of funding of all or a part of government activities could have a significant negative effect on our business, including the timing of that review decision. For example, over the last several years, including beginning on December 22, 2018 and ending on January 25, 2019, the United States government has had shut downs. We cannot predict the likelihood, duration, impact, or timing of any future shutdown. There can be no assurance that if such shutdown(s) were to occur in the future, adequate funds would be available to the FDA and other U.S. government agencies to allow them to continue their activities uninterrupted. Even when funding is restored following one or more shutdowns, we cannot predict the ongoing impact of such shutdowns on our business, or the degree to which funding would be restored to the FDA or other agencies having an impact on our business. If we are unable to obtain approval under Section 505(b)(2) of the FFDCA or if we are required to generate additional data related to safety or efficacy in order to obtain approval under Section 505(b)(2), we may be unable to meet our anticipated development and commercialization timelines. Traditional drug development typically relies upon Section 505(b)(1) of the FFDCA for seeking marketing authorization in the United States, where the sponsor of the product candidate (i.e., the applicant for marketing authorization) is required to conduct all of the studies needed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of such candidate. Although we may consider a Section 505(b)(1) pathway in the future, our current strategy for seeking marketing authorization in the United States for our product candidates (including EDSIVO™ and ACER-001) relies at least in part on Section 505(b)(2) of the FFDCA, which permits use of a marketing application, referred to as a 505(b)(2) application, where at least some of the information needed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidate at issue for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference or use. The FDA interprets this to mean that an applicant may rely for approval on such data as that found in published literature or the FDA’s finding of safety or effectiveness, or both, of a previously approved drug product owned by a third party. There is no assurance that the FDA would find third- party data relied upon by us in a 505(b)(2) application sufficient or adequate to support approval, and the FDA may require us to generate additional data to support the safety and efficacy of our product candidates. Consequently, we may need to conduct substantial new research and development activities beyond those we currently plan to conduct. Such additional new research and development activities would be costly and time-consuming and there is no assurance that such data generated from such additional activities would be sufficient to obtain approval. If the data to be relied upon in a 505(b)(2) application are related to drug products previously approved by the FDA and covered by patents that are listed in the FDA’s Orange Book, we would be required to submit with our 505(b)(2) application a Paragraph IV Certification in which we must certify that we do not infringe the listed patents or that such patents are invalid or unenforceable, and provide notice to the patent owner or the holder of the approved NDA. The patent owner or NDA holder would have 45 days from receipt of the notification of our Paragraph IV Certification to initiate a patent infringement action against us. If an infringement action is initiated, the approval of our NDA would be subject to a stay of up to 30 months or more while we defend against such a suit. Approval of our product candidates under Section 505(b)(2) may, therefore, be delayed until patent exclusivity expires or until we successfully challenge the applicability of those patents to our product candidates. Alternatively, we might elect a Section 505(b)(1) pathway to generate sufficient clinical data so that we would no longer need to rely on third-party data. However, a Section 505(b)(1) pathway would likely be costly and time-consuming and there would be no assurance that such data generated from such additional activities would be sufficient to obtain approval. We may not be able to obtain shortened review of our applications, and the FDA may not agree that our product candidates qualify for marketing approval. If we are required to generate additional data to support approval, we may be unable to meet anticipated or reasonable development and commercialization timelines, may be unable to generate the additional data at a reasonable cost, or at all, and may be unable to obtain marketing 33 approval of our product candidates. If the FDA changes its interpretation of Section 505(b)(2) allowing reliance on data in a previously approved drug application owned by a third party, or if there is a change in the law affecting Section 505(b)(2), this could delay or even prevent the FDA from approving any Section 505(b)(2) application that we submit. Marketing approval may be substantially delayed or may not be obtained for one or all of our product candidates if regulatory authorities require additional or more time-consuming studies to assess the safety and efficacy of our product candidates. We may be unable to initiate or complete development of our product candidates on schedule, if at all. The completion of the studies for certain of our product candidates will require us to obtain substantial additional funding beyond our current resources. In addition, regulatory authorities may require additional or more time-consuming studies to assess the safety or efficacy of our product candidates than we are currently planning. We may not be able to obtain adequate funding to complete the necessary steps for approval for any or all of our product candidates. Additional delays may result if the FDA, an FDA Advisory Committee (if one is convened to review any NDA we file, including our NDA for EDSIVOTM) or another regulatory authority indicates that a product candidate should not be approved or there should be restrictions on approval, such as the requirement for a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy ("REMS”), to ensure the safe use of the drug. Delays in marketing approval or rejections of applications for marketing approval in the United States or other markets may result from many factors, including: • • • • • • • • • • the FDA’s or comparable foreign regulatory authorities’ disagreement with the design or implementation of any clinical trials we conduct or rely on for regulatory approval; regulatory requests for additional analyses, reports, data, non-clinical and preclinical studies and clinical trials; regulatory questions or disagreement by the FDA or comparable regulatory authorities regarding interpretations of data and results and the emergence of new information regarding our current or future product candidates or the field of research; unfavorable or inconclusive results of clinical trials and supportive non-clinical studies, including unfavorable results regarding safety or efficacy of our product candidates during clinical trials; failure to meet the level of statistical significance required for approval; inability to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks; lack of adequate funding to commence or continue our clinical trials due to unforeseen costs or other business decisions; regulatory authorities may find inadequate the manufacturing processes or facilities of the third-party manufacturers with which we contract for clinical and commercial supplies; we may have insufficient funds to pay the significant user fees required by the FDA upon the filing of an NDA; and the approval policies or regulations of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner that would delay marketing approval. The lengthy and unpredictable approval process, as well as the unpredictability of future clinical trial results, may result in our failure to obtain marketing approval to market our product candidates, which would significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects. Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome. Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. The FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and determining when or whether marketing approval will be obtained for our current product candidates. Even if we believe the data collected from clinical trials of our current product candidates are promising, such data may not be 34 sufficient to support approval by the FDA or comparable foreign authorities. Our future clinical trial results may not be successful. It is impossible to predict the extent to which the clinical trial process may be affected by legislative and regulatory developments. Due to these and other factors, our current product candidates or future product candidates could take a significantly longer time to gain marketing approval than expected or may never gain marketing approval. This could delay or eliminate any potential product revenue by delaying or terminating the potential commercialization of our current product candidates. Preclinical trials must also be conducted in accordance with FDA and comparable foreign authorities’ legal requirements, regulations or guidelines, including current Good Laboratory Practice ("cGLP”), an international standard meant to harmonize the conduct and quality of nonclinical studies and the archiving and reporting of findings. Preclinical studies including long-term toxicity studies and carcinogenicity studies in animals may result in findings that may require further evaluation, which could affect the risk-benefit evaluation of clinical development, or which may lead the regulatory agencies to delay, prohibit the initiation of or halt clinical trials or delay or deny marketing authorization applications. Failure to adhere to the applicable cGLP standards or misconduct during the course of preclinical trials may invalidate the data and require one or more studies to be repeated or additional testing to be conducted. Clinical trials must also be conducted in accordance with FDA and comparable foreign authorities’ legal requirements, regulations or guidelines, including human subject protection requirements and cGCP. Clinical trials are subject to further oversight by these governmental agencies and Institutional Review Boards ("IRBs”), at the medical institutions where the clinical trials are conducted. In addition, clinical trials must be conducted with supplies of our current product candidates produced under cGMP and other requirements. Our clinical trials are conducted at multiple sites, including some sites in countries outside the United States and the European Union, which may subject us to further delays and expenses as a result of increased shipment costs, additional regulatory requirements and the engagement of foreign and non-EU clinical research organizations, as well as expose us to risks associated with clinical investigators who are unknown to the FDA or the European regulatory authorities, and with different standards of diagnosis, screening and medical care. The commencement and completion of clinical trials for our current product candidates may be delayed, suspended or terminated as a result of many factors, including but not limited to: • • • • • • • • • • the delay or refusal of regulators or IRBs to authorize us to commence a clinical trial at a prospective trial site and changes in regulatory requirements, policies and guidelines; the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities disagreeing as to the design or implementation of our clinical trials; failure to reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective contract research organizations ("CROs”), and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites; delays in patient enrollment and variability in the number and types of patients available for clinical trials; the inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients in trials to ensure adequate statistical power to detect statistically significant treatment effects; lower than anticipated retention rates of patients and volunteers in clinical trials; clinical sites deviating from trial protocol or dropping out of a trial; adding new clinical trial sites; negative or inconclusive results, which may require us to conduct additional preclinical or clinical trials or to abandon projects that we expect to be promising; safety or tolerability concerns could cause us to suspend or terminate a trial if we find that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks; 35 • • • • • • • regulators or IRBs requiring that we or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements; our third-party research and manufacturing contractors failing to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all; difficulty in maintaining contact with patients after treatment, resulting in incomplete data; delays in establishing the appropriate dosage levels; the quality or stability of our current product candidates falling below acceptable standards; the inability to produce or obtain sufficient quantities of our current product candidates to complete clinical trials; and exceeding budgeted costs due to difficulty in predicting accurately the costs associated with clinical trials. Patient enrollment is a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials and is affected by many factors, including the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, competing clinical trials and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs or treatments that may be approved for the indications we are investigating. There are significant requirements imposed on us and on clinical investigators who conduct clinical trials that we sponsor. Although we are responsible for selecting qualified clinical investigators, providing them with the information they need to conduct the clinical trial properly, ensuring proper monitoring of the clinical trial, and ensuring that the clinical trial is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols contained in the IND, we cannot ensure the clinical investigators will maintain compliance with all regulatory requirements at all times. The pharmaceutical industry has experienced cases where clinical investigators have been found to incorrectly record data, omit data, or even falsify data. We cannot ensure that the clinical investigators in our trials will not make mistakes or otherwise compromise the integrity or validity of data, any of which would have a significant negative effect on our ability to obtain marketing approval, our business, and our financial condition. We could encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, by the IRBs of the institutions in which such trial is being conducted, by the data safety monitoring board ("DSMB”) for such trial, or by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. We or such authorities may impose a suspension or termination due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using the drug, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. If we experience delays in the completion or termination of any clinical trial of our current product candidates, the commercial prospects of our current product candidates will be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues from our product candidates will be delayed. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow our development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of marketing approval of our product candidates. Any of these occurrences could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of marketing approval of our current product candidates. Significant clinical trial delays could also allow our competitors to bring products to market before we are able to do so, shorten any periods during which we have the exclusive right to commercialize our current product candidates and impair our ability to commercialize our current product candidates, which may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. 36 Clinical failure can occur at any stage of clinical development. Because the results of earlier clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results, any product candidate we advance through clinical trials may not have favorable results in later clinical trials or receive marketing approval. Clinical failure can occur at any stage of our clinical development. The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. Clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical or preclinical testing. Data obtained from tests are susceptible to varying interpretations, and regulators may not interpret our data as favorably as we do, which may delay, limit or prevent marketing approval. In addition, the design of a clinical trial can determine whether our results will support approval of a product or approval of a product for desired indications, and flaws or shortcomings in the design of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced. We have not yet conducted any clinical trials and we have limited experience in designing clinical trials and thus may be unable to design and execute a clinical trial to support marketing approval for our desired indications. Further, clinical trials of potential products often reveal that it is not practical or feasible to continue development efforts. If one of our product candidates is found to be unsafe or lack efficacy, we will not be able to obtain marketing approval for it and our business would be harmed. For example, if the results of our clinical trials of our product candidates do not achieve pre-specified endpoints or we are unable to provide primary or secondary endpoint measurements deemed acceptable by the FDA or comparable foreign regulators or if we are unable to demonstrate an acceptable level of safety relative to the efficacy associated with our proposed indications, the prospects for approval of our product candidates would be materially and adversely affected. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including those with greater resources and experience than us, have suffered significant setbacks in Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials, even after seeing promising results in earlier clinical trials. In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety and/or efficacy results between different trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including differences in trial protocols and design, the size and type of the patient population, adherence to the dosing regimen and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants. We do not know whether any clinical trials we may conduct will demonstrate consistent and/or adequate efficacy and safety to obtain marketing approval for our product candidates. As an organization, we have not yet completed any clinical trial and may be unable to do so efficiently or at all for our current product candidates or any product candidate we develop. We intend to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates. The conduct of clinical trials and the submission of a successful NDA is a complicated process. As an organization, we have not completed a clinical trial before, and we have limited experience in preparing and submitting regulatory filings. Consequently, we may be unable to successfully and efficiently execute and complete necessary clinical trials in a way that leads to NDA submission and approval of our current product candidates or for any other product candidate we develop. We may require more time and incur greater costs than anticipated and may not succeed in obtaining marketing approval of the product candidates we develop. Failure to commence or complete, or delays in, our planned clinical trials would prevent us from or delay us in commercializing our current product candidates or any other product candidate we develop. Our product candidates may cause undesirable adverse effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their marketing approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if obtained. Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of marketing approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign authorities. If any of our current product candidates or any other product candidate we develop is associated with serious adverse, undesirable or unacceptable side effects, we may need to 37 abandon such candidate’s development or limit development to certain uses or subpopulations in which such side effects are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective. Many compounds that initially showed promise in early-stage or clinical testing have later been found to cause side effects that prevented further development of the compound. Results of our trials could reveal a high and unacceptable prevalence of these or other side effects. In such an event, our trials could be suspended or terminated and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. The drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. If our product candidates receive marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including: • • • • • • • • regulatory authorities may withdraw approvals of such product; we may be required to recall a product or change the way such product is administered to patients; additional restrictions may be imposed on the marketing of the particular product or the manufacturing process for the product or any component thereof; regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a precaution, "black box” warning or other warnings or a contraindication; we or our collaborators may be required to implement a REMS or create a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effect for distribution to patients; we or our collaborators could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; the product may become less competitive; and our reputation may suffer. Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved, and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Even if we receive marketing approval for our product candidates, such approved products will be subject to ongoing obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense. Additionally, our product candidates, if approved, could be subject to labeling and other restrictions, and we may be subject to penalties and legal sanctions if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with our approved products. If the FDA approves any of our product candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for the product will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance with cGMP regulations and GCP for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Any marketing approvals that we receive for our product candidates may also be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to monitor safety and efficacy. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with an approved product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing operations or processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, or evidence of acts that raise questions about the integrity of data supporting the product approval, may result in, among other things: • • restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, withdrawal of the product from the market, or voluntary or mandatory product recalls; fines, warning letters, or holds on clinical trials; 38 • • • refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us, or suspension or revocation of product approvals; product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; and injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. The FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay marketing approval, manufacturing or commercialization of our product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business. Agencies such as the FDA and national competition regulators in European countries regulate the promotion and uses of drugs not consistent with approved product labeling requirements. If we are found to have improperly promoted our current product candidates for uses beyond those that are approved, we may become subject to significant liability. Regulatory authorities such as the FDA and national competition agencies in Europe strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products, such as EDSIVOTM or ACER-001, if approved. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities as reflected in the product’s approved labeling, known as "off-label” use, nor may it be promoted prior to obtaining marketing approval. If we receive marketing approval for our product candidates for our proposed indications, physicians may nevertheless use our products for their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label if the physicians personally believe in their professional medical judgment it could be used in such manner. Although physicians may prescribe legally available drugs for off-label uses, manufacturers may not market or promote such off-label uses. In addition, the FDA requires that promotional claims not be "false or misleading” as such terms are defined in the FDA’s regulations. For example, the FDA requires substantial evidence, which generally consists of two adequate and well-controlled head-to-head clinical trials, for a company to make a claim that its product is superior to another product in terms of safety or effectiveness. Generally, unless we perform clinical trials meeting that standard comparing our product candidates to competitive products and these claims are approved in our product labeling, we will not be able promote our current product candidates as superior to other products. If we are found to have made such claims we may become subject to significant liability. In the United States, the federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in improper promotion. The FDA has also requested that companies enter into consent decrees or corporate integrity agreements. The FDA could also seek permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is monitored, changed or curtailed. Our current and future relationships with healthcare professionals, investigators, consultants, collaborators, actual customers, potential customers and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere may be subject, directly or indirectly, to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, physician payment transparency, health information privacy and security and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to sanctions. Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any drug candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with healthcare professionals, investigators, consultants, collaborators, actual customers, potential customers and third-party payors may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal False Claims Act, that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we sell, market and distribute any drug candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. In addition, we may be subject to physician 39 payment transparency laws and patient privacy and security regulation by the United States federal government and states and by foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The applicable federal, state and foreign healthcare laws that may affect our ability to operate include the following: • • • • • • • the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of, any good, facility, item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under federal and state healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid; federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, including the federal False Claims Act, which impose criminal and civil penalties, including civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government; the civil monetary penalties statute, which imposes penalties against any person or entity who, among other things, is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal health program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent; the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA”) which created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (e.g., public or private), knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by any trick or device a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services relating to healthcare matters; HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 ("HITECH”) and its implementing regulations, which impose obligations on covered entities, including healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses, as well as their respective business associates that create, receive, maintain or transmit individually identifiable health information for or on behalf of a covered entity, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information; the federal Open Payments program, created under Section 6002 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("the Affordable Care Act”) and its implementing regulations, which imposed annual reporting requirements for manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologicals and medical supplies for certain payments and "transfers of value” provided to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members, where failure to submit timely, accurately and completely the required information for all covered payments, transfers of value and ownership or investment interests may result in civil monetary penalties; and analogous state and foreign laws, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers; state and foreign laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; and state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. 40 Further, the Affordable Care Act, among other things, amended the intent requirement of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and certain criminal statutes governing healthcare fraud. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the Affordable Care Act provided that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act. Efforts to ensure that our future business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations may involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, including, without limitation, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, which could significantly harm our business. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business, including our current and future collaborators, if any, are found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, those persons or entities may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, which could also affect our business. The impact of recent healthcare reform legislation and other changes in the healthcare industry and healthcare spending on us is currently unknown, and may adversely affect our business model. In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system could prevent or delay marketing approval of our drug candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell any drug candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our revenue prospects could be affected by changes in healthcare spending and policy in the United States and abroad. We operate in a highly regulated industry and new laws and judicial decisions, or new interpretations of existing laws or decisions, related to healthcare availability, the method of delivery or payment for healthcare products and services could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. There is significant interest in promoting healthcare reform, as evidenced by the enactment in the United States of the Affordable Care Act. Among other things, the Affordable Care Act contains provisions that may reduce the profitability of drug products, including, for example, revising the methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers for covered outpatient drugs under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated, extending the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program to utilization of prescriptions of individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care plans, imposing mandatory discounts for certain Medicare Part D beneficiaries, and subjecting drug manufacturers to payment of an annual fee. We expect that the Affordable Care Act, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue or commercialize our drugs. It is likely that federal and state legislatures within the United States and foreign governments will continue to consider changes to existing healthcare legislation including the Affordable Care Act. We cannot predict the reform initiatives that may be adopted in the future or whether initiatives that have been adopted will be repealed or modified. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of healthcare may adversely affect: • • the demand for any drug products for which we may obtain marketing approval; our ability to set a price that we believe is fair for our products; 41 • • • our ability to obtain coverage and reimbursement approval for a product; our ability to generate revenues and achieve or maintain profitability; and the level of taxes that we are required to pay. If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our research and development activities and our third-party manufacturers’ and suppliers’ activities involve the controlled storage, use, and disposal of hazardous materials, including the components of our product candidates and other hazardous compounds. We and our manufacturers and suppliers are subject to laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling, and disposal of these hazardous materials. In some cases, these hazardous materials and various wastes resulting from their use are stored at our and our manufacturers’ facilities pending their use and disposal. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination, which could cause an interruption of our commercialization efforts, research and development efforts and business operations, environmental damage resulting in costly clean-up and liabilities under applicable laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling, and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. Although we believe that the safety procedures utilized by us and our third-party manufacturers for handling and disposing of these materials generally comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that this is the case or eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In such an event, we may be held liable for any resulting damages and such liability could exceed our resources and state or federal or other applicable authorities may curtail our use of specified materials and/or interrupt our business operations. Furthermore, environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently, and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of such changes and cannot be certain of our future compliance. We do not currently carry biological or hazardous waste insurance coverage. Other Risks Related to Our Business If we fail to attract and retain key management and scientific personnel, we may be unable to successfully develop or commercialize our product candidates. Our success as a pharmaceutical company depends on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management and scientific and clinical personnel. The loss of the services of any of our senior management could delay or prevent obtaining marketing approval or commercialization of our product candidates. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified management and scientific personnel in the future due to the intense competition for a limited number of qualified personnel among pharmaceutical businesses, and other pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other businesses. Our failure to attract, hire, integrate and retain qualified personnel could impair our ability to achieve our business objectives. We will need to expand our organization and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations. As of December 31, 2018, we had twenty-three full-time employees and no part-time employees, in addition to a number of consultants or independent contractors working with us. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we expect to need additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial, legal and other resources. Our management may need to divert a significant amount of our attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. As we advance our product candidates through clinical trials, we will need to expand our development, regulatory, manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities or contract with third parties to provide these capabilities for us. As our operations expand, we expect that we will need to manage additional relationships with such third parties, as well as additional collaborators and suppliers. 42 We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees, and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize product candidates and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth. We may not be able to win government, academic institution or non-profit contracts or grants. From time to time, we may apply for contracts or grants from government agencies, non-profit entities and academic institutions. Such contracts or grants can be highly attractive because they provide capital to fund the ongoing development of our product candidates without diluting our stockholders. However, there is often significant competition for these contracts or grants. Entities offering contracts or grants may have requirements to apply for or to otherwise be eligible for certain contracts or grants that our competitors may be able to satisfy that we cannot. In addition, such entities may make arbitrary decisions as to whether to offer contracts or make grants, to whom the contracts or grants may or will be awarded and the size of the contracts or grants to each awardee. Even if we are able to satisfy the award requirements, there is no guarantee that we will be a successful awardee. Therefore, we may not be able to win any contracts or grants in a timely manner, if at all. If a successful product liability claim or series of claims is brought against us for uninsured liabilities or in excess of insured liabilities, we could be forced to pay substantial damage awards. The use of any of our product candidates in clinical trials, and the sale of any approved products, may expose us to product liability claims. We currently maintain product liability insurance coverage in amounts we consider to be reasonable for our stage of development. We intend to monitor the amount of coverage we maintain as the size and design of our clinical trials evolve, and if we are successful in obtaining approval to commercialize any of our product candidates, and adjust the amount of coverage we maintain accordingly. However, there is no assurance that such insurance coverage will fully protect us against some or all of the claims to which we might become subject. We might not be able to maintain adequate insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts or scope to protect us against potential losses. In the event a claim is brought against us, we might be required to pay legal and other expenses to defend the claim, as well as uncovered damages awards resulting from a claim brought successfully against us. Furthermore, whether or not we are ultimately successful in defending any such claims, we might be required to direct financial and managerial resources to such defense and adverse publicity could result, all of which could harm our business. Our employees, independent contractors, investigators, contract research organizations, consultants, collaborators and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading. We are exposed to the risk that our employees and other third parties may engage in fraudulent conduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by employees and other third parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violate FDA regulations, including those laws requiring the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to the FDA, manufacturing standards, federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, or laws that require the reporting of financial information or data accurately. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee and other third- 43 party misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate. Our internal computer systems, or those of our development collaborators, third-party clinical research organizations or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer cybersecurity or other security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future CROs and other contractors, consultants and collaborators are vulnerable to cybersecurity breaches and damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such material system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our marketing approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Likewise, we intend to rely on third parties to manufacture our product candidates and conduct clinical trials, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. To the extent that any disruption or cybersecurity or other security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed, and our reputation could be harmed. Risks Related to Commercialization of Our Product Candidates Our product candidate EDSIVOTM has not been approved for any indication in the United States, which may result in greater research and development expenses, regulatory issues that could delay or prevent approval, or discovery of unknown or unanticipated adverse effects. EDSIVOTM is a repurposing of celiprolol for the treatment of vEDS. An NDA for this drug for the treatment of hypertension was submitted to the FDA in 1987, however, the NDA was withdrawn prior to review. Celiprolol has, however, been approved in Europe for the treatment of hypertension since 1984. Regulatory approval of EDSIVOTM may be more expensive and take longer than for other, more well-known or extensively studied pharmaceutical product candidates due to our and regulatory agencies’ lack of experience with celiprolol. The novelty of this product candidate may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to conduct additional studies or clinical trials, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of our product candidates or lead to significant post-approval limitations or restrictions. There is also an increased risk that we may discover previously unknown or unanticipated adverse effects during our clinical trials and beyond. Any such events could adversely impact our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Even if we obtain the required regulatory approvals in the United States and other territories, the commercial success of our product candidates will depend on market awareness and acceptance of our product candidates. Even if we obtain marketing approval for our current product candidates or any other product candidates that we may develop or acquire in the future, the products may not gain market acceptance among physicians, key opinion leaders, healthcare payors, patients and the medical community. Market acceptance of any approved products depends on a number of factors, including: 44 • • • • • • • • • • • • the timing of market introduction; the efficacy and safety of the product, as demonstrated in clinical trials; the clinical indications for which the product is approved and the label approved by regulatory authorities for use with the product, including any precautions, warnings or contraindications that may be required on the label; acceptance by physicians, key opinion leaders and patients of the product as a safe and effective treatment; the cost, safety and efficacy of treatment in relation to alternative treatments; the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement and pricing by third-party payors and government authorities; the number and clinical profile of competing products; the growth of drug markets in our various indications; relative convenience and ease of administration; marketing and distribution support; the prevalence and severity of adverse side effects; and the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts. Market acceptance is critical to our ability to generate revenue. Any product candidate, if approved and commercialized, may be accepted in only limited capacities or not at all. If any approved products are not accepted by the market to the extent that we expect, we may not be able to generate revenue and our business would suffer. If the market opportunities for our product candidates are smaller than we believe they are, then our revenues may be adversely affected and our business may suffer. The diseases that our current and future product candidates are being developed to address are rare. Our projections of both the number of people who have these diseases, as well as the subset of people with these diseases who have the potential to benefit from treatment with our product candidates, and our assumptions relating to pricing are based on estimates. Given the small number of patients who have the diseases that we are targeting, our eligible patient population and pricing estimates may differ significantly from the actual market addressable by our product candidates. Currently, most reported estimates of the prevalence of vEDS, UCD and MSUD are based on studies of small subsets of the population of specific geographic areas, which are then extrapolated to estimate the prevalence of the diseases in the broader world population. It is difficult to precisely measure the incidence or prevalence of vEDS in any population. Studies estimate the prevalence of vEDS as ranging from approximately 1 in 90,000 to 1 in 250,000. In 2017, we commissioned a patient-finder study that phenotypically identified 4,169 vEDS patients in the United States from an analysis of a commercially available patient claims database, with data of approximately 190 million unique patient lives. Based on that information, we estimate the prevalence of phenotypically-defined vEDS in the United States could be greater than 1 in 45,000. Studies suggest that the incidence of UCD in the United States is 1 in 35,000 live births. Approximately 2,000 patients suffer from UCD in the United States. Studies indicate that MSUD affects an estimated 1 in 185,000 infants worldwide. Approximately 3,000 patients suffer from MSUD worldwide, of whom approximately 800 are located in the United States. It is estimated that vEDS, UCD and MSUD collectively impact approximately 7,000 patients in the United States. As new studies are performed the estimated prevalence of these diseases may change. The number of patients may turn out to be lower than expected. There can be no assurance that the prevalence of vEDS, UCD or MSUD in the study populations accurately reflect the prevalence of these diseases in the broader world population. If our estimates of the prevalence of vEDS, UCD or MSUD or of the number of patients who may benefit from treatment with EDSIVOTM or ACER-001 prove to be incorrect, the market opportunities for our product candidates 45 may be smaller than we believe they are, our prospects for generating revenue may be adversely affected and our business may suffer. Likewise, the potentially addressable patient population for each of our product candidates may be limited or may not be amenable to treatment with our product candidates, and new patients may become increasingly difficult to identify or gain access to, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We currently have limited marketing and sales experience. If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may be unable to generate any revenue. We have never commercialized a product candidate and, although pre-commercial activities are being conducted for EDSIVOTM, we currently do not have marketing, sales or distribution capabilities for our product candidates. In order to commercialize any of our products that receive marketing approval, we would have to build marketing, sales, medical affairs, distribution, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services, and we may not be successful in doing so. In the event of successful development of our product candidates, if we elect to build a targeted specialty sales force, such an effort would be expensive and time consuming. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of these products. We may choose to collaborate with third parties that have their own sales forces and established distribution systems, in lieu of or to augment any sales force and distribution systems we may create. If we are unable to enter into collaborations with third parties for the commercialization of approved products, if any, on acceptable terms or at all, or if any such collaborator does not devote sufficient resources to the commercialization of our product or otherwise fails in commercialization efforts, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidates if we receive marketing approval. If we are not successful in commercializing our product candidates, either on our own or through collaborations with one or more third parties, our future revenue will be materially and adversely impacted. If we fail to enter into strategic relationships or collaborations, our business, financial condition, commercialization prospects and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. Our product development programs and the potential commercialization of our current product candidates will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses. Therefore, in addition to financing the development of our product candidates through additional equity financings or through debt financings, we may decide to enter into collaborations with pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical companies for the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. We may also be restricted under existing and future collaboration agreements from entering into agreements on certain terms with other potential collaborators. We may not be able to negotiate collaborations on acceptable terms, or at all. If that were to occur, we may have to curtail the development of a particular product, reduce or delay one or more of our development programs, delay our potential commercialization or reduce the scope of our sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we will not be able to bring our product candidates to market and generate product revenue. If we do enter into a collaboration agreement, it could be subject to the following risks, each of which may materially harm our business, commercialization prospects and financial condition: • • • we may not be able to control the amount or timing of resources that the collaborator devotes to the product development program; the collaborator may experience financial difficulties and thus not commit sufficient financial resources to the product development program; we may be required to relinquish important rights such as marketing, distribution and intellectual property rights; 46 • • a collaborator could move forward with a competing product developed either independently or in collaboration with third parties, including our competitors; or business combinations or significant changes in a collaborator’s business strategy may adversely affect our willingness to complete our obligations under any arrangement. Coverage and reimbursement may be limited or unavailable in certain market segments for our product candidates, which could make it difficult for us to sell our products profitably. There is significant uncertainty related to third-party coverage and reimbursement of newly approved pharmaceuticals. Market acceptance and sales of any approved product candidates will depend significantly on the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors and may be affected by existing and future healthcare reform measures. Patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers performing the prescribed services generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers, health maintenance organizations, and government payors like Medicare and Medicaid, decide which drugs they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for drugs and products. Coverage and reimbursement may not be available for any product that we commercialize and, even if coverage is provided, the level of reimbursement may not be satisfactory. Inadequate reimbursement levels may adversely affect the demand for, or the price of, any drug candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. Reimbursement by a third-party payor may depend upon a number of factors, including the third-party payor’s determination that use of a product is, among other things: • • • • • a covered benefit under its health plan; safe, effective and medically necessary; appropriate for the specific patient; cost-effective; and neither experimental nor investigational. Obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement approval for a product from a government or other third-party payor is a time consuming and costly process that could require us to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies and provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our products to the payor. We may not be able to provide data sufficient to gain acceptance with respect to coverage and adequate reimbursement. In addition to examining the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of new products, coverage may be limited to specific drug products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the FDA-approved drug products for a particular indication. There may also be formulary placements that result in lower reimbursement levels and higher cost-sharing borne by patients, any of which could have an adverse effect on our revenues and profits. Moreover, a third-party payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Adequate third-party reimbursement may not be available to enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our investment in product development. Additionally, coverage and reimbursement for drug products can differ significantly from payor to payor. One third-party payor’s decision to cover a particular drug product does not ensure that other payors will also provide coverage for the drug product, or even if coverage is available, establish an adequate reimbursement rate. In addition, pricing of orphan and rare disease drug treatments is under increased pressure given the overall healthcare cost climate generally, and pricing of pharmaceutical products specifically. We cannot be sure that coverage or adequate reimbursement will be available for any of our product candidates. Also, we cannot be sure that reimbursement amounts will not reduce the demand for, or the price of, our products. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to commercialize certain of our products. In the United States, third-party payors are increasingly attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement of new drugs. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services, examining the medical necessity and 47 reviewing the cost-effectiveness of drug products and medical services and questioning safety and efficacy. As a result, significant uncertainty exists as to whether and how much third-party payors will reimburse patients for their use of newly approved drugs, which in turn will put pressure on the pricing of drugs. Additionally, emphasis on managed care in the United States has increased and we expect will continue to increase the pressure on drug pricing. If third-party payors do not consider our products to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover the products for which we receive FDA approval or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our products at a profit. Coverage policies, third-party reimbursement rates and drug pricing regulation may change at any time, and there is the potential for significant movement in these areas in the foreseeable future. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which we receive marketing approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future. We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before, or more successfully, than we do. The life sciences industry is highly competitive, and we face significant competition from many pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that are generally developing and marketing therapeutic products. Such competition may include large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, specialty pharmaceutical and generic companies and medical technology companies. Our future success depends on our ability to demonstrate and maintain a competitive advantage with respect to the design, development and commercialization of our product candidates for the treatment of orphan and ultra-orphan diseases for which there is a small patient population in the United States. A drug designated an Orphan Drug may receive up to seven years of exclusive marketing in the United States for that indication. Our objective is to design, develop and commercialize product candidates by repurposing or reformulating existing drugs for orphan diseases with significant unmet medical needs. Many of our potential competitors have significantly greater financial, manufacturing, marketing, development, technical and human resources than we do. Large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, in particular, have extensive experience in clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals, recruiting patients and in manufacturing clinical products. These companies also have significantly greater research and marketing capabilities than we do and may also have products that have been approved or are in late stages of development, and have collaborative arrangements in our target markets with leading companies and research institutions. Established companies may also invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of compounds that could make the product candidates that we develop obsolete. As a result of all of these factors, the obtaining of Orphan Drug designation for our product candidates is essential to our viability since our competitors may, among other things: • • • • • • • have greater name and brand recognition, financial and human resources; develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, less expensive, or more convenient or easier to administer; obtain quicker marketing approval; establish superior proprietary positions; have access to more manufacturing capacity as well as to more cost-effective manufacturing capacity; implement more effective approaches to sales and marketing; or form more advantageous strategic alliances. Should any of these events occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially adversely affected. If we are not able to compete effectively against potential competitors, our business will not grow and our financial condition and operations will suffer. 48 We believe that our ability to successfully compete will depend on our ability to obtain Orphan Drug designation as well as: • • • • • • • • • • • • our ability to design and successfully execute appropriate clinical trials; our ability to recruit and enroll patients for our clinical trials; the results of our clinical trials and the efficacy and safety of our product candidates; the speed at which we develop our product candidates; achieving and maintaining compliance with regulatory requirements applicable to our business; the timing and scope of regulatory approvals, including labeling; adequate levels of reimbursement under private and governmental health insurance plans, including Medicare and Medicaid; our ability to protect intellectual property rights related to our product candidates; our ability to commercialize and market any of our product candidates that may receive marketing approval; our ability to manufacture and sell commercial quantities of any approved product candidates to the market; acceptance of our product candidates by physicians, other healthcare providers and patients; and the cost of treatment in relation to alternative therapies. If our competitors are able to obtain Orphan Drug exclusivity for their products that are the same drug as our product candidates, we may not be able to have competing products approved by the applicable regulatory authority for a significant period of time or benefit from that exclusivity. We have Orphan Drug exclusivity designation in the United States for EDSIVOTM for vEDS and ACER-001 for MSUD. We expect to seek Orphan Drug exclusivity from the European Medicines Agency ("EMA”) for ACER-001 for MSUD, however, there can be no assurance that we will be successful. If we are unable to maintain our current Orphan Drug exclusivity or are unable to secure orphan status in Europe for ACER-001 for MSUD, it may have a material negative effect on our business. Generally, if a product with an Orphan Drug designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, that product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the applicable regulatory authority from approving another marketing application for the same drug for the same indication for that time period. The applicable period is seven years in the United States and ten years in the European Union. The exclusivity period in the European Union can be reduced to six years if the product no longer meets the criteria for Orphan Drug designation or if its commercialization is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan Drug exclusivity may be lost if the FDA or the EMA determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to ensure sufficient quantity of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition. Maintaining and/or obtaining Orphan Drug exclusivity for EDSIVOTM and ACER- 001 may be important to the product candidate’s success. Even if we obtain Orphan Drug exclusivity, we may not be able to maintain it. For example, if a competitive product that treats the same disease as our product candidate is shown to be clinically superior to our product candidate, any Orphan Drug exclusivity we have obtained will not block the approval of such competitive product and we may effectively lose what had previously been Orphan Drug exclusivity. Orphan Drug exclusivity for EDSIVOTM or ACER-001 also will not bar the FDA from approving another celiprolol drug product or a sodium phenylbutyrate ("NaPB”) product, for another indication. In the United States, reforms to the Orphan Drug Act, if enacted, could also materially affect our ability to maintain Orphan Drug exclusivity for EDSIVOTM for vEDS and ACER-001 for MSUD. 49 Price controls may be imposed in domestic or foreign markets, which may adversely affect our future profitability. The United States government, state legislatures, and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs to limit the growth of government-paid healthcare costs and drug prices in general, including for therapies for rare diseases. These measures include price controls, transparency requirements triggered by the introduction of new high-cost drugs into the market, drug re-importation, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products for branded prescription drugs. Some laws and regulations have already been enacted in these areas, and additional measures have been introduced or are under consideration at both the federal and state levels. Additionally, at the request of United States Senators, the Government Accountability Office is currently investigating abuses of the Orphan Drug Act, which could potentially lead to legislation that affects reimbursement for drugs with small patient populations. Adoption of such controls and measures and tightening of restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures could limit payments for pharmaceuticals such as our drug product candidates and could adversely affect our net revenue and results. In some countries, particularly member states of the European Union, the pricing of prescription drugs is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after receipt of marketing approval for a product. In addition, there can be considerable pressure by governments and other stakeholders on prices and reimbursement levels, including as part of cost containment measures. Political, economic and regulatory developments may further complicate pricing negotiations, and pricing negotiations may continue after reimbursement has been obtained. Reference pricing used by various European Union member states and parallel distribution, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. In some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial or other studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of our product candidates to other available therapies in order to obtain or maintain reimbursement or pricing approval. Publication of discounts by third-party payors or authorities may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of publication and other countries. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be adversely affected. Rapid technological change could make our product candidates obsolete. Pharmaceutical technologies have undergone rapid and significant change, and we expect that they will continue to do so. As a result, there is significant risk that our product candidates may be rendered obsolete or uneconomical by new discoveries before we recover all or any expenses incurred in connection with their development. If our product candidates are rendered obsolete by advancements in pharmaceutical technologies, our business will suffer. Government controls and healthcare reform measures could adversely affect our business. The business and financial condition of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are affected by the efforts of governmental and third-party payors to contain or reduce the costs of healthcare. In the United States and in foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and we expect that there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory proposals aimed at changing the healthcare system. For example, in some foreign countries, particularly in Europe, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product candidate. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct additional clinical trials that compare the cost-effectiveness of any product candidate to other available therapies. If reimbursement of any product candidate is unavailable or limited in scope or amount in a particular country, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, we may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability in such country. In the United States, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 ("MMA”) changed the way Medicare covers and pays for pharmaceutical products. The legislation established Medicare Part D, which expanded Medicare coverage for outpatient prescription drug purchases by the elderly but provided authority for limiting the number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class. The MMA also introduced a new reimbursement methodology based on average sales prices for physician-administered drugs. Any negotiated prices 50 for any product candidate covered by a Part D prescription drug plan will likely be lower than the prices that might otherwise be obtained outside of the Medicare Part D prescription drug plan. Moreover, while Medicare Part D applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own payment rates. Any reduction in payment under Medicare Part D may result in a similar reduction in payments from non-governmental payors. The United States and several other jurisdictions are considering, or have already enacted, a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to sell any product candidate. Among policy-makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and/or expanding access to healthcare. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives. There have been, and likely will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals at the federal and state levels directed at broadening the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. We cannot predict the initiatives that may be adopted in the future. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of healthcare may adversely affect: the demand for any product candidate; the ability to set a price that we believe is fair for any product candidate; our ability to generate revenues and achieve or maintain profitability; the level of taxes that we are required to pay; and the availability of capital. Risks Related to Third Parties We rely on third-party suppliers and other third parties for production of our product candidates and our dependence on these third parties may impair the advancement of our research and development programs and the development of our product candidates. We do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities for clinical or commercial production of our product candidates. We lack the resources and the capability to manufacture any of our product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. Instead, we rely on, and expect to continue to rely on, third parties for the supply of raw materials and manufacture of drug supplies necessary to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials. Our reliance on third parties may expose us to more risk than if we were to manufacture our current product candidates or other products ourselves. Delays in production by third parties could delay our clinical trials or have an adverse impact on any commercial activities. In addition, the fact that we are dependent on third parties for the manufacture of and formulation of our product candidates means that we are subject to the risk that the products may have manufacturing defects that we have limited ability to prevent or control. Although we oversee these activities to ensure compliance with our quality standards, budgets and timelines, we have had and will continue to have less control over the manufacturing of our product candidates than potentially would be the case if we were to manufacture our product candidates. Further, the third parties we deal with could have staffing difficulties, might undergo changes in priorities or may become financially distressed, which would adversely affect the manufacturing and production of our product candidates. In addition, a third party could be acquired by, or enter into an exclusive arrangement with, one of our competitors, which would adversely affect our ability to access the formulations we require. The facilities used by our current contract manufacturers and any future manufacturers to manufacture our product candidates must be inspected by the FDA after we submit our NDA, and this inspection process is currently ongoing with respect to EDSIVOTM. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, our contract manufacturers for compliance with the regulatory requirements, known as cGMPs, for manufacture of both active drug substances and finished drug products. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or others, the FDA may refuse to approve our NDA. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve our NDA because of concerns about the manufacture of our product candidates or if significant manufacturing issues arise in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop our product candidates, to obtain marketing approval of our NDA or to continue to market our product candidates, if approved. Although we are ultimately responsible for ensuring compliance with these regulatory requirements, we do not have day-to-day control over a contract manufacturing organization ("CMO”) or 51 other third-party manufacturer’s compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including cGMPs and other laws and regulations, such as those related to environmental health and safety matters. Any failure to achieve and maintain compliance with these laws, regulations and standards could subject us to the risk that we may have to suspend the manufacturing of our product candidates or that obtained approvals could be revoked, which would adversely affect our business and reputation. In addition, third-party contractors, such as our CMOs, may elect not to continue to work with us due to factors beyond our control. Although we have contracts in place, they may also refuse to work with us because of their own financial difficulties, business priorities or other reasons, at a time that is costly or otherwise inconvenient for us. If we were unable to find adequate replacement or another acceptable solution in time, our clinical trials could be delayed or our commercial activities could be harmed. Problems with the quality of the work of third parties may lead us to seek to terminate our working relationships and use alternative service providers. However, making this change may be costly and may delay clinical trials. In addition, it may be very challenging, and in some cases impossible, to find replacement service providers that can develop and manufacture our drug candidates in an acceptable manner and at an acceptable cost and on a timely basis. The sale of products containing any defects or any delays in the supply of necessary services could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Growth in the costs and expenses of components or raw materials may also adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Supply sources could be interrupted from time to time and, if interrupted, supplies may not be resumed (whether in part or in whole) within a reasonable timeframe and at an acceptable cost or at all. We plan to rely on third parties to conduct clinical trials for our product candidates. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, it may cause delays in commencing and completing clinical trials of our product candidates or we may be unable to obtain marketing approval for or commercialize our product candidates. Clinical trials must meet applicable FDA and foreign regulatory requirements. We do not have the ability to independently conduct Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trials for any of our product candidates. We expect to rely on third parties, such as CROs, medical institutions, clinical investigators and contract laboratories, to conduct all of our clinical trials of our product candidates; however, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with our investigational plan and protocol. Moreover, the FDA and other foreign regulatory authorities require us to comply with IND and human subject protection regulations and current good clinical practice standards, commonly referred to as GCPs, for conducting, monitoring, recording, and reporting the results of clinical trials to ensure that the data and results are scientifically credible and accurate and that the trial subjects are adequately informed of the potential risks of participating in clinical trials. Our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. Regulatory authorities enforce these GCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or any of our third-party contractors fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. There is no assurance that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with GCPs. Our failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the marketing approval process. There are significant requirements imposed on us and on clinical investigators who conduct clinical trials that we sponsor. Although we are responsible for selecting qualified CROs or clinical investigators, providing them with the information they need to conduct the clinical trials properly, ensuring proper monitoring of the clinical trials, and ensuring that the clinical trials are conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols contained in the IND, we cannot ensure that the CROs or clinical investigators will maintain compliance with all regulatory requirements at all times. The pharmaceutical industry has experienced cases where clinical investigators have been found to incorrectly record data, omit data, or even falsify data. We cannot ensure that the CROs or clinical investigators in our trials will not make mistakes or otherwise compromise the integrity or validity of data, any of which would have a significant negative effect on our ability to obtain marketing approval, our business, and our financial condition. 52 We or the third parties we rely on may encounter problems in clinical trials that may cause us or the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies to delay, suspend or terminate our clinical trials at any phase. These problems could include the possibility that we may not be able to manufacture sufficient quantities of materials for use in our clinical trials, conduct clinical trials at our preferred sites, enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials at one or more sites, or begin or successfully complete clinical trials in a timely fashion, if at all. Furthermore, we, the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies may suspend clinical trials of our product candidates at any time if we or they believe the subjects participating in the trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks, whether as a result of adverse events occurring in our trials or otherwise, or if we or they find deficiencies in the clinical trial process or conduct of the investigation. The FDA and foreign regulatory agencies could also require additional clinical trials before or after granting of marketing approval for any products, which would result in increased costs and significant delays in the development and commercialization of such products and could result in the withdrawal of such products from the market after obtaining marketing approval. Our failure to adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a product candidate in clinical development could delay or prevent obtaining marketing approval of the product candidate and, after obtaining marketing approval, data from post-approval studies could result in the product being withdrawn from the market, either of which would likely have a material adverse effect on our business. Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property Our proprietary rights may not adequately protect our technologies and product candidates. Our commercial success will depend in part on our ability to obtain patents and protect our existing patent position as well as our ability to maintain adequate protection of other intellectual property for our technologies, product candidates, and any future products in the United States and other countries. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property, competitors may be able to use our technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as United States laws, and we may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our proprietary rights in these countries. We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our proprietary technologies, product candidates and any future products are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. We apply for patents covering both our technologies and product candidates, as we deem appropriate. However, we may fail to apply for patents on important technologies or product candidates in a timely fashion, or at all. Our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologies or from developing competing products and technologies. We cannot be certain that our patent applications will be approved or that any patents issued will adequately protect our intellectual property. While we are responsible for and have control over the filing and prosecuting of patent applications and maintaining patents which cover making, using or selling EDSIVOTM and ACER-001, we may lose any such rights if we decide to allow any licensed patent to lapse. If we fail to appropriately prosecute and maintain patent protection for any of our product candidates, our ability to develop and commercialize those product candidates may be adversely affected and we may not be able to prevent competitors from making, using and selling competing products. Moreover, the patent positions of pharmaceutical companies are highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles are evolving and remain unresolved. As a result, the validity and enforceability of patents cannot be predicted with certainty. In addition, we do not know whether: • • we or our licensors were the first to make the inventions covered by each of our issued patents and pending patent applications; we or our licensors were the first to file patent applications for these inventions; 53 • • • • • • • • any of the patents that cover our product candidates will be eligible to be listed in the FDA’s compendium of "Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluation,” sometimes referred to as the FDA’s Orange Book; others will independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies; any of our or our licensors’ pending patent applications will result in issued patents; any of our or our licensors’ patents will be valid or enforceable; any patents issued to us or our licensors and collaborators will provide us with any competitive advantages, or will be challenged by third parties; we will develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable; the United States government will exercise any of its statutory rights to our intellectual property that was developed with government funding; or our business may infringe the patents or other proprietary rights of others. The actual protection afforded by a patent varies based on products or processes, from country to country and depends upon many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country, the validity and enforceability of the patents and our financial ability to enforce our patents and other intellectual property. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our products will depend on our success in obtaining effective claims and enforcing those claims once granted. Our issued patents and those that may issue in the future, or those licensed to us, may be challenged, narrowed, invalidated or circumvented, and the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. Due to the extensive amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of a potential product, it is possible that, before any of our product candidates can be commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing any advantage of the patent. We may also rely on trade secrets to protect some of our technology, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to maintain. While we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, we or any of our collaborators’ employees, consultants, contractors or scientific and other advisors may unintentionally or willfully disclose our proprietary information to competitors and we may not have adequate remedies in respect of that disclosure. Enforcement of claims that a third party has illegally obtained and is using trade secrets is expensive, time consuming and uncertain. In addition, foreign courts are sometimes less willing than United States courts to protect trade secrets. If our competitors independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how, we would not be able to assert our trade secrets against them and our business could be harmed. We are a party to license agreements under which we license intellectual property and receive commercialization rights relating to EDSIVOTM, ACER-001, and osanetant. If we fail to comply with obligations in such agreements or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business; any termination of such agreements would adversely affect our business. In April 2014, we entered into an agreement with Baylor College of Medicine pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive worldwide license to develop and commercialize NaPB (ACER-001) for treatment of MSUD. In August 2016, we entered into an agreement with Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou ("AP- HP”), pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive worldwide right to access and use data from the Ong trial, which we are using to support an NDA filing for EDSIVOTM for the treatment of vEDS. In September 2018, we entered into an additional agreement with AP-HP pursuant to which we obtained the exclusive worldwide intellectual property rights to three European patent applications relating to certain uses of celiprolol including (i) the optimal dose of celiprolol in treating vEDS patients, (ii) the use of celiprolol during pregnancy and (iii) the use of celiprolol to treat kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type VI). In December 2018, we entered 54 into an exclusive license agreement with Sanofi granting us worldwide rights to osanetant, a clinical-stage, selective, non-peptide tachykinin NK3 receptor antagonist. Under each license agreement, we are subject to commercialization and development diligence obligations, royalty payments and other obligations. If we fail to comply with any of these obligations or otherwise breach any of these license agreements, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license in whole or in part or to terminate the exclusive nature of the license. The loss of the licenses granted to us under our agreements with these licensors or the rights provided therein would prevent us from developing, manufacturing or marketing products covered by the license or subject to supply commitments, and could materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world. Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. For example, many foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement rights are not as strong as those in the United States. These products may compete with our product candidates in jurisdictions where we do not have any issued patents and our patent claims or other intellectual rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from so competing. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license. The patent protection for our product candidates may expire before we are able to maximize their commercial value, which may subject us to increased competition and reduce or eliminate our opportunity to generate product revenue. The patents for our product candidates have varying expiration dates and, if these patents expire, we may be subject to increased competition and we may not be able to recover our development costs or market any of our approved products profitably. In some of the larger potential market territories, such as the United States and Europe, patent term extension or restoration may be available to compensate for time taken during aspects of the product’s development and regulatory review. For example, depending on the timing, duration and specifics of FDA marketing approval of our product candidates, if any, one of the United States patents covering each of such approved product(s) or the use thereof may be eligible for up to five years of patent term restoration under the Hatch-Waxman Act. The Hatch-Waxman Act allows a maximum of one patent to be extended per FDA- approved product. Patent term extension also may be available in certain foreign countries upon regulatory approval of our product candidates. Nevertheless, we may not be granted patent term extension either in the United States or in any foreign country because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the term of extension, as well as the scope of patent protection during any such extension, afforded by the governmental authority could be less than we request. In addition, even though some regulatory authorities may provide some other exclusivity for a product 55 under their own laws and regulations, we may not be able to qualify the product or obtain the exclusive time period. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension/restoration or some other exclusivity, we could be subject to increased competition and our opportunity to establish or maintain product revenue could be substantially reduced or eliminated. Furthermore, we may not have sufficient time to recover our development costs prior to the expiration of our United States and foreign patents. Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements. The United States Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO”) and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent prosecution process. Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on any issued patent and/or pending patent applications are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of a patent or patent application. We employ an outside firm and rely on our outside counsel to pay these fees. While an inadvertent lapse may sometimes be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are many situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. If we fail to maintain the patents and patent applications directed to our product candidates, our competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than should otherwise have been the case, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. We may become involved in lawsuits to protect our patents or other intellectual property rights, which could be expensive, time-consuming and ultimately unsuccessful. Competitors may infringe our patents or other intellectual property rights. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, directly or through our licensors, which can be expensive and time consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of our licensor is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of the patents we license at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our licensors’ patent applications at risk of not issuing. Interference proceedings brought by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or the patents of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if a prevailing party does not offer us a license on terms that are acceptable to us. Litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distraction of our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our proprietary rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States. In addition, potential infringers of our intellectual property rights may have substantially more resources than we do to defend their position, which could adversely affect the outcome of any such dispute. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential and proprietary information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement or misappropriation may adversely affect our business and could prevent us from developing or commercializing our product candidates. Our commercial success depends in part on us not infringing the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other 56 intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions, ex-parte review and inter partes reexamination and post-grant review proceedings before the USPTO and corresponding foreign patent offices. Numerous United States and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications owned by third parties exist in the fields in which we are developing and may develop our product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties. If a third party claims that we infringe on their products or technology, we could face a number of issues, including: • • • • • infringement and other intellectual property claims which, with or without merit, can be expensive and time-consuming to litigate and can divert management’s attention from our core business; substantial damages for past infringement, which we may have to pay if a court decides that our product infringes on a competitor’s patent; a court prohibiting us from selling or licensing our product unless the patent holder licenses the patent to us, which the collaborator would not be required to do; if a license is available from a patent holder, we may have to pay substantial royalties or grant cross licenses to our patents; and redesigning our processes so they do not infringe, which may not be possible or could require substantial funds and time. Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our product candidates that we failed to identify. For example, applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until issued as patents. Except for the preceding exceptions, patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are generally published only after a waiting period of approximately 18 months after the earliest filing. Therefore, patent applications covering our product candidates could have been filed by others without the knowledge of us or our licensors. Additionally, pending patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our product candidates or the use or manufacture of our product candidates. We may also face a claim of misappropriation if a third party believes that we inappropriately obtained and used trade secrets of such third party. If we are found to have misappropriated a third party’s trade secrets, we may be prevented from further using such trade secrets, limiting our ability to develop our product candidates, and we may be required to pay damages. If any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment, the holders of any such patents would be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product candidate until such patent expired or unless we obtain a license. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, the rights may be nonexclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing a product, or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations, if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement claims, we are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates. Defending against claims of patent infringement or misappropriation of trade secrets could be costly and time-consuming, regardless of the outcome. Thus, even if we were to ultimately prevail, or to settle at an early stage, such litigation could burden us with substantial unanticipated costs. In addition, litigation or threatened litigation could result in significant demands on the time and attention of our management team, distracting them from the pursuit of other company business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. In 57 addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development collaborations that would help us bring our product candidates to market. Changes in United States patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidates. As is the case with other pharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly on obtaining and enforcing patents and patent rights. Obtaining and enforcing patents and patent rights in the pharmaceutical industry involves both technological and legal complexity, and therefore, is costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain. In addition, the United States has recently enacted and is currently implementing wide-ranging patent reform legislation. Further, several recent United States Supreme Court rulings have either narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents and patent rights, once obtained. For our United States patent applications containing a claim not entitled to priority before March 16, 2013, there is a greater level of uncertainty in the patent law. In September 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (the "America Invents Act” or "AIA”) was signed into law. The AIA includes a number of significant changes to United States patent law, including provisions that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted, reviewed after issuance, and may also affect patent litigation. The USPTO is currently developing regulations and procedures to govern administration of the AIA, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the AIA. It is not clear what other, if any, impact the AIA will have on the operation of our business. Moreover, the AIA and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of patent rights, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. An important change introduced by the AIA is that, as of March 16, 2013, the United States transitioned to a "first-inventor-to-file” system for deciding which party should be granted a patent when two or more patent applications are filed by different parties claiming the same invention. A third party that files a patent application in the USPTO after that date but before a licensor or us could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if said licensor or we had made the invention before it was made by the third party. This will require us to be cognizant going forward of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Furthermore, our ability to obtain and maintain valid and enforceable patent rights depends on whether the differences between the licensor’s or our technology and the prior art allow our technology to be patentable over the prior art. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, we cannot be certain that a licensor or we were the first to either (a) file any patent application related to our product candidates or (b) invent any of the inventions claimed in our patents or patent applications. Among some of the other changes introduced by the AIA are changes that limit where a patentee may file a patent infringement suit and providing opportunities for third parties to challenge any issued patent in the USPTO. This applies to all United States patents, even those issued before March 16, 2013. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in United States federal court necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid as unpatentable even though the same evidence may be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate patent rights that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. Depending on decisions by the United States Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future. 58 Intellectual property rights do not address all potential threats to our competitive advantage. The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative: • • • • • • • • Others may be able to make products that are similar to our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we license from others or may license or own in the future. Others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or otherwise circumvent any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights. Any of our collaborators might not have been the first to conceive and reduce to practice the inventions covered by the patents or patent applications that we license or will, in the future, own or license. Any of our collaborators might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of the patents or patent applications that we license or will, in the future, license. Issued patents that have been licensed to us may not provide us with any competitive advantage, or may be held invalid or unenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors. Our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have license rights, or in countries where research and development safe harbor laws exist, and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets. Ownership of patents or patent applications licensed to us may be challenged by third parties. The patents of third parties or pending or future applications of third parties, if issued, may have an adverse effect on our business. Confidentiality agreements with employees, consultants and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and protect other proprietary information. We consider proprietary trade secrets and/or confidential know-how and unpatented know-how to be important to our business. We may rely on trade secrets and/or confidential know-how to protect our technology, especially where patent protection is believed by us to be of limited value. However, trade secrets and/or confidential know-how can be difficult to maintain as confidential. To protect this type of information against disclosure or appropriation by competitors, our policy is to require our employees, consultants, contractors and advisors to enter into confidentiality agreements with us. However, current or former employees, consultants, contractors and advisers may unintentionally or willfully disclose our confidential information to competitors, and confidentiality agreements may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. Enforcing a claim that a third party obtained illegally and is using trade secrets and/or confidential know-how is expensive, time consuming and unpredictable. The enforceability of confidentiality agreements may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Failure to obtain or maintain trade secrets and/or confidential know-how trade protection could adversely affect our competitive position. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and may even apply for patent protection in respect of the same. If successful in obtaining such patent protection, our competitors could limit our use of our trade secrets and/or confidential know-how. We may need to license certain intellectual property from third parties, and such licenses may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms. A third party may hold intellectual property, including patent rights that are important or necessary to the development or commercialization of our product candidates. It may be necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of third parties to commercialize our product candidates, in which case we would be required 59 to obtain a license from these third parties. Such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, which could materially harm our business. We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties. We have received confidential and proprietary information from third parties. In addition, we employ individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. We may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise improperly used or disclosed confidential information of these third parties or our employees’ former employers. Further, we may be subject to ownership disputes in the future arising, for example, from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our product candidates. We may also be subject to claims that former employees, consultants, independent contractors, collaborators or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents or other intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging our right to and use of confidential and proprietary information. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose our rights therein. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and employees. We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property. We may also be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents and other intellectual property. We may be subject to ownership disputes in the future arising, for example, from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our product candidates. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees. Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed. Because we rely on third parties to assist with research and development and to manufacture our product candidates, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. We seek to protect our proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our advisors, employees, third-party contractors and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information, including our trade secrets. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, the need to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, a competitor’s discovery of our trade secrets or other unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, these agreements typically restrict the ability of our advisors, employees, third-party contractors and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets, although our agreements may contain certain limited publication rights. For example, any academic institution that we may collaborate with in the future will usually expect to be granted rights to publish data arising out of such collaboration, provided that we are notified in advance and given the opportunity to delay publication for a limited time period in order for us to secure patent 60 protection of intellectual property rights arising from the collaboration, in addition to the opportunity to remove confidential or trade secret information from any such publication. In the future we may also conduct joint research and development programs that may require us to share trade secrets under the terms of our research and development or similar agreements. Despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, our competitors may discover our trade secrets, either through breach of our agreements with third parties, independent development or publication of information by any of our third-party collaborators. A competitor’s discovery of our trade secrets would impair our competitive position and have an adverse impact on our business. Risks Related to Our Securities There is currently a limited market for our common stock, and any trading market that exists in our common stock may be highly illiquid and may not reflect the underlying value of our net assets or business prospects. Although our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market, there is currently a limited market for our common stock and there can be no assurance that an active market will ever develop. Investors are cautioned not to rely on the possibility that an active trading market may develop. Our share price is volatile, and you may not be able to resell your shares at a profit or at all. The market price of our common stock could be subject to significant fluctuations. The market prices for securities of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and early-stage drug discovery and development companies like ours in particular, have historically been highly volatile and may continue to be highly volatile in the future. The following factors, in addition to other risk factors described in this section, may have a significant impact on the market price of our common stock: • • • • • • • • • • • • announcements of significant changes in our business or operations; the development status of any of our drug candidates, such as EDSIVOTM, ACER-001, or osanetant, including clinical study results and determinations by regulatory authorities with respect thereto; the initiation, termination or reduction in the scope of any collaboration arrangements or any disputes or developments regarding such collaborations; our inability to obtain additional funding; announcements of technological innovations, new commercial products or other material events by our competitors or by us; disputes or other developments concerning our proprietary rights; changes in, or failure to meet, securities analysts’ or investors’ expectations of our financial performance; additions or departures of key personnel; discussions of our business, products, financial performance, prospects or stock price by the financial and scientific press and online investor communities; public concern as to, and legislative action with respect to, the pricing and availability of prescription drugs or the safety of drugs and drug delivery techniques; regulatory developments in the United States and in foreign countries; or dilutive effects of sales of shares of common stock by us or our stockholders, and sales of common stock acquired upon exercise or conversion by the holders of options. Broad market and industry factors, as well as economic and political factors, also may materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock. 61 We may be or become the target of securities litigation, which is costly and time-consuming to defend. In the past, following periods of market volatility in the price of a company’s securities or the reporting of unfavorable news, security holders have often instituted class action litigation. This risk is especially relevant for us because pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. If we become involved in this type of litigation, regardless of the outcome, we could incur substantial legal costs and our management’s attention could be diverted from the operation of our business, causing our business to suffer. Our "blank check” preferred stock could be issued to prevent a business combination not desired by management or our majority stockholders. Our charter authorizes the issuance of "blank check” preferred stock with such designations, rights and preferences as may be determined by our Board of Directors without stockholder approval. Our preferred stock could be utilized as a method of discouraging, delaying, or preventing a change in control and as a method of preventing stockholders from receiving a premium for their shares in connection with a change of control. Future sales of our common stock could cause dilution, and the sale of such common stock, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the price of our stock to decline. Sales of additional shares of our common stock, as well as securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock, could result in substantial dilution to our stockholders and cause the market price of our common stock to decline. An aggregate of 10,087,363 shares of common stock were outstanding as of December 31, 2018. As of such date, another 781,725 shares of common stock were issuable upon exercise of outstanding options. A substantial majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock (as well as a substantial majority of the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding options) are freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act of 1933. We may sell additional shares of common stock, as well as securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock, in subsequent public or private offerings. We may also issue additional shares of common stock, as well as securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock, to finance future acquisitions. We will need to raise additional capital in order to initiate or complete additional development activities for all of our product candidates, such as ACER-001 in UCD and MSUD, as well as osanetant, or to pursue additional disease indications for our product candidates, and this may require us to issue a substantial amount of securities (including common stock as well as securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock). There can be no assurance that our capital raising efforts will be able to attract the capital needed to execute on our business plan and sustain our operations. Moreover, we cannot predict the size of future issuances of our common stock, as well as securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock, or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of our securities will have on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock, as well as securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock, including shares issued in connection with an acquisition or securing funds to complete any clinical trial plans, or the perception that such sales could occur, may result in substantial dilution and may adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock. We presently do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock. We currently anticipate that no cash dividends will be paid on our common stock in the foreseeable future. While our dividend policy will be based on the operating results and capital needs of the business, it is anticipated that all earnings, if any, will be retained to finance the future expansion of our business. 62 We may issue debt and equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities, any of which may be senior to our common stock as to distributions and in liquidation, which could negatively affect the value of our common stock. In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by entering into debt or debt-like financing that is unsecured or secured by up to all of our assets, or by issuing additional debt or equity securities, which could include issuances of secured or unsecured commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior notes, subordinated notes, guarantees, preferred stock, hybrid securities, or securities convertible into or exchangeable for equity securities. In the event of our liquidation, our lenders and holders of our debt and preferred securities would receive distributions of available assets before distributions to the holders of our common stock. Because our decision to incur debt and issue securities in future offerings may be influenced by market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings or debt financings. Further, market conditions could require us to accept less favorable terms for the issuance of our securities in the future. Because the Merger resulted in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, our pre-Merger net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes will be subject to limitation or elimination. The net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes of Private Acer may also be subject to limitations as a result of ownership changes. If a corporation undergoes an "ownership change” within the meaning of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, the corporation’s net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes arising from before the ownership change are subject to limitations on use after the ownership change. In general, an ownership change occurs if there is a cumulative change in the corporation’s equity ownership by certain stockholders that exceeds fifty percentage points by value over a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. The Merger resulted in an ownership change for us and, accordingly, our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes will now be subject to limitation and possibly elimination. It is possible that Private Acer’s net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may also be subject to limitation as a result of prior shifts in equity ownership and/or the Merger. Additional ownership changes in the future could result in additional limitations on our and Private Acer’s net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes. Consequently, even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of our or Private Acer’s net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes, which could increase our tax obligations and thus have a material adverse effect on our cash flow and results of operations. Because the ownership of our common stock is highly concentrated, it may prevent stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions and may result in conflicts of interest that could cause our stock price to decline. Our executive officers and directors and their affiliates beneficially own or control approximately 45% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Accordingly, these executive officers, directors and their affiliates will have substantial influence over the outcome of corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets or any other significant corporate transactions. These stockholders may also delay or prevent a change of control of our company, even if such a change of control would benefit our other stockholders. The significant concentration of stock ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock due to investors’ perception that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents and Delaware law might discourage, delay, or prevent an acquisition attempt or change in control of our company that you might consider favorable. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that may delay or prevent an acquisition or change in control of our company. Among other things, these provisions: 63 • • • • • • • authorize the Board of Directors to issue, without stockholder approval, blank-check preferred stock that, if issued, could operate as a "poison pill” to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer to prevent an acquisition that is not approved by the Board of Directors; establish advance notice requirements for stockholder nominations of directors and for stockholder proposals that can be acted on at stockholder meetings; limit who may call stockholder meetings; require that any action to be taken by our stockholders be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent; provide that vacancies on our Board of Directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum; require a super-majority of votes to approve certain amendments to our charter as well as to amend our bylaws generally; and authorize us to indemnify officers and directors against losses that they may incur in investigations and legal proceedings resulting from their services to us, which may include services in connection with takeover defense measures. Further, as a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law regulating corporate takeovers. Section 203 generally prohibits us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder subject to certain exceptions. These anti-takeover provisions and other provisions under Delaware law, our charter and our bylaws could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving an acquisition attempt or a change in control of our company, including actions that our stockholders may deem advantageous, or negatively affect the trading price of our common stock. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors of your choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions you desire. Our certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that the stockholder believes is more convenient or favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees. Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for: • • • • any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders; any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law; or any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of our certificate of incorporation described above. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that the stockholder believes is more convenient or favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our certificate of incorporation inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. 64 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. Item 2. Properties. On March 6, 2018, we entered into a Lease Agreement for certain premises consisting of 2,760 square feet of office space located at One Gateway Center, Suite 351, 300 Washington Street, Newton, Massachusetts. This location serves as our company headquarters and is used by our employees working in research and development, regulatory affairs, and general and administrative functions. The term of this lease commenced on October 1, 2018 and expires on September 30, 2021. On April 1, 2018, we entered into a triple net lease for certain premises consisting of 2,288 square feet of office space located at 1000 NW Wall Street, Suite 220, Bend, Oregon. This location serves as a satellite facility. The term of this lease commenced on April 1, 2018 and expires on March 31, 2021. Item 3. Legal Proceedings. From time to time, we may be involved in various claims and legal proceedings relating to claims arising out of our operations. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements included in this report for a description of our litigation with Piper Jaffray & Co. We are not currently a party to any other legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of outcome, litigation could have an adverse impact on our business because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not applicable. 65 Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Market Information and Holders Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "ACER.” PART II On September 19, 2017, in connection with, and prior to the completion of, the Merger, we effected a 1-for-10.355527 reverse stock split of our then outstanding common stock (the "Reverse Split”). Immediately following the Merger, we changed our name from Opexa Therapeutics, Inc. to Acer Therapeutics Inc. and our trading symbol from "OPXA” to "ACER.” As of March 1, 2019, there were approximately 90 registered holders of our common stock. This number does not include stockholders for whom shares were held in "nominee” or "street name.” Dividends We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and we do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently expect to retain any future earnings to fund the operation and expansion of our business. Item 6. Selected Financial Data. Not applicable. 66 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and the related footnotes thereto. Overview We are a pharmaceutical company focused on the acquisition, development, and commercialization of therapies for serious rare and life-threatening diseases with significant unmet medical needs. Our pipeline includes three clinical-stage candidates: EDSIVO™ (celiprolol) for the treatment of vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome ("vEDS”) in patients with a confirmed type III collagen (COL3A1) mutation; ACER-001 (a fully taste-masked, immediate release formulation of sodium phenylbutyrate) for the treatment of various inborn errors of metabolism, including urea cycle disorders ("UCD”) and Maple Syrup Urine Disease ("MSUD”) and osanetant for the treatment of various neuroendocrine disorders. Our product candidates are believed to present a comparatively de-risked profile, having one or more of a favorable safety profile, clinical proof-of-concept data, mechanistic differentiation, and an accelerated path for development, which may include utilizing expedited programs (such as Priority Review) established by the FDA and/or using the regulatory pathway established under section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act ("FFDCA”) that allows an applicant to rely at least in part on third-party data for approval, which may expedite the preparation, submission, and approval of a marketing application. Merger and Reverse Stock Split On September 19, 2017, Acer Therapeutics Inc., a Texas corporation, formerly known as Opexa Therapeutics, Inc. (the "Registrant”), completed its business combination with Acer Therapeutics Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Private Acer”), in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of June 30, 2017, by and among the Registrant, Opexa Merger Sub, Inc. ("Merger Sub”) and Private Acer (the "Merger Agreement”), pursuant to which Merger Sub merged with and into Private Acer, with Private Acer surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Registrant (the "Merger”). This transaction was approved by the Registrant’s stockholders at a special meeting of its stockholders on September 19, 2017. Also on September 19, 2017, in connection with, and prior to the completion of, the Merger, the Registrant effected a 1-for-10.355527 reverse stock split of its then outstanding common stock (the "Reverse Split”) and immediately following the Merger, the Registrant changed its name to "Acer Therapeutics Inc.” pursuant to amendments to its certificate of formation filed with the Texas Secretary of State on September 19, 2017. All share numbers in this report have been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Split. Following the completion of the Merger, the business conducted by the Registrant became primarily the business conducted by Private Acer. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Registrant issued shares of its common stock to Private Acer’s stockholders, at an exchange rate of one share of common stock (after giving effect to the Reverse Split and the conversion of Private Acer’s Series A and Series B preferred stock and convertible debt) in exchange for each share of Private Acer common stock outstanding immediately prior to the Merger. The exchange rate was determined through arm’s length negotiations between the Registrant and Private Acer. The Registrant also assumed all issued and outstanding stock options under the Acer Therapeutics Inc. 2013 Stock Incentive Plan, with such stock options henceforth representing the right to purchase a number of shares of the Registrant’s common stock equal to the number of shares of Private Acer’s common stock previously represented by such stock options. The issuance of the shares of the Registrant’s common stock to the former stockholders of Private Acer was registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC”) on a Registration Statement on Form S-4 (Reg. No. 333-219358). Immediately prior to the Merger, Private Acer issued and sold an aggregate of approximately $15.7 million (inclusive of the conversion of approximately $5.7 million of principal and accrued interest on outstanding convertible promissory notes issued by Private Acer) of shares of Private Acer’s common stock (the "Concurrent Financing”) to certain current stockholders of Private Acer and certain new investors at a per share price of $9.47. 67 The Registrant’s common stock traded on a pre-split basis through the close of business on Wednesday, September 20, 2017, on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol "OPXA.” Commencing with the open of trading on Thursday, September 21, 2017, the post-split shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol "ACER.” For accounting and financial reporting purposes, Private Acer was considered to have acquired the Registrant in the Merger. Private Acer was incorporated on December 26, 2013 as part of a reorganization whereby Acer Therapeutics, LLC was converted into a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Delaware. Delaware Reincorporation and Subsidiary Merger On May 15, 2018, we changed our state of incorporation from the State of Texas to the State of Delaware (the "Reincorporation”) pursuant to a plan of conversion, dated May 15, 2018. Pursuant to the plan of conversion, we also adopted new bylaws, which became effective with the Reincorporation. The Reincorporation was approved by our stockholders at our annual meeting on May 14, 2018. Immediately following the Reincorporation, we eliminated our holding company structure by merging our wholly-owned subsidiary Private Acer with and into the company (the "Subsidiary Merger”). The company was the surviving corporation in connection with the Subsidiary Merger. As the Delaware certificate of incorporation used the placeholder name of "Acer Reincorporation, Inc.” due to "Acer Therapeutics Inc.” already being in existence in Delaware as Private Acer, in connection with the Subsidiary Merger the company changed its name to "Acer Therapeutics Inc.” pursuant to a certificate of ownership and merger filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on May 15, 2018. As a result of the reincorporation, the par value of our preferred stock was changed from no par value to $0.0001 and the par value of our common stock was reduced to $0.0001 from $0.01. Revenue We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. We do not expect to generate any revenue from product sales unless and until we obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize any of our product candidates. In the future, we may generate revenue by entering into licensing arrangements or strategic alliances. To the extent we enter into any license arrangements or strategic alliances, we expect that any revenue we generate will fluctuate from quarter-to-quarter as a result of the timing of achievement of pre-clinical, clinical, regulatory and commercialization milestones, if at all, the timing and amount of payments relating to such milestones, as well as the extent to which any products are approved and successfully commercialized. If our product candidates are not developed in a timely manner, if regulatory approval is not obtained for them, or if such product candidates are not commercialized, our ability to generate future revenue, and our results of operations and financial position, would be adversely affected. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of costs associated with the development of our product candidates. Our research and development expenses include: • • • employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation; external research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations, contract manufacturing organizations, consultants, and our scientific advisors; and license fees. We expense research and development costs as incurred. We account for nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities as expenses when the service has been performed or when the goods have been received. 68 At any time, we are working on multiple programs, primarily within our therapeutic areas of focus. Our internal resources, employees, and infrastructure are not directly tied to any one research or drug discovery project and are typically deployed across multiple projects. As such, we do not generate meaningful information regarding the costs incurred for these early stage research and drug discovery programs on a specific project basis. However, we are currently spending the vast majority of our research and development resources on our two lead development programs. Since Private Acer’s inception in December 2013, we have spent a total of approximately $28.5 million in research and development expenses through December 31, 2018. Of that amount, approximately $23.6 million is directly related to EDSIVOTM and approximately $4.2 million is directly related to ACER-001. We expect our research and development expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we continue to conduct our ongoing regulatory activities, initiate new preclinical and clinical trials, and build upon our pipeline. The process of conducting clinical trials and pre-clinical studies necessary to obtain regulatory approval, preparing to seek regulatory approval, and preparing for commercialization in the event of regulatory approval, is costly and time-consuming. We may never succeed in achieving marketing approval for any of our product candidates. Successful development of product candidates is highly uncertain and may not result in approved products. Completion dates and completion costs can vary significantly for each product candidate and are difficult to predict. We anticipate we will make determinations as to which programs to pursue and how much funding to direct to each program on an ongoing basis in response to our ability to enter into new strategic alliances with respect to each program or potential product candidate, the scientific and clinical success of each product candidate, the timing and ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates (if any), and ongoing assessments as to each product candidate’s commercial potential. We will need to raise additional capital and may seek to do so through public or private equity or debt financings, government or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements or a combination of these approaches. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. Our failure to raise capital or enter into such other arrangements as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to develop our product candidates and pursue regulatory approval. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation, as well as professional fees for legal, business consulting, auditing, and tax services. We expect that general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we expand our operating activities. Additionally, in support of our submission of a new drug application, ("NDA”) for EDSIVOTM for the treatment of vEDS, we expect to begin to incur significant expenses associated with preparing for the commercial launch, if approved by the FDA, of EDSIVOTM, or "pre-commercial” costs. We expect to continue to incur significant additional costs associated with being a publicly-traded company. These increases will likely include additional employee-related expenses, legal fees, costs associated with Sarbanes-Oxley compliance, accounting fees, and directors’ and officers’ liability insurance premiums. Other income (expense), net Other income (expense), net consists primarily of interest income and expense. We earn interest income from interest-bearing accounts and money market funds for cash and cash equivalents. Interest expense has historically been comprised of interest and other related non-cash charges incurred under convertible notes payable with investors. Additionally, we record as part of other income (expense), net, transactional gains and losses on foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities when they are revalued each period due to changes in underlying exchange rates. 69 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates This management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires our management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate these estimates and judgments. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates and assumptions form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving our judgments and estimates. Business Combinations Assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of a business acquisition are generally recorded at their fair value at the date of acquisition. The excess of purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Determining fair value of identifiable assets, particularly intangibles, and liabilities acquired also requires management to make estimates, which are based on all available information and in some cases assumptions with respect to the timing and amount of future revenues and expenses associated with an asset. Accounting for business acquisitions may require management to make judgments and estimates as to fair value of consideration transferred. This judgment and determination may affect the amount of consideration paid that is allocable to assets and liabilities acquired in the business purchase transaction. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of cost over fair value of net assets acquired in the Merger and in our prior acquisition of Anchor Therapeutics, Inc. ("Anchor”). We evaluate the recoverability of goodwill annually or more frequently, if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill might be impaired. We may opt to perform a qualitative assessment or a quantitative impairment test to determine whether goodwill is impaired. If we were to determine based on a qualitative assessment that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying value, a quantitative impairment test would then be performed. The quantitative impairment test compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a goodwill impairment would be recognized for the difference. We review intangible assets annually to determine if any adverse conditions exist or a change in circumstances has occurred that would indicate impairment. If the carrying value of an asset exceeds its undiscounted cash flows, we write down the carrying value of the intangible asset to its fair value in the period identified. In-Process Research and Development In-process research and development ("IPRD”) represents the value of the three G-protein-coupled receptor targets from the GPCR Target Pools of Anchor that we obtained the rights to in the March 20, 2015, acquisition of Anchor (see Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements). IPRD was recorded at fair value in conjunction with the Anchor acquisition during 2015 and is an indefinite-lived intangible asset. As such, it is tested at least annually for impairment. Stock-Based Compensation We account for stock-based compensation expense related to stock options granted to employees and members of our Board of Directors under our 2018 Stock Incentive Plan, 2013 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, 70 and our 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, by estimating the fair value of each stock option or award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes model. We recognize stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting term. We account for stock options issued to non-employees by valuing the award using an option pricing model and re-measuring such awards to the current fair value until the awards are vested or a performance commitment has otherwise been reached. Research and Development Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include compensation and related benefits, license fees and outside contracted research and manufacturing consultants. We often make nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities. These payments are capitalized and recorded as an expense in the period that we receive the goods or when the services are performed. Clinical Trial and Pre-clinical Study Accruals We make estimates of accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our consolidated financial statements based on certain facts and circumstances at that time. Our accrued expenses for pre-clinical studies and clinical trials are based on estimates of costs incurred for services provided by contract research organizations ("CRO”), manufacturing organizations, and for other trial-related activities. Payments under our agreements with external service providers depend on a number of factors such as site initiation, patient screening, enrollment, delivery of reports, and other events. In accruing for these activities, we obtain information from various sources and estimate the level of effort or expense allocated to each period. Adjustments to our research and development expenses may be necessary in future periods as our estimates change. As these activities are generally material to our overall financial statements, subsequent changes in estimates may result in a material change in our accruals. At December 31, 2018, we did not have material accruals for clinical and pre-clinical trials. Results of Operations Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017: Research and development expense General and administrative expense Other income (expense), net Net loss $ 12,452,424 $ 9,260,583 432,116 (21,280,891) 8,725,026 $ 5,223,101 (246,304) (14,194,431) 3,727,398 4,037,482 678,420 (7,086,460) 43% 77% (275)% 50% Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ Change % Change Research and Development Expense Research and development expense was approximately $12.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to approximately $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.This increase of approximately $3.8 million was principally due to increases in employee-related expenses, regulatory consulting expenses, and expenses related to manufacturing services, partially offset by a decrease in spending for contract research services. Research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily comprised of approximately $10.0 million directly related to EDSIVOTM and approximately $1.9 million directly related to ACER-001. 71 General and Administrative Expense General and administrative expense was approximately $9.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to approximately $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This increase of approximately $4.1 million was primarily due to increases in employee-related expenses, including increases in headcount, as well as expenses related to pre-commercial activities and insurance expense. Other Income (Expense), Net Other income, net of approximately $0.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily attributable to interest income and foreign exchange transaction gains. Other expense, net of approximately $0.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily attributable to interest expense related to the outstanding convertible promissory notes prior to conversion. Liquidity and Capital Resources We have never been profitable and have incurred operating losses in each year since inception. From inception through December 31, 2018, we have raised net cash proceeds of approximately $81.7 million, primarily from common stock offerings, private placements of convertible preferred stock, and debt financings. On August 3, 2018, we completed an underwritten public offering of 2,555,555 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $18.00 per share. We received aggregate net proceeds of approximately $42.7 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering-related expenses of approximately $3.3 million. As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $41.7 million in cash and cash equivalents. Our net loss for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, was $21.3 million and $14.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $46.8 million. Substantially all of our operating losses resulted from expenses incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, and 2017: Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Operating Activities $ $ Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (16,587,803) $ (95,627) 42,710,359 26,026,929 $ (14,095,256) 967,281 26,938,312 13,810,337 Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $16.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to approximately $14.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase of approximately $2.5 million was principally the result of an increase in net loss due to increased research and development activities in advancing our product candidates and increased general and administrative activities, partially offset by an increase in non-cash stock-based compensation and by increases in accounts payable and accrued expenses. Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2018 relates to the purchase of property and equipment. Net cash provided by investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2017 relates to cash acquired in the Merger. 72 Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2018, consisted primarily of $42.6 million of net proceeds from the issuance of common stock. Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2017, consisted of $21.5 million of net proceeds from the issuance of common stock and $5.5 million from the issuance of convertible notes payable (which, together with $0.2 million of accrued interest, was converted into common stock). Future Capital Requirements We have not generated any revenue from product sales. We do not know when, or if, we will generate any revenue from product sales. We do not expect to generate any revenue from product sales unless and until we obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize any of our product candidates. At the same time, we expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing development and manufacturing activities, particularly as we continue the research, development, manufacture and clinical trials of, and seek regulatory approval for, our product candidates. In addition, subject to obtaining regulatory approval of any of our product candidates and thereafter successfully commercializing any such product candidates, we anticipate that we will need substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $41.7 million in cash and cash equivalents. We expect our research and development expenses to substantially increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance our product candidates in or towards clinical development or potential regulatory approval. Our future capital requirements are difficult to forecast and will depend on many factors, including but not limited to: • • • • • • • • • our ability to launch EDSIVO™ if we receive FDA approval, and the timing of such approval our ability to obtain adequate levels of financing to meet our operating plan; the costs associated with filing, outcome, and timing of regulatory approvals; the terms and timing of any strategic alliance, licensing and other arrangements that we may establish; the cost and timing of hiring new employees to support our continued growth; the costs and timing of having clinical supplies of our product candidates manufactured; the initiation and progress of ongoing pre-clinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates; the costs involved in patent filing, prosecution, and enforcement; and the number of programs we pursue. Based on available resources, we believe that our cash and cash equivalents currently on hand are sufficient to fund our currently anticipated operating and capital requirements into the first half of 2020. We will continue to require substantial additional capital to continue our clinical development and pursuit of regulatory approval activities. Accordingly, we may need to raise substantial additional capital to continue to fund our operations. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our development, regulatory and commercialization efforts. Failure to raise capital as and when needed, on favorable terms or at all, would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to develop and potentially commercialize (if approved) our product candidates. We expect to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for at least the next year as we initiate and continue the clinical development of, seek regulatory approval for, and potentially commercialize (if approved) our product candidates and add personnel necessary to operate as a public company with an advanced clinical pipeline of product candidates. In addition, operating as a publicly-traded company involves upgrading financial information systems and incurring costs associated with operating as a public company. We expect that our operating losses will fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year due to the timing of clinical 73 development programs, efforts to achieve regulatory approval and planning for potential commercialization (if approved) of our product candidates. Until we can generate a sufficient amount of product revenue to finance our cash requirements, which would require us to obtain regulatory approval for and successfully commercialize one or more of our product candidates, we expect to finance our future cash needs primarily through the issuance of additional equity and potentially through borrowing and strategic alliances. We do not maintain any lines of credit or have any sources of debt or equity capital committed for funding, other than a sales agreement entered into on November 9, 2018 with Roth Capital Partners, LLC. This agreement provides a facility for the offer and sale of shares of common stock from time to time depending upon market demand, in transactions deemed to be an "at-the-market” ("ATM”) offering. We will need to keep current our shelf registration statement and the offering prospectus relating to the ATM facility, in addition to providing certain periodic deliverables under the sales agreement, in order to use such facility. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the issuance of additional equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of existing stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through marketing and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or pursuit of regulatory approval efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates to third parties that we would otherwise prefer to develop and, if applicable, market ourselves. Contractual Commitments License Agreements In April 2014, we obtained exclusive rights to patents and certain other intellectual property relating to ACER-001 and preclinical and clinical data, through an exclusive license agreement with Baylor College of Medicine ("BCM”). Under the terms of the agreement, as amended, we have worldwide exclusive rights to develop, manufacture, use, sell and import products incorporating the licensed intellectual property. The license agreement requires us to make upfront and annual payments to BCM, reimburse certain of BCM’s legal costs, make payments upon achievement of defined milestones, and pay low single-digit percent royalties on net sales of any developed product over the royalty term. In June 2016, we entered into an agreement with Aventis Pharma SA (now Sanofi) granting us the exclusive access and exclusive right to use the data included in the marketing authorization application dossier filed with and approved by the MHRA in 1986 for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension pursuant to the UK regulatory approval procedure, for the sole purpose of allowing us to further develop, manufacture, register and commercialize celiprolol in the United States and Brazil for the treatment of EDS, Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome. We have paid in full for the exclusive access and right to use the data. Subsequently we amended our agreement with Sanofi to provide the same rights to data access and use for potential marketing approval in all of North and South America. In August 2016, we entered into an agreement with AP-HP granting us the exclusive worldwide rights to access and use data from a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open trial related to the use of celiprolol for the treatment of vEDS. We intend to use this pivotal clinical data to support an NDA filing for EDSIVOTM for the treatment of vEDS. The agreement requires us to make certain upfront payments to AP-HP, reimburse certain of AP-HP’s costs, make payments upon achievement of defined milestones and pay low single- digit percent royalties on net sales of celiprolol over the royalty term. In September 2018, we entered into an additional agreement with AP-HP to acquire the exclusive worldwide intellectual property rights to three European patent applications relating to certain uses of celiprolol including i) the 74 use of celiprolol during pregnancy, (ii) the optimal dose of celiprolol in treating vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome ("vEDS”) patients and (iii) the use of celiprolol to treat kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type VI). Pursuant to the agreement, we will reimburse AP-HP for certain costs and will pay annual maintenance fee payments. Subject to a minimum royalty amount, we will also pay royalty payments on annual net sales of celiprolol during the royalty term in the low single digit percent range, depending upon whether there is a valid claim of a licensed patent. Under the agreement, we will control and pay the costs of ongoing patent prosecution and maintenance for the licensed applications. We subsequently filed three United States patent applications on this subject matter in October 2018. In December 2018, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with Sanofi granting us worldwide rights to osanetant a clinical-stage, selective, non-peptide tachykinin NK3 receptor antagonist. The agreement requires us to make certain upfront payments to Sanofi, make payments upon achievement of defined development and sales milestones and pay royalties on net sales of osanetant over the royalty term. We plan to initially pursue development of osanetant as a potential treatment for certain neuroendocrine-related disorders. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements None. Inflation We believe that inflation has not had a material impact on our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 since inflation rates have generally remained at relatively low levels and our operations are not otherwise uniquely affected by inflation concerns. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Not applicable. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page 76 77 78 79 80 81 75 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors of Acer Therapeutics Inc.: Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Acer Therapeutics Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in redeemable preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows for years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Wolf & Company, P.C. We have served as the Company's auditor since 2014. Boston, Massachusetts March 7, 2019 76 ACER THERAPEUTICS INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 2018 2017 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Other assets: Goodwill In-process research and development Other assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued expenses Total liabilities Commitments and Contingencies (Note 7) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $0.0001 and no par value at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively; authorized 10,000,000 shares; none issued and outstanding Common stock, $0.0001 and $0.01 par value at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively; authorized 150,000,000 shares; 10,087,363 and 7,497,433 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ $ $ $ 41,671,284 1,075,021 42,746,305 130,867 7,647,267 118,600 20,380 50,663,419 1,033,829 4,546,432 5,580,261 — 1,009 91,914,692 (46,832,543) 45,083,158 50,663,419 $ $ $ $ 15,644,355 881,887 16,526,242 62,984 7,647,267 118,600 13,648 24,368,741 95,873 1,937,331 2,033,204 — 74,974 47,812,215 (25,551,652) 22,335,537 24,368,741 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 77 ACER THERAPEUTICS INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 Operating expenses: Research and development General and administrative Total operating expenses Loss from operations Other income (expense): Interest income Interest and other expense Foreign currency transaction gain/(loss) Total other income (expense), net Net loss Net loss per share - basic and diluted Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted $ $ $ 2018 2017 12,452,424 $ 9,260,583 21,713,007 (21,713,007) 412,553 (987) 20,550 432,116 (21,280,891) $ (2.49) $ 8,555,039 8,725,026 5,223,101 13,948,127 (13,948,127) 14,848 (245,061) (16,091) (246,304) (14,194,431) (3.84) 3,694,388 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 78 ACER THERAPEUTICS INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN REDEEMABLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 Redeemable Preferred Stock Series B Convertible Redeemable Preferred stock Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred stock Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) Common stock Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Deficit Total Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) Shares Amount Shares Amount 970,238 $ 8,022,219 638,416 $ 4,114,221 Shares 2,450,000 $ Amount 24,500 $ 1,147,946 $ (11,357,221) $ (10,184,775) — — — — — — — — 736,950 7,369 6,971,547 — 6,978,916 599,201 5,992 5,668,460 — 5,674,452 (970,238) (8,149,999) (638,416) (4,166,164) 51,943 127,780 — — — — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — 1,608,654 — 16,087 — 12,300,076 (179,723) — — 12,316,163 (179,723) 2,102,628 — — 7,497,433 — 21,026 — — 74,974 (74,224) 21,485,816 418,093 — 47,812,215 74,224 — — (14,194,431) (25,551,652) — 21,506,842 418,093 (14,194,431) 22,335,537 — 2,555,555 256 42,622,444 — 42,622,700 34,375 — — 10,087,363 $ 3 — — 87,659 1,318,153 (21,280,891) 1,009 $ 91,914,692 $ (46,832,543) $ 45,083,158 — — (21,280,891) 87,656 1,318,153 — The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 79 Balance as of December 31, 2016 Issuance of common stock in connection with merger Conversion of convertible notes and accrued interest into common stock Conversion of convertible redeemable preferred stock into common stock Accretion of issuance costs Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs and underwriting discount Stock-based compensation Net loss Balance as of December 31, 2017 Reallocation for change in par value Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs Issuance of common stock in connection with stock options Stock-based compensation Net loss Balance as of December 31, 2018 ACER THERAPEUTICS INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: 2018 2017 $ (21,280,891) $ (14,194,431) Non-cash interest expense Stock-based compensation Depreciation Loss on disposal of property and equipment Write-off of deferred financing costs Changes in operating assets and liabilities Prepaid expenses and other current assets Accounts payable Accrued expenses Other noncurrent assets Net cash used in operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Cash acquired in merger, net of payment in lieu of fractional shares Purchase of property and equipment Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs Deferred financing costs Proceeds from exercise of stock options Proceeds from convertible notes payable Net cash provided by financing activities Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the year Cash and cash equivalents, end of the year Supplemental cash flow information and non- cash financing transactions: Accretion of issuance costs on Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred stock Accretion of issuance costs on Series B Convertible Redeemable Preferred stock Conversion of Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred stock to common stock Conversion of Series B Convertible Redeemable Preferred stock to common stock Conversion of convertible notes payable and accrued interest to common stock Issuance of common stock in merger (Note 1) — 1,318,153 27,744 — — (193,134) 937,956 2,609,101 (6,732) (16,587,803) — (95,627) (95,627) 42,622,700 — 87,659 — 42,710,359 26,026,929 15,644,355 41,671,284 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 242,982 418,093 3,997 2,078 1,901 (336,834) (287,538) 68,144 (13,648) (14,095,256) 1,030,123 (62,842) 967,281 21,506,842 (68,530) — 5,500,000 26,938,312 13,810,337 1,834,018 15,644,355 51,943 127,780 4,166,164 8,149,999 5,674,452 6,978,916 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 80 ACER THERAPEUTICS INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION Business Acer Therapeutics Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "Company”), formerly known as Opexa Therapeutics, Inc. (the "Registrant”), is a pharmaceutical company focused on the acquisition, development, and commercialization of therapies for serious rare and life-threatening diseases with significant unmet medical needs. The Company’s pipeline includes three clinical-stage candidates: EDSIVO™ (celiprolol) for the treatment of vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome ("vEDS”) in patients with a confirmed type III collagen (COL3A1) mutation; ACER-001 (a fully taste-masked, immediate release formulation of sodium phenylbutyrate) for the treatment of various inborn errors of metabolism, including urea cycle disorders ("UCD”) and Maple Syrup Urine Disease ("MSUD”); and osanetant for the treatment of various neuroendocrine disorders. The Company’s product candidates are believed to present a comparatively de-risked profile, having one or more of a favorable safety profile, clinical proof-of-concept data, mechanistic differentiation, and an accelerated path for development, which may include utilizing expedited programs (e.g. Priority Review) established by the United States Food and Drug Administration ("FDA”) and/or using the regulatory pathway established under section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ("FFDCA”) that allows an applicant to rely at least in part on third-party data for approval, which may expedite the preparation, submission, and approval of a marketing application. Since its inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to business planning, research and development, recruiting management and technical staff, acquiring operating assets and raising capital. The Company has not generated any product revenue to date and may never generate any product revenue in the future. Merger and Reverse Stock Split On September 19, 2017, the Registrant completed its business combination with Acer Therapeutics Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Private Acer”), in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of June 30, 2017, by and among the Registrant, Opexa Merger Sub, Inc. ("Merger Sub”) and Private Acer (the "Merger Agreement”), pursuant to which Merger Sub merged with and into Private Acer, with Private Acer surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Registrant (the "Merger”). Also on September 19, 2017, in connection with, and prior to the completion of, the Merger, the Registrant effected a 1-for-10.355527 reverse stock split of its then outstanding common stock (the "Reverse Split”) and immediately following the Merger, the Registrant changed its name to "Acer Therapeutics Inc.” pursuant to amendments to its certificate of formation filed with the Texas Secretary of State on September 19, 2017. All share numbers in this report have been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Split. Following the completion of the Merger, the business conducted by the Registrant became primarily the business conducted by Private Acer. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Registrant issued shares of its common stock to Private Acer’s stockholders, at an exchange rate of one share of common stock (after giving effect to the Reverse Split and the conversion of Private Acer’s Series A and Series B preferred stock and convertible debt) in exchange for each share of Private Acer common stock outstanding immediately prior to the Merger. The Registrant also assumed all issued and outstanding stock options under the Acer Therapeutics Inc. 2013 Stock Incentive Plan, with such stock options henceforth representing the right to purchase a number of shares of the Registrant’s common stock equal to the number of shares of Private Acer’s common stock previously represented by such stock options. 81 Immediately after the Merger, (i) there were approximately 6.5 million shares of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding; (ii) the former Private Acer stockholders, including investors in the Concurrent Financing (as defined below), owned approximately 89% of the outstanding common stock of the Registrant; and (iii) the Registrant’s shareholders immediately prior to the Merger, whose shares of the Registrant’s common stock remained outstanding after the Merger, owned approximately 11% of the outstanding common stock of the Registrant. The issuance of the shares of the Registrant’s common stock to the former stockholders of Private Acer was registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC”) on a Registration Statement on Form S-4 (Reg. No. 333-219358). Immediately prior to the Merger, Private Acer issued and sold an aggregate of approximately $15.7 million (inclusive of the conversion of approximately $5.7 million of principal and accrued interest on outstanding convertible promissory notes issued by Private Acer) of shares of Private Acer’s common stock (the "Concurrent Financing”) to certain then-current stockholders of Private Acer and certain new investors at a per share price of $9.47. The Registrant’s common stock continued to trade on a pre-split basis through the close of business on September 20, 2017 on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol "OPXA.” Commencing with the open of trading on September 21, 2017, the post-split shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol "ACER.”. Delaware Reincorporation and Subsidiary Merger On May 15, 2018, the Company changed its state of incorporation from the State of Texas to the State of Delaware pursuant to a plan of conversion, dated May 15, 2018. As a result of this reincorporation, the par value of the Company’s preferred stock was changed from no par value to $0.0001 and the par value of the Company’s common stock was reduced to $0.0001 from $0.01. Basis of Presentation Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP”) require that a company whose security holders retain the majority voting interest in the combined business be treated as the acquirer for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, the Merger was accounted for as a reverse acquisition whereby Private Acer was treated as the acquirer for accounting and financial reporting purposes. As such, references to the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 include the historical results of Private Acer from January 1, 2017 through September 18, 2017 and include the consolidated results of the combined company from September 19, 2017 through December 31, 2017. Private Acer was incorporated on December 26, 2013, as part of a reorganization whereby Acer Therapeutics, LLC was converted into a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Delaware. On March 20, 2015, Private Acer acquired Anchor Therapeutics, Inc. ("Anchor”), with Anchor becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary of Private Acer. On August 19, 2016, Anchor’s pepducin business reverted back to the pre-acquisition holders of Anchor’s equity. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with GAAP. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC”) and Accounting Standards Update ("ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB”). 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES A summary of the significant accounting policies followed by the Company in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements follows: 82 Use of Estimates The Company’s accounting principles require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates having relatively higher significance include the accounting for acquisitions, stock-based compensation, and income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates and changes in estimates may occur. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Research and Development Expenses Costs incurred for research and development are expensed as incurred. Business Combinations Assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of a business acquisition are generally recorded at their fair value at the date of acquisition. The excess of purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Determining fair value of identifiable assets, particularly intangibles, and liabilities acquired also requires management to make estimates, which are based on all available information and in some cases assumptions with respect to the timing and amount of future revenues and expenses associated with an asset. Accounting for business acquisitions may require management to make judgments and estimates as to the fair value of consideration transferred. These judgments and determinations may affect the amount of consideration paid that is allocable to assets and liabilities acquired in the business purchase transaction. Stock-Based Compensation The Company records stock-based payments at fair value. The measurement date for compensation expense related to employee awards is generally the date of the grant. The measurement date for compensation expense related to nonemployee awards is generally the date that the performance of the awards is completed and, until such time, the fair value of the awards is remeasured at the end of each reporting period. Accordingly, the ultimate expense is not fixed until such awards are vested. The fair value of awards, net of expected forfeitures, is recognized as an expense in the statement of operations over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. The fair value of options is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. This option valuation model requires the use of assumptions including, among others, the volatility of stock price, the expected term of the option, and the risk-free interest rate. The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes option pricing model: Risk-free interest rate Expected life (years) Volatility Dividend rate 2018 2.76% 6 60% 0% 2017 1.93% 6 60% 0% Due to its limited operating history and a limited trading history of its common stock, the Company estimates the volatility of its stock in consideration of a number of factors including the volatility of comparable public companies. The expected term of a stock option granted to employees and directors (including non-employee directors) is based on the average of the contractual term (generally 10 years) and the vesting period. For other non-employee options, the expected term is the contractual term. The assumed dividend yield is based upon the 83 Company’s expectation of not paying dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company recognizes forfeitures related to employee stock-based awards as they occur. The risk-free rate for periods within the expected life of the option is based upon the United States Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. Prior to the Merger, the fair value of the common stock for the purposes of determining the exercise price of stock options was determined by the Board of Directors after considering a broad range of factors, including the results of a third-party valuation. Subsequent to the Merger, option awards are granted at an exercise price equal to the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on the date of grant. In-process Research and Development In-process research and development ("IPRD”) represents the value of the three G-protein-coupled receptors ("GPCR”) targets (the "Targets”) from the GPCR Target pools of Anchor to which the Company obtained the rights in its March 20, 2015 acquisition of Anchor. IPRD was recorded at fair value and is an indefinite-lived intangible asset. The Company reviews IPRD annually to determine if any adverse conditions exist or a change in circumstances has occurred that would indicate impairment or a change in the remaining useful life of the asset. There were no triggering events or circumstances that would indicate IPRD was impaired as of December 31, 2018 or 2017. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of cost over fair value of net assets acquired. The Company evaluates the recoverability of goodwill annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill might be impaired. The Company may opt to perform a qualitative assessment or a quantitative impairment test to determine whether goodwill is impaired. If the Company were to determine based on a qualitative assessment that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying value, a quantitative impairment test would then be performed. The quantitative impairment test compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a goodwill impairment would be recognized for the difference. The Company performed a qualitative analysis of goodwill in the fourth quarter of 2018 and 2017, in which management concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount. Foreign Currency Transaction Gain/(Loss) Gains and losses arising from transactions and translation of balances denominated in currencies other than United States dollars are recorded in foreign currency transaction gain/(loss) on the consolidated statements of operations. Income Taxes The Company is primarily subject to United States federal and Massachusetts state income taxes. The Company’s tax returns for years 2015 through present are open to tax examinations by United States federal and state tax authorities; however, carryforward attributes that were generated prior to January 1, 2015 remain subject to adjustment upon examination if they either have been utilized or will be utilized in a future period. For federal and state income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based upon temporary differences between the financial statement and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. Deferred income taxes are based upon prescribed rates and enacted laws applicable to periods in which differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Accordingly, the Company provides a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts that are realizable. The tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing the Company’s tax returns are required to be evaluated to determine whether the tax positions are "more-likely-than-not” of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax positions not deemed to meet a more-likely-than-not threshold would be recorded as a tax expense in the current year. There were no uncertain tax positions that require accrual or disclosure in the 84 consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax, if any, in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no accruals for interest or penalties related to income tax matters. Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Common Share Basic and diluted net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss in each period by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during such period. For the periods presented, common stock equivalents, consisting of options, convertible redeemable preferred stock and warrants, were not included in the calculation of the diluted loss per share because to do so would be anti-dilutive. Segment Information Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business in one operating segment, which is the business of a pharmaceutical company focused on the acquisition, development, and commercialization of therapies for serious rare and life-threatening diseases with significant unmet medical needs. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) ("ASU No. 2017-04”). This ASU eliminates step 2 from the goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with the carrying amount of the reporting unit. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment charge for the excess is recorded. The amendments of this ASU are effective for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company adopted ASU No. 2017-04 in the fourth quarter of 2018. There was no impact on the Company’s financial statements as a result of the adoption of this guidance. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequently issued several amendments including ASU 2018-11 (collectively, "Topic 842”), which establishes new accounting and disclosure requirements for leases. Topic 842 requires lessees to classify most leases as either finance or operating leases and to initially recognize a lease liability and right-of-use asset. Entities may elect to account for certain short-term leases (with a term of one year or less) using a method similar to the current operating lease model. The statements of operations will include, for finance leases, separate recognition of interest on the lease liability and amortization of the right-of-use asset and for operating leases, a single lease cost, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term on a straight-line basis. These leases will be required to be presented on the balance sheet in accordance with the requirements of Topic 842, which is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods therein, with early adoption permitted. Topic 842 may be applied using a modified retrospective approach or by applying the new standard as of the adoption date. The Company intends to adopt Topic 842 in the first quarter of 2019 by applying the new standard as of the adoption date and, consequently, financial information for the comparative periods will not be updated. The Company does not believe that this guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718) Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The purpose of this amendment is to address aspects of the accounting for nonemployee share-based payment transactions. The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company does not believe that this guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated results of operations, financial position or disclosures. 85 3. PURCHASE ACCOUNTING Merger with Opexa Therapeutics, Inc. The September 19, 2017 Merger was accounted for using the purchase method of accounting as a reverse acquisition. In a reverse acquisition, the post-acquisition net assets of the surviving combined company include the historical cost basis of the net assets of the accounting acquirer (Private Acer) plus the fair value of the net assets of the accounting acquiree (the Registrant). Further, under the purchase method, the purchase price is allocated to the assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and identifiable intangible assets based on their estimated fair values, with the remaining excess purchase price over net assets acquired allocated to goodwill. The fair value of the consideration transferred in the Merger was $7,007,069 and was calculated as the number of shares of common stock that Private Acer issued (adjusted for the exchange ratio) in order for the Registrant’s shareholders to hold an 11% equity interest in the combined company post-acquisition, multiplied by the estimated fair value of Private Acer’s common stock on the acquisition date. The estimated fair value of Private Acer’s common stock was based on the offering price of the common stock sold in the Concurrent Financing that was both completed concurrently with and conditioned upon the closing of the Merger. This price was determined to be the best indication of fair value on that date since the price was based on an arm’s length negotiation with a group consisting of both new and existing investors of Private Acer that had been advised of the pending Merger and assumed similar liquidity risk as those investors holding the majority of shares being valued as purchase consideration. The Company determined that the acquired legacy technology of the Registrant had no value as of the date of the Merger. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price (consideration paid plus net liabilities assumed) of an acquired business over the fair value of the underlying net tangible and intangible assets. Goodwill includes the value of the Registrant’s standing as a public entity. None of the goodwill associated with the Merger is deductible for income tax purposes. All of the goodwill will be allocated to the Company’s single reportable segment. There were no changes in goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2018, and no changes in goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2017 after the initial purchase accounting. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has determined that no impairment charges were necessary. 4. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment consisted of the following at December 31, 2018 and 2017: Computer hardware and software Leasehold improvements Furniture and fixtures Subtotal property and equipment, gross Less accumulated depreciation Property and equipment, net December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ $ 58,868 $ 7,648 96,013 162,529 (31,662) 130,867 $ 16,555 7,968 42,503 67,026 (4,042) 62,984 Property and equipment are stated on the basis of historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Major renewals and improvements are capitalized, while minor replacements, maintenance and repairs are charged to current operations. Impairment losses are recorded on long-lived assets used in operations when indicators of impairment are present and the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the assets’ carrying amount. Computer hardware and software are depreciated over an estimated useful life of 3 years, tenant improvements are 86 depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset or the duration of the current lease arrangement, and furniture and fixtures are depreciated over an estimated useful life of 7 years. 5. ACCRUED EXPENSES Accrued expenses consisted of the following at December 31, 2018 and 2017: Accrued license fees Accrued payroll and payroll taxes Accrued contract manufacturing Accrued contract research Accrued miscellaneous expenses Accrued legal Accrued audit and tax Accrued pre-commercial costs Accrued consulting Total accrued expenses $ December 31, 2018 1,567,368 $ 1,302,728 1,079,314 128,678 119,861 111,543 102,000 85,000 49,940 4,546,432 $ $ December 31, 2017 817,578 — 218,108 99,140 73,348 174,592 111,250 341,159 102,156 1,937,331 6. CONVERTIBLE NOTES PAYABLE On March 22, 2017, Private Acer issued senior secured convertible notes payable (the "2017 Notes”) to existing investors and a vendor in the aggregate principal amount of $3,125,000. The 2017 Notes accrued interest at 10% per annum and matured on September 19, 2017, which was the earlier of (i) March 22, 2018 (the "Maturity Date”) or (ii) upon a Change in Control of Private Acer, as defined therein. On May 31, 2017, Private Acer issued additional 2017 Notes to existing investors and a vendor in the aggregate principal amount of $2,375,000. The 2017 Notes were subsequently converted into common stock, as described below. The 2017 Notes were convertible into common stock upon the occurrence of certain events: a Qualified Financing (as defined therein), a Change in Control, or an optional conversion by the holder. Conversion upon a Qualified Financing was at a price per share equal to the price per share paid for the shares sold in the Qualified Financing less a discount of: (i) 0%, if a Qualified Financing occurred on or before June 30, 2017; (ii) 10%, if a Qualified Financing occurred after June 30, 2017, but on or before September 1, 2017; or (iii) 20%, if a Qualified Financing occurred after September 1, 2017. Conversion upon a Change in Control was at the discretion of the holder such that Private Acer would pay each holder the outstanding balance on their respective note or the note would be converted at a price per share equal to the lesser of $16.57 and the price per share of common stock paid to the holders of the common stock in such Change in Control. Conversion under an optional conversion by the holder was at a price per share of $16.57 based on the outstanding balance of the note. In connection with the 2017 Notes, the Company incurred debt issuance costs of $68,530 and recorded them as a debt discount. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recognized $242,982 of interest expense, which includes $68,530 in amortization of debt discount and $174,452 of accrued interest on the 2017 Notes. The principal of $5,500,000 and accrued interest of $174,452 on the 2017 Notes converted into 599,201 fully-paid shares of common stock at the time of the Merger described in Note 1, with no discount on the conversion. 7. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Newton Lease The Company entered into a Lease Agreement effective March 6, 2018 (the "Newton Lease”) with Commonwealth Development LLC, as trustee of the Gateway Realty Trust (the "Newton Landlord”). Pursuant to the Newton Lease, the Company leased certain premises consisting of 2,760 square feet of office space located at 87 One Gateway Center, Suite 351, 300 Washington Street, Newton, Massachusetts (the "Newton Premises”) to serve as its corporate headquarters. The term of the Newton Lease commenced on October 1, 2018 and expires on September 30, 2021. Future minimum lease payments under the Newton lease at December 31, 2018 are as follows: Years Ending December 31: 2019 2020 2021 Total $ $ Minimum Lease Payments 102,450 105,210 80,460 288,120 In addition, the Company is required to share in certain taxes and operating expenses of the Newton Premises. Rent expense for the Newton Premises was $91,708 for the year ended December 31, 2018. Bend Lease The Company entered into a triple net lease (the "Bend Lease”) effective April 1, 2018 with Eastern Western Corp. (the "Bend Landlord”). Pursuant to the Bend Lease, the Company leased certain premises consisting of 2,288 square feet of office space located at 1000 NW Wall Street, Suite 220, Bend, Oregon (the "Bend Premises”) to serve as a satellite facility. The term of the Bend Lease commenced on April 1, 2018 and expires on March 31, 2021 (the "Bend Term”). The Company has an option to extend the Bend Term for up to two additional periods of three years and a right of first refusal to lease an additional suite in the same building. Future minimum lease payments under the Bend Lease at December 31, 2018 are as follows: Years Ending December 31: 2019 2020 2021 Total $ $ Minimum Lease Payments 49,129 50,603 12,744 112,476 In addition, the Company is required to share in certain taxes and operating expenses of the Bend Premises. Rent expense for the Bend Premises was $46,744 for the year ended December 31, 2018. License Agreements In April 2014, Private Acer obtained exclusive rights to intellectual property relating to ACER-001 and preclinical and clinical data, through a license agreement with Baylor College of Medicine ("BCM”). Under the terms of the agreement, as amended, the Company has worldwide exclusive rights to develop, manufacture, use, sell and import Licensed Products as defined in the agreement. The license agreement requires the Company to make certain upfront and annual payments to BCM, as well as reimburse certain legal costs, and make payments upon achievement of defined milestones and payment of royalties in the low single-digit percent range on net sales of any developed product over the royalty term. In August 2016, Private Acer signed an agreement with Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou ("AP-HP”) (via its Department of Clinical Research and Development) granting the Company exclusive worldwide rights to access and use data from a randomized controlled clinical study of celiprolol. The Company will use this pivotal clinical data to support an new drug application ("NDA”) regulatory filing for its lead product, celiprolol, for the treatment of vEDS. The agreement requires the Company to make certain upfront payments to AP-HP, as well as reimburse certain costs, and make payments upon achievement of defined milestones and payment of royalties in the low single-digit percent range on net sales of celiprolol over the royalty term. In September 2018, the Company entered into a License Agreement for Development and Exploitation with AP-HP to acquire the exclusive worldwide intellectual property rights to three European patent applications relating 88 to certain uses of celiprolol including (i) the optimal dose of celiprolol in treating vEDS patients, (ii) the use of celiprolol during pregnancy and (iii) the use of celiprolol to treat kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type VI). Pursuant to the agreement, the Company will reimburse AP-HP for certain costs and will pay annual maintenance fee payments. Subject to a minimum royalty amount, the Company will also pay royalty payments on annual net sales of celiprolol during the royalty term in the low single digit percent range, depending upon whether there is a valid claim of a licensed patent. Under the agreement, the Company will control and pay the costs of ongoing patent prosecution and maintenance for the licensed applications. The Company may terminate the agreement in its sole discretion upon written notice to AP-HP, and AP-HP may terminate the agreement in the event the Company fails to make the required payments after notice and opportunity to cure. Additionally, the agreement will terminate if the Company terminates clinical development, marketing approval is withdrawn by the health or regulatory authorities in all countries, the Company ceases to do business or there is a procedure of winding-up by court decision against the Company. The Company subsequently filed three United States patent applications on this subject matter in October 2018. In December 2018, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Sanofi granting the Company worldwide rights to osanetant, a clinical-stage, selective, non- peptide tachykinin NK3 receptor antagonist. The agreement required the Company to make a certain upfront payment to Sanofi, make payments upon achievement of defined development and sales milestones and pay royalties on net sales of osanetant over the royalty term. The Company plans to initially pursue development of osanetant as a potential treatment for certain neuroendocrine-related disorders. Litigation From time to time, the Company or its subsidiaries may become involved in litigation or proceedings relating to claims arising from the ordinary course of business. In addition, on September 27, 2017, Piper Jaffray & Co. ("Piper”) filed a lawsuit against Private Acer, Piper Jaffray & Co. v. Acer Therapeutics Inc., Index No. 656055/2017, in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York. The complaint alleges that Private Acer breached its obligations to Piper pursuant to an August 30, 2016 engagement letter between the parties and an April 28, 2017 addendum thereto by failing to pay Piper Jaffray & Co. (i) a fee of $1,097,207 in connection with the financing which closed on September 19, 2017 for aggregate consideration of approximately $15.7 million (including the conversion of the 2017 Notes described in Note 6) and (ii) $67,496 in reimbursement for expenses incurred by Piper pursuant to the engagement letter. On November 10, 2017, Private Acer filed an answer and counterclaim in the lawsuit, denying Piper’s breach of contract allegation, asserting several defenses, and bringing several counterclaims, including claims for breach of contract and breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. Piper filed a reply to the counterclaims denying the essential allegations, and discovery has commenced. The Company has not recorded a liability as of December 31, 2018, because a potential loss is not probable or reasonably estimable given the preliminary nature of the proceedings. 8. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Immediately prior to the consummation of the Merger described in Note 1, (i) Private Acer’s Series A Convertible Redeemable Preferred stock and Series B Convertible Redeemable Preferred stock were converted into 638,416 and 970,238 shares of Private Acer common stock, respectively, (ii) Private Acer’s 2017 Notes and accrued interest totaling $5,674,452 were converted into 599,201 shares of Private Acer common stock, and (iii) 1,055,961 shares of common stock were sold by Private Acer for $9.47 per share generating $10,000,000 of gross proceeds. At the closing of the Merger, 736,950 shares of common stock were held by existing shareholders of the Registrant. Underwritten Public Offerings On December 14, 2017, the Company closed on an underwritten public offering of its common stock of 916,667 shares at a price of $12.00 per share. The gross proceeds were $11.0 million, before deducting the underwriting discount and other estimated offering expenses. Subsequently, on December 27, 2017, the Company sold an additional 130,000 shares in connection with the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters, for an 89 additional $1.6 million of gross proceeds, before deducting the underwriting discount. The total amount of underwriting discount and other offering costs deducted from gross proceeds was $1.1 million. On August 3, 2018, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 2,555,555 shares of common stock, including 333,333 shares sold pursuant to the underwriters’ full exercise of their option to purchase additional shares to cover over-allotments, at a public offering price of $18.00 per share. The Company received aggregate net proceeds of approximately $42.7 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering-related expenses of approximately $3.3 million. 2018 Stock Incentive Plan The Company’s 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan”), adopted on May 14, 2018, provides for the grant of up to 500,000 shares of common stock as stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, performance-based awards and cash-based awards that may be settled in cash, stock or other property to employees, executive officers, directors, and consultants. In addition to the 500,000 shares, the total number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan also consists of the sum of the number of shares subject to outstanding awards under the Company’s 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the "2010 Plan”), and the 2013 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the "2013 Plan”), as of the effective date of the 2018 Plan that are subsequently forfeited or terminated for any reason prior to being exercised or settled, plus the number of shares subject to vesting restrictions under the 2010 Plan and the 2013 Plan on the effective date of the 2018 Plan that are subsequently forfeited, plus the number of shares reserved but not issued or subject to outstanding grants under the 2010 Plan and the 2013 Plan as of the effective date of the 2018 Plan, up to a maximum of 635,170 shares in aggregate. In addition, the number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2018 Plan is automatically increased on the first day of each fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2019, and ending on (and including) January 1, 2028, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 4% of the outstanding shares of common stock on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or (ii) another amount (including zero) determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. Any shares subject to awards granted under the 2018 Plan that are forfeited or terminated before being exercised or settled, or are not delivered to the participant because such award is settled in cash, will again become available for issuance under the 2018 Plan. Shares withheld to satisfy the grant, exercise price or tax withholding obligation related to an award will again become available for issuance under the 2018 Plan. The 2018 Plan is administered by the Company’s Board of Directors, which may in turn delegate authority to administer the plan to a committee such as the Compensation Committee, referred to herein as the 2018 Plan administrator. Subject to the terms of the 2018 Plan, the 2018 Plan administrator will determine recipients, the number of shares or amount of cash subject to awards to be granted, whether an option is to be an incentive stock options or non-incentive stock options and the terms and conditions of the stock awards, including the period of their exercisability and vesting. Subject to the limitations set forth below, the 2018 Plan administrator will also determine the exercise price of options granted under the 2018 Plan. The 2018 Plan expressly provides that, without the approval of the stockholders, the 2018 Plan administrator does not have the authority to reduce the exercise price of any outstanding stock options or stock appreciation rights under the 2018 Plan (except in connection with certain corporate transactions, such as stock splits, certain dividends, recapitalizations, reorganizations, mergers, spin-offs and the like), or cancel any outstanding underwater stock options or stock appreciation rights in exchange for cash or new stock awards under the 2018 Plan. Option awards are generally granted with an exercise price equal to the fair value of the common stock at the date of grant and have contractual terms of 10 years. Stock options granted to executive officers and employees generally vest over a four-year period, with 25% vesting on the one-year anniversary of the grant date and the remaining 75% vesting quarterly over the remaining three years, assuming continued service, and with vesting acceleration in full immediately prior to a change in control. At December 31, 2018, 307,072 shares of common stock remained available for the grant of future awards under the 2018 Plan. 90 2013 Stock Incentive Plan Private Acer’s 2013 Plan, which was assumed by the Company in connection with the Merger, provided for the issuance of up to 165,000 shares of common stock as incentive or non-qualified stock options and/or restricted common stock to employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisers. Option awards were generally granted with an exercise price equal to the fair value of the common stock at the date of grant and had contractual terms of 10 years. At December 31, 2018, all shares available under the 2013 Plan were subject to outstanding equity awards, and no new awards may be granted under the 2013 Plan. 2010 Stock Incentive Plan The Company’s 2010 Plan, as amended and restated, provided for the grant of up to 470,170 shares of common stock as incentive or non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and/or restricted common stock to employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisers. Option awards were generally granted with an exercise price equal to the fair value of the common stock at the date of grant and had contractual terms of 10 years. At December 31, 2018, all shares available under the 2010 Plan were subject to outstanding equity awards, and no new awards may be granted under the 2010 Plan. A summary of option activity under the 2018 Plan, 2013 Plan, and 2010 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows: Options outstanding at December 31, 2017 Granted Exercised Cancelled/forfeited Options outstanding at December 31, 2018 Options exercisable at December 31, 2018 Number of Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price 463,600 $ 377,500 $ (34,375) $ (25,000) $ 781,725 $ 217,222 $ 11.23 21.65 2.55 20.21 16.34 8.37 Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) 9.5 Aggregate Intrinsic Value $ 603,969 9.0 $ 8.1 $ 4,109,547 2,552,337 At December 31, 2018, there was approximately $5.7 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to the stock-based compensation arrangements granted under all plans and the average remaining vesting period was 3.2 years. The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $12.73 and $8.25, respectively. The amount of stock-based compensation expense recorded to general and administrative and to research and development was approximately $0.6 million and $0.7 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018. The amount of stock-based compensation expense recorded to general and administrative and to research and development was approximately $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017. Warrants A summary of warrant activity for the year ended December 31, 2018, is presented below: Outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2017 Expired Outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2018 Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contract Term (# years) Number of Shares 317,630 $ (317,630) $ — $ 123.61 — — 0.29 — — Intrinsic Value — — — On January 23, 2018, all outstanding and unexercised Series J warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,942 shares of common stock expired. On January 29, 2018, all outstanding and unexercised Series K warrants to purchase an 91 aggregate of 2,262 shares of common stock expired. On April 9, 2018, all outstanding and unexercised Series M warrants to purchase an aggregate of 301,452 shares of common stock expired. 9. INCOME TAXES There was no provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, due to the Company’s operating losses and a full valuation allowance on deferred tax assets. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows: Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carry forwards Capitalized research and development costs Accrued liabilities Tax credit carryforwards Stock-based compensation Total deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Net deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities A reconciliation of the United States federal statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate is as follows: Federal statutory rate R&D and Orphan Drug credits State income tax, net of federal tax benefit Valuation allowance Tax reform impact Other, net Effective tax rate $ December 31, 2018 2017 3,604,179 $ 14,381,936 232,899 6,311,164 394,918 24,925,096 1,843,000 12,177,000 25,000 3,286,000 116,000 17,447,000 (24,922,829) 2,267 (17,444,000) 3,000 $ (2,267) — $ (3,000) — December 31, 2018 2017 21.0% 10.9% 2.8% (35.2%) 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 34.0% 7.6% (0.2%) 18.2% (57.8%) (1.8%) 0.0% Management currently believes that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets relating to the loss carryforwards and other temporary differences will not be realized in the future. Through December 31, 2018, for income tax reporting purposes, the Company had United States federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $15.9 million and research and development credits and Orphan Drug credits of approximately $6.3 million that can be carried forward and offset against taxable income. Federal net operating loss generated prior to 2018, research and development credits and Orphan Drug credits, and Massachusetts net operating losses can be carried forward for 20 years and begin to expire in 2022. Federal net operating loss generated in 2018 can be carried forward indefinitely. Utilization of net operating losses may be subject to substantial annual limitations due to the "change in ownership” provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and similar state provisions. The annual limitations may result in the expiration of net operating losses before utilization. On December 22, 2017, The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Act”) was enacted. The Act significantly revised the United States corporate income tax law by lowering the corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21%. As of December 31, 2017, the Company has assessed the effects of the corporate rate reduction on its existing deferred tax balances which resulted in a $8.2 million reduction in the deferred tax assets. Since the Company maintains a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets, a corresponding reduction in the valuation allowance equal to the effect of the rate reduction on the ending deferred tax asset was also reflected. In addition to the rate reduction, the 92 Act also requires companies with foreign subsidiaries to pay a one-time transition tax on earnings that were previously tax deferred. As of December 31, 2017, the Company does not maintain any foreign subsidiaries and does not have previously deferred foreign earnings subject to the transition tax. 10. NET LOSS PER SHARE Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net loss per share is computed similarly to basic net loss per share except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential common shares had been issued and if the additional common shares were dilutive. Diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per common share, since the effects of potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the number of shares of common stock underlying potentially dilutive securities include: Warrants Options to purchase common stock Total December 31, 2018 2017 — 781,725 781,725 317,630 463,600 781,230 93 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures In accordance with Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2018 in enabling us to record, process, summarize and report information required to be included in our periodic SEC filings within the required time period. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018 in providing reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. This annual report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that permit us to provide only management’s report in this annual report. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There was no change in internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) during our fourth fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information. None. 94 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. Executive Officers The names of our executive officers and their ages as of March 1, 2019 are as follows: PART III Name Chris Schelling William T. Andrews, M.D. Donald R. Joseph Salma Jutt Harry S. Palmin Age 43 54 64 42 49 Position President, Chief Executive Officer and Director Chief Medical Officer Chief Legal Officer and Secretary Chief Commercial Officer Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer Biographical information for our executive officers is set forth below: Chris Schelling has served as a director and as our President and Chief Executive Officer since the completion of the Merger in September 2017. Mr. Schelling founded Private Acer in December 2013 and served as a director from that time until the Merger. From December 2013 to February 2016, he served as Private Acer’s Chief Operating Officer, and from February 2016 until the Merger, he served as Private Acer’s President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Schelling also founded Censa Pharmaceuticals Inc. and currently serves as a director at Censa. Prior to founding Private Acer, he served as Executive Director of Strategic Marketing at BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., a Nasdaq-listed biotechnology company, from May 2006 to October 2012. He has also held roles at Abgenix, Inc., Cell Therapeutics, Inc., Stanford Research Institute Consulting and Organon. Mr. Schelling earned a B.A. in biology and history from Carroll College. William T. Andrews, M.D., FACP has served as our Chief Medical Officer since October 2017. Prior to joining the Company, Dr. Andrews provided strategic consulting services to rare disease companies from April 2016 to September 2017. Prior to that, he served at Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, as Senior Vice President, Business Development, from May 2014 to January 2016, and as Vice President of Medical Affairs, from April 2012 to May 2014. He has also held roles at Santhera Pharmaceuticals, Sepracor, Inc. and ClinQuest, Inc. Prior to joining the biopharmaceutical industry over 15 years ago, Dr. Andrews practiced medicine for seven years full-time and 11 years part-time in the Boston area as a board-certified internist and an attending physician at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and was on the clinical faculty at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Andrews earned a B.A. in biology from Harvard University and a Ph.D. from Yale University School of Medicine. Donald R. Joseph has served as our Chief Legal Officer and Secretary since April 2018. He previously served as an advisor and consultant to biopharmaceutical and global health organizations. He has over twenty years of biopharmaceutical industry experience, including senior management positions in global health non-profit organizations. Mr. Joseph served as Chief Legal Officer and Board Secretary of Humanigen (previously known as KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), a publicly listed company, from June 2013 to November 2015. Prior to Humanigen, he was Chief Executive Officer of BIO Ventures for Global Health, or BVGH, from February to November 2012 and Chief Operating Officer from April 2010 to January 2012. He is a former Chairman and Secretary and current member of the BVGH Board of Directors. He previously served as General Counsel, Corporate Secretary, and in other senior management roles at publicly held biopharmaceutical companies, including Abgenix and Renovis. Mr. Joseph currently serves as lead independent director of Achieve Life Sciences, a publicly traded pharmaceutical company. Before entering the life sciences industry, Mr. Joseph practiced business law for a number of years in major firms, including as an international partner at Baker & McKenzie. He received his J.D. degree from the University of Texas School of Law, with honors. Salma Jutt has served as our Chief Commercial Officer since December 2018. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Jutt served as Senior Vice President, Chief Commercial Officer for Nalpropion Pharmaceuticals from January 2018 to December 2018. Prior to Nalpropion, she served as Vice President of U.S. Marketing, Head of Commercial Innovation for Orexigen from June 2016 to January 2018, as Executive Vice President, Partner for Carling Communications and Consulting from June 2015 to June 2016, and as Senior Director, Marketing and Sales for 95 Allergan from June 2008 to June 2015. Ms. Jutt holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from the University of Alberta and an M.B.A. from Pepperdine University. She is a member of the Board of Directors of the American Heart Association. Harry S. Palmin has served as our Chief Financial Officer since the completion of the Merger in September 2017 and was appointed to the additional position of Chief Operating Officer in September 2018. From December 2013 to February 2016, Mr. Palmin served as the President, Chief Executive Officer and a director of Private Acer, and from February 2016 to September 2017 he served as Private Acer’s acting Chief Financial Officer. Prior to joining Private Acer, he served in a variety of roles at Novelos Therapeutics, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, including as President and director from 1998 to October 2013, Chief Executive Officer from January 2005 to October 2013 and acting Chief Financial Officer from 1998 to September 2005. He has also held roles at Lehman Brothers and Morgan Stanley. Mr. Palmin earned a B.A. in economics from Brandeis University and a M.A. in international economics and finance from the Brandeis University International Business School. Directors All of the current directors serve until the next annual stockholders’ meeting or until their successors have been duly elected and qualified. Our current Board of Directors is as follows: Name Stephen J. Aselage Jason Amello Hubert Birner, Ph.D., MBA John M. Dunn Michelle Griffin Luc Marengere, Ph.D. Chris Schelling Age 67 50 52 67 53 53 43 Position Chairman of the Board of Directors Director Director Director Director Director Director, President and Chief Executive Officer Biographical information for our directors is set forth below: Stephen J. Aselage has served as Chairman of the Board since the completion of the Merger in September 2017. From October 2015 until the Merger, Mr. Aselage served as the Chairman of Private Acer’s Board of Directors. Most recently, he was President and Chief Executive Officer of Retrophin, Inc., a Nasdaq-listed, fully integrated biopharmaceutical company, from November 2014 until his retirement in January 2019, and remains a member of its Board of Directors since October 2012. From May 2014 to November 2014, Mr. Aselage served as the Chief Operations Officer and interim Chief Executive Officer of Retrophin. Prior to joining Retrophin, he held a variety of roles at BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., a Nasdaq- listed biotechnology company, as Executive Vice President and Chief Business Officer from December 2009 to September 2012 and Senior Vice President of Global Commercial Development from July 2005 to December 2009. He has also held leadership roles at Cell Therapeutics, Inc., Sangstat Medical Corporation, Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc. and Genentech, Inc. Mr. Aselage earned a B.S. in biology from the University of Notre Dame. Jason Amello has served as a director since the completion of the Merger in September 2017. Since September 2013, Mr. Amello has served as Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., a Nasdaq-listed biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel therapeutics for patients with kidney disease. From May 2012 to May 2013, he served as Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of ZIOPHARM Oncology, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery and development of new cancer therapies. From April 2000 to June 2011, Mr. Amello held various positions at Genzyme Corporation, a biotechnology company focused on development of therapeutics for multiple diseases and disorders, most recently as Senior Vice President, Corporate Controller, and Chief Accounting Officer. Earlier in his career, Mr. Amello spent 10 years in the business advisory and assurance practice of Deloitte, serving in various roles of increasing responsibility through Senior Manager. He currently serves on the Board of Directors of the New England Baptist Hospital, an orthopedic specialty hospital. Mr. Amello earned a B.A. in accounting from Boston College and is a Certified Public Accountant in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 96 Hubert Birner, Ph.D., MBA has served as a director since the completion of the Merger in September 2017. From April 2017 until the Merger, Dr. Birner served as a member of Private Acer’s Board of Directors. Since 2000, he has served in a variety of roles for TVM Capital, an independent affiliation of international private equity and venture capital firms, where he currently serves as the Managing Partner of TVM Capital and TVM Life Science Management. Dr. Birner currently serves as the Chairman of the Boards of Directors of Argos Therapeutics, Inc., a Nasdaq-listed immuno-oncology company, and NOXXON Pharma N.V., a EuroNext Growth Paris-listed biopharmaceutical company, and as a member of the Board of Directors of Proteon Therapeutics, Inc., a Nasdaq-listed biopharmaceutical company, as well as a number of privately held life science companies. Prior to his tenure at TVM Capital, Dr. Birner held roles at Zeneca Group PLC and McKinsey & Company. He served as the Vice Chairman of Evotec AG, a Frankfurt Stock Exchange-listed company focused on the discovery and development of small molecule drugs, from 2005 to 2013, and as a director of Probiodrug AG, a Euronext Amsterdam-listed biopharmaceutical company, from 2014 to 2015. Dr. Birner earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. John M. Dunn has served as a director since the completion of the Merger in September 2017. From October 2015 until the Merger, Mr. Dunn served as a member of Private Acer’s Board of Directors. Since November 2014, he has served as General Counsel of Vital Therapies, Inc., a Nasdaq-listed biotherapeutic company. Prior to joining Vital Therapies, Mr. Dunn was a consultant from February 2012 to November 2014, an Executive Vice President of Biogen Idec, Inc., now Biogen, Inc., a biotechnology company, from November 2003 to January 2012, where he was the head of that firm’s corporate venture group, and General Counsel of IDEC Pharmaceuticals from 2002 until its merger with Biogen in November 2003. Mr. Dunn earned a B.S. in finance and a J.D. from the University of Wyoming. Michelle Griffin has served as a director since the completion of the Merger in September 2017. Since April 2013, Ms. Griffin has served as the Principal of Pacific Biotechnology Consulting Group, a firm providing consulting services to biotechnology companies and their Boards of Directors. Prior to her time with Pacific Biotechnology Consulting Group, Ms. Griffin served from January 2011 to March 2013 as Executive Vice President, Operations and Chief Financial Officer of OncoGenex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Ms. Griffin has served as a member of the Board of Directors and as Chair of the Audit Committee for HTG Molecular Diagnostics, Inc. (Nasdaq: HTGM) since August 2018 and served as a member of the Board of Directors and as Chair of the Audit Committee for PhaseRx, Inc. (Nasdaq: PRRX) from 2016 until its acquisition by Roivant Sciences GmbH in 2018, OncoGenex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from 2008 to 2011, and Sonus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (subsequently acquired by OncoGenex) from 2004 to 2008, and during various periods from 1997 to 2011 served in the capacity of Chief Financial Officer for Trubion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Dendreon Corporation and Corixa Corporation. Ms. Griffin earned her B.S. in marketing from George Mason University and her M.B.A. with a specialization in finance and international business from Seattle University. Luc Marengere, Ph.D. has served as a director since the completion of the Merger in September 2017. From April 2016 until the Merger, Dr. Marengere served as a member of Private Acer’s Board of Directors. He serves as Managing Partner of TVM Life Science Venture VII, L.P, a venture capital fund, which he joined in March 2012. From October 2001 to March 2012, Dr. Marengere was a Managing General Partner with VG Partners, a merchant bank. He serves on the `Boards of Directors of a number of privately held life science companies. From January 2015 to March 2017, Dr. Marengere served on the Board of Directors of CoLucid Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Nasdaq-listed biopharmaceutical company. He has also held roles at CDP Capital – Technology Ventures and MDS Capital Corp. Dr. Marengere earned a Ph.D. from the University of Toronto, an M.S. in endocrinology from Queen’s University and a B.S. in biochemistry from the University of Ottowa. Chris Schelling. Refer to "Executive Officers” section above for Mr. Schelling’s biographical information. Audit Committee The Audit Committee of the Board currently consists of Ms. Griffin (chair), and Messrs. Amello and Dunn, each of whom is an independent, non-employee director. The Audit Committee selects, on behalf of our Board of Directors, an independent public accounting firm to audit our financial statements, discusses with the independent auditors their independence, reviews and discusses the audited financial statements with the independent auditors 97 and management, recommends to our Board of Directors whether the audited financials should be included in our annual reports to be filed with the SEC, and oversees management’s identification, evaluation, and mitigation of major risks to the Company. The Audit Committee operates pursuant to a written charter. During the last fiscal year, the Audit Committee held five meetings. All of the members of the Audit Committee are non-employee directors who: (1) met the criteria for independence as required by Nasdaq listing standards and as set forth in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act”); (2) did not participate in preparation of our financial statements during the past three years; and (3) are able to read and understand fundamental financial statements, including a balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. The Board of Directors has determined that Ms. Griffin and Messrs. Amello and Dunn each, individually, qualifies as an "audit committee financial expert” as defined in SEC rules and regulations and also possesses the financial sophistication and requisite experience as required under Nasdaq listing standards. Code of Ethics In accordance with SEC rules, the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors has adopted a Policy on Whistleblower Protection and Code of Ethics which is applicable to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, which we sometimes refer to as our senior financial officers. The Board of Directors believes that these individuals must set an exemplary standard of conduct, particularly in the areas of accounting, internal accounting control, auditing and finance. This Code of Ethics sets forth ethical standards to which the designated officers must adhere and other aspects of accounting, auditing and financial compliance. The Code of Ethics is available on our website at www.acertx.com. Please note that the information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference in, or considered to be a part of, this report. Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our directors and executive officers, and persons who beneficially own more than 10% of a registered class of our equity securities, to file with the SEC initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership. These reporting persons are required by SEC regulations to furnish us with copies of all such reports they file. To our knowledge, based solely on our review of the copies of such reports furnished to us and written representations from certain insiders that no other reports were required, we believe all of the reporting persons complied with all applicable Section 16(a) filing requirements applicable to them with respect to transactions during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. 98 Item 11. Executive Compensation. Executive Officer Compensation The following table sets forth certain information concerning compensation earned by or paid to certain persons who we refer to as our "Named Executive Officers” for services provided for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Summary Compensation Table Name and Principal Position Chris Schelling(2) President and Chief Executive Officer William T. Andrews, M.D., FACP(4) Chief Medical Officer Harry Palmin(5) Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer Year 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 $ $ $ $ $ $ Salary Bonus Option Awards(1) All Other Compensation 400,000 $ 116,667 $ 400,000 $ $ 100,000 340,000 $ 99,167 $ 150,000 $ — $ 105,000 $ $ 40,000 — $ 468,791 (3) $ — $ 878,921 (3) $ 89,250 $ — $ $ — 594,151 (3) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ Total 550,000 585,458 505,000 1,018,921 429,250 693,318 (1) Amounts shown in this column represent the aggregate grant date fair value of stock option awards made during the years presented, calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 718. See Note 2 to our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report for a discussion of the relevant assumptions used in calculating these amounts. (2) Mr. Schelling was appointed as an executive officer on September 19, 2017, the effective date of the merger, with a base annual salary of $400,000. (3) Option awards were granted to Messrs. Schelling, Andrews and Palmin on October 4, 2017 with an exercise price equal to the closing market price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The options are time-based and vest over a four-year period, with 25% of the shares vesting on the one-year anniversary of the grant date and the remaining shares vesting quarterly over the remaining three-year period, assuming continued service. The options have a standard post-service exercise period of 90 days. The options will accelerate and become fully vested immediately prior to a Change in Control (as defined in our 2010 Stock Incentive Plan), but only to the extent that the optionee remains in service immediately prior to such Change in Control. (4) Dr. Andrews was appointed as an executive officer on October 2, 2017, with a base annual salary of $400,000. He received a signing bonus in connection with commencement of employment. (5) Mr. Palmin was appointed as an executive officer on September 19, 2017, the effective date of the merger, with a base annual salary of $340,000. Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table Our Board of Directors reviews compensation annually for all of the executive officers. Compensation awarded to Named Executive Officers in 2018 and 2017 generally consisted of base salary, bonuses, and equity awards for options to purchase shares of our common stock. In setting executive compensation, our Board of Directors retained the services of Radford (which is a part of Aon Hewitt, a business unit of Aon plc) as an independent compensation consultant and considered compensation for comparable positions in the market, the historical compensation levels of the executives, individual performance as compared to its expectations and objectives, the desire to motivate employees to achieve short- and long-term results that are in the best interests of our stockholders, and a long-term commitment to our company. We do not target a specific competitive position or a 99 specific mix of compensation among elements of compensation. Prior to the September 2017 merger with Opexa, Private Acer retained the services of Radford as an independent compensation consultant to (i) evaluate Private Acer’s executive compensation program and recommend a course of action for consideration in preparation for becoming a public company and (ii) assess Private Acer’s non-employee director compensation practices against a selection of peer group companies and make a recommendation relating thereto. Subsequent to closing of the merger with Opexa in September 2017, our Compensation Committee reviewed the analysis and reports prepared by Radford and provided to Private Acer and implemented certain compensation adjustments for our executives and non-employee directors. In reviewing the reports prepared by Radford for Private Acer, our Compensation Committee considered the independence of Radford pursuant to SEC rules and the corporate governance rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market and concluded that no conflict of interest exists that would prevent Radford from independently advising the Compensation Committee. Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End The following table presents information regarding outstanding equity awards at December 31, 2018 for each of the Named Executive Officers. Option Awards Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable 11,500 25,000 16,900 Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable 34,500 75,000 50,700 Option Exercise Price (1) $ (1) $ (1) $ 15.34 15.34 15.34 Option Expiration Date 10/4/2027 10/4/2027 10/4/2027 Name Chris Schelling William T. Andrews, M.D., FACP Harry S. Palmin (1) The options are time-based and vest over a four-year period, with 25% of the shares vesting on the one-year anniversary of the grant date and the remaining shares vesting quarterly over the remaining three-year period, assuming continued service. The options have a standard post-service exercise period of 90 days. The options will accelerate and become fully vested immediately prior to a Change in Control (as defined in our 2010 Stock Incentive Plan), but only to the extent that the optionee remains in service immediately prior to such Change in Control. Director Compensation The following table presents summary information regarding compensation of the non-employee members of our Board of Directors who served during any part of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. Name Acer Therapeutics Inc. Jason Amello Stephen J. Aselage Hubert Birner, Ph.D., MBA (1) John M. Dunn Michelle Griffin Luc Marengere, Ph.D. (1) Fees Earned or Paid in Cash $ $ $ $ $ $ 42,500 $ 73,750 $ — $ 50,000 $ 55,000 $ — $ Option Awards All Other Compensation Total — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 42,500 73,750 — 50,000 55,000 — (1) Drs. Birner and Marengere are each affiliated with TVM Capital Life Sciences and do not receive compensation for their service on our Board of Directors. 100 Standard Compensation Arrangements Outside directors who are not affiliated with TVM Capital Life Sciences receive compensation for their service on our Board of Directors that consists of cash compensation and equity awards as described below. A director who is also our employee does not receive any additional compensation for services as a member of our Board of Directors. We reimburse our directors for travel and lodging expenses in connection with their attendance at Board of Directors and committee meetings. Our standard annual compensation arrangements consist of the following: Board Member Cash Compensation: • • Annual Board member retainer - $35,000 Additional non-executive Board Chair retainer - $25,000 Additional Committee Chair Cash Compensation: • • • Audit - $15,000 Compensation - $10,000 Nominating/Governance - $7,500 Additional Committee Member Cash Compensation: • • • Audit - $7,500 Compensation - $5,000 Nominating/Governance - $3,750 Board Member Equity Compensation: • • Initial stock option award to newly-appointed directors – 9,000 shares, vesting quarterly over a three-year period from the date of grant, with vesting to accelerate immediately prior to a Change in Control (as defined in our 2018 Stock Incentive Plan). Annual stock option award – 6,000 shares, vesting on the one-year anniversary from the date of grant, with vesting to accelerate immediately prior to a Change in Control (as defined in our 2018 Stock Incentive Plan). Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. The following table sets forth, as of March 1, 2019, the number and percentage of outstanding shares of our common stock beneficially owned by: (a) each person who is known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock; (b) each of our directors; (c) the Named Executive Officers; and (d) all current directors and executive officers as a group. As of March 1, 2019, there were 10,087,363 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. Beneficial ownership has been determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act. Under this rule, certain shares may be deemed to be beneficially owned by more than one person (if, for example, persons share the power to vote or the power to dispose of the shares). In addition, shares are deemed to be beneficially owned by a person if the person has the right to acquire shares (for example, upon exercise of an option) within 60 days of the date as of which the information is provided. In computing the percentage ownership of any person, the amount of shares is deemed to include the amount of shares beneficially owned by such person by reason of such acquisition rights. As a result, the percentage of outstanding shares of any person as shown in the following table does not necessarily reflect the person’s actual voting power at any particular date. 101 To our knowledge, except as indicated in the footnotes to this table and pursuant to applicable community property laws, the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock shown as beneficially owned by them. Name and Address of Beneficial Owner(1) 5% Stockholders (excluding Executive Officers and Directors): Funds affiliated with TVM Capital Life Science Nantahala Capital Management, LLC Vivo Opportunity, LLC Bukwang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Avego Healthcare Capital, LLC and affiliates Executive Officers and Directors: Chris Schelling William T. Andrews, M.D., FACP Harry S. Palmin Jason Amello Stephen J. Aselage Hubert Birner, Ph.D., MBA John M. Dunn Michelle Griffin Luc Marengere, Ph.D. All current directors and executive officers as a group (11 persons) Beneficial Ownership Table Number of Shares Owned Percentage of Class 2,672,309 (2) 903,455 (3) 579,051 (4) 544,572 (5) 527,983 (6) 1,767,250 (7) 37,500 (8) 150,350 (9) 5,223 (10) 40,905 (11) 0 (12) 27,952 (13) 5,223 (14) 0 (15) 2,034,403 (16) 26.5% 9.0% 5.7% 5.4% 5.2% 17.5% * 1.5% * * — * * — 20.0% * (1) (2) Less than 1% Unless otherwise indicated in the footnotes, the mailing address of the beneficial owner is c/o Acer Therapeutics Inc., One Gateway Center, Suite 351 (300 Washington Street), Newton, Massachusetts 02458. This information is based on a Schedule 13D/A filed with the SEC on August 24, 2018. Consisting of shares of common stock beneficially owned by certain investment funds affiliated with TVM Capital Life Science as follows: (i) 1,697,709 shares of common stock held by TVM Life Science Ventures VII L.P. ("TVM VII LP”); (ii) 725,844 shares of common stock held by TVM Life Science Ventures VI GmbH & Co. KG ("TVM VI German”); and (iii) 248,756 shares of common stock held by TVM Life Science Ventures VI L.P. ("TVM VI Cayman”). With respect to the shares held by TVM VII LP, TVM LSV VII (GP) Ltd. ("TVM VII GP”) is the general partner of TVM VII LP. Luc Marengere, Mark Wanless, Gary Leatt, Hubert Birner, Stefan Fischer and Helmut Schühsler are members of the investment committee of TVM VII GP, which has voting and investment power with respect to these shares, and may be deemed to beneficially own such shares. TVM VII GP and Messrs. Birner, Fischer, Schühsler, Marengere, Wanless and Leatt each disclaim beneficial ownership of the reported securities, other than those shares which the reporting person owns of record. The address of TVM VII LP is 204, Rue Notre- Dame Ouest, Bureau 350, Montreal A8 H2Y 1TE, Canada. With respect to the shares held by TVM VI German, Messrs. Birner, Fischer and Schühsler are members of the investment committee of TVM Life Science Ventures Management VI L.P. ("TVM VI Management”), which is the managing limited partner of TVM VI German with voting and dispositive power over the shares held by TVM VI German, and may be deemed to beneficially own such shares. TVM VI Management and Messrs. Birner, Fischer and Schühsler each disclaim beneficial ownership of the shares held by TVM VI German, other than those shares which the reporting person owns of record. The address of TVM VI German is Ottostrasse 4, 80333 Munich, Germany. With respect to the shares held by TVM VI Cayman, Messrs. Birner, Schühsler and Fisher are members of the investment committee of TVM VI Management, which is the managing limited partner of TVM VI Cayman with voting and dispositive power over the shares held by TVM VI Cayman, and may be deemed to beneficially own such shares. TVM VI Management and Messrs. Birner, Schühsler and Fischer each disclaim beneficial ownership of the shares held by TVM VI Cayman, other than those shares which the reporting persons owns of record. The address of TVM VI Cayman is Ottostrasse 4, 80333 Munich, Germany. Drs. Birner and Marengere are members of our Board of Directors. 102 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) This information is based on a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 14, 2019. Pursuant to the Schedule 13G, Nantahala Capital Management, LLC ("Nantahala”) and each of Wilmot B. Harkey and Daniel Mack, as managing members of Nantahala, share voting and investment power with respect to the shares, which are held by funds and separately managed accounts under control of Nantahala. The address for Nantahala and Messrs. Harkey and Mack is 19 Old Kings Highway S, Suite 200, Darien, Connecticut 06820. This information is based on a Schedule 13D filed with the SEC on September 17, 2018. Pursuant to the Schedule 13G, sole voting and investment power with respect to these shares, which are held by Vivo Opportunity, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("Vivo”) and general partner of Vivo Opportunity Fund, L.P. (the "Fund”), may be deemed to be shared by the voting members of the Fund, Albert Cha, Gaurav Aggarwal, Shan Fu, Frank King and Michael Chang, each of whom disclaims beneficial ownership with respect to such shares. The address for Vivo is 505 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 207, Palo Alto, California 94301. This information is based on confirmation provided by the stockholder of its stock ownership position. Hee-Won Yoo is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Bukwang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Bukwang’s address is 7, Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06955, Korea. This information is based on a Schedule 13D filed with the SEC on September 28, 2017. Pursuant to the Schedule 13D, voting and investment power with respect to these shares, which are held of record directly by Avego Healthcare Capital LLC ("Avego”), may be deemed to be shared by Avego’s controlling member, Mayura Trust B ("Mayura Trust”), the trustee of Mayura Trust, Mayura One LLC ("Mayura One”), and individuals Bala Venkataraman, Yelena Epova and Christopher R. Manning. Each reporting person disclaims beneficial ownership of all securities except to the extent of such person’s pecuniary interest therein, other than those securities reported as being held directly by such person. Avego’s address is 1055B Powers Place, Alpharetta, Georgia 30009. Consisting of (i) 1,750,000 shares of common stock; and (ii) 17,250 shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2019. Represents shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2019. Consisting of (i) 125,000 shares of common stock; and (ii) 25,350 shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2019. (10) Represents shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2019. (11) Consisting of (i) 13,905 shares of common stock; and (ii) 27,000 shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2019. (12) Does not include shares of common stock beneficially owned by TVM VII LP, TVM VI or TVM VI LP, for each of which Dr. Birner serves on the investment committee. See footnote 2 above. (13) Consisting of (i) 5,952 shares of common stock; and (ii) 22,000 shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2019. (14) Represents shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2019. (15) Does not include shares of common stock beneficially owned by TVM VII LP, for which Dr. Marengere serves on the investment committee. See footnote 2 above. (16) Consisting of: (i) 1,894,857 shares of common stock; and (ii) 139,546 shares of common stock underlying stock options exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2019. 103 Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans The following table sets forth information, as of December 31, 2018, with respect to our compensation plans under which common stock is authorized for issuance. These plans consist of our 2018 Stock Incentive Plan, 2013 Stock Incentive Plan and 2010 Stock Incentive Plan. We believe that the exercise price for all of the options granted under these plans reflect at least 100% of fair market value on the dates of grant for the options at issue. Equity Compensation Plan Information Plan Category Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Stockholders Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Stockholders Total Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (A)) (C) Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options (A) Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options (B) 781,725 $ 16.03 307,072 — 781,725 $ — 16.03 — 307,072 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. Transactions with Related Persons Since January 1, 2018, we have engaged in no reportable transactions with our directors, executive officers, beneficial holders of more than 5% of our voting securities, and affiliates or their immediately family members. Director Independence The Board of Directors determined that Ms. Griffin, Drs. Birner and Marengere, and Messrs. Amello, Aselage and Dunn are each an independent director within the meaning of Nasdaq listing standards, which directors constitute a majority of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors has determined that each member of the Board’s Audit, Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees is independent (or similarly designated) based on the Board of Directors’ application of the standards of Nasdaq, the rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC or the Internal Revenue Service, as appropriate for such committee membership. The current members of these committees are as follows: Director Jason Amello Stephen J. Aselage Hubert Birner, Ph.D., MBA John M. Dunn Michelle Griffin Luc Marengere, Ph.D. Chris Schelling C = Chair Independent X X X X X X Audit Committee X Compensation Committee X C C X X Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee X C X 104 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services. The following table presents (i) the aggregate fees billed to us for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 by MaloneBailey, LLP, who served as our independent registered public accounting firm during the period of January 1, 2017 to September 20, 2017, and (ii) the aggregate fees billed to us for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 by Wolf & Company, P.C., who was appointed as our independent registered public accounting firm on September 20, 2017. Audit fees(1) Audit-related fees (2) Tax fees (3) All other fees Total fees 2018 Wolf & Co. Years Ended December 31, 2017 MaloneBailey Wolf & Co. $ $ 113,000 58,000 — — 171,000 $ $ 62,000 16,000 — — 78,000 $ $ 79,000 42,000 — — 121,000 (1) (2) Audit fees consist of fees billed for services relating to the audit of our annual financial statement and review of our quarterly financial statements, and services that are normally provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements. Audit-related fees consist of fees billed for providing consents for SEC registration statements such as Forms S-1, S-3, S-4 and S-8, other periodic reports and other documents filed with the SEC, or other documents issued in connection with securities offerings. (3) Tax fees are for services relating to tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning. Change in Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm On September 20, 2017, we engaged Wolf & Company, P.C., as our independent registered public accounting firm to audit our financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, and we dismissed MaloneBailey, LLP. Prior to the completion of the merger, Wolf & Company, P.C. served as the auditor and independent registered public accounting firm to Private Acer. The decision to change accountants was approved by the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. During the year ended December 31, 2017, there were no: (1) disagreements (as defined in Item 304(a)(1)(iv) of Regulation S-K and the related instructions) with MaloneBailey, LLP on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedures, which disagreement if not resolved to the satisfaction of MaloneBailey, LLP would have caused MaloneBailey, LLP to make reference thereto in its reports, or (2) reportable events (as described in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K). During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, neither we nor anyone on our behalf consulted with Wolf & Company, P.C. regarding either (i) the application of accounting principles to a specific transaction, completed or proposed, or the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on our financial statements, and neither a written report nor oral advice was provided to us that Wolf & Company, P.C. concluded was an important factor considered by us in reaching a decision as to any accounting, auditing or financial reporting issue or (ii) any matter that was either the subject of a disagreement (as defined in Item 304(a)(1)(iv) of Regulation S-K and the related instructions) or a reportable event (as described in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K). Policy on Audit Committee Pre-Approval and Permissible Non-Audit Services of Independent Auditors The Board of Directors’ policy is to pre-approve all audit and permissible non-audit services provided by the independent auditors. These services may include audit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services. Pre-approval is generally provided for up to one year and any pre-approval is detailed as to the particular service or category of services and is generally subject to a specific budget. The independent auditors and 105 management are required to periodically report to the Board of Directors regarding the extent of services provided by the independent auditors in accordance with this pre-approval, and the fees for the services performed to date. The Board of Directors may also pre-approve particular services on a case-by-case basis. The Audit Committee pre-approved 100% of any audit-related services, tax services or other services provided by our independent auditors during the last two fiscal years. 106 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules. (a) Documents filed as part of this report: PART IV 1. Financial Statements are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following consolidated financial statements are included in Item 8: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page 76 77 78 79 80 81 2. 3. Financial Statement Schedules The required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto. List of Exhibits: 107 Exhibit No. Description 2.1# 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 10.1+^ 10.2+^ 10.3+^ 10.4+^ 10.5+ 10.6+ 10.7+ 10.8+* Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of June 30, 2017, by and among Acer Therapeutics Inc. (formerly Opexa Therapeutics, Inc.), Opexa Merger Sub, Inc. and Acer Therapeutics Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 3, 2017). Plan of Conversion, dated May 15, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 15, 2018). Certificate of Conversion, as filed with the Texas Secretary of State on May 15, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 15, 2018). Certificate of Conversion, as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on May 15, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 15, 2018). Certificate of Incorporation, as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on May 15, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 15, 2018). Bylaws, effective May 15, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 15, 2018). Certificate of Ownership and Merger, as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on May 15, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 15, 2018). Specimen common stock certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 15, 2018). Acer Therapeutics Inc. Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 11, 2016). Amendment No. 1 to the Acer Therapeutics Inc. Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, as amended, (File No. 333-219358) filed on July 19, 2017). Form of award agreement for awards made under the Acer Therapeutics Inc. Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 14, 2014). Form of restricted stock agreement for awards made under the Acer Therapeutics Inc. Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 12, 2015). Acer Therapeutics Inc. 2013 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 20, 2017). Acer Therapeutics Inc. 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix G to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 9, 2018). Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement for option awards to be made under the 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 15, 2018). Form of Notice of Restricted Stock Award for awards under the 2018 Stock Incentive Plan. 108 Exhibit No. 10.9♦ Description Agreement of Access and Use of Clinical Trial Data, dated as of August 3, 2016, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and L’Assistance Publique— Hôpitaux de Paris (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, as amended (File No. 333-219358), filed on July 19, 2017). 10.10♦ 10.11♦ 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16+ 10.17+ 10.18+ 10.19+ License Agreement for Development and Exploitation, dated as of September 19, 2018, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2018). Exclusive License Agreement, dated as of April 4, 2014, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and Baylor College of Medicine (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, as amended (File No. 333-219358), filed on July 19, 2017). First Amendment to License Agreement dated April 28, 2014 by and between Baylor College of Medicine and Acer Therapeutics Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, as amended (File No. 333-219358), filed on July 19, 2017). Second Amendment to License Agreement, dated March 17, 2015, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and Baylor College of Medicine (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, as amended (File No. 333-219358), filed on July 19, 2017). Third Amendment to License Agreement, dated September 8, 2016, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and Baylor College of Medicine (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, as amended (File No. 333-219358), filed on July 19, 2017). Exclusive License Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2018, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and Sanofi (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 2, 2019.) Employment Agreement, dated February 22, 2018, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and Chris Schelling (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 27, 2018). Employment Agreement, dated February 22, 2018, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and William Andrews (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 27, 2018). Employment Agreement, dated February 22, 2018, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and Harry Palmin (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 27, 2018). Employment Agreement, dated April 20, 2018, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and Donald Joseph (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 14, 2018). 10.20+* Employment Agreement, dated December 4, 2018, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and Salma Jutt-Eghbali. 10.21 10.22 Lease Agreement, dated March 6, 2018, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and Commonwealth Development LLC, as trustee of the Gateway Realty Trust (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 14, 2018). Triple Net Lease, dated April 1, 2018, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and Eastern Western Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 14, 2018). 109 Exhibit No. 10.23+ Description Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and its directors and officers (incorporated by reference to Appendix F to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 9, 2018). 10.24 23.1* 24.1* 31.1* 31.2* 32.1** 32.2** 101* Sales Agreement, dated November 9, 2018 by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc. and Roth Capital Partners, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 9, 2018). Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Wolf & Company, P.C. Power of Attorney (see the signature page hereof). Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Financial statements from the Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company as of and for the period ended December 31, 2018, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit); (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. * + # ♦♦ ^ ** Filed herewith. Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. The schedules and exhibits to this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule and/or exhibit will be furnished to the SEC upon request. Confidential treatment was granted with respect to certain portions of this exhibit. Omitted portions have been filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The name of this plan has been amended to reflect the current name of the Company. In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K and SEC Release No. 34-47986, the certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10-K and will not be deemed "filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Such exhibits will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary. Not Applicable. 110 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Date: March 7, 2019 ACER THERAPEUTICS INC. By: /s/ Harry Palmin Harry Palmin Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Chris Schelling and Harry Palmin, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact, each with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact or their substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacity and on the dates indicated. Signature /s/ Chris Schelling Chris Schelling /s/ Harry Palmin Harry Palmin /s/ Jason Amello Jason Amello /s/ Stephen J. Aselage Stephen J. Aselage /s/ Hubert Birner Hubert Birner, Ph.D., MBA /s/ John M. Dunn John M. Dunn /s/ Michelle Griffin Michelle Griffin /s/ Luc Marengere Luc Marengere, Ph.D. Title President and Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Director Chairman of the Board Director Director Director Director 111 Date March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 March 7, 2019 ACER THERAPEUTICS INC. 2018 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN NOTICE OF RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AWARD EXHIBIT 10.8 You have been granted the following Restricted Stock Units (the "Restricted Stock Units” or this "Award”) representing shares of Common Stock of Acer Therapeutics Inc. (the "Company”) under the Acer Therapeutics Inc. 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (as may be amended from time to time, the "Plan”): Name of Recipient: Grant Date: [Name of Recipient] [Date of Grant] Total Number of Shares Subject to Restricted Stock Units: [Total Shares] Vesting Schedule: •[_____] shares subject to the RSUs vest when you complete 12 months of continuous Service as an Employee or a Consultant following [Milestone #1] •[_____] shares subject to the RSUs vest when you complete 12 months of continuous Service as an Employee or a Consultant following [Milestone #2] •[_____] shares subject to the RSUs vest when you complete 12 months of continuous Service as an Employee or a Consultant following [Milestone #3] By your written signature below (or your electronic acceptance) and the signature of the Company’s representative below, you and the Company agree that the RSUs are granted under and governed by the term and conditions of the Plan and the Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (this "Agreement”), both of which are attached to and made a part of this document. By your written signature below (or your electronic acceptance), you further agree that the Company may deliver by e-mail all documents relating to the Plan or this Award (including without limitation, prospectuses required by the Securities and Exchange Commission) and all other documents that the Company is required to deliver to its security holders (including without limitation, annual reports and proxy statements). You also agree that the Company may deliver these documents by posting them on a website maintained by the Company or by a third party under contract with the Company. If the Company posts these documents on a website, it will notify you by e-mail. Should you electronically accept this Agreement, you agree to the following: "This electronic contract contains my electronic signature, which I have executed with the intent to sign this Agreement.” RECIPIENT ACER THERAPEUTICS INC. Recipient’s Signature Recipient’s Printed Name By: Title: ACER THERAPEUTICS INC. 2018 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AGREEMENT The Plan and Other Agreements The RSUs that you are receiving are granted pursuant and subject in all respects to the applicable provisions of the Plan, which is incorporated herein by reference. Capitalized terms not defined in this Agreement will have the meanings ascribed to them in the Plan. The attached Notice, this Agreement and the Plan constitute the entire understanding between you and the Company regarding this Award. Any prior agreements, commitments or negotiations concerning this Award are superseded. This Agreement may be amended by the Committee without your consent; however, if any such amendment would materially impair your rights or obligations under this Agreement, this Agreement may be amended only by another written agreement, signed by you and the Company. Payment for RSUs No cash payment is required for the RSUs you receive. You are receiving the RSUs in consideration for Services rendered by you. Vesting Forfeiture Leaves of Absence The RSUs that you are receiving will vest in installments, as shown in the Notice of Restricted Stock Unit Award. No additional RSUs vest after your Service as an Employee or a Consultant has terminated for any reason. If your Service terminates for any reason, then this Award expires immediately as to the number of RSUs that have not vested before the termination date and do not vest as a result of termination. This means that the unvested RSUs will immediately be cancelled. You receive no payment for RSUs that are forfeited. The Company determines when your Service terminates for this purpose and all purposes under the Plan and its determinations are conclusive and binding on all persons. For purposes of this Award, your Service does not terminate when you go on a military leave, a sick leave or another bona fide leave of absence, if the leave of absence was approved by the Company in writing and if continued crediting of Service is required by the terms of the leave or by applicable law. But your Service terminates when the approved leave ends, unless you immediately return to active work. If you go on a leave of absence, then the vesting schedule specified in the Notice of Restricted Stock Unit Award may be adjusted in accordance with the Company’s leave of absence policy or the terms of your leave. If you commence working on a part-time basis, then the vesting schedule specified in the Notice of Restricted Stock Unit Award may be adjusted in accordance with the Company’s part-time work policy or the terms of an agreement between you and the Company pertaining to your part-time schedule. 2 Nature of RSUs Your RSUs are mere bookkeeping entries. They represent only the Company’s unfunded and unsecured promise to issue Shares on a future date. As a holder of RSUs, you have no rights other than the rights of a general creditor of the Company. No Voting Rights or Dividends Your RSUs carry neither voting rights nor rights to dividends. You, or your estate or heirs, have no rights as a stockholder of the Company unless and until your RSUs are settled by issuing Shares. No adjustments will be made for dividends or other rights if the applicable record date occurs before your Shares are issued, except as described in the Plan. RSUs Nontransferable Settlement of RSUs You may not sell, transfer, assign, pledge or otherwise dispose of any RSUs. For instance, you may not use your RSUs as security for a loan. If you attempt to do any of these things, your RSUs will immediately become invalid. Each of your vested RSUs will be settled when it vests; provided, however, that settlement of each RSU will be deferred to the first permissible trading day for the Shares, if later than the applicable vesting date, but in no event later than March 15 of the calendar year following the calendar year in which the applicable vesting date occurs. For purposes of this Agreement, "permissible trading day” means a day that satisfies all of the following requirements: (1) the exchange on which the Shares are traded is open for trading on that day; (2) you are permitted to sell Shares on that day without incurring liability under Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act; and (3) you are not prohibited from selling Shares on that day by a written agreement between you and the Company or a third party. [Note: Due to the automatic withholding arrangements set forth below, and the exception that exists in the Company’s insider trading policy in this regard, the features of this Agreement that would otherwise have deferred the permissible trading day due to your possession of material non-public information (or the existence of a closed window under the Company’s insider trading policy) have been removed. Notwithstanding the automatic withholding arrangements, however, the balance of any Shares you receive upon any settlement of RSUs shall be subject to restrictions resulting from your possession of material non-public information or as otherwise provided in the Company’s insider trading policy.] At the time of settlement, you will receive one Share for each vested RSU; provided, however, that no fractional Shares will be issued or delivered pursuant to the Plan or this Agreement, and the Committee will determine whether cash will be paid in lieu of any fractional Share or whether such fractional Share and any rights thereto will be canceled, terminated or otherwise eliminated. In addition, the Shares are issued to you subject to the condition that the issuance of the Shares not violate any law or regulation. 3 Withholding Taxes and Stock Withholding Regardless of any action the Company and/or the Subsidiary or Affiliate employing you ("Employer”) takes with respect to any or all income tax, social insurance, payroll tax, payment on account or other tax-related withholding ("Tax-Related Items”), you acknowledge that the ultimate liability for all Tax-Related Items legally due by you is and remains your responsibility and that the Company and/or your Employer (1) make no representations or undertakings regarding the treatment of any Tax-Related Items in connection with any aspect of this Award, including the award, vesting or settlement of the RSUs, the subsequent sale of Shares acquired pursuant to settlement and the receipt of any dividends; and (2) do not commit to structure the terms of the award or any aspect of the RSUs to reduce or eliminate your liability for Tax-Related Items. Notwithstanding any provision herein to the contrary: •Settlement of RSUs during an Open Window. If your vested RSUs settle during an open window for trading under the Company’s insider trading policy, then (i) the Company shall sell on your behalf a number of Shares otherwise deliverable to you having a Fair Market Value sufficient to generate proceeds to pay all Tax-Related Items and any associated broker or other fees, as applicable, (ii) the Company intends to use the closing price of the Shares on the trading day preceding the settlement date for purposes of calculating all Tax-Related Items, and (iii) such Shares shall be sold as soon as practicable on or after the date on which each RSU vests through such means as the Company may determine in its sole discretion, including through a broker-assisted arrangement or otherwise. •Settlement of RSUs during a Closed Window. If your vested RSUs settle during a closed window for trading under the Company’s insider trading policy, then (i) the Company shall withhold Shares that otherwise would be issued to you having a Fair Market Value equal to all Tax-Related Items, provided that the Company only withholds Shares having a Fair Market Value equal to the amount necessary to satisfy the maximum legally required tax withholding, and (ii) the Company intends to use the closing price of the Shares on the trading day preceding the settlement date for purposes of calculating all Tax-Related Items. In the event the applicable measure is determined to be inadequate by the Company, you authorize the Company and/or your Employer to (a) withhold all applicable Tax-Related Items legally payable by you from your wages or other cash compensation paid to you by the Company and/or your Employer, (b) have the Company withhold taxes from the proceeds of a sale of the Shares, either through a voluntary sale or through a mandatory sale arranged by the Company (on your behalf pursuant to this authorization), or (c) implement any other arrangement approved by the Company. Finally, you will pay to the Company or your Employer any amount of Tax-Related Items that the Company or your Employer may be required to withhold as a result of your participation in the Plan or your acquisition of Shares that cannot be satisfied by the means previously described. The Company may refuse to deliver the Shares if you fail to comply with your obligations in connection with the Tax-Related Items as described in this section, and your rights to the Shares will be forfeited if you do not comply with such obligations on or before December 31 of the calendar year in which the applicable vesting date for the RSUs occurs. Restrictions on Resale You agree not to sell any Shares at a time when applicable laws, Company policies or an agreement between the Company and its underwriters prohibit a sale. This restriction will apply as long as your Service continues and for such period of time after the termination of your Service as the Company may specify. 4 No Retention Rights Adjustments Neither this Award nor this Agreement gives you the right to be employed or retained by the Company or any Subsidiary or Affiliate of the Company in any capacity. The Company and its Subsidiaries and Affiliates reserve the right to terminate your Service at any time, with or without cause. The number of RSUs covered by this Award will be subject to adjustment in the event of a stock split, a stock dividend or a similar change in Shares, and in other circumstances, as set forth in the Plan. The forfeiture provisions and restrictions described above will apply to all new, substitute or additional restricted stock units or securities to which you are entitled by reason of this Award. Successors and Assigns Except as otherwise provided in the Plan or this Agreement, every term of this Agreement will be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective heirs, legatees, legal representatives, successors, transferees and assigns. Notice Any notice required or permitted under this Agreement will be given in writing and will be deemed effectively given upon the earliest of personal delivery, receipt or the third (3rd) full day following mailing with postage and fees prepaid, addressed to the other party hereto at the address last known in the Company’s records or at such other address as such party may designate by ten (10) days’ advance written notice to the other party hereto. Section 409A of the Code To the extent this Agreement is subject to, and not exempt from, Section 409A of the Code, this Agreement is intended to comply with Section 409A, and its provisions will be interpreted in a manner consistent with such intent. You acknowledge and agree that changes may be made to this Agreement to avoid adverse tax consequences to you under Section 409A. Applicable Law and Choice of Venue This Agreement will be interpreted and enforced under the laws of the State of Delaware, without regard to the laws of any other jurisdiction that might be applied because of the conflicts of laws principles of any state. 5 Miscellaneous You understand and acknowledge that (1) the Plan is entirely discretionary, (2) the Company and your Employer have reserved the right to amend, suspend or terminate the Plan at any time, (3) the grant of this Award does not in any way create any contractual or other right to receive additional grants of awards (or benefits in lieu of awards) at any time or in any amount and (4) all determinations with respect to any additional grants, including (without limitation) the times when awards will be granted, the number of Shares subject to awards and the vesting schedule, will be at the sole discretion of the Company. The value of this Award will be an extraordinary item of compensation outside the scope of your employment contract, if any, and will not be considered a part of your normal or expected compensation for purposes of calculating severance, resignation, redundancy or end-of-service payments, bonuses, long-service awards, pension or retirement benefits or similar payments. You understand and acknowledge that participation in the Plan ceases upon termination of your Service for any reason, except as may explicitly be provided otherwise in the Plan or this Agreement. You hereby authorize and direct your Employer to disclose to the Company or any Subsidiary or Affiliate any information regarding your employment, the nature and amount of your compensation and the fact and conditions of your participation in the Plan, as your Employer deems necessary or appropriate to facilitate the administration of the Plan. You consent to the collection, use and transfer of personal data as described in this subsection. You understand and acknowledge that the Company, your Employer and the Company’s other Subsidiaries and Affiliates hold certain personal information regarding you for the purpose of managing and administering the Plan, including (without limitation) your name, home address, telephone number, date of birth, social insurance or other government identification number, salary, nationality, job title, any Shares or directorships held in the Company and details of all awards or any other entitlements to Shares awarded, canceled, exercised, vested, unvested or outstanding in your favor (the "Data”). You further understand and acknowledge that the Company, its Subsidiaries and/or its Affiliates will transfer Data among themselves as necessary for the purpose of implementation, administration and management of your participation in the Plan and that the Company and/or any Subsidiary may each further transfer Data to any third party assisting the Company in the implementation, administration and management of the Plan. You understand and acknowledge that the recipients of Data may be located in the United States or elsewhere, and that the laws of a recipient’s country of operation (e.g., the United States) may not have equivalent privacy protections as local laws where you reside or work. You authorize such recipients to receive, possess, use, retain and transfer Data, in electronic or other form, for the purpose of administering your participation in the Plan, including a transfer to any broker or other third party with whom you elect to deposit Shares acquired under the Plan of such Data as may be required for the administration of the Plan and/or the subsequent holding of Shares on your behalf. You may, at any time, view the Data, require any necessary modifications of Data, make inquiries about the treatment of Data or withdraw the consents set forth in this subsection by contacting the Human Resources Department of the Company in writing. BY SIGNING THE COVER SHEET OF THIS AGREEMENT, YOU AGREE TO ALL OF THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS DESCRIBED ABOVE AND IN THE PLAN. 6 EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT Exhibit 10.20 This Employment Agreement (this "Agreement”) is made and entered into effective as of December 3, 2018, by and between Acer Therapeutics Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "Company”), and Salma Jutt-Eghbali ("Key Employee”). The Company and Key Employee are hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Parties.” W I T N E S S E T H: A. The Company desires assurance of the association and services of Key Employee in order to retain Key Employee’s skills, abilities, background and knowledge, and is willing to engage Key Employee’s services on the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement. B. set forth in this Agreement. Key Employee desires to be in the employ of the Company and is willing to accept such employment on the terms and conditions NOW, THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the employment by the Company, the compensation and other remuneration paid and to be paid by the Company and received and to be received by Key Employee for such employment, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged by Key Employee, it is agreed by and between the Parties hereto as follows: 1. Duties. As the Company’s Chief Commercial Officer, Key Employee will perform such duties as are ordinary, customary and necessary in Key Employee’s role. Key Employee will report directly to Chief Executive Officer who will be primarily responsible for evaluating Key Employee’s performance. The Company may change Key Employee’s duties, compensation, benefits and place of employment from time to time as it deems necessary. In addition, during Key Employee’s employment with the Company, Key Employee shall devote Key Employee’s best efforts and Key Employee’s full business time, skill and attention to the performance of Key Employee’s duties on behalf of the Company. 2. Salary and Bonus. Key Employee will be compensated for full-time service (pro-rated for any part-time service) at a base rate of $350,000 per year, less all deductions and withholdings, to be paid in accordance with the Company’s standard payroll practices, as they may be changed from time to time. In addition, Key Employee shall be eligible to receive an annual discretionary bonus with a target (the "Target Bonus”) of thirty-five percent (35%) of Key Employee’s base salary per 12-month period (pro-rated for any partial period of less than 12 months), based upon a determination by the CEO and, where applicable, the Company’s Board of Directors (the "Board”) of the achievement of objectives to be set from time to time by the Board, provided that Key Employee must remain employed through the payment date in order to earn the bonus. The measurement period for this purpose will end on approximately December 31 of each year. The annual discretionary bonus, if otherwise earned subject to continued employment through the payment date, will be paid as soon as practicable after the achievement of objectives for the measurement period has been determined, but in no event will such bonus be paid after March 15 following the last day of the measurement period. The Company may modify Key Employee’s compensation and benefits from time to time at its sole discretion. 3. Other Benefits. The Company will provide Key Employee with participation in Company-sponsored employee benefits programs on the same basis as such benefits are generally available to its employees, as determined from time to time by the Board. The Company may, from time to time, change, amend, add to, or terminate these benefits at any time in its sole discretion. 4. Employee Nondisclosure and Developments Agreement. As a condition to and in consideration for employment, Key Employee must enter into the Employee Nondisclosure and Developments Agreement (the "NDA”) in the form used by the Company. 5. At-Will Employment. Key Employee’s employment with Company is "at-will.” This means that either Key Employee or the Company may terminate Key Employee’s employment at any time, with or without cause, and with or without notice. Any contrary representations or agreements which may have been made to Key Employee are superseded by this Agreement. The "at-will” nature of Key Employee’s employment described in this Agreement shall constitute the entire agreement between Key Employee and the Company concerning the nature and duration of Key Employee’s employment. Though Key Employee’s duties, compensation, benefits and place of employment may change over time and Key Employee may be subject to incremental discipline that does not include a termination, none of these events change the agreement that Key Employee is an "at-will” employee. In addition, the fact that the rate of Key Employee’s salary or other compensation is stated in units of years or months, and that Key Employee’s vacation and sick leave accrue annually or monthly, does not alter the at-will nature of the employment, and does not mean and should not be interpreted to mean that Key Employee is guaranteed employment to the end of any period of time or for any period of time. The "at-will” term of Key Employee’s employment with the Company can only be changed in a writing signed by Key Employee and an authorized officer of the Company. 6. Severance Payment. Without limiting the provisions of the foregoing Section, assuming Key Employee’s employment with the Company shall have been continuous from Key Employee’s start date through the occurrence of the applicable event, and provided Key Employee executes and delivers to the Company, within twenty-one (21) days (or, to the extent required by law, forty-five (45) days) following the termination date (with any revocation periods having expired without any revocations by Key Employee), a separation agreement that includes a general release of claims against the Company and persons affiliated with the Company substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A (the "Release”), then: In the event of any Termination without Cause (as defined below) or any Constructive Termination (as defined below) which occurs during the period commencing one (1) month prior to a Change in Control (as defined below) and terminating twelve (12) months after such Change in Control (the "Change in Control Period”), Key Employee will be entitled to the following: a. a lump sum payment (paid on the sixtieth (60th) day following such termination of employment) equal to the sum of (A) Key Employee’s then current base salary rate calculated for a period of twelve (12) months and (B) one (1) times the Target Bonus calculated for a period of twelve (12) months (i.e., no proration); and i. ii. if Key Employee elects to continue Key Employee’s health 2 insurance coverage under COBRA, then the Company will reimburse Key Employee for the same portion of Key Employee’s monthly premiums over such twelve (12) month period under COBRA (or, if applicable, such lesser period as is available to Key Employee under COBRA) as the Company is then paying (relative to health insurance coverage) for active employees; and b. Period, Key Employee will be entitled to the following: In the event of any Termination without Cause or any Constructive Termination which occurs outside of a Change in Control Employee’s then current base salary rate calculated for a period of twelve (12) months; and i. a lump sum payment (paid on the sixtieth (60th) day following such termination of employment) equal to Key if Key Employee elects to continue Key Employee’s health insurance coverage under COBRA, then the Company will reimburse Key Employee for the same portion of Key Employee’s monthly premiums over such twelve (12) month period under COBRA as the Company is then paying (relative to health insurance coverage) for active employees; and ii. iii. the vesting arrangements with respect to any equity-based compensation (e.g., any stock options and any shares of restricted stock) other than any equity-based incentive awards that are earned based upon achievement of performance measures during a performance period (which shall remain subject to the terms of the applicable award agreement), will thereupon accelerate such that Key Employee will be vested in an additional twelve (12) months’ worth of vesting beyond the date of such Termination without Cause or Constructive Termination, with the Company’s standard post- termination exercise period as set forth in such equity award. The following definitions shall apply for purposes of this Section: • • A "Change in Control” has the meaning set forth in the Company’s 2018 Stock Incentive Plan. "Constructive Termination” means Key Employee’s election in a written notice to the Company to terminate any employment relationship where such notice is delivered within ninety (90) days after any of the following: (i) a material reduction in Key Employee’s level of duties or responsibilities or the nature of Key Employee’s functions; (ii) a material reduction in Key Employee’s base salary or potential total cash compensation (consisting of base salary and target bonus); (iii) a relocation of Key Employee’s principal place of employment by more than fifty (50) miles, if the new location is both (A) more than fifty (50) miles from Key Employee’s principal residence and (B) farther from Key Employee’s principal residence than Key Employee’s principal place of employment immediately before such relocation; or (iv) any material breach of Key Employee’s employment agreement by the Company; provided, that in all cases such action is not cured within thirty (30) days following written notice and, if the Company has not cured such action within the cure period, termination of employment occurs within thirty (30) days after the end of such cure period. 3 • "Termination without Cause” means the termination by the Company of any employment relationship with Key Employee for any reason other than: (i) commission by Key Employee of any act of fraud or embezzlement with regard to the Company or one or more of its parent or subsidiary corporations; (ii) any material, intentional and unauthorized use or disclosure of material confidential information or trade secrets of the Company or one or more of its parent or subsidiary corporations by Key Employee (other than in the good-faith performance of Key Employee’s duties); (iii) a violation of the NDA or any other agreement entered into with the Company; (iv) any other intentional misconduct by Key Employee with regard to the Company or one or more of its parent or subsidiary corporations (including severe absenteeism other than as a result of physical or mental incapacity) which adversely affects the business or affairs of the Company or one or more of its parent or subsidiary corporations in a material manner; or (v) Key Employee’s failure to attempt in good faith to either perform duties consistent with Key Employee’s position with the Company or one or more of its parent or subsidiary corporations or to follow the reasonable requests of the Company’s Board, so long as Key Employee has been provided with an opportunity for a period of at least ten (10) business days following written notice to Key Employee to cure such failure (provided such conduct constituting Cause is capable of cure) and Key Employee fails to so cure, each as reasonably determined by the Company; provided, however, that clause (v) shall no longer apply following a Change in Control. 7. Separation for Any Other Reason. In the event that Key Employee’s employment is terminated in any instance not addressed by Section 6 (including, without limitation, a termination by the Company other than a Termination without Cause, a resignation by Key Employee other than for a Constructive Termination, in the event of Key Employee’s death, or in the event Key Employee is unable to perform the essential functions of Key Employee’s job position, with or without accommodation, due to mental or physical disability), Key Employee shall not be entitled to any compensation or any other sum (other than accrued but unpaid base salary, accrued vacation pay and such other benefits if any as may be required by applicable law). 8. Code Section 409A. The intent of the Parties is that payments and benefits under this Agreement and any equity-based compensation (e.g., any stock options and any shares of restricted stock) comply with, or be exempt from, Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code (the "Code”) and, accordingly, to the maximum extent permitted, this Agreement and any equity-based compensation shall be interpreted to be in compliance therewith or exempt therefrom. If Key Employee notifies the Company (with specificity as to the reason therefor) that Key Employee believes that any provision of this Agreement or any equity-based compensation (or of any award of compensation) would cause Key Employee to incur any additional tax or interest under Code Section 409A and the Company concurs with such belief or the Company independently makes such determination, the Company shall, after consulting with Key Employee, reform such provision to try to comply with Code Section 409A through good-faith modifications to the minimum extent reasonably appropriate to conform with Code Section 409A. To the extent that any provision hereof is modified in order to comply with Code Section 409A, such modification shall be made in good-faith and shall, to the maximum extent reasonably possible, maintain the original intent and economic benefit to Key Employee and the Company of the applicable provision without violating the provisions of Code Section 409A. 4 a. A termination of employment shall not be deemed to have occurred for purposes of any provision of this Agreement providing for the payment of any amounts or benefits upon or following a termination of employment that are considered "nonqualified deferred compensation” under Code Section 409A unless such termination is also a "separation from service” within the meaning of Code Section 409A and, for purposes of any such provision of this Agreement, references to a "termination,” "termination of employment” or like terms shall mean "separation from service.” If Key Employee is deemed on the date of termination to be a "specified employee” within the meaning of that term under Code Section 409A(a)(2)(B), then with regard to any payment that is considered nonqualified deferred compensation under Code Section 409A payable on account of a "separation from service,” such payment or benefit shall be made or provided at the date which is the earlier of (A) the expiration of the six (6)-month period measured from the date of Key Employee’s "separation from service” and (B) the date of Key Employee’s death (the "Delay Period”). Upon the expiration of the Delay Period, all payments and benefits delayed pursuant to this Section 8 (whether they would have otherwise been payable in a single sum or in installments in the absence of such delay) shall be paid or reimbursed to Key Employee in a lump sum with interest at the prime rate as published in The Wall Street Journal on the first business day following the end of the Delay Period, and any remaining payments and benefits due under this letter shall be paid or provided in accordance with the normal payment dates specified for them herein. b. With regard to any provision herein that provides for reimbursement of costs and expenses or in-kind benefits, except as permitted by Code Section 409A, (i) the right to reimbursement or in-kind benefits shall not be subject to liquidation or exchange for another benefit, (ii) the amount of expenses eligible for reimbursement, or in-kind benefits, provided during any taxable year shall not affect the expenses eligible for reimbursement, or in- kind benefits to be provided, in any other taxable year, provided that the foregoing clause (ii) shall not be violated with regard to expenses reimbursed under any arrangement covered by Section 105(b) of the Code solely because such expenses are subject to a limit related to the period the arrangement is in effect and (iii) such payments shall be made on or before the last day of Key Employee’s taxable year following the taxable year in which the expense occurred. For purposes of Code Section 409A, Key Employee’s right to receive any installment payments pursuant to this Agreement shall be treated as a right to receive a series of separate and distinct payments. In no event may Key Employee, directly or indirectly, designate the calendar year of any payment to be made under this Agreement that is considered nonqualified deferred compensation. c. 9. Excess Parachute Payments and Limitations. If any payment or distribution made to Key Employee in the nature of compensation (within the meaning of Section 280G(b)(2) of the Code) (a "Payment”) or portion thereof would constitute a "parachute payment” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code and, but for this sentence, would be subject to the excise tax imposed under Section 4999 of the Code (the "Excise Tax”) (all such Payments (or portions thereof) being hereinafter referred to as the "Total Payments”), then such Total Payments shall be whichever of the following amounts, after taking into account all applicable federal, state and local employment taxes, income taxes and the Excise Tax, that results in Key Employee’s receipt, on an after-tax basis, of the greater amount: (a) the net amount of the Total Payments that would result in no portion of the Total Payments being subject to the Excise Tax; or (b) the net amount of the 5 Total Payments without reduction (notwithstanding that all or some portion of the Total Payments may be subject to the Excise Tax). If a reduction in the Total Payments is necessary so that the Total Payments equal the amount described in clause (a) above, reduction shall occur in the following order: (i) the cancellation of acceleration of vesting of any equity awards for which the exercise price exceeds the then fair market value of the underlying equity (the "GAP”) that have a ninety (90) day or less exercise period, starting with such equity awards with the largest amount of GAP, (ii) reduction of cash payments (in reverse order of the date otherwise due), (iii) reduction of employee benefits (in reverse order of the date otherwise due), and (iv) the cancellation of vesting of any equity awards not covered in clause (i) above, provided, that such cancellation will first apply to equity awards that are "fully valued” under Section 280G of the Code (including those subject to present value adjustments) and thereafter, to equity awards valued on an acceleration of vesting basis, and provided, further, within each category, the cancellation shall be in a manner as providing Key Employee with the highest net amount; provided, however, that to the extent permitted by Code Section 409A and Sections 280G and 4999 of the Code, if a different reduction procedure would be permitted without violating Code Section 409A or losing the benefit of the reduction under Sections 280G and 4999 of the Code, Key Employee may designate a different order of reduction. For purposes of determining whether and the extent to which the Total Payments will be subject to the Excise Tax, (x) no portion of the Total Payments the receipt or enjoyment of which Key Employee shall have waived at such time and in such manner as not to constitute a "payment” within the meaning of Section 280G(b) of the Code shall be taken into account; (y) no portion of the Total Payments shall be taken into account which, in the written opinion of Wolf & Company, P.C. or such accounting or consulting firm with particular expertise regarding excise taxes under Section 4999 of the Code selected by the Board in good faith prior to the applicable Change in Control (the "Accounting Firm”), does not constitute a "parachute payment” within the meaning of Section 280G(b)(2) of the Code (including by reason of Section 280G(b)(4)(A) of the Code) and, in calculating the Excise Tax, no portion of such Total Payments shall be taken into account which, in the opinion of the Accounting Firm, constitutes reasonable compensation for services actually rendered, within the meaning of Section 280G(b)(4)(B) of the Code, in excess of the "base amount” (as defined in Section 280G(b)(3) of the Code) allocable to such reasonable compensation; and (z) the value of any non-cash benefit or any deferred payment or benefit included in the Total Payments shall be determined by the Accounting Firm in accordance with the principles of Sections 280G(d)(3) and (4) of the Code. 10. Miscellaneous. Key Employee agrees to abide by all applicable laws and regulations and all Company policies and procedures as they are established. Violation of such laws, regulations, policies, procedures or the NDA may lead to immediate termination of employment. The terms of this Agreement and Key Employee’s employment with the Company shall be governed in all aspects by the laws of the State of Delaware; provided, however, if Key Employee lives and works primarily in the State of California, the laws of the State of California shall govern. This Agreement may be executed in more than one counterpart, and signatures transmitted via facsimile or PDF shall be deemed equivalent to originals. 11. Integrated Agreement. This Agreement supersedes any prior agreements, representations or promises of any kind, whether written, oral, express or implied between the Parties with respect to the subject matters herein. Likewise, the terms of this Agreement and the NDA incorporated herein by reference shall constitute the full, complete and exclusive agreement between Key Employee and the Company with respect to the subject matters herein. This 6 Agreement may only be changed by a writing, signed by Key Employee and an authorized officer of the Company. 12. Withholding. Any payments or other compensation provided to Key Employee or for Key Employee’s benefit will be subject to (and thus reduced by) all applicable deductions and withholdings. 13. Severability. If any term herein is held to be invalid, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms herein shall remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, and the Parties shall use their best efforts to find an alternative way to achieve the same result. 14. Successors. This Agreement is personal to Key Employee and, without the prior written consent of the Company, shall not be assignable by Key Employee otherwise than by will or the laws of descent and distribution. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by Key Employee’s legal representatives. a. b. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Company and its successors and assigns. The Company will require any successor (whether direct or indirect, by purchase, merger, consolidation or otherwise) to all or substantially all of the business and/or assets of the Company to assume and agree to perform this Agreement in the same manner and to the same extent that the Company would be required to perform it if no such succession had taken place. As used in this Agreement, "Company” shall mean the Company as hereinbefore defined and any successor to its business and/or assets as aforesaid which assumes and agrees to perform this Agreement by operation of law, or otherwise. 15. parties hereto. Amendment. No amendment or other modification of this Agreement shall be effective unless made in writing and signed by the IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have caused this Agreement to be duly executed as of the day and year first above written. THE COMPANY: ACER THERAPEUTICS INC. By:_/s/ Chris Schelling________________ Chris Schelling CEO & Founder KEY EMPLOYEE: By:_/s/ Salma Jutt-Eghbali______________ Printed Name: Salma Jutt-Eghbali 7 Exhibit A General Release of Claims Exhibit 10.20 NOTE: This Agreement will not become effective or enforceable (and none of the consideration set forth in Section 1 below will be paid or recognized) until the seven (7) day revocation period referenced in Section 14 below has expired. RELEASE This Release ("Agreement”) is entered into effective [__________ __, 20__] by and between [________________] ("Key Employee”) and Acer Therapeutics Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Acer” or "Company”), with reference to the following facts: A. Key Employee's employment relationship with Acer terminated effective [_______ __, 20__] (the "Termination Date”). B. [As applicable:] [It is acknowledged that Key Employee resigned from each of Key Employee’s positions as an officer of the Company (including, without limitation, President, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer and/or Secretary) and Key Employee’s membership on the Company’s Board of Directors effective as of the Termination Date.] C. Key Employee [has been paid in full for]/[is entitled to receive] all accrued wages and accrued and unused vacation through the Termination Date. [Key Employee has also been reimbursed by Acer for all expenses incurred in connection with Key Employee’s employment relationship with Acer through the Termination Date.] NOW, THEREFORE, the parties hereby agree as follows: 1.Severance Consideration. In consideration of the covenants and promises contained in this Agreement, and as full and final compensation to Key Employee for all services as an employee of Acer, Key Employee shall receive from Acer (less appropriate deductions and withholdings) the severance payments set forth in Section 6 of Key Employee’s Employment Agreement dated [________ __, 20__] (the "Employment Agreement”). Key Employee shall be fully responsible for all COBRA continuation payments (if any), and such amounts will not be withheld from the Severance Consideration. 2.Release. In exchange for the Severance Consideration, Key Employee does hereby unconditionally, irrevocably and absolutely release and discharge Company, together with all of its shareholders, related direct or indirect holding, parent or subsidiary entities, predecessors and or affiliates [(including but not limited to {___if any___}] and each of their respective directors, officers, employees, agents, advisors, consultants, attorneys, owners, insurers, affiliates, successors or assigns, or any person acting by, through, under or in concert with them ("Company Affiliates”) (Company and Company Affiliates are hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Released Parties”), from any and all liability, claims, demands, causes of action, suits of any type, liabilities, damages and expenses (including, but not limited to, attorneys’ fees) of any nature whatsoever, whether in law and/or in equity, known or unknown, suspected or unsuspected, related directly or indirectly or in any way connected with any transaction, affair, occurrence or circumstance between the Key Employee and any Released Party to date, including, but not limited to, Key Employee’s employment with Company, or the separation or termination of such employment and any and all claims related to salary, bonuses, commissions, stock, stock options, vacation pay, fringe benefits and expense reimbursements under any federal, state or local law; provided, however, that nothing in this Agreement shall waive any rights or claims of Key Employee that arise after Key Employee signs this Agreement, impair or preclude Key Employee’s right to take action to enforce the terms of this Agreement, or waive Key Employee’s right to file an application for an award for original information submitted pursuant to Section 21F of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. This total and complete release shall include but not be limited to a release of all claims under any legal or equitable theory arising under any state or federal statute or common law regulating or affecting employment in any way, regardless of applicability to Key Employee or any of the Released Parties, including (as they may have been amended through the Effective Date) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 1981, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA”), the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act ("OWBPA”), the National Labor Relations Act ("NLRA”), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA”), Sections 503 and 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA”), the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act ("COBRA”), the Equal Pay Act and all similar state laws which prohibit paying men and women unequal pay for equal work, the Family and Medical Leave Act and all similar state laws which relate to leave from employment ("FMLA”), the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act and all similar state laws regarding workplace safety ("OSHA”), the Workers’ Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act and all similar state statute or laws regarding layoffs, ("WARN”), the Fair Labor Standards Act and all state, local and municipal laws relating to wages and work hours ("FLSA”), the Fair Credit Reporting Act and all similar state laws regarding background checks ("FCRA”), any Massachusetts (or any other state) or federal statute, regulation or executive order concerning or relating to employment or employee rights, including but not including but not limited to Mass. Gen. L. C. 151B, the Massachusetts Payment of Wages statute (M.G.L. c. 149, §§ 148 & 150), all federal or state or local "whistleblower” statutes, and any other federal, state or local statute, code, regulation or ordinance, common law, contract law, or tort (including but not limited to fraudulent inducement to enter into this Agreement, wrongful discharge, fraud, misrepresentation, intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress, harassment, and any claims that any Released Party has dealt with Key Employee unfairly or in bad faith), along with all claims for wages, damages, penalties, interest, costs and/or attorneys’ fees and the like. This provision is intended to constitute a general release of all of Key Employee’s presently existing claims against each of the Released Parties, to the maximum extent permitted by law. Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement to the contrary, this general release does not apply to (i) workers compensation benefits; (ii) claims arising under section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended; (iii) state unemployment insurance benefits; (iv) any other claim or cause of action that, by virtue of statute, public policy or otherwise, may not be released by an agreement knowingly and voluntarily entered into by the parties; (v) any indemnification from (or insurance coverage through) Acer in Key Employee’s capacity as a director or officer of Acer or any entity where Key Employee served as an officer, director or other fiduciary at the request of Acer; [(vi) vested rights under the following benefit plans: {___if any___}]; and (vii) any other 9 claim or cause of action that, by virtue of law or statute, cannot be waived or released by an agreement voluntarily entered into between private parties or without the participation and approval of the applicable state or federal agency. Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement to the contrary, Key Employee does not waive any right or release any claim against Acer which claim or right arises from Acer failing to perform its undertakings as set forth in this Agreement, and further, nothing in this Agreement shall waive your right to file an application for an award for original information submitted pursuant to Section 21F of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Key Employee represents that Key Employee knows of no claim that Key Employee may have that has not been released by this Section 2. 3.Claims. It is the intention of the parties that, with the execution of this Agreement, and to the maximum extent permitted by law, each of the Released Parties will be absolutely, unconditionally and forever discharged of and from all obligations to or on behalf of Key Employee related in any way to the matters discharged herein. Key Employee represents that Key Employee has not filed any complaints, claims, or actions against Acer with any court or administrative agency. This Agreement recognizes the rights of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC”), and any analogous state agencies to enforce the statutes which come under their jurisdiction. As such, and without limiting the finality or scope of the release provided herein, NO PROVISION IN THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE DEEMED TO PROHIBIT KEY EMPLOYEE FROM CHALLENGING THE VALIDITY OF THIS RELEASE OR FROM FILING A CHARGE OR COMPLAINT WITH THE EEOC OR OTHER EQUIVALENT STATE OR LOCAL AGENCY, OR FROM PARTICIPATING IN ANY INVESTIGATION OR PROCEEDING CONDUCTED BY SUCH AGENCY; however, any named Released Party may seek immediate dismissal of any such charge or complaint on the basis that this Agreement constitutes a full release of any individual rights under federal, state and local discrimination laws. Key Employee also waives and will remit to Acer any monetary recovery from any such proceeding. Key Employee further represents that Key Employee has reported to Acer any and all known work-related injuries that Key Employee has suffered or sustained during Key Employee’s employment with Acer. 4.Unknown Claims. Except as provided in Section 2 above, Key Employee understands and agrees that this release extends to all claims of every nature, known or unknown, suspected or unsuspected, past or present, and that any and all rights granted to Key Employee under Section 1542 of the California Civil Code or any analogous federal law or regulation are hereby expressly waived. Said Section 1542 of the California Civil Code reads as follows: "A general release does not extend to claims which the creditor does not know of or suspect to exist in his or her favor at the time of executing the release, which if known by him or her must have materially affected his or her settlement with the debtor. 5. Effect on Previous Agreements. Except as provided in Section 2 above, this Agreement is intended to resolve any and all issues between Acer and Key Employee, including, without limitation, any and all claims for wages, severance pay, compensation, stock options, stock grants, benefits, or other aspects of the employment relationship between Acer and Key Employee. This Agreement shall supersede and extinguish all prior employment agreements, express or implied, verbal or written, between Acer and Key Employee; provided, however, that this 10 Agreement shall have no effect on any of the following agreements previously executed by Key Employee: (i) any proprietary information and invention agreements (or similar arrangements); (ii) any confidentiality agreements; and [(iii) the following agreements: {___if any___}]. Without limiting the foregoing,, this Agreement shall (x) have no effect on any obligation of Key Employee under Key Employee’s proprietary information and invention agreements (or similar arrangements), including all of Key Employee’s obligations concerning non-solicitation, or (y) not in any way supersede or affect any obligation of Key Employee, contractual or otherwise, with respect to the disclosure, use or protection of any proprietary or confidential information of Employer, including any trade secrets, or with respect to the disclosure and assignment of inventions made or conceived by Key Employee during Key Employee’s employment at Acer. All previous written agreements and obligations imposed by any contract relating to the intellectual property of Acer or any of its subsidiaries, affiliates, partners or customers, or any other third party with which Key Employer has any business relations shall remain in full force and effect and survive the execution of this Agreement. Key Employee acknowledges that Key Employee’s breach of such duties shall constitute a breach of this Agreement. 6. Binding Effect. The terms of this Agreement shall survive and continue in effect after the Severance Consideration is fully paid. Key Employee further declares and represents that no promise, inducement or agreement not expressed herein has been made to Key Employee and that this Agreement contains the entire agreement between the parties relating to the subject matter hereof; the provisions of this Agreement may not be waived, altered, amended, modified or repealed in whole or in part, except by a writing signed by the parties hereto. 7. Successors. Acer and Key Employee understand and expressly agree that this Agreement shall bind and benefit the heirs, partners, successors, employees, directors, stockholders, officers, attorneys, affiliates, predecessors, representatives and assigns of Acer and Key Employee. 8. Severability. The terms of this Agreement are severable and if any terms of this Agreement are found unenforceable for any reason, the remaining terms of this Agreement shall be enforced in full. 9. Confidentiality. Key Employee agrees not to disclose or publicize the existence of this Agreement or the terms hereof to any other party, except as may be necessary to enforce this Agreement or as may be required by law. This provision shall not preclude Key Employee from disclosing, in confidence, the terms of this Agreement to (i) Key Employee’s legal or financial advisors, (ii) Key Employee’s spouse, or (iii) the appropriate Acer personnel with responsibility for the performance by Acer contemplated hereby (including, without limitation, effecting the severance payments set forth in Section 6 of Key Employee’s Employment Agreement dated [___________ __, 20__]. Nothing in this Section is intended to restrict Key Employee from providing testimony or documents pursuant to a lawful subpoena or other compulsory legal process or from providing truthful information upon request in connection with a governmental investigation or legal proceeding that has been independently initiated by another individual or governmental body, or from making disclosures to any governmental or law enforcement agency that are protected under the whistleblower provisions of applicable state or federal laws or regulations. In particular, nothing in this Agreement is intended to conflict with federal law protecting confidential disclosures of a trade secret to the government or in a court filing, 18 U.S.C. 11 § 1833(b), or to create liability for disclosures of information that are expressly allowed by 18 U.S.C. § 1833(b). Additionally, this Agreement may be used as evidence in any bona fide legal claim in which Employee alleges Employer has broken promises made in this Agreement. 10. Interpretation. Except as provided in Section 11 below, the validity, interpretation, and performance of this Agreement shall be construed and interpreted according to the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, without reference to any conflict or choice of laws provision that would make the laws of another jurisdiction applicable. In the event of any legal proceeding for breach and/or enforcement of this Agreement that is brought outside of or in advance of arbitration, Key Employee consents to personal jurisdiction in the courts of Massachusetts. This Agreement shall not be interpreted for or against either party hereto on the ground that such party drafted or caused this Agreement to be drafted. If any provision of this Agreement, or part thereof, is held invalid, void or voidable as against public policy or otherwise, the invalidity shall not affect other provisions, or parts thereof, which may be given effect without the invalid provision or part. To this extent, the provisions, and parts thereof, of this Agreement are declared to be severable. 11. Resolution of Employment Related Disputes. Except as prohibited by law, Key Employee and Acer agree that any and all disputes, claims, or demands in any way arising out of or relating to the terms of this Agreement, Key Employee’s employment relationship with Acer, or the termination of Key Employee’s employment relationship with Acer, shall be resolved, to the fullest extent permitted by law, by final, binding and confidential arbitration in Boston, Massachusetts, conducted before a single neutral arbitrator selected and administered in accordance with the commercial arbitration rules of the Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services (JAMS). By agreeing to this arbitration procedure, Key Employee and Acer waive the right to resolve any such dispute, claim or demand through a trial by jury or judge or by administrative proceeding in any jurisdiction. Key Employee will have the right to be represented by legal counsel at any arbitration proceeding, at Key Employee’s expense. The arbitrator shall: (a) have the authority to compel adequate discovery for the resolution of the dispute and to award such relief as would otherwise be available under applicable law in a court proceeding; (b) issue a written statement signed by the arbitrator regarding the disposition of each claim and the relief, if any, awarded as to each claim, the reasons for the award, and the arbitrator’s essential findings and conclusions on which the award is based; and (c) award to the prevailing party recovery of reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs, and determine which party shall be deemed the prevailing party and to what extent. Acer shall pay the arbitration fee unless, at Key Employee’s request, Key Employee elects to pay up to one-half of the fees. Nothing in this Agreement is intended to prevent either Key Employee or Acer from obtaining injunctive relief in court to prevent irreparable harm (including, without limitation, pending the conclusion of any arbitration). This arbitration provision shall supersede any and all prior agreements between Acer and Key Employee on the subject of arbitration of employment-related claims. 12. Return of Property. Key Employee represents and warrants that Key Employee has returned to and/or left with Acer all property and data that belongs to Acer, including but not limited to Acer’ computers, PDAs, blackberries, cell phones, credit cards, memoranda, documents, records, manuals, computer programs, discs, data, CDs, flash drives, email, and all other property and information pertaining to the business of Acer (including, without limitation, the duties Key 12 Employee performed for Acer). Notwithstanding the foregoing, Key Employee may retain Key Employee’s rolodex and similar address books provided that such items only include contact information. Key Employee acknowledges that, as of the Termination Date, Key Employee’s authority to act on behalf of Acer ended. 13. Admissions. It is understood that this Agreement is not an admission of any liability whatsoever by either Acer or Key Employee. 14. Cooperation and Non-Disparagement. Key Employee agrees that Key Employee will not disparage Acer or any of the Released Parties in any communications, and will use Key Employee’s best efforts to ensure that Key Employee’s departure from Acer is not disruptive. Keu Employee further agrees to cooperate with Acer by providing all information that Acer Employer may hereafter reasonably request with respect to matters involving the work Key Employee has performed and Key Employee’s responsibilities and duties during his employment, so long as such requests do not unreasonably interfere with any other job in which Key Employee is engaged. 15. Older Workers Benefit Protection Act Acknowledgements. Key Employee acknowledges and agrees that the consideration set forth in Section 1 above constitutes consideration beyond that which, but for the mutual covenants set forth in this Agreement, Acer would be obligated to provide, or Key Employee otherwise would be entitled to receive. Key Employee acknowledges that Key Employee has twenty-one (21) days after actual receipt of this Agreement in which to consider and execute this Agreement. Changes to this Agreement, whether material or immaterial, do not restart the twenty- one (21) day period. Key Employee agrees and acknowledges that if Key Employee chooses to sign this Agreement before twenty-one (21) days after Key Employee received it, that Key Employee has done so voluntarily. Furthermore, Key Employee has a period of seven (7) days following the execution of this Agreement in which to revoke this Agreement. Accordingly, this Agreement shall not become effective or enforceable (and none of the consideration set forth in Section 1 above shall be paid or recognized) until such seven (7) day revocation period has expired. 16. Counsel. Key Employee acknowledges that Key Employee fully understands Key Employee’s right to discuss this Agreement with independent counsel of Key Employee’s choice, that Key Employee has carefully read and fully understands this entire Agreement and that Key Employee is voluntarily entering into this Agreement. 13 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have executed this Agreement on this [___] day of [________, 20__], at [_______________________]. KEY EMPLOYEE: By: Name: By: Name: Title: ACER THERAPEUTICS INC. ACER: 14 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statements on Form S-3 (File No. 333-228319) and Form S-8 (File Nos. 333-221566 and 333-224942) of our report dated March 7, 2019 relating to the consolidated financial statements of Acer Therapeutics Inc., appearing in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Acer Therapeutics Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2018. We also consent to the references to us under the heading "Experts” in such Registration Statements. EXHIBIT 23.1 /s/ Wolf & Company, P.C. Wolf & Company, P.C. Boston, Massachusetts March 7, 2019 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT EXHIBIT 31.1 I, Chris Schelling, certify that: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Acer Therapeutics Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a- 15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and b. c. d. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. b. Date: March 7, 2019 By: /s/ Chris Schelling Chris Schelling President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT EXHIBIT 31.2 I, Harry Palmin, certify that: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Acer Therapeutics Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a- 15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and b. c. d. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. b. Date: March 7, 2019 By: /s/ Harry Palmin Harry Palmin Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 EXHIBIT 32.1 In connection with the Annual Report of Acer Therapeutics Inc. (the "Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2018 (the "Report”), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof, I, Chris Schelling, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that: 1. 2. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: March 7, 2019 By: /s/ Chris Schelling Chris Schelling President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 EXHIBIT 32.2 In connection with the Annual Report of Acer Therapeutics Inc. (the "Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2018 (the "Report”), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof, I, Harry Palmin, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that: 1. 2. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: March 7, 2019 By: /s/ Harry Palmin Harry Palmin Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) 

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above