AGNC Investment
Annual Report 2023

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ☒ ☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the year ended December 31, 2023 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission file number 001-34057 AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) _________________________________________________________ Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 26-1701984 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 7373 Wisconsin Avenue, 22nd Floor Bethesda, Maryland 20814 (Address of principal executive offices) (301) 968-9315 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) _________________________________________________________ Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Trading Symbol(s) Name of Exchange on Which Registered Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share Depositary shares of 7.000% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Depositary shares of 6.875% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Depositary shares of 6.50% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Depositary shares of 6.125% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Depositary shares of 7.75% Series G Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock AGNC AGNCN AGNCM AGNCO AGNCP AGNCL The Nasdaq Global Select Market The Nasdaq Global Select Market The Nasdaq Global Select Market The Nasdaq Global Select Market The Nasdaq Global Select Market The Nasdaq Global Select Market Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Emerging growth company Accelerated filer Smaller Reporting Company ☒ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No  As of June 30, 2023, the aggregate market value of the Registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was approximately $5.2 billion based upon the closing price of the Registrant's common stock of $10.13 per share as reported on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on that date. (For this computation, the Registrant has excluded the market value of all shares of its common stock reported as beneficially owned by executive officers and directors of the Registrant and certain other stockholders; such an exclusion shall not be deemed to constitute an admission that any such person is an "affiliate" of the Registrant.) The number of shares of the issuer's common stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding as of January 31, 2024 was 695,015,141. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE. The information required by Part III will be incorporated by reference from the Registrant's definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A. Certain exhibits previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission are incorporated by reference into Part IV of this report. AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. TABLE OF CONTENTS Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Cybersecurity Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services Exhibits PART I. Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 1C. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. PART III. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART IV. Item 15. Signatures 1 2 7 21 21 22 22 22 23 24 25 44 47 78 78 79 79 79 79 79 79 80 84 Item 1. Business PART I. AGNC Investment Corp. ("AGNC," the "Company," "we," "us" and "our") was organized on January 7, 2008 and commenced operations on May 20, 2008 following the completion of our initial public offering. Our common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "AGNC." We are a leading provider of private capital to the U.S. housing market, enhancing liquidity in the residential real estate mortgage markets and, in turn, facilitating home ownership in the U.S. We invest primarily in Agency residential mortgage-backed securities ("Agency RMBS") on a leveraged basis. These investments consist of residential mortgage pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise, such as the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae") and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac," and together with Fannie Mae, the "GSEs"), or by a U.S. Government agency, such as the Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae"). We may also invest in other assets related to the housing, mortgage or real estate markets that are not guaranteed by a GSE or U.S. Government agency. We operate to qualify to be taxed as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Internal Revenue Code"). As a REIT, we are required to distribute annually 90% of our taxable income, and we will generally not be subject to U.S. federal or state corporate income tax to the extent that we distribute all our annual taxable income to our stockholders on a timely basis. It is our intention to distribute 100% of our taxable income within the time limits prescribed by the Internal Revenue Code, which may extend into the subsequent taxable year. We are internally managed with the principal objective of generating favorable long-term stockholder returns with a substantial yield component. We generate income from the interest earned on our investments, net of associated borrowing and hedging costs, and net realized gains and losses on our investment and hedging activities. We fund our investments primarily through collateralized borrowings structured as repurchase agreements. Investment Management Strategy We employ an active management strategy that is dynamic and responsive to evolving market conditions. The composition of our portfolio and our investment, funding, and hedging strategies are tailored to reflect our analysis of market conditions and the relative values of available options. Our portfolio management philosophy is based upon the following core objectives: • deliver attractive risk-adjusted returns for our stockholders primarily through monthly dividend distributions; • maintain an investment portfolio consisting predominantly of Agency RMBS; • capitalize on discrepancies in the relative valuations in the Agency and non-Agency securities market; • manage financing, interest rate, prepayment, extension and credit risks; • • qualify as a REIT; and remain exempt from the requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the "Investment Company Act"). Targeted Investments Asset selection is a central component of our overall investment approach. Our investments consist predominantly of Agency RMBS which, in addition to carrying a GSE or U.S. Government guarantee against loss of principal, are considered a cornerstone of the U.S. financial system. The $9 trillion Agency market plays a vital role in providing liquidity to homeowners and prospective homeowners to purchase or refinance homes. Our team of investment professionals has decades of experience investing in Agency RMBS. Our asset selection process involves assessing relative risk- return profiles against the backdrop of broader market conditions. Our team of investment professionals seeks to select assets with favorable underlying loan characteristics utilizing sophisticated modeling techniques to analyze each asset’s risk profile and optimize returns over the life of the investment. Agency Securities • Agency Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities. Agency RMBS consist of pass-through certificates representing interests in "pools" of mortgage loans secured by residential real property. Monthly payments of principal and interest made by the individual borrowers on the mortgage loans underlying the pools are in effect "passed through" to the security holders, after deducting guarantee and servicer fees. In general, mortgage pass- through certificates distribute cash flows from the underlying collateral on a pro rata basis among the security holders. Security holders also receive guarantor advances of principal and interest for delinquent loans in the mortgage pools. We may also 2 invest in Agency collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMOs"), which are structured instruments backed by a pool of Agency mortgage-backed securities. • To-Be-Announced Forward Contracts ("TBAs"). TBAs are forward contracts to purchase or sell Agency RMBS in the TBA market. TBA contracts specify the coupon rate, issuer, term and face value of the bonds to be delivered, with the actual bonds to be delivered only identified shortly before the TBA settlement date. Non-Agency Securities • Credit Risk Transfer ("CRT") Securities. CRT securities are risk sharing instruments that transfer a portion of the risk associated with credit losses within pools of conventional residential mortgage loans from the GSEs and/or third- parties to private investors. Full repayment of the original principal balance of CRT securities is not guaranteed by the GSE or other third-party; rather, "credit risk transfer" is achieved by writing down the outstanding principal balance of the CRT security if credit losses on the related pool of loans exceed certain thresholds. • Non-Agency Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities ("Non-Agency RMBS"). Non-Agency RMBS are structured securities backed by pools of residential mortgages packaged and issued by private institutions, such as a commercial bank or non-bank lender. Certain tranches of non-Agency RMBS may benefit from credit enhancement derived from structural elements, such as subordination, over-collateralization or insurance. We may purchase investment grade instruments that benefit from credit enhancement and non-investment grade instruments that are structured to absorb more credit risk. We focus primarily on non-Agency securities where the underlying mortgages are secured by residential properties within the United States, which may be comprised of prime, non-prime, qualified and non-qualified mortgage loans. • Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities ("CMBS"). CMBS are securities backed by a pool of loans secured by one or more commercial properties. CMBS may also consist of a single loan for a single asset or multiple loans for a group of cross-collateralized assets of a single-borrower. CMBS are typically structured as multiple classes of securities where cash flows are distributed following a predetermined waterfall, which may give priority to selected classes while subordinating other classes. We may invest across the capital structure of these securities. We intend to focus on CMBS where the underlying collateral is secured by commercial properties located within the United States. Financing Strategy Our investments in Agency RMBS benefit from asset-driven, as well as AGNC-specific, funding advantages, that enable us to enhance returns using leverage via low-cost and highly liquid collateralized borrowings structured as repurchase agreements. Repurchase agreements ("repo") involve the sale and a simultaneous agreement to repurchase the transferred assets at a future date. Our borrowings through repurchase transactions are generally short-term, with maturities typically ranging from one day to one year, but may sometimes have maturities of up to five or more years. Our financing rates are primarily impacted by short-term benchmark rates and liquidity in the Agency repo and short-term funding markets. The amount of leverage that we utilize depends on market conditions, our assessment of risk and returns and our ability to borrow sufficient funds on favorable terms to acquire mortgage securities. We generally expect our leverage to be within six to twelve times the amount of our tangible stockholders' equity, but under certain conditions we may operate at leverage levels outside of this range. We diversify our funding exposure by entering into repurchase agreements with multiple counterparties. We finance a portion of our investments through our wholly-owned captive broker-dealer subsidiary, Bethesda Securities, LLC ("BES"). BES is a member of the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation ("FICC") and has direct access to bilateral and tri-party repo funding as a Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") member broker-dealer. As an eligible institution, BES also raises repo funding through the General Collateral Finance ("GCF") Repo service offered by the FICC, with the FICC acting as the central counterparty. Thus, through BES, we have greater depth and diversity of funding than solely through traditional bilateral repo, while also lowering our funding cost, reducing our collateral requirements and limiting our counterparty exposure. We also finance the acquisition of Agency RMBS by entering into TBA dollar roll transactions through which we simultaneously sell a TBA contract for the current month's settlement date and purchase a similar TBA contract for a forward month's settlement date. The TBA contract purchased for the forward settlement date is typically priced at a discount to the TBA contract sold for the current month. The discount, or "price drop", is the economic equivalent of interest income on the underlying Agency RMBS, less an implied financing cost, between the current month and forward month settlement dates. Prior to the forward settlement date, we may choose to roll the position to a later date by entering into an offsetting TBA 3 position, net settling the paired off positions for cash, and simultaneously entering into a similar TBA contract for a new forward settlement date. Hence the discount or price drop from rolling TBA positions forward is commonly referred to as "TBA dollar roll income." We recognize TBA contracts as derivative instruments on our consolidated financial statements at their net carrying value, which is their fair value less the purchase price to be paid or received under the TBA contract. Consequently, dollar roll transactions represent a form of off-balance sheet financing. In evaluating our overall leverage, we consider both our on- balance sheet and off-balance sheet financing. Risk Management Strategy As a levered investor in fixed income securities, risk management is core to our business. We are exposed to a variety of market risks, including interest rate, prepayment, extension, spread and credit risks. Our investment strategies are based on our assessment of these risks, our ability to hedge a portion of these risks and our intention to qualify as a REIT. We employ a variety of investment and risk management strategies to reduce our exposure to market risks, and we continuously monitor and adjust our hedge portfolio, the net duration (or interest rate sensitivity) of our investment portfolio, and leverage in order to optimize returns over the longer term as market conditions warrant. Our hedging strategies are generally not designed to protect our net book value from spread risk, which as a levered investor in mortgage-backed securities is the inherent risk we take that the spread between the market yield on our investments and the benchmark interest rates linked to our interest rate hedges fluctuates. In addition, although we attempt to protect our net book value against moves in interest rates, we may not fully hedge against interest rate, prepayment and extension risks if we believe that bearing such risks enhances our return profile, or if the hedging transaction would negatively impact our REIT status. Our risk management actions may lower our earnings and dividends in the short-term to further our objective of preserving our net book value and maintaining attractive levels of earnings and dividends over the long-term. In addition, some of our hedges are intended to provide protection against larger rate moves and as a result may be relatively ineffective for smaller interest rate changes. For additional explanation of our market risks please refer to Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk and Item 1A. Risk Factors within this Form 10-K. Regulatory Requirements Exemption from Regulation under the Investment Company Act We conduct our business so as not to become regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, in reliance on the exemption provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Act. So long as we qualify for this exemption, we will not be subject to leverage and other restrictions imposed on registered investment companies, which would significantly reduce our ability to use leverage. Section 3(c)(5)(C), as interpreted by the staff of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), requires us to invest at least 55% of our assets in "mortgages and other liens on and interest in real estate" or "qualifying real estate interests" ("55% asset test") and at least 80% of our assets in qualifying real estate interests and "real estate-related assets." In satisfying this 55% requirement, based on pronouncements of the SEC staff and in certain instances our own judgment, we treat Agency RMBS issued with respect to an underlying pool of mortgage loans in which we hold all the certificates issued by the pool ("whole pool" securities) as qualifying real estate interests. We typically treat "partial pool" and other mortgage securities where we hold less than all the certificates issued by the pool as real estate-related assets. For additional information regarding our exemption under the Investment Company Act please refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors within this Form 10-K. Real Estate Investment Trust Requirements We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal or state corporate income tax on our taxable income to the extent that we distribute annually all our taxable income to stockholders within the time limits prescribed by the Internal Revenue Code. Qualification and taxation as a REIT depend on our ability to continually meet requirements imposed upon REITs by the Internal Revenue Code, including satisfying certain organizational requirements, an annual distribution requirement and quarterly asset and annual income tests. The REIT asset and income tests are significant to our operations as they restrict the extent to which we can invest in certain types of securities and conduct certain hedging activities within the REIT. Consequently, we may be required to limit these activities or conduct them through a taxable REIT subsidiary ("TRS"). We believe that we have been organized and operate in such a manner as to qualify for taxation as a REIT. Income Tests: To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy two gross income requirements on an annual basis. 4 1. At least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year generally must be derived from investments in real property or mortgages on real property. 2. At least 95% of our gross income in each taxable year generally must be derived from some combination of income that qualifies under the 75% gross income test described above, as well as other dividends, interest, and gains from the sale or disposition of stock or securities, which need not have any relation to real property. Interest income from obligations secured by mortgages on real property (such as Agency and non-Agency MBS) generally constitutes qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test described above. There is no direct authority with respect to the qualification of income or gains from TBAs for the 75% gross income test; however, we treat these as qualifying income for this purpose based on an opinion of legal counsel. The treatment of interest income from other real estate securities depends on their specific tax structure. Income and gains from instruments that we use to hedge the interest rate risk associated with our borrowings incurred, or to be incurred, to acquire real estate assets will generally be excluded from both gross income tests, provided that specified requirements are met. Asset Tests: At the close of each calendar quarter, we must satisfy five tests relating to the nature of our assets. 1. At least 75% of the value of our total assets must be represented by some combination of "real estate assets," cash, cash items, U.S. Government securities, and, under some circumstances, temporary investments in stock or debt instruments purchased with new capital. For this purpose, mortgage- backed securities and mortgage loans are generally treated as "real estate assets." Assets that do not qualify for purposes of the 75% asset test are subject to the additional asset tests described below. 2. The value of any one issuer's securities that we own may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets. 3. We may not own more than 10% of any one issuer's outstanding securities, as measured by either voting power or value. The 5% and 10% asset tests do not apply to securities of TRSs and qualified REIT subsidiaries and the 10% asset test does not apply to "straight debt" having specified characteristics and to certain other securities. 4. The aggregate value of all securities of all TRSs that we hold may not exceed 20% of the value of our total assets. 5. No more than 25% of the total value of our assets may be represented by certain non-mortgage debt instruments issued by publicly offered REITs (even though such debt instruments qualify under the 75% asset test). A failure to satisfy the income or asset tests would not immediately cause us to lose our REIT qualification; rather, we could retain our REIT qualification if we were able to satisfy certain relief provisions and pay any applicable penalty taxes and other fines, or, in the case of a failure to satisfy the asset test, eliminate the discrepancy within a 30-day cure period. Please also refer to the "Risks Related to Our Taxation as a REIT" in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K for further discussion of REIT qualification requirements and related items. Regulatory Requirements of our Captive Broker-Dealer Subsidiary BES is subject to ongoing membership and regulatory requirements as a member of the FICC and FINRA and as an SEC registered broker-dealer that include but are not limited to trade practices, use and safekeeping of funds and securities, capital structure, recordkeeping and conduct of directors, officers and employees. Additionally, as a self-clearing, registered broker-dealer, BES is subject to minimum net capital requirements. Thus, our ability to access tri-party repo funding through the FICC's GCF Repo service, which represents a significant portion of our total borrowing capacity, is reliant on BES' ability to continually meet FINRA and FICC regulatory and membership requirements. Human Capital Management We believe our success as a company ultimately depends on the strength, wellness, and dedication of our workforce. We pride ourselves on robust practices in the area of human capital management that are constantly evolving to meet the needs of our people. As of December 31, 2023, our workforce consisted of 53 full-time employees. We strive to provide each of our highly skilled employees an engaging, rewarding, supportive, and inclusive atmosphere in which to grow professionally. Our competitive and comprehensive benefits package is carefully designed to attract and retain talented personnel. We believe our 5 low voluntary employee turnover and favorable employee survey results are a testament to the success of our human capital management initiatives. Year 2023 2022 2021 January 1 Employee Turnover Metrics 1 Terminations New Hires December 31 51 50 50 – -2 -2 2 3 2 53 51 50 ________________________________ 1. Employee terminations include voluntary and involuntary terminations. Employee Communications and Engagement We recognize the importance of ongoing open communication and engagement with our employees, and we greatly value their input. We regularly engage with our employees in a variety of ways through ongoing direct engagement with each member of our staff, anonymous annual employee surveys and regular town hall meetings. Our anonymous employee surveys are an important component of our employee engagement that provide a means of assessing job satisfaction, engagement, and specific concerns of our employees. To enhance the candor and comfort of our employees, we use outside vendors that provide verbatim comments and analysis of engagement levels on an anonymous basis. In 2023, AGNC was recertified as a Great Place to Work™ in recognition of employee engagement efforts. The prestigious certification was based entirely on feedback from employees through an extensive anonymous survey about their experiences working at AGNC, during which 96% of our employees said AGNC is a great place to work. Our Board and management use the results of our surveys and ongoing feedback to implement various ideas and recommendations received from employees. Workplace Culture and Ethics Our corporate culture promotes open and honest communication, fair treatment, collegiality and high ethics and compliance standards. Our Code of Ethics and Conduct ("Code of Conduct") applies to all directors, officers and employees and provides clear expectations and guidance to facilitate appropriate decisioning. Our Code of Conduct covers topics such as compliance with securities laws, conflicts of interest, giving and receiving gifts, discrimination, harassment, privacy, appropriate use of Company assets, protecting confidential information, and reporting Code of Conduct violations (including through an anonymous third-party hotline). All employees are required to affirm their understanding of these standards on at least an annual basis. We also regularly conduct mandatory compliance training on the Code of Conduct, insider trading, whistleblower protections, anti-harassment and other legal and corporate policies. Our executive officers and human resources department maintain "open door" policies, and any form of retaliation for bona fide reporting of Code of Conduct violations is expressly prohibited. Employee Development We have a number of policies and programs to further the professional development of our employees. These include our professional certification and continuing education policy, reimbursement for any supervisor-approved courses for our employees, and memberships to organizations, such as the Mortgage Bankers Association, which includes free access to educational webinars. We also conduct periodic "Lunch and Learn" seminars and offer a formal mentoring program for employees to receive direct one-on-one career guidance and cross-functional experience across various operations. Our employees also have the opportunity to lead and/or participate in employee-led initiatives, such as our employee-led Volunteerism & Community Outreach Committee, which is responsible for implementing and leading new volunteer opportunities, as well as identifying ways the Company can have a positive impact on the community. These initiatives have advanced unique and professional skill sets throughout the organization. Diversity and Inclusion Central to our core values is that every individual deserves respect and equal treatment, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, age, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, cultural background or religious belief. We strive to have a diverse workforce and an inclusive and welcoming work environment that is free from wrongful discrimination. We have long maintained policies against discrimination and harassment in our workplace, and we periodically conduct workplace trainings and workshops attended by all employees related to these topics, including unconscious bias and anti-harassment training. Although we have a relatively small workforce and low turnover rate, our recruitment and hiring practices attempt to ensure the diversity of applicant pools for posted job openings. We also seek to engage our employees and provide them opportunities on a non-discriminatory and inclusive basis. As of December 31, 2023, 40% of our employees were women and 32% were ethnically diverse. 6 Compensation and Benefits We seek to attract and retain the most talented employees in our industry by offering competitive compensation and benefits. Our pay-for-performance compensation philosophy is based on rewarding each employee’s individual contributions through a combination of fixed and variable pay elements. Each employee receives a total compensation package that includes base salary, short-term incentives in the form of an annual cash bonus and long-term equity incentives in the form of time-vesting and/or performance-vesting restricted stock units. The proportion of each employee’s variable incentive versus fixed- based elements of their compensation is directly correlated to the individual’s level of responsibility and role in the organization. Generally, higher level employees have higher proportions of variable incentive-based compensation in their target mix. Similarly, within the incentive-based elements, the proportion of long-term incentive-based elements generally corresponds to the individual’s role and level of responsibility in the organization. As the success of our business is fundamentally connected to the well-being of our people, we offer benefits that support their physical, financial and emotional well-being. We provide our employees with access to flexible, comprehensive and convenient medical coverage intended to meet their needs and the needs of their families. In addition to standard medical coverage, we offer employees dental and vision coverage, health savings and flexible spending accounts, paid time off, parental leave and adoption assistance, voluntary short-term and long-term disability insurance, term life insurance, employee assistance programs, and other benefits. We also believe in the long-term financial wellness of our employees, and to foster maximum savings rates by our employees we offer a 401(k) Savings Plan with Company matching contributions of 100% up to 6% of each employee’s eligible compensation, subject to IRS limits. Competition Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to acquire assets at favorable spreads over our borrowing costs. In acquiring mortgage assets, we compete with a variety of other investors, including other mortgage REITs, government entities, banks, specialty finance companies, public and private funds, insurance companies and other financial institutions, who may have competitive advantages over us as to the price they are willing to pay due to factors such as a lower cost of funds, access to funding sources not available to us or a lack of REIT and Investment Company Act regulatory constraints. Corporate Information Our executive offices are located at 7373 Wisconsin Avenue, 22 Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814 and our telephone number is (301) 968-9315. nd We make available our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to such reports as well as our Code of Ethics and Conduct on our internet website at www.AGNC.com. These reports are also available on the SEC internet website at www.sec.gov. Item 1A. Risk Factors You should carefully consider the risks described below and all other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our annual consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto before deciding to purchase our securities. Any of the following risks could materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. If that happens, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or not presently deemed material by us, may also impair our operations and performance. Our risk factors discussed below are classified among: • • • • • risks related to our investment and portfolio management activities; risks related to our financing and hedging activities; risks related to our business operations; legislative and regulatory risks; and risks related to our common stock. Risks Related to Our Investment and Portfolio Management Activities Spread risk is inherent to our business as a levered investor in Agency RMBS. When the market spread between the yield on our assets and the yield on benchmark interest rates linked to our interest rate hedges widens, our tangible net book value will typically decline. We refer to this as "spread risk". As a levered investor primarily in fixed-rate Agency RMBS, spread risk is an inherent component of our business. Although we use hedging instruments to attempt to protect against moves in interest rates, our hedges will typically not protect us against spread risk. 7 Spreads may widen due to numerous factors, including due to actual or expected monetary policy actions by U.S. and foreign central banks, increased market volatility, increased available supply of Agency RMBS, a decline in market liquidity and changes in investor return requirements and sentiment. Interest rate and spread volatility represent significant risks to our business, potentially affecting our liquidity, increasing our costs, and impacting our ability to manage risks effectively. Interest rate and spread volatility can have profound impacts on our business, financial condition, and operating results in several ways. Such volatility amplifies market-based risks, affecting asset and liability values and potentially leading to less earnings stability. Volatility increases our exposure to margin calls, including higher risk-based margin requirements, typically requiring us to post additional collateral, which could reduce our unencumbered liquidity and limit resources available for operational needs and further margin requirements. The complexity and cost of hedging against interest rate fluctuations also rises with volatility, potentially impacting our profitability. Volatility can also reduce liquidity in the mortgage market as mortgage investors reduce their exposure to this risk, making it more challenging to buy or sell assets without affecting their market price. Volatility may also reduce the effectiveness and accuracy of the predictive models that we use to aid in our decision-making and risk management. In summary, interest rate and spread volatility represent significant risks to our business, potentially affecting our liquidity, increasing our costs, and impacting our ability to manage risks effectively. We continuously monitor these conditions and adjust our strategies accordingly, but there is no guarantee that these measures will be sufficient to mitigate the adverse effects of volatility on our operations and financial results. The Fed’s participation in the Agency mortgage market could have an adverse effect on our Agency RMBS investments. The Federal Reserve's (the “Fed”) participation in the Agency RMBS market can have a material impact on the mortgage market, altering the available supply, price and returns on Agency RMBS. Its involvement in the mortgage market can result in increased market volatility and amplify the effects of market- related risks on our financial condition. Generally, when the Fed conducts large-scale asset purchases, Agency RMBS values increase and mortgage spreads tighten. This scenario results in an increase in our tangible net book value, although the return potential on new asset purchases typically declines. Conversely, actual or anticipated reductions of Fed asset purchases or its outright sale of assets, would generally be expected to result in a decline in asset values and wider mortgage spreads to benchmark interest rates, reducing our tangible net book value, while increasing the return potential on new asset purchases. The Fed first used large-scale asset purchases of U.S. Treasury securities and Agency RMBS, known as quantitative easing, or QE, during the 2008-2009 global financial crisis in an attempt to stabilize financial markets and stimulate a sustained economic recovery. In its most recent QE round, resulting from the Covid-19 financial crisis, the Fed’s balance sheet more than doubled from $4.2 trillion in March 2020 to $8.9 trillion in May 2022. This included a significant increase in its Agency RMBS holdings, to nearly a third of all outstanding Agency RMBS by the time the Fed announced its intention to end QE and commence monetary tightening by, among other actions, gradually reducing its holdings of Agency RMBS over time by not reinvesting proceeds of principal repayments, subject to monthly caps. Since the beginning of the Fed's current monetary tightening cycle in 2022, through fiscal year-end 2023, the Fed has reduced its Agency RMBS holdings by approximately $300 billion through mortgage prepayment activity. Although the Fed currently favors a gradual reduction of its balance sheet through prepayment activity, subject to monthly caps, there is no guarantee that it will not conduct outright asset sales in the future or alter its monthly caps. If the Fed were to conduct assets sales or allow a more rapid unwinding of its balance sheet than anticipated, Agency RMBS markets could experience increased market volatility, reduced liquidity and an increase in Agency RMBS spreads to benchmark interest rates, causing a material decline in our tangible net book and negatively impacting our financial position. Our active portfolio management strategy may expose us to greater losses and lower returns than compared to passive strategies. We employ an active management strategy; therefore, the composition of our investment portfolio, leverage ratio and hedge composition will vary as we believe changes to market conditions warrant. We may realize significant investment gains or losses when we sell investments that we no longer believe provide attractive risk-adjusted returns or when we believe more attractive alternatives are available. We may also be incorrect in our assessment of market conditions and select an investment portfolio, leverage levels and terms, and hedge composition that generate lower returns than a more static management strategy. Furthermore, because of our active strategy, investors may be unable to assess changes in our financial position solely by observing changes in the mortgage market. 8 A decline in the fair value of our assets may adversely affect our financial condition and make it costlier to finance our assets. Our investment securities are reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet, with changes in fair value reported in net income or other comprehensive income. Therefore, a decline in the fair value of our assets reduces our total comprehensive income and adversely affects our financial position. We use our investments as collateral for our financing arrangements and certain hedge transactions; consequently, a decline in fair value, or perceived market uncertainty about the value of our assets, could reduce the amount of our unencumbered assets, subject us to margin calls and could make it more difficult for us to maintain our compliance with the terms of our financing agreements, and it could reduce our ability to purchase additional investments or to renew or replace our existing borrowings as they mature. As a result, we could be required to sell assets at adverse prices and our ability to maintain or grow our total comprehensive income could be reduced. The value of our assets is influenced by multiple factors. The value of our long-term fixed rate securities is particularly impacted by fluctuations in longer- term interest rates. Additionally, market liquidity can significantly impact asset values, where a decrease in liquidity can lead to a decline in asset values and increased price volatility. Factors that can reduce market liquidity include shifts in macro-economic conditions, market uncertainties, changes in investor sentiment, a decline in or negative global money flows to the U.S. fixed income markets, and regulatory capital requirements that constrain the market-making or funding capabilities of banks and financial institutions. Fed monetary policy and the pace of its balance sheet reduction could also negatively impact asset values and market liquidity, especially if this unwinding process occurs more rapidly than anticipated. Changes in prepayment rates may adversely affect the return on our investments. Our investment portfolio includes securities backed by pools of mortgage loans, which receive payments related to the underlying mortgage loans. When borrowers prepay their mortgage loans at rates faster or slower than anticipated, it exposes us to prepayment or extension risk. Generally, prepayments increase during periods of falling mortgage interest rates and decrease during periods of rising mortgage interest rates, but other factors can also affect the rate of prepayments, including loan age and size, loan-to-value ratios, housing price trends, general economic conditions and GSE buyouts of delinquent loans. If our assets prepay at a faster rate than anticipated, we may be unable to reinvest the repayments at acceptable yields. If the proceeds are reinvested at lower yields than our existing assets, our net interest margins would be negatively impacted. We also amortize or accrete into interest income any premiums and discounts we pay or receive at purchase relative to the stated principal of our assets over their projected lives using the effective interest method. If the actual and estimated future prepayment experience differs from our prior estimates, we are required to record an adjustment to interest income for the impact of the cumulative difference in the effective yield, which could negatively affect our interest income. If our assets prepay at a slower rate than anticipated, our assets could extend beyond their expected maturity, and we may have to finance our investments at potentially higher costs without the ability to reinvest principal into higher yielding securities. Additionally, if prepayment rates decrease due to a rising interest rate environment, the average life or duration of our fixed-rate assets would extend, but our interest rate swap maturities would remain fixed and, therefore, cover a smaller percentage of our funding exposure. At the same time, the market value of our assets could decline, while most of our hedging instruments would not receive any incremental offsetting gains. To the extent that actual rates of prepayment differ from our expectations, our operating results could be adversely affected, and we could be forced to sell assets to maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause us to incur realized losses. In addition, should significant prepayments occur, there is no certainty that we will be able to identify acceptable new investments, which could reduce our invested capital or result in us investing in less favorable securities. Prepayment rates are difficult to predict, and market conditions and other factors impacting mortgage origination channels may disrupt the historical correlation between interest rate changes and prepayment trends. Our success depends in part on our ability to predict prepayment behavior over a variety of economic conditions. As part of our overall portfolio risk management, we analyze interest rate changes and prepayment trends to assess their effects on our investment portfolio. Our analysis is largely based on predictive models and reliance on historical correlations between interest rates and other factors and the rate of prepayments. However, unprecedented events, market dislocations, advances in origination channel technologies and other factors may impair the usefulness of these historical correlations or render them completely invalid, reducing our ability to accurately predict future prepayment activity. Other factors beyond interest rates also impact the rate of prepayments and may be difficult to predict, such as housing turnover, lending conditions and the availability of credit to homeowners, and GSE buyouts of delinquent loans from the underlying mortgage pool. 9 The analytical models and third-party data that we rely on to manage our portfolio and conduct our business objectives may be incorrect, misleading or incomplete. We use analytical models, data and other information to value our assets and assess potential investment opportunities in connection with our risk management and hedging activities. We may source our models and data from third-parties or develop them internally. Models are dependent on multiple assumptions and inputs. Models typically also assume a static portfolio. If either the models, their underlying assumptions or data inputs prove to be incorrect, misleading or incomplete, any decisions we make in reliance on such information may be faulty and expose us to potential risks. Many of the analytical models we use are predictive in nature, such as mortgage prepayment and default models. The use of predictive models has inherent risks and may incorrectly forecast future behavior, leading to potential losses. Furthermore, since predictive models are usually constructed based on historical trends using data supplied by third parties, the success of relying on such models depends heavily on the accuracy and reliability of the supplied historical data. Additionally, multiple factors could disrupt the relationships between data and historical trends, reducing the ability of our models to predict future outcomes, or even render them invalid. We are at greater risk of this occurring during periods of high volatility or unanticipated and/or unprecedented financial or economic events, including any actual or anticipated shifts in Fed policy resulting from these events. Consequently, actual results could differ materially from our projections. Moreover, use of different models could result in materially different projections. Analytical models and third-party data used to analyze credit sensitive assets also expose us to the risk that the (i) collateral cash flows and/or liability structures may be incorrectly modeled, or may be modeled based on simplifying assumptions that lead to errors; (ii) information about collateral may be incorrect, incomplete or misleading; (iii) collateral or bond historical performance (such as historical prepayments, defaults, cash flows, etc.) may be incorrectly reported, or subject to interpretation (e.g., different issuers may report delinquency statistics based on different definitions of what constitutes a delinquent loan); or (iv) collateral or bond information may be outdated, in which case the models may contain incorrect assumptions as to what has occurred since the date information was last updated. The fair value of our investments may not be readily determinable or may be materially different from the value that we ultimately realize upon their disposal. We measure the fair value of our investments in accordance with guidance set forth in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. Fair value is only an estimate based on good faith judgment of the price at which an investment can be sold since market prices of investments can only be determined by negotiation between a willing buyer and seller. Our determination of the fair value of our investments includes inputs provided by pricing services and third-party dealers. Valuations of certain investments in which we invest may be difficult to obtain or unreliable. In general, pricing services and dealers heavily disclaim their valuations and we do not have recourse against them in the event of inaccurate price quotes or other inputs used to determine the fair value of our investments. Depending on the complexity and illiquidity of a security, valuations of the same security can vary substantially from one pricing source to another. Moreover, values can fluctuate significantly, even over short periods of time. For these reasons, the fair value at which our investments are recorded may not be an accurate indication of their realizable value. The ultimate realization of the value of an asset depends on economic and other conditions that are beyond our control. Consequently, if we were to sell an asset, particularly through a forced liquidation, the realized value may be less than the amount at which the asset is recorded, which would negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. The mortgage loans referenced by our CRT securities or that underlie our non-Agency securities may be or could become subject to delinquency or foreclosure, which could result in significant losses to us. Investments in credit-oriented securities, such as CRT securities and non-Agency MBS, where repayment of principal and interest is not guaranteed by a GSE or U.S. Government agency, subject us to the potential risk of loss of principal and/or interest due to delinquency, foreclosure and related losses on the underlying mortgage loans. CRT securities are risk sharing instruments issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and similarly structured transactions arranged by third-party market participants, that are designed to synthetically transfer mortgage credit risk from the issuing entity to private investors. The transactions are structured as unguaranteed bonds whose principal payments are determined by the delinquency and prepayment experience of a reference pool of mortgages guaranteed by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. An investor in CRT securities bears the risk that the borrowers in the reference pool of loans may default on their obligations to make full and timely payments of principal and interest. Non-Agency RMBS are backed by residential mortgage loans, which carry the risk of delinquency, foreclosure and loss based on the borrower's ability to repay. The ability to repay is primarily influenced by the borrower's income and assets. Factors such as loss of employment, divorce, illness, acts of God, acts of war or terrorism, adverse changes in economic and 10 market conditions, declining home values, changes in laws and regulations, changes in fiscal policies and zoning ordinances, environmental hazards such as mold, and property losses (insured or not) can impede repayment. CMBS are backed by commercial loans, secured by multifamily or other commercial properties. These loans typically face higher risks of delinquency and loss compared to residential loans. Repayment largely depends on the property's operational success. Factors affecting the property's net operating income, such as occupancy rates, tenant mix, the success of tenant businesses, property management, location, condition, and economic conditions, can influence the borrower's repayment capacity. Geographic concentration of our assets can heighten the risk of default and loss. Both borrower repayment and the market value of the assets underlying our investments are affected by national, local and regional economic conditions. As a result, concentrations of investments tied to geographic regions increase the risk that adverse conditions affecting a region could increase the frequency and severity of losses on our investments. Additionally, assets in certain regional areas may be more susceptible to certain environmental hazards (such as earthquakes, widespread fires, rising sea levels, disease, floods, drought, hurricanes and certain climate risks) than properties in other areas; for example, assets located in coastal states may be more susceptible to hurricanes or sea level rise than properties in other parts of the country. Areas affected by these types of events often experience disruptions in travel, transportation and tourism, loss of jobs, a decrease in consumer activity, and a decline in real estate-related investments, and their economies may not recover sufficiently to support income producing real estate at pre-event levels. These types of occurrences may increase over time or become more severe due to changes in weather patterns and other climate changes. Private mortgage insurance may not cover losses on loans referenced by our CRT securities and underlying our non-Agency RMBS. In certain instances, mortgage loans referenced by our CRT securities or underlying our non-Agency RMBS may have private mortgage insurance. However, this insurance may not cover some or all of our potential loss if a loan defaults. This may occur, for example, because it is frequently structured to absorb only a portion of the loss; the insurance provider rescinds or denies coverage; or the insurer's failure to satisfy its obligations under the insurance contract, whether due to breach of contract or to an insurer's insolvency. Changes in credit spreads may adversely affect our profitability. A significant component of the fair value of CRT and non-Agency securities and other credit risk-oriented investments is attributable to the credit spread, or the difference between the value of the credit instrument and the value of a financial instrument with similar interest rate exposure, but with no credit risk, such as a U.S. Treasury note. Credit spreads can be highly volatile and may fluctuate due to changes in economic conditions, liquidity, investor demand and other factors. Credits spreads typically widen in times of increased market uncertainty or when economic conditions have or are expected to deteriorate. Credit spreads may also widen due to actual or anticipated rating downgrades on the securities or similar securities. Hedging fair value changes associated with credit spreads can be inefficient and our hedging strategies are generally not designed to mitigate credit spread risk. Consequently, changes in credit spreads could adversely affect our profitability and financial condition. We may be unable to acquire desirable investments due to competition, a reduction in the supply of new production Agency RMBS having the specific attributes we seek, and other factors. Our profitability depends on our ability to acquire our target assets at attractive prices. We may seek assets with specific attributes that affect their propensity for prepayment under certain market conditions or enable us to satisfy asset test requirements to maintain our REIT qualification status or exemption from regulation under the Investment Company Act (such as "whole pool" Agency RMBS). The supply of our target assets may be impacted by policies and procedures adopted by the GSEs, such as pooling practices, or their regulator, the FHFA, or actions by other governmental agencies. Housing finance reform measures may also impact the supply and availability of our target assets. Consequently, a sufficient supply of our target assets may not be available or available at attractive prices. We may also compete for these assets with a variety of other investors, including other REITs, specialty finance companies, public and private funds, government entities, banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions, who may have competitive advantages over us, such as a lower cost of funds and access to funding sources not available to us. If we are unable to acquire a sufficient supply of our target assets, we may be unable to achieve our investment objectives or to maintain our REIT qualification status or exemption from regulation under the Investment Company Act. 11 We may change our targeted investments, investment guidelines and other operational policies without stockholder consent. We may change our targeted investments and investment guidelines at any time without the consent of our stockholders, which could result in our making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier than, those described in this Annual Report or under our current guidelines. We may also amend or revise our other operational policies, including our policies with respect to our REIT qualification, acquisitions, dispositions, operations, indebtedness and distributions without a vote of, or notice to, our stockholders. Any such change may increase our exposure to risks described herein or expose us to new risks that are not currently contemplated, which could materially impair our operations and financial performance. Risks Related to Our Financing and Hedging Activities Our strategy involves the use of significant leverage, which increases the risk that we may incur substantial losses. We expect our leverage to vary with market conditions and our assessment of the tradeoffs between risk and return on investments. We generally expect to maintain our leverage between six to twelve times the amount of our tangible stockholders' equity, but we may operate at levels outside of this range for extended periods. We incur this leverage by borrowing against a substantial portion of the market value of our assets. Leverage, which is fundamental to our investment strategy, creates significant risks and amplifies our risk exposure to higher borrowing costs, changes in underlying asset values, changes in mortgage spreads, and other market factors. Leverage also exposes us to the risk of margin calls and defaults under our funding agreements, which may result in forced sales of assets in adverse market conditions. The risks associated with leverage are more acute during volatile market environments and periods of reduced market liquidity. Because of our leverage, we may incur substantial losses. We may be unable to procure or renew funding on favorable terms, or at all. We rely primarily on short-term borrowings to finance our mortgage investments. Consequently, our ability to achieve our investment objectives depends not only on our ability to borrow sufficient amounts and on favorable terms, but also our ability to renew or replace our maturing short-term borrowings on a continuous basis. A variety of factors could prevent us from being able to achieve our intended borrowing and leverage objectives, including: • disruptions in the repo market generally or the infrastructure that supports it; • higher short-term interest rates; • • • a decline in the market value of our investments available to collateralize borrowings; increases in the "haircut" lenders require on the value of our assets under repurchase agreements, resulting in higher collateral requirements; increases in member specific margin requirements assessed by the FICC for tri-party repo accessed by our wholly-owned captive broker-dealer subsidiary, BES, through the FICC's GCF Repo service; regulatory capital requirements or other limitations imposed on our lenders that negatively impact their ability or willingness to lend to us; an exit by lenders from the market; circumstances that could result in our failure to satisfy covenants, leverage limits, or other requirements imposed by our lenders, in which case our lenders may terminate and cease entering into repurchase transactions with us; and the inability of BES to continually meet FINRA and FICC regulatory and membership requirements, which may change over time. • • • • Because of these and other factors, there is no assurance that we will be able to secure financing on terms that are acceptable to us. If we cannot obtain sufficient funding on acceptable terms, we may have to sell assets possibly under adverse market conditions. Our borrowing costs may increase at a faster pace than the yield on our investments. Our borrowing costs are particularly sensitive to changes in short-term interest rates, as well as overall funding availability and market liquidity, whereas the yield on our fixed rate assets is largely influenced by longer-term rates and conditions in the mortgage market. Consequently, our borrowing costs may rise at a faster pace or decline at a slower pace than the yield on our assets, negatively impacting our net interest margin. It may be uneconomical to roll our TBA dollar roll transactions and we may be required to take physical delivery of the underlying securities and fund our obligations with cash or other financing sources. We utilize TBA dollar roll transactions as an alternate means of investing in and financing Agency RMBS, which represent a form of off-balance sheet financing and increase our "at risk" leverage. It may become uneconomical for us to roll forward our TBA positions prior to their settlement dates due to market conditions, which can be impacted by a variety of 12 factors including the Fed’s purchases and sales of Agency RMBS in the TBA market. TBA dollar roll transactions include a deferred purchase price obligation on our part. An inability or unwillingness to continue to roll forward our position has effects similar to a termination of financing. In that circumstance, we would be required to settle the obligations for cash and would then take physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS. We may not have sufficient funds or alternative financing sources available to settle such obligations. Additionally, if we take delivery of the underlying securities, we can expect to receive the "cheapest to deliver" securities with the least favorable prepayment attributes that satisfy the terms of the TBA contract. Further, the specific securities that we receive may include few, if any, “whole pool” securities, which could inhibit our ability to remain exempt from and regulation as an investment company under the Investment Company Act (see “Loss of our exemption from regulation pursuant to the Investment Company Act would adversely affect us” below). TBA contracts also subject us to margin requirements as described further below. Our inability to roll forward our TBA positions or failure to obtain adequate financing to settle our obligations or to meet margin calls under our TBA contracts could force us to sell assets under adverse market conditions causing us to incur significant losses. Our funding and derivative agreements subject us to margin calls that could result in defaults and force us to sell assets under adverse market conditions or through foreclosure. Our funding and derivative agreements require that we maintain certain levels of collateral with our counterparties and may result in margin calls initiated against us if, for example, the value of our collateral declines. A margin call means that the counterparty requires us to pledge additional collateral to re-establish the required collateral level to protect them from loss in the event we default on our obligations. The requirement to meet margin calls can create liquidity risks. In the event of a margin call, we must generally provide additional collateral on the same business day. If we fail to meet the margin call, we would be in default, and our counterparty could terminate outstanding transactions, require us to settle our entire obligation under the agreement and enforce their interests against existing collateral. Furthermore, we may also be subject to certain cross-default and acceleration rights, such that if we were to fail to meet a margin call under one agreement that failure could lead to defaults, accelerations, or other adverse events under other agreements, as well. The threat or occurrence of margin calls or the accelerated settlement of our obligations under our agreements could force us to sell our investments under adverse market conditions and result in substantial losses. Our fixed-rate collateral is generally more susceptible to margin calls due to its price sensitivity to changes in interest rates. In addition, some collateral may be less liquid than other instruments, which could cause it to be more susceptible to margin calls in a volatile market environment. Additionally, faster rates of prepayment increase the magnitude of potential margin calls as there is a time lag between the effective date of the prepayment and when we receive the principal payment. Our derivative agreements also subject us to margin calls. Collateral requirements under our derivative agreements are typically dictated by contract or clearinghouse rules and regulations adopted by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and regulators of other countries. Thus, changes in clearinghouse rules and other regulations can increase our margin requirements and the cost of our hedges. Our counterparties typically have the sole discretion to determine eligible collateral, the value of our collateral and, in the case of our derivative counterparties, the value of our derivative instruments. Additionally, for cleared swaps and futures, the futures commission merchant, or FCM, that we transact through typically has the right to require more collateral than the clearinghouse requires. Changes to FICC margin requirements could limit our ability to enter tri-party repo transactions with the FICC’s GCF Repo service and TBA transactions with the FICC’s MBSD We finance a significant portion of our investments and execute TBA transactions through our wholly-owned captive broker-dealer subsidiary, BES. As an eligible institution, BES accesses repo funding through the FICC’s GCF Repo service and central clearing in the TBA market through the FICC's Mortgage- Backed Securities Division (MBSD). The FICC continually assesses potential changes to rules governing the calculation of margin and minimum margin requirements. The FICC may also levy member specific margin requirements, including requirements related to a member's specific portfolio risk factors as a ratio to that member’s net capital, requirements related to "back-testing" failures of collected FICC margin requirements to cover losses from a simulated liquidation of a member’s portfolio, and other charges that the FICC has the ability to implement, in some cases without a significant notice period. Increases in FICC margin requirements would have the effect of reducing our unencumbered assets and could potentially limit our ability to utilize tri- party repo funding through the FICC's GCF Repo service and engage in centrally-cleared TBA transactions through the FICC’s MBSD. Furthermore, BES' inability to meet FICC margin requirements may result in the FICC declaring an event of default and ceasing to act for BES as a member along with a liquidation of any margin collateral as well as the portfolio of outstanding transactions for which the FICC serves as BES’ central counterparty, potentially in adverse market conditions. If BES were to fail to continually meet FICC margin requirements and default on its obligations to the FICC it could have a material financial impact on our financial position. 13 Our repurchase agreements and agreements governing certain derivative instruments may contain financial and nonfinancial covenants subjecting us to the risk of default. Our bilateral repurchase agreements and certain derivative agreements require that we comply with certain financial and non-financial covenants. Our more restrictive financial covenants typically limit declines in our stockholders’ equity for any given quarter, calendar year, or 12-month period and limit our leverage to a maximum amount. Compliance with these covenants depends on market factors and the strength of our business and operating results. In addition, our agreements typically require, among other things, that we maintain our status as a publicly listed REIT and to be exempted from the provisions of the 1940 Act. Various risks, uncertainties and events beyond our control, including significant fluctuations in interest rates, market volatility and changes in market conditions, could affect our ability to comply with these covenants. Unless we were able to negotiate a waiver or forbearance of such covenants, failure to comply with them could result in an event of default and generally would give the counterparty the right to exercise certain other remedies under the agreement, including termination of one or more repo or hedging transactions, acceleration of all amounts owed under an agreement, and the right to sell the collateral held by that counterparty. Any waiver or forbearance, if granted, could carry additional conditions that may be unfavorable to us. Additionally, certain of our agreements contain cross-default, cross-acceleration or similar provisions, such that if we were to violate a covenant under one agreement, that violation could lead to defaults, accelerations, or other adverse events under other agreements, as well. Our rights under repurchase and derivative agreements in the event bankruptcy or insolvency may be limited. In the event of our bankruptcy or insolvency, our repurchase agreements and hedging arrangements may qualify for special treatment under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, the effect of which, among other things, would be to allow the counterparty under the applicable agreement to avoid the automatic stay provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code and to foreclose on the collateral without delay. In the event of an insolvency or bankruptcy of one of our repurchase agreement or derivative counterparties, the counterparty may be permitted, under applicable insolvency laws, to repudiate the contract, and our claim against the counterparty for damages may be treated simply as an unsecured creditor. In addition, if the counterparty is a broker or dealer subject to the Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970, or an insured depository institution subject to the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, our ability to recover our assets under our agreements or to be compensated for any damages resulting from the counterparty's insolvency may be further limited by those statutes. Recoveries on these claims could be subject to significant delay and, if received, could be substantially less than the damages incurred. Our funding and derivative agreement counterparties may not fulfill their obligations to us as and when due. If a repurchase agreement counterparty defaults on its obligation to resell collateral to us, we could incur a loss on the transaction equal to the difference between the value of our collateral and the amount of our borrowing. Similarly, if a derivative agreement counterparty fails to return collateral to us at the conclusion of the derivative transaction or fails to pledge collateral to us or to make other payments we are entitled to under the terms of our agreement as and when due, we could incur a loss equal to the value of our collateral and other amounts due to us. We attempt to limit our counterparty exposure by diversifying our funding across multiple counterparties and limiting our counterparties to registered central clearing exchanges and major financial institutions with acceptable credit ratings. However, these measures may not sufficiently reduce our risk of loss. Central clearing exchanges typically attempt to reduce the risk of default by requiring initial and daily variation margin from their clearinghouse members and maintain guarantee funds and other resources that are available in the event of default. Nonetheless, we could be exposed to a risk of loss if an exchange or one or more of its clearing members defaults on its obligations. Most of the swaps and futures transactions that we enter into must be cleared by a Derivatives Clearing Organization, or DCO. DCOs are subject to regulatory oversight, use extensive risk management processes, and might receive "too big to fail" support from the government in the case of insolvency. We access the DCO through several FCMs, which may establish their own collateral requirements beyond that of the DCO. Consequently, for any cleared swap or futures transaction, we bear the credit risk of both the DCO and the relevant FCM as to obligations under our swap and futures agreements. The enforceability of our derivative and repurchase agreements may also depend on compliance with applicable statutory, commodity and other regulatory requirements and, depending on the domicile of the counterparty, applicable international requirements. Our hedging strategies may be ineffective. We attempt to limit, or hedge against, the adverse effect of changes in interest rates on the value of our assets and financing costs, subject to complying with REIT tax requirements. Hedging strategies are complex and do not fully protect against adverse changes under all circumstances. Our business model also calls for accepting certain amounts of risk. Consequently, our hedging activities are generally designed to limit interest rate exposure, but not to eliminate it, and they are generally not designed to hedge against spread risk and other risks inherent to our business model. 14 Our hedging strategies may vary in scope based on our portfolio composition, liabilities and our assessment of the level and volatility of interest rates, expected prepayments, credit and other market conditions, and are expected to change over time. We could fail to properly assess a risk or fail to recognize a risk entirely, leaving us exposed to losses without the benefit of any offsetting hedges. Furthermore, the techniques and derivative instruments we select may not have the effect of reducing our risk. Poorly designed hedging strategies or improperly executed transactions could increase our risk of loss. Hedging activities could also result in losses if the hedged event does not occur. Numerous other factors can impact the effectiveness of our hedging strategies, including the following: • • • • • the cost of interest rate hedges; the degree to which the interest rate hedge benchmark rate correlates to the interest rate risk being hedged; the degree to which the duration of the hedge matches that of the related asset or liability, particularly as interest rates change; the amount of income that a REIT may earn from hedging transactions that do not satisfy certain requirements of the Internal Revenue Code or that are not done through a TRS; and the degree to which the value of our interest rate hedges changes relative to our assets as a result of fluctuations in interest rates, passage of time, or other factors. Additionally, regulations adopted by the CFTC and regulators of other countries could adversely affect our ability to engage in derivative transactions or impose increased margin requirements and require additional operational and compliance costs. Consequently, our hedging strategies may fail to protect us from loss and could even result in greater losses than if we had not entered in the hedge transaction. Risks Related to Our Business Operations Our executive officers and other key personnel are critical to our success and the loss of any executive officer or key employee may materially adversely affect our business. We operate in a highly specialized industry and our success is dependent upon the efforts, experience, diligence, skill and network of business contacts of our executive officers and key personnel. The departure of any of our executive officers and/or key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our operations and performance. We are highly dependent on information systems and third-party service providers to conduct our operations, and system failures, cybersecurity incidents or failure of our providers to fulfill their obligations to us could significantly disrupt our ability to operate our business. Our business heavily depends on information and communication systems, including services provided by third parties and cloud-based platforms. A failure in these systems, or a failure by a third-party provider, could significantly disrupt our operations. These systems may be subject to damage or interruption from, among other things, natural disasters, public health issues such as pandemics or epidemics, terrorist attack, rogue employees, power loss, telecommunications failures, internet disruptions, and other interruptions beyond our control. Additionally, our reliance on these systems exposes us to risks of disruption or damage from cybersecurity risks, such as malware, virus, hacking, denial of service, ransomware, physical or electronic break-ins, insider threats, and phishing attacks, all of which are increasingly sophisticated and prevalent. Our systems may be misconfigured or configured in a way that exacerbates our exposure to these risks. Despite having no significant breaches detected so far, we regularly are targeted by threat actors, and completely preventing or detecting such incidents promptly is increasingly challenging. The complex nature of cybersecurity threats means a breach could go undetected for a long time, if ever, and responding to such incidents may not always be immediate or sufficient. Moreover, we depend on third-party vendors to implement security programs commensurate with their own risk. They may not be successful at defending against or detecting cybersecurity threats and they may not be obligated to inform us of such incidents. The consequences of a cyber- attack may include operational disruption, unauthorized access to sensitive data, regulatory fines, reputational damage, liability to third parties, and financial losses. The impact of cybersecurity incidents is difficult to predict, and the evolving legal and regulatory environment around data privacy and security could lead to increased costs and stricter compliance requirements. During an investigation of a cybersecurity incident, or a series of events, it is possible we may not necessarily know the extent of the harm or how to remediate it, which could further adversely impact us, and new regulations may also compel us to disclose information about a material cybersecurity incident before it has been mitigated or resolved, or even fully investigated. Furthermore, whether a single or series of cyber events is material is often a matter of judgment rather than quantitative measures and might only be determinable well after the fact. Despite our efforts to enhance our cybersecurity defenses, we cannot assure complete 15 protection against all cybersecurity threats. A cybersecurity incident, if one were to occur, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition. Risks Related to Our Taxation as a REIT Our failure to qualify as a REIT would have adverse tax consequences. We believe that we operate in a manner that allows us to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder. We plan to continue to meet the requirements for taxation as a REIT. The determination that we are a REIT requires an analysis of various factual matters and circumstances that may not be totally within our control, and our compliance with the annual REIT income and quarterly asset requirements depends upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. For example, to qualify as a REIT, at least 75% of our gross income must come from real estate sources and 95% of our gross income must come from real estate sources and certain other sources that are itemized in the REIT tax laws. Additionally, our ability to satisfy the REIT asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination, and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals. Furthermore, the proper classification of an instrument as debt or equity for federal income tax purposes may be uncertain in some circumstances, which could affect the application of the REIT asset requirements. We are also required to distribute to stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and by excluding any net capital gain). If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any tax year, we would be subject to U.S. federal and state corporate income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and dividends paid to our stockholders would not be deductible by us in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the IRS granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we would remain disqualified as a REIT for four years following the year we first fail to qualify. If we fail to qualify as a REIT, we may have to pay significant income taxes and would, therefore, have less money available for investments or for distributions to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our equity. In addition, the tax law would no longer require us to make distributions to our stockholders. If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification, we may still qualify as a REIT if there is reasonable cause for the failure, it is not due to willful neglect, and we satisfy other requirements, including completion of applicable IRS filings. It is not possible to state whether we would be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions. If these relief provisions were inapplicable, we would not qualify as a REIT. Furthermore, even if we satisfy the relief provisions and maintain our qualification as a REIT, we may be still subject to a penalty tax. The penalty tax for failure to satisfy an asset test would be the greater of $50,000 per failure or an amount equal to the net income generated by the assets that resulted in the failure multiplied by the highest U.S. federal corporate tax rate in effect at the time of the failure. The penalty tax for failure to satisfy one or both gross income tests would be an amount equal to 100% of the net profit on the gross income that resulted in the failure calculated in accordance with the Internal Revenue Code. REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan. We generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our taxable income, subject to certain adjustments and excluding any net capital gain, for U.S. federal and state corporate income tax not to apply to earnings that we distribute and to retain our REIT status. Distributions of our taxable income must generally occur in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following taxable year if declared before we timely file our tax return for the year and if paid with or before the first regular dividend payment after such declaration. We may also elect to retain, rather than distribute, our net long-term capital gains and pay tax on such gains if required, in which case, we could elect for our stockholders to include their proportionate share of such undistributed long-term capital gains in income, and to receive a corresponding credit for their share of the tax that we paid. Our stockholders would then increase the adjusted basis of their stock by the difference between (a) the amounts of capital gain dividends that we designated and that they include in their taxable income, minus (b) the tax that we paid on their behalf with respect to that income. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the REIT qualification requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, which limits our ability to retain earnings and thereby replenish or increase capital from operations. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal and state corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. Furthermore, if we should fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of (a) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year, (b) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year, and (c) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we would be subject to a non-deductible 4% excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the sum of (x) the amounts actually distributed, (y) the amounts of income we retained and on which we have paid corporate income tax and (z) any excess distributions from prior periods. 16 Our taxable income will typically differ from income prepared in accordance with GAAP due to temporary and permanent differences. For example, realized gains and losses on our hedging instruments, such as interest rate swaps, may be deferred for income tax purposes and amortized into taxable income over the remaining contract term of the instrument even if we have exited the instrument and settled such gains or losses for cash. We are also not allowed to reduce our taxable income for net capital losses incurred; instead, the capital losses may be carried forward for a period of up to five years and applied against future capital gains subject to our ability to generate sufficient capital gains, which cannot be assured. Therefore, it is possible that our taxable income could be in excess of the net cash generated from our operations. If we do not have funds available in these situations to meet our REIT distribution requirements or to avoid corporate and excise taxes altogether, we could be required to borrow funds on unfavorable terms, sell investments at disadvantageous prices or distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions. We may choose to pay dividends in our own stock, in which case stockholders may be required to pay income taxes in excess of cash dividends received. We may in the future distribute taxable dividends that are payable at least in part in shares of our common stock. Taxable stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as ordinary income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, stockholders may be required to pay income taxes with respect to such dividends that are in excess of the cash dividends received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the stock that it receives as a dividend to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to certain non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in stock. Even if we remain qualified as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow. Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may nonetheless be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including the following items. Any of these or other taxes we may incur would decrease cash available for distribution to our stockholders. • Regular U.S. federal and state corporate income taxes on any undistributed taxable income, including undistributed net capital gains. • A non-deductible 4% excise tax if the actual amount distributed to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under Federal tax laws. • Corporate income taxes on the earnings of subsidiaries, to the extent that such subsidiaries are subchapter C corporations and are not qualified REIT subsidiaries or other disregarded entities for federal income tax purposes. • A 100% tax on certain transactions between us and our TRSs that do not reflect arm's-length terms. • If we acquire appreciated assets from a corporation that is not a REIT (i.e., a corporation taxable under subchapter C of the Internal Revenue Code) in a transaction in which the adjusted tax basis of the assets in our hands is determined by reference to the adjusted tax basis of the assets in the hands of the subchapter C corporation, we may be subject to tax on such appreciation at the highest corporate income tax rate then applicable if we subsequently recognize a gain on a disposition of any such assets during the five-year period following their acquisition from the subchapter C corporation. • A 100% tax on net income and gains from "prohibited transactions." • Penalty taxes and other fines for failure to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification. Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to liquidate or forgo attractive investment opportunities. To remain qualified as a REIT, we must ensure that, at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified real estate assets. The remainder of our investments in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by securities of one or more TRSs. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. We must also satisfy tests concerning the sources of our income and the amounts that we distribute to our stockholders. Complying with these requirements may prevent us from acquiring certain attractive investments or we may be required to sell otherwise attractive investments. Thus, the potential returns on our investment portfolio may be lower than if we were not subject to such requirements. Additionally, if we 17 must liquidate our investments to repay our lenders or to satisfy other obligations, we may be unable to comply with these requirements, potentially jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT. Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively and may cause us to incur tax liabilities. The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code could substantially limit our ability to hedge our risks. Any income from a properly designated hedging transaction to manage risk of interest rate changes with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred, to acquire or carry real estate assets generally does not constitute "gross income" for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income tests ("qualified hedges"). To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, or fail to properly designate qualified hedges, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as non- qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests. As such, we may have to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through a TRS. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities as our TRS would be subject to tax on gains or expose us to greater risks than we would otherwise want to bear. In addition, losses in a TRS will generally not provide any tax benefit, except for being carried forward against future taxable income in the TRS. Uncertainty exists with respect to the treatment of our TBAs for purposes of the REIT asset and income tests. There is no direct authority with respect to the qualification of TBAs as real estate assets or U.S. Government securities for purposes of the 75% asset test or the qualification of income or gains from dispositions of TBAs as gains from the sale of real property or other qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. However, we treat our TBAs as qualifying assets for purposes of the REIT 75% asset test, and we treat income and gains from our TBAs as qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, based on a legal opinion of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP (“Skadden”) substantially to the effect that (i) for purposes of the REIT asset tests, our ownership of a TBA should be treated as ownership of the underlying Agency RMBS, and (ii) for purposes of the 75% REIT gross income test, any gain recognized by us in connection with the settlement of our TBAs should be treated as gain from the sale or disposition of the underlying Agency RMBS. Opinions of counsel are not binding on the IRS, and no assurance can be given that the IRS will not successfully challenge the conclusions set forth in such opinions. In addition, it must be emphasized that Skadden’s opinion is based on various assumptions relating to our TBAs and is conditioned upon fact-based representations and covenants made by our management regarding our TBAs. No assurance can be given that the IRS would not assert that such assets or income are not qualifying assets or income. If the IRS were to successfully challenge Skadden’s opinion, we could be subject to a penalty tax or we could fail to remain qualified as a REIT if a sufficient portion of our assets consists of TBAs or a sufficient portion of our income consists of income or gains from the disposition of TBAs. Qualifying as a REIT involves highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions on a continuous basis for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Our application of such provisions may be dependent on interpretations of the provisions by the staff of the Internal Revenue Service, which may change over time. Even a technical or inadvertent violation of the Internal Revenue Code provisions could jeopardize our REIT qualification. The tax on prohibited transactions could limit our ability to engage in certain transactions. Net income that we derive from a "prohibited transaction" is subject to a 100% tax. The term "prohibited transaction" generally includes a sale or other disposition of property that is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business by us or by a borrower that has issued a shared appreciation mortgage or similar debt instrument to us. We could be subject to this tax if we were to dispose of assets or structure transactions in a manner that is treated as a prohibited transaction for federal income tax purposes. We intend to structure our activities to avoid classification as prohibited transactions. As a result, we may choose not to engage in certain transactions at the REIT level that might otherwise be beneficial to us. In addition, whether property is held "primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business" depends on the particular facts and circumstances. Thus, no assurance can be given that any property that we sell will not be treated as such or that we can comply with certain safe-harbor provisions of the Internal Revenue Code that would prevent such treatment. The 100% tax does not apply to gains from the sale of property that is held through a TRS or other taxable corporation, although such income will be subject to tax at the entity’s regular corporate rates. Distributions to tax-exempt investors may be classified as unrelated business taxable income. Although distributions with respect to our common stock generally do not constitute unrelated business taxable income, there are some circumstances where they may. If (i) we generate "excess inclusion income" as a result of all or a portion of our 18 assets being subject to rules relating to "taxable mortgage pools" or as a result of holding residual interests in a REMIC or (ii) we become a "pension held REIT," then a portion of the distributions to tax exempt investors may be subject to U.S. federal income tax as unrelated business taxable income under the Internal Revenue Code. Legislative and Regulatory Risks Loss of our exemption from regulation pursuant to the Investment Company Act would adversely affect us. We conduct our business so as not to become regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act in reliance on the exemption provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act. Section 3(c)(5)(C), as interpreted by the staff of the SEC, requires that: (i) at least 55% of our investment portfolio consists of "mortgages and other liens on and interest in real estate," or "qualifying real estate interests," and (ii) at least 80% of our investment portfolio consists of qualifying real estate interests plus "real estate-related assets." The specific real estate related assets that we acquire are limited by the provisions of the Investment Company Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. In satisfying the 55% requirement, we treat Agency RMBS issued with respect to an underlying pool of mortgage loans in which we directly or indirectly hold all the certificates issued by the pool ("whole pool" securities) as qualifying real estate interests based on pronouncements of the SEC staff. We treat partial pool securities, CRT and other mortgage related securities as real estate-related assets. Consequently, our ability to satisfy the exemption under the Investment Company Act is dependent upon our ability to acquire and hold on a continuous basis a sufficient amount of whole pool securities. The availability of whole pool securities may be adversely impacted by a variety of factors, including GSE pooling practices, which can change over time, housing finance reform initiatives and competition for whole pool securities with other mortgage REITs. Additionally, if the SEC determines that any of our securities are not qualifying interests in real estate or real estate-related assets, otherwise believes we do not satisfy the above exceptions or changes its interpretation with respect to these securities or the above exceptions, we could be required to restructure our activities or sell certain of our assets. As such, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to acquire or hold enough whole pool securities to maintain our exemption under the Investment Company Act, and our compliance with these requirements may at times lead us to adopt less efficient methods of investing in certain securities or to forego acquiring more desirable securities. Importantly, if we fail to qualify for this exemption, our ability to use leverage would be substantially reduced and we would be unable to conduct our business as we currently conduct it, which could materially and adversely affect our business. Failure to satisfy regulatory requirements of our captive broker-dealer subsidiary could result in our inability to access tri-party repo funding through the FICC’s GCF Repo service and could be harmful to our business operations. BES is subject to ongoing membership and regulatory requirements as a member of the FICC and FINRA and as an SEC registered broker-dealer that include but are not limited to trade practices, use and safekeeping of funds and securities, capital structure, recordkeeping and conduct of directors, officers and employees. Additionally, as a self-clearing, registered broker-dealer, BES is subject to minimum net capital requirements. Our ability to access tri-party repo funding through the FICC's GCF Repo service, which represents a significant portion of our total borrowing capacity, and our ability to conduct self-clearing of our investment and funding activity through BES are reliant on BES' ability to continually meet these regulatory and membership requirements. If BES were to lose its memberships in FICC and FINRA or its status as a self-clearing registered broker-dealer, we may be unable to find alternative sources of financing on favorable terms and we may experience business interruptions as we attempt to transfer custody and clearing activities to alternative providers that would be harmful to our business. New legislation or administrative or judicial action could make it more difficult or impossible for us to remain qualified as a REIT or it could otherwise adversely affect REITs and their stockholders. The present U.S. federal income tax treatment of REITs may be modified, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, judicial or administrative action at any time, which could affect our ability to maintain our REIT status and/or the federal income tax treatment of an investment in us. The federal income tax rules dealing with REITs constantly are under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department, which results in statutory changes as well as frequent revisions to regulations and interpretations. Revisions in Federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could affect or cause us to change our investments and affect the tax considerations of an investment in us. 19 Actions of the U.S. Government, including the U.S. Congress, Fed, U.S. Treasury, Federal Housing Finance Administration ("FHFA") and other governmental and regulatory bodies may adversely affect our business. U.S. Government legislative and administrative actions may have an adverse impact on the financial markets. To the extent the markets do not respond favorably to any such actions or such actions do not function as intended, they could have broad adverse market implications and could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. For example, the actual or anticipated actions or inaction on U.S. fiscal policy matters, including the U.S. dept ceiling and the amount and tenor of U.S. Treasury debt required to fund the government, could result in a wide range of negative economic effects, including increased financial market and interest rate volatility and wider market spreads between mortgage assets and benchmark interest rates. Additionally, new regulatory requirements, including the imposition of more stringent bank capital rules and changes to the manner and timing of clearing U.S. Treasury and Agency RMBS transactions, could adversely affect the availability or terms of financing from our lending counterparties, reduce market liquidity, restrict the origination of residential mortgage loans and the formation of new issuances of mortgage-backed securities and limit the trading activities of certain banking entities and other systemically significant organizations that are important to our business. For example, the Fed and Federal Deposit Insurance Commission have proposed amendments to the capital rules for banks subject to their supervision that would apply risk weights (and costs) to Agency RMBS that may, if adopted as proposed, impact the source, pricing, volume, financing, and nature of Agency RMBS, and the SEC Division of Trading and Markets has adopted regulations requiring the central clearing of U.S. Treasury and U.S. Treasury repo transactions that will require significant changes to trading operations and has the potential to adversely impact liquidity, funding and efficiency of these markets, which could adversely impact the cost and other terms or availability of financing and hedging arrangements for our business. Together or individually new regulatory requirements could materially affect our financial condition or results of operations in adverse ways. Federal housing finance reform and potential changes to the Federal conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac or to laws or regulations affecting the relationship between the GSEs and the U.S. Government may adversely affect our business. The payments of principal and interest we receive on our Agency RMBS are guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae. The guarantees on Agency securities created by Ginnie Mae are explicitly backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government, whereas the guarantees on Agency securities created by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are not. In September 2008, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were placed into the conservatorship of the FHFA, their federal regulator. In addition to the conservatorships, the U.S. Department of the Treasury has provided a liquidity backstop to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to ensure their financial stability. Over time, efforts to end the conservatorships and the guarantee-payment structure of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have garnered attention from the U.S. Government. During the final year of the Trump Administration, FHFA established new regulatory capital requirements necessary for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to exit conservatorship, and the U.S. Treasury Department amended the terms of its liquidity backstop to enable Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to retain a greater amount of capital in order to achieve these levels, subject to certain conditions. Since taking office, the Biden Administration and the FHFA have delayed implementation or reversed some of these initiatives and have taken steps intended to advance other housing finance policy objectives. Although the FHFA has adopted amendments to GSE regulatory capital requirements, it has also taken steps to implement them, including by permitting the GSEs to charge fees that seek to offset related capital charges on certain Agency RMBS. These or future administrative actions may significantly impact the source, pricing, volume and nature of Agency RMBS and other mortgage securities that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac issue. Further administrative and/or legislative actions may be taken that affect structural GSE and federal housing finance reform, alter the amount or nature of the credit support provided by the U.S. Treasury to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, modify the future roles of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in housing finance or otherwise impact the value or relative fungibility of Agency RMBS issued by each GSE. Such actions may create market uncertainty, may have the effect of reducing the actual or perceived credit quality of securities issued or guaranteed by them or may otherwise impact the size and scope of the Agency RMBS markets. To the extent such actions would terminate the conservatorships without also providing for a sufficiently robust U.S. government guaranty, they could re-define what constitutes an Agency security and subject Agency RMBS to greater credit risk, make them more difficult to finance, and cause their values to decline, all of which could have broad adverse implications for the mortgage markets and our business. Risks Related to Our Common Stock The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile. The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. If the market price of our common stock declines significantly, stockholders may be unable to resell shares at a gain. Furthermore, fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock may adversely affect the liquidity of our common stock and our ability to 20 raise additional equity capital. Price fluctuations may result in our stock trading below our reported net tangible book value per share for extended periods of time. Variations in the price of our common stock can be affected by any one of the risk factors described herein. Variations may also occur due to a variety of factors unrelated to our financial performance, such as: • general market and economic conditions, including actual and anticipated changes in interest rates and mortgage spreads; • changes in government policy, rules and regulations applicable to mortgage REITs, including tax laws, financial accounting and reporting standards, and exemptions from the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended; actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results as well as relative to levels expected by securities analysts; issuance of shares of common stock or securities convertible into common stock, which may be issued at a price below tangible net book value per share of common stock; changes in market valuations of similar companies; adverse market reaction to any increased indebtedness we incur in the future or issuance of preferred stock senior in priority to our common stock; actions by stockholders, individually or collectively; additions or departures of key management personnel; speculation in the press or investment community; actual or anticipated changes in our dividend policy; and changes to our targeted investments or investment guidelines. • • • • • • • • • We have not established a minimum dividend payment level and may be unable to pay dividends in the future. We intend to pay monthly dividends to our common stockholders in an amount that all or substantially all our taxable income is distributed within the limits prescribed by the Internal Revenue Code. However, we have not established a minimum dividend payment level and the amount of our dividend may fluctuate. Our ability to pay dividends may be adversely affected by the risk factors described herein. All distributions will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our earnings and financial condition, the requirements for REIT qualification and such other factors as our Board of Directors deems relevant from time to time. Additionally, our preferred stock has a preference on dividend payments and liquidating distributions that could limit our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Therefore, we may not be able to make distributions in the future or our Board of Directors may change our dividend policy. Our certificate of incorporation generally does not permit ownership of more than 9.8% of our common or capital stock and attempts to acquire amounts above this limit will be ineffective unless an exemption is granted by our Board of Directors. For the purpose of complying with REIT ownership limitations under the Internal Revenue Code, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation generally prohibits beneficial or constructive ownership by any person of more than 9.8% of our common or capital stock (by value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive), unless exempted by our Board of Directors. Such constructive ownership rules are complex and may cause the outstanding stock owned by a group of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be constructively owned by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of 9.8% or less of the outstanding stock by an individual, entity or group could result in constructive ownership greater than 9.8% and thus be subject to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation's ownership limit. Any attempt to own or transfer shares of our common or preferred stock more than the ownership limit without the consent of the Board of Directors will result in the shares being automatically transferred to a charitable trust or, if the transfer to a charitable trust would not be effective, such transfer being treated as invalid from the outset. Such ownership limit could also delay or prevent a transaction or a change in our control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 1C. Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy We maintain an active cybersecurity risk management and strategy program to address the risks of cybersecurity threats to our business. Our cybersecurity program aligns with the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, and we conduct reviews of its effectiveness on a regular basis through annual testing, periodic third- party evaluations of our processes and controls, and ongoing surveillance. This program involves the use of cybersecurity tools to identify, protect, detect, respond, and recover from cybersecurity threats. Additionally, we engage with third-party cybersecurity consultants and other professional advisors to gain insight and knowledge into emerging threats, industry trends and emerging practices. Annually, we review cybersecurity risk in the context of our overall enterprise risk management assessment. As a component of these processes, our management 21 team, including our Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, identifies and assesses the likelihood and magnitude of risks, on both inherent and residual basis. These evaluations inform our overall cybersecurity strategy. Our business operations depend significantly on third party service providers. We have processes in place to evaluate the operational and cybersecurity risks posed to us by third parties on whom we are reliant for these services at the inception of our engagement, and we annually review third-party firms that pose the greatest risks to our business and operations from cybersecurity threats. Nonetheless, we rely on the third parties we use to implement security programs commensurate with their own risk, and we cannot ensure that their efforts will be successful. Our primary business involves investments in mortgages and mortgage instruments, but we do not perform mortgage servicing, maintain customer accounts, or provide any direct mortgage lending. Nor do we receive personal information on individual mortgage borrowers as part of our regular operations. However, our business is highly dependent on the availability of information systems, and a cybersecurity incident, if one were to occur, could have the potential to disrupt our operations. Please refer to Risks Related to Our Business Operations in Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Form 10-K for a further discussion of the risks posed by cybersecurity threats. Governance and Oversight The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors has responsibility to oversee management’s strategy to address risks from cybersecurity threats. The Audit Committee periodically reviews with management the Company’s policies, controls, and procedures used to identify, mitigate, and manage cybersecurity risks. To accomplish this objective, we have established processes for reporting cybersecurity risks to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors on a quarterly basis. This report, which is prepared by our Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, includes performance as against key performance indicators (KPIs) and service level objectives specifically defined to measure the effectiveness of our cybersecurity controls and risk management efforts, current threat landscape, and strategy. In addition, on an annual basis the Company’s Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer presents to the Audit Committee on cybersecurity matters, including material changes to the Company’s information systems, policies and controls, the results of penetration and other testing and findings from any third-party reviews. Our Audit Committee is committed to maintaining a well-informed and cybersecurity-aware posture, regularly engaging by receiving scheduled and requested updates on our strategy to address risks from cybersecurity threats and the evolving threat landscape. The Board of Directors also is appraised of cybersecurity risks as part of its review of management’s annual enterprise risk management assessment. Management plays a pivotal role in identifying, assessing, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. This involves continuous monitoring, analyzing emerging threats, and the development and implementation of risk mitigation strategies. Led by our Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer with over 20 years of cyber and risk management experience, the Company actively implements and enforces cybersecurity policies, procedures, and strategies, including employee training programs, security assessments, and updates to ensure alignment with our evolving threat landscape. Item 2. Properties None. Item 3. Legal Proceedings Neither we, nor any of our consolidated subsidiaries, are currently subject to any material litigation nor, to our knowledge, is any material litigation threatened against us or any consolidated subsidiary, other than routine litigation and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Such proceedings are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the business, financial conditions, or results of our operations. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 22 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities PART II. Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "AGNC." As of January 31, 2024, 695,015,141 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding, which were held by 1,464 stockholders of record. Most of the shares of our common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders. Dividends We intend to pay dividends monthly to our common stockholders and to continue to qualify for the tax benefits accorded to a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. We have not established a minimum dividend payment level and our ability to pay dividends may be adversely affected for the reasons described under the caption "Risk Factors." Additionally, holders of depositary shares underlying our preferred stock are entitled to receive cumulative cash dividends before holders of our common stock are entitled to receive any dividends. See Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K for a description of our preferred stock and for common and preferred stock dividends paid for the three years ended December 31, 2023. All distributions to stockholders will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our earnings, financial condition, maintenance of our REIT status and other factors as our Board of Directors may deem relevant from time to time. Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table summarizes information, as of December 31, 2023, concerning shares of our common stock authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, pursuant to which grants of equity-based awards, namely restricted stock units ("RSUs"), may be granted from time to time. See Notes 2 and 10 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K for a description of our equity compensation plans. Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Plan Category Total ________________________________ Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants 1 and rights Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in 2 the first column of this table) 8,649,016 — 8,649,016 $ $ — — — 28,655,641 — 28,655,641 1. 2. Includes (i) unvested time and performance-based RSU awards (unvested performance-based awards assume the maximum payout under the terms of the award); (ii) outstanding previously vested awards, if distribution of such awards has been deferred beyond the vesting date; and (iii) accrued dividend equivalent units on items (i) and (ii) through December 31, 2023. Available shares are reduced by items (i), (ii) and (iii) noted above and by shares issued for vested awards, net of units withheld to cover minimum statutory tax withholding requirements paid by us in cash on behalf of the employee. Performance Graph The following graph and table compare a stockholder's cumulative total return, assuming $100 invested at December 31, 2018, with the reinvestment of all dividends, as if such amounts had been invested in: (i) our common stock; (ii) the stocks included in the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Index ("S&P 500"); and (iii) the stocks included in the Bloomberg Mortgage REIT Index. 23 ________________________________ * $100 invested on 12/31/18 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31. AGNC Investment Corp. S&P 500 Bloomberg Mortgage REITs December 31, 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 $ $ $ 101.00 207.04 97.93 $ $ $ 91.81 163.98 85.54 $ $ $ 117.30 200.29 113.11 $ $ $ 111.47 155.65 96.18 $ $ $ 113.32 131.47 123.63 The information in the share performance graph and table has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but neither its accuracy nor its completeness can be guaranteed. The historical information set forth above is not necessarily indicative of future performance. Accordingly, we do not make or endorse any predictions as to future share performance. Item 6. [Reserved] 24 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is designed to provide a reader of AGNC Investment Corp.'s consolidated financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of management and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our MD&A is presented in the following sections: • • • • • Executive Overview Financial Condition Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates Results of Operations Liquidity and Capital Resources • Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements • Forward-Looking Statements EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW We are a leading provider of private capital to the U.S. housing market, enhancing liquidity in the residential real estate mortgage markets and, in turn, facilitating home ownership in the U.S. We invest primarily in Agency RMBS on a leveraged basis. These investments consist of residential mortgage pass- through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, or by a U.S. Government agency, such as Ginnie Mae. We may also invest in other assets related to the housing, mortgage or real estate markets that are not guaranteed by a GSE or U.S. Government agency. We are internally managed with the principal objective of generating favorable long-term stockholder returns with a substantial yield component. We generate income from the interest earned on our investments, net of associated borrowing and hedging costs, and net realized gains and losses on our investment and hedging activities. We fund our investments primarily through collateralized borrowings structured as repurchase agreements. We operate in a manner to qualify to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. We employ an active management strategy that is dynamic and responsive to evolving market conditions. The composition of our portfolio and our investment, funding, and hedging strategies are tailored to reflect our analysis of market conditions and the relative values of available options. Market conditions are influenced by a variety of factors, including interest rates, prepayment expectations, liquidity, housing prices, unemployment rates, general economic conditions, government participation in the mortgage market, regulations and relative returns on other assets. Trends and Recent Market Impacts The Federal Reserve continued its unprecedented dual-track approach to monetary policy tightening in 2023. Since the beginning of this cycle in 2022, the Federal Reserve has raised the Federal Funds rate by 525 basis points and reduced its balance sheet by $1.3 trillion. This aggressive Federal Reserve campaign and a number of other macroeconomic and geopolitical factors, including persistent inflation, regional bank failures and fears of broader financial contagion, political uncertainty regarding the U.S. debt ceiling and gross supply of U.S. Treasury securities, and significant global geopolitical events, led to sharply higher interest rate and Agency RMBS spread volatility throughout the year. While a number of the risks related to these factors remain and will continue to influence Agency RMBS performance going forward, market uncertainty about many of them has declined considerably from peak levels experienced during the year. The 10-year U.S. Treasury increased 170 basis points from the April 2023 low of 3.3% to nearly 5.0% in mid-October before declining 110 basis points to 3.9% at year end, ending the year unchanged. The current coupon Agency RMBS spread to a blend of 5- and 10-year Treasuries began the year at 145 basis points and reached 190 basis points in May and again in October, approximating levels that Agency RMBS spreads had previously reached since 2000 only during extreme financial market dislocations - the Great Financial Crisis and the peak of the Covid pandemic - before declining to 139 basis points at year end. Challenging fixed income environments underscore the importance of active portfolio management and prioritization of risk management. To that end, AGNC maintained a large interest rate hedge position, averaging over 115% of our repo funding and TBA position for 2023 and 2022, and a reduced leverage profile, averaging 7.4x and 7.8x of our tangible stockholders' equity for 2023 and 2022, respectively. In addition, our liquidity as a percentage of our stockholders' equity remained within normal operating levels despite the difficult environment, with unencumbered cash and Agency RMBS growing to $5.1 billion, or 66% of our tangible stockholders' equity, as of the end of 2023, up from $4.3 billion, or 59% of tangible stockholders’ 25 equity, the previous year-end. To capitalize on higher asset yields and wider spreads, in 2023, we continued to shift our asset portfolio away from TBA and lower coupon holdings toward a greater share of higher coupon, high-quality specified pools. As a result, the weighted average coupon on our fixed-rate Agency RMBS and TBA securities increased to 4.83% as of December 31, 2023 from 4.13% as of the previous year-end. Additionally, we opportunistically issued $1.1 billion and $0.5 billion in 2023 and 2022, respectively, of accretive common equity through our At-the-Market offering program to capitalize on our material price to book premium. AGNC earned total comprehensive income of $0.30 per diluted common share for fiscal year 2023, versus a loss of $4.22 in fiscal year 2022. Our total economic return on tangible common equity was 3.0% for 2023, comprised of $1.44 dividends declared per common share and a $1.14 decline in tangible net book value per common share, compared to a loss of 28.4% for 2022. Net spread and dollar roll income (a non-GAAP measure) per diluted common share totaled $2.61 for fiscal year 2023, compared to $3.11 for 2022, as higher asset yields and our pay-fixed / receive-variable interest rate swap portfolio largely offset rising repo funding costs and declining TBA dollar roll income during the year. As a levered investor in Agency RMBS, AGNC's performance is primarily driven by changes in Agency RMBS spreads to benchmark interest rates and interest rate volatility. Looking ahead, although risk measures for volatility remain elevated by historical standards, we believe a more favorable investment environment for Agency RMBS is emerging, supported by three key developments. First, the Fed adopted a more neutral monetary policy stance in the fourth quarter and indicated that multiple rate cuts are possible in 2024 if inflation continues to improve as expected. Second, many of the factors that drove the high levels of interest rate volatility in 2023 have now largely subsided, which should, in turn, enhance the attractiveness of Agency RMBS and reduce the cost of our interest rate risk management activities. Third, Agency RMBS spreads appear to have settled into a new trading range, providing us additional confidence in our view that the secular spread widening associated with the Federal Reserve’s reduced presence in the Agency RMBS market has reached its conclusion. Importantly, the higher end of this recent trading range has held on several repeated occasions, as the nearly 2.0% yield benefit for Agency RMBS relative to Treasury securities at these wide spread levels led to strong incremental demand for Agency RMBS. These developments collectively position Agency RMBS as an attractive investment option, both on an absolute and relative basis, in our view, and form the basis for our positive investment outlook. For information regarding non-GAAP financial measures, including reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measure please refer to Results of Operations included in this MD&A below. For information regarding the sensitivity of our tangible net book value per common share to changes in interest rates and mortgage spreads, please refer to Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk in this form 10-K. 26 Market Information The following table summarizes benchmark interest rates and prices of generic fixed rate Agency RMBS as of each date presented below: 1 Interest Rate/Security Price Dec. 31, 2022 Mar. 31, 2023 June 30, 2023 Sept. 30, 2023 Dec. 31, 2023 Dec. 31, 2023 vs Dec. 31, 2022 Target Federal Funds Rate: Target Federal Funds Rate - Upper Band SOFR: SOFR Rate SOFR Interest Rate Swap Rate: 2-Year Swap 5-Year Swap 10-Year Swap 30-Year Swap U.S. Treasury Security Rate: 2-Year U.S. Treasury 5-Year U.S. Treasury 10-Year U.S. Treasury 30-Year U.S. Treasury 30-Year Fixed Rate Agency Price: 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.0% 6.5% 15-Year Fixed Rate Agency Price: 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.50% 5.00% 5.25% 5.50% 5.50% +100 bps 4.30% 4.87% 5.09% 5.31% 5.38% +108 bps 4.45% 3.75% 3.56% 3.21% 4.43% 4.01% 3.88% 3.97% $84.96 $88.02 $91.10 $94.03 $96.59 $98.80 $100.47 $101.69 $102.57 $86.84 $89.28 $91.80 $93.85 $95.93 $97.75 4.06% 3.34% 3.17% 2.93% 4.03% 3.58% 3.47% 3.65% $86.16 $89.63 $92.82 $95.59 $97.92 $99.69 $101.00 $102.08 $103.23 $87.95 $90.36 $92.83 $94.83 $96.68 $98.41 4.82% 3.94% 3.58% 3.20% 4.90% 4.16% 3.84% 3.86% $84.77 $88.01 $91.11 $93.84 $96.14 $98.00 $99.55 $100.88 $102.12 $86.30 $88.61 $90.98 $93.32 $95.14 $96.59 4.97% 4.38% 4.27% 4.01% 5.05% 4.61% 4.57% 4.70% $79.39 $82.75 $86.02 $89.09 $91.85 $94.39 $96.68 $98.74 $100.52 $83.27 $85.81 $88.21 $90.54 $92.52 $94.42 4.07% 3.53% 3.47% 3.32% 4.25% 3.85% 3.88% 4.03% $85.24 $88.58 $91.86 $94.69 $97.04 $99.04 $100.56 $101.63 $102.51 $86.86 $89.47 $92.14 $94.30 $96.39 $98.10 -38 bps -22 bps -9 bps +11 bps -18 bps -16 bps — bps +6 bps +$0.28 +$0.56 +$0.76 +$0.66 +$0.45 +$0.24 +$0.09 -$0.06 -$0.06 +$0.02 +$0.19 +$0.34 +$0.45 +$0.46 +$0.35 ________________________________ 1. Price information is for generic instruments only and is not reflective of our specific portfolio holdings. Price information is as of 3:00 p.m. (EST) on such date and can vary by source. Price information is sourced from Barclays. Interest rate information is sourced from Bloomberg. 27 The following table summarizes mortgage and credit spreads as of each date presented below: Mortgage Rate/Credit Spread 1 Mortgage Rate: 30-Year Agency Current Coupon Yield to 5-Year U.S. Treasury Spread 30-Year Agency Current Coupon Yield to 10-Year U.S. Treasury Spread 30-Year Agency Current Coupon Yield to 5/10-Year U.S. Treasury Spread 30-Year Agency Current Coupon Yield 30-Year Mortgage Rate 2 Credit Spread (in bps): CRT M2 CMBS AAA CDX IG ________________________________ Dec. 31, 2022 Mar. 31, 2023 June 30, 2023 Sept. 30, 2023 Dec. 31, 2023 138 151 145 5.39% 6.52% 514 125 82 147 158 152 5.05% 6.40% 423 171 76 147 179 163 5.63% 6.78% 360 151 66 175 179 177 6.36% 7.41% 252 137 74 140 137 139 5.25% 6.56% 206 118 56 Dec. 31, 2023 vs Dec. 31, 2022 +2 -14 -6 -14 bps +4 bps -308 -7 -26 1. 2. 30-Year Current Coupon Yield represents yield on new production Agency RMBS. 30-Year Current Coupon Yields are sourced from Bloomberg and 30-Year Mortgage Rates are sourced from Clear Blue. CRT and CDX spreads sourced from JP Morgan. CMBS spreads are the average of spreads sourced from Bank of America, JP Morgan and Wells Fargo. 28 FINANCIAL CONDITION As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our investment portfolio totaled $60.2 billion and $59.5 billion, respectively, consisting of: $54.8 billion and $40.9 billion investment securities, at fair value, respectively; $5.4 billion and $18.6 billion net TBA securities, at fair value, respectively; and other mortgage credit investments of $44 million and $25 million, respectively, which we account for under the equity method of accounting. The following table is a summary of our investment securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in millions): 1 Investment Securities (Includes TBAs) Fixed rate Agency RMBS and TBA securities: ≤ 15-year: ≤ 15-year RMBS 15-year TBA securities Total ≤ 15-year 20-year RMBS 30-year: 30-year RMBS 2 30-year TBA securities, net Total 30-year Total fixed rate Agency RMBS and TBA securities Adjustable rate Agency RMBS Multifamily CMO Agency RMBS: CMO Interest-only strips Principal-only strips Total CMO Agency RMBS Total Agency RMBS and TBA securities 1 Non-Agency RMBS CMBS CRT Total investment securities ________________________________ December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost Fair Value Average Coupon % Amortized Cost Fair Value Average Coupon % December 31, 2022 $ $ 759 89 848 872 53,658 5,199 58,857 60,577 293 161 127 40 27 194 718 91 809 768 51,675 5,263 56,938 58,515 290 162 120 35 26 181 61,225 59,148 43 303 682 34 273 723 $ 62,253 $ 60,178 3.25 % 5.00 % 3.44 % 2.82 % 4.82 % 5.50 % 4.88 % 4.83 % 4.67 % 4.47 % 3.28 % 1.77 % — % 2.03 % 4.80 % 5.10 % 7.27 % 10.45 % 4.88 % 1 % $ — % 1 % 1 % 86 % 9 % 95 % 97 % — % — % — % — % — % — % 98 % — % — % 1 % $ 1,718 — 1,718 1,601 39,727 18,407 58,134 61,453 126 — 136 46 31 213 1,597 — 1,597 1,365 36,207 18,574 54,781 57,743 122 — 129 41 29 199 61,792 58,064 111 605 779 90 567 757 100 % $ 63,287 $ 59,478 3.25 % — % 3.25 % 2.51 % 3.89 % 4.84 % 4.20 % 4.13 % 3.72 % — % 3.20 % 2.15 % — % 2.25 % 4.12 % 4.52 % 6.06 % 8.48 % 4.18 % 3 % — % 3 % 2 % 61 % 31 % 92 % 97 % — % — % — % — % — % 1 % 98 % — % 1 % 1 % 100 % 1. 2. Table excludes other mortgage credit investments of $44 million and $25 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. TBA securities are presented net of long and short positions. For further details of our TBA securities refer to Note 5 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K TBA securities are recorded as derivative instruments in our accompanying consolidated financial statements, and our TBA dollar roll transactions represent a form of off-balance sheet financing. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our TBA securities had a net carrying value of $66 million and $167 million, respectively, reported in derivative assets/(liabilities) on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The net carrying value represents the difference between the fair value of the underlying security in the TBA contract and the price to be paid or received for the underlying security. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted average yield on our investment securities (excluding TBA and forward settling securities) was 4.41% and 3.37%, respectively. 29 The following tables summarize certain characteristics of our fixed rate Agency RMBS portfolio, inclusive of TBA securities, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in millions): Fixed Rate Agency RMBS and TBA Securities Fixed rate Par Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Specified Pool 1 % Weighted Average Coupon Includes Net TBA Position December 31, 2023 Excludes Net TBA Position Weighted Average Amortized Cost Basis 2 Yield Age (Months) Projected 2 CPR ≤ 15-year: ≤ 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% Total ≤ 15-year 20-year: ≤ 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% ≥ 4.0% Total 20-year: 30-year: ≤ 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.0% ≥ 6.5% Total 30-year 58 442 14 229 1 90 834 219 337 27 117 142 842 3,816 5,580 6,586 6,542 9,696 12,352 9,305 3,889 57,766 59 450 14 235 1 89 848 225 352 28 119 148 872 3,861 5,811 6,960 6,763 9,719 12,391 9,384 3,968 58,857 Total fixed rate $ 59,442 $ 60,577 $ ________________________________ 54 423 13 227 1 91 809 188 301 25 113 141 768 3,263 5,230 6,358 6,426 9,657 12,486 9,507 4,011 56,938 58,515 100% 99% 100% 95% 99% —% 87% —% —% 97% 79% 96% 32% 55% 86% 92% 64% 39% 25% 22% 29% 46% 47% 2.16% 3.00% 3.50% 4.00% 4.50% 5.00% 3.44% 2.00% 2.50% 3.00% 3.50% 4.26% 2.82% 2.43% 3.50% 4.00% 4.50% 5.00% 5.50% 6.00% 6.50% 4.88% 4.83% 101.7% 101.5% 101.5% 102.8% 101.7% 100.9% 101.9% 102.6% 104.7% 103.6% 101.7% 104.3% 103.6% 101.0% 104.1% 105.7% 103.9% 100.5% 100.6% 101.0% 102.3% 102.2% 102.2% 1.77% 2.54% 2.60% 2.98% 2.70% 2.54% 2.62% 1.58% 1.72% 2.28% 2.96% 3.14% 2.11% 2.28% 2.84% 3.08% 3.83% 4.91% 5.39% 5.71% 5.78% 4.41% 4.34% 65 71 126 70 154 168 71 37 42 53 125 83 59 34 97 80 46 14 10 7 6 35 35 10% 10% 14% 13% 21% 41% 11% 5% 6% 8% 10% 11% 7% 6% 7% 8% 8% 9% 12% 19% 21% 11% 11% 1. 2. Specified pools include pools backed by lower balance loans with original loan balances of up to $200K, HARP pools (defined as pools that were issued between May 2009 and December 2018 and backed by 100% refinance loans with original LTVs ≥ 80%), and pools backed by loans 100% originated in New York and Puerto Rico. As of December 31, 2023, lower balance specified pools had a weighted average original loan balance of $132,000 and $153,000 for 15-year and 30-year securities, respectively, and HARP pools had a weighted average original LTV of 128% and 141% for 15-year and 30-year securities, respectively. Portfolio yield incorporates a projected life CPR based on forward rate assumptions as of December 31, 2023. 30 Fixed Rate Agency RMBS and TBA Securities Fixed rate Par Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Specified Pool 1 % Includes Net TBA Position December 31, 2022 Weighted Average Coupon Excludes Net TBA Position Weighted Average Amortized Cost Basis 2 Yield Age (Months) Projected 2 CPR ≤ 15-year: ≤ 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% ≥ 4.5% Total ≤ 15-year 20-year: ≤ 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% ≥ 4.0% Total 20-year: 30-year: ≤ 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.0% ≥ 6.5% Total 30-year $ $ 46 261 531 490 342 3 $ 47 275 540 501 352 3 41 240 504 473 336 3 1,673 1,718 1,597 846 367 30 137 166 872 385 31 139 174 721 322 28 131 163 1,546 1,601 1,365 9,536 7,669 8,587 11,663 11,762 7,589 532 103 57,441 9,463 7,927 9,012 11,850 11,674 7,558 543 107 58,134 8,112 7,133 8,243 11,364 11,641 7,635 547 106 54,781 57,743 100% 100% 99% 100% 93% 97% 98% —% —% 97% 81% 96% 21% 35% 82% 83% 52% 19% 12% 50% 21% 46% 46% 2.00% 2.50% 3.00% 3.50% 4.00% 4.55% 3.25% 2.00% 2.50% 3.00% 3.50% 4.27% 2.51% 2.45% 3.50% 4.00% 4.50% 5.00% 5.50% 6.00% 6.50% 4.20% 4.13% 103.1% 105.6% 101.6% 102.2% 103.2% 102.8% 102.7% 103.1% 105.0% 103.8% 101.9% 104.5% 103.6% 101.9% 104.0% 105.8% 103.5% 101.7% 102.0% 103.8% 104.3% 103.5% 103.5% 1.35% 1.29% 2.54% 2.83% 2.96% 2.65% 2.47% 1.54% 1.73% 2.28% 2.96% 3.12% 1.89% 2.16% 2.84% 3.08% 3.94% 4.71% 5.15% 5.22% 5.32% 3.33% 3.25% 25 37 60 57 60 144 55 27 30 41 113 72 40 21 83 68 28 8 6 6 9 42 43 7% 8% 10% 12% 13% 17% 11% 5% 5% 8% 10% 11% 6% 6% 7% 8% 7% 7% 9% 12% 18% 7% 7% Total fixed rate $ 60,660 $ 61,453 $ ________________________________ 1. 2. See Note 1 of preceding table for specified pool composition. As of December 31, 2022, lower balance specified pools had a weighted average original loan balance of $123,000 and $140,000 for 15-year and 30-year securities, respectively, and HARP pools had a weighted average original LTV of 128% and 138% for 15-year and 30-year securities, respectively. Portfolio yield incorporates a projected life CPR based on forward rate assumptions as of December 31, 2022. For additional details regarding our CRT and non-Agency securities, including credit ratings, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, please refer to Note 3 of our Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8 of this Form 10-K. SUMMARY OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES Our critical accounting estimates involve estimates that require management to make judgments that are subjective in nature. We rely on our experience and analysis of historical and current market data to arrive at what we believe to be reasonable estimates. Under different conditions, we could report materially different amounts based on such estimates. For additional information regarding our significant accounting policies please refer to Note 2 of our Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Interest Income The effective yield on our Agency RMBS and non-Agency securities of high credit quality is highly impacted by our estimate of future prepayments. We accrue interest income based on the outstanding principal amount and contractual terms of these securities, and we amortize or accrete premiums and discounts associated with our purchase of these securities into interest income over their projected lives, incorporating scheduled contractual payments and estimated prepayments, using the effective interest method. The weighted average cost basis of our securities as of December 31, 2023 was 102.2% of par value; therefore, changes in our actual or projected prepayments can significantly alter the effective yield on our assets. 31 Future prepayment rates are difficult to predict, and we rely on a third-party service provider and our experience and analysis of historical and current market data to arrive at what we believe to be reasonable estimates. Our third-party service provider estimates prepayment rates over the remaining life of our securities using models that incorporate the forward yield curve, current mortgage rates, mortgage rates on the outstanding loans, age and size of the outstanding loans, loan-to-value ratios, interest rate volatility and other factors. We review the estimated prepayment rates for reasonableness, giving consideration to historical prepayment rates, current market conditions and other factors we believe are likely to impact the rate of prepayments on our portfolio, and based on our judgment we may adjust the third-party estimates. We review our actual and anticipated prepayment experience on at least a quarterly basis, and effective yields are recalculated when differences arise between (i) our previous prepayment estimates and (ii) actual prepayments to date and current estimates of future prepayments. If the actual and estimated future prepayment experience differs from our prior estimate of prepayments, we are required to record an adjustment in the current period to the amortization or accretion of premiums and discounts for the cumulative difference in the effective yield from inception through the reporting date. We commonly refer to this adjustment as "catch-up" premium amortization cost/benefit. The most significant factor impacting prepayment rates on our securities is changes to long-term interest rates. Prepayment rates generally increase when interest rates fall and decrease when interest rates rise. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk in this Form 10-K includes the estimated weighted average projected CPR of our investments and the corresponding weighted average yield on our investments should interest rates instantaneously go up or down by 25, 50, and 75 basis points. However, there are a variety of other factors that may impact the rate of prepayments on our securities. Consequently, our actual experience and future estimates of prepayments could differ materially from our estimates. At the time we purchase CRT and non-Agency securities that are not of high credit quality, we determine an effective interest rate based on our estimate of the timing and amount of cash flows and our cost basis. On at least a quarterly basis, we review the estimated cash flows and make appropriate adjustments based on input and analysis received from external sources, internal models, our judgment about interest rates, prepayment rates, including collateral call provisions, timing and amount of estimated credit losses, and other factors. Any resulting changes in effective yield are recognized prospectively based on the current amortized cost of the investment as adjusted for credit impairment, if any. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Non-GAAP Financial Measures In addition to the results presented in accordance with GAAP, our results of operations discussed below include certain non-GAAP financial information, including "economic interest income," "economic interest expense," and "net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" and the related per common share measures and certain financial metrics derived from such non-GAAP information. 1 "Economic interest income" is measured as interest income (GAAP measure), adjusted to (i) exclude retrospective "catch-up" adjustments to premium amortization cost associated with changes in projected CPR estimates and (ii) include TBA dollar roll implied interest income. "Economic interest expense" is measured as interest expense (GAAP measure) adjusted to include TBA dollar roll implied interest expense/benefit and interest rate swap periodic cost/income. "Net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" is measured as comprehensive income (loss) available (attributable) to common stockholders (GAAP measure) adjusted to: (i) exclude gains/losses on investment securities recognized through net income and other comprehensive income and gains/losses on derivative instruments and other securities (GAAP measures); (ii) exclude retrospective "catch-up" adjustments to premium amortization cost associated with changes in projected CPR estimates; and (iii) include interest rate swap periodic income/cost, TBA dollar roll income and other interest income/expense. As defined "Net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" includes (i) the components of "economic interest income" and "economic interest expense", plus (ii) other interest income/expense, and less (iii) total operating expenses and dividends on preferred stock (GAAP measures). By providing such measures, in addition to the related GAAP measures, we believe we give greater transparency into the information used by our management in its financial and operational decision-making. We also believe it is important for users of our financial information to consider information related to our current financial performance without the effects of certain measures and one-time events that are not necessarily indicative of our current investment portfolio performance and operations. Specifically, in the case "net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" and components of such measure, "economic interest income" and "economic interest expense," we believe the inclusion of TBA dollar roll income is meaningful as TBAs, which are accounted for under GAAP as derivative instruments with gains and losses recognized in other 32 gain (loss) in our consolidated statement of comprehensive income, are economically equivalent to holding and financing generic Agency RMBS using short- term repurchase agreements. Similarly, we believe that the inclusion of periodic interest rate swap settlements is meaningful as interest rate swaps are the primary instrument we use to economically hedge against fluctuations in our borrowing costs and it is more indicative of our total cost of funds than interest expense alone. Additionally, we believe the exclusion of "catch-up" premium amortization adjustments is meaningful as it excludes the cumulative effect from prior reporting periods due to current changes in future prepayment expectations and, therefore, exclusion of such adjustments is more indicative of the current earnings potential of our investment portfolio. However, because such measures are incomplete measures of our financial performance and involve differences from results computed in accordance with GAAP, they should be considered as supplementary to, and not as a substitute for, results computed in accordance with GAAP. In addition, because not all companies use identical calculations, our presentation of such non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. ________________________________ 1. "Net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" was previously referred to as "net spread and dollar roll income, excluding 'catch-up' premium amortization, available to common stockholders". "Net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" continues to exclude "catch-up" premium amortization. Selected Financial Data The following selected financial data is derived from our annual financial statements for the three years ended December 31, 2023. The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the more detailed information contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and in this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (in millions, except per share amounts): Balance Sheet Data Investment securities, at fair value of $54,824, $40,904 and $54,421, respectively, and other mortgage credit investments Total assets Repurchase agreements and other debt Total liabilities Total stockholders' equity 1 Net book value per common share Tangible net book value per common share 2 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2023 December 31, 2022 2021 54,868 $ 71,596 $ 50,506 $ 63,339 $ 8,257 $ 9.46 $ 8.70 $ 40,929 $ 51,748 $ 36,357 $ 43,878 $ 7,870 $ 10.76 $ 9.84 $ 54,421 68,149 47,507 57,858 10,291 16.76 15.75 33 Statement of Comprehensive Income Data Interest income Interest expense Net interest income Other gain (loss), net Operating expenses Net income (loss) Dividends on preferred stock Net income (loss) available (attributable) to common stockholders Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss), net Comprehensive income (loss) Dividends on preferred stock Comprehensive income (loss) available (attributable) to common stockholders Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted Net income (loss) per common share - basic Net income (loss) per common share - diluted Comprehensive income (loss) per common share - basic Comprehensive income (loss) per common share - diluted Dividends declared per common share Other Data (Unaudited) * Average investment securities - at par Average investment securities - at cost 3 Net TBA portfolio - at par (as of period end) 3 Net TBA portfolio - at cost (as of period end) 3 Net TBA portfolio - at market value (as of period end) Net TBA portfolio - at carrying value (as of period end) 3,4 Average net TBA dollar roll position - at cost Average total assets - at fair value 5 Average repurchase agreements and other debt outstanding 6 Average stockholders' equity 7 Average tangible net book value "at risk" leverage 8 Tangible net book value "at risk" leverage (as of period end) 9 Economic return on tangible common equity Expenses % of average total assets Expenses % of average assets, including average net TBA position Expenses % of average stockholders' equity ________________________________ 2023 Fiscal Year 2022 2021 2,041 $ 2,287 (246) 497 96 155 123 32 $ 155 $ 155 310 123 187 $ 618.4 619.6 0.05 $ 0.05 $ 0.30 $ 0.30 $ 1.44 $ 1,590 $ 625 965 (2,081) 74 (1,190) 105 (1,295) $ (1,190) $ (973) (2,163) 105 (2,268) $ 537.0 537.0 (2.41) $ (2.41) $ (4.22) $ (4.22) $ 1.44 $ 1,361 75 1,286 (449) 88 749 100 649 749 (418) 331 100 231 528.1 530.0 1.23 1.22 0.44 0.44 1.44 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2023 Fiscal Year 2022 2021 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 50,878 52,262 5,331 5,288 5,354 66 10,000 63,409 44,027 7,817 7.4:1 7.0:1 3.0 % 0.15 % 0.13 % 1.23 % $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 47,761 49,195 19,050 18,407 18,574 167 20,631 61,028 41,363 8,475 7.8:1 7.4:1 (28.4)% 0.12 % 0.09 % 0.87 % 53,057 54,869 27,123 27,622 27,578 (44) 29,851 72,908 49,923 10,885 7.7:1 7.7:1 2.9 % 0.12 % 0.09 % 0.81 % * Except as noted below, average numbers for each period are weighted based on days on our books and records. 1. 2. 3. 4. Net book value per common share is calculated as total stockholders' equity, less preferred stock liquidation preference, divided by number of common shares outstanding as of period end. Tangible net book value per common share excludes goodwill. Includes net TBA dollar roll position and, if applicable, forward settling securities. The carrying value of our net TBA position represents the difference between the market value and the cost basis of the TBA contract as of period-end and is reported in derivative assets/(liabilities), at fair value on our accompanying consolidated balances sheets. Amount represents the daily weighted average repurchase agreements outstanding for the period used to fund our investment securities and other debt. Amount excludes U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements and TBA contracts. Other debt includes debt of consolidated VIEs. 5. 34 6. 7. 8. 9. Average stockholders' equity calculated as average month-ended stockholders' equity during the period. Average tangible net book value "at risk" leverage is calculated by dividing the sum of daily weighted average repurchase agreements used to fund our investment securities, other debt, and TBA and forward settling securities (at cost) (collectively "mortgage borrowings") outstanding for the period by the sum of average stockholders' equity adjusted to exclude goodwill for the period. Leverage excludes U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements. Tangible net book value "at risk" leverage as of period end is calculated by dividing the sum of mortgage borrowings outstanding and receivable/payable for unsettled investment securities as of period end by the sum of total stockholders' equity adjusted to exclude goodwill as of period end. Leverage excludes U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements. Economic return on tangible common equity represents the sum of the change in tangible net book value per common share and dividends declared per share of common stock during the period over beginning tangible net book value per common share. Economic Interest Income and Asset Yields The following table summarizes our economic interest income (a non-GAAP measure) for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, which includes the combination of interest income (a GAAP measure) on our holdings reported as investment securities on our consolidated balance sheets, adjusted to exclude estimated "catch-up" premium amortization adjustments for the cumulative effect from prior reporting periods due to changes in our CPR forecast, and implied interest income on our TBA securities (dollars in millions): Interest income: Cash/coupon interest income Net premium amortization benefit (cost) Interest income (GAAP measure) Estimated "catch-up" premium amortization cost (benefit) due to change in CPR forecast Interest income, excluding "catch-up" premium amortization TBA dollar roll income - implied interest income 1,2 3 Economic interest income, excluding "catch-up" amortization (non-GAAP measure) Weighted average actual portfolio CPR for investment securities held during the period Weighted average projected CPR for the remaining life of investment securities held as of period end 4 30-year fixed rate mortgage rate as of period end 4 10-year U.S. Treasury rate as of period end ________________________________ 2023 Fiscal Year 2022 2021 Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield $ $ 2,242 (201) 2,041 (5) 2,036 524 2,560 6.3 % 11.4 % 6.56 % 3.88 % 4.41 % $ (0.50)% 3.91 % (0.01)% 3.90 % 5.24 % 4.11 % $ 1,603 (13) 1,590 (238) 1,352 746 2,098 11.1 % 7.4 % 6.52 % 3.88 % 3.36 % $ (0.13)% 3.23 % (0.48)% 2.75 % 3.60 % 3.00 % $ 1,730 (369) 1,361 (96) 1,265 528 1,793 23.1 % 10.9 % 3.27 % 1.51 % 3.26 % (0.78)% 2.48 % (0.17)% 2.31 % 1.77 % 2.12 % 1. 2. 3. 4. Reported in gain (loss) on derivatives instruments and other securities, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Implied interest income from TBA dollar roll transactions is computed as the sum of (i) TBA dollar roll income and (ii) estimated TBA implied funding cost (see Economic Interest Expense and Aggregate Cost of Funds below). TBA dollar roll income represents the price differential, or "price drop," between the TBA price for current month settlement versus the TBA price for forward month settlement and is the economic equivalent to interest income on the underlying Agency securities, less an implied funding cost, over the forward settlement period. Amount is net of TBAs used for hedging purposes. Amount excludes TBA mark-to-market adjustments. The combined asset yield is calculated on a weighted average basis based on our average investment and TBA balances outstanding during the period and their respective yields. 30-year fixed rate mortgage rates are sourced from Optimal Blue. 10-year U.S. Treasury rates are sourced from Bloomberg. The principal elements impacting our economic interest income are the average size of our investment portfolio and the average yield on our securities. The following table includes a summary of the estimated impact of each of these elements on our economic interest income for fiscal years 2023 and 2022 compared to the prior year period (in millions): 35 Impact of Changes in the Principal Elements Impacting Economic Interest Income Fiscal Year 2023 vs 2022 Interest Income (GAAP measure) Estimated "catch-up" premium amortization due to change in CPR forecast Interest income, excluding "catch-up" premium amortization TBA dollar roll income - implied interest income Economic interest income, excluding "catch-up" amortization (non-GAAP measure) Fiscal Year 2022 vs 2021 Interest Income (GAAP measure) Estimated "catch-up" premium amortization due to change in CPR forecast Interest income, excluding "catch-up" premium amortization TBA dollar roll income - implied interest income Economic interest income, excluding "catch-up" amortization (non-GAAP measure) Total Increase / (Decrease) Portfolio Size Asset Yield Due to Change in Average $ 451 233 684 (222) 462 $ $ 99 — 99 (384) (285) $ Total Increase / (Decrease) Portfolio Size Asset Yield Due to Change in Average 229 (142) 87 218 305 $ $ $ (141) — (141) (163) (304) $ $ $ $ $ 352 233 585 162 747 370 (142) 228 381 609 Our average investment portfolio, inclusive of TBAs (at cost), decreased 11% and 18% for fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively, primarily due to a decline in our average stockholders' equity and lower "at risk" leverage. The average yield on our investment portfolio, including TBA implied asset yields and excluding "catch-up" premium amortization, increased 111 and 88 basis points for fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively, largely as a result of shifting our asset portfolio away from TBA and lower coupon holdings toward a greater share of higher coupon, high-quality specified pools to capitalize on higher asset yields and wider spreads. Leverage Our primary measure of leverage is our tangible net book value "at risk" leverage ratio, which is measured as the sum of our repurchase agreements and other debt used to fund our investment securities and net TBA and forward settling securities position (at cost) (together referred to as "mortgage borrowings") and our net receivable/payable for unsettled investment securities, divided by our total stockholders' equity adjusted to exclude goodwill. We include our net TBA position in our measure of leverage because a forward contract to acquire Agency RMBS in the TBA market carries similar risks to Agency RMBS purchased in the cash market and funded with on-balance sheet liabilities. Similarly, a TBA contract for the forward sale of Agency securities has substantially the same effect as selling the underlying Agency RMBS and reducing our on-balance sheet funding commitments. (Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources in this Form 10-K for further discussion of TBA securities and dollar roll transactions). Repurchase agreements used to fund short-term investments in U.S. Treasury securities ("U.S. Treasury repo") are excluded from our measure of leverage due to the temporary and highly liquid nature of these investments. The following table presents a summary of our leverage ratios for the periods listed (dollars in millions): Quarter Ended December 31, 2023 September 30, 2023 June 30, 2023 March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2022 June 30, 2022 March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 September 30, 2021 June 30, 2021 March 31, 2021 ________________________________ Investment Securities Repurchase Agreements and 1 Other Debt Net TBA Position 2 Long/(Short) Average Daily Amount Maximum Daily Amount Ending Amount Average Daily Amount Ending Amount $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 47,548 47,073 41,546 39,824 35,486 40,530 42,997 46,570 46,999 45,847 52,374 54,602 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 52,643 52,888 42,408 42,919 39,399 41,834 44,243 47,940 48,524 49,021 60,186 57,153 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 48,959 51,931 40,962 42,022 36,002 39,169 41,406 44,150 47,037 45,723 48,488 55,221 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 4,993 7,340 9,985 17,851 18,988 20,331 19,653 23,605 29,014 30,312 28,082 32,022 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 5,288 2,407 10,320 10,385 18,407 19,116 16,001 20,152 27,622 28,912 27,611 25,355 Average Tangible Net Book Value "At Risk" Leverage 3 during the Period 7.4:1 7.5:1 7.2:1 7.7:1 7.8:1 8.1:1 7.8:1 7.8:1 7.6:1 7.5:1 7.6:1 8.0:1 Tangible Net Book Value "At Risk" Leverage as of 4 Period End 7.0:1 7.9:1 7.2:1 7.2:1 7.4:1 8.7:1 7.4:1 7.5:1 7.7:1 7.5:1 7.9:1 7.7:1 36 1. 2. 3. 4. Other debt includes debt of consolidated VIEs. Amounts exclude U.S. Treasury repo agreements. Daily average and ending net TBA position outstanding measured at cost. Includes forward settling non-Agency securities. Average tangible net book value "at risk" leverage during the period represents the sum of our daily weighted average repurchase agreements and other debt used to fund acquisitions of investment securities and net TBA and forward settling securities position outstanding, divided by the sum of our average month-ended stockholders' equity, adjusted to exclude goodwill. Tangible net book value "at risk" leverage as of period end represents the sum of our repurchase agreements and other debt used to fund acquisitions of investments securities, net TBA and forward settling securities position (at cost), and net receivable/payable for unsettled investment securities outstanding as of period end, divided by total stockholders' equity, adjusted to exclude goodwill as of period end. Economic Interest Expense and Aggregate Cost of Funds The following table summarizes our economic interest expense and aggregate cost of funds (non-GAAP measures) for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions), which includes the combination of interest expense on repurchase agreements and other debt used to fund acquisitions of investment securities (GAAP measure), implied financing cost (benefit) of our TBA securities and interest rate swap periodic cost (benefit): 1 Economic Interest Expense and Aggregate Cost of Funds Amount Cost of Funds Amount Cost of Funds Amount Cost of Funds 2023 Fiscal Year 2022 2021 Investment securities repurchase agreement and other debt - interest expense (GAAP measure) TBA dollar roll income - implied interest expense (benefit) 2,3 4 Economic interest expense - before interest rate swap periodic cost (income), net Interest rate swap periodic cost (benefit), net 2,5,6 Total economic interest expense (non-GAAP measure) ________________________________ $ $ 2,287 493 2,780 (2,202) 578 5.12 % $ 4.86 % 5.07 % (4.02)% 1.05 % $ 625 228 853 (675) 178 1.49 % $ 1.08 % 1.35 % (1.08)% 0.27 % $ 75 (128) (53) 60 7 0.15 % (0.42)% (0.06)% 0.07 % 0.01 % 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Amounts exclude interest rate swap termination fees and variation margin settlements paid or received, forward starting swaps and the impact of other supplemental hedges, such as swaptions and U.S. Treasury positions. Reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The implied funding cost (benefit) of TBA dollar roll transactions is determined using the price differential, or "price drop," between the TBA price for current month settlement versus the TBA price for forward month settlement and market based assumptions regarding the "cheapest-to-deliver" collateral that can be delivered to satisfy the TBA contract, such as the anticipated collateral’s weighted average coupon, weighted average maturity and projected 1-month CPR. The average implied funding cost (benefit) for all TBA transactions is weighted based on our daily average TBA balance outstanding for the period. The combined cost of funds for total mortgage borrowings outstanding, before interest rate swap costs, is calculated on a weighted average basis based on average investment securities repurchase agreements, other debt and TBA securities outstanding during the period and their respective cost of funds. Interest rate swap periodic cost (benefit) is measured as a percent of average mortgage borrowings outstanding for the period. In 2023, we began reporting price alignment interest income (expense) ("PAI") on interest swap margin deposits posted by or (to) us in other interest income (expense), net. PAI was previously reported in interest rate swap periodic cost (benefit). Both current and former categorizations are components of net spread and dollar roll income. Prior year amounts have been reclassified and our economic interest expense and cost of funds have been restated to conform to the current period's presentation. The principal elements impacting our economic interest expense are (i) the size of our average mortgage borrowings and interest rate swap portfolio outstanding during the period, (ii) the average interest rate on our mortgage borrowings and (iii) the average net interest rate paid/received on our interest rate swaps. The following table includes a summary of the estimated impact of these elements on our economic interest expense for fiscal years 2023 and 2022 compared to the prior year period (in millions): 37 Impact of Changes in the Principal Elements of Economic Interest Expense Fiscal Year 2023 vs 2022 Investment securities repurchase agreement and other debt interest expense TBA dollar roll income - implied interest benefit/expense Interest rate swap periodic income/cost Total change in economic interest benefit/expense Fiscal Year 2022 vs 2021 Investment securities repurchase agreement and other debt interest expense TBA dollar roll income - implied interest benefit/expense Interest rate swap periodic income/cost Total change in economic interest benefit/expense Total Increase / (Decrease) Borrowing / Swap Balance Borrowing / Swap Rate Due to Change in Average $ 1,662 265 (1,527) 400 $ $ 40 (117) 32 (45) $ 1,622 382 (1,559) 445 Total Increase / (Decrease) Borrowing / Swap Balance Borrowing / Swap Rate Due to Change in Average $ 550 356 (735) 171 $ $ (13) 40 1 28 $ 563 316 (736) 143 $ $ $ $ Our average mortgage borrowings, inclusive of TBAs, decreased 13% and 22% for fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively, due to a decline in our asset base. The average interest rate on our mortgage borrowings, excluding the impact interest rate swap period income/cost, increased 372 and 141 basis points for fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively, due to higher short-term interest rates. Interest rate swap periodic income increased for fiscal years 2023 and 2022 primarily due to higher receive rates on our pay-fixed swaps, as the average pay rate on our swaps increased marginally and the average notional balance remained largely unchanged despite the decline in our average mortgage borrowings. The following is a summary of our average interest rate swaps outstanding and the related average swap pay and receive rates for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions). Amounts exclude forward starting swaps not yet in effect. Average Ratio of Interest Rate Swaps (Excluding Forward Starting Swaps) to Mortgage Borrowings Outstanding 2023 Fiscal Year 2022 Average investment securities repo and other debt outstanding Average net TBA dollar roll position outstanding - at cost Average mortgage borrowings outstanding Average notional amount of interest rate swaps outstanding (excluding forward starting swaps), net Ratio of average interest rate swaps to mortgage borrowings outstanding Average interest rate swap pay-fixed rate (excluding forward starting swaps) Average interest rate swap receive-floating rate Average interest rate swap net pay/(receive) rate $ $ $ $ 44,027 10,000 54,027 47,012 $ $ $ $ 41,363 20,631 61,994 49,334 $ $ $ $ 2021 49,923 29,851 79,774 48,634 87 % 80 % 61 % 0.55 % (5.17)% (4.62)% 0.25 % (1.60)% (1.35)% 0.17 % (0.05)% 0.12 % For fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, we had an average forward starting net pay and (receive) fixed rate swap balance of $(0.5) billion, $48 million and $149 million, respectively. Forward starting interest rate swaps do not impact our economic interest expense and aggregate cost of funds until they commence accruing net interest settlements on their forward start dates. Net Interest Spread The following table presents a summary of our net interest spread (including the impact of TBA dollar roll income, interest rate swaps and excluding "catch-up" premium amortization) for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021: Investment and TBA Securities - Net Interest Spread Average asset yield Average aggregate cost of funds Average net interest spread 2023 4.11 % (1.05)% 3.06 % Fiscal Year 2022 3.00 % (0.27)% 2.73 % 2021 2.12 % (0.01)% 2.11 % 38 Net Spread and Dollar Roll Income The following table presents a reconciliation of net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders (non-GAAP measure) from comprehensive income (loss) available (attributable) to common stockholders (the most comparable GAAP financial measure) for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions): Comprehensive income (loss) available (attributable) to common stockholders Adjustments to exclude realized and unrealized (gains) losses reported through net income: Realized loss on sale of investment securities, net Unrealized (gain) loss on investment securities measured at fair value through net income, net Gain on derivative instruments and other securities, net Adjustment to exclude unrealized (gain) loss reported through other comprehensive income: Unrealized (gain) loss on available-for-sale securities measure at fair value through other comprehensive income, net Other adjustments: 1 Estimated "catch-up" premium amortization benefit due to change in CPR forecast 2 TBA dollar roll income, net Interest rate swap periodic income (cost), net Other interest income (expense), net 2,3,4 2,4 5 Net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders (non-GAAP measure) Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted Net spread and dollar roll income per common share - basic Net spread and dollar roll income per common share - diluted ________________________________ 2023 Fiscal Year 2022 2021 $ 187 $ (2,268) $ 231 1,567 (1,678) (386) (155) (5) 31 2,202 (146) 1,617 618.4 619.6 2,916 3,795 (4,630) 973 (238) 518 675 (65) 1,676 537.0 538.1 $ $ 2.61 $ 2.61 $ 3.12 $ 3.11 $ 57 1,502 (1,110) 418 (96) 656 (60) — 1,598 528.1 530.0 3.03 3.02 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Reported in interest income in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Other interest income (expense), net includes interest income on cash and cash equivalents; price alignment interest income (expense) ("PAI") on interest rate swap margin deposits posted by or (to) the Company; and other miscellaneous interest income (expense). In 2023, we began reporting PAI in other interest income (expense), net. PAI was previously reported in interest rate swap periodic income (cost). Prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period's presentation. This measure was previously referred to as "net spread and dollar roll income, excluding 'catch-up' premium amortization cost/benefit, per common share." Though it continues to exclude "catch-up" premium amortization cost/benefit, its title has been condensed to its revised title in the table above. Gain (Loss) on Investment Securities, Net The following table is a summary of our net gain (loss) on investment securities for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in millions): 1 Gain (Loss) on Investment Securities, Net Loss on sale of investment securities, net 2 Unrealized (loss) gain on investment securities measured at fair value through net income, net Unrealized (loss) gain on investment securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, net Total loss on investment securities, net ________________________________ 2023 Fiscal Year 2022 2021 $ $ $ (1,567) 1,678 155 266 $ (2,916) $ (3,795) (973) (7,684) $ (57) (1,502) (418) (1,977) 1. 2. Amounts exclude gain (loss) on TBA securities, which are reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Investment securities acquired after fiscal year 2016 are measured at fair value through net income (see Note 2 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K). 39 Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments and Other Securities, Net The following table is a summary of our gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in millions): TBA securities, dollar roll income TBA securities, mark-to-market loss Forward settling non-Agency securities, mark-to-market gain/(loss) 1 Interest rate swaps, periodic income (cost) Interest rate swaps, mark-to-market gain (loss) Credit default swaps - buy protection Payer swaptions U.S. Treasury securities - short position U.S. Treasury securities - long position U.S. Treasury futures contracts - short position SOFR futures contracts - long position 1 Other interest income (expense), net Other gain (loss), net Total gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net ________________________________ 2023 31 $ 18 — 2,202 (1,532) (13) (21) (54) (30) (42) (10) (146) (17) 386 $ $ $ Fiscal Year 2022 518 $ 2021 (3,378) — 675 3,802 21 857 1,482 (32) 811 — (77) (49) 4,630 $ 656 (1,208) 5 (60) 1,177 — 23 444 (25) 42 — — 56 1,110 1. In 2023, we began reporting PAI in other interest income (expense), net. PAI was previously reported in interest rate swap periodic income (cost). Prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period's presentation. For further details regarding our use of derivative instruments and related activity refer to Notes 2 and 5 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K. 40 LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Our business is dependent on our ability to maintain adequate levels of liquidity and capital resources to fund day-to-day operations, fulfill collateral requirements under our funding and derivative agreements, and to satisfy our dividend distribution requirement of at least 90% of our taxable income to maintain our qualification as a REIT. Our primary sources of liquidity are unencumbered cash and securities, borrowings available under repurchase agreements, TBA dollar roll financing and monthly receipts of principal and interest payments. We may also conduct asset sales, change our asset or funding mix, issue equity or undertake other capital enhancing actions to maintain adequate levels of liquidity and capital resources. There are various risks and uncertainties that can impact our liquidity, such as those described in Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures of Market Risks in this Form 10-K. In assessing our liquidity, we consider a number of factors, including our current leverage, collateral levels, access to capital markets, overall market conditions, and the sensitivity of our tangible net book value over a range of scenarios. We believe that we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources available to meet our obligations and execute our business strategy. Leverage and Financing Sources Our leverage will vary depending on market conditions and our assessment of relative risks and returns, but we generally expect our leverage to be between six and twelve times the amount of our tangible stockholders' equity, measured as the sum of our total mortgage borrowings and net payable / (receivable) for unsettled investment securities, divided by the sum of our total stockholders' equity adjusted to exclude goodwill. Our tangible net book value "at risk" leverage ratio was 7.0x and 7.4x as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The following table includes a summary of our mortgage borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in millions). For additional details of our mortgage borrowings refer to Notes 2, 4 and 5 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K. Mortgage Borrowings Investment securities repurchase agreements Debt of consolidated variable interest entities, at fair value 1,2 Total debt TBA and forward settling non-Agency securities, at cost Total mortgage borrowings ________________________________ December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Amount % Amount % $ $ 48,879 80 48,959 5,288 54,247 90 % $ — % 90 % 10 % 100 % $ 35,907 95 36,002 18,407 54,409 66 % — % 66 % 34 % 100 % 1. 2. Includes Agency RMBS, CRT and non-Agency MBS repurchase agreements. Excludes U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements totaling $1,547 million and $355 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, 43% and 48%, respectively, of our total repurchase agreements, including 45% and 48% or our investment securities repurchase agreements, respectively, were funded through the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation's GCF Repo service. Our primary financing sources are collateralized borrowings structured as repurchase agreements. We enter into repurchase agreements, or "repo," through bi-lateral arrangements with financial institutions and independent dealers. We also enter into third-party repurchase agreements through our wholly-owned registered broker-dealer subsidiary, Bethesda Securities, LLC, such as tri-party repo offered through the FICC's GCF Repo service. We manage our repurchase agreement funding position through a variety of methods, including diversification of counterparties, maintaining a suitable maturity profile and utilization of interest rate hedging strategies. We also use TBA dollar roll transactions as a means of synthetically financing Agency RMBS. The terms and conditions of our repurchase agreements are determined on a transaction-by-transaction basis when each such borrowing is initiated or renewed and, in the case of GCF Repo, by the prevailing margin requirements calculated by the FICC, which acts as the central counterparty. The amount borrowed is generally equal to the fair value of the securities pledged, as determined by the lending counterparty, less an assessed discount, referred to as a "haircut," that reflects the underlying risk of the specific collateral and protects the counterparty against a change in its value. Interest rates are generally fixed based on prevailing rates corresponding to the term of the borrowing. None of our repo counterparties are obligated to renew or otherwise enter into new borrowings at the conclusion of our existing borrowings. The use of TBA dollar roll transactions increases our funding diversification, expands our available pool of assets, and increases our overall liquidity position, as TBA contracts typically have lower implied haircuts relative to Agency RMBS pools funded with repo financing. TBA dollar roll transactions may also have a lower implied cost of funds than comparable repo funded transactions (referred to as "dollar roll specialness") offering incremental return potential. However, if it were to become uneconomical to roll our TBA contracts into future months it may be necessary to take physical delivery of the underlying securities and fund those assets with cash or other financing sources, which could reduce our liquidity position. 41 Collateral Requirements and Unencumbered Assets Amounts available to be borrowed under our repurchase agreements are dependent upon prevailing interest rates, the lender’s "haircut" requirements and collateral value. Each of these elements may fluctuate with changes in interest rates, credit quality and liquidity conditions within the financial markets. To help manage the adverse impact of interest rate changes on our borrowings, we utilize an interest rate risk management strategy involving the use of derivative financial instruments. In particular, we attempt to mitigate the risk of the cost of our short-term funding liabilities increasing at a faster rate than the earnings of our long-term fixed rate assets during a period of rising interest rates. The collateral requirements, or haircut levels, under our repo agreements are typically determined on an individual transaction basis or by the prevailing requirements established by the FICC for GCF tri-party repo. Consequently, haircut levels and minimum margin requirements can change over time and may increase during periods of elevated market volatility. If the fair value of our collateral declines, our counterparties will typically require that we post additional collateral to re-establish the agreed-upon collateral levels, referred to as "margin calls." Similarly, if the estimated fair value of our investment securities increases, we may request that counterparties release collateral back to us. Our counterparties typically have the sole discretion to determine the value of pledged collateral but are required to act in good faith in making determinations of value. Our agreements generally provide that in the event of a margin call, collateral must be posted on the same business day, subject to notice requirements. As of December 31, 2023, we had met all our margin requirements. The value of Agency RMBS collateral is impacted by market factors and is reduced by monthly principal pay-downs on the underlying mortgage pools. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac publish monthly security pay-down factors for their mortgage pools on the fifth day after month-end, but do not remit payment to security holders until generally the 25th day after month-end. Bi-lateral repo counterparties assess margin to account for the reduction in value of Agency collateral when factors are released. The FICC assesses margin on the last day of each month, prior to the factor release date, based on its internally projected pay-down rates (referred to as the "blackout period exposure adjustment" or "blackout margin"). On the factor release date, the blackout margin is released and collateralization requirements are adjusted to actual factor data. Due to the timing difference between associated margin calls and our receipt of principal pay- downs, our liquidity is temporarily reduced each month for principal repayments. We attempt to manage the liquidity risk associated with principal pay-downs by monitoring conditions impacting prepayment rates and through asset selection. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 9% of our investment portfolio consisted of TBA securities, which are not subject to monthly principal pay-downs. The remainder of our portfolio primarily consisted of Agency RMBS, which had an average one-year CPR forecast of 9%. Collateral requirements under our derivative agreements are subject to our counterparties' assessment of their maximum risk of loss associated with the derivative instrument, referred to as the initial or minimum margin requirement, and may be adjusted based on changes in market volatility and other factors. We are also subject to daily variation margin requirements based on changes in the value of the derivative instrument and/or collateral pledged. Daily variation margin requirements also entitle us to receive collateral if the value of amounts owed to us under the derivative agreement exceeds the minimum margin requirement. The collateral requirements under our TBA contracts are governed by the Mortgage-Backed Securities Division ("MBSD") of the FICC. Collateral levels for interest rate derivative agreements are typically governed by the central clearing exchange and the associated futures commission merchants ("FCMs"), which may establish margin levels in excess of the clearing exchange. Collateral levels for interest rate derivative agreements not subject to central clearing are established by the counterparty financial institution. Haircut levels and minimum margin requirements imposed by our counterparties reduce the amount of our unencumbered assets and limit the amount we can borrow against our investment securities. During the fiscal year 2023, haircuts on our repo funding arrangements remained stable. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average haircut on our repurchase agreements was approximately 3.1% of the value of our collateral, compared to 3.7% as of December 31, 2022. To mitigate the risk of margins calls, we seek to maintain excess liquidity by holding unencumbered liquid assets that can be used to satisfy collateral requirements, collateralize additional borrowings or sold for cash. As of December 31, 2023, our unencumbered assets totaled approximately $5.2 billion, or 67% of tangible equity, consisting of $5.1 billion of unencumbered cash and Agency RMBS and $0.1 billion of unencumbered credit assets. This compares to $4.4 billion of unencumbered assets, or 60% of tangible equity, as of December 31, 2022, consisting of $4.3 billion of unencumbered cash and Agency RMBS and $0.1 billion of unencumbered credit assets. Counterparty Risk Collateral requirements imposed by counterparties subject us to the risk that the counterparty does not return pledged assets to us as and when required. We attempt to manage this risk by monitoring our collateral positions and limiting our counterparties to registered clearinghouses and major financial institutions with acceptable credit ratings. We also diversify our funding across multiple counterparties and by region. 42 As of December 31, 2023, our maximum amount at risk (or the excess/shortfall of the value of collateral pledged/received over our repurchase agreement liabilities/reverse repurchase agreement receivables) with any of our repurchase agreement counterparties, excluding the FICC, was less than 3% of our tangible stockholders' equity, with our top five repo counterparties, excluding the FICC, representing approximately 7% of our tangible stockholders' equity. As of December 31, 2023, less than 7% of our tangible stockholder's equity was at risk with the FICC. Excluding central clearing exchanges, as of December 31, 2023, our amount at risk with any counterparty to our derivative agreements was less than 1% of our stockholders' equity. Asset Sales Agency RMBS securities are among the most liquid fixed income securities, and the TBA market is the second most liquid market (after the U.S. Treasury market). Although market conditions fluctuate, the vitality of these markets enables us to sell assets under most conditions to generate liquidity through direct sales or delivery into TBA contracts, subject to "good delivery" provisions promulgated by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association ("SIFMA"). Under certain market conditions, however, we may be unable to realize the full carrying value of our securities. We attempt to manage this risk by maintaining at least a minimum level of securities that trade at or near TBA values that in our estimation enhances our portfolio liquidity across a wide range of market conditions. Please refer to Trends and Recent Market Impacts of this Management Discussion and Analysis for further information regarding Agency RMBS and TBA market conditions. Capital Markets The equity capital markets serve as a source of capital to grow our business and to meet potential liquidity needs of our business. The availability of equity capital is dependent on market conditions and investor demand for our common and preferred stock. We will typically not issue common stock at times when we believe the capital raised will not be accretive to our tangible net book value or earnings, and we will typically not issue preferred equity when its cost exceeds acceptable hurdle rates of return on our equity. We may also be unable to raise additional equity capital at suitable times or on favorable terms. Furthermore, when the trading price of our common stock is less than our estimate of our current tangible net book value per common share, among other conditions, we may repurchase shares of our common stock. Please refer to Note 9 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K for further details regarding our recent equity capital transactions, if any. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS As of December 31, 2023, we did not maintain relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance, or special purpose or variable interest entities, established to facilitate off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, we had not guaranteed obligations of unconsolidated entities or entered into a commitment or intent to provide funding to such entities. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS The statements contained in this Annual Report that are not historical facts, including estimates, projections, beliefs, expectations concerning conditions, events, or the outlook for our business, strategy, performance, operations or the markets or industries in which we operate, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “believe,” “plan,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “see,” “intend,” “outlook,” “potential,” “forecast,” “estimate,” “will,” “could,” “should,” “likely” and other similar, correlative or comparable words and expressions. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s assumptions, projections and beliefs as of the date of this Annual Report, but they involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements, as well as from historical performance. Factors that could cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following: • • • • • • • changes in U.S. monetary policy or interest rates, including actions taken by the Federal Reserve to normalize monetary policy and to reduce the size of its U.S. Treasury and Agency RMBS bond portfolio; fluctuations in the yield curve; the level, degree and extent of volatility in interest rates or the yield on our assets relative to interest rate benchmarks; fluctuations in mortgage prepayment rates on the loans underlying our Agency RMBS; the availability and terms of financing and our hedge positions; changes in the market value of our assets, including from changes in net interest spreads, market liquidity or depth, and changes in our "at risk" leverage or hedge positions; the effectiveness of our risk mitigation strategies; 43 • • • • • • conditions in the market for Agency RMBS and other mortgage securities, including changes in the available supply of such securities or investor appetite therefor; actions by the federal, state, or local governments that affect the economy, the housing sector or financial markets; the direct or indirect effects of geopolitical events, including war, terrorism, civil discord, embargos, trade or other disputes, or natural disasters, on conditions in the markets for Agency RMBS or other mortgage securities, the terms or availability of funding for our business, or our ongoing business operations; the availability of personnel, operational resources, information technology and other systems to conduct our operations; changes to laws, regulations, rules or policies that affect U.S. housing finance activity, the GSE's or the markets for Agency RMBS; and legislative or regulatory changes that affect our status as a REIT, our exemption from the Investment Company Act of 1940 or the mortgage markets in which we participate. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made, and we do not assume any duty and do not undertake to update forward-looking statements. A further discussion of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from any of our forward-looking statements is included in this document under Item 1A. Risk Factors. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Market risk is the exposure to loss resulting from changes in market factors such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and equity prices. The primary market risks that we are exposed to are interest rate, prepayment, spread, liquidity, extension and credit risks. Interest Rate Risk We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with the fixed income nature of our assets and the short-term, variable rate nature of our financing obligations. Our operating results depend in large part on differences between the income earned on our assets and our cost of borrowing and hedging activities. The costs associated with our borrowings are generally based on prevailing market interest rates. During a period of rising interest rates, our borrowing costs generally will increase while the yields earned on our existing portfolio of leveraged fixed-rate assets will largely remain static. This can result in a decline in our net interest spread. Changes in the level of interest rates can also affect the rate of mortgage prepayments and the value of our assets. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including fiscal and monetary policies and domestic and international economic and political considerations, as well as other factors beyond our control. Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we engage in a variety of interest rate management techniques to mitigate the influence of interest rate changes on our net interest income and fluctuations of our tangible net book value. The principal instruments that we use to hedge our interest rate risk are interest rate swaps, swaptions, U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Treasury futures contracts. Our hedging techniques are highly complex and are partly based on assumed levels of prepayments of our assets. If prepayments are slower or faster than assumed, the maturity of our investments will also differ from our expectations, which could reduce the effectiveness of our hedging strategies and may cause losses on such transactions and adversely affect our cash flow. The severity of potential declines in our tangible net book value due to fluctuations in interest rates would depend on our asset, liability, and hedge composition at the time, as well as the magnitude and duration of the interest rate change. Primary measures of an instrument's price sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations are its duration and convexity. Duration measures the estimated percentage change in market value of an instrument that would be caused by a parallel change in short and long-term interest rates. The duration of our assets will vary with changes in interest rates and tends to increase when interest rates rise and decrease when interest rates fall. This "negative convexity" generally increases the interest rate exposure of our investment portfolio in excess of what is measured by duration alone. We estimate the duration and convexity of our assets using a third-party risk management system and market data. We review the estimates for reasonableness, giving consideration to any unique characteristics of our securities, market conditions and other factors likely to impact these estimates, and based on our judgement we may make adjustments to the third-party estimates. Our estimated duration gap, which is a measure of the difference between the interest rate sensitivity of our assets and our liabilities, inclusive of interest rate hedges, was -0.5 years as of December 31, 2023, compared to 0.4 years as of 2022. The table below quantifies the estimated changes in the fair value of our investment portfolio (including derivatives and other securities used for hedging purposes) and in our tangible net book value per common share as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 should interest rates go up or down by 25, 50 and 75 basis points, assuming instantaneous parallel shifts in the yield curve 44 and including the impact of both duration and convexity. All values in the table below are measured as percentage changes from the base interest rate scenario. The base interest rate scenario assumes interest rates and prepayment projections as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. To the extent that these estimates or other assumptions do not hold true, which may be more likely during periods of elevated market volatility, actual results could differ materially from our projections. Moreover, if different models were employed in the analysis, materially different projections could result. Lastly, while the table below reflects the estimated impact of interest rate changes on a static portfolio, we actively manage our portfolio, and we continuously adjust the size and composition of our asset and hedge portfolio. Change in Interest Rate -75 Basis Points -50 Basis Points -25 Basis Points +25 Basis Points +50 Basis Points +75 Basis Points Interest Rate Sensitivity 1,2 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Estimated Change in Portfolio Market Value Estimated Change in Tangible Net Book Value Per Common Share Estimated Change in Portfolio Market Value Estimated Change in Tangible Net Book Value Per Common Share -0.7% -0.4% -0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% -7.0% -3.8% -1.5% +0.7% +0.7% 0.0% +0.1% +0.1% +0.1% -0.1% -0.3% -0.5% +1.4% +1.5% +1.0% -1.4% -3.3% -5.4% ________________________________ 1. 2. Derived from models that are dependent on inputs and assumptions, assumes there are no changes in mortgage spreads and assumes a static portfolio. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Includes the effect of derivatives and other securities used for hedging purposes. Interest rates are assumed to be floored at 0% in down rate scenarios. Prepayment Risk and Extension Risk Prepayment risk is the risk that our assets will be repaid at a faster rate than anticipated. Interest rates and numerous other factors affect the rate of prepayments, such as housing prices, general economic conditions, loan age, size and loan-to-value ratios, and GSE buyouts of delinquent loans underlying our securities. Generally, declining mortgage rates increase the rate of prepayments, while rising rates have the opposite effect. If our assets prepay at a faster rate than anticipated, we may be unable to reinvest the repayments at acceptable yields. If the proceeds are reinvested at lower yields than our existing assets, our net interest income would be negatively impacted. We also amortize or accrete premiums and discounts we pay or receive at purchase relative to the stated principal of our assets into interest income over their projected lives using the effective interest method. If the actual and estimated future prepayment experience differs from our prior estimates, we are required to record an adjustment to interest income for the impact of the cumulative difference in the effective yield. Extension risk is the risk that our assets will be repaid at a slower rate than anticipated and generally increases when interest rates rise. In a rising or higher interest rate environment, we may be required to finance our investments at potentially higher costs without the ability to reinvest principal into higher yielding securities as a result of borrowers prepaying their mortgages at a slower pace than originally anticipated, adversely impacting our net interest spread, and thus our net interest income. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our investment securities (excluding TBAs) had a weighted average projected CPR of 11.4% and 7.4%, respectively, and a weighted average yield of 4.41% and 3.37%, respectively. The table below presents estimated weighted average projected CPRs and yields for our investment securities should interest rates go up or down instantaneously by 25, 50 and 75 basis points. Estimated yields exclude the impact of retroactive "catch-up" premium amortization adjustments for prior periods due to changes in the projected CPR assumption. 45 Change in Interest Rate -75 Basis Points -50 Basis Points -25 Basis Points Actual as of Period End +25 Basis Points +50 Basis Points +75 Basis Points 1 Interest Rate Sensitivity December 31, 2023 Weighted Average Projected CPR 17.8% 15.4% 13.2% 11.4% 9.7% 8.5% 7.7% Weighted Average 2 Asset Yield 4.33% 4.36% 4.39% 4.41% 4.44% 4.46% 4.47% December 31, 2022 Weighted Average Projected CPR 8.3% 7.9% 7.6% 7.4% 7.2% 7.0% 6.9% Weighted Average 2 Asset Yield 3.33% 3.34% 3.36% 3.37% 3.38% 3.39% 3.40% ________________________________ 1. 2. Derived from models that are dependent on inputs and assumptions and assumes a static portfolio. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Table excludes TBA securities. Asset yield based on historical cost basis and does not include the impact of retroactive "catch-up" premium amortization adjustments due to changes in projected CPR. Spread Risk Spread risk is the risk that the market spread between the yield on our assets and the yield on benchmark interest rates linked to our interest rate hedges, such as U.S. Treasury rates and interest rate swap rates, may vary. As a levered investor in mortgage-backed securities, spread risk is an inherent component of our investment strategy. Therefore, although we use hedging instruments to attempt to protect against moves in interest rates, our hedges are generally not designed to protect against spread risk, and our tangible net book value could decline if spreads widen. Fluctuations in mortgage spreads can occur due to a variety of factors, including changes in interest rates, prepayment expectations, actual or anticipated monetary policy actions by the U.S. and foreign central banks, liquidity conditions, required rates of returns on different assets and other market supply and demand factors. The table below quantifies the estimated changes in the fair value of our assets, net of hedges, and our tangible net book value per common share as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 should spreads widen or tighten by 10, 25 and 50 basis points. The estimated impact of changes in spreads is in addition to our interest rate shock sensitivity included in the interest rate shock table above. The table below assumes a spread duration of 4.7 and 5.8 years as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, based on interest rates and prices as of such dates; however, our portfolio's sensitivity to mortgage spread changes will vary with changes in interest rates and in the size and composition of our portfolio. Therefore, actual results could differ materially from our estimates. Change in MBS Spread -50 Basis Points -25 Basis Points -10 Basis Points +10 Basis Points +25 Basis Points +50 Basis Points Spread Sensitivity 1,2 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Estimated Change in Portfolio Market Value Estimated Change in Tangible Net Book Value Per Common Share Estimated Change in Portfolio Market Value Estimated Change in Tangible Net Book Value Per Common Share +2.3% +1.2% +0.5% -0.5% -1.2% -2.3% +23.1% +11.6% +4.6% -4.6% -11.6% -23.1% +2.9% +1.5% +0.6% -0.6% -1.5% -2.9% +30.6% +15.3% +6.1% -6.1% -15.3% -30.6% ________________________________ 1. 2. Spread sensitivity is derived from models that are dependent on inputs and assumptions, assumes there are no changes in interest rates and assumes a static portfolio. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Includes the effect of derivatives and other securities used for hedging purposes. Liquidity Risk Our liquidity risk principally arises from financing long-term fixed rate assets with shorter-term variable rate borrowings. Future borrowings are dependent upon the willingness of lenders to finance our investments, lender collateral 46 requirements and the lenders’ determination of the fair value of the securities pledged as collateral, which fluctuates with changes in interest rates and liquidity conditions within the commercial banking and mortgage finance industries. As of December 31, 2023, we believe that we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources available to execute our business strategy (see Liquidity and Capital Resources in this Form 10-K for additional details). However, should the value of our collateral or the value of our derivative instruments suddenly decrease, or margin requirements increase, we may be required to post additional collateral for these arrangements, causing an adverse change in our liquidity position. Furthermore, there is no assurance that we will always be able to renew (or roll) our short-term funding liabilities. In addition, our counterparties have the option to increase our haircuts (margin requirements) on the assets we pledge against our funding liabilities, thereby reducing the amount that can be borrowed against an asset even if they agree to renew or roll our funding liabilities. Significantly higher haircuts can reduce our ability to leverage our portfolio or may even force us to sell assets, especially if correlated with asset price declines or faster prepayment rates on our assets. Credit Risk Our credit sensitive investments, such as CRT and non-Agency securities, expose us to the risk of nonpayment of principal, interest or other remuneration we are contractually entitled to. We are also exposed to credit risk in the event our repurchase agreement counterparties default on their obligations to resell the underlying collateral back to us at the end of the repo term or in the event our derivative counterparties do not perform under the terms of our derivative agreements. We accept credit exposure related to our credit sensitive assets at levels we deem prudent within the context of our overall investment strategy. We attempt to manage this risk through careful asset selection, pre-acquisition due diligence, post-acquisition performance monitoring, and the sale of assets where we identify negative credit trends. We may also manage credit risk with credit default swaps or other financial derivatives that we believe are appropriate. Additionally, we may vary the mix of our interest rate and credit sensitive assets or our duration gap to adjust our credit exposure and/or improve the return profile of our assets, such as when we believe credit performance is inversely correlated with changes in interest rates. Our credit risk related to derivative and repurchase agreement transactions is largely mitigated by limiting our counterparties to major financial institutions with acceptable credit ratings or to registered central clearinghouses and monitoring concentration levels with any one counterparty. We also continuously monitor and adjust the amount of collateral pledged based on changes in market value. However, our efforts to manage credit risk may be unsuccessful and we could suffer losses as a result. Excluding central clearing exchanges, as of December 31, 2023, our maximum amount at risk with any counterparty related to our repurchase agreements and derivative agreements was less than 3% and 1%, respectively, of tangible stockholders' equity. 47 Item 8. Financial Statements Our management is responsible for the accompanying consolidated financial statements and the related financial information. The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and necessarily include certain amounts that are based on estimates and informed judgments. Our management also prepared the related financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is responsible for its accuracy and consistency with the consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, who conducted their audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). The independent registered public accounting firm's responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on their audits. For further information refer to the Ernst & Young LLP (PCAOB ID: 42) audit opinion included in this Item 8 of our Annual Report. Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and Board of Directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, utilizing the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in its Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 framework). Based on this assessment and those criteria, management determined that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their attestation report included in this Form 10-K. 48 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Stockholders and the Board of Directors of AGNC Investment Corp. Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited AGNC Investment Corp.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, AGNC Investment Corp. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes, and our report dated February 22, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Tysons, Virginia February 22, 2024 49 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Stockholders and the Board of Directors of AGNC Investment Corp. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of AGNC Investment Corp. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 22, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. 50 Description of the Matter How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit Agency securities and non-agency securities of high credit quality net premium amortization As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s investment securities had a net unamortized premium balance of $1.2 billion, including interest and principal-only securities, and it recorded $201 million of net premium amortization for the year then ended. As explained in Note 2 to the financial statements, premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of Agency residential mortgage-backed securities (“Agency RMBS") and non-Agency mortgage-backed securities of high credit quality are amortized or accreted into interest income, respectively, over the projected lives of the securities, including contractual payments and estimated prepayments using the effective interest method. The effective yield on the Company’s Agency RMBS and non-Agency mortgage-backed securities of high credit quality is highly impacted by the Company’s estimate of future prepayments. The Company estimates long-term prepayment speeds of such securities using a third-party service provider and market data. The third-party service provider estimates long-term prepayment speeds using a prepayment model that incorporates the forward yield curve, current mortgage rates, mortgage rates of the outstanding loans, age and size of the outstanding loans, loan-to-value ratios, interest rate volatility and other factors. Auditing the Company's estimation of long-term prepayment speeds used for the amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts is subjective due to the significant judgments and estimates required by management and the third-party service provider, as inputs into prepayment models are prone to fluctuation based on changing macroeconomic conditions. We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls over the estimation of long-term prepayment speeds, including management’s review of the estimated prepayment speeds provided by the third-party service provider. Our audit procedures included, among others, performing comparative analyses between the Company’s long-term prepayment speed estimates and long-term prepayment speed estimates data from independent third-party sources, reconciling the Company’s estimates of long-term prepayment speeds to source prepayment speeds data provided by management’s third-party service provider, evaluating the competency and objectivity of management’s third-party service provider, and identifying potential sources of contrary information, with the assistance of an internal valuation specialist. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008. Tysons, Virginia February 22, 2024 51 AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in millions, except per share data) December 31, 2023 2022 Assets: Agency securities, at fair value (including pledged securities of $49,575 and $35,800, respectively) Agency securities transferred to consolidated variable interest entities, at fair value (pledged securities) Credit risk transfer securities, at fair value (including pledged securities of $678 and $703, respectively) Non-Agency securities, at fair value, and other mortgage credit investments (including pledged securities of $262 and $605, respectively) U.S. Treasury securities, at fair value (including pledged securities of $1,530 and $353, respectively) Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Derivative assets, at fair value Receivable for investment securities sold (including pledged securities of $0 and $119, respectively) Receivable under reverse repurchase agreements Goodwill Other assets Total assets Liabilities: Repurchase agreements Debt of consolidated variable interest entities, at fair value Payable for investment securities purchased Derivative liabilities, at fair value Dividends payable Obligation to return securities borrowed under reverse repurchase agreements, at fair value Other liabilities Total liabilities Stockholders' equity: Preferred Stock - aggregate liquidation preference of $1,688 Common stock - $0.01 par value; 1,500 shares authorized; 694.3 and 574.6 shares issued and outstanding, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained deficit Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total stockholders' equity Total liabilities and stockholders' equity See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. $ $ $ $ 52 53,673 $ 121 723 351 1,540 518 1,253 185 — 11,618 526 1,088 71,596 $ 50,426 $ 80 210 362 115 10,894 1,252 63,339 1,634 7 15,281 (8,148) (517) 8,257 71,596 $ 39,346 144 757 682 353 1,018 1,316 617 120 6,622 526 247 51,748 36,262 95 302 99 100 6,534 486 43,878 1,634 6 14,186 (7,284) (672) 7,870 51,748 AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (in millions, except per share data) Interest income: Interest income Interest expense Net interest income Other gain (loss), net: Loss on sale of investment securities, net Unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities measured at fair value through net income, net Gain on derivative instruments and other investments, net Total other gain (loss), net: Expenses: Compensation and benefits Other operating expense Total operating expense Net income (loss) Dividends on preferred stock Net income (loss) available (attributable) to common stockholders Net income (loss) Unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (loss), net Comprehensive income (loss) Dividends on preferred stock Comprehensive income (loss) available (attributable) to common stockholders Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted Net income (loss) per common share - basic Net income (loss) per common share - diluted Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2023 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,041 $ 2,287 (246) 1,590 $ 625 965 (1,567) 1,678 386 497 62 34 96 155 123 32 $ (2,916) (3,795) 4,630 (2,081) 41 33 74 (1,190) 105 (1,295) $ 155 $ (1,190) $ 155 310 123 187 $ 618.4 619.6 0.05 $ 0.05 $ (973) (2,163) 105 (2,268) $ 537.0 537.0 (2.41) $ (2.41) $ 1,361 75 1,286 (57) (1,502) 1,110 (449) 54 34 88 749 100 649 749 (418) 331 100 231 528.1 530.0 1.23 1.22 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 53 AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (in millions) Preferred Stock Common Stock Shares Amount Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Total 539.5 $ — 5 $ — 13,972 $ — (5,106) $ 749 $ 719 — 11,079 749 Balance, December 31, 2020 Net income Other comprehensive loss: Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities, net Stock-based compensation, net Repurchase of common stock Preferred dividends declared Common dividends declared Balance, December 31, 2021 Net loss Other comprehensive loss: Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities, net Stock-based compensation, net Issuance of preferred stock Issuance of common stock Repurchase of common stock Preferred dividends declared Common dividends declared Balance, December 31, 2022 Net income Other comprehensive income: Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities, net Stock-based compensation, net Issuance of common stock Preferred dividends declared Common dividends declared Balance, December 31, 2023 $ $ $ 1,489 — — — — — — 1,489 — — — 145 — — — — 1,634 — — — — — — — 0.4 (17.7) — — — — — — — — 19 (281) — — — — — (100) (757) 522.2 $ — 5 $ — 13,710 $ — (5,214) $ (1,190) — 1.1 — 56.0 (4.7) — — — — — 1 — — — — 2 — 525 (51) — — — — — — — (105) (775) 574.6 $ — 6 $ — 14,186 $ — (7,284) $ 155 — 0.9 118.8 — — — — 1 — — — 11 1,084 — — — — — (123) (896) $ $ (418) — — — — 301 — (973) — — — — — — (672) — 155 — — — — (418) 19 (281) (100) (757) 10,291 (1,190) (973) 2 145 526 (51) (105) (775) 7,870 155 155 11 1,085 (123) (896) 8,257 $ 1,634 694.3 $ 7 $ 15,281 $ (8,148) $ (517) $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 54 AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in millions) Operating activities: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Amortization of premiums and discounts on mortgage-backed securities, net Stock-based compensation, net Loss on sale of investment securities, net Unrealized (gain) loss on investment securities measured at fair value through net income, net Gain on derivative instruments and other securities, net (Increase) decrease in other assets Increase (decrease) in other liabilities Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities Investing activities: Purchases of Agency mortgage-backed securities Purchases of credit risk transfer and non-Agency securities and other mortgage credit investments Proceeds from sale of Agency mortgage-backed securities Proceeds from sale of credit risk transfer and non-Agency securities Principal collections on Agency mortgage-backed securities Principal collections on credit risk transfer and non-Agency securities Payments on U.S. Treasury securities Proceeds from U.S. Treasury securities Net proceeds from (payments on) reverse repurchase agreements Net proceeds from derivative instruments Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities Financing activities: Proceeds from repurchase arrangements Payments on repurchase agreements Payments on debt of consolidated variable interest entities Net proceeds from preferred stock issuances Net proceeds from common stock issuances Payments for common stock repurchases Cash dividends paid Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash end of period: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period Supplemental disclosure to cash flow information: Interest paid Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 $ 155 $ (1,190) $ 749 201 11 1,567 (1,678) (386) (892) 904 (118) (32,216) (364) 13,608 732 4,327 68 (30,535) 33,229 (4,510) 989 (14,672) 13 2 2,916 3,795 (4,630) 38 69 1,013 (26,842) (1,173) 25,978 1,199 6,525 209 (27,494) 25,878 4,001 2,907 11,188 369 19 57 1,502 (1,110) (29) (17) 1,540 (45,345) (2,031) 34,595 1,434 15,042 84 (22,055) 19,795 1,272 1,045 3,836 3,282,218 (3,268,054) (17) — 1,085 — (1,005) 14,227 (563) 2,334 1,771 $ 2,360,328 (2,371,447) (24) 145 526 (51) (869) (11,392) 809 1,525 2,334 $ 2,189,555 (2,194,540) (49) — — (281) (860) (6,175) (799) 2,324 1,525 518 $ 1,253 1,771 $ 1,018 $ 1,316 2,334 $ 998 527 1,525 2,246 $ 557 $ 89 $ $ $ $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 55 Note 1. Organization AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AGNC Investment Corp. (referred throughout this report as the "Company," "we," "us" and "our") was organized in Delaware on January 7, 2008 and commenced operations on May 20, 2008 following the completion of our initial public offering. Our common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "AGNC." We are a leading provider of private capital to the U.S. housing market, enhancing liquidity in the residential real estate mortgage markets and, in turn, facilitating home ownership in the U.S. We invest primarily in Agency residential mortgage-backed securities ("Agency RMBS") for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise ("GSE") or a U.S. Government agency. We also invest in other types of mortgage and mortgage-related securities, such as credit risk transfer ("CRT") securities and non-Agency residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities ("non- Agency RMBS" and "CMBS," respectively), where repayment of principal and interest is not guaranteed by a GSE or U.S. Government agency, and other assets related to the housing, mortgage or real estate markets. We fund our investments primarily through collateralized borrowings structured as repurchase agreements. We operate to qualify to be taxed as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Internal Revenue Code"). As a REIT, we are required to distribute annually 90% of our taxable income, and we will generally not be subject to U.S. federal or state corporate income tax to the extent that we distribute our annual taxable income to our stockholders on a timely basis. It is our intention to distribute 100% of our taxable income within the time limits prescribed by the Internal Revenue Code, which may extend into the subsequent tax year. We are internally managed with the principal objective of generating favorable long-term stockholder returns with a substantial yield component. We generate income from the interest earned on our investments, net of associated borrowing and hedging costs, and net realized gains and losses on our investment and hedging activities. Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Consolidation Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"). Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all subsidiaries and variable interest entities for which we are the primary beneficiary. Significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and revenues and expenses during the period reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Investment Securities Agency RMBS consist of residential mortgage pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMOs") guaranteed by the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae"), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac," and together with Fannie Mae, the "GSEs") or the Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae"). CRT securities are risk sharing instruments issued by the GSEs, and similarly structured transactions issued by third-party market participants, that synthetically transfer a portion of the risk associated with credit losses within pools of conventional residential mortgage loans from the GSEs and/or third parties to private investors. Unlike Agency RMBS, full repayment of the original principal balance of CRT securities is not guaranteed by a GSE or U.S. Government agency; rather, "credit risk transfer" is achieved by writing down the outstanding principal balance of the CRT securities if credit losses on a related pool of loans exceed certain thresholds. By reducing the amount that they are obligated to repay to holders of CRT securities, the GSEs and/or other third parties offset credit losses on the related loans. Non-Agency RMBS and CMBS (together, "Non-Agency MBS") are backed by residential and commercial mortgage loans, respectively, packaged and securitized by a private institution, such as a commercial bank. Non-Agency MBS typically benefit from credit enhancements derived from structural elements, such as subordination, over-collateralization or insurance, but nonetheless carry a higher level of credit exposure than Agency RMBS. 56 All of our securities are reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet. Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 320, Investments— Debt and Equity Securities, requires that at the time of purchase, we designate a security as held-to-maturity, available-for-sale or trading, depending on our ability and intent to hold such security to maturity. Alternatively, we may elect the fair value option of accounting for securities pursuant to ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments. Prior to fiscal year 2017, we primarily designated our investment securities as available-for-sale. On January 1, 2017, we began electing the fair value option of accounting for all investment securities newly acquired after such date. Unrealized gains and losses on securities classified as available- for-sale are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income ("OCI"), whereas unrealized gains and losses on securities for which we elected the fair value option, or are classified as trading, are reported in net income through other gain (loss). Upon the sale of a security designated as available-for-sale, we determine the cost of the security and the amount of unrealized gain or loss to reclassify out of accumulated OCI into earnings based on the specific identification method. In our view, the election of the fair value option simplifies the accounting for investment securities and more appropriately reflects the results of our operations for a reporting period by presenting the fair value changes for these assets in a manner consistent with the presentation and timing of the fair value changes for our derivative instruments. We generally recognize gains or losses through net income on available-for-sale securities only if the security is sold; however, if the fair value of a security declines below its amortized cost and we determine that it is more likely than not that we will incur a realized loss on the security when we sell the asset, we will recognize the difference between the amortized cost and the fair value in net income as a component of other gain (loss). As of December 31, 2023, we did not intend to sell available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position and it was not more likely than not that we would be required to sell such securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. Since all of our available-for-sale designated securities consist of Agency RMBS, we do not have an allowance for credit losses. We have not recognized impairment losses on our available-for-sale securities through net income for the periods presented in our consolidated financial statements. Interest Income Interest income is accrued based on the outstanding principal amount of the investment securities and their contractual terms. Premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of Agency RMBS and non-Agency MBS of high credit quality are amortized or accreted into interest income, respectively, over the projected lives of the securities, including contractual payments and estimated prepayments, using the effective interest method in accordance with ASC Subtopic 310-20, Receivables—Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs. We estimate long-term prepayment speeds of our mortgage securities using a third-party service and market data. The third-party service provider estimates prepayment speeds using models that incorporate the forward yield curve, primary to secondary mortgage rate spreads, current mortgage rates, mortgage rates of the outstanding loans, age and size of the outstanding loans, loan-to-value ratios, interest rate volatility and other factors. We review the prepayment speeds estimated by the third-party service for reasonableness with consideration given to both historical prepayment speeds and current market conditions. If based on our assessment, we believe that the third-party model does not fully reflect our expectations of the current prepayment landscape we may make adjustments to the models. We review our actual and anticipated prepayment experience on at least a quarterly basis and effective yields are recalculated when differences arise between (i) our previous estimate of future prepayments and (ii) actual prepayments to date and our current estimate of future prepayments. We are required to record an adjustment in the current period to premium amortization / discount accretion for the cumulative effect of the difference in the effective yields as if the recalculated yield had been in place as of the security's acquisition date through the reporting date. At the time we purchase CRT securities and non-Agency MBS that are not of high credit quality, we determine an effective yield based on our estimate of the timing and amount of future cash flows and our cost basis. Our initial cash flow estimates for these investments are based on our observations of current information and events and include assumptions related to interest rates, prepayment rates, collateral call provisions, and the impact of default and severity rates on the timing and amount of credit losses. On at least a quarterly basis, we review the estimated cash flows and make appropriate adjustments based on inputs and analysis received from external sources, internal models, and our judgment regarding such inputs and other factors. Any resulting changes in effective yield are recognized prospectively based on the current amortized cost of the investment adjusted for credit impairments, if any. Repurchase Agreements We finance the acquisition of securities for our investment portfolio primarily through repurchase agreements with our lending counterparties. Repurchase arrangements involve the sale and a simultaneous agreement to repurchase the securities at a future date. We maintain a beneficial interest in the specific securities pledged during the term of each repurchase arrangement and we receive the related principal and interest payments. Pursuant to ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing, we account for 57 repurchase agreements as collateralized financing transactions, which are carried at their contractual amounts (cost), plus accrued interest. Our repurchase agreements typically have maturities of less than one year. Reverse Repurchase Agreements and Obligation to Return Securities Borrowed under Reverse Repurchase Agreements We borrow securities to cover short sales of U.S. Treasury securities through reverse repurchase transactions under our master repurchase agreements (see Derivative Instruments below). We account for these as securities borrowing transactions and recognize an obligation to return the borrowed securities at fair value on the balance sheet based on the value of the underlying borrowed securities as of the reporting date. We may also enter into reverse repurchase agreements to earn a yield on excess cash balances. The securities received as collateral in connection with our reverse repurchase agreements mitigate our credit risk exposure to counterparties. Our reverse repurchase agreements typically have maturities of 30 days or less. Derivative Instruments We use a variety of derivative instruments to hedge a portion of our exposure to market risks, including interest rate, prepayment, extension and liquidity risks. The objective of our risk management strategy is to reduce fluctuations in net book value over a range of interest rate scenarios. In particular, we attempt to mitigate the risk of the cost of our variable rate liabilities increasing during a period of rising interest rates. The primary instruments that we use are interest rate swaps, options to enter into interest rate swaps ("swaptions"), U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Treasury futures contracts. We also use forward contracts in the Agency RMBS "to-be-announced" market, or TBA securities, to invest in and finance Agency securities and to periodically reduce our exposure to Agency RMBS. We account for derivative instruments in accordance with ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815"). ASC 815 requires an entity to recognize all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets and to measure those instruments at fair value. None of our derivative instruments have been designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes under the provisions of ASC 815, consequently changes in the fair value of our derivative instruments are reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Our derivative agreements generally contain provisions that allow for netting or setting off derivative assets and liabilities with the counterparty; however, we report related assets and liabilities on a gross basis in our consolidated balance sheets. Derivative instruments in a gain position are reported as derivative assets at fair value and derivative instruments in a loss position are reported as derivative liabilities at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair value of derivative instruments and periodic settlements related to our derivative instruments are recorded in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Net cash receipts from and payments on our derivative instruments are classified in our consolidated statements of cash flows according to the underlying nature or purpose of the derivative transaction, generally in the investing section. Interest rate swap agreements We use interest rate swaps to economically hedge the variable cash flows associated with our borrowings made under repurchase agreements. Under our interest rate swap agreements, we typically pay a fixed rate and receive a floating rate ("payer swaps") based on a short-term benchmark rate, such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") and Overnight Index Swap Rate ("OIS"). Our interest rate swaps typically have terms from one to 10 years. Our interest rate swaps are centrally cleared through a registered commodities exchange. The clearing exchange requires that we post an "initial margin" amount determined by the exchange. The initial margin amount is intended to be set at a level sufficient to protect the exchange from the interest rate swap's maximum estimated single-day price movement and is subject to adjustment based on changes in market volatility and other factors. We also exchange daily settlements of "variation margin" based upon changes in fair value, as measured by the exchange. Pursuant to rules governing central clearing activities, we recognize variation margin settlements as a direct reduction of the carrying value of the interest rate swap asset or liability. Interest rate swaptions We purchase interest rate swaptions to help mitigate the potential impact of larger, more rapid changes in interest rates on the performance of our investment portfolio. Interest rate swaptions provide us the option to enter into an interest rate swap agreement for a predetermined notional amount, stated term and pay and receive interest rates in the future. Our interest rate swaption agreements are not subject to central clearing. The difference between the premium paid and the fair value of the swaption is reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. If a swaption expires unexercised, the realized loss on the swaption would be equal to the premium paid. If we sell or exercise a swaption, the realized gain or loss on the swaption would be equal to the difference between the cash or the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap and the premium paid. 58 TBA securities A TBA security is a forward contract for the purchase or sale of Agency RMBS at a predetermined price, face amount, issuer, coupon and stated maturity on an agreed-upon future date. The specific Agency RMBS to be delivered into the contract are not known until shortly before the settlement date. We may choose, prior to settlement, to move the settlement of these securities out to a later date by entering into an offsetting TBA position, net settling the offsetting positions for cash, and simultaneously purchasing or selling a similar TBA contract for a later settlement date (together referred to as a "dollar roll transaction"). The Agency securities purchased or sold for a forward settlement date are typically priced at a discount to equivalent securities settling in the current month. This difference, or "price drop," is the economic equivalent of interest income on the underlying Agency securities, less an implied funding cost, over the forward settlement period (referred to as "dollar roll income"). Consequently, forward purchases of Agency securities and dollar roll transactions represent a form of off-balance sheet financing. We account for TBA contracts as derivative instruments since either the TBA contracts do not settle in the shortest period of time possible or we cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of the TBA contract that we will physically settle the contract on the settlement date. We account for TBA dollar roll transactions as a series of derivative transactions. U.S. Treasury securities and US Treasury futures contracts We use U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Treasury futures contracts to mitigate the potential impact of changes in interest rates on the performance of our portfolio. We enter into short-sales of U.S. Treasury securities by borrowing the securities under reverse repurchase agreements and selling them into the market. We account for these as securities borrowing transactions and recognize an obligation to return the borrowed securities at fair value on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets based on the value of the underlying U.S. Treasury security as of the reporting date. Treasury futures contracts are standardized contracts that obligate us to sell or buy U.S. Treasury securities for future delivery. Gains and losses associated with U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Treasury futures contracts are recognized in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Fair Value Measurements We determine the fair value of financial instruments based on our estimate of the price that would be received to sell the asset or paid to transfer the liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We utilize a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of the instrument as of the measurement date. We categorize a financial instrument within the hierarchy based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of valuation hierarchy are defined as follows: • • • Level 1 Inputs —Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical unrestricted assets and liabilities in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date. Level 2 Inputs —Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable. Level 3 Inputs —Instruments with primarily unobservable market data that cannot be corroborated. The majority of our financial instruments are classified as Level 2 inputs. The availability of observable inputs can be affected by a wide variety of factors, including the type of instrument, whether the instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace and other characteristics particular to the instrument. We typically obtain price estimates from multiple third-party pricing sources, such as pricing services and dealers, or, if applicable, from the registered clearing exchange. We make inquiries of third-party pricing sources to understand the significant inputs and assumptions they used to determine their prices and that they are derived from orderly transactions, particularly during periods of elevated market turbulence and reduced market liquidity. We also review third-party price estimates and perform procedures to validate their reasonableness, including an analysis of the range of estimates for each position, comparison to recent trade activity for similar securities and for consistency with market conditions observed as of the measurement date. While we do not adjust prices we obtain from pricing sources, we will exclude prices for securities from our estimation of fair value if we determine based on our validation procedures and our market knowledge and expertise that the price is significantly different from what observable market data 59 would indicate and we cannot obtain an understanding from the third-party source as to the significant inputs used to determine the price. The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis classified as Level 2 inputs. These instruments trade in active markets such that participants transact with sufficient frequency and volume to provide transparent pricing information on an ongoing basis. The liquidity of these markets and the similarity of our instruments to those actively traded enable our pricing sources and us to utilize the observed quoted prices as a basis for formulating fair value measurements. Investment securities - are valued based on prices obtained from multiple third-party pricing sources. The pricing sources utilize various valuation approaches, including market and income approaches. For Agency RMBS, the pricing sources primarily utilize a matrix pricing technique that interpolates the estimated fair value based on observed quoted prices for forward contracts in the TBA market of the same coupon, maturity and issuer, adjusted to reflect the specific characteristics of the pool of mortgages underlying the Agency security, such as maximum loan balance, loan vintage, loan-to-value ratio, geography and other characteristics as may be appropriate. For other investment securities, the pricing sources primarily utilize discounted cash flow model-derived pricing techniques to estimate the fair value. Such models incorporate market-based discount rate assumptions based on observable inputs such as recent trading activity, credit data, volatility statistics, benchmark interest rate curves, spread measurements to benchmark curves and other market data that are current as of the measurement date and may include certain unobservable inputs, such as assumptions of future levels of prepayment, defaults and loss severities. TBA securities - are valued using prices obtained from third-party pricing sources based on pricing models that reference recent trading activity. Interest rate swaps - are valued using the daily settlement price, or fair value, determined by the clearing exchange based on a pricing model that references observable market inputs, including current benchmark rates and the forward yield curve. Interest rate swaptions - are valued using prices obtained from the counterparty and other third-party pricing models. The pricing models are based on the value of the future interest rate swap that we have the option to enter into as well as the remaining length of time that we have to exercise the option based on observable market inputs, adjusted for non-performance risk, if any. U.S. Treasury securities and futures are valued based on quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets and are classified as Level 1 assets. None of our financial instruments are classified as Level 3 inputs. Consolidated Variable Interest Entities ASC Topic 810, Consolidation ("ASC 810"), requires an enterprise to consolidate a variable interest entity ("VIE") if it is deemed the primary beneficiary of the VIE. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our consolidated financial statements reflect the consolidation of certain VIEs for which we have determined we are the primary beneficiary. The consolidated VIEs consist of CMO trusts backed by fixed or adjustable-rate Agency RMBS. Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac guarantees the payment of interest and principal and acts as the trustee and administrator of their respective securitization trusts. Accordingly, we are not required to provide the beneficial interest holders of the CMO securities any financial or other support. Our maximum exposure to loss related to our involvement with the CMO trusts is the fair value of the CMO securities and interest and principal-only securities held by us, less principal amounts guaranteed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include cash held in bank accounts and cash held in money market funds on an overnight basis. Restricted Cash Restricted cash includes cash pledged as collateral for clearing and executing trades, repurchase agreements, and interest rate swaps and other derivative instruments. Goodwill Goodwill is the cost of an acquisition in excess of the fair value of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed and is recognized as an asset on our consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $526 million of goodwill related to our acquisition of AGNC Management, LLC, our former manager, on July 1, 2016. Goodwill is not subject to amortization but must be tested for impairment at least annually and at interim periods when events or circumstances may make it more likely than not that an impairment has occurred. If a qualitative analysis indicates that there may be an 60 impairment, a quantitative analysis is performed. The quantitative analysis requires that we compare the carrying value of the identified reporting unit comprising the goodwill to the reporting unit's fair value. If the reporting unit's carrying value is greater than its fair value, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. During the three fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, we did not recognize a goodwill impairment charge. Stock-Based Compensation Under our Amended and Restated AGNC Investment Corp. 2016 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (the "2016 Equity Plan" or "the Plan"), we may grant equity-based compensation to our officers and other employees and non-employee directors for the purpose of providing incentives and rewards for service or performance. Stock-based awards issued under the Plan include time-based and performance-based restricted stock unit awards ("RSU" and "PSU" awards, respectively), but may include other forms of equity-based compensation. RSU and PSU awards are an agreement to issue an equivalent number of shares of our common stock, plus any equivalent shares for dividends declared on our common stock, at the time the award vests, or later if distribution of such shares has been deferred beyond the vesting date. RSU awards vest over a specified service period. PSU awards vest over a specified service period subject to achieving long-term performance criteria. We measure and recognize compensation expense for all stock-based payment awards made to employees and non-employee directors based on their fair values. We value RSU and PSU awards based on the fair value of our common stock on the date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized over each award’s respective service period. For PSU awards, we estimate the probability that the performance criteria will be achieved and recognize expense only for those awards expected to vest. We reevaluate our estimates each reporting period and recognize a cumulative effect adjustment to expense if our estimates change from the prior period. We do not estimate forfeiture rates; rather, we adjust for forfeitures in the periods in which they occur. Shares underlying RSU and PSU awards are issued when the awards vest, or later if distribution of such shares has been deferred beyond the vest date. Shares issued are net of shares withheld to cover minimum statutory tax withholding obligations. The fair value of shares withheld for tax withholdings is recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital. Recent Accounting Pronouncements We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs issued by the FASB. There are no unadopted ASUs that are expected to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements when adopted or other recently adopted ASUs that had a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption. Note 3. Investment Securities As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our investment portfolio consisted of $54.8 billion and $40.9 billion investment securities, at fair value, respectively, $5.4 billion and $18.6 billion net TBA securities, at fair value, respectively, and other mortgage credit investments of $44 million and $25 million, respectively, which we account for under the equity method of accounting. Our TBA position is reported at its net carrying value totaling $66 million and $167 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, in derivative assets / (liabilities) on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The net carrying value of our TBA position represents the difference between the fair value of the underlying security and the cost basis or the forward price to be paid or received for the underlying security. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our investment securities had a net unamortized premium balance of $1.2 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively. 61 The following tables summarize our investment securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, excluding TBA securities and other mortgage credit investments (dollars in millions). Details of our TBA securities are included in Note 5. Investment Securities Agency RMBS: Fixed rate Adjustable rate CMO Interest-only and principal-only strips Multifamily Total Agency RMBS 1 Non-Agency RMBS CMBS CRT securities Total investment securities Investment Securities Available-for-sale securities: Par value Unamortized discount Unamortized premium Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Total available-for-sale securities, at fair value Securities remeasured at fair value through earnings: Par value Unamortized discount Unamortized premium Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Total securities remeasured at fair value through earnings Total securities, at fair value Weighted average coupon as of December 31, 2023 2 Weighted average yield as of December 31, 2023 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value $ $ 55,289 293 127 67 161 55,937 43 303 682 $ 53,161 290 120 61 162 53,794 34 273 723 $ 43,046 126 136 77 — 43,385 111 605 779 $ 56,965 $ 54,824 $ 44,880 $ 39,169 122 129 70 — 39,490 90 567 757 40,904 Agency RMBS Fannie Mae Freddie Mac Ginnie Mae December 31, 2023 1 Non-Agency RMBS CMBS CRT Total $ $ 3,881 (1) 227 4,107 — (392) 3,715 29,910 (108) 702 30,504 170 (1,270) 29,404 33,119 $ $ 1,152 — 73 1,225 — (125) 1,100 19,503 (59) 376 19,820 111 (638) 19,293 20,393 $ $ 1 — — 1 — — 1 283 (3) — 280 1 — 281 282 $ $ — — — — — — — 44 (3) 2 43 — (9) 34 34 $ $ — — — — — — — 307 (7) 3 303 2 (32) 273 273 $ $ — — — — — — — 679 (9) 12 682 41 — 723 723 $ $ 5,034 (1) 300 5,333 — (517) 4,816 50,726 (189) 1,095 51,632 325 (1,949) 50,008 54,824 4.69 % 4.22 % 4.91 % 4.53 % 4.94 % 5.16 % 5.10 % 4.92 % 7.27 % 7.04 % 10.45 % 8.87 % 4.86 % 4.41 % 62 Investment Securities Available-for-sale securities: Par value Unamortized discount Unamortized premium Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Total available-for-sale securities, at fair value Securities remeasured at fair value through earnings: Par value Unamortized discount Unamortized premium Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Total securities remeasured at fair value through earnings Total securities, at fair value Weighted average coupon as of December 31, 2022 2 Weighted average yield as of December 31, 2022 ________________________________ Fannie Mae Agency RMBS Freddie Mac Ginnie Mae December 31, 2022 1 Non-Agency RMBS CMBS CRT Total $ $ 4,696 (1) 275 4,970 — (500) 4,470 24,231 (61) 855 25,025 13 (2,307) 22,731 27,201 $ $ 1,535 — 93 1,628 — (172) 1,456 11,444 (37) 352 11,759 8 (937) 10,830 12,286 $ $ 1 — — 1 — — 1 2 — — 2 — — 2 3 $ $ — — — — — — — 112 (4) 3 111 — (21) 90 90 $ $ — — — — — — — 609 (8) 4 605 — (38) 567 567 $ $ — — — — — — — 773 (6) 12 779 8 (30) 757 757 $ $ 6,232 (1) 368 6,599 — (672) 5,927 37,171 (116) 1,226 38,281 29 (3,333) 34,977 40,904 3.79 % 3.17 % 3.92 % 3.41 % 4.66 % 2.58 % 4.52 % 4.34 % 6.06 % 6.02 % 8.48 % 7.93 % 3.94 % 3.37 % 1. 2. Non-Agency amounts exclude other mortgage credit investments of $44 million and $25 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Incorporates a weighted average future constant prepayment rate assumption of 11.4% and 7.4% based on forward rates as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our investments in CRT and non-Agency securities had the following credit ratings (in millions): December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 1 CRT and Non-Agency Security Credit Ratings CRT 2 RMBS CMBS CRT 2 RMBS CMBS AAA AA A BBB BB B Not Rated Total $ $ — — — 144 137 39 403 723 $ $ 1 — — 14 7 2 10 34 $ $ $ 9 31 25 44 81 55 28 273 $ — 2 16 91 299 72 277 757 $ $ 9 3 13 40 13 2 10 90 $ $ 184 117 38 65 91 58 14 567 ________________________________ 1. 2. Represents the lowest of Standard and Poor's ("S&P"), Moody's, Fitch, DBRS, Kroll Bond Rating Agency ("KBRA") and Morningstar credit ratings, stated in terms of the S&P equivalent rating as of each date. RMBS excludes other mortgage credit investments of $44 million and $25 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our CRT securities reference the performance of loans underlying Agency RMBS issued by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, which were subject to their underwriting standards. The actual maturities of our investment securities are generally shorter than their stated contractual maturities. The actual maturities of our Agency and high credit quality non-Agency RMBS are primarily affected by principal prepayments and to a lesser degree the contractual lives of the underlying mortgages and periodic contractual principal repayments. The actual maturities of our credit-oriented investments are primarily impacted by their contractual lives and default and loss recovery rates. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted average expected constant prepayment rate ("CPR") over the remaining life of our Agency and high credit quality non-Agency RMBS investment portfolio was 11.4% and 7.4%, respectively. Our estimates can differ materially for different securities and thus our individual holdings have a wide range of projected CPRs. The following table summarizes our investments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 according to their estimated weighted average life classification (dollars in millions): 63 Estimated Weighted Average Life of 1 Investment Securities ≤ 3 years > 3 years and ≤ 5 years > 5 years and ≤10 years > 10 years Total ________________________________ December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Fair Value Amortized Cost Weighted Average Coupon Weighted Average Yield Fair Value Amortized Cost Weighted Average Coupon Weighted Average Yield $ $ $ 942 10,381 40,895 2,606 54,824 $ 961 10,331 42,988 2,685 56,965 6.61% 5.98% 4.55% 4.77% 4.86% 5.93% 5.52% 4.10% 4.63% 4.41% $ $ $ 512 2,643 30,958 6,791 40,904 $ 537 2,824 33,985 7,534 44,880 5.19% 4.57% 3.96% 3.56% 3.94% 4.66% 3.79% 3.30% 3.43% 3.37% 1. Table excludes other mortgage credit investments of $44 million and $25 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The following table presents the gross unrealized loss and fair values of securities classified as available-for-sale by length of time that such securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in millions): Securities Classified as Available-for-Sale December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Gains and Losses on Sale of Investment Securities Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss Unrealized Loss Position For $ $ — 5,846 $ $ — (665) $ $ 4,797 52 $ $ (517) (7) $ $ 4,797 5,898 $ $ (517) (672) The following table is a summary of our net gain (loss) from the sale of investment securities for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 by investment classification of accounting (in millions): Fiscal Year 2023 Fiscal Year 2022 Fiscal Year 2021 Investment Securities Investment securities sold, at cost Proceeds from investment securities sold 1 Net gain (loss) on sale of investment securities Gross gain on sale of investment securities Gross loss on sale of investment securities Net gain (loss) on sale of investment securities ________________________________ $ $ $ $ Available-for- Sale Securities 2,3 Fair Value Option Securities (524) $ (15,263) $ Total (15,787) $ Available-for- Sale Securities 2,3 Fair Value Option Securities (786) $ (29,427) $ Total (30,213) $ Available-for-Sale Securities 2,3 Fair Value Option Securities (4,972) $ (30,903) $ Total (35,875) 461 13,759 14,220 744 26,553 27,297 5,008 30,810 35,818 (63) $ (1,504) $ (1,567) $ (42) $ (2,874) $ (2,916) $ 36 $ (93) $ (57) — $ 19 $ 19 $ 2 $ 10 $ 12 $ 36 $ 176 $ (63) (1,523) (1,586) (44) (2,884) (2,928) — (269) (63) $ (1,504) $ (1,567) $ (42) $ (2,874) $ (2,916) $ 36 $ (93) $ 212 (269) (57) 1. 2. 3. Proceeds include cash received during the period, plus receivable for investment securities sold during the period as of period end. See Note 9 for a summary of changes in accumulated OCI. During fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, we received principal repayments on available-for-sale securities of $704 million, $1,501 million and $3,574 million, respectively. Note 4. Repurchase Agreements and Reverse Repurchase Agreements Repurchase Agreements We pledge our securities as collateral under our borrowings structured as repurchase agreements with financial institutions. Amounts available to be borrowed are dependent upon the fair value of the securities pledged as collateral, which fluctuates with changes in interest rates, type of security and liquidity conditions within the banking, mortgage finance and real estate industries. If the fair value of our pledged securities declines, lenders will typically require us to post additional collateral or pay down borrowings to re-establish agreed upon collateral requirements, referred to as "margin calls." Similarly, if the fair value of our pledged securities increases, lenders may release collateral back to us. As of December 31, 2023, we had met all margin call requirements. For additional information regarding our pledged assets, please refer to Note 6. 64 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $50.4 billion and $36.3 billion, respectively, of repurchase agreements outstanding used to fund our investment portfolio and temporary holdings of U.S. Treasury securities. The terms and conditions of our repurchase agreements are typically negotiated on a transaction-by-transaction basis or subject to a tri-party repo agreement. The following table summarizes our borrowings under repurchase agreements by their remaining maturities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in millions): Remaining Maturity Investment securities repo ≤ 1 month > 1 to ≤ 3 months > 3 to ≤ 6 months Investment securities repo U.S. Treasury repo: ≤ 1 month Total December 31, 2023 Weighted Average Interest Rate Repurchase Agreements Weighted Average Days to Maturity Repurchase Agreements December 31, 2022 Weighted Average Interest Rate Weighted Average Days to Maturity $ $ 40,946 7,933 — 48,879 1,547 50,426 5.61 % 5.55 % — % 5.60 % 5.54 % 5.60 % 11 64 — 19 2 19 $ $ 26,712 7,762 1,433 35,907 355 36,262 4.42 % 4.48 % 1.42 % 4.31 % 4.37 % 4.31 % 12 38 141 23 3 22 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $16.7 billion and $9.6 billion, respectively, of our investment securities repurchase agreements and all of our U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements had an overnight maturity of one business day and none of our repurchase agreements were due on demand. As of December 31, 2023, we had $8.8 billion of forward commitments to enter into repurchase agreements with a weighted average forward start date of 4 days and a weighted average interest rate of 5.54%. As of December 31, 2022, we had $6.4 billion of forward commitments to enter into repurchase agreements, with a weighted average forward start date of 4 days and a weighted average interest rate of 4.38%. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, 48% and 49%, respectively, of our repurchase agreement funding was sourced through our wholly-owned captive broker-dealer subsidiary, Bethesda Securities, LLC ("BES"). Amounts sourced through BES include funding from the General Collateral Finance Repo service ("GCF Repo") offered by the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation ("FICC"), which totaled 43% and 48% of our repurchase agreement funding outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Reverse Repurchase Agreements As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $11.6 billion and $6.6 billion, respectively, of reverse repurchase agreements outstanding used primarily to borrow securities to cover short sales of U.S. Treasury securities, for which we had associated obligations to return borrowed securities at fair value of $10.9 billion and $6.5 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $3.1 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively, of our reverse repurchase agreements were with the FICC sourced through BES. Note 5. Derivative and Other Hedging Instruments For the periods presented, our interest rate based hedges primarily consisted of interest rate swaps, interest rate swaptions, U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Treasury futures contracts. We also utilized forward contracts, primarily consisting of TBA securities, for the purchase and sale of investment securities. For additional information regarding our derivative instruments and our overall risk management strategy, please refer to the discussion of derivative and other hedging instruments in Note 2. 65 Derivative and Other Hedging Instrument Assets (Liabilities), at Fair Value The table below summarizes fair value information about our derivative and other hedging instrument assets/(liabilities) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in millions): Derivative and Other Hedging Instruments 1 Interest rate swaps Swaptions TBA and forward settling non-Agency securities U.S. Treasury futures - short Total derivative assets, at fair value 1 Interest rate swaps TBA and forward settling non-Agency securities U.S. Treasury futures - short SOFR futures contracts - long 1 Credit default swaps Total derivative liabilities, at fair value U.S. Treasury securities - long U.S. Treasury securities - short Total U.S. Treasury securities, net at fair value ________________________________ Balance Sheet Location December 31, 2023 2022 Derivative assets, at fair value Derivative assets, at fair value Derivative assets, at fair value Derivative assets, at fair value Derivative liabilities, at fair value Derivative liabilities, at fair value Derivative liabilities, at fair value Derivative liabilities, at fair value Derivative liabilities, at fair value U.S. Treasury securities, at fair value Obligation to return securities borrowed under reverse repurchase agreements, at fair value $ $ $ $ $ $ 15 $ 89 81 — 185 $ (1) $ (15) (336) (10) — (362) $ 1,540 $ (10,894) (9,354) $ 2 293 266 56 617 — (99) — — — (99) 353 (6,534) (6,181) 1. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the net fair value of our interest rate swaps excluding the recognition of variation margin settlements as a direct reduction of carrying value (see Note 2) was a net asset (liability) of $2.9 billion and $4.5 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the net fair value of our credit default swaps excluding the recognition of variation margin settlements was $(6) million and $(2) million, respectively. The following tables summarize certain characteristics of our derivative and other hedging instruments outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in millions): Pay Fixed / Receive Variable Interest Rate Swaps Years to Maturity ≤ 1 years > 1 to ≤ 3 years > 3 to ≤ 5 years > 5 to ≤ 7 years > 7 to ≤ 10 years > 10 years Total 1 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Notional Amount Average Fixed Pay Rate $ $ 13,750 14,800 5,800 3,900 5,226 — 43,476 0.14% 0.48% 0.24% 0.92% 3.06% —% 0.68% Average Receive Rate 5.37% 5.32% 5.38% 5.37% 5.38% —% 5.35% Average Maturity (Years) Notional Amount Average Fixed Pay Rate 0.4 2.0 3.9 6.2 9.2 0.0 3.0 $ $ 5,250 22,250 10,550 5,625 3,650 500 47,825 0.03% 0.14% 0.22% 0.85% 1.60% 3.54% 0.37% Average Receive Rate 4.30% 4.31% 4.31% 4.30% 4.31% 4.30% 4.31% Average Maturity (Years) 0.7 1.9 3.8 6.1 8.4 10.0 3.2 ________________________________ 1. December 31, 2023 amounts are net of $1 billion receive fixed interest rate swaps. Pay Fixed / Receive Variable Interest Rate Swaps by Receive Index (% of Notional Amount) SOFR OIS Total December 31, 2023 2022 80 % 20 % 100 % 81 % 19 % 100 % 66 Payer Swaptions Option Underlying Payer Swap Current Option Expiration Date Cost Basis Fair Value Average Months to Current Option Expiration Date Notional Amount Average Fixed Pay 1 Rate Average Term (Years) December 31, 2023 ≤ 1 year Total December 31, 2022 ≤ 1 year > 1 year ≤ 2 years Total ________________________________ 1. Receive index references SOFR. Receiver Swaptions Current Option Expiration Date December 31, 2023 ≤ 1 year $ $ $ $ $ 28 $ 28 $ 26 $ 39 65 $ 86 86 145 148 293 5 5 6 18 13 $ $ $ $ 1,250 1,250 2.61% 2.61% 1,300 1,750 3,050 2.04% 2.52% 2.32% 10.0 10.0 9.4 10.0 9.8 Option Underlying Receiver Swap Cost Basis Fair Value Average Months to Current Option Expiration Date Notional Amount Average Fixed Receive Rate Average Term (Years) 3 $ 3 24 $ 150 2.98% 5.0 As of December 31, 2022, we had no receiver swaptions outstanding. 1 U.S. Treasury Securities December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Years to Maturity ≤ 5 years > 5 year ≤ 7 years > 7 year ≤ 10 years > 10 years Total U.S. Treasury securities ________________________________ Face Amount Long/(Short) Cost Basis Fair Value Face Amount Long/(Short) Cost Basis Fair Value $ $ 1,408 (818) (8,649) (1,796) (9,855) $ $ 1,419 (821) (8,277) (1,796) (9,475) $ $ 1,454 (703) (8,187) (1,918) (9,354) $ $ 356 (745) (5,532) (1,095) (7,016) $ $ 354 (747) (5,225) (1,048) (6,666) $ $ 353 (658) (4,823) (1,053) (6,181) 1. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, short U.S. Treasury securities totaling $(10.9) billion and $(6.5) billion, at fair value, respectively, had a weighted average yield of 3.64% and 2.80%, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, long U.S. Treasury securities totaling $1.5 billion and $0.4 billion, at fair value, respectively, had a weighted average yield of 4.39% and 3.86%, respectively. U.S. Treasury Futures December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Years to Maturity > 5 year ≤ 7 years > 7 year ≤ 10 years > 10 years Total U.S. Treasury futures ________________________________ Notional Amount Long (Short) Cost Basis Fair Value Net Carrying 1 Value Notional Amount Long (Short) Cost Basis Fair Value Net Carrying 1 Value $ $ $ (2,714) (2,924) (791) $ (2,961) (3,294) (913) $ (3,064) (3,451) (989) $ (103) (157) (76) $ (7,498) (901) (814) $ (8,463) (1,070) (1,028) $ (8,420) (1,065) (1,020) (6,429) $ (7,168) $ (7,504) $ (336) $ (9,213) $ (10,561) $ (10,505) $ 43 5 8 56 1. Net carrying value represents the difference between the fair market value and the cost basis (or the forward price to be paid/(received) for the underlying U.S. Treasury security) of the U.S. Treasury futures contract as of period-end and is reported in derivative assets/(liabilities), at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. 67 TBA Securities by Coupon 15-Year TBA securities: ≥ 5.0% Total 15-Year TBA securities 30-Year TBA securities: ≤ 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.0% ≥ 6.5% Total 30-Year TBA securities, net Total TBA securities, net ________________________________ December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Notional Amount Long (Short) Cost Basis Fair Value Net Carrying 1 Value Notional Amount Long (Short) Cost Basis Fair Value Net Carrying 1 Value $ $ 90 90 $ 89 89 $ 91 91 (29) — — 363 1,717 2,034 20 1,137 5,242 (24) — — 343 1,704 2,014 10 1,152 5,199 (25) — — 352 1,704 2,047 21 1,164 5,263 $ 5,332 $ 5,288 $ 5,354 $ 2 2 (1) — — 9 — 33 11 12 64 66 $ $ — — $ — — $ — — 1,635 373 585 2,382 8,343 5,576 139 17 1,415 342 550 2,248 8,197 5,504 134 17 1,408 340 550 2,295 8,231 5,591 142 17 19,050 18,407 18,574 $ 19,050 $ 18,407 $ 18,574 $ — — (7) (2) — 47 34 87 8 — 167 167 1. Net carrying value represents the difference between the fair market value and the cost basis (or the forward price to be paid/(received) for the underlying Agency security) of the TBA contract as of period-end and is reported in derivative assets/(liabilities), at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023, we had a two-year swap equivalent SOFR futures contract long notional position of $0.9 billion, with a net carrying value of $(10) million. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $95 million and $215 million, respectively, notional value of centrally cleared credit default swaps ("CDS") outstanding that reference the Markit CDX Investment Grade or High Yield Grade Index, maturing in December 2028 and June 2027, respectively. Under the terms of our CDS, we pay fixed periodic payments equal to 1% per annum of the notional value and we are entitled to receive payments for qualified credit events. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the CDS had a market value of $(6) million and $(2) million, respectively, and a net carrying value of zero dollars, net of variation margin settlements. Pursuant to rules governing central clearing activities, we recognize variation margin settlements as a direct reduction of the carrying value of the CDS asset or liability. Gain (Loss) From Derivative Instruments and Other Securities, Net The following table summarizes changes in our derivative and other hedge portfolio and their effect on our consolidated statements of comprehensive income for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in millions): Derivative and Other Hedging Instruments Fiscal Year 2023: TBA securities, net Interest rate swaps - payer Interest rate swaps - receiver Credit default swaps - buy protection Payer swaptions Receiver swaptions U.S. Treasury securities - short position U.S. Treasury securities - long position U.S. Treasury futures contracts - short position Beginning Notional Amount Additions Settlement, Termination, Expiration or Exercise Ending Notional Amount Gain/(Loss) on Derivative Instruments and Other Securities, Net 1 164,465 5,746 (1,000) (1,322) — (150) (20,143) 14,272 (31,465) (178,183) $ (9,095) $ — $ 1,441 $ (1,800) $ — $ 16,169 $ (13,137) $ 34,249 $ 5,332 44,476 (1,000) (96) 1,250 (150) (11,347) 1,492 (6,429) $ $ 49 666 4 (13) (21) — (54) (30) (42) 559 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 19,050 47,825 — (215) 3,050 — (7,373) 357 (9,213) 68 Fiscal Year 2022: TBA securities, net Forward settling non-Agency securities Interest rate swaps - payer Credit default swaps - buy protection Payer swaptions Receiver swaptions U.S. Treasury securities - short position U.S. Treasury securities - long position U.S. Treasury futures contracts - short position Fiscal Year 2021: TBA securities, net Forward settling non-Agency securities Interest rate swaps - payer Payer swaptions U.S. Treasury securities - short position U.S. Treasury securities - long position U.S. Treasury futures contracts - short position ________________________________ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 26,673 450 51,225 — 13,000 — (9,590) 472 (1,500) 30,364 — 43,225 10,400 (11,287) — (1,000) 312,307 — 5,895 (5,835) 1,750 (150) (15,548) 10,202 (37,493) 352,658 1,800 9,000 8,050 (12,691) 7,618 (6,000) (319,930) $ (450) $ (9,295) $ 5,620 $ (11,700) $ 150 $ 17,765 $ (10,317) $ 29,780 $ (356,349) $ (1,350) $ (1,000) $ (5,450) $ 14,388 $ (7,146) $ 5,500 $ 19,050 — 47,825 (215) 3,050 — (7,373) 357 (9,213) 26,673 450 51,225 13,000 (9,590) 472 (1,500) $ $ $ $ (2,860) — 4,400 21 857 — 1,482 (32) 811 4,679 (552) 5 1,117 23 444 (25) 42 1,054 1. Amounts exclude other miscellaneous gains and losses and other interest income (expense) recognized in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, we had SOFR futures contracts, measured on a two-year swap equivalent basis, of $0.9 billion. For fiscal year 2023, we recognized a loss of $(10) million on our SOFR futures position in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Note 6. Pledged Assets Our funding agreements require us to fully collateralize our obligations under the agreements based upon our counterparties' collateral requirements and their determination of the fair value of the securities pledged as collateral, which fluctuates with changes in interest rates, credit quality and liquidity conditions within the investment banking, mortgage finance and real estate industries. Our derivative contracts similarly require us to fully collateralize our obligations under such agreements, which will vary over time based on similar factors as well as our counterparties' determination of the value of the derivative contract. We are typically required to post initial margin upon execution of derivative transactions, such as under our interest rate swap agreements and TBA contracts, and subsequently post or receive variation margin based on daily fluctuations in fair value. Our brokerage and custody agreements and the clearing organizations utilized by our wholly-owned captive broker-dealer subsidiary, Bethesda Securities, LLC, also require that we post minimum daily clearing deposits. If we breach our collateral requirements, we will be required to fully settle our obligations under the agreements, which could include a forced liquidation of our pledged collateral. Our counterparties also apply a "haircut" to our pledged collateral, which means our collateral is valued at slightly less than market value and limits the amount we can borrow against our securities. This haircut reflects the underlying risk of the specific collateral and protects our counterparty against a change in its value. Our agreements do not specify the haircut; rather, haircuts are determined on an individual transaction basis. Consequently, our funding agreements and derivative contracts expose us to credit risk relating to potential losses that could be recognized if our counterparties fail to perform their obligations under such agreements. We minimize this risk by limiting our counterparties to major financial institutions with acceptable credit ratings or to registered clearinghouses and U.S. government agencies, and we monitor our positions with individual counterparties. In the event of a default by a counterparty, we may have difficulty obtaining our assets pledged as collateral to such counterparty and may not receive payments as and when due to us under the terms of our derivative agreements. In the case of centrally cleared instruments, we could be exposed to credit risk if the central clearing agency or a clearing member defaults on its respective obligation to perform under the contract. However, we believe that the risk is minimal due to the clearing exchanges' initial and daily mark-to-market margin requirements, clearinghouse guarantee funds and other resources that are available in the event of a clearing member default. 69 As of December 31, 2023, our maximum amount at risk with any counterparty related to our repurchase agreements, excluding the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, was less than 3% of our tangible stockholders' equity (or the excess/shortfall of the value of collateral pledged/received over our repurchase agreement liabilities/reverse repurchase agreement receivables). As of December 31, 2023, less than 7% of our tangible stockholder's equity was at risk with the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation. Assets Pledged to Counterparties The following tables summarize our assets pledged as collateral under our funding, derivative and brokerage and clearing agreements by type, including securities pledged related to securities sold but not yet settled, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in millions): 1 Assets Pledged to Counterparties Agency RMBS - fair value CRT - fair value Non-Agency - fair value U.S. Treasury securities - fair value Accrued interest on pledged securities Restricted cash Total 1 Assets Pledged to Counterparties Agency RMBS - fair value CRT - fair value Non-Agency - fair value U.S. Treasury securities - fair value Accrued interest on pledged securities Restricted cash Total ________________________________ 2 Repurchase Agreements Debt of Consolidated VIEs Derivative Agreements and Other Total December 31, 2023 $ $ $ 49,602 678 262 1,865 217 9 52,633 $ 121 — — — — — 121 $ $ $ 15 — — 62 — 1,244 1,321 $ 2 Repurchase Agreements Debt of Consolidated VIEs Derivative Agreements and Other Total December 31, 2022 $ $ $ 35,765 703 605 353 127 211 37,764 $ 144 — — — 1 — 145 $ $ $ 203 — — — — 1,105 1,308 $ 49,738 678 262 1,927 217 1,253 54,075 36,112 703 605 353 128 1,316 39,217 1. 2. Includes repledged assets received as collateral from counterparties and securities sold but not yet settled. Includes $42 million and $49 million of retained interests in our consolidated VIEs pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The following table summarizes our securities pledged as collateral under our repurchase agreements by the remaining maturity of our borrowings, including securities pledged related to sold but not yet settled securities, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in millions). For the corresponding borrowings associated with the following amounts and the interest rates thereon, refer to Note 4. Securities Pledged by Remaining Maturity of Repurchase Agreements 1,2 Fair Value of Pledged Securities December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Amortized Cost of Pledged Securities Accrued Interest on Pledged Securities Fair Value of Pledged Securities Amortized Cost of Pledged Securities Accrued Interest on Pledged Securities ≤ 1 month > 1 and ≤ 2 months > 2 and ≤ 3 months > 3 months Total ________________________________ $ $ $ 43,701 2,847 5,524 — $ 44,918 3,069 5,947 — 52,072 $ 53,934 $ 188 10 19 — 217 $ $ $ 27,525 7,922 240 1,739 $ 30,168 8,680 252 1,870 37,426 $ 40,970 $ 94 27 — 6 127 70 1. 2. Includes $42 million and $49 million of retained interests in our consolidated VIEs pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Excludes $397 million of repledged U.S. Treasury securities received as collateral from counterparties as of December 31, 2023. Assets Pledged from Counterparties As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had assets pledged to us from counterparties as collateral under our reverse repurchase and derivative agreements summarized in the tables below (in millions). Assets Pledged to AGNC U.S. Treasury securities - fair value Cash Total Reverse Repurchase Agreements $ $ 11,667 — 11,667 $ $ Offsetting Assets and Liabilities December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Derivative Agreements Repurchase Agreements Total Reverse Repurchase Agreements Derivative Agreements Repurchase Agreements Total — 89 89 $ $ 306 49 355 $ $ 11,973 138 12,111 $ $ 6,572 46 6,618 $ $ — 296 296 $ $ 28 6 34 $ $ 6,600 348 6,948 Certain of our repurchase agreements and derivative transactions are governed by underlying agreements that generally provide for a right of setoff under master netting arrangements (or similar agreements), including in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. We present our assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements on a gross basis in our consolidated balance sheets. The following tables present information about our assets and liabilities that are subject to master netting arrangements and can potentially be offset on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in millions): December 31, 2023 1 Interest rate swap and swaption agreements, at fair value 1 TBA securities, at fair value Receivable under reverse repurchase agreements Total December 31, 2022 1 Interest rate swap and swaption agreements, at fair value 1 TBA securities, at fair value Receivable under reverse repurchase agreements Total Offsetting of Financial and Derivative Assets Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Financial Instruments Collateral 2 Received Net Amount $ $ $ $ $ 104 80 11,618 11,802 $ $ 295 266 6,622 7,183 $ — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ $ 104 80 11,618 $ — (15) (8,433) $ (89) (65) (3,181) 11,802 $ (8,448) $ (3,335) $ $ 295 266 6,622 $ — (99) (4,007) $ (293) (167) (2,610) 7,183 $ (4,106) $ (3,070) $ 15 — 4 19 2 — 5 7 71 Offsetting of Financial and Derivative Liabilities Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Financial Instruments Collateral Pledged 2 Net Amount $ $ $ $ 15 50,426 50,441 99 36,262 36,361 $ $ $ $ — — — — — — $ $ $ $ 15 50,426 50,441 99 36,262 36,361 $ $ $ $ (15) (8,433) (8,448) (99) (4,007) (4,106) $ $ $ $ — (41,993) (41,993) — (32,255) (32,255) $ $ $ $ — — — — — — December 31, 2023 1 TBA securities, at fair value Repurchase agreements Total December 31, 2022 1 TBA securities, at fair value Repurchase agreements Total ________________________________ 1. 2. Reported under derivative assets / liabilities, at fair value in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 5 for a reconciliation of derivative assets / liabilities, at fair value to their sub-components. Includes cash and securities pledged / received as collateral, at fair value. Amounts include repledged collateral. Amounts presented are limited to collateral pledged sufficient to reduce the net amount to zero for individual counterparties, as applicable. Note 7. Fair Value Measurements The following table provides a summary of our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, based on their categorization within the valuation hierarchy (in millions). There were no transfers between valuation hierarchy levels during the periods presented in our accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Assets: Agency securities Agency securities transferred to consolidated VIEs Credit risk transfer securities Non-Agency securities U.S. Treasury securities 1 Interest rate swaps Swaptions TBA securities U.S. Treasury futures Total Liabilities: Debt of consolidated VIEs Obligation to return U.S. Treasury securities borrowed under reverse repurchase agreements 1 Interest rate swaps 1 Credit default swaps TBA securities U.S. Treasury futures SOFR Futures Total ________________________________ December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ $ $ $ $ $ — — — — 1,540 — — — — 1,540 — 10,894 — — — 336 10 $ 11,240 $ 53,673 121 723 307 — 15 89 81 — 55,009 80 — 1 — 15 — — 96 $ $ $ $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ $ $ — — — — 353 — — — 56 409 — 6,534 — — — — — $ $ $ 39,346 144 757 657 — 2 293 266 — 41,465 95 — — — 99 — — $ 6,534 $ 194 $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the net fair value of our interest rate swaps excluding the recognition of variation margin settlements as a direct reduction of carrying value was a net asset (liability) of $2.9 billion and $4.5 billion, respectively, based on "Level 2" inputs. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the net fair value of our credit default swaps excluding the recognition of variation margin settlements was $(6) million and $(2) million, respectively, based on "Level 2" inputs. See Notes 2 and 5 for additional details. Excluded from the table above are financial instruments reported at cost and other mortgage credit investments reported under the equity method of accounting in our consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair 72 value of our repurchase agreements approximated cost, as the rates on our outstanding repurchase agreements largely corresponded to prevailing rates observed in the repo market. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, receivables and other payables were determined to approximate cost as of such dates due to their short duration. We estimate the fair value of these instruments carried at cost using "Level 1" or "Level 2" inputs. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the carrying value of other mortgage credit investments reported under the equity method of accounting was $44 million and $25 million, respectively. Note 8. Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing (i) net income (loss) available (attributable) to common stockholders by (ii) the sum of our weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and the weighted-average number of vested but not yet issued time and performance-based restricted stock units ("RSUs") outstanding for the period granted under our long-term incentive program to employees and non-employee Board of Directors. Diluted net income (loss) per common share assumes the issuance of all potential common stock equivalents unless the effect is to reduce a loss or increase the income per common share. Our potential common stock equivalents consist of unvested time and performance-based RSUs. The following table presents the computations of basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share for the periods indicated (shares and dollars in millions): Weighted average number of common shares issued and outstanding Weighted average number of fully vested restricted stock units outstanding Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic Weighted average number of dilutive unvested restricted stock units outstanding Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted Net income (loss) available (attributable) to common stockholders Net income (loss) per common share - basic Net income (loss) per common share - diluted 2023 Fiscal Year 2022 2021 616.6 1.8 618.4 1.2 619.6 32 0.05 0.05 535.4 1.6 537.0 — 537.0 $ $ $ (1,295) $ (2.41) $ (2.41) $ 526.5 1.6 528.1 1.9 530.0 649 1.23 1.22 $ $ $ For fiscal year 2022 1.1 million of potentially dilutive unvested time and performance based RSUs outstanding were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per common share because to do so would have been anti-dilutive for the period. Note 9. Stockholders' Equity Preferred Stock We are authorized to designate and issue up to 10.0 million shares of preferred stock in one or more classes or series. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, 13,800, 10,350, 16,100, 23,000 and 6,900 shares of preferred stock were designated as 7.00% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, 6.875% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, 6.50% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, 6.125% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock and 7.75% Series G Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, respectively, (referred to as "Series C, D, E, F and G Preferred Stock", respectively). As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, 13,000, 9,400, 16,100, 23,000 and 6,000 shares of Series C, D, E, F and G Preferred Stock, respectively, were issued and outstanding. Each share of preferred stock is represented by 1,000 depositary shares. Each share of preferred stock has a liquidation preference of $25,000 per share ($25 per depositary share). Our preferred stock ranks senior to our common stock with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon a voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company. Our preferred stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption and each series of preferred stock ranks on parity with one another. Under certain circumstances upon a change of control, our preferred stock is convertible to shares of our common stock. Holders of our preferred stock and depositary shares underlying our preferred stock have no voting rights, except under limited conditions. Beginning on each series' optional redemption date, we may redeem shares at $25.00 per depositary share, plus accumulated and unpaid dividends (whether or not declared), exclusively at our option. The following table includes a summary of preferred stock depositary shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 (dollars and shares in millions): 73 Cumulative Redeemable 1 Preferred Stock Fixed-to-Floating Rate: Series C Series D Series E Series F Fixed-Rate Reset: Series G Total Issue Date August 22, 2017 March 6, 2019 October 3, 2019 February 11, 2020 September 14, 2022 Depositary Shares Issued and Outstanding Carrying Value Aggregate Liquidation Preference Per Annum Dividend 2,3 Rate First Optional Redemption Date / 3,4 Conversion Date $ 13.0 9.4 16.1 23.0 6.0 67.5 $ $ 315 227 390 557 145 1,634 $ 325 235 403 575 150 1,688 10.775% 6.875% 6.500% 6.125% October 15, 2022 April 15, 2024 October 15, 2024 April 15, 2025 7.750% October 15, 2027 ________________________________ 1. 2. 3. 4. The depositary shares underlying our preferred stock accrue dividends at an initial annual fixed rate of the $25.00 liquidation preference per depositary share from the issuance date up to, but not including, the fixed-to-floating rate or fixed-rate-reset conversion date; thereafter, dividends will accrue on a floating rate or fixed-rate-reset basis equal to the conversion rate plus a fixed spread. The Series C per annum dividend rate represents the dividend rate in effect as of December 31, 2023. The Series C dividend accrues at a rate equal to the 3-Month CME Term SOFR plus 0.26161%, plus a spread of 5.111%, per annum, resetting quarterly in accordance with the certificate of designations for such series and the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act of 2021 (the “LIBOR Act”). At the conclusion of the fixed rate period (the conversion date) for each of the Series D, E, and F Preferred Stock, the dividend for such series will accrue at a rate equal to the 3-Month CME Term SOFR plus 0.26161%, plus a spread of 4.332%, 4.993% and 4.697%, respectively, per annum, resetting quarterly in accordance with the certificate of designations for such series and the LIBOR Act. At the conclusion of the fixed rate period for the Series G Preferred Stock, the dividend will accrue at a floating rate equal to the 5-Year US Treasury rate, plus a spread of 4.39%, per annum and will reset in accordance with the certificate of designations for such series. Shares may be redeemed prior to our optional redemption date under certain circumstances intended to preserve our qualification as a REIT for U.S federal income tax purposes. At-the-Market Offering Program We are authorized by our Board of Directors to enter into agreements with sales agents to publicly offer and sell shares of our common stock in privately negotiated and/or at-the-market transactions from time-to-time up to a maximum aggregate offering price of our common stock. The following table includes a summary of shares of our common stock sold under the sales agreements during fiscal years 2023 and 2022 (in millions, except for per share data). During fiscal year 2021 we did not issue shares under this program. As of December 31, 2023, shares of our common stock with an aggregate offering price of $0.9 billion remained authorized for issuance under this program through December 31, 2024. ATM Offerings Fiscal Year 2023 Fiscal Year 2022 Average Price Received Per Share, Net $9.14 $9.39 Shares Net Proceeds 118.8 56.0 $ $ 1,085 526 Common Stock Repurchase Program We are authorized by our Board of Directors to repurchase shares of our common stock in open market or through privately negotiated transactions or pursuant to a trading plan that may be adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). The following table includes a summary of shares of our common stock repurchased during fiscal years 2022 and 2021 (in millions, except for per share data). During fiscal year 2023 we did not repurchase shares under this program. As of December 31, 2023, shares of our common stock with an aggregate repurchase price of $1 billion remained authorized for repurchase through December 31, 2024. Common Stock Repurchases Fiscal Year 2022 2 Fiscal Year 2021 Average Price Paid Per 1 Share $10.78 $15.96 Shares Net Cost 4.7 17.7 $ $ 51 281 ________________________________ 1. 2. Average price paid per share includes transaction costs. Includes December 2020 share repurchases that settled in January 2021 totaling $24 million, or 1.6 million shares. 74 Distributions to Stockholders The following table summarizes dividends declared during fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in millions, except per share amounts): Dividends Declared Dividends Declared Per 1 Share Series C Preferred Stock Fiscal year 2023 Fiscal year 2022 Fiscal year 2021 Series D Preferred Stock Fiscal year 2023 Fiscal year 2022 Fiscal year 2021 Series E Preferred Stock Fiscal year 2023 Fiscal year 2022 Fiscal year 2021 Series F Preferred Stock Fiscal year 2023 Fiscal year 2022 Fiscal year 2021 Series G Preferred Stock Fiscal year 2023 Fiscal year 2022 Common Stock Fiscal year 2023 Fiscal year 2022 Fiscal year 2021 ________________________________ 1. Preferred stock per share amounts are per depositary share. 34 25 23 16 16 16 26 26 26 35 35 35 12 4 896 775 757 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2.660390 1.886880 1.750000 1.718750 1.718750 1.718750 1.625000 1.625000 1.625000 1.531250 1.531250 1.531250 1.937520 0.651220 1.440000 1.440000 1.440000 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 75 The following table summarizes our tax characterization of distributions to stockholders for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021. Distributions included in the table below are based on the fiscal tax year for which the distribution is attributed to for stockholders in accordance with rules promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code: Tax Year Series C Preferred Stock Fiscal year 2023 Fiscal year 2022 Fiscal year 2021 Series D Preferred Stock Fiscal year 2023 Fiscal year 2022 Fiscal year 2021 Series E Preferred Stock Fiscal year 2023 Fiscal year 2022 Fiscal year 2021 Series F Preferred Stock Fiscal year 2023 Fiscal year 2022 Fiscal year 2021 Series G Preferred Stock Fiscal year 2023 Common Stock Fiscal year 2023 Fiscal year 2022 Fiscal year 2021 1 Distribution Rate Ordinary Dividend Per Share Qualified Dividends Capital Gain Dividend Per Share Non-Dividend Distributions Section 199 Dividend 1 Tax Characterization $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2.546340 $ 1.750000 $ 1.750000 $ 1.718750 $ 1.718750 $ 1.718750 $ 1.625000 $ 1.625000 $ 1.625000 $ 1.531250 $ 1.531250 $ 1.531250 $ 2.546340 $ 1.750000 $ 0.341718 $ 1.718750 $ 1.718750 $ 0.335616 $ 1.625000 $ 1.625000 $ 0.317310 $ 1.531250 $ 1.531250 $ 0.299004 $ 2.104360 $ 2.104360 $ 1.560000 $ 1.440000 $ 1.320000 $ 1.560000 $ 0.669420 $ 0.095930 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 0.095782 $ — $ — $ 0.094072 $ — $ — $ 0.088940 $ — $ — $ 0.083809 $ — $ — $ 1.312500 $ — $ — $ 1.289063 $ — $ — $ 1.218750 $ — $ — $ 1.148438 $ 2.54 1.75 0.34 1.71 1.71 0.33 1.62 1.62 0.31 1.53 1.53 0.29 — $ — $ 2.104 — $ — $ 0.026889 $ — $ 0.770580 $ 1.197181 $ 1.56 0.66 0.09 ________________________________ 1. Preferred stock per share amounts are per depositary share. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) The following table summarizes changes to accumulated OCI for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in millions): Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Beginning Balance OCI before reclassifications Net loss amounts for available-for-sale securities reclassified from accumulated OCI to realized gain (loss) on sale of investment securities, net Ending Balance Note 10. Stock-Based Compensation 2023 Fiscal Year 2022 2021 $ $ (672) $ 92 301 $ (1,015) 63 42 (517) $ (672) $ 719 (382) (36) 301 During fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, we granted RSU awards to employees with a grant date fair value of $11 million, $8 million and $8 million, respectively, which generally vest annually over a three-year period, and we granted RSU awards to independent directors of $1.2 million, $1.0 million and $0.9 million, respectively, which vest at the end of a one-year period from grant date. We also granted PSU awards to employees which generally vest at the end of a three-year 76 period provided that specified performance criteria are met. The performance criteria are based on a formula tied to our achievement of long-term economic returns consisting of the change in tangible net book value and dividends paid per common share on an absolute basis and relative to a select group of our peers. The fair value of the PSU awards granted during fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 as of the grant date was $10 million, $11 million and $10 million, respectively, assuming the target levels of performance are achieved. The actual value of the awards will vary within a range of 0% to 200% of the target based on the actual performance achieved relative to the targets. Our 2016 Equity Plan, as amended, authorizes a total of 40 million shares of our common stock that may be used to satisfy awards granted under the Plan, subject to the share counting rules set forth within the Plan. As of December 31, 2023, 28.7 million shares remained available for awards under the 2016 Equity Plan. For purposes of determining the total number of shares available for awards under the 2016 Equity Plan, available shares are reduced by (i) shares issued for vested awards, net of units withheld to cover minimum statutory tax withholding requirements paid by us in cash on behalf of the employee, (ii) outstanding unvested awards, (iii) outstanding previously vested awards, if distribution of such awards has been deferred beyond the vesting date ("deferred awards"), and (iv) accrued dividend equivalent units on outstanding awards through December 31, 2023. Unvested PSU awards assume the maximum potential payout under the terms of the award. As of December 31, 2023, 1.7 million of deferred awards, including accrued dividend equivalents, were outstanding. During fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized total compensation expense of $15.0 million, $11.6 million and $21.4 million, respectively, for stock-based awards to employees, and we recognized other operating expense of $1.1 million, $1.0 million and $0.8 million, respectively, for stock-based awards to independent directors. Compensation expense for PSU awards is based on our estimate of the probability that the performance criteria for PSU awards will be achieved and, if applicable, includes a cumulative effect adjustment for changes in our estimate from the prior year period. As of December 31, 2023, we estimate that 66.4% of target for PSU awards granted in fiscal year 2021 will vest based on actual performance achieved through the end of the performance measurement period and that 50% and 100% of target will vest for PSU awards granted in fiscal years 2022 and 2023, respectively, based on our estimate of the probability that the performance criteria for these awards will be achieved. As of December 31, 2023, we had $17 million of unrecognized expense related to stock-based awards that we expect to recognize over a weighted average period of 1.8 years. The following tables summarizes awards under our 2016 Equity Plan for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021: RSU Awards Unvested balance as of December 31, 2020 Granted Accrued RSU dividend equivalents Vested Forfeitures Unvested balance as of December 31, 2021 Granted Accrued RSU dividend equivalents Vested Forfeitures Unvested balance as of December 31, 2022 Granted Accrued RSU dividend equivalents Vested Unvested balance as of December 31, 2023 ________________________________ 1. Accrued RSU award dividend equivalents have a weighted average grant date fair value of $0. 77 RSU Awards Weighted Average Grant Date Fair 1 Value Weighted Average Vest Date Fair Value 908,984 $ 567,426 $ 84,976 $ (483,601) $ (27,758) $ 1,050,027 $ 687,733 $ 159,039 $ (558,796) $ (4,312) $ 1,333,691 $ 1,140,758 $ 273,189 $ (703,557) $ 2,044,081 $ 15.57 $ 16.10 $ — $ 14.31 $ 15.98 $ 15.15 $ 12.85 $ — $ 14.68 $ 13.43 $ 12.36 $ 10.67 $ — $ 12.28 $ 9.79 $ — — — 16.64 — — — — 12.70 — — — — 9.88 — PSU Awards Unvested balance as of December 31, 2020 Granted Accrued PSU dividend equivalents 2 Performance adjustment - base grant 2 Performance adjustment - accrued PSU dividend equivalents Vested Forfeitures Unvested balance as of December 31, 2021 Granted Accrued PSU dividend equivalents Vested Unvested balance as of December 31, 2022 Granted Accrued PSU dividend equivalents 2 Performance adjustment - base grant 2 Performance adjustment - accrued PSU dividend equivalents Vested 3 Unvested balance as of December 31, 2023 _______________________ PSUs at Target Performance Level Weighted Average Grant Date Fair 1 Value Weighted Average Vest Date Fair Value 1,626,785 $ 630,886 $ 157,539 $ 206,547 $ 70,953 $ (466,224) $ (13,826) $ 2,212,660 $ 826,971 $ 279,484 $ (938,540) $ 2,380,575 $ 950,840 $ 402,368 $ (210,425) $ (87,375) $ (699,128) $ 2,736,855 $ 15.15 $ 15.96 $ — $ 17.56 $ — $ 12.86 $ 15.54 $ 14.52 $ 12.99 $ — $ 13.02 $ 12.87 $ 10.59 $ — $ 15.96 $ — $ 14.18 $ 10.03 $ — — — — — 16.52 — — — — 13.85 — — — — — 11.48 — 1. 2. 3. Accrued PSU award dividend equivalents have a weighted average grant date fair value of $0. Performance adjustments reflect adjustments for actual performance achieved relative to target, measured at the end of the performance period. The unvested balance as of December 31, 2023 assumes actual performance achievement of 66.4% of target for PSU awards granted in fiscal year 2021 that are scheduled to vest in fiscal year 2024 and target levels of performance (100%) for PSU awards granted in fiscal years 2022 and 2023. The actual number of PSUs that will vest for the 2022 and 2023 PSU awards will vary within a range of 0% to 200% of the target based on the actual performance achieved relative to the targets. As of December 31, 2023, we estimate that 50% and 100% of the 2022 and 2023 PSU awards, respectively, will vest based on our estimate of the probability that the performance criteria for the awards will be achieved. Note 11. Income Taxes We did not incur an income tax liability for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and we do not expect to incur an income tax liability for the year ended December 31, 2023. Based on our analysis of any potential uncertain income tax positions, we concluded that we do not have any uncertain tax positions that meet the recognition or measurement criteria of ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, as of December 31, 2023 or prior periods. Our tax returns for tax years 2020 and forward are open to examination by the IRS. If we incur income tax related interest and penalties, our policy is to classify them as a component of provision for income taxes. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure based on the definition of "disclosure controls and procedures" as promulgated under the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. We, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. 78 Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting is included in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." Attestation Report of Registered Public Accounting Firm The attestation report of our registered public accounting firm is included in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There have been no changes in our "internal control over financial reporting" (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information During the three months ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) informed us of the adoption or termination of a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as those terms are defined in Regulation S-K, Item 408. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III. Information in response to this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information provided in our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "2024 Proxy Statement") under the headings "PROPOSAL 1: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS", "EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF REGISTRANT", and "BOARD AND GOVERNANCE MATTERS." Item 11. Executive Compensation Information in response to this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information provided in the 2024 Proxy Statement under the headings "PROPOSAL 1: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS", "EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION", "COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS", "REPORT OF THE COMPENSATION AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE COMMITTEE", and "COMPENSATION COMMITTEE INTERLOCKS AND INSIDER PARTICIPATION." Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Information in response to this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information provided in the 2024 Proxy Statement under the heading "SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF MANAGEMENT AND CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS." Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Information in response to this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information provided in the 2024 Proxy Statement under the headings "CERTAIN TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PERSONS" and "PROPOSAL 1: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS." Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services Information in response to this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information provided in the 2024 Proxy Statement under the heading "PROPOSAL 3: RATIFICATION OF APPOINTMENT OF INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT." 79 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules (a) List of documents filed as part of this report: (1) The following financial statements are filed herewith: PART IV. Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 (2) The following exhibits are filed herewith or incorporated herein by reference Exhibit No. Description *3.1 AGNC Investment Corp. Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (File No. 001-34057), filed February 23, 2022. *3.2 AGNC Investment Corp. Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057), filed July 21, 2023. *3.3 Certificate of Designations of 7.00% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.5 of Form 8-A (File No. 001-34057), filed August 18, 2017. *3.4 Certificate of Elimination of 8.000% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K (File No 001-34057), filed October 26, 2017. *3.5 Certificate of Designations of 6.875% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.5 of Form 8-A (File No 001-34057), filed March 6, 2019. *3.6 Certificate of Designations of 6.50% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.6 of Form 8-A (File No 001-34057), filed October 3, 2019. *3.7 Certificate of Elimination of 7.750% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K (File No 001-34057), filed December 13, 2019. *3.8 Certificate of Designations of 6.125% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.6 of Form 8-A (File No 001-34057), filed February 11, 2020. *3.9 Certificate of Designations of 7.75% Series G Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.7 of Form 8-A (File No 001-34057), filed September 14, 2022. *4.1 Instruments defining the rights of holders of securities: See Article IV of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (File No. 001-34057), filed February 23, 2022. *4.2 Instruments defining the rights of holders of securities: See Article VI of our Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K, filed July 21, 2023. *4.3 Form of Certificate for Common Stock, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022 (File No. 001-34057), filed November 7, 2022. *4.4 Specimen 7.00% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Certificate, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Form 8-A (File No. 001-34057), filed August 18, 2017. *4.5 Specimen 6.875% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Certificate, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Form 8-A (File No. 001-34057), filed March 6, 2019. 80 *4.6 Specimen 6.50% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Certificate, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Form 8-A (File No. 001-34057), filed October 3, 2019. *4.7 Specimen 6.125% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Certificate, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Form 8-A (File No 001-34057), filed February 11, 2020. *4.8 Specimen 7.75% Series G Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Certificate, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Form 8-A (File No 001-34057), filed September 14, 2022. *4.9 Deposit Agreement relating to 7.00% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, dated August 22, 2017, among AGNC Investment Corp., Computershare Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., jointly as depositary, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057) filed August 22, 2017. *4.10 Form of Depositary Receipt representing 1/1,000th of a share of 7.00% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (included as part of Exhibit 4.9), incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit A of Exhibit 4.2 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057) filed August 22, 2017. *4.11 Deposit Agreement relating to 6.875% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, dated March 6, 2019, among AGNC Investment Corp., Computershare Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., jointly as depositary, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057) filed March 6, 2019. *4.12 Form of Depositary Receipt representing 1/1,000th of a share of 6.875% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (included as part of Exhibit 4.11), incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit A of Exhibit 4.2 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057) filed March 6, 2019. *4.13 Deposit Agreement relating to 6.50% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, dated October 3, 2019, among AGNC Investment Corp., Computershare Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., jointly as depositary, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057) filed October 3, 2019. *4.14 Form of Depositary Receipt representing 1/1,000th of a share of 6.50% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (included as part of Exhibit 4.13), incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit A of Exhibit 4.2 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057) filed October 3, 2019. *4.15 Deposit Agreement relating to 6.125% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, dated February 11, 2020, among AGNC Investment Corp., Computershare Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., jointly as depositary, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057) filed February 11, 2020. *4.16 Form of Depositary Receipt representing 1/1,000th of a share of 6.125% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (included as part of Exhibit 4.15), incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit A of Exhibit 4.1 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057) filed February 11, 2020. *4.17 Deposit Agreement relating to 7.75% Series G Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, dated September 14, 2022, among AGNC Investment Corp., Computershare Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., jointly as depositary, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057) filed September 14, 2022. *4.18 Form of Depositary Receipt representing 1/1,000th of a share of 7.75% Series G Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (included as part of Exhibit 4.17), incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit A of Exhibit 4.2 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057) filed September 14, 2022. 4.19 Description of the Registrant’s Securities, filed herewith. †* 10.1 Form of Indemnification Agreement, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057) filed October 25, 2021. †* 10.2 Fifth Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated December 10, 2020, by and between AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC and Gary Kain, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057), filed December 10, 2020. 81 †* 10.3 Second Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated December 10, 2020, by and between AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC and Peter Federico, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057), filed December 10, 2020. †* 10.4 First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated January 31, 2023 between AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC and Peter Federico, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of Form 10-K (File No. 001-34057), filed February 27, 2023. †* 10.5 Second Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated December 10, 2020, by and between AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC and Christopher Kuehl, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057), filed December 10, 2020. †* 10.6 First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated January 31, 2023 between AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC and Christopher Kuehl, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of Form 10-K (File No. 001-34057), filed February 27, 2023. †* 10.7 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated January 22, 2021, by and between AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC and Bernice Bell, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057), filed January 22, 2021. †* 10.8 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated January 21, 2022 between AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC and Bernice Bell, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057), filed January 21, 2022. †* 10.9 Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated January 31, 2023 between AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC and Bernice Bell, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057), filed February 3, 2023. †* 10.10 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated January 22, 2021, by and between AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC and Kenneth Pollack, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of Form 10-K (File No. 001-34057), filed February 26, 2021. †* 10.11 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated January 21, 2022 between AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC and Kenneth Pollack, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057), filed January 21, 2022. †*10.12 Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated January 31, 2023 between AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC and Kenneth Pollack, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-34057), filed February 3, 2023. †* 10.13 Amended and Restated AGNC Investment Corp. 2016 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of Form 10-K (File No, 001-34057), filed February 23, 2022. †* 10.14 Form of AGNC Investment Corp. 2016 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Non-Employee Directors, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of Form 10-K (File No. 001-34057), filed February 26, 2018. †* 10.15 Form of AGNC Investment Corp. 2016 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan Deferred Stock Unit Agreement incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018 (File No. 001-34057), filed November 5, 2018. †* 10.16 Form of AGNC Investment Corp. 2016 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Section 16 Officers with Retirement Provisions, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of Form 10-K (File No. 001-34057), filed February 26, 2021. †* 10.17 Form of AGNC Investment Corp. 2016 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Section 16 Officers with Retirement Provisions, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.27 of Form 10-K (File No. 001-34057), filed February 26, 2021. †* 10.18 Form of AGNC Investment Corp. 2016 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Section 16 Officers with Employment Contracts, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.28 of Form 10-K (File No. 001-34057), filed February 26, 2021. 82 †* 10.19 Form of AGNC Investment Corp. 2016 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Section 16 Officers with Employment Contracts, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.29 of Form 10-K (File No. 001-34057), filed February 26, 2021. † 10.20 Form of AGNC Investment Corp. 2016 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Section 16 Officers with Retirement Plan Language, filed herewith. † 10.21 Form of AGNC Investment Corp. 2016 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Section 16 Officers with Retirement Plan Language, filed herewith. *14 AGNC Investment Corp. Code of Ethics and Conduct, adopted July 20, 2023, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 14 of Form 10-Q (File No. 001- 34057), filed August 3, 2023. 21 Subsidiaries of the Company and jurisdiction of incorporation: 1) AGNC TRS, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company 2) Bethesda Securities, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company 3) AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company 23 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, filed herewith. 24 Powers of Attorney of directors, filed herewith. 31.1 Certification of CEO Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 31.2 Certification of CFO Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32 Certification of CEO and CFO Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 97.1 AGNC Investment Corp. Compensation Clawback Policy, filed herewith. 101.INS** The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document 101.SCH** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.LAB** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document 101.PRE** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 101.DEF** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document ________________________________ * Previously filed ** This exhibit is being furnished rather than filed, and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing, in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K † Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement (b) Exhibits See the exhibits filed herewith. (c) Additional financial statement schedules None. 83 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. By: /s/ PETER J. FEDERICO Peter J. Federico President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Date: February 22, 2024 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Name Title Date /s/ PETER J. FEDERICO Peter J. Federico Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) February 22, 2024 /s/ BERNICE E. BELL Bernice E. Bell /s/ GARY D. KAIN Gary D. Kain * Donna J. Blank * Morris A. Davis * John D. Fisk * Andrew A. Johnson, Jr. * Prue B. Larocca * Paul E. Mullings * Frances R. Spark *By: /s/ KENNETH L. POLLACK Kenneth L. Pollack Attorney-in-fact Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) February 22, 2024 Director, Executive Chair February 22, 2024 February 22, 2024 February 22, 2024 February 22, 2024 February 22, 2024 February 22, 2024 February 22, 2024 February 22, 2024 Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 84 DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Exhibit 4.19 The following description sets forth certain material terms and provisions of AGNC Investment Corp.’s securities that are registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The description below does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware on April 23, 2020 (the “Charter”), our Amended and Restated Bylaws (the “Bylaws”), as in effect since July 20, 2023 and each prospectus, prospectus supplement and certificate of designations which was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), as applicable, at or prior to the time of sale of the related security. If so indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, the terms of any such security may differ from the terms set forth below. If there are differences between the prospectus supplement relating to a particular security and the applicable prospectus, the prospectus supplement controls. When used in this exhibit, the terms “AGNC,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer solely to AGNC Investment Corp. and not to its subsidiaries. We urge you to read our Charter, as amended, our Bylaws and each prospectus, prospectus supplement and certificate of designations applicable to the related security in their entirety. As of December 31, 2023, we had six classes of registered securities listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market, our common stock and 7.000% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, 6.875% Series D Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, 6.50% Series E Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, 6.125% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, and 7.75% Series G Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock. General DESCRIPTION OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our Charter provides that we may issue up to 1,500,000,000 shares of common stock and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, both having a par value of $0.01 per share. Of these shares of preferred stock, 13,800 shares have been designated as our 7.00% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series C Preferred Stock”), 10,350 shares have been designated as our 6.875% Series D Fixed-to- Floating Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series D Preferred Stock”), 16,100 shares have been designated as our 6.50% Series E Fixed- to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series E Preferred Stock”), 23,000 shares have been designated as our 6.125% Series F Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series F Preferred Stock”), and 6,900 shares have been designated as our 7.75% Series G Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series G Preferred Stock”). As of December 31, 2023, 694,265,141 shares of our common stock, 13,000 shares of our Series C Preferred Stock, 9,400 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock, 16,100 shares of our Series E Preferred Stock, 23,000 shares of our Series F Preferred Stock, and 6,000 shares of our Series G Preferred Stock were issued and outstanding. Common Stock Voting Rights Subject to the restrictions contained in our Charter regarding the transfer and ownership of our capital stock and except as may otherwise be specified in the terms of any class or series of common stock, our common stockholders are entitled to one vote per share. Our common stockholders are not entitled to cumulate their votes in the election of directors. Generally, all matters to be voted on by stockholders must be approved by a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by all holders of our common stock present in person or represented by proxy, voting together as a single class; provided, that if the number of nominees for director exceeds the number of directors to be elected at our annual meeting, each director shall be elected by a plurality of the votes cast. Except as otherwise provided by 1 law, amendments to our Charter must be approved by a majority or, with respect to provisions relating to the powers, numbers, classes, elections, terms and removal of our directors, the ability to fill vacancies on our Board of Directors and our election to qualify as a REIT, 66% of the combined voting power of all shares of all classes of capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class. Dividend Rights Subject to the restrictions contained in our Charter regarding the transfer and ownership of our capital stock, our common stockholders will share ratably (based on the number of common shares held) if and when any dividend is declared by our Board of Directors. Liquidation Rights On our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, each of our common stockholders will be entitled to a pro rata dividend of any assets available for distribution to common stockholders. Other Matters In the event of our merger or consolidation with or into another company in connection with which shares of common stock are converted into or exchangeable for shares of stock, other securities or property (including cash), all of our common stockholders will be entitled to receive the same kind and amount of shares of stock and other securities and property (including cash). Preferred Stock Description of Series C Preferred Stock Underlying Our Depositary Shares On August 17, 2017, we filed a certificate of designations (the “Series C Certificate of Designations”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to designate 13,800 shares of our Series C Preferred Stock with the powers, designations, preferences and other rights set forth in the Series C Certificate of Designations. The Series C Certificate of Designations became effective upon filing on August 17, 2017. On August 22, 2017, we issued 13,000 shares of the Series C Preferred Stock, which shares were deposited with Computershare Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., jointly as depositary, against which depositary receipts evidencing 13,000,000 depositary shares were issued, all of which remain outstanding as of December 31, 2023. Each depositary share represents 1/1,000th of a share of Series C Preferred Stock. The depositary shares underlying the Series C Preferred Stock are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “AGNCN.” Ranking. The Series C Preferred Stock ranks, with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, (1) senior to all classes or series of our common stock and to all other equity securities issued by us other than equity securities referred to in clauses (2) and (3); (2) on a parity with all equity securities issued by us with terms specifically providing that those equity securities rank on a parity with the Series C Preferred Stock with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up; (3) junior to all equity securities issued by us with terms specifically providing that those equity securities rank senior to the Series C Preferred Stock with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up; and (4) effectively junior to all of our existing and future indebtedness (including indebtedness convertible to our common stock or preferred stock) and to the indebtedness of our existing subsidiary and any future subsidiaries. Distributions. Holders of shares of the Series C Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by our Board of Directors, out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends, cumulative cash dividends. The initial dividend rate for the Series C Preferred Stock from and including the date of original issuance to, but not including, October 15, 2022 (the “Fixed Rate Period”) was at the rate of 7.00% of the $25,000 liquidation preference per share of Series C Preferred Stock per annum (equivalent to $1,750 per annum per share of Series C Preferred Stock or $1.75 per annum per depositary share). On and after October 15, 2022 (the “Floating Rate Period”) to, but not including, July 15, 2023 dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock accumulated at a percentage of the $25,000 liquidation preference per share of Series C Preferred Stock equal to an annual floating rate of the Three-Month LIBOR Rate plus a spread of 5.111%. As a result of the termination of publication of the Three-Month LIBOR Rate, on and after July 15, 2023, dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock began accumulating at a percentage of the $25,000 liquidation preference per share of Series C Preferred Stock equal to Three-Month CME 2 Term SOFR plus 0.26161% plus a spread of 5.111%. Dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock accumulate daily and are cumulative from, and including, the date of original issue (August 22, 2017) and are payable quarterly in arrears on the 15 day of each January, April, July and October; provided that if any dividend payment date is not a business day, then the dividend which would otherwise have been payable on that dividend payment date may be paid on the next succeeding business day. Dividends accumulate and are cumulative from, and including, the date of original issuance. Dividends payable for any dividend period during the Fixed Rate Period will be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months, and dividends payable for any dividend period during the Floating Rate Period will be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year and the number of days actually elapsed. Dividends will be payable to holders of record as they appear in our stock records for the Series C Preferred Stock at the close of business on the applicable record date, which shall be the first day of the calendar month, in which the applicable dividend payment date falls. th Liquidation Preference. In the event of our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of the Series C Preferred Stock will be entitled to be paid out of the assets we have legally available for distribution to our stockholders, subject to the preferential rights of the holders of any class or series of our capital stock we may issue ranking senior to the Series C Preferred Stock with respect to the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, a liquidation preference of $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share), plus an amount equal to any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the date of payment, before any distribution of assets is made to holders of our common stock or any other class or series of our stock that we may issue that ranks junior to the Series C Preferred Stock as to liquidation rights. Redemption. The Series C Preferred Stock became redeemable on October 15, 2022. We may, at our option, redeem any or all of the shares of the Series C Preferred Stock at $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share) plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the redemption date. In addition, upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the Series C Certificate of Designations), we may, at our option, redeem any or all of the shares of Series C Preferred Stock within 120 days after the first date on which such Change of Control occurred at $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share) plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the redemption date. Maturity. The Series C Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless repurchased or redeemed by us or converted into our common stock in connection with a Change of Control by the holders of Series C Preferred Stock. Voting Rights. Holders of Series C Preferred Stock will generally have no voting rights. However, if we do not pay dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock for six or more quarterly dividend periods (whether or not consecutive), the holders of the Series C Preferred Stock (voting separately as a class with the holders of all other classes or series of our preferred stock we may issue upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable and which are entitled to vote as a class with the Series C Preferred Stock in the election referred to below) will be entitled to vote for the election of two additional directors to serve on our Board of Directors until we pay, or declare and set aside funds for the payment of, all dividends that we owe on the Series C Preferred Stock, subject to certain limitations. In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of Series C Preferred Stock is required for us to authorize or issue any class or series of stock ranking senior to the Series C Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends or the distribution of assets on liquidation, dissolution or winding up, to amend any provision of our Charter so as to materially and adversely affect any rights of the Series C Preferred Stock or to take certain other actions. Conversion. Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, each holder of Series C Preferred Stock will have the right (subject to our election to redeem the Series C Preferred Stock in whole or in part, as described above, prior to the Change of Control Conversion Date (as defined in the Series C Certificate of Designations)) to convert some or all of the Series C Preferred Stock held by such holder on the Change of Control Conversion Date into a number of shares of our common stock per share of Series C Preferred Stock determined by a formula, in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions described in the Series C Certificate of Designations, including provisions for the receipt, under specified circumstances, of alternative consideration. 3 Description of Series D Preferred Stock Underlying Our Depositary Shares On March 5, 2019, we filed a certificate of designations (the “Series D Certificate of Designations”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to designate 10,350 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock with the powers, designations, preferences and other rights set forth in the Series D Certificate of Designations. The Series D Certificate of Designations became effective upon filing on March 5, 2019. On March 6, 2019, we issued 9,000 shares of the Series D Preferred Stock, which shares were deposited with Computershare Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., jointly as depositary, against which depositary receipts evidencing 9,000,000 depositary shares were issued, and on March 20, 2019, we subsequently issued an additional 400 shares of the Series D Preferred Stock, which shares were deposited with Computershare Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., jointly as depositary, against which depositary receipts evidencing 400,000 depositary shares were issued, all of which remain outstanding as of December 31, 2023. Each depositary share represents 1/1,000th of a share of Series D Preferred Stock. The depositary shares underlying the Series D Preferred Stock are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “AGNCM.” Ranking. The Series D Preferred Stock ranks, with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, (1) senior to all classes or series of our common stock and to all other equity securities issued by us other than equity securities referred to in clauses (2) and (3); (2) on a parity with all equity securities issued by us with terms specifically providing that those equity securities rank on a parity with the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, including the Series D Preferred Stock; (3) junior to all equity securities issued by us with terms specifically providing that those equity securities rank senior to the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up; and (4) effectively junior to all of our existing and future indebtedness (including indebtedness convertible to our common stock or preferred stock) and to the indebtedness of our existing subsidiary and any future subsidiaries. Distributions. Holders of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by our Board of Directors, out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends, cumulative cash dividends. The initial dividend rate for the Series D Preferred Stock from and including the date of original issuance to, but not including, April 15, 2024 (the “Fixed Rate Period”) is at the rate of 6.875% of the $25,000 liquidation preference per share of Series D Preferred Stock per annum (equivalent to $1,718.75 per annum per share of Series D Preferred Stock or $ 1.71875 per annum per depositary share). On and after April 15, 2024 (the “Floating Rate Period”), dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock will accumulate at a percentage of the $25,000 liquidation preference per share of Series D Preferred Stock equal to an annual floating rate of Three-Month CME Term SOFR plus 0.26161% plus a spread of 4.332%. Dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock accumulate daily and are cumulative from, and including, the date of original issue (March 6, 2019) and are payable quarterly in arrears on the 15 day of each January, April, July and October; provided that if any dividend payment date is not a business day, then the dividend which would otherwise have been payable on that dividend payment date may be paid on the next succeeding business day. Dividends accumulate and are cumulative from, and including, the date of original issuance. Dividends payable for any dividend period during the Fixed Rate Period will be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months, and dividends payable for any dividend period during the Floating Rate Period will be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year and the number of days actually elapsed. Dividends will be payable to holders of record as they appear in our stock records for the Series D Preferred Stock at the close of business on the applicable record date, which shall be the first day of the calendar month, in which the applicable dividend payment date falls. th Liquidation Preference. In the event of our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of the Series D Preferred Stock will be entitled to be paid out of the assets we have legally available for distribution to our stockholders, subject to the preferential rights of the holders of any class or series of our capital stock we may issue ranking senior to the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, a liquidation preference of $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share), plus an amount equal to any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the date of payment, before any distribution of assets is made to holders of our common stock or any other class or series of our stock that we may issue that ranks junior to the Series D Preferred Stock as to liquidation rights. 4 Redemption. The Series D Preferred Stock will not be redeemable by us prior to April 15, 2024, except under circumstances intended to preserve our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and except upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designations). On or after April 15, 2024, we may, at our option, redeem any or all of the shares of the Series D Preferred Stock at $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share) plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the redemption date. In addition, upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, we may, at our option, redeem any or all of the shares of Series D Preferred Stock within 120 days after the first date on which such Change of Control occurred at $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share) plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the redemption date. Maturity. The Series D Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless repurchased or redeemed by us or converted into our common stock in connection with a Change of Control by the holders of Series D Preferred Stock. Voting Rights. Holders of Series D Preferred Stock will generally have no voting rights. However, if we do not pay dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock for six or more quarterly dividend periods (whether or not consecutive), the holders of the Series D Preferred Stock (voting separately as a class with the holders of all other classes or series of our preferred stock we may issue upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable and which are entitled to vote as a class with the Series D Preferred Stock in the election referred to below) will be entitled to vote for the election of two additional directors to serve on our Board of Directors until we pay, or declare and set aside funds for the payment of, all dividends that we owe on the Series D Preferred Stock, subject to certain limitations. In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock is required for us to authorize or issue any class or series of stock ranking senior to the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends or the distribution of assets on liquidation, dissolution or winding up, to amend any provision of our Charter so as to materially and adversely affect any rights of the Series D Preferred Stock or to take certain other actions. Conversion. Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, each holder of Series D Preferred Stock will have the right (subject to our election to redeem the Series D Preferred Stock in whole or in part, as described above, prior to the Change of Control Conversion Date (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designations)) to convert some or all of the Series D Preferred Stock held by such holder on the Change of Control Conversion Date into a number of shares of our common stock per share of Series D Preferred Stock determined by a formula, in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions described in the Series D Certificate of Designations, including provisions for the receipt, under specified circumstances, of alternative consideration. Description of Series E Preferred Stock Underlying Our Depositary Shares On October 2, 2019, we filed a certificate of designations (the “Series E Certificate of Designations”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to designate 16,100 shares of our Series E Preferred Stock with the powers, designations, preferences and other rights set forth in the Series E Certificate of Designations. The Series E Certificate of Designations became effective upon filing on October 2, 2019. On October 3, 2019, we issued 16,100 shares of the Series E Preferred Stock, which shares were deposited with Computershare Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., jointly as depositary, against which depositary receipts evidencing 16,100,000 depositary shares were issued, all of which remain outstanding as of December 31, 2023. Each depositary share represents 1/1,000th of a share of Series E Preferred Stock. The depositary shares underlying the Series E Preferred Stock are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “AGNCO.” Ranking. The Series E Preferred Stock ranks, with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, (1) senior to all classes or series of our common stock and to all other equity securities issued by us other than equity securities referred to in clauses (2) and (3); (2) on a parity with all equity securities issued by us with terms specifically providing that those equity securities rank on a parity with the Series E Preferred Stock with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, including the Series E Preferred Stock; (3) junior to all equity securities issued by us with terms specifically providing that those equity securities rank senior to the Series E Preferred Stock with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up; and (4) effectively junior to all of our existing and future indebtedness 5 (including indebtedness convertible to our common stock or preferred stock) and to the indebtedness of our existing subsidiary and any future subsidiaries. Distributions. Holders of shares of the Series E Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by our Board of Directors, out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends, cumulative cash dividends. The initial dividend rate for the Series E Preferred Stock from and including the date of original issuance to, but not including, October 15, 2024 (the “Fixed Rate Period”) is at the rate of 6.50% of the $25,000 liquidation preference per share of Series E Preferred Stock per annum (equivalent to $1,625 per annum per share of Series E Preferred Stock or $1.625 per annum per depositary share). On and after October 15, 2024 (the “Floating Rate Period”), dividends on the Series E Preferred Stock will accumulate at a percentage of the $25,000 liquidation preference per share of Series E Preferred Stock equal to an annual floating rate of Three-Month CME Term SOFR plus 0.26161% plus a spread of 4.993%. Dividends on the Series E Preferred Stock accumulate daily and are cumulative from, and including, the date of original issue (October 3, 2019) and are payable quarterly in arrears on the 15 day of each January, April, July and October; provided that if any dividend payment date is not a business day, then the dividend which would otherwise have been payable on that dividend payment date may be paid on the next succeeding business day. Dividends accumulate and are cumulative from, and including, the date of original issuance. Dividends payable for any dividend period during the Fixed Rate Period will be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months, and dividends payable for any dividend period during the Floating Rate Period will be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year and the number of days actually elapsed. Dividends will be payable to holders of record as they appear in our stock records for the Series E Preferred Stock at the close of business on the applicable record date, which shall be the first day of the calendar month, in which the applicable dividend payment date falls. th Liquidation Preference. In the event of our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of the Series E Preferred Stock will be entitled to be paid out of the assets we have legally available for distribution to our stockholders, subject to the preferential rights of the holders of any class or series of our capital stock we may issue ranking senior to the Series E Preferred Stock with respect to the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, a liquidation preference of $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share), plus an amount equal to any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the date of payment, before any distribution of assets is made to holders of our common stock or any other class or series of our stock that we may issue that ranks junior to the Series E Preferred Stock as to liquidation rights. Redemption. The Series E Preferred Stock will not be redeemable by us prior to October 15, 2024, except under circumstances intended to preserve our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and except upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the Series E Certificate of Designations). On or after October 15, 2024, we may, at our option, redeem any or all of the shares of the Series E Preferred Stock at $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share) plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the redemption date. In addition, upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, we may, at our option, redeem any or all of the shares of Series E Preferred Stock within 120 days after the first date on which such Change of Control occurred at $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share) plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the redemption date. Maturity. The Series E Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless repurchased or redeemed by us or converted into our common stock in connection with a Change of Control by the holders of Series E Preferred Stock. Voting Rights. Holders of Series E Preferred Stock will generally have no voting rights. However, if we do not pay dividends on the Series E Preferred Stock for six or more quarterly dividend periods (whether or not consecutive), the holders of the Series E Preferred Stock (voting separately as a class with the holders of all other classes or series of our preferred stock we may issue upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable and which are entitled to vote as a class with the Series E Preferred Stock in the election referred to below) will be entitled to vote for the election of two additional directors to serve on our Board of Directors until we pay, or declare and set aside funds for the payment of, all dividends that we owe on the Series E Preferred Stock, subject to certain limitations. In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of Series E Preferred Stock is required for us to authorize or issue any class or series of stock ranking senior to the Series E Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends or the distribution of assets on liquidation, 6 dissolution or winding up, to amend any provision of our Charter so as to materially and adversely affect any rights of the Series E Preferred Stock or to take certain other actions. Conversion. Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, each holder of Series E Preferred Stock will have the right (subject to our election to redeem the Series E Preferred Stock in whole or in part, as described above, prior to the Change of Control Conversion Date (as defined in the Series E Certificate of Designations)) to convert some or all of the Series E Preferred Stock held by such holder on the Change of Control Conversion Date into a number of shares of our common stock per share of Series E Preferred Stock determined by a formula, in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions described in the Series E Certificate of Designations, including provisions for the receipt, under specified circumstances, of alternative consideration. Description of Series F Preferred Stock Underlying Our Depositary Shares On February 10, 2020, we filed a certificate of designations (the “Series F Certificate of Designations”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to designate 23,000 shares of our Series F Preferred Stock with the powers, designations, preferences and other rights set forth in the Series F Certificate of Designations. The Series F Certificate of Designations became effective upon filing on February 10, 2020. On February 11, 2020, we issued 23,000 shares of the Series F Preferred Stock, which shares were deposited with Computershare Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., jointly as depositary, against which depositary receipts evidencing 23,000,000 depositary shares were issued, all of which remain outstanding as of December 31, 2023. Each depositary share represents 1/1,000th of a share of Series F Preferred Stock. The depositary shares underlying the Series F Preferred Stock are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “AGNCP.” Ranking. The Series F Preferred Stock ranks, with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, (1) senior to all classes or series of our common stock and to all other equity securities issued by us other than equity securities referred to in clauses (2) and (3); (2) on a parity with all equity securities issued by us with terms specifically providing that those equity securities rank on a parity with the Series F Preferred Stock with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, including the Series F Preferred Stock; (3) junior to all equity securities issued by us with terms specifically providing that those equity securities rank senior to the Series F Preferred Stock with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up; and (4) effectively junior to all of our existing and future indebtedness (including indebtedness convertible to our common stock or preferred stock) and to the indebtedness of our existing subsidiary and any future subsidiaries. Distributions. Holders of shares of the Series F Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by our Board of Directors, out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends, cumulative cash dividends. The initial dividend rate for the Series F Preferred Stock from and including the date of original issuance to, but not including, April 15, 2025 (the “Fixed Rate Period”) is at the rate of 6.125% of the $25,000 liquidation preference per share of Series F Preferred Stock per annum (equivalent to $1,531.25 per annum per share of Series F Preferred Stock or $ 1.53125 per annum per depositary share). On and after April 15, 2025 (the “Floating Rate Period”), dividends on the Series F Preferred Stock will accumulate at a percentage of the $25,000 liquidation preference per share of Series F Preferred Stock equal to an annual floating rate of Three-Month CME Term SOFR plus 0.26161% plus a spread of 4.697%. Dividends on the Series F Preferred Stock accumulate daily and are cumulative from, and including, the date of original issue (February 11, 2020) and are payable quarterly in arrears on the 15 day of each January, April, July and October; provided that if any dividend payment date is not a business day, then the dividend which would otherwise have been payable on that dividend payment date may be paid on the next succeeding business day. Dividends accumulate and are cumulative from, and including, the date of original issuance. Dividends payable for any dividend period during the Fixed Rate Period will be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months, and dividends payable for any dividend period during the Floating Rate Period will be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year and the number of days actually elapsed. Dividends will be payable to holders of record as they appear in our stock records for the Series F Preferred Stock at the close of business on the applicable record date, which shall be the first day of the calendar month, in which the applicable dividend payment date falls. th Liquidation Preference. In the event of our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of the Series F Preferred Stock will be entitled to be paid out of the assets we have legally available for distribution 7 to our stockholders, subject to the preferential rights of the holders of any class or series of our capital stock we may issue ranking senior to the Series F Preferred Stock with respect to the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, a liquidation preference of $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share), plus an amount equal to any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the date of payment, before any distribution of assets is made to holders of our common stock or any other class or series of our stock that we may issue that ranks junior to the Series F Preferred Stock as to liquidation rights. Redemption. The Series F Preferred Stock will not be redeemable by us prior to April 15, 2025, except under circumstances intended to preserve our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and except upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the Series F Certificate of Designations). On or after April 15, 2025, we may, at our option, redeem any or all of the shares of the Series F Preferred Stock at $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share) plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the redemption date. In addition, upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, we may, at our option, redeem any or all of the shares of Series F Preferred Stock within 120 days after the first date on which such Change of Control occurred at $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share) plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the redemption date. Maturity. The Series F Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless repurchased or redeemed by us or converted into our common stock in connection with a Change of Control by the holders of Series F Preferred Stock. Voting Rights. Holders of Series F Preferred Stock will generally have no voting rights. However, if we do not pay dividends on the Series F Preferred Stock for six or more quarterly dividend periods (whether or not consecutive), the holders of the Series F Preferred Stock (voting separately as a class with the holders of all other classes or series of our preferred stock we may issue upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable and which are entitled to vote as a class with the Series F Preferred Stock in the election referred to below) will be entitled to vote for the election of two additional directors to serve on our Board of Directors until we pay, or declare and set aside funds for the payment of, all dividends that we owe on the Series F Preferred Stock, subject to certain limitations. In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of Series F Preferred Stock is required for us to authorize or issue any class or series of stock ranking senior to the Series F Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends or the distribution of assets on liquidation, dissolution or winding up, to amend any provision of our Charter so as to materially and adversely affect any rights of the Series F Preferred Stock or to take certain other actions. Conversion. Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, each holder of Series F Preferred Stock will have the right (subject to our election to redeem the Series F Preferred Stock in whole or in part, as described above, prior to the Change of Control Conversion Date (as defined in the Series F Certificate of Designations)) to convert some or all of the Series F Preferred Stock held by such holder on the Change of Control Conversion Date into a number of shares of our common stock per share of Series F Preferred Stock determined by a formula, in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions described in the Series F Certificate of Designations, including provisions for the receipt, under specified circumstances, of alternative consideration. Description of Series G Preferred Stock Underlying Our Depositary Shares On September 13, 2022, we filed a certificate of designations (the “Series G Certificate of Designations”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to designate 6,900 shares of our Series G Preferred Stock with the powers, designations, preferences and other rights set forth in the Series G Certificate of Designations. The Series G Certificate of Designations became effective upon filing on September 13, 2022. On September 14, 2022, we issued 6,000 shares of the Series G Preferred Stock, which shares were deposited with Computershare Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., jointly as depositary, against which depositary receipts evidencing 6,000,000 depositary shares were issued, all of which remain outstanding as of December 31, 2023. Each depositary share represents 1/1,000th of a share of Series G Preferred Stock. The depositary shares underlying the Series G Preferred Stock are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “AGNCL.” Ranking. The Series G Preferred Stock ranks, with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, (1) senior to all classes or series of our common stock and to all other equity securities issued by us other than equity securities referred to in clauses (2) and (3); (2) on a parity 8 with all equity securities issued by us with terms specifically providing that those equity securities rank on a parity with the Series G Preferred Stock with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, including the Series G Preferred Stock; (3) junior to all equity securities issued by us with terms specifically providing that those equity securities rank senior to the Series G Preferred Stock with respect to rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up; and (4) effectively junior to all of our existing and future indebtedness (including indebtedness convertible to our common stock or preferred stock) and to the indebtedness of our existing subsidiary and any future subsidiaries. Distributions. Holders of shares of the Series G Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by our Board of Directors, out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends, cumulative cash dividends. The initial dividend rate for the Series G Preferred Stock from and including the date of original issuance to, but not including, October 15, 2027 is at the rate of 7.75% of the $25,000 liquidation preference per share of Series G Preferred Stock per annum (equivalent to $1,937.50 per annum per share of Series G Preferred Stock or $1.93750 per annum per depositary share). On and after October 15, 2027, dividends on the Series G Preferred Stock will accumulate at a percentage of the $25,000 liquidation preference per share of Series G Preferred Stock during each reset period at a rate per annum equal to the five-year U.S. Treasury Rate as of the most recent dividend determination date plus a spread of 4.39% per annum. The “reset period” means the period from, and including, the first reset date and each date falling on the fifth anniversary of the preceding reset date but excluding the next following reset date. Dividends on the Series G Preferred Stock are payable quarterly in arrears on the 15 day of each January, April, July and October; provided that if any dividend payment date is not a business day, then the dividend which would otherwise have been payable on that dividend payment date may be paid on the next succeeding business day. Dividends accumulate and are cumulative from, and including, the date of original issuance. Dividends payable for any dividend period will be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. Dividends will be payable to holders of record as they appear in our stock records for the Series G Preferred Stock at the close of business on the applicable record date, which shall be the first day of the calendar month, in which the applicable dividend payment date falls. th Liquidation Preference. In the event of our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of the Series G Preferred Stock will be entitled to be paid out of the assets we have legally available for distribution to our stockholders, subject to the preferential rights of the holders of any class or series of our capital stock we may issue ranking senior to the Series G Preferred Stock with respect to the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, a liquidation preference of $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share), plus an amount equal to any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the date of payment, before any distribution of assets is made to holders of our common stock or any other class or series of our stock that we may issue that ranks junior to the Series G Preferred Stock as to liquidation rights. Redemption. The Series G Preferred Stock will not be redeemable by us prior to October 15, 2027, except under circumstances intended to preserve our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and except upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the Series G Certificate of Designations). On or after October 15, 2027, we may, at our option, redeem any or all of the shares of the Series G Preferred Stock at $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share) plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the redemption date. In addition, upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, we may, at our option, redeem any or all of the shares of Series G Preferred Stock within 120 days after the first date on which such Change of Control occurred at $25,000 per share ($25.00 per depositary share) plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the redemption date. Maturity. The Series G Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless repurchased or redeemed by us or converted into our common stock in connection with a Change of Control by the holders of Series G Preferred Stock. Voting Rights. Holders of Series G Preferred Stock will generally have no voting rights. However, if we do not pay dividends on the Series G Preferred Stock for six or more quarterly dividend periods (whether or not consecutive), the holders of the Series G Preferred Stock (voting separately as a class with the holders of all other classes or series of our preferred stock we may issue upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable and which are entitled to vote as a class with the Series G Preferred Stock in the election referred to below) will be 9 entitled to vote for the election of two additional directors to serve on our Board of Directors until we pay, or declare and set aside funds for the payment of, all dividends that we owe on the Series G Preferred Stock, subject to certain limitations. In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of Series G Preferred Stock is required for us to authorize or issue any class or series of stock ranking senior to the Series G Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends or the distribution of assets on liquidation, dissolution or winding up, to amend any provision of our Charter so as to materially and adversely affect any rights of the Series G Preferred Stock or to take certain other actions. Conversion. Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control, each holder of Series G Preferred Stock will have the right (subject to our election to redeem the Series G Preferred Stock in whole or in part, as described above, prior to the Change of Control Conversion Date (as defined in the Series G Certificate of Designations)) to convert some or all of the Series G Preferred Stock held by such holder on the Change of Control Conversion Date into a number of shares of our common stock per share of Series G Preferred Stock determined by a formula, in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions described in the Series G Certificate of Designations, including provisions for the receipt, under specified circumstances, of alternative consideration. Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer of Our Capital Stock In order to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, our shares of capital stock must be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Also, no more than 50% of the value of our outstanding shares of capital stock may be owned, directly or constructively, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include certain entities) during the second half of any calendar year. Our Charter, subject to certain exceptions, contains restrictions on the number of shares of our common stock and our capital stock that a person may own and may prohibit certain entities from owning our shares. Our Charter provides that (subject to certain exceptions described below) no person may beneficially or constructively own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the attribution provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of either our common stock or our capital stock. Pursuant to our Charter, our Board of Directors has the power to increase or decrease the percentage of our common stock and our capital stock that a person may beneficially or constructively own. However, any decreased stock ownership limit will not apply to any person whose percentage ownership of our common stock or our capital stock, as the case may be, is in excess of such decreased stock ownership limit until that person’s percentage ownership of our common stock or our capital stock, as the case may be, equals or falls below the decreased stock ownership limit. Until such a person’s percentage ownership of our common stock or our capital stock, as the case may be, falls below such decreased stock ownership limit, any further acquisition of common stock will be in violation of the decreased stock ownership limit. If our Board of Directors changes the stock ownership limit, it will (i) notify each stockholder of record of any such change, and (ii) publicly announce any such change, in each case at least 30 days prior to the effective date of such change. Our Charter also prohibits any person from beneficially or constructively owning shares of our capital stock that would result in our being “closely held” under Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code or otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT and from transferring shares of our capital stock if the transfer would result in our capital stock being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons. In addition, no such person may own an interest in any tenant that would cause us to own, actually or constructively, more than a 9.9% interest in such tenant. Any person who acquires or attempts or intends to acquire beneficial or constructive ownership of shares of our capital stock that will or may violate any of the foregoing restrictions on transferability and ownership, or who is the intended transferee of shares of our capital stock that are transferred to the trust (as described below), is required to give written notice immediately to us and provide us with such other information as we may request in order to determine the effect of such transfer on our qualification as a REIT. The foregoing restrictions on transferability and ownership will not apply if our Board of Directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to attempt to qualify, or to continue to qualify, as a REIT. Our Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, may exempt a person from the foregoing restrictions. The person seeking an exemption must provide to our Board of Directors such conditions, representations and undertakings as our Board of Directors may deem reasonably necessary to conclude that granting the exemption will not cause us to lose our qualification as a REIT. Our Board of Directors may also require a ruling from the Internal Revenue 10 Service (the “IRS”) or an opinion of counsel in order to determine or ensure our qualification as a REIT in the context of granting such exemptions. Any attempted transfer of our capital stock which, if effective, would result in a violation of the foregoing restrictions will cause the number of shares causing the violation (rounded up to the nearest whole share) to be automatically transferred to a trust for the exclusive benefit of one or more charitable beneficiaries, and the proposed transferee will not acquire any rights in such shares. The automatic transfer will be deemed to be effective as of the close of business on the business day (as defined in our Charter) prior to the date of the transfer. If, for any reason, the transfer to the trust does not occur or would not prevent a violation of the restrictions on ownership contained in our Charter, our Charter provides that the purported transfer will be void ab initio. Shares of our capital stock held in the trust will be issued and outstanding shares. The proposed transferee will not benefit economically from ownership of any shares of our capital stock held in the trust, will have no rights to dividends and no rights to vote or other rights attributable to the shares of capital stock held in the trust. The trustee of the trust will have all voting rights and rights to dividends or other distributions with respect to shares held in the trust. These rights will be exercised for the exclusive benefit of the charitable beneficiary. Any dividend or other distribution paid prior to our discovery that shares of capital stock have been transferred to the trust will be paid by the recipient to the trustee upon demand. Any dividend or other distribution authorized but unpaid will be paid when due to the trustee. Any dividend or distribution paid to the trustee will be held in trust for the charitable beneficiary. Subject to Delaware law, the trustee will have the authority to rescind as void any vote cast by the proposed transferee prior to our discovery that the shares have been transferred to the trust and to recast the vote in accordance with the desires of the trustee acting for the benefit of the charitable beneficiary. However, if we have already taken irreversible corporate action, then the trustee will not have the authority to rescind and recast the vote. Within 20 days of receiving notice from us that shares of our capital stock have been transferred to the trust, the trustee will sell the shares to a person designated by the trustee, whose ownership of the shares will not violate the above ownership limitations. Upon such sale, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the proposed transferee and to the charitable beneficiary as follows: the proposed transferee will receive the lesser of (1) the price paid by the proposed transferee for the shares or, if the proposed transferee did not give value for the shares in connection with the event causing the shares to be held in the trust (e.g., a gift, devise or other similar transaction), the market price (as defined in our Charter) of the shares on the day of the event causing the shares to be held in the trust and (2) the price received by the trustee from the sale or other disposition of the shares. Any net sale proceeds in excess of the amount payable to the proposed transferee will be paid immediately to the charitable beneficiary. If, prior to our discovery that shares of our capital stock have been transferred to the trust, the shares are sold by the proposed transferee, then (1) the shares shall be deemed to have been sold on behalf of the trust and (2) to the extent that the proposed transferee received an amount for the shares that exceeds the amount the proposed transferee was entitled to receive, the excess shall be paid to the trustee upon demand. In addition, shares of our capital stock held in the trust will be deemed to have been offered for sale to us, or our designee, at a price per share equal to the lesser of the price per share in the transaction that resulted in the transfer to the trust (or, in the case of a devise or gift, the market price at the time of the devise or gift) and the market price on the date we, or our designee, accept the offer. We will have the right to accept the offer until the trustee has sold the shares. Upon a sale to us, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the proposed transferee. Every owner of more than 5% (or such lower percentage as required by the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations promulgated thereunder) in number or in value of all classes or series of our capital stock, including shares of our common stock, within 30 days after the end of each taxable year, will be required to give written notice to us stating the name and address of such owner, the number of shares of each class and series of shares of our capital stock that the owner beneficially owns and a description of the manner in which the shares are held. Each owner shall provide to us such additional information as we may request to determine the effect, if any, of the beneficial ownership on our qualification as a REIT and to ensure compliance with the ownership limitations. In addition, each such owner shall, upon demand, be required to provide to us such information as we may request, in good faith, to determine our qualification as a REIT and to comply with the requirements of any taxing authority or 11 governmental authority or to determine such compliance and to ensure compliance with the 9.8% ownership limitations in our Charter. These ownership limitations could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders. Anti-Takeover Effects of Delaware Law and Our Charter and Bylaws Our Charter and Bylaws contain provisions that are intended to enhance the likelihood of continuity and stability in the composition of the Board of Directors and that may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a future takeover or change in control of our Company unless the takeover or change in control is approved by our Board of Directors. In addition to the above-described restrictions regarding the transfer and ownership of our capital stock, these provisions include the following: Stockholder Action by Written Consent Our Charter provides that stockholder action may not be taken by written consent in lieu of a meeting and that stockholder action may be taken only at an annual or special meeting of stockholders. Elimination of the Ability to Call Special Meetings Our Bylaws provide that, except as otherwise required by law, special meetings of our stockholders can only be called by our chief executive officer, pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of our Board of Directors or a committee of the Board of Directors that has been duly designated by the Board of Directors and whose powers and authority include the power to call such meetings, or by the chair of our Board of Directors. Stockholders are not permitted to call a special meeting or to require our Board of Directors to call a special meeting. Removal of Directors; Board of Directors Vacancies Our Charter provides that members of our Board of Directors may be removed at any time with or without cause, with the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66% of the combined voting power of all the shares of all classes of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors. Our Bylaws provide that only our Board of Directors may fill vacant directorships. These provisions would prevent a stockholder from gaining control of our Board of Directors by removing incumbent directors and filling the resulting vacancies with such stockholder’s own nominees. Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws The General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, or DGCL, provides generally that the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote is required to amend or repeal a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or by-laws, unless the certificate of incorporation requires a greater percentage. Our Charter generally requires the approval of both a majority of the combined voting power of all the classes of shares of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors and a majority of the members of our Board of Directors to amend any provisions of our Charter except that provisions of our Charter relating to the powers, numbers, classes, elections, terms and removal of our directors, the ability to fill vacancies on our Board of Directors and our election to qualify as a REIT requires the affirmative vote of at least 66% of the combined voting power of all the shares of all classes of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors. In addition, our Charter (i) grants our Board of Directors the authority to amend and repeal our Bylaws without a stockholder vote in any manner not inconsistent with the DGCL and (ii) requires that stockholders may only amend our Bylaws with the affirmative vote of 66% of the combined voting power of all the shares of all classes of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors. The foregoing provisions of our Charter and Bylaws could discourage potential acquisition proposals and could delay or prevent a change in control. These provisions are intended to enhance the likelihood of continuity and stability in the composition of our Board of Directors and in the policies formulated by our Board of Directors and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual or threatened change of control. These provisions are designed to reduce our vulnerability to an unsolicited acquisition proposal. The provisions also are intended to discourage certain tactics that may be used in proxy fights. However, such provisions could have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our shares and, as a consequence, they also may inhibit fluctuations in the market price of our common stock that could result from actual or rumored takeover attempts. 12 Such provisions also may have the effect of preventing changes in our management or delaying or preventing a transaction that might benefit you or other minority stockholders. Section 203 of the DGCL We will not be subject to Section 203 of the DGCL, an anti-takeover law. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly- held Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a period of three years following the date the person became an interested stockholder, unless (with certain exceptions) the “business combination” or the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder is approved in a prescribed manner. Generally, a “business combination” includes a merger, asset or stock sale, or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. Generally, an “interested stockholder” is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns (or within three years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status, did own) 15% or more of a corporation’s voting stock. In our original certificate of incorporation, we elected not to be bound by Section 203. 13 Exhibit 10.20 AMENDED AND RESTATED AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. 2016 EQUITY AND INCENTIVE COMPENSATION PLAN RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AGREEMENT This RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”) is entered into as of [ ] (the “Date of Grant”), by and between AGNC Investment Corp., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and [ ] (“Grantee”). 1. Certain Definitions. Capitalized terms used, but not otherwise defined, in this Agreement will have the meanings given to such terms in the Company’s Amended and Restated 2016 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Plan”). As used in this Agreement: a. “Continuous Retirement Service” means full-time service or part-time service (equal to at least twenty-four (24) hours per week) as an employee of the Company or its Subsidiaries, which shall be measured from the later of (i) the date of hire with the Company (or the applicable Subsidiary) and (ii) AGNC Investment Corp.’s initial public offering (“IPO”) in May 2008; provided, however, that “Continuous Retirement Service” shall also include service by employees of American Capital, Ltd. whose job duties were significantly devoted to AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC (“AMM”), AGNC Investment Corp., AGNC Management, LLC, or MTGE Management, LLC prior to AGNC Investment Corp.’s acquisition of AMM in 2016 as set forth on Exhibit A. b. “Disability” has the meaning set forth in the Employment Agreement. c. “Employment Agreement” means [ ]. d. “Re-Externalization” means a sale, merger or other transaction that results in the transfer or issuance of a majority of the outstanding equity interests of AMM or AGNC Management, LLC to a person or entity other than a Subsidiary of the Company. e. “Release” means the release described in subparagraph 6(f) of the Employment Agreement. f. “Replacement Award” means an award (i) of the same type (e.g., time-based restricted stock units) as the RSUs (as defined in Section 2 hereof) covered by this Agreement, (ii) that has a value at least equal to the value of the RSUs covered by this Agreement, (iii) that relates to publicly traded equity securities of the Company or its successor in the Change of Control or another entity that is affiliated with the Company or its successor following the Change of Control, (iv) the tax consequences of which to Grantee under the Code are not less favorable to Grantee than the tax consequences of the RSUs covered by this Agreement and (v) the other terms and conditions of which are not less favorable to Grantee than the terms and conditions of the RSUs covered by this Agreement (including the provisions that would apply in the event of certain terminations of employment and a subsequent Change of Control or, if the surviving entity is internally Exhibit 10.20 managed, an externalization of management). A Replacement Award may be granted only to the extent it does not result in the RSUs covered by this Agreement or the Replacement Award failing to comply with or be exempt from Section 409A of the Code. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Replacement Award may take the form of a continuation of the RSUs covered by this Agreement if the requirements of the two preceding sentences are satisfied. The determination of whether the conditions of this Section 1(f) are satisfied will be made by the Committee, as constituted immediately prior to the Change of Control, in its sole discretion. g. “Restrictive Covenant Obligations” means, collectively, the Employment Agreement Covenants (as defined in Section 13) and the requirement that, upon Retirement, Grantee must not: (i) either directly or indirectly, whether as a director, officer, consultant, employee or advisor or in any other capacity, render any services to any company, business, agency, partnership or entity engaged in a business competitive with the Company or its Subsidiaries (“Restricted Business”) other than the Company or its Subsidiaries; (ii) directly or indirectly induce or attempt to influence any employee of the Company or its Subsidiaries to leave its employ; (iii) directly or indirectly induce or attempt to influence any customer, vendor, supplier, counterparty or consultant of the Company or its Subsidiaries to alter its relationship with the Company or its Subsidiaries; (iv) make or hold any investment in any Restricted Business other than the Company or its Subsidiaries, whether such investment be by way of loan, purchase of stock or other securities or otherwise, provided that there shall be excluded from the foregoing the ownership of not more than 2% of the listed or traded stock of any publicly held corporation; or (v) agree, commit, or otherwise reach an understanding in writing to do any of the foregoing. h. “Retirement” means the termination of Grantee’s employment with the applicable employer after becoming Retirement Eligible. i. “Retirement Conditions” means, upon Grantee’s Retirement: (i) Grantee must have fully complied with the Restrictive Covenant Obligations, as well as the terms and conditions of Grantee’s employment, including compliance with all of the Company’s policies and procedures; (ii) there must not be any circumstances that exist at the time of such Grantee’s Retirement that would give the Company grounds to terminate Grantee’s employment for “Cause” (as such term or similar term is defined in the Employment Agreement) as determined by the Committee in its sole discretion; (iii) within sixty (60) days following Grantee’s Retirement, Grantee must execute and not revoke a Release; and (iv) in the case of a voluntary termination of employment by Grantee, Grantee must have delivered written notice to the Committee or the Chief Executive Officer of the Company (other than for himself or herself) of his or her intent to retire from the Company at least ninety (90) days prior to the effective date of such Grantee’s Retirement (unless such notice period is waived by the Committee or the Chief Executive Officer (other than for himself or herself)). Exhibit 10.20 j. “Retirement Eligible” has the meaning set forth in Section 5(c) below. a. “Termination For Good Reason” has the meaning set forth in the Employment Agreement. b. “Termination Without Cause” has the meaning set forth in the Employment Agreement. 2. Grant of RSUs. Subject to and upon the terms, conditions and restrictions set forth in this Agreement and in the Plan, the Company hereby grants to Grantee [ ] Restricted Stock Units (the “RSUs”). Each RSU shall represent the right of Grantee to receive one share of Common stock of the Company as defined in Section 2(i) of the Plan (“Common Stock”) subject to and upon the terms and conditions of this Agreement. 3. Restrictions on Transfer of RSUs. Neither the RSUs evidenced hereby nor any interest therein or in the shares of Common Stock underlying such RSUs shall be transferable prior to payment to Grantee pursuant to Section 7 hereof, other than as described in Section 15 of the Plan. 4. Vesting. The RSUs covered by this Agreement shall become nonforfeitable and payable to Grantee pursuant to Section 7 hereof with respect to one-third (1/3) of the RSUs granted pursuant to this Agreement on each of [ ], [ ] and [ ] (each such date, an “Applicable Vesting Date”) if Grantee remains continuously employed by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (or any of their successors) as of each such date. 5. Accelerated Vesting. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 4 hereof, all or a portion of the RSUs covered by this Agreement that have not already vested and become nonforfeitable pursuant to Section 4 hereof will become nonforfeitable and payable to Grantee pursuant to Section 7 hereof earlier than the time provided in Section 4 hereof (to the extent provided below) upon the occurrence of the earliest of any of the following events: a. While Grantee is continuously employed by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (or any of their successors), Grantee’s employment with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (or any of their successors) terminates as a result of: (i) Grantee’s death, (ii) Grantee’s Disability (pursuant to subparagraph 5(b)(ii) of the Employment Agreement), (iii) a Termination Without Cause or (iv) a Termination For Good Reason. b. While Grantee is continuously employed by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (or any of their successors), a Change of Control occurs and a Replacement Award is not provided to Grantee on the date of such Change of Control. c. Subject to the remainder of this Section 5(c) and Grantee’s compliance with the Retirement Conditions, if, on or after January 1, 2026, Grantee has: (i) attained the age of 65 and completed at least three (3) years of Continuous Retirement Service; (ii) attained the age of 55 and completed at least three (3) years of Continuous Retirement Service, and the sum of Grantee’s age (rounded down to Exhibit 10.20 the nearest whole year) and years of Continuous Retirement Service is equal to or greater than 70; or (iii) completed at least twenty (20) years of Continuous Retirement Service (any of the circumstances described in clauses (i), (ii), or (iii) of this Section 5(c) referred to as becoming “Retirement Eligible”), Grantee’s RSUs that have not yet vested shall fully vest and become nonforfeitable and payable to Grantee on the date of Grantee’s Retirement. 6. Forfeiture. Except to the extent the RSUs covered by this Agreement have become nonforfeitable pursuant to Section 4 or Section 5 hereof, the RSUs covered by this Agreement shall be forfeited automatically and without further notice, and shall no longer be considered covered by this Agreement, on the date on which Grantee ceases to be employed by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, AMM (including following a Re-Externalization) or any of its subsidiaries or any of their respective successors. 7. Form and Time of Payment of RSUs. a. Form. Payment in respect of the RSUs, after and to the extent they have become nonforfeitable pursuant to Section 4 or Section 5 hereof, shall be made in the form of shares of Common Stock. Payment shall only be made in whole shares of Common Stock; any fractional shares shall be paid to Grantee in cash. The Company’s obligations to Grantee with respect to the RSUs will be satisfied in full upon the issuance of the shares of Common Stock (or, with respect to fractional shares, upon the payment in cash) corresponding to such RSUs. b. Timing. i. Normal Payment Timing. RSUs that become payable to Grantee and that do not constitute “nonqualified deferred compensation” subject to Section 409A of the Code (assuming the timing of payment as described in Sections 7(b)(i)(A)-7(b)(i)(D) below) shall be paid as follows: 1. RSUs that become nonforfeitable pursuant to Section 4 hereof shall be paid within ten (10) days following the date on which such RSUs become nonforfeitable. 2. RSUs that become nonforfeitable pursuant to Section 5(a) hereof shall be paid on the first payroll date following the 60th day after such termination of employment; provided that Grantee (or, if applicable, his estate) shall have first executed and not revoked the Release. 3. RSUs that become nonforfeitable pursuant to Section 5(b) shall be paid on the date of such Change of Control. 4. RSUs that become nonforfeitable pursuant to Section 5(c) shall be paid on the first payroll date following the 60th day after Grantee’s Retirement; provided that Grantee shall have first executed and not revoked the Release; provided further, that Grantee has complied with the Restrictive Covenant Obligations until the date of payment of such RSUs. Exhibit 10.20 5. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any and all RSUs that become payable pursuant to this Section 7(b)(i) shall be paid to Grantee within the short-term deferral period specified in Treasury Regulation §1.409A- 1(b)(4). ii. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Payment Timing. Notwithstanding Section 7(b)(i), if and to the extent any of the RSUs that become payable to Grantee constitute “nonqualified deferred compensation” subject to Section 409A of the Code (i.e., such RSUs are not covered by Section 7(b)(i) above), to the extent the RSUs are not subject to a “substantial risk of forfeiture” (within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code), such RSUs to the extent vested on such date or event (whether vested by virtue of such date, event or otherwise) shall be paid on the earliest to occur of the following events in a manner and to the extent necessary to comply with Section 409A of the Code: 1. The Applicable Vesting Date, with payment to be made within 10 days following such date; 2. The date that Grantee experiences a “separation from service” within the meaning of Section 409A(a) (2)(A)(i) of Code (including by reason of Grantee’s Retirement), with payment to be made on the first payroll date following the 60th day after such date; provided, however, that: (1) Grantee shall have first executed and not revoked a Release during such 60-day period in the event that the RSUs became nonforfeitable and payable pursuant to Section 5(a) or 5(c) above; (2) Grantee shall have complied with all Retirement Conditions through such date in the event that the RSUs became nonforfeitable and payable pursuant to Section 5(c); and (3) if Grantee is a “specified employee” as determined pursuant to procedures adopted by the Company in compliance with Section 409A of the Code, then payment for the RSUs shall be made on the earlier of the first day of the seventh month after the date of Grantee’s “separation from service” within the meaning of Section 409A(a)(2)(A)(i) of the Code or the Grantee’s death; 3. The date of a Change of Control that constitutes a “change in ownership,” a “change in effective control,” or a “change in the ownership of a substantial portion of the assets” of the Company under Section 409A(a)(2)(A)(v) of the Code (such circumstances, a “409A Change in Control”) with payment to be made within ten (10) days following such date; or 4. The date of Grantee’s death. Notwithstanding the foregoing in this Section 7, the Company reserves the right to withhold payment for any vested RSUs that become nonforfeitable pursuant to Section 5(c) in Exhibit 10.20 the event that Grantee violates the Restrictive Covenant Obligations prior to the payment of such RSUs (and such vested RSUs shall be forfeited for no consideration). 1. Dividend Equivalents; Other Rights. a. From and after the Date of Grant and until the earlier of (i) the time when the RSUs become nonforfeitable and are paid to Grantee in accordance with Section 7 hereof or (ii) the time when Grantee’s right to receive shares of Common Stock in payment of the RSUs is forfeited in accordance with Section 6 hereof, on the date that the Company pays a cash dividend (if any) or other cash distribution to holders of shares of Common Stock generally, Grantee shall be entitled to a number of additional RSUs determined by dividing (A) the product of (x) the dollar amount of such cash dividend or other cash distribution paid per share of Common Stock on such date and (y) the total number of RSUs (including dividend equivalents credited thereon) previously credited to Grantee pursuant to this Agreement as of such date, to the extent such RSUs have not become nonforfeitable and paid to Grantee in accordance with Section 7 hereof, by (B) the Market Value per Share on such date. Such dividend equivalents (if any) shall be subject to the same applicable terms and conditions (including vesting, forfeitability, dividend equivalents and payment) as apply to the RSUs as to which the dividend equivalents were credited. b. Grantee shall have no rights of ownership in the shares of Common Stock underlying the RSUs and no right to vote the shares of Common Stock underlying the RSUs until the date on which the shares of Common Stock underlying the RSUs are issued or transferred to Grantee pursuant to Section 7 hereof. c. The obligations of the Company under this Agreement will be merely that of an unfunded and unsecured promise of the Company to deliver shares of Common Stock or pay cash in the future, and the rights of Grantee will be no greater than that of an unsecured general creditor. No assets of the Company will be held or set aside as security for the obligations of the Company under this Agreement. 2. No Right to Future Awards or Employment. The grant of the RSUs under this Agreement to Grantee is a voluntary, discretionary award being made on a one-time basis and it does not constitute a commitment to make any future awards. The grant of the RSUs and any payments made hereunder will not be considered salary or other compensation for purposes of any severance pay or similar allowance, except as otherwise required by law. Nothing contained in this Agreement shall confer upon Grantee any right to be employed or remain employed by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, nor limit or affect in any manner the right of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to terminate the employment or adjust the compensation of Grantee. 3. Adjustments. The number of shares of Common Stock issuable for each RSU and the other terms and conditions of the grant evidenced by this Agreement are subject to adjustment as provided in Section 11 of the Plan. 4. Withholding Taxes. To the extent that the Company is required to withhold federal, state, local or foreign taxes or other amounts in connection with the delivery to Grantee Exhibit 10.20 of shares of Common Stock or any other payment to Grantee or any other payment or vesting event under this Agreement, and the amounts available to the Company for such withholding are insufficient, it shall be a condition to the obligation of the Company to make any such delivery or payment that Grantee make arrangements satisfactory to the Company for payment of the balance of such taxes or other amounts required to be withheld, as described more fully below. The Company shall satisfy such withholding requirement by retaining a portion of the shares of Common Stock to be delivered to Grantee. With prior approval by the Committee, Grantee may elect that all or any part of such withholding requirement be satisfied by other means, including by delivering to the Company other shares of Common Stock held by Grantee (or proceeds from the sale thereof) or cash. Any shares of Common Stock used for withholding hereunder will be valued at an amount equal to the Market Value per Share of such shares of Common Stock on the date of payment pursuant to Section 7 hereof. In no event will the amount that is withheld pursuant to this Section 11 to satisfy applicable withholding taxes exceed the minimum statutory tax rates applicable with respect to Grantee, unless (i) an additional amount can be withheld and not result in adverse accounting consequences, and (ii) such additional withholding amount is authorized by the Committee. 5. Compliance With Law. The Company shall make reasonable efforts to comply with all applicable federal and state securities laws; provided, however, notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan and this Agreement, the Company shall not be obligated to issue any of the shares of Common Stock pursuant to this Agreement if the issuance thereof would result in a violation of any such law. 6. Clawback. The RSUs shall be subject to the Company’s Clawback Policy, as in effect on the Date of Grant, as may be amended or supplemented from time to time. In addition, in the event that Grantee breaches any provision of subparagraphs 7(a) and 7(b) of the Employment Agreement during the Non-Competition Period (as defined in the Employment Agreement) (the “Employment Agreement Covenants”), Grantee shall forfeit any right to receive shares of Common Stock with respect to RSUs that have vested pursuant to Section 5(a) or 5(c) hereof (to the extent such shares have not yet been delivered), and, in the event that such shares have been delivered, the Company shall be entitled to recoup such shares and the gross proceeds from any sale of such shares by Grantee. Such forfeiture or recoupment shall be in addition to, not in substitution of, any other remedies that the Company and its Subsidiaries may have with respect to such breach. 7. Relation to Other Benefits. Any economic or other benefit to Grantee under this Agreement or the Plan shall not be taken into account in determining any benefits to which Grantee may be entitled under any profit-sharing, retirement or other benefit or compensation plan maintained by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (or any of their successors) and shall not affect the amount of any life insurance coverage available to any beneficiary under any life insurance plan covering employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (or any of their successors). 8. Amendments. Any amendment to the Plan shall be deemed to be an amendment to this Agreement to the extent that the amendment is applicable hereto; provided, however, that Exhibit 10.20 (a) no amendment shall adversely affect the rights of Grantee under this Agreement without Grantee’s written consent and (b) Grantee’s consent shall not be required to an amendment that is deemed necessary by the Company to ensure exemption from or compliance with Section 409A of the Code or Section 10D of the Exchange Act and any applicable rules or regulations promulgated by the Securities Exchange Commission or any national securities exchange or national securities association on which the Common Stock may be traded, including as a result of the implementation of, or modification to, any clawback policy the Company adopts, as provided for in subparagraph [ ] of the Employment Agreement. 9. Severability. In the event that one or more of the provisions of this Agreement shall be invalidated for any reason by a court of competent jurisdiction, any provision so invalidated shall be deemed to be separable from the other provisions hereof, and the remaining provisions hereof shall continue to be valid and fully enforceable. 10.Relation to Plan. This Agreement is subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan. To the extent not expressly set forth in this Agreement, the terms of the Plan shall govern. 11.Acknowledgement. Grantee acknowledges that Grantee (a) has received a copy of the Plan, (b) has had an opportunity to review the terms of this Agreement and the Plan, (c) understands the terms and conditions of this Agreement and the Plan and (d) agrees to such terms and conditions. 12.Successors and Assigns. Without limiting Section 3 hereof, the provisions of this Agreement shall inure to the benefit of, and be binding upon, the successors, administrators, heirs, legal representatives and assigns of Grantee, and the successors and assigns of the Company. 13.Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal substantive laws of the State of Delaware, without giving effect to any principle of law that would result in the application of the law of any other jurisdiction. 14.Notices. Any notice to the Company provided for herein shall be in writing (including electronically) to the Company, marked Attention: General Counsel, and any notice to Grantee shall be addressed to Grantee at Grantee’s address on file with the Company at the time of such notice. Except as otherwise provided herein, any written notice shall be deemed to be duly given if and when delivered personally or deposited in the United States mail, postage and fees prepaid, and addressed as aforesaid. Any party may change the address to which notices are to be given hereunder by written notice to the other party as herein specified (provided that for this purpose any mailed notice shall be deemed given on the third business day following deposit of the same in the United States mail). 15.Electronic Delivery. The Company may, in its sole discretion, deliver any documents related to the RSUs and Grantee’s participation in the Plan, or future awards that may be granted under the Plan, by electronic means. Grantee hereby consents to receive such documents by electronic delivery and, if requested, agrees to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or another third party designated by the Company. Exhibit 10.20 16.Section 409A of the Code. To the extent applicable, it is intended that this Agreement and the Plan comply with or be exempt from the provisions of Section 409A of the Code. This Agreement and the Plan shall be administered in a manner consistent with this intent, and any provision that would cause this Agreement or the Plan to fail to comply with or be exempt from Section 409A of the Code shall have no force or effect until amended to comply with or be exempt from Section 409A of the Code (which amendment may be retroactive to the extent permitted by Section 409A of the Code and may be made by the Company without the consent of Grantee). Each payment under this Agreement shall be considered a separate payment and not one of a series of payments for purposes of Section 409A of the Code. Any reference in this Agreement to Section 409A of the Code will also include any proposed, temporary or final regulations, or any other guidance, promulgated with respect to such Section by the U.S. Department of the Treasury or the Internal Revenue Service. 17.Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts (including facsimile and other electronically transmitted counterparts), each of which shall be deemed to be an original but all of which together will constitute one and the same agreement. [SIGNATURES ON FOLLOWING PAGE]  IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Agreement to be executed on its behalf by its duly authorized officer and Grantee has executed this Agreement, as of the Date of Grant. Exhibit 10.20 AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. By: Name: Title: GRANTEE’S SIGNATURE Print Name: Exhibit 10.20 Exhibit A Exhibit 10.21 AMENDED AND RESTATED AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. 2016 EQUITY AND INCENTIVE COMPENSATION PLAN PERFORMANCE-BASED RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AGREEMENT This PERFORMANCE-BASED RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”) is entered into as of [ ] (the “Date of Grant”), by and between AGNC Investment Corp., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and [ ] (“Grantee”). 1. Certain Definitions. Capitalized terms used, but not otherwise defined, in this Agreement will have the meanings given to such terms in the Company’s Amended and Restated 2016 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Plan”). As used in this Agreement: a. “Continuous Retirement Service” means full-time service or part-time service (equal to at least twenty-four (24) hours per week) as an employee of the Company or its Subsidiaries, which shall be measured from the later of (i) the date of hire with the Company (or the applicable Subsidiary) and (ii) AGNC Investment Corp.’s initial public offering (“IPO”) in May 2008; provided, however, that “Continuous Retirement Service” shall also include service by employees of American Capital, Ltd. whose job duties were significantly devoted to AGNC Mortgage Management, LLC (“AMM”), AGNC Investment Corp., AGNC Management, LLC, or MTGE Management, LLC prior to AGNC Investment Corp.’s acquisition of AMM in 2016 as set forth on Exhibit B. b. “Disability” has the meaning set forth in the Employment Agreement. c. “Employment Agreement” means [ ]. d. “Performance Period” means the AER Performance Period or the RER Performance Period, each as defined in Exhibit A, as applicable. e. “Re-Externalization” means a sale, merger or other transaction that results in the transfer or issuance of a majority of the outstanding equity interests of AMM or AGNC Management, LLC to a person or entity other than a Subsidiary of the Company. f. “Release” means the release described in subparagraph 6(f) of the Employment Agreement. g. “Replacement Award” means an award (i) of time-based RSUs (as defined in Section 2 hereof) with a value at least equal to the value of the RSUs covered by this Agreement, determined based on actual achievement of the performance conditions described on Exhibit A on a Prorated Basis (as defined in Exhibit A) as of the most recent date prior to the Change of Control for which applicable data for such determination is publicly available, as determined by the Board or the Committee pursuant to Exhibit A, (ii) that vests in full on the date set forth in Section 4, (iii) that relates to publicly traded equity securities of the Company or its successor in the Change of Control or another entity that is affiliated with the Company or its successor following the Change of Control, (iv) the tax consequences of which to Grantee under the Code are not less favorable to Exhibit 10.21 Grantee than the tax consequences of the RSUs covered by this Agreement and (v) the other terms and conditions of which are not less favorable to Grantee than the terms and conditions of the RSUs covered by this Agreement (including the provisions that would apply in the event of certain terminations of employment and a subsequent Change of Control or, if the surviving entity is internally managed, an externalization of management). A Replacement Award may be granted only to the extent it does not result in the RSUs covered by this Agreement or the Replacement Award failing to comply with or be exempt from Section 409A of the Code. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Replacement Award may take the form of a continuation of the RSUs covered by this Agreement if the requirements of the two preceding sentences are satisfied. The determination of whether the conditions of this Section 1(g) are satisfied will be made by the Committee, as constituted immediately prior to the Change of Control, in its sole discretion. h. “Restrictive Covenant Obligations” means, collectively, the Employment Agreement Covenants (as defined in Section 13) and the requirement that, upon Retirement, Grantee must not: (i) either directly or indirectly, whether as a director, officer, consultant, employee or advisor or in any other capacity, render any services to any company, business, agency, partnership or entity engaged in a business competitive with the Company or its Subsidiaries (“Restricted Business”) other than the Company or its Subsidiaries; (ii) directly or indirectly induce or attempt to influence any employee of the Company or its Subsidiaries to leave its employ; (iii) directly or indirectly induce or attempt to influence any customer, vendor, supplier, counterparty or consultant of the Company or its Subsidiaries to alter its relationship with the Company or its Subsidiaries; (iv) make or hold any investment in any Restricted Business other than the Company or its Subsidiaries, whether such investment be by way of loan, purchase of stock or other securities or otherwise, provided that there shall be excluded from the foregoing the ownership of not more than 2% of the listed or traded stock of any publicly held corporation; or (v) agree, commit, or otherwise reach an understanding in writing to do any of the foregoing. i. j. “Retirement” means the termination of Grantee’s employment with the applicable employer after becoming Retirement Eligible. “Retirement Conditions” means, upon Grantee’s Retirement: (i) Grantee must have fully complied with the Restrictive Covenant Obligations, as well as the terms and conditions of Grantee’s employment, including compliance with all of the Company’s policies and procedures; (ii) there must not be any circumstances that exist at the time of such Grantee’s Retirement that would give the Company grounds to terminate Grantee’s employment for “Cause” (as such term or similar term is defined in the Employment Agreement) as determined by the Committee in its sole discretion; (iii) within sixty (60) days following Grantee’s Retirement, Grantee must execute and not revoke a Release; and (iv) in the case of a voluntary termination of employment by Grantee, Grantee must have delivered written Exhibit 10.21 notice to the Committee or the Chief Executive Officer of the Company (other than for himself or herself) of his or her intent to retire from the Company at least ninety (90) days prior to the effective date of such Grantee’s Retirement (unless such notice period is waived by the Committee or the Chief Executive Officer (other than for himself or herself)). k. “Retirement Eligible” has the meaning set forth in Section 5(c) below. l. “Termination For Good Reason” has the meaning set forth in the Employment Agreement. m. “Termination Without Cause” has the meaning set forth in the Employment Agreement. 2. Grant of RSUs. Subject to and upon the terms, conditions and restrictions set forth in this Agreement and in the Plan, the Company hereby grants to Grantee a target number of [ ] Restricted Stock Units (the “Target Number of RSUs”) (with a maximum number of [ ] Restricted Stock Units to be potentially earned pursuant to Exhibit A (the “Maximum Number of RSUs”, and all Restricted Stock Units covered by this Agreement, the “RSUs”)), plus the related RSUs granted as dividend equivalents pursuant to the terms of Section 8(a), and subject to the terms and conditions set forth on Exhibit A. Each RSU shall represent the right of Grantee to receive one share of Common stock of the Company as defined in Section 2(i) of the Plan (“Common Stock”) subject to and upon the terms and conditions of this Agreement. 3. Restrictions on Transfer of RSUs. Neither the RSUs evidenced hereby nor any interest therein or in the shares of Common Stock underlying such RSUs shall be transferable prior to payment to Grantee pursuant to Section 7 hereof, other than as described in Section 15 of the Plan. 4. Vesting. The RSUs covered by this Agreement shall become nonforfeitable and payable to Grantee on [ ], provided that the Board or the Committee has certified achievement of the applicable performance conditions set forth on Exhibit A and Grantee remains continuously employed by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (or any of their successors) through such date. 5. Accelerated Vesting. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 4 hereof, all or a portion of the RSUs covered by this Agreement will become nonforfeitable and payable to Grantee upon the occurrence of the earliest of any of the following events (to the extent provided below): a. If, while Grantee is continuously employed by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (or any of their successors), a Change of Control occurs and a Replacement Award is not provided to Grantee on the date of such Change of Control, the number of RSUs that will become nonforfeitable and payable to Grantee shall equal the number of RSUs that Grantee would be entitled to receive based on actual achievement of the performance conditions described on Exhibit A on a Prorated Basis (as defined in Exhibit A) as of the most recent date prior to the Change of Control for which applicable data for such determination is Exhibit 10.21 publicly available, as determined by the Board or the Committee pursuant to Exhibit A. Such number of RSUs shall become nonforfeitable and payable to Grantee on the date of such Change of Control. b. If Grantee’s employment with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (or any of their successors) terminates at any time as a result of: (i) Grantee’s death, (ii) Grantee’s Disability (pursuant to subparagraph 5(b)(ii) of the Employment Agreement), (iii) a Termination Without Cause or (iv) a Termination For Good Reason, the number of RSUs that will become nonforfeitable and payable to Grantee shall equal the number of RSUs that Grantee would have been entitled to receive if Grantee had remained employed until the last day of the Performance Period (based on actual achievement of the performance conditions described on Exhibit A during the Performance Period, as determined by the Board or the Committee after the end of the Performance Period). Such number of RSUs shall become nonforfeitable and payable to Grantee on or before March 15 of the calendar year immediately following the end of the Performance Period. c. Subject to the remainder of this Section 5(c) and Grantee’s compliance with the Retirement Conditions, if, on or after January 1, 2026, Grantee has: (i) attained the age of 65 and completed at least three (3) years of Continuous Retirement Service; (ii) attained the age of 55 and completed at least three (3) years of Continuous Retirement Service, and the sum of Grantee’s age (rounded down to the nearest whole year) and years of Continuous Retirement Service is equal to or greater than 70; or (iii) completed at least twenty (20) years of Continuous Retirement Service (any of the circumstances described in clauses (i), (ii), or (iii) of this Section 5(c) referred to as becoming “Retirement Eligible”), the RSUs covered by this Agreement shall continue to vest in accordance with this Agreement on the same terms as though Grantee had remained employed until the last day of the Performance Period. Such number of RSUs shall become nonforfeitable and payable to Grantee on or before March 15 of the calendar year immediately following the end of the Performance Period. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the continued vesting and settlement of RSUs described in this Section 5(c) shall only apply if Grantee complies with the Restrictive Covenant Obligations until the time that such RSUs are paid to Grantee, and the Company reserves the right to withhold payment for any vested RSUs in the event that Grantee violates the Restrictive Covenant Obligations prior to the date on which such RSUs are paid to Grantee (and such vested RSUs shall be forfeited for no consideration). 6. Forfeiture. Except to the extent the RSUs covered by this Agreement have become nonforfeitable pursuant to Section 4 or Section 5 hereof, the RSUs covered by this Agreement shall be forfeited automatically and without further notice, and shall no longer be considered covered by this Agreement, on the date on which Grantee ceases to be employed by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, AMM (including following a Re-Externalization) or any of its subsidiaries or any of their respective successors. 7. Form and Time of Payment of RSUs. Exhibit 10.21 a. Form. Payment in respect of the RSUs, after and to the extent they have become nonforfeitable pursuant to Section 4 or Section 5 hereof, shall be made in the form of shares of Common Stock. Payment shall only be made in whole shares of Common Stock; any fractional shares shall be paid to Grantee in cash. The Company’s obligations to Grantee with respect to the RSUs will be satisfied in full upon the issuance of the shares of Common Stock (or, with respect to fractional shares, upon the payment in cash) corresponding to such RSUs. b. Timing. i. ii. iii. The RSUs that become nonforfeitable pursuant to Section 4 hereof shall be paid within ten (10) days following the date on which such RSUs become nonforfeitable. The RSUs that become nonforfeitable pursuant to Section 5(a) hereof shall be paid on the date of such Change of Control. The RSUs that become nonforfeitable pursuant to Section 5(b) or 5(c) hereof shall be paid on or before March 15 of the calendar year immediately following the end of the Performance Period; provided that if any of the events contemplated in Section 5(b) or 5(c) hereof occurs on or before the last day of the Performance Period, Grantee (or, if applicable, Grantee’s estate) shall have first executed and not revoked a Release. 8. Dividend Equivalents; Other Rights. a. From and after the Date of Grant and until the earlier of (i) the time when the RSUs become nonforfeitable and are paid to Grantee in accordance with Section 7 hereof or (ii) the time when Grantee’s right to receive shares of Common Stock in payment of the RSUs is forfeited in accordance with Section 6 hereof, on the date that the Company pays a cash dividend (if any) or other cash distribution to holders of shares of Common Stock generally, Grantee shall be entitled to a number of additional RSUs determined by dividing (A) the product of (x) the dollar amount of such cash dividend or other cash distribution paid per share of Common Stock on such date and (y) the total number of RSUs (including dividend equivalents credited thereon) previously credited to Grantee pursuant to this Agreement as of such date, to the extent such RSUs have not become nonforfeitable and paid to Grantee in accordance with Section 7 hereof, by (B) the Market Value per Share on such date. Such dividend equivalents (if any) shall be subject to the same applicable terms and conditions (including vesting, forfeitability, dividend equivalents and payment) as apply to the RSUs as to which the dividend equivalents were credited. b. Grantee shall have no rights of ownership in the shares of Common Stock underlying the RSUs and no right to vote the shares of Common Stock underlying the RSUs until the date on which the shares of Common Stock underlying the RSUs are issued or transferred to Grantee pursuant to Section 7 hereof. Exhibit 10.21 c. The obligations of the Company under this Agreement will be merely that of an unfunded and unsecured promise of the Company to deliver shares of Common Stock or pay cash in the future, and the rights of Grantee will be no greater than that of an unsecured general creditor. No assets of the Company will be held or set aside as security for the obligations of the Company under this Agreement. 9. No Right to Future Awards or Employment. The grant of the RSUs under this Agreement to Grantee is a voluntary, discretionary award being made on a one-time basis and it does not constitute a commitment to make any future awards. The grant of the RSUs and any payments made hereunder will not be considered salary or other compensation for purposes of any severance pay or similar allowance, except as otherwise required by law. Nothing contained in this Agreement shall confer upon Grantee any right to be employed or remain employed by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, nor limit or affect in any manner the right of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to terminate the employment or adjust the compensation of Grantee. 10. Adjustments. The number of shares of Common Stock issuable for each RSU and the other terms and conditions of the grant evidenced by this Agreement are subject to adjustment as provided in Section 11 of the Plan. 11. Withholding Taxes. To the extent that the Company is required to withhold federal, state, local or foreign taxes or other amounts in connection with the delivery to Grantee of shares of Common Stock or any other payment to Grantee or any other payment or vesting event under this Agreement, and the amounts available to the Company for such withholding are insufficient, it shall be a condition to the obligation of the Company to make any such delivery or payment that Grantee make arrangements satisfactory to the Company for payment of the balance of such taxes or other amounts required to be withheld, as described more fully below. The Company shall satisfy such withholding requirement by retaining a portion of the shares of Common Stock to be delivered to Grantee. With prior approval by the Committee, Grantee may elect that all or any part of such withholding requirement be satisfied by other means, including by delivering to the Company other shares of Common Stock held by Grantee (or proceeds from the sale thereof) or cash. Any shares of Common Stock used for withholding hereunder will be valued at an amount equal to the Market Value per Share of such shares of Common Stock on the date of payment pursuant to Section 7 hereof. In no event will the amount that is withheld pursuant to this Section 11 to satisfy applicable withholding taxes exceed the minimum statutory tax rates applicable with respect to Grantee, unless (i) an additional amount can be withheld and not result in adverse accounting consequences, and (ii) such additional withholding amount is authorized by the Committee. 12. Compliance With Law. The Company shall make reasonable efforts to comply with all applicable federal and state securities laws; provided, however, notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan and this Agreement, the Company shall not be obligated to issue any of the shares of Common Stock pursuant to this Agreement if the issuance thereof would result in a violation of any such law. 13. Clawback. The RSUs shall be subject to the Company’s Clawback Policy, as in effect on the Date of Grant, as may be amended or supplemented from time to time. In Exhibit 10.21 addition, in the event that Grantee breaches any provision of subparagraphs 7(a) and 7(b) of the Employment Agreement during the Non-Competition Period (as defined in the Employment Agreement) (the “Employment Agreement Covenants”), Grantee shall forfeit any right to receive shares of Common Stock with respect to RSUs that have vested pursuant to Section 5(b) or 5(c) hereof (to the extent such shares have not yet been delivered), and, in the event that such shares have been delivered, the Company shall be entitled to recoup such shares and the gross proceeds from any sale of such shares by Grantee. Such forfeiture or recoupment shall be in addition to, not in substitution of, any other remedies that the Company and its Subsidiaries may have with respect to such breach. 14. Relation to Other Benefits. Any economic or other benefit to Grantee under this Agreement or the Plan shall not be taken into account in determining any benefits to which Grantee may be entitled under any profit-sharing, retirement or other benefit or compensation plan maintained by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (or any of their successors) and shall not affect the amount of any life insurance coverage available to any beneficiary under any life insurance plan covering employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (or any of their successors). 15. Amendments. Any amendment to the Plan shall be deemed to be an amendment to this Agreement to the extent that the amendment is applicable hereto; provided, however, that (a) no amendment shall adversely affect the rights of Grantee under this Agreement without Grantee’s written consent and (b) Grantee’s consent shall not be required to an amendment that is deemed necessary by the Company to ensure exemption from or compliance with Section 409A of the Code or Section 10D of the Exchange Act and any applicable rules or regulations promulgated by the Securities Exchange Commission or any national securities exchange or national securities association on which the Common Stock may be traded, including as a result of the implementation of, or modification to, any clawback policy the Company adopts, as provided for in subparagraph [ ] of the Employment Agreement. 16. Severability. In the event that one or more of the provisions of this Agreement shall be invalidated for any reason by a court of competent jurisdiction, any provision so invalidated shall be deemed to be separable from the other provisions hereof, and the remaining provisions hereof shall continue to be valid and fully enforceable. 17. Relation to Plan. This Agreement is subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan. To the extent not expressly set forth in this Agreement, the terms of the Plan shall govern. 18. Acknowledgement. Grantee acknowledges that Grantee (a) has received a copy of the Plan, (b) has had an opportunity to review the terms of this Agreement and the Plan, (c) understands the terms and conditions of this Agreement and the Plan and (d) agrees to such terms and conditions. 19. Successors and Assigns. Without limiting Section 3 hereof, the provisions of this Agreement shall inure to the benefit of, and be binding upon, the successors, administrators, heirs, legal representatives and assigns of Grantee, and the successors and assigns of the Company. Exhibit 10.21 20. Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal substantive laws of the State of Delaware, without giving effect to any principle of law that would result in the application of the law of any other jurisdiction. 21. Notices. Any notice to the Company provided for herein shall be in writing (including electronically) to the Company, marked Attention: General Counsel, and any notice to Grantee shall be addressed to Grantee at Grantee’s address on file with the Company at the time of such notice. Except as otherwise provided herein, any written notice shall be deemed to be duly given if and when delivered personally or deposited in the United States mail, postage and fees prepaid, and addressed as aforesaid. Any party may change the address to which notices are to be given hereunder by written notice to the other party as herein specified (provided that for this purpose any mailed notice shall be deemed given on the third business day following deposit of the same in the United States mail). 22. Electronic Delivery. The Company may, in its sole discretion, deliver any documents related to the RSUs and Grantee’s participation in the Plan, or future awards that may be granted under the Plan, by electronic means. Grantee hereby consents to receive such documents by electronic delivery and, if requested, agrees to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or another third party designated by the Company. 23. Section 409A of the Code. To the extent applicable, it is intended that this Agreement and the Plan comply with or be exempt from the provisions of Section 409A of the Code. This Agreement and the Plan shall be administered in a manner consistent with this intent, and any provision that would cause this Agreement or the Plan to fail to comply with or be exempt from Section 409A of the Code shall have no force or effect until amended to comply with or be exempt from Section 409A of the Code (which amendment may be retroactive to the extent permitted by Section 409A of the Code and may be made by the Company without the consent of Grantee). Any reference in this Agreement to Section 409A of the Code will also include any proposed, temporary or final regulations, or any other guidance, promulgated with respect to such Section by the U.S. Department of the Treasury or the Internal Revenue Service. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement or the Plan to the contrary, all payments made to Grantee pursuant to this Agreement will be made within the short-term deferral period specified in Treasury Regulation §1.409A-1(b)(4). 24. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts (including facsimile and other electronically transmitted counterparts), each of which shall be deemed to be an original but all of which together will constitute one and the same agreement. [SIGNATURES ON FOLLOWING PAGE] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Agreement to be executed on its behalf by its duly authorized officer and Grantee has executed this Agreement, as of the Date of Grant. Exhibit 10.21 AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. By: Name: Title: GRANTEE’S SIGNATURE Print Name: Exhibit 10.21 Exhibit A Performance Vesting Schedule Exhibit 10.21 Exhibit B Exhibit 23 We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (1) Form S-8 (No. 333-151027), (2) Form S-8 (No. 333-216282), (3) Form S-8 (No. 333-255904), and (4) Form S-3 (No. 333-257014); of our reports dated February 22, 2024, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of AGNC Investment Corp., and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of AGNC Investment Corp., included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of AGNC Investment Corp. for the year ended December 31, 2023. Tysons, Virginia February 22, 2024 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP POWER OF ATTORNEY Exhibit 24 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned directors and officers of AGNC Investment Corp., a corporation organized under the laws of the state of Delaware (the “Corporation”), hereby constitute and appoint Bernice Bell, Kenneth Pollack and Kasey Reisman and each of them (with full power to each of them to act alone), his/her true and lawful attorneys‑in‑fact and agents for him/her and on his/her behalf and in his/her name, place and stead, in all cases with full power of substitution and resubstitution, in any hand and all capacities, to sign, execute and affix his/her seal to and file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (or any other governmental or regulatory authority) the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, and all amendments or supplements thereto with all exhibits and any and all documents required to be filed with respect thereto, and grants to each of them full power and authority to do and to perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises in order to effectuate the same as fully and to all intents and purposes as he/she might or could do if personally present, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys‑in‑fact and agents, or any of them, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the undersigned directors and/or officers has hereunto set his/her hand and seal, as of the date specified. AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. Dated: January 18, 2024 /s/ Peter J. Federico Peter J. Federico President and Chief Executive Officer Signature /s/ Donna J. Blank Donna J. Blank /s/ Morris A. Davis Morris A. Davis /s/ Peter J. Federico Peter J. Federico /s/ John D. Fisk John D. Fisk /s/ Andrew A. Johnson, Jr. Andrew A Johnson, Jr. /s/ Gary D. Kain Gary D. Kain /s/ Prue B. Larocca Prue B. Larocca /s/ Paul E. Mullings Paul E. Mullings /s/ Frances R. Spark Frances R. Spark Title Director Date January 18, 2024 Director January 18, 2024 Director, President and Chief Executive Officer January 18, 2024 Director January 18, 2024 Director January 18, 2024 Director, Executive Chair January 18, 2024 Director January 18, 2024 Director January 18, 2024 Director January 18, 2024 AGNC Investment Corp. Certification Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Exhibit 31.1 I, Peter J. Federico, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of AGNC Investment Corp.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an Annual Report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors: (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 22, 2024 /s/ PETER J. FEDERICO Peter J. Federico President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) AGNC Investment Corp. Certification Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Exhibit 31.2 I, Bernice E. Bell, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of AGNC Investment Corp; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entitles, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an Annual Report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors: (a) All significant deficiencies and material weakness in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 22, 2024 /s/ BERNICE E. BELL Bernice E. Bell Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) AGNC Investment Corp. Certification of CEO and CFO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 We, Peter J. Federico, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Bernice E. Bell, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of AGNC Investment Corp. (the “Company”), certify pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 that: 1. The Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m); and 2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Exhibit 32 Name: Title: Date: Name: Title: Date: /s/ PETER J. FEDERICO Peter J. Federico President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) February 22, 2024 /s/ BERNICE E. BELL Bernice E. Bell Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) February 22, 2024 A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. AGNC INVESTMENT CORP. Compensation Clawback Policy Effective October 26, 2023 Exhibit 97.1 Purpose As required pursuant to the listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (the “Stock Exchange”), Section 10D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and Rule 10D-1 under the Exchange Act, the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of AGNC Investment Corp. (the “Company”) has adopted this Compensation Clawback Policy (the “Policy”) to empower the Company to recover Covered Compensation (as defined below) erroneously awarded to a Covered Officer (as defined below) in the event of an Accounting Restatement (as defined below). Notwithstanding anything in this Policy to the contrary, at all times, this Policy shall be subject to interpretation and operation in accordance with the final rules and regulations promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), the final listing standards adopted by the Stock Exchange, and any applicable SEC or Stock Exchange guidance or interpretations issued from time to time regarding such Covered Compensation recovery requirements (collectively, the “Final Guidance”). Questions regarding this Policy should be directed to the Company’s Corporate Secretary. Policy Statement Unless a Clawback Exception (as defined below) applies, the Company will recover reasonably promptly from each Covered Officer the Covered Compensation Received (as defined below) by such Covered Officer in the event that the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement due to the material noncompliance of the Company with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws, including any required accounting restatement to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements, or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period (each, an “Accounting Restatement”). If a Clawback Exception applies with respect to a Covered Officer, the Company may forgo such recovery under this Policy from any such Covered Officer. Covered Officers For purposes of this Policy, “Covered Officer” is defined as any current or former “officer” of the Company within the meaning of Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act, as determined by the Board or the Compensation and Corporate Governance Committee of the Board (the “Committee”). Covered Officers include, at a minimum, “executive officers” as defined in Rule 3b-7 under the Exchange Act and identified under Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K. Covered Compensation For purposes of this Policy: • “Covered Compensation” is defined as the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation (as defined below) Received during the applicable Recovery Period (as defined below) that exceeds the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation that otherwise would have been Received during such Recovery Period had it been determined based on the relevant restated amounts, and computed without regard to any taxes paid. 1 Incentive-Based Compensation Received by a Covered Officer will qualify as Covered Compensation only if: (i) it is Received on or after October 2, 2023 (the date on which listing standards adopted by the Stock Exchange to implement Rule 10D-1 under the Exchange Act became effective); (ii) it is Received after such Covered Officer begins service as a Covered Officer; (iii) such Covered Officer served as a Covered Officer at any time during the performance period for such Incentive-Based Compensation; and (iv) it is Received while the Company has a class of securities listed on a national securities exchange or a national securities association. For Incentive-Based Compensation based on stock price or total shareholder return, where the amount of erroneously awarded Covered Compensation is not subject to mathematical recalculation directly from the information in an Accounting Restatement, the amount of such Incentive-Based Compensation that is deemed to be Covered Compensation will be based on a reasonable estimate of the effect of the Accounting Restatement on the stock price or total shareholder return upon which the Incentive-Based Compensation was Received, and the Company will maintain and provide to the Stock Exchange documentation of the determination of such reasonable estimate. “Incentive-Based Compensation” is defined as any compensation that is granted, earned, or vested based wholly or in part upon the attainment of a Financial Reporting Measure (as defined below). For purposes of clarity, Incentive-Based Compensation includes compensation that is in any plan, other than tax-qualified retirement plans, including long term disability, life insurance, and supplemental executive retirement plans, and any other compensation that is based on such Incentive-Based Compensation, such as earnings accrued on notional amounts of Incentive-Based Compensation contributed to such plans. “Financial Reporting Measure” is defined as a measure that is determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing the Company’s financial statements, and any measures that are derived wholly or in part from such measures. Stock price and total shareholder return are also Financial Reporting Measures. Incentive-Based Compensation is deemed “Received” in the Company’s fiscal period during which the Financial Reporting Measure specified in the Incentive-Based Compensation award is attained, even if the payment or grant of the Incentive-Based Compensation occurs after the end of that period. • • • Recovery Period For purposes of this Policy, the applicable “Recovery Period” is defined as the three completed fiscal years immediately preceding the Trigger Date (as defined below) and, if applicable, any transition period resulting from a change in the Company’s fiscal year within or immediately following those three completed fiscal years (provided, however, that if a transition period between the last day of the Company’s previous fiscal year end and the first day of its new fiscal year comprises a period of nine to 12 months, such period would be deemed to be a completed fiscal year). For purposes of this Policy, the “Trigger Date” as of which the Company is required to prepare an Accounting Restatement is the earlier to occur of: (i) the date that the Board, applicable Board committee, or officers authorized to take action if Board action is not required, concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare the Accounting Restatement or (ii) the 2 date a court, regulator, or other legally authorized body directs the Company to prepare the Accounting Restatement. Clawback Exceptions The Company is required to recover all Covered Compensation Received by a Covered Officer in the event of an Accounting Restatement unless (i) one of the following conditions are met and (ii) the Committee has made a determination that recovery would be impracticable in accordance with Rule 10D-1 under the Exchange Act (under such circumstances, a “Clawback Exception” applies): • • • the direct expense paid to a third party to assist in enforcing this Policy would exceed the amount to be recovered (and the Company has already made a reasonable attempt to recover such erroneously awarded Covered Compensation from such Covered Officer, has documented such reasonable attempt(s) to recover, and has provided such documentation to the Stock Exchange); recovery would violate home country law that was adopted prior to November 28, 2022 (and the Company has already obtained an opinion of home country counsel, acceptable to the Stock Exchange, that recovery would result in such a violation, and provided such opinion to the Stock Exchange); or recovery would likely cause an otherwise tax-qualified retirement plan, under which benefits are broadly available to employees of the Company, to fail to meet the requirements of Section 401(a)(13) or Section 411(a) of the Internal Revenue Code and regulations thereunder. For purposes of clarity, this Clawback Exception only applies to tax-qualified retirement plans and does not apply to other plans, including long term disability, life insurance, and supplemental executive retirement plans, or any other compensation that is based on Incentive-Based Compensation in such plans, such as earnings accrued on notional amounts of Incentive- Based Compensation contributed to such plans. Prohibitions The Company is prohibited from paying or reimbursing the cost of insurance for, or indemnifying, any Covered Officer against the loss of erroneously awarded Covered Compensation. Administration and Interpretation The Board hereby authorizes the Committee to administer this Policy in accordance with the Final Guidance, and the Committee will have full and exclusive authority and discretion to supplement, amend, repeal, interpret, terminate, construe, modify, replace and/or enforce (in whole or in part) this Policy, including the authority to correct any defect, supply any omission or reconcile any ambiguity, inconsistency or conflict in the Policy, subject to the Final Guidance. This Policy is in addition to and is not intended to change, limit or interpret any federal or state law or regulation, including the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation (as may be amended, restated or supplemented and in effect from time to time), or the Company’s Amended and Restated Bylaws. The Committee will review the Policy from time to time and will have full and exclusive authority to take any action hereunder it deems appropriate. The Committee will have the authority to offset any compensation or benefit amounts that become due to the applicable Covered Officers to the extent permissible under Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and as it deems necessary or desirable to recover any Covered Compensation. 3 This Policy supersedes the AGNC Investment Corp. Clawback Policy, dated as of January 24, 2017, with respect to all Covered Compensation paid to Covered Officers. Disclosure This Policy, and any recovery of Covered Compensation by the Company pursuant to this Policy that is required to be disclosed in the Company’s filings with the SEC, will be disclosed as required by the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Exchange Act, and related rules and regulations, including the Final Guidance. 4 

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