Alcoa
Annual Report 2014

Plain-text annual report

T R A N S F O R M I N G A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 4 ANNUAL REPORT 2014 ALCOA WHO WE ARE Alcoa is a global leader in lightweight metals packaging, high performance defense vehicles technology, engineering and manufacturing. across air, land and sea, deeper oil and gas Alcoa innovates multi-material solutions drilling and more efficient power generation. that advance our world. Our technologies We pioneered the aluminum industry over enhance transportation, from automotive 125 years ago, and today, our 59,000 people and commercial transport to air and space in 30 countries deliver value-add products travel, and improve industrial and consumer made of titanium, nickel and aluminum, and electronics products. We enable smart produce best-in-class bauxite, alumina and buildings, sustainable food and beverage primary aluminum products. CHAIRMAN’S LETTER This year was an important milestone in Alcoa’s transformation. In recent years, my shareholder letters focused on our many efforts to keep the Alcoa ship on course while buffeted by external events. Year after year, we proved that we can weather the storms that batter our industry. In 2014, as in the years before but with an accelerated pace, we discharged legacy issues that were slowing us down. This enables us to transform Alcoa faster and to better control our destiny in a world of continuing economic uncertainty. nickel metals capabilities and expand our footprint in Europe and China. We are creating a leading portfolio position across all major components of a jet engine on the most attractive and highest growth engine platforms. Combined with our innovation advances in aircraft structures, particularly in our breakthrough aluminum-lithium extrusions and electromagnetic energy management fastening systems technologies, Alcoa will be a driving force in advancing next-generation aircraft. Because our customers recognize that Alcoa’s innovations play a vital role in new aircraft fleets by improving fuel efficiency by 20%, reducing engine fuel burn by 15% and decreasing maintenance costs by 30%, they depend on us to help them shape the future of the aerospace industry. Our transformation goals are two-fold: to build Alcoa’s value- add portfolio of multi-material, innovation-rich businesses that serve high-growth end markets, and to increase the global competitiveness of our commodity portfolio by moving further down the alumina and aluminum cost curves. These goals draw on Alcoa’s innovation strengths in our value-add businesses and proven cost management systems in our commodity business. We are focusing our value-add businesses on multiple growth markets like aerospace and automotive. We are structuring our commodity business for continued profitability during the cyclical swings in the price of aluminum, profiting more when prices are high and remaining competitive when prices are low. Our transformation strategy, both its current impact and its future growth potential, has greatly improved our operating performance. As a result, 2014 was another solid year of Alcoa business performance and transformation progress that delivered significant returns to our shareholders. Our stock price increased by 49% over the course of the year, compared to 5% for the S&P 500® Materials Index and 8% for the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). On a three-year basis, Alcoa outperformed the S&P 500® Materials Index and DJIA by 38 and 37 percentage points, respectively. Our sustained performance stems from Alcoa’s innovation strengths and our partnerships with our customers to create new applications that are transforming entire industries and expanding Alcoa’s market share. As our high employee-engagement scores attest, we have unleashed the innovative energies of Alcoans. Another year of strong financial performance reinforces confidence in Alcoa’s ability to consistently deliver on our commitments and provide the means to make investments critical to Alcoa’s future growth. In the aerospace sector, we completed the acquisition of Firth Rixson and in the first quarter of 2015 closed on the purchase of TITAL, which together will double Alcoa’s content on key new- generation jet engine programs. These acquisitions will provide Alcoa with leading-edge technologies, strengthen our titanium and In the automotive sector, we have built on Alcoa’s A951 bonding process, the breakthrough that enables the automotive industry to shift to aluminum intensive vehicles. The first high-volume model to make that shift is Ford’s F-150 pickup, the highest selling vehicle in the United States. By replacing its steel body with military-grade aluminum, Ford reduced the weight of the new F-150 by more than 700 pounds and offers its customers significant fuel economies, heavier payload, improved handling and greater ruggedness. As other automotive manufacturers transition to aluminum, we forecast that Alcoa’s 2013 auto sheet revenues of $229 million prior to the shift, will triple by 2015 and then double to $1.3 billion by 2018. To provide us the technologies and capacity to begin capturing that explosive growth, we launched an expansion and modernization of our rolling mills in Iowa and Tennessee. Most importantly, we also announced new advanced aluminum alloys that combine higher strength with lower weight and improved formability, while showing automotive grade surface quality. These material characteristics are what every vehicle designer dreams of, but so far never had, and will be made possible by Alcoa’s truly revolutionary Micromill™ production technology. Automotive manufacturers also have responded favorably to the fact that the Micromill will reduce the time to produce aluminum coil from molten metal to 20 minutes from 20 days. Alcoa innovation is driving profitable growth across multiple business areas. We launched a new portfolio of foundry alloys to support the automotive industry’s relentless pursuit of lighter, more efficient power trains and suspension components. We invented a four-layer brazing sheet for automotive, residential and commercial condensers and evaporators that are undergoing an exciting transition from copper to aluminum. The aerospace industry’s first aluminum fan blade forging that Alcoa developed for Pratt & Whitney’s jet engines that use its Geared Turbofan™ technology recently qualified for Airbus’ new A320neo. In the commercial transportation sector, our latest aluminum wheel model, the Ultra ONE™ with MagnaForce™ alloy, is 47% lighter than a steel wheel, 2 enabling truck drivers to increase their fuel savings and payloads. For our U.S. military customers, we produced the world’s largest aluminum forging for the armored undercarriage of troop transport vehicles, an innovation that will save countless soldiers’ lives. The increased thermal performance and superior blast resistance of Alcoa’s windows and framing systems for the facades of nonresidential buildings have become an indispensable part of the green building phenomenon to improve energy efficiency by 25%. Aluminum bottles and aseptic foil are breathing new life into our packaging business. In each of those markets, our technologies are enabling our customers—and therefore Alcoa—to gain market share. We also took decisive actions in 2014 to improve the profitability of our commodity business. We reduced the capacity of our smelting business by 549 thousand metric tons through divestitures, closures and curtailments of high-cost assets. Construction of the Ma’aden- Alcoa integrated aluminum complex in Saudi Arabia neared completion in 2014, under budget and ahead of schedule. The combination of the highly profitable Saudi complex, the reduction of high-cost facilities and significant productivity improvements in our remaining upstream operations are expected to enable us to achieve our 2016 targets of reaching the 21st and 38th percentiles on the respective alumina refining and aluminum smelting cost curves. In 2014, we made significant progress in exerting greater control of our commodity business. Since introducing the Alumina Price Index (API) in 2010 to sell our smelter-grade alumina at prices that represent alumina market fundamentals rather than being linked to the volatile aluminum price on the London Metal Exchange, we have been steadily increasing our API/spot sales. In 2014, 68% of total third-party smelter-grade alumina sales were based on API/spot market pricing, up from 55% in 2013. In our aluminum business, we have been offering differentiated, value-add products that are cast in forms customized for the needs of customers. Value-add products represented 65% of total shipments from our smelters in 2014, up from 60% in 2013. The success of all our businesses depends on five levers that we call the Alcoa Advantage. As in the previous three years, we generated more than $1 billion of year-over-year productivity savings. Half of that came from our Procurement Advantage, leveraging more than $18 billion in buying power and streamlining our supplier base. When we strengthened our Operating System Advantage with an idea generation tool, more than 55% of Alcoans in plants and locations around the world took responsibility for suggesting and following through on new projects that are generating additional cost savings, working capital improvements and growth opportunities. A major reason for greater employee involvement and productivity is our Talent Advantage that enables us to attract, develop and motivate outstanding talent, resulting in a 57% increase in our employee engagement scores in the past eight years. Each year, we also measure the effectiveness of our Customer Advantage through an industry-wide program called Net Promoter Score (NPS); in 2014, we exceeded the industrial Best-in-Class NPS rating by more than four points. Our Technology Advantage enables our businesses to work with our Alcoa Technical Center to develop the many innovations we describe in this report. During my visits to Alcoa facilities around the world in 2014, it has been gratifying to see the Alcoa Advantage in action. To single out just one of hundreds of examples, during a visit with the CEO of a major aerospace customer of our power and propulsion business in Whitehall, Michigan, one of our newly-hired engineers, Peter Takunjo, demonstrated an acoustic emissions technology that he developed to detect cracks in ceramic cores early on. As those cracks were previously only discovered during final testing at the end of the manufacturing cycle, the new technology dramatically cut costs in our manufacturing process and improved on-time delivery to our customers. Peter’s recruitment and development at Alcoa, and his opportunity as a newly-hired engineer to work on one of Alcoa’s most sophisticated products for a key customer, is a classic example of the Alcoa Advantage working together in a way that no competitor can match. In addition to the Alcoa Advantage, our businesses benefit from a set of Alcoa Values that have endured the test of time—Integrity; Respect; Environment, Health and Safety; Innovation; and Excellence. Serving as our Company’s North Star, Alcoa’s Values guided the generations of Alcoans who came before us. Those same Values are attracting the best and brightest of today’s generation to Alcoa and inspiring them to help transform Alcoa for future generations. Thanks to our acceleration of that transformation during 2014, the path to Alcoa’s future is much clearer and our leaders have far greater control in shaping that future than ever before. We are pleased to see that you, our shareholders, have confidence in our transformation strategy and have benefitted from another solid year of Alcoa business performance and shareholder returns. You have my commitment, as well as that of Alcoa’s directors and management, that we will build on the successes of 2014 for many years to come. Klaus Kleinfeld Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer 3 2014 SALES: $23.9 BILLION BY SEGMENT $0.2 $3.5 $6.0 $7.4 $6.8 Global Rolled Products Primary Metals Engineered Products and Solutions Alumina Other BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA 7% 15% 27% 51% United States Europe Pacific Other Americas NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 2014 2013 2012 United States Europe Other Americas Pacific 26,000 17,000 9,000 7,000 26,000 26,000 17,000 17,000 10,000 11,000 7,000 7,000 59,000 60,000 61,000 FINANCIAL AND OPERATING HIGHLIGHTS ($ in millions, except per-share amounts) 2014 2013 2012 Sales Net income (loss) Per common share data: Basic Diluted Dividends paid Total assets Capital expenditures Cash provided from operations Book value per share* $23,906 $23,032 $23,700 268 (2,285) 191 0.21 0.21 0.12 (2.14) (2.14) 0.12 0.18 0.18 0.12 37,399 35,742 40,179 1,219 1,674 9.07 1,193 1,578 9.84 1,261 1,497 12.32 Common stock outstanding—end of year (000)** 1,216,664 1,071,011 1,067,212 * ** Book value per share = (Total shareholders’ equity minus Preferred stock) divided by Common stock outstanding, end of year. There were an estimated 560,000 shareholders, which includes registered shareholders and beneficial owners holding stock through banks, brokers, or other nominees, as of February 20, 2015 (the record date for the 2015 annual shareholders’ meeting). 4 2014 FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE* Alcoa’s 2014 operating performance was the strongest since 2008, demonstrating how the Company’s transformation is driving profitability. Excluding the impact of special items, performance growth drove 2014 net income of $1.1 billion, or $0.92 per share, up slightly more than threefold from 2013. STRONG PERFORMANCE DRIVES EARNINGS GROWTH $ in millions 357 2013 16 123 64 292 757 31 48 540 1,116 LME Currency Volume Price/Mix Productivity Energy Raw Materials Cost Increases/ Other 2014 +$107 MARKET +$1,113 PERFORMANCE -$461 COST HEADWINDS Through the power of Alcoa’s Degrees of Implementation program, which is the Company’s disciplined execution methodology for moving from ideas to cash, our businesses generated $1.2 billion in productivity savings. This result exceeded an $850 million annual target and improved total productivity savings since 2008 to $7.9 billion. PRODUCTIVITY 2009–2014 $ in millions 2,410 742 1,099 1,291 1,117 2009 EPS (28%) 2010 2011 2012 2013 GRP (23%) GPP (43%) OTHER (6%) 1,194 338 279 512 2014 65 All figures are pretax and pre-minority interest. 2009–2010 represents net productivity. 2011–2013 represents gross productivity. EPS: Engineered Products and Solutions; GRP: Global Rolled Products; GPP: Global Primary Products represents the Alumina and Primary Metals segments combined. Alcoa also managed growth capital expenditures of $484 million against a $500 million annual target; controlled sustaining capital expenditures of $735 million against a $750 million annual target; and invested $91 million in our Saudi Arabia joint venture project against a $125 million annual target. Additionally, we continued to manage working capital diligently in 2014, resulting in average days working capital at 28 days in the fourth quarter, even with the fourth quarter of 2013, while supporting growth initiatives related to the automotive and aerospace end markets we serve. We have reduced average days working capital by nine days since the fourth quarter of 2009. SUSTAINED WORKING CAPITAL EXCELLENCE 42 43 44 37 37 40 40 40 36 34 35 36 9 day reduction since 4Q09 30 32 29 31 28 30 33 32 28 9 0 Q 4 0 1 Q 1 0 1 Q 2 0 1 Q 3 0 1 Q 4 1 1 Q 1 1 1 Q 2 1 1 Q 3 1 1 Q 4 2 1 Q 1 2 1 Q 2 2 1 Q 3 2 1 Q 4 3 1 Q 1 3 1 Q 2 3 1 Q 3 3 1 Q 4 4 1 Q 1 4 1 Q 2 4 1 Q 3 4 1 Q 4 EVEN 1 DAY LOWER 6 DAYS LOWER 2 DAYS LOWER EVEN As a result of our disciplined execution, we met our overarching goal to be free cash flow positive for the fifth consecutive year, ending 2014 with free cash flow totaling $455 million on cash from operations of $1.7 billion. * See Calculation of Financial Measures at the end of this report for reconciliations of certain non-GAAP financial measures (adjusted income, free cash flow, days working capital and adjusted EBITDA). 5 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND SOLUTIONS 2014 was the best year ever for our innovative, multi-material Engineered Products and Solutions (EPS) segment. It generated $6.0 billion in third-party revenues and $767 million in after-tax operating income (ATOI) with an adjusted EBITDA margin of 21.9%. By engineering proprietary products that are highly valuable to customers across its aerospace, commercial transportation, building and construction, industrial gas turbine, and oil and gas end markets, EPS drove strong share gains across all of its businesses. The segment signed a number of valuable contracts throughout the year, including a $1.1 billion 10-year supply agreement with Pratt & Whitney for jet engine components. GLOBAL ROLLED PRODUCTS Our Global Rolled Products (GRP) segment continued to benefit in 2014 from the historic shift to aluminum- intensive vehicles. The segment proudly began to supply Ford with military-grade aluminum sheet for the new Ford F-150 in record amounts from our expanded facility in Davenport, Iowa. Additionally, Alcoa signed a multi-year contract valued at more than $1 billion to supply Boeing with aluminum sheet and plate products, which further demonstrates the significant value that GRP offers Alcoa’s aerospace customers. GRP generated $7.4 billion in third-party revenues and $312 million in ATOI with an adjusted EBITDA per metric ton of $339 driven in large part by automotive growth and an ongoing robust aerospace market. GLOBAL PRIMARY PRODUCTS Our hard work optimizing our operations in the Global Primary Products business continued to pay off. In the fourth quarter of 2014, the combined Alumina and Primary Metals segments (referred to as our upstream business) improved performance for the 13th consecutive quarter. Our transformed, lower-cost upstream business became increasingly competitive and profitable in 2014. Alumina generated $3.5 billion in third-party revenues and $370 million in ATOI with an adjusted EBITDA per metric ton of $55. In addition, since 2010, we have strengthened our position on the global alumina cost curve by moving down five points from the 30th percentile in 2010 to the 25th percentile in 2014, equivalent to an improvement in our cost per metric ton of $15 relative to the industry. Primary Metals generated $6.8 billion in third-party revenues and $594 million in ATOI while completing the year with an adjusted EBITDA per metric ton of $422, the strongest level since 2007. Our ability to reshape our smelting portfolio helped Alcoa to move down eight points on the global aluminum cost curve from the 51st percentile in 2010 to the 43rd percentile in 2013, and our position remained steady in 2014. By the end of 2014, we had improved our cost per metric ton of aluminum by $50 relative to the industry. 6 ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND SOLUTIONS $6.0B in third-party revenues Adjusted EBITDA margin of 21.9% GLOBAL ROLLED PRODUCTS GLOBAL ROLLED PRODUCTS $7.4B in third-party revenues Adjusted EBITDA per metric ton of $339 © Floto + Warner/OTTO GLOBAL PRIMARY PRODUCTS $10.3B in third-party revenues Global alumina cost curve Global aluminum cost curve 25th percentile 43rd percentile 7 Alcoa’s transformation is accelerating. We are creating a lightweight, multi-material innovation powerhouse and a globally competitive commodity business. The Company has invested in the midstream and downstream businesses and optimized our upstream portfolio—both with the aim of creating compelling sustainable value for our shareholders. This transformation is underpinned by the Alcoa Advantage. Every day, we increase our competitiveness by leveraging company-wide technology innovations, customer relationships, purchasing power, operating systems and talent. Our transformation is fueling Alcoa’s profitable growth and enabling our customers’ success. ALCOA IS TRANSFORMING. 1 2 3 4 5 8 Innovation in Flight Alcoa is a multi-material, innovative leader in aerospace. Our aerospace products help power jet engines, are the key building blocks for airframes from nose to tail and securely fasten aircraft and the engines that propel them. As aircraft and engine makers plan for the next generation of advanced and fuel-efficient planes, they are increasingly turning to lighter, high-performance materials. To meet this demand, Alcoa opened the world’s largest aluminum-lithium plant in Lafayette, Indiana where we produce advanced, third-generation aluminum-lithium alloys for the aerospace industry. This state-of-the-art facility positions Alcoa as the world’s premier aluminum-lithium supplier. Combined with our wide-ranging manufacturing capabilities, Alcoa offers the broadest portfolio of aluminum-lithium components for aircraft. These lighter and stronger alloys and products are valuable to our customers, helping Alcoa grow revenues. Already a global leader in jet engine airfoils and high-performance engine castings, Alcoa announced two aerospace acquisitions in 2014. Alcoa completed the acquisition of Firth Rixson in November 2014, accelerating Alcoa’s transformation into a multi-material enterprise by increasing our offerings made of nickel-based superalloys, titanium, stainless steel and advanced aluminum alloys. Through the Firth Rixson acquisition, Alcoa gained the most advanced isothermal forging technology. Isothermally forged parts are increasingly required in jet engines that use elevated turbine temperatures to maximize power output, drive fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Alcoa’s acquisition of TITAL, which closed in the first quarter of 2015, will provide a global growth platform for titanium structural cast parts for the world’s bestselling jet engines and airframe structures, while expanding Alcoa’s aluminum casting capacity. In addition to acquisitions, Alcoa also announced organic aerospace investments and expansions. Positioning the Company to capture growing aerospace demand, we are boosting our jet engine parts production in Indiana and Virginia, and we are doubling our high-technology coating capacity for jet engine parts in Michigan. Supporting demand for aerospace structures, we will also install advanced aerospace plate manufacturing capabilities in Iowa. In a jet engine first, Alcoa is supplying Pratt & Whitney with the forging for the first-ever aluminum and aluminum-lithium, hybrid-metallic front fan blade for jet engines. The forging was developed for Pratt & Whitney’s PurePower® engines using advanced aluminum and aluminum-lithium alloys and a proprietary manufacturing process. These breakthroughs were only possible by working in lock-step with Pratt & Whitney and by harnessing the capabilities of our metallic science expertise at the Alcoa Technical Center and the manufacturing strength at our plants in Cleveland, Ohio and Lafayette, Indiana. 1. To keep pace with demand, the Company has expanded its aluminum-lithium capabilities at the Alcoa Technical Center outside Pittsburgh and at its Kitts Green facility in the United Kingdom. In Lafayette, Indiana, pictured here, Alcoa has already contracted $100 million in aluminum- lithium revenues for 2017. 2. Aluminum-lithium fan blade forgings are less dense than titanium, offer improved aerodynamics vs. carbon fiber reinforced polymer and contribute to 16% improved fuel burn for Pratt & Whitney’s engines. Photo courtesy of Pratt & Whitney. 3. Firth Rixson and TITAL double Alcoa’s average a major concern for wings which house fuel. By providing a tight connection between the fastener and the structure into which it is installed, Alcoa’s Flite-Tite® fastener makes good contact with the copper mesh used in many wing construction systems to dissipate electrical energy. revenue content on high-growth engine programs. 5. With additive manufacturing (3D printing), Alcoa 4. On average, each commercial jet gets hit by lightning roughly once per year. Unlike aluminum planes, composites don’t conduct electricity— can model complex jet engine parts in half the time, from 52 weeks to 25, increasing speed to market and reducing costs by approximately 25%. 9 Driving on the Cutting Edge Alcoa has been an automotive innovator since the days of the Ford Model T. Today, aluminum remains an essential part of lightweighting vehicles—consumers want lighter cars for fuel economy and corporate average fuel economy standards demand it. Aluminum gives vehicles a competitive edge on the road. It increases safety by reducing stopping distances and, unlike steel, aluminum auto body panels are naturally corrosion resistant. With the goal of building the best ever Ford F-150, Ford Motor Company turned to Alcoa to be a major supplier of aluminum sheet for the next generation F-150, the highest-selling vehicle in America. Built with Alcoa’s innovative military-grade aluminum alloys, the 2015 F-150 is as much as 700 pounds lighter than its predecessor, and accelerates, brakes, tows and resists corrosion like never before. (Source: Ford Motor Company website). Ford has announced that it plans to leverage the F-150’s aluminum architecture for its next-generation heavy-duty pickups. As other automakers follow Ford’s lead, the amount of aluminum body sheet per vehicle in North America is expected to increase nearly eleven-fold from 14 pounds in 2012 to 150 pounds by 2025. (Source: Ducker Worldwide). As aluminum’s adoption grows industry-wide, Alcoa projects a nearly six-fold increase in its automotive sheet revenues from $229 million in 2013 to $1.3 billion in 2018. In 2014, Alcoa unveiled the Micromill, a manufacturing breakthrough technology to unlock the future of automotive aluminum products. By leveraging the Alcoa technology advantage, the Alcoa-patented MicromillTM process dramatically changes the microstructure of the metal, producing the most advanced aluminum sheet on the market. In fact, the Micromill produces automotive alloy that is 40% more formable and 30% stronger than ingot-based aluminum, while meeting stringent automotive surface quality requirements. In addition, automotive parts made with Alcoa Micromill® material will be twice as formable and 30% lighter than parts made from high-strength steel. That will allow our customers to redefine the boundaries of vehicle design, supporting lighter, more fuel efficient, safer and more stylish vehicles for the future. The Micromill will enable Alcoa to expand our reach into the $3.5 billion total market for steel automotive applications, such as the fenders and the inside panels of vehicle doors, which today both are generally made of steel. (Please see Micromill graphic on bottom of facing page). 1. As part of Ford’s “Future of Tough” national 3. R&D Magazine named Alcoa 951, an enabler for campaign, Alcoa employees took the all new aluminum Ford F-150 for a test drive at Alcoa’s Tennessee operations. 2. Alcoa and clean tech company Phinergy debuted a zero-emissions electric demo car powered by a revolutionary aluminum-air battery at the Circuit Gilles-Villeneuve in Montreal. Alcoa and Phinergy are collaborating to commercialize the aluminum- air battery, which can extend the distance an electric car travels by approximately 1,000 miles. adhesive bonding of aluminum intensive vehicles, an R&D 100 Award winner. The R&D Awards recognize the top 100 technology innovations introduced in the past year across industry, academia and government- sponsored research. 4. The new Davenport Works auto expansion in Iowa, pictured here, is supplying Ford’s 2015 F-150 with high-strength automotive sheet made with a military- grade aluminum alloy. The auto expansion in Alcoa, Tennessee remains on schedule to open in mid 2015. © Floto + Warner/OTTO 10 1 2 3 4 ALCOA MICROMILL® MATERIAL: WORLD’S MOST ADVANCED ALUMINUM ALLOY FOR NEXT-GEN AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTS More Formable 40% vs. ingot based AI 2x vs. High- Strength Steel + Stronger 30% vs. ingot based AI + Lighter 30% vs. High- Strength Steel Unique Alloy Micro Structure 11 1 2 3 12 Innovation for the Long Haul From rolled aluminum sheet products on tanks and flatbeds, to aluminum solutions for doors, fuel tanks, radiators and wheels, plus industrial fasteners, our commercial transportation products cover trucks and trailers from top to bottom. Alcoa helps truck drivers travel lighter so they can carry more payload and use less fuel— key drivers of the commercial vehicle industry. We are the global leader in forged aluminum commercial vehicle wheels, and in 2014, we unveiled the world’s lightest heavy-duty truck wheel. Introduced in the United States, the Ultra ONETM wheel weighs 40 pounds, 47% lighter than a steel wheel of the same size, helping to save up to 1,450 pounds per rig (based on conversion from standard steel to wide-based aluminum). Our aluminum wheel solutions are expected to deliver growth for the long haul, with an estimated compound annual growth rate for Alcoa wheels sales of 17% from 2010 to 2018. Alcoa will bring the Ultra ONETM wheel to Europe in the second half of 2015. Our advanced aluminum solutions also protect loads on railways. Alcoa’s technical experts in Russia developed a new proprietary aluminum alloy for grain hoppers for transporting bulk cargo and grain, which need extra protection from harsh weather. The aluminum hopper can carry an 80-ton load, 12.5% more than a comparable steel hopper. Defending with Innovation Alcoa meets the needs of today’s U.S. armed forces by creating advanced and affordable solutions that are lighter, faster and stronger. In 2014, Alcoa produced the world’s largest single-piece closed die forged aluminum hull for combat vehicles to improve troop protection. Alcoa manufactured the single-piece part, which was co-designed by Alcoa and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, to replace today’s welded and assembled hulls. Based on early modeling and simulation, single-piece underbody structures could provide two times better protection against blasts— such as those caused by Improvised Explosive Devices—than traditional hulls, primarily by eliminating welded seams. Single-piece hulls can also reduce vehicle weight and assembly time, and, therefore, overall cost. 1. The world’s largest single-piece closed die forged aluminum hull, such as the one shown here for combat vehicles, is part of a joint Alcoa-U.S. Army initiative launched in 2013. Alcoa produced the forging at its plant in Cleveland, using its 50,000-ton forging press, the world’s most advanced hydraulic press. 2. Alcoa also rolled out its most durable, easy-to- 3. To take five pounds out of our lightest heavy-duty truck wheel, our experts at the Alcoa Technical Center—the world’s largest light metals research center—invented a new alloy, the patented MagnaForce™ alloy. It is on average 17% stronger than the industry standard, Alcoa’s 6061 alloy, in similar applications. maintain commercial truck wheel—the Dura-Bright® EVO wheel. It stands up stronger against the weather, road salts, grime and cleaning agents that can corrode and dull standard commercial truck wheels. 4. Steel fasteners made by Alcoa Fastening Systems in Texas, U.S. and Telford, U.K. secure the aluminum hopper. Commercial production is planned for 2015. 4 13 Building Innovation Demand for energy efficient buildings is increasing in all corners of the world. As requirements for environmentally-friendly buildings become more stringent, Alcoa has developed new aluminum components and designs that enhance energy efficiency, reduce carbon emissions, help achieve green building standards and protect occupants. Green buildings have enormous advantages—they are up to 25% more energy efficient, produce 35% fewer emissions and studies show that their occupants are more satisfied than those in older buildings. (Source: LEED Gold Building vs. avg. U.S. commercial building, LEED Green Building Fact Sheet 2013, McGraw Hill). Green buildings offer high-value to customers through LEED certification (leadership standards for energy and environmental design). Studies show that LEED-certified buildings can command higher rent rates and typically have higher return on investment. One example of our leading-edge technology is the OptiQ™ ultra thermal window. This product, developed with the U.S. Department of Energy, offers a 40% improvement in thermal performance due to a triple insulating glass process, and it’s made out of aluminum, so it’s air and water resistant, which means it will not rot, warp or buckle due to moisture or weather exposure. Innovation in Your Cooler and on Your Shelf Alcoa’s history of packaging innovation spans from the very first pop-top tab used on an aluminum can in 1962 to the new Bud Light® Cool TwistTM aluminum bottle unveiled in 2014. Alcoa’s packaging portfolio uses unique and proprietary technologies to help beer and beverage companies bring their brands to life in new and exciting ways. Alcoa also uses efficient manufacturing solutions that are fully compatible with its customers’ existing production lines. Using Alcoa’s patented bottle technology—along with other proprietary technologies and materials—and working closely with Anheuser-Busch, the new Cool TwistTM 16-ounce aluminum bottle proudly bears the Alcoa logo and allows Bud Light drinkers to enjoy a re-closable package that is 84% lighter than glass bottles and infinitely recyclable. Inner PE coating ALUMINUM Middle PE coating Paperboard Outer PE coating 1 2 3 14 4 1. Sold under the Kawneer, Reynobond® and Reynolux® brand names, Alcoa building and construction products help increase thermal performance for greater energy savings. Select Kawneer entrances, framing and wall systems are also blast resistant. (Georgia Gwinnett College Library and Learning Center; Architect: LEO A DALY; Photo: © Creative Services Photography / Rion Rizzo). 2. Aluminum packaging solutions deliver freshness, convenience, and security for food, beverages and other products. 3. Alcoa is investing $40 million in its Itapissuma, Brazil rolling mill to increase production of specialty foils for aseptic and flexible packages, like the one pictured here. Demand for specialty packaging in Brazil is expected to rise 7% annually over the next three years due to population growth and consumer preference. (Source: Brazilian Aluminum Association). 4. Alcoa provided product support to the Anheuser-Busch innovations team, from package design through the launch of the new bottle. 15 1 3. The value-add product mix increased upstream margins by $1.3 billion from 2010 through 2014. 2 1. Alcoa’s upstream business improved performance for the 13th consecutive quarter in the fourth quarter of 2014. Since 2008, Global Primary Products has generated $3.9 billion in productivity savings, increasing Alcoa’s overall profitability. Photo: Fjardaál smelter, Iceland. 2. The Saudi joint venture alumina refinery successfully produced its first alumina from Saudi Arabian bauxite. At full run rate, the refinery will produce 1.8 million metric tons of alumina annually. 16 Creating a Globally Competitive Commodity Business Alcoa pioneered the aluminum industry over 125 years ago, and today we produce best-in-class bauxite, alumina and primary aluminum products. As part of the Company’s transformation, we have taken aggressive steps within our commodity portfolio to lower costs and become increasingly competitive. In Primary Metals, Alcoa closed or sold smelting capacity in Australia, Italy and the United States, and curtailed capacity in Brazil. In all, Alcoa has reduced 31% of its highest-cost global operating smelting capacity since 2007, supporting the Company’s goal to improve its position on the global aluminum cost curve to the 38th percentile by 2016 from the 51st percentile in 2010. Recognizing how deeply closures impact our workforce, the Company provided support to affected employees. In addition, the Alcoa Foundation often provides support to affected communities. As an example, at Point Henry in Australia, the Foundation contributed $559,000 combined to six organizations located in Geelong, Victoria. We also took decisive steps to improve our alumina cost position by selling our ownership stake in a bauxite mine and alumina refinery joint venture in Jamaica and announcing a strategic review of a refinery in Suriname. Divesting, or closing, high-cost refining capacity supports the Company’s goal to lower its position on the global alumina cost curve to the 21st percentile by 2016 from the 30th percentile in 2010. The exciting end market growth enjoyed by our multi-material, innovative midstream and downstream businesses is also driving growth in our upstream portfolio through value-add casthouse products. Casting aluminum into slabs that are then rolled into aluminum sheet supports automotive growth, while producing aluminum in billet form serves growing extrusion markets, like nonresidential building and construction. The commodity business is also creating new value for customers through specialty foundry alloys, initially for auto castings. These higher value-add products increased from 57% of total primary aluminum shipments in 2010 to 65% in 2014, and are expected to rise to 70% in 2016. We are also growing margins by continuing to shift the pricing of smelter-grade alumina to an Alumina Price Index (API) that better reflects market fundamentals than London Metal Exchange-based pricing. We increased API and spot-priced smelter grade alumina to 68% of third-party shipments in 2014, up from 5% in 2010. In 2016, we forecast that on average 84% of our third-party alumina shipments will be based on API or spot pricing. ALUMINA PRICE INDEX (API) API/Spot Pricing as a % of third-party shipments 84% 75% 68% In Saudi Arabia, the Ma’aden-Alcoa joint venture, the lowest-cost aluminum complex in the world, progressed as planned. In 2014, the smelter became fully operational and generated profits in the second half of the year, and the refinery produced its first alumina. 55% 37% 28% 5% 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015E 2016E SLAB CASTING SUPPORTING AUTOMOTIVE GROWTH BILLET PRODUCTION SERVING GROWING EXTRUSIONS MARKETS 3 17 OUR ALCOA VALUES Our Alcoa Values—Integrity, Respect, Innovation, Excellence and Environment, Health and Safety—bring out the best in our employees and our Company. As Alcoa transforms, our Values serve as a bright beacon, continuing to guide how we work with our stakeholders and communities. Safety Our world-class safety culture values human life above all else, seeks to manage risk accordingly and consistently delivers safety performance in the top tier of the mining and manufacturing industries. After Alcoans and contractors worked fatality-free for 811 consecutive days, a contractor was tragically and fatally injured on November 18, 2014, while working on a project at our Point Comfort operations in Texas, a stark reminder that fatal and serious injury prevention must remain a daily focus. With respect to other safety indicators, we improved our days away, restricted and transfer (DART) rate by 8.3% in 2014. The DART rate measures injuries and illnesses that involve days away from work, in which work is restricted or in which employees are transferred to another job per 100 full-time workers. Ethics and Compliance In 2014, Alcoa’s Ethics and Compliance Program expanded its reach through increased communications and the impact of its global Integrity Champion Network. High potential employees appointed to the Network work within their businesses and resource units to raise awareness, promote a “Speak-Up” culture, and provide advice on ethics and compliance matters. In 2014, Alcoa released a new Code of Conduct, providing a roadmap for “Advancing with Integrity.” Every employee worldwide received the Code, reinforcing Chairman and CEO Klaus Kleinfeld, along with colleagues from Alcoa’s New York office, participated in a Month of Service event at an underserved school. As part of the event, much needed books were donated to the school’s library. 18 Alcoa’s Values and the shared responsibility for conducting business in accordance with Alcoa’s highest ethical standards and the law. At the same time, Alcoa’s 24/7 hotline was rebranded as the “Integrity Line.” The Program’s monthly “Leading with Integrity” messages to leadership include real life ethics and compliance scenarios for discussion with employees. The Ethics and Compliance Program continues to focus on anti-corruption, trade compliance and adherence with all relevant U.S. and national laws and regulations. Sustainability Alcoa’s sustainability leadership has strengthened through our transformation. The curtailment and closure of less efficient and high-cost smelters have driven additional greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions of 40.4 million metric tons. We also are leveraging Alcoa innovation in our value-add businesses to help solve some of the world’s biggest problems in the areas of energy, climate change, and urbanization. Alcoa’s significant contributions to a sustainable world can be found in the aluminization of the automotive industry through breakthrough innovations like the automotive bonding technology Alcoa 951, in resilient hurricane-resistant building products, in innovative fan blades that allow engines to run faster and hotter, and in proprietary aerospace alloys that save fuel and reduce GHGs. Alcoa Foundation Responding to the extensive transformational activities in 2014, Alcoa Foundation provided support to communities around the world that were affected by closures, curtailments, divestitures and acquisitions. Focusing on the growing need for technically qualified talent, the Foundation supported Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) and vocational programs in Alcoa communities worldwide. In the United States, Alcoa Foundation helped draft the “Employer’s Playbook for Building an Apprenticeship Program,” which will be used by Alcoa plants, other manufacturers and local community colleges to support technical training. The Foundation also collaborated with Discovery Education to provide digital resources for students and teachers to introduce them to manufacturing careers. The site, www.manufactureyourfuture.com, features a virtual tour of Alcoa’s innovative Davenport, Iowa facility. Continuing our sustainability focus, the Foundation also provides grants to environmental organizations worldwide. Additionally, validating employees’ commitment to the communities in which Alcoa operates, Alcoans donated 110,000 volunteer hours during our annual Month of Service to educational, environmental and social causes. UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K [ x ] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For The Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2014 OR [ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission File Number 1-3610 ALCOA INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Pennsylvania (State of incorporation) 25-0317820 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 390 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10022-4608 (Zip code) (Address of principal executive offices) Registrant’s telephone numbers: Investor Relations------------— (212) 836-2674 Office of the Secretary-------—(212) 836-2732 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/10th ownership interest in a share of 5.375% Class B Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series 1, par value $1.00 per share Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange . . No ✓. No ✓ . Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ✓ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ✓ No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [✓] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer [✓] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes The aggregate market value of the outstanding common stock, other than shares held by persons who may be deemed affiliates of the registrant, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was approximately $17 billion. As of February 13, 2015, there were 1,222,248,058 shares of common stock, par value $1.00 per share, of the registrant outstanding. Documents incorporated by reference. Part III of this Form 10-K incorporates by reference certain information from the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2015 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A (Proxy Statement). Smaller reporting company [ Non-accelerated filer [ Accelerated filer [ No ✓. ] ] ] TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I Item 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 3. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 6. Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . . . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal Accounting Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 14. Part IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page(s) 1 27 37 37 37 47 48 51 51 86 87 162 162 162 163 163 163 164 164 165 175 Note on Incorporation by Reference In this Form 10-K, selected items of information and data are incorporated by reference to portions of the Proxy Statement. Unless otherwise provided herein, any reference in this report to disclosures in the Proxy Statement shall constitute incorporation by reference of only that specific disclosure into this Form 10-K. Item 1. Business. General PART I Formed in 1888, Alcoa Inc. is a Pennsylvania corporation with its principal office in New York, New York. In this report, unless the context otherwise requires, “Alcoa” or the “Company” means Alcoa Inc. and all subsidiaries consolidated for the purposes of its financial statements. The Company’s Internet address is http://www.alcoa.com. Alcoa makes available free of charge on or through its website its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The information on the Company’s Internet site is not a part of, or incorporated by reference in, this annual report on Form 10-K. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains these reports at http://www.sec.gov. Forward-Looking Statements This report contains (and oral communications made by Alcoa may contain) statements that relate to future events and expectations and, as such, constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include those containing such words as “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “forecast,” “hopes,” “outlook,” “projects,” “should,” “targets,” “will,” “will likely result,” or other words of similar meaning. All statements that reflect Alcoa’s expectations, assumptions or projections about the future other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, forecasts concerning aluminum industry growth or other trend projections, anticipated financial results or operating performance, and statements about Alcoa’s strategies, objectives, goals, targets, outlook, and business and financial prospects. Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors and are not guarantees of future performance. Actual results, performance or outcomes may differ materially from those expressed in or implied by those forward-looking statements. For a discussion of some of the specific factors that may cause Alcoa’s actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements, see the following sections of this report: Part I, Item 1A. (Risk Factors), Part II, Item 7. (Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations), including the disclosures under Segment Information and Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates, and Note N and the Derivatives Section of Note X to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8. (Financial Statements and Supplementary Data). Alcoa disclaims any intention or obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements, whether in response to new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law. Overview Alcoa is a global leader in lightweight metals engineering and manufacturing. Alcoa’s innovative, multi-material products, which include aluminum, titanium, and nickel, are used worldwide in aircraft, automobiles, commercial transportation, packaging, building and construction, oil and gas, defense, consumer electronics, and industrial applications. Alcoa is also the world leader in the production and management of primary aluminum, fabricated aluminum, and alumina combined, through its active participation in all major aspects of the industry: technology, mining, refining, smelting, fabricating, and recycling. Aluminum is a commodity that is traded on the London Metal Exchange (LME) and priced daily. Sales of primary aluminum and alumina represent approximately 40% of Alcoa’s revenues. The price of aluminum influences the operating results of Alcoa. 1 Alcoa is a global company operating in 30 countries. Based upon the country where the point of sale occurred, the United States and Europe generated 51% and 27%, respectively, of Alcoa’s sales in 2014. In addition, Alcoa has investments and operating activities in, among others, Australia, Brazil, China, Guinea, Iceland, Russia, and Saudi Arabia, all of which present opportunities for substantial growth. Governmental policies, laws and regulations, and other economic factors, including inflation and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, affect the results of operations in these countries. Alcoa’s operations consist of four worldwide reportable segments: Alumina, Primary Metals, Global Rolled Products, and Engineered Products and Solutions. Description of the Business Information describing Alcoa’s businesses can be found on the indicated pages of this report: Item Discussion of Recent Business Developments: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations: Overview—Results of Operations (Earnings Summary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements: Note D. Restructuring and Other Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note F. Acquisitions and Divestitures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note N. Contingencies and Commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Segment Information: Business Descriptions, Principal Products, Principal Markets, Methods of Distribution, Seasonality and Dependence Upon Customers: Alumina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Global Rolled Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Engineered Products and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page(s) 51 105 110 120 62 63 67 68 Financial Information about Segments and Financial Information about Geographic Areas: Note Q. Segment and Geographic Area Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 The following tables and related discussion of the Company’s Bauxite Interests, Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Facilities and Capacities, Global Rolled Products, Engineered Products and Solutions and Corporate Facilities provide additional description of Alcoa’s businesses. The Alumina segment primarily consists of a series of affiliated operating entities referred to as Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals (AWAC). Alcoa owns 60% and Alumina Limited owns 40% of these individual entities. For more information on AWAC, see Exhibit Nos. 10(a) through 10(f)(1) to this report. Bauxite Interests Aluminum is one of the most plentiful elements in the earth’s crust and is produced primarily from bauxite, an ore containing aluminum in the form of aluminum oxide, commonly referred to as alumina. Aluminum is made by extracting alumina from bauxite and then removing oxygen from the alumina. Alcoa processes most of the bauxite that it mines into alumina. The Company obtains bauxite from its own resources and from those belonging to the AWAC enterprise, located in the countries listed in the table below, as well as pursuant to both long-term and short-term contracts and mining leases. During 2014, Alcoa consumed 40.8 million metric tons (mt) from AWAC and its own resources and 8.2 million mt from entities in which the Company has an equity interest. In addition, AWAC sold 1.6 million mt of bauxite to third parties. Tons of bauxite are reported as bone dry metric tons (bdmt) unless otherwise stated. See the glossary of bauxite mining related terms at the end of this section. The Company has access to large bauxite deposit areas with mining rights that extend in most cases more than 20 years from the date of this report. For purposes of evaluating the amount of bauxite that will be available to supply as 2 feedstock to its refineries, the Company considers both estimates of bauxite resources as well as calculated bauxite reserves. Bauxite resources represent deposits for which tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade and mineral content can be estimated with a reasonable level of confidence based on the amount of exploration sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. Bauxite reserves represent the economically mineable part of resource deposits, and include diluting materials and allowances for losses, which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments and studies have been carried out to define the reserves, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors. Alcoa employs a conventional approach (including additional drilling with successive tightening of the drill grid) with customized techniques to define and characterize its various bauxite deposit types allowing Alcoa to confidently establish the extent of its bauxite resources and their ultimate conversion to reserves. The table below only includes the amount of proven and probable reserves controlled by the Company. While the level of reserves may appear low in relation to annual production levels, they are consistent with historical levels of reserves for the Company’s mining locations. Given the Company’s extensive bauxite resources, the abundant supply of bauxite globally and the length of the Company’s rights to bauxite, it is not cost-effective to invest the significant resources necessary to establish bauxite reserves that reflect the total size of the bauxite resources available to the Company. Rather, bauxite resources are upgraded annually to reserves as needed by the location. Detailed assessments are progressively undertaken within a proposed mining area and mine activity is then planned to achieve a uniform quality in the supply of blended feedstock to the relevant refinery. Alcoa believes its present sources of bauxite on a global basis are sufficient to meet the forecasted requirements of its alumina refining operations for the foreseeable future. Bauxite Resource Development Guidelines Alcoa has developed best practice guidelines for bauxite reserve and resource classification at its operating bauxite mines. Alcoa’s reserves are declared in accordance with Alcoa’s internal guidelines as administered by the Alcoa Ore Reserves Committee (AORC). The reported ore reserves set forth in the table below are those that Alcoa estimates could be extracted economically with current technology and in current market conditions. Alcoa does not use a price for bauxite, alumina, or aluminum to determine its bauxite reserves. The primary criteria for determining bauxite reserves are the feed specifications required by the customer alumina refinery. In addition to these specifications, a number of modifying factors have been applied to differentiate bauxite reserves from other mineralized material. Alcoa mining locations have annual in-fill drilling programs designed to progressively upgrade the reserve and resource classification of their bauxite. 3 Alcoa Bauxite Interests, Share of Reserves and Annual Production1 Project Darling Range Mines ML1SA Owners’ Mining Rights (% Entitlement) Expiration Date of Mining Rights Probable Reserves (million bdmt) Proven Reserves (million (bdmt) Alcoa of Australia Limited (AofA)2 (100%) 2024 43.1 117.8 Available Alumina Content (%) AvAl2O3 33.1 Reactive Silica Content (%) RxSiO2 0.9 2014 Annual Production (million bdmt) 31.4 Poços de Caldas Alcoa Alumínio S.A. (Alumínio)3 (100%) 20204 0.1 1.3 40.0 4.8 0.5 Country Australia Brazil Suriname Juruti4 RN101, RN102, RN103, RN104, #34 Coermotibo and Onverdacht Equity interests: Brazil Trombetas Guinea Boké Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Al Ba’itha Alcoa World Alumina Brasil Ltda. (AWA Brasil)2 (100%) Suriname Aluminum Company, L.L.C. (Suralco)2 (55%) N.V. Alcoa Minerals of Suriname (AMS)5 (45%) Mineração Rio do Norte S.A. (MRN)7 (18.2%) Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG)8 (22.95%) Ma’aden Bauxite & Alumina Company (25.1%)11 21004 7.8 26.0 47.8 4.2 4.8 20336 2.2 - 39.0 4.7 2.7 20464 3.1 12.8 49.4 4.6 3.3 20389 40.1 21.7 TAl2O3 10 TSiO2 10 3.4 49.5 1.7 2037 33.8 19.7 TAA12 49.4 TSiO2 12 8.7 0.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 This table shows only the AWAC and/or Alcoa share (proportion) of reserve and annual production tonnage. This entity is part of the AWAC group of companies and is owned 60% by Alcoa and 40% by Alumina Limited. Alumínio is owned 100% by Alcoa. Brazilian mineral legislation does not establish the duration of mining concessions. The concession remains in force until the exhaustion of the deposit. The Company estimates that (i) the concessions at Poços de Caldas will last at least until 2020, (ii) the concessions at Trombetas will last until 2046 and (iii) the concessions at Juruti will last until 2100. Depending, however, on actual and future needs, the rate at which the deposits are exploited and government approval is obtained, the concessions may be extended to (or expire at) a later (or an earlier) date. Alcoa World Alumina LLC (AWA LLC) owns 100% of N.V. Alcoa Minerals of Suriname (AMS). Suralco and AMS are parts of the AWAC group of companies which are owned 60% by Alcoa and 40% by Alumina Limited. The mining rights in the Onverdacht and Coermotibo areas where Suralco has active mines extend until 2033. Bauxite within these areas will likely be exhausted in the near future. During 2015, Suralco will be mining from both reserves and resources. Alcoa has decided not to develop a mine at the Nassau Plateau based on current refinery cost and market conditions. 4 7 8 9 Alumínio holds an 8.58% total interest, AWA Brasil holds a 4.62% total interest and AWA LLC holds a 5% total interest in MRN. MRN is jointly owned with affiliates of Rio Tinto Alcan Inc., Companhia Brasileira de Alumínio, Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, BHP Billiton Plc (BHP Billiton) and Norsk Hydro. Alumínio, AWA Brasil, and AWA LLC purchase bauxite from MRN under long-term supply contracts. AWA LLC owns a 45% interest in Halco (Mining), Inc. (Halco). Halco owns 100% of Boké Investment Company, a Delaware company, which owns 51% of CBG. The Guinean Government owns 49% of CBG, which has the exclusive right through 2038 to develop and mine bauxite in certain areas within a 10,000 square-mile concession in northwestern Guinea. AWA LLC has a bauxite purchase contract with CBG that expires in 2029. Before that expiration date, AWA LLC expects to negotiate an extension of the contract as CBG will have concession rights until 2038. The CBG concession can be renewed beyond 2038 by agreement of the Government of Guinea and CBG should more time be required to commercialize the remaining economic bauxite within the concession. 10 Guinea—Boké: CBG prices bauxite and plans the mine based on the bauxite qualities of total alumina (TAl2O3) and total silica (TSiO2). 11 Ma’aden Bauxite & Alumina Company is a joint venture owned by Saudi Arabian Mining Company (Ma’aden) (74.9%) and AWA Saudi Limited (25.1%). AWA Saudi Limited is part of the AWAC group of companies and is owned 60% by Alcoa and 40% by Alumina Limited. 12 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Al Ba’itha: Bauxite reserves and mine plans are based on the bauxite qualities of total available alumina (TAA) and total silica (TSiO2). Qualifying statements relating to the table above: Australia—Darling Range Mines: Huntly and Willowdale are the two active mines in the Darling Range of Western Australia. The mineral lease issued by the State of Western Australia to Alcoa is known as ML1SA and its term extends to 2024. The lease can be renewed for an additional twenty-one year period to 2045. The declared reserves are as of December 31, 2014. The amount of reserves reflect the total AWAC share. Additional resources are routinely upgraded by additional exploration and development drilling to reserve status. The Huntly and Willowdale mines supply bauxite to three local AWAC alumina refineries. Brazil—Poços de Caldas: Declared reserves are as of December 31, 2014. Tonnage is total Alcoa share. Additional resources are being upgraded to reserves as needed. Brazil—Juruti RN101, RN102, RN103, RN104, #34: Declared reserves are as of December 31, 2014. All reserves are on Capiranga Plateau. Declared reserves are total AWAC share. Declared reserve tonnages and the annual production tonnage are washed product tonnages. The Juruti mine’s operating license is periodically renewed. Suriname—Suralco: The declared reserves are as of December 31, 2014. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Al Ba’itha: The Al Ba’itha Mine began production during 2014. Declared reserves are as of December 31, 2014, and based on the SRK reserves update report issued in April 2014. The proved reserves have been decremented for 2014 mine production. The declared reserves are located in the South Zone of the Az Zabirah Bauxite Deposit. The reserve tonnage in this declaration is AWAC share only (25.1%). Brazil—Trombetas-MRN: Declared reserves have been estimated by MRN for December 31, 2014. The CP Report for December 31, 2014 will be issued on February 28, 2015. Declared and annual production tonnages reflect the total for Alumínio and AWAC shares (18.2%). Declared tonnages are washed product tonnages. Guinea—Boké-CBG: The CP Report for December 31, 2014 reserves is expected to be issued in March 2015. The declared reserves are based on export quality bauxite reserves. Declared tonnages reflect only the AWAC share of CBG’s reserves. Annual production tonnage is reported based on AWAC’s 22.95% share. Declared reserves quality is 5 reported based on total alumina (TAl2O3) and total silica (TSiO2) because CBG export bauxite is sold on this basis. Additional resources are being routinely drilled and modeled to upgrade to reserves as needed. The following table provides additional information regarding the Company’s bauxite mines: Mine & Location Australia—Darling Range; Huntly and Willowdale. Operator Alcoa Means of Access Mine locations accessed by roads. Ore is transported to refineries by long distance conveyor and rail. Title, Lease or Options Mining lease from the Western Australia Government. ML1SA. Expires in 2024. Brazil—Poços de Caldas. Closest town is Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil. Alcoa Mine locations are accessed by road. Ore transport to the refinery is by road. Brazil—Juruti Closest town is Juruti located on the Amazon River. Alcoa The mine’s port at Juruti is located on the Amazon River and accessed by ship. Ore is transported from the mine site to the port by Company owned rail. Suriname— Coermotibo and Onverdacht. Mines are located in the districts of Para and Marowijne. Alcoa The mines are accessed by road. Ore is delivered to the refinery by road from the Onverdacht area and by river barge from the Coermotibo area. Mining licenses from the Government of Brazil and Minas Gerais. Company claims and third- party leases. Expire in 2020. Mining licenses from the Government of Brazil and Pará. Mining rights do not have a legal expiration date. See footnote 4 to the table above. Operating licenses for the mine, washing plant and RR have been renewed with validity until 2018. Operating license for the port remains valid until the government agency formalizes the renewal. Brokopondo Concession from the Government of Suriname. Concessions formerly owned by a BHP Billiton (BHP) subsidiary that was a 45% joint venture partner in the Surinamese bauxite mining and alumina refining joint ventures. AWA LLC acquired that subsidiary in 2009. After the acquisition of the subsidiary, its name was changed to N.V. Alcoa Minerals of Suriname. Expires in 2033. Type of Mine Mineralization Style Open-cut mines. Bauxite is derived from the weathering of Archean granites and gneisses and Precambrian dolerite. Open-cut mines. Bauxite derived from the weathering of nepheline syenite and phonolite. Power Source Electrical energy from natural gas is supplied by the refinery. Commercial grid power. Electrical energy from fuel oil is generated at the mine site. Commercial grid power at the port. Open-cut mines. Bauxite derived from weathering during the Tertiary of Cretaceous fine to medium grained feldspathic sandstones. The deposits are covered by the Belterra clays. Facilities, Use & Condition Infrastructure includes buildings for administration and services; workshops; power distribution; water supply; crushers; long distance conveyors. Mines and facilities are operating. Mining offices and services are located at the refinery. Numerous small deposits are mined by contract miners and the ore is trucked to either the refinery stockpile or intermediate stockpile area. Mines and facilities are operating. At the mine site: Fixed plant facilities for crushing and washing the ore; mine services offices and workshops; power generation; water supply; stockpiles; rail sidings. At the port: Mine and rail administrative offices and services; port control facilities with stockpiles and ship loader. Mine and port facilities are operating. Commercial grid power. In the Onverdacht mining areas, the bauxite is mined and transported to the refinery by truck. In the Coermotibo mining areas, the bauxite is mined, stockpiled and then transported to the refinery by barge. Some of the ore is washed in a small beneficiation plant located in the Coermotibo area. The main mining administrative offices, services, workshops and laboratory are located at the refinery in Paranam. The ore is crushed at Paranam and fed into the refining process. The mines and washing plant are operating. Open-cut mines. At one of the mines, the overburden is dredged and mining progresses with conventional open-cut methods. The protoliths of the bauxite have been completely weathered. The bauxite deposits are mostly derived from the weathering of Tertiary Paleogene arkosic sediments. In some places, the bauxite overlies Precambrian granitic and gneissic rocks which have been deeply weathered to saprolite. Bauxitization likely occurred during the middle to late Eocene Epoch. History Mining began in 1963. Mining began in 1965. The Juruti deposit was systematically evaluated by Reynolds Metals Company beginning in 1974. Alcoa merged Reynolds into the Company in 2000. Alcoa then executed a due diligence program and expanded the exploration area. Mining began in 2009. Alcoa became active in Suriname in 1916 with the founding of the Suriname Bauxite Company. Bauxite was first exported in 1922. The Brokopondo Agreement was signed in 1958. As noted, Suralco bought the bauxite and alumina interests of a BHP subsidiary from BHP in 2009. 6 Facilities, Use & Condition Ore mined from several plateaus is crushed and transported to the washing plant by long-distance conveyors. The washing plant is located in the mining zone. Washed ore is transported to the port area by company-owned and operated rail. At Porto Trombetas the ore is loaded onto customer ships berthed in the Trombetas River. Some ore is dried and the drying facilities are located in the port area. Mine planning and services and mining equipment workshops are located in the mine zone. The main administrative, rail and port control offices and various workshops are located in the port area. MRN’s main housing facilities, “the city”, are located near the port. The mines, port and all facilities are operating. Mine offices, workshops, power generation and water supply for the mine and company mine city are located at Sangaredi. The main administrative offices, port control, railroad control, workshops, power generation and water supply are located in Kamsar. Ore is crushed, dried and exported from Kamsar. CBG has company cities within both Kamsar and Sangaredi. The mines, railroad, driers, port and other facilities are operating. Mine & Location Brazil—MRN Closest town is Trombetas in the State of Pará, Brazil. Means of Access The mine and port areas are connected by sealed road and company owned rail. Washed ore is transported to Porto Trombetas by rail. Trombetas is accessed by river and by air at the airport. Operator MRN Title, Lease or Options Mining rights and licenses from the Government of Brazil. Concession rights expire in 2046. History Mining began in 1979. Major expansion in 2003. Power Source MRN generates its own electricity from fuel oil. Type of Mine Mineralization Style Open-cut mines. Bauxite derived from weathering during the Tertiary of Cretaceous fine to medium grained feldspathic sandstones. The deposits are covered by the Belterra clays. The company generates its own electricity from fuel oil at both Kamsar and Sangaredi. Guinea—CBG Closest town to the mine is Sangaredi. Closest town to the port is Kamsar. The CBG Lease is located within the Boké, Telimele and Gaoual administrative regions. CBG The mine and port areas are connected by sealed road and company-operated rail. Ore is transported to the port at Kamsar by rail. There are air strips near both the mine and port. These are not operated by the company. Construction began in 1969. First export ore shipment was in 1973. CBG Lease expires in 2038. The lease is renewable in 25-year increments. CBG’s rights are specified within the Basic Agreement and Amendment 1 to the Basic Agreement with the Government of Guinea. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Al Ba’itha Mine. Qibah is the closest regional centre to the mine, located in the Qassim province. The mine and refinery are connected by road and rail. Ore is transported to the refinery at Ras Al Khair by rail. Ma’aden Bauxite & Alumina Company The current mining lease will expire in 2037. The initial discovery and delineation of bauxite resources was carried out between 1979 and 1984. The southern zone of the Az Zabirah deposit was granted to Ma’aden in 1999. Construction of the mine was 83% complete by year- end 2014. Bauxite production began during the second quarter of 2014. Open-cut mines. The bauxite deposits within the CBG lease are of two general types. TYPE 1: In-situ laterization of Ordovician and Devonian plateau sediments locally intruded by dolerite dikes and sills. TYPE 2: Sangaredi type deposits are derived from clastic deposition of material eroded from the Type 1 laterite deposits and possibly some of the proliths from the TYPE 1 plateaus deposits. Open-cut mine. Bauxite occurs as a paleolaterite profile developed at an angular unconformity between underlying late Triassic to early Cretaceous sediments (parent rock sequence Biyadh Formation) and the overlying late Cretaceous Wasia Formation (overburden sequence). The company generates electricity at the mine site from fuel oil. The mine includes fixed plants for crushing and train loading; workshops and ancillary services; power plant; and water supply. There is a company village with supporting facilities. Mining operations commenced in 2014. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Joint Venture In December 2009, Alcoa and Saudi Arabian Mining Company (Ma’aden) entered into a joint venture to develop a fully integrated aluminum complex in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In its initial phases, the complex includes a bauxite mine with an initial 7 capacity of 4 million bdmtpy; an alumina refinery with an initial capacity of 1.8 million mtpy; an aluminum smelter with an initial capacity of ingot, slab and billet of 740,000 mtpy; and a rolling mill with initial capacity of 380,000 mtpy. The mill will produce a variety of sheet products. The refinery, smelter and rolling mill are located within the Ras Al Khair industrial zone on the east coast of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. First hot metal from the smelter was produced on December 12, 2012, and the smelter produced 600,000 mt in 2014. Since mid-2014, the smelter has been operating at full capacity. The first hot coil from the rolling mill was produced in the fourth quarter of 2013. The mine’s first bauxite was shipped in the second quarter of 2014 and construction of the mine was 83% complete at year end. The refinery became fully operational and produced its first alumina from Saudi Arabia bauxite in the fourth quarter of 2014. Total capital investment is expected to be approximately $10.8 billion (SAR 40.5 billion). Ma’aden owns a 74.9% interest in the joint venture. Alcoa owns a 25.1% interest in the smelter and rolling mill, with the AWAC group holding a 25.1% interest in the mine and refinery. For additional information regarding the joint venture, see the Equity Investments section of Note I to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8. (Financial Statements and Supplementary Data). Jamaica – Jamalco In December 2014, AWAC completed the sale of its 55% ownership stake in the Jamalco bauxite mine to Noble Group Ltd. after receiving all regulatory approvals. AWAC will continue as Jamalco’s managing operator for three years under a compensated service agreement and employees remain employed by Jamalco. Glossary of Bauxite Mining Related Terms Term Alcoa Ore Reserves Committee Abbreviation AORC Alumina Al2O3 AORC Guidelines Available alumina content AvAl2O3 Bauxite Bayer Process Bone dry metric ton Coermotibo Competent Persons Report Juruti RN101, RN102, RN103, RN104, #34 bdmt CP Report Definition The group within Alcoa, which is comprised of Alcoa geologists and engineers, that specifies the guidelines by which bauxite reserves and resources are classified. These guidelines are used by Alcoa managed mines. A compound of aluminum and oxygen. Alumina is extracted from bauxite using the Bayer Process. Alumina is a raw material for smelters to produce aluminum metal. The Alcoa guidelines used by Alcoa managed mines to classify reserves and resources. These guidelines are issued by the Alcoa Ore Reserves Committee (AORC). The amount of alumina extractable from bauxite using the Bayer Process. The principal raw material (rock) used to produce alumina. Bauxite is refined using the Bayer Process to extract alumina. The principal industrial means of refining bauxite to produce alumina. Tonnage reported on a zero moisture basis. The mining area in Suriname containing the deposits of Bushman Hill, CBO Explo, Lost Hill and Remnant. JORC compliant Reserves and Resources Report. Mineral claim areas in Brazil associated with the Juruti mine, within which Alcoa has the mining operating licenses issued by the state. 8 Term Abbreviation ML1SA Onverdacht Open-cut mine Probable reserve Proven reserve Reactive silica RxSiO2 Reserve Resources Silica Total alumina content Total available alumina Total silica SiO2 TAl2O3 TAA TSiO2 Alumina Refining Facilities and Capacity Definition The Mineral lease issued by the State of Western Australia to Alcoa. Alcoa mines located at Huntly and Willowdale operate within ML1SA. The mining area in Suriname containing the deposits of Kaaimangrasi, Klaverblad, Lelydorp1 and Sumau 1. The type of mine in which an excavation is made at the surface to extract mineral ore (bauxite). The mine is not underground and the sky is viewable from the mine floor. That portion of a reserve, i.e. bauxite reserve, where the physical and chemical characteristics and limits are known with sufficient confidence for mining and to which various mining modifying factors have been applied. Probable reserves are at a lower confidence level than proven reserves. That portion of a reserve, i. e. bauxite reserve, where the physical and chemical characteristics and limits are known with high confidence and to which various mining modifying factors have been applied. The amount of silica contained in the bauxite that is reactive within the Bayer Process. That portion of mineralized material, i.e. bauxite, that Alcoa has determined to be economically feasible to mine and supply to an alumina refinery. Resources are bauxite occurrences and/or concentrations of economic interest that are in such form, quality and quantity that are reasonable prospects for economic extraction. A compound of silicon and oxygen. The total amount of alumina in bauxite. Not all of this alumina is extractable or available in the Bayer Process. The total amount of alumina extractable from bauxite by the Bayer Process. This term is commonly used when there is a hybrid or variant Bayer Process that will refine the bauxite. The total amount of silica contained in the bauxite. Alcoa is the world’s leading producer of alumina. Alcoa’s alumina refining facilities and its worldwide alumina capacity are shown in the following table: Alcoa Worldwide Alumina Refining Capacity Owners (% of Ownership) Facility Country Australia Kwinana Pinjarra Wagerup Poços de Caldas Alumínio4 (100%) AofA3 (100%) AofA (100%) AofA (100%) Brazil Nameplate Capacity1 (000 MTPY) 2,190 4,234 2,555 3905 Alcoa Consolidated Capacity2 (000 MTPY) 2,190 4,234 2,555 390 9 Country Facility Owners (% of Ownership) São Luís (Alumar) AWA Brasil3 (39%) Rio Tinto Alcan Inc.6 (10%) Alumínio (15%) BHP Billiton6 (36%) Alúmina Española, S.A.3 (100%) Suralco3 (55%) AMS8 (45%) San Ciprián Suralco Spain Suriname United States Point Comfort, TX AWA LLC3 (100%) TOTAL Nameplate Capacity1 (000 MTPY) Alcoa Consolidated Capacity2 (000 MTPY) 3,500 1,5007 2,2079 2,30510 18,881 1,890 1,500 2,207 2,305 17,271 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nameplate Capacity is an estimate based on design capacity and normal operating efficiencies and does not necessarily represent maximum possible production. The figures in this column reflect Alcoa’s share of production from these facilities. For facilities wholly-owned by AWAC entities, Alcoa takes 100% of the production. This entity is part of the AWAC group of companies and is owned 60% by Alcoa and 40% by Alumina Limited. This entity is owned 100% by Alcoa. As a result of the decision to fully curtail the Poços de Caldas smelter, management initiated a reduction in alumina production at this refinery. The capacity that is operating at this refinery is producing at an approximately 45% output level. The named company or an affiliate holds this interest. The capacity that is operating at this refinery is producing at an approximately 95% output level. AWA LLC owns 100% of N.V. Alcoa Minerals of Suriname (AMS). AWA LLC is part of the AWAC group of companies and is owned 60% by Alcoa and 40% by Alumina Limited. The Suralco alumina refinery has approximately 876,000 mtpy of idle capacity. Additionally, the capacity that is operating at this refinery is producing at an approximately 85% output level. 10 The Point Comfort alumina refinery has approximately 340,000 mtpy of idle capacity. As of December 31, 2014, Alcoa had approximately 1,216,000 mtpy of idle capacity against total Alcoa Consolidated Capacity of 17,271,000 mtpy. In December 2014, AWAC completed the sale of its 55% ownership stake in the Jamalco alumina refinery to Noble Group Ltd. after receiving all regulatory approvals. As noted above, AWAC will continue as Jamalco’s managing operator for three years under a compensated service agreement and employees remain employed by Jamalco. As noted above, Alcoa and Ma’aden have been developing an alumina refinery in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Initial capacity of the refinery will be 1.8 million mtpy. As noted above, the refinery became fully operational and produced its first alumina from Saudi Arabia bauxite in the fourth quarter of 2014. For additional information regarding the joint venture, see the Equity Investments section of Note I to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8. (Financial Statements and Supplementary Data). In November 2005, AWA LLC and Rio Tinto Alcan Inc. signed a Basic Agreement with the Government of Guinea that sets forth the framework for development of a 1.5 million mtpy alumina refinery in Guinea. In 2006, the Basic Agreement was approved by the Guinean National Assembly and was promulgated into law. The Basic Agreement was originally set to expire in November 2008, but was extended to November 2015. Pre-feasibility studies were completed in 2008. Additional feasibility study work was completed in 2012. Alcoa continued its evaluation of the project in 2014. 10 In September 2006, Alcoa received environmental approval from the Government of Western Australia for expansion of the Wagerup alumina refinery to a maximum capacity of 4.7 million mtpy, a potential increase of over 2 million mtpy. This approval had a term of 5 years and included environmental conditions that must be satisfied before Alcoa could seek construction approval for the project. The project was suspended in November 2008 due to global economic conditions and the unavailability of a secure long-term energy supply in Western Australia. These constraints continue and as such the project remains under suspension. In May 2012, the Government of Western Australia granted Alcoa a 5 year extension of the original environmental approval. There were no material developments in 2014. In 2008, AWAC signed a cooperation agreement with Vietnam National Coal-Minerals Industries Group (Vinacomin) in which they agreed to conduct a joint feasibility study of the Gia Nghia bauxite mine and alumina refinery project located in Vietnam’s Central Highlands. The cooperation between AWAC and Vinacomin on Gia Nghia is subject to approval by the Government of Vietnam. If established, the Gia Nghia venture is expected to be 51% owned by Vinacomin, 40% by AWAC and 9% by others. There were no material developments in 2014. Primary Aluminum Facilities and Capacity The Company’s primary aluminum smelters and their respective capacities are shown in the following table: Alcoa Worldwide Smelting Capacity Facility Owners (% Of Ownership) Nameplate Capacity1 (000 MTPY) Alcoa Consolidated Capacity2 (000 MTPY) Country Australia Brazil Canada Portland Poços de Caldas São Luís (Alumar) Baie Comeau, Québec Bécancour, Québec AofA (55%) CITIC3 (22.5%) Marubeni3 (22.5%) Alumínio (100%) Alumínio (60%) BHP Billiton3 (40%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (74.95%) Rio Tinto Alcan Inc.8 (25.05%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) United States Evansville, IN (Warrick) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Deschambault, Québec Fjarðaál Lista Mosjøen Avilés La Coruña San Ciprián Massena West, NY Rockdale, TX Ferndale, WA (Intalco) Wenatchee, WA Iceland Norway Spain TOTAL 358 96 447 2807 413 260 344 94 188 939 879 228 269 130 19110 27911 18412 3,941 1974,5 966 2686 280 310 260 344 94 188 93 87 228 269 130 191 279 184 3,497 1 2 3 Nameplate Capacity is an estimate based on design capacity and normal operating efficiencies and does not necessarily represent maximum possible production. The figures in this column reflect Alcoa’s share of production from these facilities. The named company or an affiliate holds this interest. 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 This figure includes the minority interest of Alumina Limited in the Portland facility, which is owned by AofA. From this facility, Alcoa takes 100% of the production allocated to AofA. The Portland smelter has approximately 30,000 mtpy of idle capacity. In 2013, Alcoa temporarily curtailed 34,000 mtpy at the Poços de Caldas smelter and 97,000 mtpy at the Alumar smelter. In the first quarter of 2014, management initiated the temporary curtailment of the remaining 62,000 mtpy at the Poços de Caldas smelter and an additional 85,000 mtpy at the Alumar smelter. The process of curtailing this additional capacity began in March 2014 and was completed by the end of May 2014. In the 2014 third quarter, an additional 12,000 mtpy was curtailed at the Alumar smelter. In mid-May 2013, in connection with the announcement of a revised modernization plan schedule for the Baie-Comeau smelter, Alcoa stated that it would permanently close the plant’s two Soderberg potlines. The closure, which was completed in August 2013, involved 105,000 mtpy of capacity and was part of the 460,000 mtpy of smelting capacity Alcoa announced was under review in May 2013. Owned through Rio Tinto Alcan Inc.’s interest in Pechiney Reynolds Québec, Inc., which is owned by Rio Tinto Alcan Inc. and Alcoa. The Avilés and La Coruña smelters have approximately 64,000 mtpy of idle capacity combined. The Rockdale smelter has been fully curtailed since the end of 2008. The Intalco smelter has approximately 49,000 mtpy of idle capacity. The Wenatchee smelter has approximately 41,000 mtpy of idle capacity. As of December 31, 2014, Alcoa had approximately 665,000 mtpy of idle capacity against total Alcoa Consolidated Capacity of 3,497,000 mtpy. In May 2013, Alcoa announced that management would review 460,000 mtpy of smelting capacity over a 15-month period for possible curtailment. This review was aimed at maintaining Alcoa’s competitiveness despite falling aluminum prices and would focus on the highest-cost smelting capacity and those plants that have long-term risk due to factors such as energy costs or regulatory uncertainty. As part of this review during the remainder of 2013, management initiated the permanent shutdown of 146,000 mtpy of combined capacity at the Baie Comeau smelter (see footnote 7 above) and the Massena East smelter in New York, as well as a temporary curtailment of 131,000 mtpy of capacity in Brazil (see footnote 6 above). All of these actions were completed in 2013. In June 2013, Alcoa announced its intention to permanently close the Fusina, Italy smelter. The closure was in addition to the 460,000 mtpy of operating smelting capacity that the company announced was under review in May 2013. During the first quarter of 2014, the Company initiated three additional actions, resulting in the permanent shutdown of 274,000 mtpy of capacity and the temporary curtailment of 147,000 mtpy of capacity. The permanent shutdowns were comprised of the remaining capacity (84,000 mtpy) at the Massena East smelter and the full capacity (190,000 mtpy) at the Point Henry smelter in Australia. The remaining capacity of the Massena East smelter represented two Soderberg potlines that were no longer competitive. This shutdown was completed by the end of the 2014 first quarter. For the Point Henry smelter, the Company determined that the smelter had no prospect of becoming financially viable. The shutdown of the Point Henry smelter was completed in August 2014. In the third quarter of 2014, management approved the permanent shutdown of the Portovesme smelter (150,000 mtpy) in Italy, which has been idle since November 2012. This decision was made because the fundamental reasons that made the Portovesme smelter uncompetitive remained unchanged, including the lack of a viable long-term power solution. In the fourth quarter of 2014, Alcoa sold its 50.3% interest (115,000 mtpy) in the Mount Holly smelter in Goose Creek, South Carolina, to Century Aluminum Company. As a result of the above-described actions, the Massena East, Mount Holly, Point Henry and Portovesme smelters have not been included in the table above. As noted above, Alcoa and Ma’aden have developed an aluminum smelter in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The smelter has an initial capacity of ingot, slab and billet of 740,000 mtpy. First hot metal was produced on December 12, 2012, and the smelter produced 600,000 mt in 2014. Since mid-2014, the smelter has been operating at full capacity. 12 In November 2014, Alcoa completed the sale of an aluminum rod plant located in Bécancour, Québec, Canada to Sural Laminated Products. This facility takes molten aluminum and shapes it into the form of a rod, which is used by customers primarily for the transportation of electricity. In conjunction with this transaction, Alcoa entered into a multi-year agreement with Sural Laminated Products to supply molten aluminum for the rod plant. In 2014, Alcoa and the Brunei Economic Development Board agreed to extend for four years an existing Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to enable more detailed studies into the feasibility of establishing a modern, gas-powered aluminum smelter in Brunei Darussalam to follow a period of strategic assessment of global market conditions. In 2007, Alcoa and Greenland Home Rule Government entered into an MOU regarding cooperation on a feasibility study for an aluminum smelter with a 360,000 mtpy capacity in Greenland. The MOU also encompasses a hydroelectric power system and related infrastructure improvements, including a port. In November 2014, following new elections in Greenland, the new parliament began a review of framework legislation affecting large scale developmental projects. Once completed, the impact of the review on the economic feasibility of the proposed integrated hydro system-aluminum smelter will be evaluated. Global Rolled Products The principal business of the Company’s Global Rolled Products segment is the production and sale of aluminum plate, sheet, and specialty foil. This segment includes sheet and plate used in aerospace, automotive, brazing, commercial transportation, consumer electronics, building and construction and other industrial markets. This segment also includes rigid container sheet, which is sold directly to customers in the food and beverage packaging markets. The Company’s $300 million expansion of its Tennessee Operations continued and the $300 million expansion of its Davenport Works, Iowa plant was completed in 2014. Both expansions will support the manufacture of high strength aluminum automotive sheet. Also in 2014, Alcoa announced a $190 million investment at its Davenport Works facility to expand its product offerings in the aerospace and industrial markets through the installation of technology that will enhance the performance of thick aluminum and aluminum-lithium plate in various applications such as wing ribs and fuselage frames. Construction on the project will begin in 2015 with first customer production expected to begin in 2017. Also in 2014, Alcoa announced a $40 million investment in its Itapissuma, Brazil rolling mill to increase production of specialty foils for aseptic and flexible packages. Initial work for the expansion is underway and commissioning is expected to begin in 2016. In December 2014, Alcoa sold its facilities in Amorebieta and Alicante (Spain) and Castelsarrasin (France), as well as the associated research and development facility in Alicante to Atlas Holdings LLC. Alcoa permanently closed its two rolling mills in Australia located in Geelong, Victoria and in Yennora, New South Wales in the fourth quarter of 2014. The two rolling mills served the domestic and Asian can sheet markets, which have been impacted by excess capacity. In September 2014, Alcoa announced a long-term contract to supply aluminum sheet and plate products to Boeing, the world’s largest aerospace company and leading manufacturer of commercial jetliners and defense, space and security systems. The multiyear contract, valued at more than $1 billion, is the largest ever between the two companies. In September 2014, Alcoa and China Power Investment Corporation (CPI) temporarily suspended joint venture activities undertaken by the joint venture, which the parties had established in 2012, so that CPI could focus on its merger with the State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation. This includes suspension of the integration of three Alcoa businesses (a facility in Kunshan, China that manufactures brazing sheet; a facility in Qinhuangdao, China that manufactures beverage can sheet and sheet for commercial transportation; and a fastener facility in Suzhou, China). The joint venture company, Alcoa CPI Aluminum Investment Co. Ltd, is majority owned by Alcoa and headquartered in Shanghai, China. 13 In December 2014, Alcoa unveiled breakthrough manufacturing technology, the Alcoa MicromillTM, that will manufacture the most advanced aluminum sheet on the market. The Alcoa-patented Micromill process changes the microstructure of the metal, allowing the production of an aluminum alloy for automotive applications that has 40 percent greater formability and 30 percent greater strength than the incumbent aluminum used today while meeting stringent automotive surface quality requirements. Additionally, automotive parts made with Micromill material will be twice as formable and at least 30 percent lighter than parts made from high strength steel. The Micromill will enable the next generation of automotive aluminum products, and equip Alcoa to capture growing demand. As noted above, Alcoa and Ma’aden have developed a rolling mill in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The rolling mill, which is 74 acres under one roof, is operational and will manufacture a variety of sheet products. In 2014, Alcoa bought out the 30% interest in the Kunshan brazing sheet facility for $28 million from its partner, Shanxi Yuncheng Engraving Group, and the parties terminated the joint venture in August 2014. Alcoa also reached agreement on the terms of sale for its remaining minority interest (17.96%) in Yunnan Xaoxin Aluminum Foil joint venture for approximately $15 million. The sale is awaiting approval by the China Securities Regulatory Commission. Global Rolled Products Principal Facilities Location Owners1 (% Of Ownership) Country Brazil China Hungary Italy Russia United Kingdom Birmingham United States Itapissuma Kunshan Qinhuangdao2 Székesfehérvár Fusina Belaya Kalitva Samara Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Davenport, IA Alcoa (100%) Danville, IL Alcoa (100%) Newburgh, IN Alcoa (100%) Hutchinson, KS Alcoa (100%) Lancaster, PA Alcoa (100%) Alcoa, TN Texarkana, TX Alcoa (100%) San Antonio, TX Alcoa (100%) Products Specialty Foil Sheet and Plate Sheet and Plate Sheet and Plate/Slabs Sheet and Plate Sheet and Plate Sheet and Plate Plate Sheet and Plate Sheet and Plate Sheet Sheet and Plate Sheet and Plate Sheet Sheet and Plate3 Micromill 1 2 3 Facilities with ownership described as “Alcoa (100%)” are either leased or owned by the Company. Leased property or partially leased property. The Texarkana rolling mill facility has been idle since September 2009 due to a continued weak outlook in common alloy markets. Engineered Products and Solutions This segment represents Alcoa’s downstream operations and includes titanium, super alloy investment, and aluminum castings; fasteners; aluminum wheels; integrated aluminum structural systems; architectural extrusions; and forgings and hard alloy extrusions. These products, which are used in the aerospace, automotive, building and construction, commercial transportation, power generation, and industrial markets, are sold directly to customers and through distributors. 14 Alcoa completed the acquisition of Firth Rixson, a global leader in aerospace jet engine components, in fourth quarter 2014. In addition to manufacturing jet engine rings, Firth Rixson manufactures a full range of forged complex shapes and is a supplier of integrated nickel ingot. Firth Rixson has five locations in the United States (Rochester, NY; Fontana, CA; Rancho Cucamonga, CA; Verdi, NV, and Savannah, GA) and eight locations outside of the United States (United Kingdom, Hungary and China). In December 2014, Alcoa announced a definitive agreement to acquire TITAL, a privately held company based in Germany. TITAL is a leader in titanium and aluminum structural castings for aircraft engines and airframes. In addition, TITAL is a leader in process technology. The deal is expected to close in first quarter 2015. Also in December 2014, Alcoa announced plans to double its high-technology coating capacity at its Whitehall, Michigan facility. The $17 million investment will position the Company to further capture growing demand for advanced jet engine parts. In 2014, Alcoa commenced an expansion at its Hampton, Virginia facility to create the capability to employ a new process technology that improves jet engine blades. This $25 million investment will add equipment for a new production line and modify existing machinery to produce the blades. It is expected to be complete by the fourth quarter of 2015. In 2014, Alcoa completed construction of a $100 million greenfield facility adjacent to its Lafayette, Indiana plant, which expands Alcoa’s aluminum lithium capabilities. The facility can produce more than 20,000 mt of aluminum lithium and is capable of casting round and rectangular ingot for rolled, extruded, and forged applications. Alcoa completed expanding aluminum lithium production at its Technical Center in Alcoa Center, PA in the third quarter of 2012. In June 2013, Alcoa also completed its expansion at its Kitts Green plant in the United Kingdom, creating additional aluminum lithium casting capacity. Also in 2014, Alcoa broke ground on its $100 million aerospace expansion at its La Porte, Indiana facility where it will produce nickel-based superalloy jet engine parts. The new 320,000-square-foot facility will expand Alcoa’s reach from structural engine components for business and regional jets to large commercial aircraft, including narrow- and wide- body and military airplanes. Construction is expected to be complete by the fourth quarter of 2015. Alcoa invested $13 million to expand its wheel manufacturing plant in Europe, to meet growing demand for its lightweight, durable, low-maintenance aluminum truck wheels. Construction on the production line expansion began in January 2014, and was completed on schedule in January 2015. Alcoa and VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation signed a cooperation agreement in October 2013, which will allow the companies to meet growing demand for high-end titanium and aluminum products for aircraft manufacturers worldwide. Once operational, the new joint venture will focus on manufacturing high-end aerospace products, such as landing gear and forged wing components, at Alcoa’s plant in Samara, Russia. The definitive Shareholders’ Agreement was executed by the parties on July 16, 2014, and the deal is expected to close in 2015, with the joint venture expected to become operational in 2016. As discussed above, the joint venture between Alcoa and CPI, which the parties created in November 2012 to produce high-end fabricated aluminum products in China, is currently suspended. In July 2014, Alcoa announced a 10-year, $1.1 billion agreement with Pratt & Whitney, a division of United Technologies Corp., for state-of-the-art jet engine components. 15 Engineered Products and Solutions Principal Facilities Country Australia Canada China France Germany Hungary Facility Owners1 (% Of Ownership) Alcoa (100%) Oakleigh Alcoa (100%) Georgetown, Ontario2 Alcoa (100%) Laval, Québec Alcoa (100%) Lethbridge, Alberta Alcoa (100%) Pointe Claire, Québec Alcoa (100%) Vaughan, Ontario2 Alcoa (100%) Suzhou2 Alcoa (100%) Dives-sur-Mer Alcoa (100%) Evron Alcoa (100%) Gennevilliers Alcoa (100%) Guérande2 Alcoa (100%) Lézat-sur-Lèze2 Alcoa (100%) Merxheim2 Alcoa (100%) Montbrison Alcoa (100%) St. Cosme-en-Vairais2 Alcoa (100%) Toulouse Alcoa (100%) Us-par-Vigny Alcoa (100%) Vendargues2 Hannover2 Alcoa (100%) Hildesheim-Bavenstedt2 Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Iserlohn Alcoa (100%) Kelkheim2 Alcoa (100%) Eger Alcoa (100%) Nemesvámos Alcoa (100%) Székesfehérvár Japan Jo¯etsu City2 Nomi Netherlands Harderwijk2 Mexico Ciudad Acuña2 Monterrey Casablanca2 Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Products Fasteners Aerospace Castings Aerospace Castings Architectural Products Architectural Products Architectural Products Fasteners and Rings Aerospace and Industrial Gas Turbine Castings Aerospace and Specialty Castings Aerospace and Industrial Gas Turbine Castings Architectural Products Architectural Products Architectural Products Fasteners Fasteners Fasteners Fasteners Architectural Products Extrusions Fasteners Architectural Products Fasteners Forgings Fasteners Aerospace and Industrial Gas Turbine Castings and Forgings Forgings Aerospace and Industrial Gas Turbine Castings Architectural Products Aerospace Castings/Fasteners Forgings Fasteners Morocco Russia South Korea Spain Casablanca2 Belaya Kalitva3 Samara3 Kyoungnam Alcoa (67%) Ahmed Hattabi (33%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Architectural Products Extrusions and Forgings Extrusions and Forgings Extrusions Irutzun2 Alcoa (100%) Architectural Products 16 Facility Country United Kingdom Darley Dale Ecklesfield Exeter2 Owners1 (% Of Ownership) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) United States Alcoa (100%) Glossop Alcoa (100%) Ickles Alcoa (100%) Leicester2 Alcoa (100%) Meadow Hall Alcoa (100%) Provincial Park Alcoa (100%) Redditch2 Alcoa (100%) River Don Alcoa (100%) Runcorn Alcoa (100%) Telford Alcoa (100%) Springdale, AR2 Alcoa (100%) Chandler, AZ Alcoa (100%) Tucson, AZ2 Alcoa (100%) Carson, CA2 Alcoa (100%) City of Industry, CA2 Alcoa (100%) Fontana, CA Alcoa (100%) Fullerton, CA2 Newbury Park, CA Alcoa (100%) Rancho Cucamonga, CA Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Savannah, GA Alcoa (100%) Sylmar, CA Alcoa (100%) Torrance, CA Alcoa (100%) Visalia, CA Alcoa (100%) Branford, CT Alcoa (100%) Winsted, CT Alcoa (100%) Eastman, GA Alcoa (100%) Lafayette, IN Alcoa (100%) LaPorte, IN Alcoa (100%) Baltimore, MD2 Alcoa (100%) Whitehall, MI Dover, NJ Alcoa (100%) Kingston, NY2 Massena, NY Rochester, NY Verdi, NV Barberton, OH Chillicothe, OH Cleveland, OH Alcoa Center, PA Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) 17 Products Forgings Ingot Castings Aerospace and Industrial Gas Turbine Castings and Alloy Ingot Castings Ingot Castings Fasteners Forgings Forgings Fasteners Forgings Architectural Products Fasteners Architectural Products Extrusions Fasteners Fasteners Fasteners Rings Fasteners Fasteners Rings Forgings Fasteners Fasteners Architectural Products Aerospace Coatings Aerospace Machining Architectural Products Extrusions Aerospace and Industrial Gas Turbine Castings Extrusions Aerospace/Industrial Gas Turbine Castings Coatings/Ti Alloy and Specialty Products Aerospace and Industrial Gas Turbine Castings and Alloy Fasteners Extrusions Rings Rings Forgings/Ingot Castings Forgings Forgings Ingot Castings Country Facility Bloomsburg, PA Cranberry, PA Morristown, TN2 Denton, TX2 Waco, TX2 Wichita Falls, TX Hampton, VA2 Owners1 (% Of Ownership) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Alcoa (100%) Products Architectural Products Architectural Products Aerospace and Industrial Gas Turbine Ceramic Products Forgings Fasteners Aerospace and Industrial Gas Turbine Castings Aerospace and Industrial Gas Turbine Castings 1 2 3 Unless otherwise noted, facilities with ownership described as “Alcoa (100%)” are owned by the Company. Leased property or partially leased property. The operating results of this facility are reported in the Global Rolled Products segment. Corporate Facilities The Latin American soft alloy extrusions business is reported in Corporate Facilities. For more information, see Note Q to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8. (Financial Statements and Supplementary Data). Latin American Extrusions Facilities Country Facility Owners1 (% Of Ownership) Brazil Itapissuma Alcoa (100%) Utinga Alcoa (100%) Tubarão Alcoa (100%) Extrusions Extrusions Extrusions Products 1 Facilities with ownership described as “Alcoa (100%)” are owned by the Company. Sources and Availability of Raw Materials The major raw materials purchased in 2014 for each of the Company’s reportable segments are listed below. Alumina Bauxite Caustic soda Electricity Fuel oil Lime (CaO) Natural gas Primary Metals Alloying materials Alumina Aluminum fluoride Calcined petroleum coke Cathode blocks Electricity Liquid pitch Natural gas Global Rolled Products Alloying materials Aluminum scrap Coatings Electricity Natural gas Primary aluminum (ingot, billet, P1020, high purity) Steam Engineered Products and Solutions Alloying materials Electricity Natural gas Nickel Primary aluminum (ingot, billet, P1020, high purity) Resin Stainless Steel Steel Titanium 18 Generally, other materials are purchased from third-party suppliers under competitively priced supply contracts or bidding arrangements. The Company believes that the raw materials necessary to its business are and will continue to be available. For each metric ton of alumina produced, Alcoa consumes the following amounts of the identified raw material inputs (approximate range across relevant facilities): Raw Material Units Consumption per MT of Alumina Bauxite Caustic soda Electricity mt kg 2.2 – 3.7 62 – 117 kWh 200 – 260 (global average of 230) Fuel oil and natural gas GJ 6.3 – 11.6 Lime (CaO) kg 7 – 58 For each metric ton of aluminum produced, Alcoa consumes the following amounts of the identified raw material inputs (approximate range across relevant facilities): Raw Material Units Consumption per MT of Aluminum Alumina Aluminum fluoride mt kg 1.92 ±0.02 16.5 ±6.5 Calcined petroleum coke mt 0.37 ±0.02 Cathode blocks mt 0.006 ±0.002 Electricity Liquid pitch Natural gas kWh 12900 – 17000 mt mcf 0.10 ±0.03 3.5 ±1.5 Explanatory Note: Certain aluminum produced by Alcoa also includes alloying materials. Because of the number of different types of elements that can be used to produce Alcoa’s various alloys, providing a range of such elements would not be meaningful. With the exception of a very small number of internally used products, Alcoa produces its alloys in adherence to an Aluminum Association standard. The Aluminum Association, of which Alcoa is an active member, uses a specific designation system to identify alloy types. In general, each alloy type has a major alloying element other than aluminum but will also have other constituents as well, but of lesser amounts. Energy Employing the Bayer Process, Alcoa refines alumina from bauxite ore. Alcoa then produces aluminum from the alumina by an electrolytic process requiring substantial amounts of electric power. Energy accounts for approximately 21% of the Company’s total alumina refining production costs. Electric power accounts for approximately 26% of the Company’s primary aluminum production costs. Alcoa generates approximately 25% of the power used at its smelters worldwide and generally purchases the remainder under long-term arrangements. The paragraphs below summarize the sources of power and the long-term power arrangements for Alcoa’s smelters and refineries. North America – Electricity The Deschambault, Baie Comeau, and Bécancour smelters in Québec purchased electricity under existing contracts that expired on December 31, 2014. These were replaced by new long-term contracts with Hydro-Québec executed in October 2014 (Deschambault and Baie Comeau smelters) and December 2014 (Bécancour smelter), both of which will expire on December 31, 2029. Upon expiration, Alcoa will have the option of extending the term of the new Baie 19 Comeau contract to February 23, 2036. The smelter located in Baie Comeau, Québec purchases approximately 74% of its power needs under the Hydro-Québec contract, and the remainder from a 40% owned hydroelectric generating company, Manicouagan Power Limited Partnership. The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Alcoa Power Generating Inc. (APGI), generates approximately 35% of the power requirements for Alcoa’s smelters operating in the U.S. The Company purchases power under long-term contracts. APGI owns and operates the Yadkin hydroelectric project, consisting of four dams in North Carolina, and the Warrick coal-fired power plant located in Indiana. For several years, APGI has been pursuing a new long-term license for the Yadkin hydroelectric project from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). In 2007, APGI filed with FERC a Relicensing Settlement Agreement signed by a majority of interested stakeholders that broadly resolved open issues. The National Environmental Policy Act process is complete, with a final environmental impact statement having been issued in April 2008. The remaining requirement for relicensing was the issuance by North Carolina of the required water quality certification under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act. North Carolina’s Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) issued a Section 401 water quality certification on May 7, 2009, but it was appealed and then stayed. In September 2012, APGI filed a new application for a 401 certificate seeking a fresh review of its application. However, on August 2, 2013, the State of North Carolina filed suit in state court seeking a declaratory ruling that it, not APGI, owns the Yadkin riverbed beneath the hydroelectric project as well as a portion of the project dams. Upon the filing of the lawsuit, the DENR denied APGI’s 401 certificate, asserting that it cannot review the application given the dispute over ownership of the lands and the project. APGI has appealed that denial in the administrative court of North Carolina and has also informed FERC of the appeal, a necessary step to demonstrate that the relicensing proceeding remains pending before FERC. APGI removed the riverbed lawsuit to federal court in 2013. On November 20, 2014, the court denied APGI’s motion for summary judgment and partially granted and partially denied North Carolina’s motion for partial summary judgment. A pre-trial conference was held on February 2, 2015. The court has ordered trial to commence on April 21, 2015. Pending completion of the relicensing process, APGI received year-to-year license renewals from FERC starting in May 2008, and will continue to operate under annual licenses until a new Section 401 certification is issued and the FERC relicensing process is complete. Since the permanent closure of the Badin, North Carolina smelter, power generated from APGI’s Yadkin system is largely being sold to an affiliate, Alcoa Power Marketing LLC, and then the wholesale market. APGI generates substantially all of the power used at the Company’s Warrick, Indiana smelter using nearby coal reserves. Since May 2005, Alcoa has owned the nearby Friendsville, Illinois coal reserves, with the Friendsville Mine being operated by Vigo Coal Company, Inc. The Friendsville Mine is producing approximately one million tons of coal per year. In June 2011, the Red Brush West Mine, owned by Alcoa and operated by Vigo Coal, was opened and produced approximately 60,000 tons per month over an eighteen-month period, but operation ceased in 2013. In the second quarter of 2013, Liberty Mine, also owned by Alcoa and operated by Vigo Coal, began producing coal and is operating at a level of approximately one million tons per year. Friendsville and Liberty Mines together combine to supply 95% of the power plant’s future needs. The balance of the coal used is royalty coal or purchased coal from the Illinois basin. In the State of Washington, Alcoa’s Wenatchee smelter operates under a contract with Chelan County Public Utility District (Chelan PUD) under which Alcoa receives approximately 26% of the hydropower output of Chelan PUD’s Rocky Reach and Rock Island dams. Starting on January 1, 2013, the Intalco smelter began receiving physical power from the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) pursuant to a new contract executed between Alcoa and BPA, under which Alcoa receives physical power at the Northwest Power Act mandated industrial firm power (IP) rate through September 30, 2022. 20 Prior to 2007, power for the Rockdale smelter in Texas was historically supplied from Company-owned generating units and units owned by Luminant Generation Company LLC (formerly TXU Generation Company LP) (Luminant), both of which used lignite supplied by the Company’s Sandow Mine. Upon completion of lignite mining in the Sandow Mine in 2005, lignite supply transitioned to the formerly Alcoa-owned Three Oaks Mine. The Company retired its three wholly-owned generating units at Rockdale (Sandow Units 1, 2 and 3) in late 2006, and transitioned to an arrangement under which Luminant is to supply all of the Rockdale smelter’s electricity requirements under a long- term power contract that does not expire until at least the end of 2038, with the parties having the right to terminate the contract after 2013 if there has been an unfavorable change in law or after 2025 if the cost of the electricity exceeds the market price. In August 2007, Luminant and Alcoa closed on the definitive agreements under which Luminant has constructed and operates a new circulating fluidized bed power plant (Sandow Unit 5) adjacent to the existing Sandow Unit 4 and, in September 2007, on the sale of Three Oaks Mine to Luminant. Concurrent with entering into the agreements under which Luminant constructed and operates Sandow Unit 5, Alcoa and Luminant entered into a power purchase agreement whereby Alcoa purchased power from Luminant. That Sandow Unit 5 power purchase agreement was terminated by Alcoa, effective December 1, 2010. In June 2008, Alcoa temporarily idled half of the capacity at the Rockdale smelter and in November 2008 curtailed the remainder of Rockdale’s smelting capacity. In late 2011, Alcoa announced that it would permanently close two of the six idled potlines at its Rockdale, Texas smelter. Demolition and remediation activities related to these actions began in the first half of 2012 and were completed in 2013. On April 29, 2014, Luminant Generation LLC, Luminant Mining Company LLC, Sandow Power Company LLC and their affiliated debtors filed petitions under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code with the U.S Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware. As of the date of this report, the debtors have not yet filed proposed plans of reorganization and have not yet moved to assume or reject the Sandow Unit 4 agreement or certain other related agreements with the Company. In the Northeast, the Massena West smelter in New York receives physical power from the New York Power Authority (NYPA) pursuant to a contract between Alcoa and NYPA, which expires in 2045. The contract was amended in January 2011 to provide Alcoa with additional time to complete the design and engineering work for its Massena East modernization plan, and further amended in March 2014 to provide for the temporary relinquishment of certain quantities of power by Alcoa following permanent closure of the remaining two Soderberg potlines at the Massena East smelter in March 2014. Implementation of the Massena East modernization plan is subject to further approval of the Alcoa Board of Directors. Australia – Electricity In 2014 the Company concluded it would permanently close the Point Henry smelter, coinciding with the expiration of the electricity contract with the State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV). AofA’s Anglesea power station continues to operate and sells electricity into the National Electricity Market (NEM) after successfully being registered as a scheduled market generator in August 2014. The Portland smelter continues to purchase electricity from the SECV under a contract with Alcoa Portland Aluminium Pty Ltd, a wholly-owned subsidiary of AofA, that extends to 2016. Upon the expiration of this contract, the Portland smelter will purchase power from the NEM variable spot market. In March 2010, AofA and Eastern Aluminium (Portland) Pty Ltd separately entered into a fixed for floating swap contract with AGL Energy in order to manage their exposure to the variable energy rates from the NEM. The fixed for floating swap contract with AGL for the Point Henry smelter was terminated in 2013. The fixed for floating swap contract with Loy Yang Power for the Portland smelter commences from the date of expiration of the current contract with the SECV and continues until December 2036. Brazil – Electricity Since May 2014 (after full curtailment of the Poços de Caldas smelter and two of three lines of the Alumar smelter), the remaining smelting capacity at Alumar has been supplied by self-generation. The excess generation capacity has been sold into the market since then (around 350 MW). Alumínio owns a 25.74% stake in Consórcio Machadinho, which is the owner of the Machadinho hydroelectric power plant located in southern Brazil. 21 Alumínio has a 42.18% interest in Energética Barra Grande S.A.(BAESA), which built the Barra Grande hydroelectric power plant in southern Brazil. Alumínio also has a 34.97% share in Serra do Facão Energia S.A. (SEFAC), which built the Serra do Facão hydroelectric power plant in the southeast of Brazil, which began commercial generation in July 2010. Alumínio’s share of the Serra do Facão output is currently being sold into the market. Alumínio is also participating in the Estreito hydropower project in northern Brazil, through Estreito Energia S.A. (an Alumínio wholly owned company) holding a 25.49% stake in Consórcio Estreito Energia, which is the owner of the hydroelectric power plant. Consortia in which Alumínio participates have received concessions for the Pai Querê hydropower project in southern Brazil (Alumínio’s share is 35%). Development of this concession has not yet begun. Europe – Electricity Alcoa’s smelters at San Ciprián, La Coruña and Avilés, Spain purchase electricity under bilateral power contracts that commenced on January 1, 2013. The contracts for San Ciprián and Avilés smelters each have a four-year term (expiring December 31, 2016). The contract for the La Coruña smelter, which expired on December 31, 2014, has been extended for an additional year (expiring December 31, 2015). Prior to the establishment of power supply under the bilateral contracts, Alcoa was supplied under a regulated power tariff. On January 25, 2007, the European Commission (EC) announced that it had opened an investigation to establish whether the regulated electricity tariffs granted by Spain comply with European Union (EU) state aid rules. Alcoa operated in Spain for more than ten years under a power supply structure approved by the Spanish Government in 1986, an equivalent tariff having been granted in 1983. The investigation was limited to the year 2005 and it is focused both on the energy-intensive consumers and the distribution companies. It is Alcoa’s understanding that the Spanish tariff system for electricity is in conformity with all applicable laws and regulations, and therefore no state aid is present in that tariff system. On February 4, 2014, the EC announced a decision in this matter stating that the electricity tariffs granted by Spain for year 2005 do not constitute unlawful state aid. Due to the high cost position of the La Coruña and Avilés smelters, combined with rising raw material costs and falling aluminum prices, in early January 2012, Alcoa announced its intentions to partially and temporarily curtail its La Coruña and Avilés, Spain smelters. The partial curtailments were completed in the first half of 2012. As a result of a modification to the load interruptibility regime currently in place in the Spanish power market, in the first quarter of 2013, Alcoa restarted a portion (25,000 mpty combined for Avilés and La Coruña) of the capacity previously curtailed in the first half of 2012 to meet the requirements of the modified interruptibility regime. See the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section for more information. A competitive bidding mechanism to allocate interruptibility rights in Spain was settled during 2014 to be applied starting from January 1, 2015. The first auction process to allocate rights took place in November 2014, where Alcoa secured 275MW of interruptibility rights for the 2015 period for the San Ciprián smelter. A second auction process took place in December 2014, where Alcoa secured an additional 100MW of interruptibility rights for the 2015 period for the San Ciprián smelter (20x5MW), 120MW for the La Coruña smelter (24x5MW) and 110MW for the Avilés smelter (22x5MW). Alcoa owns two smelters in Norway, Lista and Mosjøen, which have long-term power arrangements in place that continue until the end of 2019. 22 Iceland – Electricity Alcoa’s Fjarðaál smelter in eastern Iceland began operation in 2007. Central to those operations is a forty-year power contract under which Landsvirkjun, the Icelandic national power company, built the Kárahnjúkar dam and hydropower project, and supplies competitively priced electricity to the smelter. In late 2009, Iceland imposed two new taxes on power intensive industries, both for a period of three years, from 2010 through 2012. One tax is based on energy consumption; the other is a pre-payment of certain other charges, and will be recoverable starting in 2018. In 2012, Iceland extended the energy consumption tax though 2015. Spain – Natural Gas In order to facilitate the full conversion of the San Ciprian, Spain alumina refinery from fuel oil to natural gas, in October 2013, Alumina Española SA (AE) and Gas Natural Transporte SDG SL (GN) signed a take or pay gas pipeline utilization agreement. Pursuant to that agreement, the ultimate shareholders of AE, Alcoa Inc. and Alumina Limited, have agreed to guarantee the payment of AE’s contracted gas pipeline utilization over the four years of the commitment period in the event AE fails to do so, each shareholder being responsible for its respective proportionate share (i.e., 60/40). Such commitment will come into force six months after the gas pipeline is put into operation by GN. The gas pipeline was completed in January 2015 and the refinery has switched to natural gas consumption for 100% of its needs. Three supply contracts were signed in 2014 for the supply of natural gas to the San Ciprián, Spain alumina refinery during 2015 period with Endesa, Union Fenosa Gas and BP, expiring by April 2016, December 2015 and December 2015, respectively. Pursuant to those agreements, Alcoa Inversiones España, S.L. and Alumina Limited have agreed to guarantee the payment of AE’s obligations under the Endesa contract over the contract length, each shareholder being responsible for its respective proportionate share (i.e., 60/40). In the same way, Aluminio Español, S.A. and Alumina Limited have agreed to guarantee the payment of AE’s obligations under the Union Fenosa Gas and BP contract over those contracts’ respective lengths, with each entity being responsible for its proportionate share (i.e., 60/40). North America – Natural Gas In order to supply its refinery and smelters in the U.S. and Canada, Alcoa generally procures natural gas on a competitive bid basis from a variety of sources including producers in the gas production areas and independent gas marketers. For Alcoa’s larger consuming locations in Canada and the U.S., the gas commodity and the interstate pipeline transportation are procured to provide increased flexibility and reliability. Contract pricing for gas is typically based on a published industry index or New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) price. The Company may choose to reduce its exposure to NYMEX pricing by hedging a portion of required natural gas consumption. Australia – Natural Gas Alcoa holds a 20% equity interest in the Dampier-to-Bunbury natural gas pipeline (this interest was purchased in October 2004). This pipeline transports gas from the northwest gas fields to Alcoa’s alumina refineries and other users in the Southwest of Western Australia. Alcoa uses gas to co-generate steam and electricity for its alumina refining processes at the Kwinana, Pinjarra and Wagerup refineries. More than 90% of Alcoa’s gas requirements for the remainder of the decade are secured under long-term contracts. Alcoa is considering multiple supply options to replace expiring contracts, including investing directly in projects that have the potential to deliver cost-based gas. 23 Energy Facilities The following table sets forth the electricity generation capacity and 2014 generation of facilities in which the Company has an ownership interest: Country Australia Brazil Canada Suriname United States TOTAL Facility Anglesea Barra Grande Estreito Machadinho Serra do Facão Manicouagan Afobaka Warrick Yadkin Alcoa Consolidated Capacity (MW)1 150 156 157 119 60 132 189 524 215 1,702 2014 Generation (MWh) 1,183,527 1,803,245 1,334,943 1,801,779 302,954 1,165,161 806,428 4,590,359 794,933 13,783,329 1 The Consolidated Capacity of the Brazilian energy facilities is the assured energy that is approximately 55% of hydropower plant nominal capacity. Patents, Trade Secrets and Trademarks The Company believes that its domestic and international patent, trade secret and trademark assets provide it with a significant competitive advantage. The Company’s rights under its patents, as well as the products made and sold under them, are important to the Company as a whole and, to varying degrees, important to each business segment. The patents owned by Alcoa generally concern particular products or manufacturing equipment or techniques. Alcoa’s business as a whole is not, however, materially dependent on any single patent, trade secret or trademark. As a result of product development and technological advancement, the Company continues to pursue patent protection in jurisdictions throughout the world. At the end of 2014, the Company’s worldwide patent portfolio consisted of approximately 831 pending patent applications and 1,981 granted patents. The Company has a number of trade secrets, mostly regarding manufacturing processes and material compositions that give many of its businesses important advantages in their markets. The Company continues to strive to improve those processes and generate new material compositions that provide additional benefits. The Company also has a number of domestic and international registered trademarks that have significant recognition within the markets that are served. Examples include the name “Alcoa” and the Alcoa symbol for aluminum products, Howmet metal castings, Huck® fasteners, Kawneer® building panels and Dura-Bright® wheels with easy-clean surface treatments. The Company’s rights under its trademarks are important to the Company as a whole and, to varying degrees, important to each business segment. Competitive Conditions Alcoa is subject to highly competitive conditions in all aspects of its aluminum and non-aluminum businesses. Competitors include a variety of both U.S. and non-U.S. companies in all major markets. Price, quality, and service are the principal competitive factors in Alcoa’s markets. Where aluminum products compete with other materials—such as steel and plastics for automotive and building applications; magnesium, titanium, composites, and plastics for aerospace and defense applications—aluminum’s diverse characteristics, particularly its strength, light weight, recyclability, and flexibility are also significant factors. Alcoa’s technology, technical expertise, and innovation in multi-materials and in specialized alloys provide Alcoa a competitive advantage in certain markets and/or for certain 24 products. For Alcoa’s segments that market products under Alcoa’s brand names, brand recognition, and brand loyalty also play a role. In addition Alcoa’s competitive position depends, in part, on the Company’s access to an economical power supply to sustain its operations in various countries. Research and Development Alcoa, a light metals technology leader, engages in research and development programs that include process and product development, and basic and applied research. Expenditures for research and development (R&D) activities were $218 million in 2014, $192 million in 2013, and $197 million in 2012. During 2014, the Company continued to work on new developments for a number of strategic projects in all business segments. The Company also developed a portfolio of foundry alloys primarily for next generation automotive engine and suspension applications. The Company continued its progress leveraging new science and technologies in 2014. For example, a new, higher strength wheel alloy (MagnaForce™) was developed for next generation wheels, as was the development and deployment of a more corrosion resistant, more environmentally friendly Dura-Bright EVO™ surface treatment. In addition, the Company launched in 2014 the Ultra ONETM wheel, a commercial truck wheel using the MagnaForceTM alloy. In the Global Rolled Products segment, the Company continued its progress leveraging new science and technologies in 2014. For example, the Company publicly disclosed the development of a high speed continuous casting and rolling technology for aluminum sheet named the Micromill™. This technology converts molten metal to a full coil in 20 minutes versus current typical times of 20 days for traditional ingot based processes. In addition, significant product attributes can be improved through this process including higher strengths, formability and corrosion resistance. A number of products were commercialized in 2014 including new fasteners, aluminum lithium (Al-Li), new brazing sheet alloys for stationary and automotive applications and more traditional 7xxx series alloys for various aerospace applications including the world’s largest aluminum forming, which is the complete armored undercarriage of future transport vehicles termed the “monolithic hull.” The Company has also continued to externally license technology including the Alcoa 951 pretreatment technology (an enabler for adhesive bonding of aluminum-intensive vehicles), shaping technology, and Colorkast™ products for the consumer electronics market. Environmental Matters Information relating to environmental matters is included in Note N to the Consolidated Financial Statements under the caption “Environmental Matters” on pages 125-128. Approved capital expenditures for new or expanded facilities for environmental control are approximately $120 million for 2015 and $180 million for 2016. Employees Total worldwide employment at the end of 2014 was approximately 59,000 employees in 30 countries. About 37,000 of these employees are represented by labor unions. The Company believes that relations with its employees and any applicable union representatives generally are good. In the U.S., approximately 9,600 employees are represented by various labor unions. The largest of these is the master collective bargaining agreement between Alcoa and the United Steelworkers (USW). On June 6, 2014, the USW ratified a new five-year labor agreement covering approximately 6,100 employees at 11 U.S. locations; the previous labor agreement expired on May 15, 2014. There are 16 other collective bargaining agreements in the U.S. with varying expiration dates. On a regional basis, collective bargaining agreements with varying expiration dates cover approximately 15,500 employees in Europe and Russia, 11,400 employees in North America, 5,600 employees in Central and South America, 3,500 employees in Australia, and 1,200 employees in China. 25 Executive Officers of the Registrant The names, ages, positions and areas of responsibility of the executive officers of the Company as of February 19, 2015 are listed below. Robert S. Collins, 48, Vice President and Controller. Mr. Collins was elected to his current position in October 2013. He served as Assistant Controller from May 2009 to October 2013. Prior to his role as Assistant Controller, Mr. Collins was Director of Financial Transactions and Policy, providing financial accounting support for Alcoa’s transactions in global mergers, acquisitions and divestitures. Before joining Alcoa in 2005, Mr. Collins worked in the audit and mergers and acquisitions practices at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP for 14 years. Roy C. Harvey, 40, Executive Vice President, Human Resources and Environment, Health, Safety and Sustainability. Mr. Harvey was elected to his current position effective June 24, 2014. From July 2013 to June 2014, he was Chief Operating Officer for Global Primary Products, where he focused on the day-to-day operations of Alcoa’s aluminum smelters, alumina refineries and bauxite mines worldwide. Prior to that, Mr. Harvey was Chief Financial Officer for Global Primary Products from December 2011 to July 2013. In addition to these roles, Mr. Harvey served as Director of Investor Relations, interfacing with securities analysts and investors globally on Alcoa’s performance and strategic direction, from September 2010 to November 2011 and was Director of Corporate Treasury from January 2010 to September 2010. Mr. Harvey joined Alcoa in 2002 as a business analyst for Global Primary Products in Knoxville, Tennessee. In 2005, he moved to the São Luis Plant in Brazil, as casthouse manager in the smelter and then as the plant controller. In 2007, he became plant manager for the San Ciprián, Spain, smelter and a year later was named Director of Finance and Business Integration for Global Primary Products Europe. Olivier M. Jarrault, 53, Executive Vice President—Alcoa and Group President, Engineered Products and Solutions. Mr. Jarrault was elected an Alcoa Executive Vice President effective January 21, 2011 and was named Group President of Engineered Products and Solutions effective January 1, 2011. He served as Chief Operating Officer of Engineered Products and Solutions from February 2010 to January 1, 2011. Mr. Jarrault joined Alcoa in 2002 when Alcoa acquired Fairchild Fasteners from The Fairchild Corporation. He served as President of Alcoa Fastening Systems from 2002 to February 2010. He was elected a Vice President of Alcoa in November 2006. Klaus Kleinfeld, 57, Director, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Kleinfeld was elected to Alcoa’s Board of Directors in November 2003 and became Chairman on April 23, 2010. He has been Chief Executive Officer of Alcoa since May 8, 2008. He was President and Chief Executive Officer from May 8, 2008 to April 23, 2010. He was President and Chief Operating Officer of Alcoa from October 1, 2007 to May 8, 2008. Mr. Kleinfeld was President and Chief Executive Officer of Siemens AG, the global electronics and industrial conglomerate, from January 2005 to June 2007. He served as Deputy Chairman of the Managing Board and Executive Vice President of Siemens AG from 2004 to January 2005. He was President and Chief Executive Officer of Siemens Corporation, the U.S. arm of Siemens AG, from 2002 to 2004. Kay H. Meggers, 50, Executive Vice President—Alcoa and Group President, Global Rolled Products. Mr. Meggers was elected an Alcoa Executive Vice President in December 2011. He was named Group President, Global Rolled Products effective November 14, 2011. Before his most recent appointment, he led Alcoa’s Business Excellence/ Corporate Strategy resource unit and was also responsible for overseeing Alcoa’s Asia-Pacific region. He joined Alcoa in February 2010 as Vice President, Corporate Initiatives, a position responsible for planning and coordinating major strategic initiatives from enhancing technology and innovation as part of the Alcoa Technology Advantage program to spearheading growth strategies for China and Brazil. He was elected a Vice President of Alcoa in June 2011. Before joining Alcoa, Mr. Meggers was Senior Vice President at Siemens U.S. Building Technologies Division and served for three years as Business Unit Head of Building Automation. In 2006, he served for nine months as Division Head of Fire Safety, also part of Siemens U.S. Building Technologies Division. Between 2002 and 2005, he served as Vice President of Strategic Planning at Siemens U.S. 26 William F. Oplinger, 48, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Oplinger was elected to his current position effective April 1, 2013. Since joining Alcoa in 2000, Mr. Oplinger has held key corporate positions in financial analysis and planning and as director of investor relations. He also has held key positions in the Global Primary Products business, including as controller, operational excellence director, chief financial officer and chief operating officer. As chief operating officer of Alcoa’s Global Primary Products business from December 2011 to March 2013, Mr. Oplinger was responsible for the day-to-day operations of the business’ global network of aluminum smelters, refineries and mines. Audrey Strauss, 67, Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary. Ms. Strauss was elected to her current position upon joining Alcoa in May 2012. Prior to joining Alcoa, she was a senior litigation partner from 1990 to 2012 at Fried Frank Harris Shriver and Jacobson LLP (Fried Frank), a law firm based in New York. Prior to her practice at Fried Frank, Ms. Strauss served in the U.S. Attorney’s office for the Southern District of New York from 1975 to 1982, where she was Chief Appellate Attorney and Chief of the Fraud Unit. Robert G. Wilt, 47, Executive Vice President—Alcoa and Group President, Global Primary Products. Mr. Wilt was elected to his current position effective June 1, 2013. From January 2013 to May 2013, he was Chief Operating Officer for Global Primary Products, responsible for that business’ day-to-day operations. Prior to that, Mr. Wilt was President of Global Primary Products for the US Region from September 2009 to December 2012. In addition to these roles, Mr. Wilt has held other key positions in the Global Primary Products business, including as Vice President of Operational Excellence for U.S. Primary Products and as Vice-President, Energy Development for Global Primary Products. Since joining Alcoa in July 1999, he has also worked in line positions as the Works Manager at Wenatchee Works in Washington, and as Carbon Plant Manager at Tennessee Operations. The Company’s executive officers are elected or appointed to serve until the next annual meeting of the Board of Directors (held in conjunction with the annual meeting of shareholders) except in the case of earlier death, retirement, resignation or removal. Item 1A. Risk Factors. Alcoa’s business, financial condition and results of operations may be impacted by a number of factors. In addition to the factors discussed elsewhere in this report, the following risks and uncertainties could materially harm its business, financial condition or results of operations, including causing Alcoa’s actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements. The following list of significant risk factors is not all-inclusive or necessarily in order of importance. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to Alcoa or that Alcoa currently deems immaterial also may materially adversely affect us in future periods. The aluminum industry and aluminum end-use markets are highly cyclical and are influenced by a number of factors, including global economic conditions. The aluminum industry generally is highly cyclical, and Alcoa is subject to cyclical fluctuations in global economic conditions and aluminum end-use markets. Alcoa sells many products to industries that are cyclical, such as the commercial construction and transportation industries, and the demand for its products is sensitive to, and quickly impacted by, demand for the finished goods manufactured by its customers in these industries, which may change as a result of changes in the general U.S. or worldwide economy, currency exchange rates, energy prices or other factors beyond its control. The demand for aluminum is highly correlated to economic growth. For example, the European sovereign debt crisis had an adverse effect on European supply and demand for aluminum and aluminum products. The Chinese market is a significant source of global demand for commodities, including aluminum. A sustained slowdown in China’s economic growth and aluminum demand that is not offset by increased aluminum demand in emerging economies, such as India, Brazil, and several South East Asian countries, or the combined slowdown of other markets, could have an adverse effect on the global supply and demand for aluminum and aluminum prices. 27 While Alcoa believes that the long-term prospects for aluminum and aluminum products are positive, the Company is unable to predict the future course of industry variables or the strength, pace or sustainability of the global economic recovery and the effects of government intervention. Negative economic conditions, such as another major economic downturn, a prolonged recovery period, or disruptions in the financial markets, could have a material adverse effect on Alcoa’s business, financial condition or results of operations. Alcoa could be materially adversely affected by declines in aluminum prices, including global, regional and product-specific prices. The overall price of primary aluminum consists of several components: 1) the underlying base metal component, which is typically based on quoted prices from the London Metal Exchange (LME); 2) the regional premium, which comprises the incremental price over the base LME component that is associated with the physical delivery of metal to a particular region (e.g., the Midwest premium for metal sold in the United States); and 3) the product premium, which represents the incremental price for receiving physical metal in a particular shape (e.g., coil, billet, slab, rod, etc.) or alloy. Each of the above three components has its own drivers of variability. The LME price is typically driven by macroeconomic factors, global supply and demand of aluminum (including expectations for growth and contraction and the level of global inventories), and financial investors. Regional premiums tend to vary based on the supply of and demand for metal in a particular region and associated transportation costs. Product premiums generally are a function of supply and demand for a given primary aluminum shape and alloy combination in a particular region. Speculative trading in aluminum and the influence of hedge funds and other financial institutions participating in commodity markets have also increased in recent years, contributing to higher levels of price volatility. In 2014, the LME price of aluminum reached a high of $2,089 per metric ton and a low of $1,634 per metric ton. High LME inventories, or the release of substantial inventories into the market, could lead to a reduction in the price of aluminum. Declines in the LME price have had a negative impact on Alcoa’s results of operations. Additionally, Alcoa’s results could be adversely affected by decreases in regional premiums that participants in the physical metal market pay for immediate delivery of aluminum. Although regional premiums have reached levels substantially higher than historical averages during 2013 and 2014, new LME warehousing rules (see risk factor entitled “New LME warehousing rules could cause aluminum prices to decrease.”) or other factors may cause these premiums to decrease, which would have a negative impact on the Company’s results of operations. A sustained weak LME aluminum pricing environment, deterioration in LME aluminum prices, or a decrease in regional premiums or product premiums could have a material adverse effect on Alcoa’s business, financial condition, and results of operations or cash flow. New LME warehousing rules could cause aluminum prices to decrease. In 2013, the LME announced new rules scheduled to take effect on April 1, 2014 that would require LME warehouses, under certain conditions, to deliver out more aluminum than they take in. Although a court in the United Kingdom ruled in March 2014 that the LME’s consultation process in developing the new rules had been unfair and unlawful, in October 2014, a court of appeal in the United Kingdom upheld the LME’s consultation process as being fair. The new warehousing rules, which took effect on February 1, 2015, could cause an increase in the supply of aluminum to enter the physical market and may cause regional delivery premiums, product premiums and LME aluminum prices to fall. Decreases in regional delivery and product premiums, decreases in LME aluminum prices and increases in the supply of aluminum could have a material adverse effect on Alcoa’s business, financial condition, and results of operations or cash flow. Alcoa may not be able to realize the expected benefits from its strategy of transforming its portfolio by growing its value-add business and by creating a lower cost, competitive commodity business by optimizing its portfolio. Alcoa is continuing to execute on its strategy of transforming its portfolio by growing its value-add business to capture profitable growth as a lightweight metals innovation leader and by creating a lower cost, competitive commodity business by optimizing its portfolio. It is investing in its value-add manufacturing and engineering businesses to capture growth opportunities in strong end markets like automotive and aerospace. Alcoa is also building out its value- add businesses, including by introducing innovative new products and technology solutions, and investing in 28 expansions of value-add capacity. Alcoa’s growth projects include the joint venture with Ma’aden in Saudi Arabia; the automotive expansions in Davenport, Iowa and Alcoa, Tennessee; the aluminum lithium capacity expansion in Lafayette, Indiana, at the Alcoa Technical Center in Pennsylvania and at the Kitts Green plant in the United Kingdom; and the expansion in aerospace capabilities in La Porte, Indiana, Hampton, Virginia and Davenport, Iowa. From time to time, Alcoa also pursues growth opportunities that are strategically aligned with its objectives, such as the acquisition of the Firth Rixson business (completed in November 2014) and the announced acquisition of TITAL (expected to close in the first quarter of 2015). In addition, Alcoa is optimizing its rolling mill portfolio as part of its strategy for profitable growth in the midstream business. At the same time, the Company is creating a competitive commodity business by taking decisive actions to lower the cost base of its upstream operations, closing, selling or curtailing high- cost global smelting capacity, optimizing alumina refining capacity, and pursuing the sale of its interest in certain other operations. Alcoa has made, and may continue to plan and execute, acquisitions and divestitures and take other actions to grow or streamline its portfolio. Although management believes that its strategic actions will be beneficial to Alcoa, there is no assurance that anticipated benefits will be realized. Adverse factors may prevent Alcoa from realizing the benefits of its growth projects, including unfavorable global economic conditions, currency fluctuations, or unexpected delays in target timelines. Acquisitions present significant challenges and risks, including the effective integration of the business into the Company and unanticipated costs and liabilities, and the Company may be unable to manage acquisitions successfully. Alcoa may face barriers to exit from unprofitable businesses or operations, including high exit costs or objections from various stakeholders. In addition, Alcoa may retain unforeseen liabilities for divested entities if the buyer fails to honor all commitments. There can be no assurance that acquisitions and divestitures will be undertaken or completed in their entirety as planned or that they will be beneficial to Alcoa. Market-driven balancing of global aluminum supply and demand may be disrupted by non-market forces or other impediments to production closures. In response to market-driven factors relating to the global supply and demand of aluminum, Alcoa has curtailed portions of its aluminum production. Certain other aluminum producers have independently undertaken to make cuts in production as well. However, the existence of non-market forces on global aluminum industry capacity, such as political pressures in certain countries to keep jobs or to maintain or further develop industry self-sufficiency, may prevent or delay the closure or curtailment of certain producers’ smelters, irrespective of their position on the industry cost curve. Other production cuts may be impeded by long-term contracts to buy power or raw materials. If industry overcapacity persists due to the disruption by such non-market forces on the market-driven balancing of the global supply and demand of aluminum, the resulting weak pricing environment and margin compression may adversely affect the operating results of aluminum producers, including Alcoa. Alcoa’s operations consume substantial amounts of energy; profitability may decline if energy costs rise or if energy supplies are interrupted. Alcoa’s operations consume substantial amounts of energy. Although Alcoa generally expects to meet the energy requirements for its alumina refineries and primary aluminum smelters from internal sources or from long-term contracts, certain conditions could negatively affect Alcoa’s results of operations, including the following: • • • • • • significant increases in electricity costs rendering smelter operations uneconomic; significant increases in fuel oil or natural gas prices; unavailability of electrical power or other energy sources due to droughts, hurricanes or other natural causes; unavailability of energy due to energy shortages resulting in insufficient supplies to serve consumers; interruptions in energy supply or unplanned outages due to equipment failure or other causes; curtailment of one or more refineries or smelters due to the inability to extend energy contracts upon expiration or to negotiate new arrangements on cost-effective terms or due to the unavailability of energy at competitive rates; or 29 • curtailment of one or more smelters due to a regulatory authority’s determination that power supply interruptibility rights granted to Alcoa under an interruptibility regime in place under the laws of the country in which the smelter is located do not comply with the regulatory authority’s state aid rules, thus rendering the smelter operations that had been relying on such country’s interruptibility regime uneconomic. If events such as those listed above were to occur, the resulting high energy costs or the disruption of an energy source or the requirement to repay all or a portion of the benefit Alcoa received under a power supply interruptibility regime could have a material adverse effect on Alcoa’s business and results of operations. Alcoa’s profitability could be adversely affected by increases in the cost of raw materials or by significant lag effects of decreases in commodity or LME-linked costs. Alcoa’s results of operations are affected by changes in the cost of raw materials, including energy, carbon products, caustic soda and other key inputs, as well as freight costs associated with transportation of raw materials to refining and smelting locations. Alcoa may not be able to fully offset the effects of higher raw material costs or energy costs through price increases, productivity improvements or cost reduction programs. Similarly, Alcoa’s operating results are affected by significant lag effects of declines in key costs of production that are commodity or LME-linked. For example, declines in the LME-linked costs of alumina and power during a particular period may not be adequate to offset sharp declines in metal price in that period. Increases in the cost of raw materials or decreases in input costs that are disproportionate to concurrent sharper decreases in the price of aluminum could have a material adverse effect on Alcoa’s operating results. Alcoa is exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, as well as inflation, and other economic factors in the countries in which it operates. Economic factors, including inflation and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, competitive factors in the countries in which Alcoa operates, and continued volatility or deterioration in the global economic and financial environment could affect Alcoa’s revenues, expenses and results of operations. Changes in the valuation of the U.S. dollar against other currencies, particularly the Australian dollar, Brazilian real, Canadian dollar, Euro and Norwegian kroner, may affect Alcoa’s profitability as some important inputs are purchased in other currencies, while the Company’s upstream products are generally sold in U.S. dollars. In addition, although a strong U.S. dollar helps Alcoa’s near-term profitability, over a longer term, a strong U.S. dollar may have an unfavorable impact to Alcoa’s position on the global aluminum cost curve due to Alcoa’s U.S. smelting portfolio. As the U.S. dollar strengthens, the cost curve shifts down for smelters outside the U.S. but costs for Alcoa’s U.S. smelting portfolio may not decline. Alcoa may not be able to successfully realize goals established in each of its four business segments, at the levels or by the dates targeted for such goals. Alcoa established targets for each of its four major business segments, including the following: • • • • by 2016, driving the alumina business further down the industry cost curve into the 21st percentile; by 2016, driving the aluminum business further down the industry cost curve into the 38th percentile; by 2016, increasing the revenues of the Global Rolled Products segment, while improving margins that meet or exceed average historical levels, by $1.0 billion, with 90% expected to be generated from innovation and share gains; and by 2016, increasing the revenues of the Engineered Products and Solutions segment, while improving margins that exceed historical levels, by $1.2 billion, with 75% expected to be generated from innovation and share gains. 30 For more information regarding Alcoa’s targets, see “Management Review of 2014 and Outlook for the Future” in Part II, Item 7. (Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations) of this report. There can be no assurance that any of these targets or other goals will be completed as anticipated. Market conditions or other factors may prevent Alcoa from accomplishing its goals at the levels or by the dates targeted, if at all, and failure to do so may have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations or the market price of its securities. Alcoa faces significant competition, which may have an adverse effect on profitability. As discussed in Part I, Item 1. (Business—Competitive Conditions) of this report, the markets for Alcoa’s aluminum and non-aluminum products are highly competitive. Alcoa’s competitors include a variety of both U.S. and non-U.S. companies in all major markets, including some that are subsidized. In addition, aluminum competes with other materials, such as steel, plastics, composites, ceramics, and glass, among others, for various applications in Alcoa’s key markets. New product offerings or new technologies in the marketplace may compete with or replace Alcoa products. The willingness of customers to accept substitutes for the products sold by Alcoa, the ability of large customers to exert leverage in the marketplace to affect the pricing for fabricated aluminum products, and technological advancements or other developments by or affecting Alcoa’s competitors or customers could affect Alcoa’s results of operations. In addition, Alcoa’s competitive position depends, in part, on the Company’s ability to leverage its innovation expertise across its businesses and key end markets and, in the case of its upstream businesses, having access to an economical power supply to sustain its operations in various countries. A downgrade of Alcoa’s credit ratings could limit Alcoa’s ability to obtain future financing, increase its borrowing costs, increase the pricing of its credit facilities, adversely affect the market price of its securities, trigger letter of credit or other collateral postings, or otherwise impair its business, financial condition, and results of operations. Standard and Poor’s Ratings Services currently rates Alcoa’s long-term debt BBB-, the lowest level of investment grade rating, with a negative ratings outlook (ratings and outlook were affirmed on April 23, 2014). In May 2013, Moody’s Investors Service downgraded Alcoa’s long-term debt rating from Baa3 to Ba1, which is below investment grade, and changed the outlook from rating under review to stable. In April 2014, Fitch Ratings downgraded Alcoa’s rating from BBB- to BB+, a below investment grade rating, and changed the outlook from negative to stable. There can be no assurance that one or more of these or other rating agencies will not take further negative actions with respect to Alcoa’s ratings. Increased debt levels, adverse aluminum market or macroeconomic conditions, a deterioration in the Company’s debt protection metrics, a contraction in the Company’s liquidity, or other factors could potentially trigger such actions. A rating agency may lower, suspend or withdraw entirely a rating or place it on negative outlook or watch if, in that rating agency’s judgment, circumstances so warrant. As a result of the Moody’s downgrade, certain counterparties have required Alcoa to post letters of credit or cash collateral, and the cost of issuance of new public debt and commercial paper has increased. For more information regarding the effects of the Moody’s downgrade on the Company’s liquidity, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Financing Activities” in this report. The Company does not believe that Alcoa’s financing activities were significantly impacted by the Fitch downgrade. However, any further downgrade of Alcoa’s credit ratings by one or more rating agencies could adversely impact the market price of Alcoa’s securities, adversely affect existing financing (for example, a downgrade by Standard and Poor’s or a further downgrade by Moody’s would subject Alcoa to higher costs under Alcoa’s Five-Year Revolving Credit Agreement and certain of its other revolving credit facilities), limit access to the capital (including commercial paper) or credit markets or otherwise adversely affect the availability of other new financing on favorable terms, if at all, result in more restrictive covenants in agreements governing the terms of any future indebtedness that the Company incurs, increase the cost of borrowing or fees on undrawn credit facilities, result in vendors or counterparties seeking collateral or letters of credit from Alcoa, or otherwise impair Alcoa’s business, financial condition and results of operations. 31 Cyber attacks and security breaches may threaten the integrity of Alcoa’s intellectual property and other sensitive information, disrupt its business operations, and result in reputational harm and other negative consequences that could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operation. Alcoa faces global cybersecurity threats, which may range from uncoordinated individual attempts to sophisticated and targeted measures, known as advanced persistent threats, directed at the Company. Cyber attacks and security breaches may include, but are not limited to, attempts to access information, computer viruses, denial of service and other electronic security breaches. The Company believes that it faces a heightened threat of cyber attacks due to the industries it serves, the locations of its operations and its technological innovations. The Company has experienced cybersecurity attacks in the past, including breaches of its information technology systems in which information was taken, and may experience them in the future, potentially with more frequency or sophistication. Based on information known to date, past attacks have not had a material impact on Alcoa’s financial condition or results of operations. However, due to the evolving nature of cybersecurity threats, the scope and impact of any future incident cannot be predicted. While the Company continually works to safeguard its systems and mitigate potential risks, there is no assurance that such actions will be sufficient to prevent cyber attacks or security breaches that manipulate or improperly use its systems or networks, compromise confidential or otherwise protected information, destroy or corrupt data, or otherwise disrupt its operations. The occurrence of such events could negatively impact Alcoa’s reputation and its competitive position and could result in litigation with third parties, regulatory action, loss of business, potential liability and increased remediation costs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operations. In addition, such attacks or breaches could require significant management attention and resources, and result in the diminution of the value of the Company’s investment in research and development. Joint ventures and other strategic alliances may not be successful. Alcoa participates in joint ventures and has formed strategic alliances and may enter into other similar arrangements in the future. For example, in December 2009, Alcoa formed a joint venture with Ma’aden, the Saudi Arabian Mining Company, to develop a fully integrated aluminum complex (including a bauxite mine, alumina refinery, aluminum smelter and rolling mill) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Although the Company has, in connection with the Saudi Arabia joint venture and its other existing joint ventures and strategic alliances, sought to protect its interests, joint ventures and strategic alliances inherently involve special risks. Whether or not Alcoa holds majority interests or maintains operational control in such arrangements, its partners may: • • • • have economic or business interests or goals that are inconsistent with or opposed to those of the Company; exercise veto rights so as to block actions that Alcoa believes to be in its or the joint venture’s or strategic alliance’s best interests; take action contrary to Alcoa’s policies or objectives with respect to its investments; or as a result of financial or other difficulties, be unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligations under the joint venture, strategic alliance or other agreements, such as contributing capital to expansion or maintenance projects. There can be no assurance that Alcoa’s joint ventures or strategic alliances will be beneficial to Alcoa, whether due to the above-described risks, unfavorable global economic conditions, increases in construction costs, currency fluctuations, political risks, or other factors. Alcoa’s business and growth prospects may be negatively impacted by limits in its capital expenditures. Alcoa requires substantial capital to invest in growth opportunities and to maintain and prolong the life and capacity of its existing facilities. For 2015, generating positive cash flow from operations that will exceed capital spending continues to be an Alcoa target. Insufficient cash generation or capital project overruns may negatively impact Alcoa’s 32 ability to fund as planned its sustaining and return-seeking capital projects. Over the long term, Alcoa’s ability to take advantage of improved aluminum or other market conditions or growth opportunities in its midstream and downstream businesses may be constrained by earlier capital expenditure restrictions, which could adversely affect the long-term value of its business and the Company’s position in relation to its competitors. Alcoa may also need to address commercial and political issues in relation to its reductions in capital expenditures in certain of the jurisdictions in which it operates. If Alcoa’s interest in its joint ventures is diluted or it loses key concessions, its growth could be constrained. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. Alcoa’s global operations expose the Company to risks that could adversely affect Alcoa’s business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows. Alcoa has operations or activities in numerous countries and regions outside the United States, including Brazil, China, Europe, Guinea, Russia, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Company’s global operations are subject to a number of risks, including: • • economic and commercial instability risks, including those caused by sovereign and private debt default, corruption, and changes in local government laws, regulations and policies, such as those related to tariffs and trade barriers, taxation, exchange controls, employment regulations and repatriation of earnings; geopolitical risks such as political instability, civil unrest, expropriation, nationalization of properties by a government, imposition of sanctions, renegotiation or nullification of existing agreements, mining leases and permits; • war or terrorist activities; • major public health issues such as an outbreak of a pandemic or epidemic (such as Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Avian Influenza, H7N9 virus, or the Ebola virus), which could cause disruptions in Alcoa’s operations or workforce; • • difficulties enforcing intellectual property and contractual rights in certain jurisdictions; and unexpected events, including fires or explosions at facilities, and natural disasters. While the impact of any of the foregoing factors is difficult to predict, any one or more of them could adversely affect Alcoa’s business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows. Existing insurance arrangements may not provide protection for the costs that may arise from such events. An adverse decline in the liability discount rate, lower-than-expected investment return on pension assets and other factors could affect Alcoa’s results of operations or amount of pension funding contributions in future periods. Alcoa’s results of operations may be negatively affected by the amount of expense Alcoa records for its pension and other postretirement benefit plans, reductions in the fair value of plan assets and other factors. U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) require that Alcoa calculate income or expense for the plans using actuarial valuations. These valuations reflect assumptions about financial market and other economic conditions, which may change based on changes in key economic indicators. The most significant year-end assumptions used by Alcoa to estimate pension or other postretirement benefit income or expense for the following year are the discount rate applied to plan liabilities and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. In addition, Alcoa is required to make an annual measurement of plan assets and liabilities, which may result in a significant charge to shareholders’ equity. For a discussion regarding how Alcoa’s financial statements can be affected by pension and other postretirement benefits accounting policies, see “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits” in Part II, Item 7. (Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations) and Note W to the 33 Consolidated Financial Statements—Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits in Part II, Item 8. (Financial Statements and Supplementary Data). Although GAAP expense and pension funding contributions are impacted by different regulations and requirements, the key economic factors that affect GAAP expense would also likely affect the amount of cash or securities Alcoa would contribute to the pension plans. Potential pension contributions include both mandatory amounts required under federal law and discretionary contributions to improve the plans’ funded status. The Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (“MAP-21”), enacted in 2012, provided temporary relief for employers like Alcoa who sponsor defined benefit pension plans related to funding contributions under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 by allowing the use of a 25-year average discount rate within an upper and lower range for purposes of determining minimum funding obligations. On August 8, 2014, the Highway and Transportation Funding Act (HATFA) was signed into law. HATFA extended the relief provided by MAP-21 and modified the interest rates that had been set by MAP-21. Alcoa believes that the relief provided by HATFA will moderately reduce the cash flow sensitivity of the Company’s U.S. pension plans’ funded status to potential declines in discount rates over the next several years. However, higher than expected pension contributions due to a decline in the plans’ funded status as a result of declines in the discount rate or lower- than-expected investment returns on plan assets could have a material negative effect on the Company’s cash flows. Adverse capital market conditions could result in reductions in the fair value of plan assets and increase the Company’s liabilities related to such plans, adversely affecting Alcoa’s liquidity and results of operations. Unanticipated changes in our tax provisions or exposure to additional tax liabilities could affect Alcoa’s future profitability. Alcoa is subject to income taxes in both the United States and various non-U.S. jurisdictions. Its domestic and international tax liabilities are dependent upon the distribution of income among these different jurisdictions. Changes in applicable domestic or foreign tax laws and regulations, or their interpretation and application, including the possibility of retroactive effect, could affect the Company’s tax expense and profitability. Alcoa’s tax expense includes estimates of additional tax that may be incurred for tax exposures and reflects various estimates and assumptions. The assumptions include assessments of future earnings of the Company that could impact the valuation of its deferred tax assets. The Company’s future results of operations could be adversely affected by changes in the effective tax rate as a result of a change in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the overall profitability of the Company, changes in tax legislation and rates, changes in generally accepted accounting principles, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, the results of tax audits and examinations of previously filed tax returns or related litigation and continuing assessments of its tax exposures. Corporate tax reform and tax law changes continue to be analyzed in the United States and in many other jurisdictions. Significant changes to the U.S. corporate tax system in particular could have a substantial impact, positive or negative, on Alcoa’s effective tax rate, cash tax expenditures, and deferred tax assets and liabilities. Union disputes and other employee relations issues could adversely affect Alcoa’s financial results. A significant portion of Alcoa’s employees are represented by labor unions in a number of countries under various collective bargaining agreements with varying durations and expiration dates. For more information, see “Employees” in Part I, Item 1. (Business) of this report. While Alcoa was previously successful in renegotiating the master collective bargaining agreement with the United Steelworkers (the most recent renegotiation having taken place in June 2014), Alcoa may not be able to satisfactorily renegotiate that agreement or other collective bargaining agreements in the U.S. and other countries when they expire. In addition, existing collective bargaining agreements may not prevent a strike or work stoppage at Alcoa’s facilities in the future. Alcoa may also be subject to general country strikes or work stoppages unrelated to its business or collective bargaining agreements. Any such work stoppages (or potential work stoppages) could have a material adverse effect on Alcoa’s financial results. 34 Alcoa could be adversely affected by changes in the business or financial condition of a significant customer or customers. A significant downturn or deterioration in the business or financial condition of a key customer or customers supplied by Alcoa could affect Alcoa’s results of operations in a particular period. Alcoa’s customers may experience delays in the launch of new products, labor strikes, diminished liquidity or credit unavailability, weak demand for their products, or other difficulties in their businesses. If Alcoa is not successful in replacing business lost from such customers, profitability may be adversely affected. Alcoa may not be able to successfully develop and implement technology initiatives. Alcoa is working on new developments for a number of strategic projects in all business segments, including advanced smelting process technologies such as inert anode and carbothermic technology, alloy development, engineered finishes and product design, high speed continuous casting and rolling technology, and other advanced manufacturing technologies. For more information on Alcoa’s research and development programs, see “Research and Development” in Part I, Item 1. (Business) of this report. There can be no assurance that such developments or technologies will be commercially feasible or beneficial to Alcoa. Alcoa’s human resource talent pool may not be adequate to support the Company’s growth. Alcoa’s existing operations and development projects require highly skilled executives and staff with relevant industry and technical experience. The inability of the Company or the industry to attract and retain such people may adversely impact Alcoa’s ability to adequately meet project demands and fill roles in existing operations. Skills shortages in engineering, technical service, construction and maintenance contractors and other labor market inadequacies may also impact activities. These shortages may adversely impact the cost and schedule of development projects and the cost and efficiency of existing operations. Alcoa may not realize expected benefits from its productivity and cost-reduction initiatives. Alcoa has undertaken, and may continue to undertake, productivity and cost-reduction initiatives to improve performance and conserve cash, including new procurement strategies for raw materials, such as backward integration and non-traditional sourcing from numerous geographies, deployment of company-wide business process models, such as Alcoa’s degrees of implementation process in which ideas are executed in a disciplined manner to generate savings, and overhead cost reductions. There is no assurance that these initiatives will be successful or beneficial to Alcoa or that estimated cost savings from such activities will be realized. Alcoa may be exposed to significant legal proceedings, investigations or changes in U.S. federal, state or foreign law, regulation or policy. Alcoa’s results of operations or liquidity in a particular period could be affected by new or increasingly stringent laws, regulatory requirements or interpretations, or outcomes of significant legal proceedings or investigations adverse to Alcoa. The Company may experience a change in effective tax rates or become subject to unexpected or rising costs associated with business operations or provision of health or welfare benefits to employees due to changes in laws, regulations or policies. The Company is also subject to a variety of legal compliance risks. These risks include, among other things, potential claims relating to product liability, health and safety, environmental matters, intellectual property rights, government contracts, taxes, and compliance with U.S. and foreign export laws, anti-bribery laws, competition laws and sales and trading practices. Alcoa could be subject to fines, penalties, damages (in certain cases, treble damages), or suspension or debarment from government contracts. While Alcoa believes it has adopted appropriate risk management and compliance programs to address and reduce these risks, the global and diverse nature of its operations means that these risks will continue to exist, and additional legal proceedings and contingencies may arise from time to time. In addition, various factors or developments can lead 35 the Company to change current estimates of liabilities or make such estimates for matters previously not susceptible of reasonable estimates, such as a significant judicial ruling or judgment, a significant settlement, significant regulatory developments or changes in applicable law. A future adverse ruling or settlement or unfavorable changes in laws, regulations or policies, or other contingencies that the Company cannot predict with certainty could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or cash flows in a particular period. For additional information regarding the legal proceedings involving the Company, see the discussion in Part I, Item 3. (Legal Proceedings) of this report and in Note N to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8. (Financial Statements and Supplementary Data). Alcoa is subject to a broad range of health, safety and environmental laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which it operates and may be exposed to substantial costs and liabilities associated with such laws and regulations. Alcoa’s operations worldwide are subject to numerous complex and increasingly stringent health, safety and environmental laws and regulations. The costs of complying with such laws and regulations, including participation in assessments and cleanups of sites, as well as internal voluntary programs, are significant and will continue to be so for the foreseeable future. Environmental laws may impose cleanup liability on owners and occupiers of contaminated property, including past or divested properties, regardless of whether the owners and occupiers caused the contamination or whether the activity that caused the contamination was lawful at the time it was conducted. Environmental matters for which Alcoa may be liable may arise in the future at its present sites, where no problem is currently known, at previously owned sites, sites previously operated by the Company, sites owned by its predecessors or sites that it may acquire in the future. Compliance with environmental, health and safety legislation and regulatory requirements may prove to be more limiting and costly than the Company anticipates. Alcoa’s results of operations or liquidity in a particular period could be affected by certain health, safety or environmental matters, including remediation costs and damages related to certain sites. Additionally, evolving regulatory standards and expectations can result in increased litigation and/or increased costs, all of which can have a material and adverse effect on earnings and cash flows. Climate change, climate change legislation or regulations and greenhouse effects may adversely impact Alcoa’s operations and markets. Energy is a significant input in a number of Alcoa’s operations. There is growing recognition that consumption of energy derived from fossil fuels is a contributor to global warming. A number of governments or governmental bodies have introduced or are contemplating legislative and regulatory change in response to the potential impacts of climate change. There is also current and emerging regulation, such as the mandatory renewable energy target in Australia, Québec’s transition to a “cap and trade” system with compliance required beginning 2013, the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and the United States’ clean power plan for existing power plants, proposed on June 18, 2014. Alcoa will likely see changes in the margins of greenhouse gas- intensive assets and energy-intensive assets as a result of regulatory impacts in the countries in which the Company operates. These regulatory mechanisms may be either voluntary or legislated and may impact Alcoa’s operations directly or indirectly through customers or Alcoa’s supply chain. Inconsistency of regulations may also change the attractiveness of the locations of some of the Company’s assets. Assessments of the potential impact of future climate change legislation, regulation and international treaties and accords are uncertain, given the wide scope of potential regulatory change in countries in which Alcoa operates. The Company may realize increased capital expenditures resulting from required compliance with revised or new legislation or regulations, costs to purchase or profits from sales of, allowances or credits under a “cap and trade” system, increased insurance premiums and deductibles as new actuarial tables are developed to reshape coverage, a change in competitive position relative to industry peers and changes to profit or loss arising from increased or decreased demand for goods produced by the Company and indirectly, from changes in costs of goods sold. The potential physical impacts of climate change on the Company’s operations are highly uncertain, and will be particular to the geographic circumstances. These may include changes in rainfall patterns, shortages of water or other 36 natural resources, changing sea levels, changing storm patterns and intensities, and changing temperature levels. These effects may adversely impact the cost, production and financial performance of Alcoa’s operations. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. Item 2. Properties. Alcoa’s principal office is located at 390 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10022-4608. Alcoa’s corporate center is located at 201 Isabella Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212-5858. The Alcoa Technical Center for research and development is located at 100 Technical Drive, Alcoa Center, Pennsylvania 15069-0001. Alcoa leases some of its facilities; however, it is the opinion of management that the leases do not materially affect the continued use of the properties or the properties’ values. Alcoa believes that its facilities are suitable and adequate for its operations. Although no title examination of properties owned by Alcoa has been made for the purpose of this report, the Company knows of no material defects in title to any such properties. See Notes A and H to the financial statements for information on properties, plants and equipment. Alcoa has active plants and holdings under the following segments and in the following geographic areas: ALUMINA Bauxite: See the tables and related text in the Bauxite Interests section on pages 2-9 of this report. Alumina: See the table and related text in the Alumina Refining Facilities and Capacity section on pages 9-11 of this report. PRIMARY METALS See the table and related text in the Primary Aluminum Facilities and Capacity section on pages 11-13 of this report. GLOBAL ROLLED PRODUCTS See the table and related text in the Global Rolled Products Facilities section on page 13-14 of this report. ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND SOLUTIONS See the table and related text in the Engineered Products and Solutions Facilities section on pages 14-18 of this report. CORPORATE See the table and related text in the Corporate Facilities section on page 18 of this report. Item 3. Legal Proceedings. In the ordinary course of its business, Alcoa is involved in a number of lawsuits and claims, both actual and potential. 37 Litigation Alba-Related Matters Derivative Actions As previously reported, on July 21, 2008, the Teamsters Local #500 Severance Fund and the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority filed a shareholder derivative suit in the civil division of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania against certain officers and directors of Alcoa claiming breach of fiduciary duty, gross mismanagement, and other violations. This derivative action stemmed from the civil litigation brought by Aluminium Bahrain B.S.C. (“Alba”) against Alcoa, Alcoa World Alumina LLC (“AWA”), Victor Phillip Dahdaleh, and others, and the subsequent investigation of Alcoa by the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) with respect to Alba’s claims. See Note N to the Consolidated Financial Statements under the caption “Alba Matter” on pages 120-122 for a description of that litigation and investigation. This derivative action claimed that the defendants caused or failed to prevent the matters alleged in the Alba lawsuit. The director defendants filed a motion to dismiss on November 21, 2008. On September 3, 2009, a hearing was held on Alcoa’s motion and, on October 12, 2009, the court issued its order denying Alcoa’s motion to dismiss but finding that a derivative action during the conduct of the DOJ investigation and pendency of the underlying complaint by Alba would be contrary to the interest of shareholders and, therefore, stayed the case until further order of the court. As previously reported, on March 6, 2009, the Philadelphia Gas Works Retirement Fund filed a shareholder derivative suit in the civil division of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. This action was brought against certain officers and directors of Alcoa claiming breach of fiduciary duty and other violations and was based on the allegations made in the previously disclosed civil litigation brought by Alba against Alcoa, AWA, Victor Phillip Dahdaleh, and others, and the subsequent investigation of Alcoa by the DOJ and the SEC with respect to Alba’s claims. This derivative action claims that the defendants caused or failed to prevent the conduct alleged in the Alba lawsuit. On August 7, 2009, the director and officer defendants filed an unopposed motion to coordinate the case with the Teamsters Local #500 suit, described immediately above, in the Allegheny County Common Pleas Court. The Allegheny County court issued its order consolidating the case on September 18, 2009. Thereafter, on October 31, 2009, the court assigned this action to the Commerce and Complex Litigation division of the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas and on November 20, 2009, the court granted defendants’ motion to stay all proceedings in the Philadelphia Gas action until the earlier of the court lifting the stay in the Teamsters derivative action or further order of the court in this action. As previously reported, on June 19, 2012, Catherine Rubery (plaintiff) filed a shareholder derivative suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania against William Rice, Victor Dahdaleh and current and former members of the Alcoa Board of Directors (collectively, defendants) claiming breach of fiduciary duty and corporate waste. This derivative action stemmed from the previously disclosed civil litigation brought by Alba against Alcoa, and the subsequent investigation of Alcoa by the DOJ and the SEC. This derivative action claims that defendants caused or failed to prevent illegal bribes of foreign officials, failed to implement an internal controls system to prevent bribes from occurring and wasted corporate assets by paying improper bribes and incurring substantial legal liability. Furthermore, plaintiff sought an order of contribution and indemnification from defendants. On October 1, 2014, the Alcoa Board of Directors approved a settlement-in-principle of the three pending derivative actions described above stemming from the previously disclosed civil litigation brought by Alba against Alcoa, AWA, Victor Dahdaleh, and others, and the subsequent investigation of Alcoa by the DOJ and SEC with respect to Alba’s claims. The settlement of the derivative actions was preliminarily approved by the court on October 22, 2014. On January 20, 2015, following a hearing, the court formally approved the settlement, entering its order of judgment approving the resolution and noting its findings in its conference notes both entered on January 20, 2015. This settlement, for an immaterial amount, resolves all derivative claims against the current and former officers and members of the Alcoa Board of Directors named as defendants as well as William Rice stemming from the Alba allegations. 38 Italian Energy Matter As previously reported, before 2002, Alcoa purchased power in Italy in the regulated energy market and received a drawback of a portion of the price of power under a special tariff in an amount calculated in accordance with a published resolution of the Italian Energy Authority, Energy Authority Resolution n. 204/1999 (“204/1999”). In 2001, the Energy Authority published another resolution, which clarified that the drawback would be calculated in the same manner, and in the same amount, in either the regulated or unregulated market. At the beginning of 2002, Alcoa left the regulated energy market to purchase energy in the unregulated market. Subsequently, in 2004, the Energy Authority introduced regulation no. 148/2004 which set forth a different method for calculating the special tariff that would result in a different drawback for the regulated and unregulated markets. Alcoa challenged the new regulation in the Administrative Court of Milan and received a favorable judgment in 2006. Following this ruling, Alcoa continued to receive the power price drawback in accordance with the original calculation method, through 2009, when the European Commission declared all such special tariffs to be impermissible “state aid.” In 2010, the Energy Authority appealed the 2006 ruling to the Consiglio di Stato (final court of appeal). On December 2, 2011, the Consiglio di Stato ruled in favor of the Energy Authority and against Alcoa, thus presenting the opportunity for the energy regulators to seek reimbursement from Alcoa of an amount equal to the difference between the actual drawback amounts received over the relevant time period, and the drawback as it would have been calculated in accordance with regulation 148/2004. On February 23, 2012, Alcoa filed its appeal of the decision of the Consiglio di Stato (this appeal was subsequently withdrawn in March 2013). On March 26, 2012, Alcoa received a letter from the agency (Cassa Conguaglio per il Settore Eletrico (CCSE)) responsible for making and collecting payments on behalf of the Energy Authority demanding payment in the amount of approximately $110 million (€85 million), including interest. By letter dated April 5, 2012, Alcoa informed CCSE that it disputes the payment demand of CCSE since (i) CCSE was not authorized by the Consiglio di Stato decisions to seek payment of any amount, (ii) the decision of the Consiglio di Stato has been appealed (see above), and (iii) in any event, no interest should be payable. On April 29, 2012, Law No. 44 of 2012 (“44/2012”) came into effect, changing the method to calculate the drawback. On February 21, 2013, Alcoa received a revised request letter from CCSE demanding Alcoa’s subsidiary, Alcoa Trasformazioni S.r.l., make a payment in the amount of $97 million (€76 million), including interest, which reflects a revised calculation methodology by CCSE and represents the high end of the range of reasonably possible loss associated with this matter of $0 to $97 million (€76 million). Alcoa has rejected that demand and has formally challenged it through an appeal before the Administrative Court on April 5, 2013. The Administrative Court scheduled a hearing for December 19, 2013, which was subsequently postponed until April 17, 2014, and further postponed until June 19, 2014. On this date the Administrative Court listened to Alcoa’s oral argument, and on September 2, 2014, rendered its decision. The Administrative Court declared the payment request of CCSE and the Energy Authority to Alcoa to be unsubstantiated based on the 148/2004 resolution with respect to the January 19, 2007 through November 19, 2009 timeframe. On December 18, 2014, the CCSE and the Energy Authority appealed the Administrative Court’s September 2, 2014 decision; however, a date for the hearing has not been scheduled. At this time, the Company is unable to reasonably predict an outcome for this matter. European Commission Matters As previously reported, in July 2006, the European Commission (EC) announced that it had opened an investigation to establish whether an extension of the regulated electricity tariff granted by Italy to some energy-intensive industries complied with European Union (EU) state aid rules. The Italian power tariff extended the tariff that was in force until December 31, 2005 through November 19, 2009 (Alcoa had been incurring higher power costs at its smelters in Italy subsequent to the tariff end date through the end of 2012). The extension was originally through 2010, but the date was changed by legislation adopted by the Italian Parliament effective on August 15, 2009. Prior to expiration of the tariff in 2005, Alcoa had been operating in Italy for more than 10 years under a power supply structure approved by the EC in 1996. That measure provided a competitive power supply to the primary aluminum industry and was not considered state aid from the Italian Government. The EC’s announcement expressed concerns about whether Italy’s extension of the tariff beyond 2005 was compatible with EU legislation and potentially distorted competition in the European market of primary aluminum, where energy is an important part of the production costs. 39 On November 19, 2009, the EC announced a decision in this matter stating that the extension of the tariff by Italy constituted unlawful state aid, in part, and, therefore, the Italian Government is to recover a portion of the benefit Alcoa received since January 2006 (including interest). The amount of this recovery was to be based on a calculation prepared by the Italian Government (see below). In late 2009, after discussions with legal counsel and reviewing the bases on which the EC decided, including the different considerations cited in the EC decision regarding Alcoa’s two smelters in Italy, Alcoa recorded a charge of $250 million (€173 million), which included $20 million (€14 million) to write off a receivable from the Italian Government for amounts due under the now expired tariff structure and $230 million (€159 million) to establish a reserve. On April 19, 2010, Alcoa filed an appeal of this decision with the General Court of the EU (see below). Prior to 2012, Alcoa was involved in other legal proceedings related to this matter that separately sought the annulment of the EC’s July 2006 decision to open an investigation alleging that such decision did not follow the applicable procedural rules and requested injunctive relief to suspend the effectiveness of the EC’s November 19, 2009 decision. However, the decisions by the General Court, and subsequent appeals to the European Court of Justice, resulted in the denial of these remedies. In June 2012, Alcoa received formal notification from the Italian Government with a calculated recovery amount of $375 million (€303 million); this amount was reduced by $65 million (€53 million) for amounts owed by the Italian Government to Alcoa, resulting in a net payment request of $310 million (€250 million). In a notice published in the Official Journal of the European Union on September 22, 2012, the EC announced that it had filed an action against the Italian Government on July 18, 2012 to compel it to collect the recovery amount (on October 17, 2013, the European Court of Justice ordered Italy to so collect). On September 27, 2012, Alcoa received a request for payment in full of the $310 million (€250 million) by October 31, 2012. Following discussions with the Italian Government regarding the timing of such payment, Alcoa paid the requested amount in five quarterly installments of $69 million (€50 million) beginning in October 2012 through December 2013. Notwithstanding the payments made, Alcoa’s estimate of the most probable loss of the ultimate outcome of this matter and the low end of the range of reasonably possible loss, which is $193 million (€159 million) to $369 million (€303 million), remains the $193 million (€159 million) recorded in 2009 (the U.S. dollar amount reflects the effects of foreign currency movements since 2009). Alcoa no longer has a reserve for this matter; instead, Alcoa has a noncurrent asset reflecting the excess of the total of the five payments made to the Italian Government over the reserve recorded in 2009. At December 31, 2014, the noncurrent asset was $111 million (€91 million) (this does not include the $64 million (€53 million) for amounts owed by the Italian Government to Alcoa mentioned above). On October 16, 2014, Alcoa received notice from the General Court of the EU that its April 19, 2010 appeal of the EC’s November 19, 2009 decision was denied. On December 27, 2014, Alcoa filed an appeal of the General Court’s October 16, 2014 ruling to the European Court of Justice. A decision by the European Court of Justice in this matter could take up to two years or longer. Environmental Matters Alcoa is involved in proceedings under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, also known as Superfund (CERCLA) or analogous state provisions regarding the usage, disposal, storage or treatment of hazardous substances at a number of sites in the U.S. The Company has committed to participate, or is engaged in negotiations with federal or state authorities relative to its alleged liability for participation, in clean-up efforts at several such sites. The most significant of these matters, including the remediation of the Grasse River in Massena, NY, are discussed in the Environmental Matters section of Note N to the Consolidated Financial Statements under the caption “Environmental Matters” on pages 125-128. As previously reported, in August 2005, Dany Lavoie, a resident of Baie Comeau in the Canadian Province of Québec, filed a Motion for Authorization to Institute a Class Action and for Designation of a Class Representative against Alcoa Canada Ltd., Alcoa Limitée, Societe Canadienne de Metaux Reynolds Limitée and Canadian British Aluminum in the Superior Court of Québec in the District of Baie Comeau. Plaintiff seeks to institute the class action on behalf of a putative class consisting of all past, present and future owners, tenants and residents of Baie Comeau’s St. Georges 40 neighborhood. He alleges that defendants, as the present and past owners and operators of an aluminum smelter in Baie Comeau, have negligently allowed the emission of certain contaminants from the smelter, specifically Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons or “PAHs,” that have been deposited on the lands and houses of the St. Georges neighborhood and its environs causing damage to the property of the putative class and causing health concerns for those who inhabit that neighborhood. Plaintiff originally moved to certify a class action, sought to compel additional remediation to be conducted by the defendants beyond that already undertaken by them voluntarily, sought an injunction against further emissions in excess of a limit to be determined by the court in consultation with an independent expert, and sought money damages on behalf of all class members. In May 2007, the court authorized a class action suit to include only people who suffered property damage or personal injury damages caused by the emission of PAHs from the smelter. In September 2007, plaintiffs filed the claim against the original defendants, which the court had authorized in May. Alcoa has filed its Statement of Defense and plaintiffs filed an Answer to that Statement. Alcoa also filed a Motion for Particulars with respect to certain paragraphs of plaintiffs’ Answer and a Motion to Strike with respect to certain paragraphs of plaintiffs’ Answer. In late 2010, the Court denied these motions. The Soderberg smelting process that plaintiffs allege to be the source of emissions of concern have ceased operations and are being dismantled. No further formal court proceedings or discovery has occurred, while technical advisors nominated by agreement of the parties confer on potential health impacts of prior emissions. This protocol has been agreed to by the parties who have also advised the court regarding the process. The plaintiffs have not quantified the damages sought. Without such amount and given the various damages alleged, at this stage of the proceeding the Company is unable to reasonably predict an outcome or to estimate a range of reasonably possible loss. As previously reported, in October 2006, in Barnett, et al. v. Alcoa and Alcoa Fuels, Inc., Warrick Circuit Court, County of Warrick, Indiana; 87-C01-0601-PL-499, forty-one plaintiffs sued Alcoa Inc. and a subsidiary, asserting claims similar to those asserted in Musgrave v. Alcoa, et al., Warrick Circuit Court, County of Warrick, Indiana; 87-C01-0601-CT-006. In November 2007, Alcoa Inc. and its subsidiary filed a motion to dismiss the Barnett cases. In October 2008, the Warrick County Circuit Court granted Alcoa’s motions to dismiss, dismissing all claims arising out of alleged occupational exposure to wastes at the Squaw Creek Mine, but in November 2008, the trial court clarified its ruling, indicating that the order does not dispose of plaintiffs’ personal injury claims based upon alleged “recreational” or non-occupational exposure. Plaintiffs also filed a “second amended complaint” in response to the court’s orders granting Alcoa’s motion to dismiss. On July 7, 2010, the court granted the parties’ joint motions for a general continuance of trial settings. Discovery in this matter remains stayed . The Company is unable to reasonably predict an outcome or to estimate a range of reasonably possible loss because plaintiffs have merely alleged that their medical condition is attributable to exposure to materials at the Squaw Creek Mine but no further information is available due to the discovery stay. As previously reported, in 1996, Alcoa acquired the Fusina, Italy smelter and rolling operations and the Portovesme, Italy smelter (both of which are owned by Alcoa’s subsidiary, Alcoa Trasformazioni S.r.l.) from Alumix, an entity owned by the Italian Government. Alcoa also acquired the extrusion plants located in Feltre and Bolzano, Italy. At the time of the acquisition, Alumix indemnified Alcoa for pre-existing environmental contamination at the sites. In 2004, the Italian Ministry of Environment (MOE) issued orders to Alcoa Trasformazioni S.r.l. and Alumix for the development of a clean-up plan related to soil contamination in excess of allowable limits under legislative decree and to institute emergency actions and pay natural resource damages. On April 5, 2006, Alcoa Trasformazioni S.r.l.’s Fusina site was also sued by the MOE and Minister of Public Works (MOPW) in the Civil Court of Venice for an alleged liability for environmental damages, in parallel with the orders already issued by the MOE. Alcoa Trasformazioni S.r.l. appealed the orders, defended the civil case for environmental damages and filed suit against Alumix, as discussed below. Similar issues also existed with respect to the Bolzano and Feltre plants, based on orders issued by local authorities in 2006. Most, if not all, of the underlying activities occurred during the ownership of Alumix, the governmental entity that sold the Italian plants to Alcoa. 41 As noted above, in response to the 2006 civil suit by the MOE and MOPW, Alcoa Trasformazioni S.r.l. filed suit against Alumix claiming indemnification under the original acquisition agreement, but brought that suit in the Court of Rome due to jurisdictional rules. In June 2008, the parties (Alcoa and now Ligestra S.r.l. (Ligestra), the successor to Alumix) signed a preliminary agreement by which they have committed to pursue a settlement. The Court of Rome accepted the request, and postponed the Court’s expert technical assessment, reserving its ability to fix the deadline depending on the development of negotiations. Alcoa and Ligestra agreed to a settlement in December 2008 with respect to the Feltre site. Ligestra paid the sum of 1.08 million Euros and Alcoa committed to clean up the site. Further postponements were granted by the Court of Rome, and the next hearing is fixed for July 15, 2015. In the meantime, Alcoa Trasformazioni S.r.l. and Ligestra reached a preliminary agreement for settlement of the liabilities related to Fusina, allocating 80% and 20% of the remediation costs to Ligestra and Alcoa, respectively. In January 2014, a final agreement with Ligestra was signed, and on February 5, 2014, Alcoa signed a final agreement with the MOE and MOPW settling all environmental issues at the Fusina site. As set out in the agreement between Alcoa and Ligestra, those two parties will share the remediation costs and environmental damages claimed by the MOE and MOPW. The remediation project filed by Alcoa and Ligestra has been approved by the MOE. See Note N to the Consolidated Financial Statements under the caption “Fusina and Portovesme, Italy” on page 127. To provide time for settlement with Ligestra, the MOE and Alcoa jointly requested and the Civil Court of Venice has granted a series of postponements of hearings in the Venice trial, assuming that the case will be closed. Following the settlement, the parties caused the Court to dismiss the proceedings. Alcoa and Ligestra have signed a similar agreement relating to the Portovesme site. However, that agreement is contingent upon final acceptance of the proposed soil remediation project for Portovesme that was rejected by the MOE in the fourth quarter of 2013. Alcoa submitted a revised proposal in May 2014 and intends to submit a further revised proposal in February 2015, in agreement with Ligestra. Alcoa is unable to reasonably predict an outcome or to estimate a range of reasonably possible loss beyond what is described in Footnote N to the Consolidated Financial Statements for several reasons. First, the MOE has approved the remediation plan for Fusina only and certain costs relating to the remediation are not yet fixed. In connection with the proposed plan for Portovesme, the Company understands that the MOE has substantial discretion in defining what must be managed under the Italian soils law. The availability of appropriate landfills must also be considered as well as the nature of these sites. As a result, the scope and cost of the final remediation plan remain uncertain for Portovesme. In addition, even though the plan was rejected by the MOE and the settlement with Ligestra relating to Portovesme has become void, Alcoa should be held responsible only for its share of pollution. However, the area is impacted by many sources of pollution, as well as historical pollution. Consequently, the allocation of liabilities would need a very complex technical evaluation by the authorities that has not yet been performed. As previously reported, on November 30, 2010, Alcoa World Alumina Brasil Ltda. (AWAB) received notice of a lawsuit that had been filed by the public prosecutors of the State of Pará in Brazil in November 2009. The suit names AWAB and the State of Pará, which, through its Environmental Agency, had issued the operating license for the Company’s new bauxite mine in Juruti. The suit concerns the impact of the project on the region’s water system and alleges that certain conditions of the original installation license were not met by AWAB. In the lawsuit, plaintiffs requested a preliminary injunction suspending the operating license and ordering payment of compensation. On April 14, 2010, the court denied plaintiffs’ request. AWAB presented its defense in March 2011, on grounds that it was in compliance with the terms and conditions of its operating license, which included plans to mitigate the impact of the project on the region’s water system. In April, 2011, the State of Pará defended itself in the case asserting that the operating license contains the necessary plans to mitigate such impact, that the State monitors the performance of AWAB’s obligations arising out of such license, that the licensing process is valid and legal, and that the suit is meritless. The Company’s position is that any impact from the project had been fully repaired when the suit was filed. The Company also believes that Jará Lake has not been affected by any project activity and any evidence of pollution from the project would be unreliable. Following the preliminary injunction, the plaintiffs took no further action until October 2014, when in response to the court’s request and as required by statute, they restated the original allegations in the lawsuit. The Company is not certain whether or when the action will proceed. Given that this proceeding is in its preliminary stage and the current uncertainty in this case, the Company is unable to reasonably predict an outcome or to estimate a range of reasonably possible loss. 42 As previously reported, by an amended complaint filed April 21, 2005, Alcoa Global Fasteners, Inc. was added as a defendant in Orange County Water District (OCWD) v. Northrop Corporation, et al., civil action 04cc00715 (Superior Court of California, County of Orange). OCWD alleges contamination or threatened contamination of a drinking water aquifer by Alcoa, certain of the entities that preceded Alcoa at the same locations as property owners and/or operators, and other current and former industrial and manufacturing businesses that operated in Orange County in past decades. OCWD seeks to recover the cost of aquifer remediation and attorney’s fees. Trial on statutory, non-jury claims commenced on February 10, 2012, and continued through September 2012 when the case was submitted to the court for decision. On December 11, 2012, the court issued its tentative ruling in the matter dismissing plaintiff OCWD’s remaining statutory claims against all defendants. The court’s tentative ruling also invited further briefing on the decision and it is subject to modification. On January 21, 2013, defendants filed a joint brief responding to ten specific questions posed by the court’s tentative ruling. The joint brief argued that the court should make further findings of fact and law in favor of the defendants in response to the ten questions. Alcoa Global Fasteners, Inc. also filed a separate brief on two of the questions arguing that the court should determine that it is neither a cause of ground water contamination nor a cause of plaintiffs’ incurred costs. Remaining in the case at this time are common law trespass and nuisance claims for a Phase II trial which has not been scheduled. OCWD has asserted a total remedy cost of at least $150 million plus attorneys’ fees; however, the amount in controversy at this stage is limited to sums already expended by the OCWD, approximately $4 million. The court has indicated that it is not likely to grant the OCWD’s request for declaratory relief as to future sums the OCWD expends. On February 28, 2013, the court held a hearing on its tentative Statement of Decision finding that OCWD had not met its burden on the element of causation and, following that hearing, on May 10, 2013, issued a supplemental tentative decision, finding that plaintiff had not met its burden of proof. On that date, the court ordered defendants to submit a proposed statement of decision, followed by filing of objections and counter-proposed statement of decision by the plaintiff and responses by the defendants. All filings were completed by September 23, 2013 at which time the matter was submitted to the court for final decision. On October 29, 2013, the court issued its final Statement of Decision (“SOD”) which resolved the statutory law liability claims of the Phase I trial favorably to Alcoa and the other Phase I trial defendants. The plaintiff and the trial defendants disagree on the consequences of the SOD and the Phase I trial on the remaining two tort claims of nuisance and trespass. On December 19, 2013, the court held a Case Management Conference and approved the parties’ proposed briefing schedule regarding remaining issues. On June 20, 2014, following the full briefing by the parties, the trial court entered final judgment in favor of Alcoa and the other trial defendants on the remaining tort claims. On August 18, 2014, the OCWD filed a notice of appeal of the judgment with the Superior Court of the County of Orange. No briefing has yet been submitted. St. Croix Proceedings Josephat Henry. As previously reported, in September 1998, Hurricane Georges struck the U.S. Virgin Islands, including the St. Croix Alumina, L.L.C. (SCA) facility on the island of St. Croix. The wind and rain associated with the hurricane caused material at the location to be blown into neighboring residential areas. SCA undertook or arranged various cleanup and remediation efforts. The Division of Environmental Protection (DEP) of the Department of Planning and Natural Resources (DPNR) of the Virgin Islands Government issued a Notice of Violation that Alcoa has contested. In February 1999, certain residents of St. Croix commenced a civil suit in the Territorial Court of the Virgin Islands seeking compensatory and punitive damages and injunctive relief for alleged personal injuries and property damages associated with “bauxite or red dust” from the SCA facility. The suit, which has been removed to the District Court of the Virgin Islands (the Court), names SCA, Alcoa and Glencore Ltd. as defendants, and, in August 2000, was accorded class action treatment. The class was defined to include persons in various defined neighborhoods who “suffered damages and/or injuries as a result of exposure during and after Hurricane Georges to red dust and red mud blown during Hurricane Georges.” All of the defendants have denied liability, and discovery and other pretrial proceedings have been underway since 1999. Plaintiffs’ expert reports claim that the material blown during Hurricane Georges consisted of bauxite and red mud, and contained crystalline silica, chromium, and other substances. The reports further claim, among other things, that the population of the six subject neighborhoods as of the 2000 census (a total of 3,730 people) has been exposed to toxic substances through the fault of the defendants, and hence will be able to show entitlement to lifetime medical monitoring as well as other compensatory and punitive relief. These opinions have been contested by the defendants’ expert reports, that state, among other things, that plaintiffs were not exposed to 43 the substances alleged and that in any event the level of alleged exposure does not justify lifetime medical monitoring. Alcoa and SCA turned over this matter to their insurance carriers who have been providing a defense. Glencore Ltd. is jointly defending the case with Alcoa and SCA and has a pending motion to dismiss. In June 2008, the Court granted defendants’ joint motion to decertify the original class of plaintiffs, and certified a new class as to the claim of ongoing nuisance, insofar as plaintiffs seek cleanup, abatement, or removal of the red mud currently present at the facility. (The named plaintiffs had previously dropped their claims for medical monitoring as a consequence of the court’s rejection of plaintiffs’ proffered expert opinion testimony). The Court expressly denied certification of a class as to any claims for remediation or cleanup of any area outside the facility (including plaintiffs’ property). The new class could seek only injunctive relief rather than monetary damages. Named plaintiffs, however, could continue to prosecute their claims for personal injury, property damage, and punitive damages. In August 2009, in response to defendants’ motions, the Court dismissed the named plaintiffs’ claims for personal injury and punitive damages, and denied the motion with respect to their property damage claims. In September 2009, the Court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the class plaintiffs’ claim for injunctive relief. In October 2009, plaintiffs appealed the Court’s summary judgment order dismissing the claim for injunctive relief and in March 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit dismissed plaintiffs’ appeal of that order. In September 2011, the parties reached an oral agreement to settle the remaining claims in the case which would resolve the personal property damage claims of the 12 remaining individual plaintiffs. On March 12, 2012, final judgment was entered in the District Court for the District of the Virgin Islands. Alcoa’s share of the settlement is fully insured. On March 23, 2012, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal of numerous non-settled matters, including but not limited to discovery orders, Daubert rulings, summary judgment rulings, as more clearly set out in the settlement agreement/release between the parties. Plaintiffs’ appellate brief was filed in the Third Circuit Court on January 4, 2013, together with a motion seeking leave to file a brief of excess length. The court has suspended the remainder of the briefing schedule, including the date for Alcoa’s reply brief, until it rules on plaintiffs’ motion to file its brief of excess length. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals issued a new scheduling order regarding briefing in the matter. The matter has been fully briefed with plaintiffs’ brief filed on November 25, 2013 and the matter is now before the court. On July 10, 2014, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal by the district court and the case is now concluded. There will be no further reporting of this matter. Abednego. As previously reported, on January 14, 2010, Alcoa was served with a complaint involving approximately 2,900 individual persons claimed to be residents of St. Croix who are alleged to have suffered personal injury or property damage from Hurricane Georges or winds blowing material from the property since the time of the hurricane. This complaint, Abednego, et al. v. Alcoa, et al. was filed in the Superior Court of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix Division. The complaint names as defendants the same entities as were sued in the February 1999 action earlier described and have added as a defendant the current owner of the alumina facility property. In February 2010, Alcoa and SCA removed the case to the federal court for the District of the Virgin Islands. Subsequently, plaintiffs filed motions to remand the case to territorial court as well as a third amended complaint, and defendants have moved to dismiss the case for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. On March 17, 2011, the court granted plaintiffs’ motion to remand to territorial court. Thereafter, Alcoa filed a motion for allowance of appeal. The motion was denied on May 18, 2011. The parties await assignment of the case to a trial judge. Phillip Abraham. As previously reported, on March 1, 2012, Alcoa was served with a complaint involving approximately 200 individual persons claimed to be residents of St. Croix who are alleged to have suffered personal injury or property damage from Hurricane Georges or winds blowing material from the property since the time of the hurricane in September 1998. This complaint, Abraham, et al. v. Alcoa, et al. alleges claims essentially identical to those set forth in the Abednego v. Alcoa complaint. The matter was originally filed in the Superior Court of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix Division, on March 30, 2011. By motion filed March 12, 2012, Alcoa sought dismissal of this complaint on several grounds, including failure to timely serve the complaint and being barred by the statute of limitations. That motion is still pending. Other Matters As previously reported, along with various asbestos manufacturers and distributors, Alcoa and its subsidiaries as premises owners are defendants in several hundred active lawsuits filed on behalf of persons alleging injury 44 predominantly as a result of occupational exposure to asbestos at various Company facilities. In addition, an Alcoa subsidiary company has been named, along with a large common group of industrial companies, in a pattern complaint where the Company’s involvement is not evident. Since 1999, several thousand such complaints have been filed. To date, the subsidiary has been dismissed from almost every case that was actually placed in line for trial. Alcoa, its subsidiaries and acquired companies, all have had numerous insurance policies over the years that provide coverage for asbestos based claims. Many of these policies provide layers of coverage for varying periods of time and for varying locations. Alcoa has significant insurance coverage and believes that its reserves are adequate for its known asbestos exposure related liabilities. The costs of defense and settlement have not been and are not expected to be material to the results of operations, cash flows, and financial position of the Company. As previously reported, in November 2006, in Curtis v. Alcoa Inc., Civil Action No. 3:06cv448 (E.D. Tenn.), a class action was filed by plaintiffs representing approximately 13,000 retired former employees of Alcoa or Reynolds Metals Company and spouses and dependents of such retirees alleging violation of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) and the Labor-Management Relations Act by requiring plaintiffs, beginning January 1, 2007, to pay health insurance premiums and increased co-payments and co-insurance for certain medical procedures and prescription drugs. Plaintiffs alleged these changes to their retiree health care plans violated their rights to vested health care benefits. Plaintiffs additionally alleged that Alcoa had breached its fiduciary duty to plaintiffs under ERISA by misrepresenting to them that their health benefits would never change. Plaintiffs sought injunctive and declaratory relief, back payment of benefits, and attorneys’ fees. Alcoa had consented to treatment of plaintiffs’ claims as a class action. During the fourth quarter of 2007, following briefing and argument, the court ordered consolidation of the plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary injunction with trial, certified a plaintiff class, and bifurcated and stayed the plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claims. Trial in the matter was held over eight days commencing September 22, 2009 and ending on October 1, 2009 in federal court in Knoxville, TN before the Honorable Thomas Phillips, U.S. District Court Judge. On March 9, 2011, the court issued a judgment order dismissing plaintiffs’ lawsuit in its entirety with prejudice for the reasons stated in its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. On March 23, 2011, plaintiffs filed a motion for clarification and/or amendment of the judgment order, which sought, among other things, a declaration that plaintiffs’ retiree benefits are vested subject to an annual cap and an injunction preventing Alcoa, prior to 2017, from modifying the plan design to which plaintiffs are subject or changing the premiums and deductibles that plaintiffs must pay. Also on March 23, 2011, plaintiffs filed a motion for award of attorneys’ fees and expenses. On June 11, 2012, the court issued its memorandum and order denying plaintiffs’ motion for clarification and/or amendment to the original judgment order. On July 6, 2012, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal of the court’s March 9, 2011 judgment. On July 12, 2012, the trial court stayed Alcoa’s motion for assessment of costs pending resolution of plaintiffs’ appeal. The appeal was docketed in the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit as case number 12-5801. On August 29, 2012, the trial court dismissed plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees without prejudice to refiling the motion following the resolution of the appeal at the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. On May 9, 2013, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals issued an opinion affirming the trial court’s denial of plaintiffs’ claims for lifetime, uncapped retiree healthcare benefits. Plaintiffs filed a petition for rehearing on May 22, 2013 to which Alcoa filed a response on June 7, 2013. On September 12, 2013, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals denied plaintiffs’ petition for rehearing. On December 17, 2013 the United States Supreme Court docketed the plaintiffs’ petition for writ of certiorari to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals as Charles Curtis, et al., Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, Petitioners v. Alcoa Inc., et al., Docket No.13-728. Alcoa’s opposition to this petition was filed on January 16, 2014 and Petitioners filed their reply on January 29, 2014. On February 24, 2014, the Supreme Court denied plaintiffs’ petition. The Supreme Court’s refusal to hear the matter ended the substantive litigation and affirmed Alcoa’s collectively bargained cap on the Company’s contributions to union retiree medical costs. The trial court then considered Alcoa’s request for an award of costs, which had been stayed pending resolution of the appeal, and the plaintiffs’ request for attorneys’ fees, which had been dismissed without prejudice to refiling following resolution of the appeal. By order dated June 26, 2014, the trial court denied plaintiff’s petition for award of attorneys’ fees and expenses. Thereafter, the plaintiffs and Alcoa agreed to dismiss their respective petitions for fees and costs. This case has been fully resolved. 45 As previously reported, on August 2, 2013, the State of North Carolina, by and through its agency, the North Carolina Department of Administration, filed a lawsuit against Alcoa Power Generating, Inc. in Superior Court, Wake County, North Carolina (Docket No. 13-CVS-10477). The lawsuit asserts ownership of certain submerged lands and hydropower generating structures situated at Alcoa’s Yadkin Hydroelectric Project (the “Yadkin Project”), including the submerged riverbed of the Yadkin River throughout the Yadkin Project and a portion of the hydroelectric dams that Alcoa owns and operates pursuant to a license from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. The suit seeks declaratory relief regarding North Carolina’s alleged ownership interests in the riverbed and the dams and further declaration that Alcoa has no right, license or permission from North Carolina to operate the Yadkin Project. By notice filed on September 3, 2013, Alcoa removed the matter to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina (Docket No. Civil Action No. 5:13-cv-633). By motion filed September 3, 2013, the Yadkin Riverkeeper sought permission to intervene in the case. On September 25, 2013, Alcoa filed its answer in the case and also filed its opposition to the motion to intervene by the Yadkin Riverkeeper. The Court denied the State’s Motion to Remand and initially permitted the Riverkeeper to intervene although the Riverkeeper has now voluntarily withdrawn as an intervening party and will participate as amicus. The parties filed a Joint Rule 26(f) Report and Discovery Plan which was modified by the Court on January 8, 2014. The order provided that the case would be ready for trial on October 31, 2014 and provided a schedule for discovery and other pretrial activity. On July 21, 2014, the parties each filed a motion for summary judgment. The Court has not issued a ruling on those motions. On November 20, 2014, the Court denied Alcoa’s motion for summary judgment and denied in part and granted in part the State of North Carolina’s motions for summary judgment. The Court held that under North Carolina law, the burden of proof as to title to property is shifted to a private party opposing a state claim of property ownership. The Court held a pre-trial conference on February 2, 2015. The court has ordered trial to commence on April 21, 2015. At this time, the Company is unable to reasonably predict an outcome for this matter. As previously reported, in September 2010, following a corporate income tax audit covering the 2003 through 2005 tax years, an assessment was received as a result of Spain’s tax authorities disallowing certain interest deductions claimed by a Spanish consolidated tax group owned by the Company. An appeal of this assessment in Spain’s Central Tax Administrative Court by the Company was denied in October 2013. In December 2013, the Company filed an appeal of the assessment in Spain’s National Court. Additionally, following a corporate income tax audit of the same Spanish tax group for the 2006 through 2009 tax years, Spain’s tax authorities issued an assessment in July 2013 similarly disallowing certain interest deductions. In August 2013, the Company filed an appeal of this second assessment in Spain’s Central Tax Administrative Court, which was denied in January 2015. The Company expects to file an appeal of this second assessment in Spain’s National Court in March 2015. The combined assessments (remeasured for a tax rate change enacted in November 2014) total $277 million (€228 million). The Company believes it has meritorious arguments to support its tax position and intends to vigorously litigate the assessments through Spain’s court system. However, in the event the Company is unsuccessful, a portion of the assessments may be offset with existing net operating losses available to the Spanish consolidated tax group. Additionally, it is possible that the Company may receive similar assessments for tax years subsequent to 2009. At this time, the Company is unable to reasonably predict an outcome for this matter. As previously reported, between 2000 and 2002, Alumínio sold approximately 2,000 metric tons of metal per month from its Poços de Caldas facility, located in the State of Minas Gerais (the “State”), to Alfio, a customer also located in the State. Sales in the State were exempted from value-added tax (VAT) requirements. Alfio subsequently sold metal to customers outside of the State, but did not pay the required VAT on those transactions. In July 2002, Alumínio received an assessment from State auditors on the theory that Alumínio should be jointly and severally liable with Alfio for the unpaid VAT. In June 2003, the administrative tribunal found Alumínio liable, and Alumínio filed a judicial case in the State in February 2004 contesting the finding. In May 2005, the Court of First Instance found Alumínio solely liable, and a panel of a State appeals court confirmed this finding in April 2006. Alumínio filed a special appeal to the Superior Tribunal of Justice (STJ) in Brasilia (the federal capital of Brazil) later in 2006. In 2011, the STJ (through one of its judges) reversed the judgment of the lower courts, finding that Alumínio should neither be 46 solely nor jointly and severally liable with Alfio for the VAT, which ruling was then appealed by the State. In August 2012, the STJ agreed to have the case reheard before a five-judge panel. A decision from this panel is pending, but additional appeals are likely. At December 31, 2014, the assessment totaled $49 million (R$130 million), including penalties and interest. While the Company believes it has meritorious defenses, the Company is unable to reasonably predict an outcome. Other Contingencies In addition to the matters discussed above, various other lawsuits, claims, and proceedings have been or may be instituted or asserted against Alcoa, including those pertaining to environmental, product liability, safety and health, and tax matters. While the amounts claimed in these other matters may be substantial, the ultimate liability cannot now be determined because of the considerable uncertainties that exist. Therefore, it is possible that the Company’s liquidity or results of operations in a particular period could be materially affected by one or more of these other matters. However, based on facts currently available, management believes that the disposition of these other matters that are pending or asserted will not have a material adverse effect, individually or in the aggregate, on the financial position of the Company. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. The information concerning mine safety violations or other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Item 104 of Regulation S-K (17 CFR 229.104) is included in Exhibit 95 of this report, which is incorporated herein by reference. 47 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. The Company’s common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange where it trades under the symbol AA. The Company’s quarterly high and low trading stock prices and dividends per common share for 2014 and 2013 are shown below. Quarter First Second Third Fourth Year 2014 2013 High Low Dividend High Low Dividend $12.97 $ 9.82 $0.03 $ 9.37 $8.30 $0.03 15.18 17.36 17.75 17.75 12.34 14.56 13.71 9.82 0.03 0.03 0.03 $0.12 8.88 8.68 10.77 10.77 7.71 7.63 7.82 7.63 0.03 0.03 0.03 $0.12 The number of holders of record of common stock was approximately 10,472 as of February 17, 2015. 48 Stock Performance Graph The following graph compares the most recent five-year performance of Alcoa’s common stock with (1) the Standard & Poor’s 500® Index and (2) the Standard & Poor’s 500® Materials Index, a group of 29 companies categorized by Standard & Poor’s as active in the “materials” market sector. Such information shall not be deemed to be “filed.” FIVE-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN Based upon an initial investment of $100 on December 31, 2009 with dividends reinvested $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11 Dec-12 Dec-13 Dec-14 Alcoa Inc. S&P 500® Index S&P 500® Materials Index As of December 31, 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Alcoa Inc. S&P 500® Index S&P 500® Materials Index Copyright© 2015 Standard & Poor’s, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Source: Research Data Group, Inc. (www.researchdatagroup.com/S&P.htm) $ 96 $ 56 $100 $ 69 $ 55 110 122 100 127 100 136 115 180 159 117 2014 $103 205 170 49 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Period January 1 – January 31, 2014 February 1 – February 28, 2014 March 1 – March 31, 2014 Total for quarter ended March 31, 2014 April 1 – April 30, 2014 May 1 – May 31, 2014 June 1 – June 30, 2014 Total for quarter ended June 30, 2014 July 1 – July 31, 2014 August 1 – August 31, 2014 September 1 – September 30, 2014 Total for quarter ended September 30, 2014 October 1 – October 31, 2014 November 1 – November 30, 2014 December 1 – December 31, 2014 Total for quarter ended December 31, 2014 Total Number of Shares Purchased (a) Average Price Paid Per Share 3,754 - - 3,754 $11.36 - - $11.36 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,075 2,075 - - $17.45 $17.45 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Repurchase Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (a) This column includes the deemed surrender of existing shares of Alcoa common stock to the Company by stock-based compensation plan participants to satisfy the exercise price of employee stock options at the time of exercise. These surrendered shares are not part of any publicly announced share repurchase program. 50 Item 6. Selected Financial Data. (dollars in millions, except per-share amounts and realized prices; shipments in thousands of metric tons [kmt]) For the year ended December 31, Sales Amounts attributable to Alcoa common shareholders: Income (loss) from continuing operations Loss from discontinued operations Net income (loss) Earnings per share attributable to Alcoa common shareholders: Basic: Income (loss) from continuing operations Loss from discontinued operations Net income (loss) Diluted: Income (loss) from continuing operations Loss from discontinued operations Net income (loss) Shipments of alumina (kmt) Shipments of aluminum products (kmt) Alcoa’s average realized price per metric ton of primary aluminum Cash dividends declared per common share Total assets Total debt Cash provided from operations Capital expenditures 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 $23,906 $23,032 $23,700 $24,951 $21,013 268 - 268 $ (2,285) $ - $ (2,285) $ 191 - 191 $ $ $ $ $ $ 0.21 - 0.21 0.21 - 0.21 $ (2.14) $ - $ (2.14) $ 0.18 - 0.18 $ (2.14) $ - $ (2.14) $ 0.18 - 0.18 9,295 5,197 10,652 4,794 9,966 4,994 $ $ $ $ $ $ 614 (3) 611 $ $ 262 (8) 254 0.58 $ (0.01) 0.57 $ 0.25 - 0.25 0.55 $ - 0.25 (0.01) 0.55 $ 0.24 9,218 5,037 9,246 4,757 $ 2,405 $ 2,243 $ 2,327 $ 2,636 $ 2,356 0.12 $ 37,399 8,852 1,674 1,219 0.12 $ 35,742 8,319 1,578 1,193 0.12 $ 40,179 8,829 1,497 1,261 0.12 $ $ 40,120 9,371 2,193 1,287 0.12 39,293 9,165 2,261 1,015 The data presented in the Selected Financial Data table should be read in conjunction with the information provided in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II Item 7 and the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. (dollars in millions, except per-share amounts and ingot prices; production and shipments in thousands of metric tons [kmt]) Overview Our Business Alcoa is a global leader in lightweight metals engineering and manufacturing. Alcoa’s innovative, multi-material products, which include aluminum, titanium, and nickel, are used worldwide in aircraft, automobiles, commercial transportation, packaging, building and construction, oil and gas, defense, consumer electronics, and industrial applications. 51 Alcoa is also the world leader in the production and management of primary aluminum, fabricated aluminum, and alumina combined, through its active participation in all major aspects of the industry: technology, mining, refining, smelting, fabricating, and recycling. Aluminum is a commodity that is traded on the London Metal Exchange (LME) and priced daily. Sales of primary aluminum and alumina represent approximately 40% of Alcoa’s revenues. The price of aluminum influences the operating results of Alcoa. Alcoa is a global company operating in 30 countries. Based upon the country where the point of sale occurred, the United States and Europe generated 51% and 27%, respectively, of Alcoa’s sales in 2014. In addition, Alcoa has investments and operating activities in, among others, Australia, Brazil, China, Guinea, Iceland, Russia, and Saudi Arabia, all of which present opportunities for substantial growth. Governmental policies, laws and regulations, and other economic factors, including inflation and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, affect the results of operations in these countries. Management Review of 2014 and Outlook for the Future In 2014, growth in global aluminum demand reached 7%, which was consistent with management’s projection at the end of 2013. The LME price of aluminum remained relatively stable compared to 2013; however, regional premiums increased substantially, significantly benefitting the smelting portion of Alcoa’s upstream operations. The refining portion of the upstream operations continued to make progress in shifting customer pricing away from the LME aluminum price to a mixture of alumina pricing index and spot pricing. Additionally, the midstream and downstream operations continued to grow revenue through innovations and share gains. Cost headwinds continued to be a challenge; however, management was able to more than offset these with net productivity improvements across all operations. Alcoa also realized the benefit of a stronger U.S. dollar in 2014 compared to 2013. As a result of all of the foregoing, each of Alcoa’s operations achieved improved results over 2013. Separately from the 2014 operational results, management initiated a number of portfolio actions during the year. In the upstream operations, following similar actions taken in 2013, smelting capacity of 424 kmt was permanently closed (of which 150 kmt was previously curtailed) and 159 kmt was temporarily curtailed, which in turn led to the temporary curtailment of 200 kmt in refining capacity. Additionally, in the midstream operations, 200 kmt of can sheet capacity was permanently closed. Management also completed the divestiture of four operations within the upstream and midstream operations that were no longer part of the strategic direction of Alcoa. These included a majority ownership interest in both a mining and refining joint venture and a smelter and wholly-owned interests in three rolling mills and an aluminum rod plant. From a growth perspective, Alcoa completed the acquisition of an aerospace business and entered into an agreement to purchase another, both of which will enhance the portfolio of Alcoa’s downstream operations. Management continued its focus on liquidity and cash flows, generating incremental improvements in procurement efficiencies, overhead rationalization, working capital, and disciplined capital spending. This focus and the related results enabled Alcoa to end 2014 with a strengthened balance sheet. The following financial information reflects certain key measures of Alcoa’s 2014 results: • Sales of $23,906 and Net income of $268, or $0.21 per diluted share; • Total segment after-tax operating income of $2,043, an increase of 68% from 2013; • Cash from operations of $1,674, reduced by pension plan contributions of $501; • Capital expenditures of $1,219, under $1,500 for the fifth consecutive year; • Cash on hand at the end of the year of $1,877, in excess of $1,400 for the sixth consecutive year; • Increase in total debt of $533, but a decline of $1,726 since 2008; and • Debt-to-capital ratio of 37.4%, a decrease of 70 basis points from 2013. 52 In 2015, management is projecting continued growth (increase of 7%) in the global consumption of primary aluminum, consistent with that of the last three years, led by China at an estimated 10%. All other regions in the world are expected to have positive growth in aluminum demand over 2013, including North America at an estimated 5%. After considering forecasted added production, along with few industry-wide capacity curtailments, management anticipates a balanced aluminum market. For alumina, growth in global consumption is estimated to be 6%, and supply is expected to slightly exceed overall demand due to added production in China, as well as other parts of the world. Management also anticipates improved market conditions for value-added products in the aerospace, automotive, building and construction, packaging, and industrial gas turbine global end markets, despite declines in certain regions, while the commercial transportation global end market is expected to be flat. Aerospace is expected to be driven by large commercial aircraft due to an eight-year order backlog, as well as strength in orders for regional jets. For automotive, growth is anticipated in both the United States, due to the replacement of older vehicles, low borrowing rates, and the decline in gasoline prices, and China, due to new clean air legislation and a continued increase in the percentage of the population driving automobiles. In building and construction, awarded nonresidential contracts are up once again in North America while the decline in Europe continues. For packaging, growth in China and Europe, mainly driven by the penetration of aluminum in the growing beer segment and the continued conversion from steel cans to aluminum cans, respectively, is expected to more than offset a slight decrease in North America. Industrial gas turbines are expected to see growth as a result of new demand for high technology turbines and upgrades of existing turbines. In commercial transportation, strong production in North America, underpinned by significant order backlog, is expected to be offset by weakness in Europe, including from the impact of sanctions on Russia. On a company-wide basis, management has established and is committed to achieving the following specific goals in 2015: • • generating incremental savings over those realized in 2014 from procurement, overhead, and working capital programs; generating cash from operations that will exceed capital spending by a minimum of $500; and • maintaining a debt-to-EBITDA ratio between 2.25 and 2.75. Looking ahead over the next two years, management will focus on the 2016 strategic targets that were set at the end of 2013. These targets include lowering Alcoa’s refining and smelting operations on the respective global cost curves to the 21st (from 27th) and 38th (from 43rd) percentiles, respectively. Additionally, the targets include driving revenue growth, while improving margins that meet or exceed historical levels, in the midstream (increase of $1,000) and downstream (increase of $1,200) operations, of which 90% and 75%, respectively, is expected to be generated from innovation and share gains. The following describes the progress made on these targets in 2014 as well as future expectations. At December 31, 2014, Alcoa’s refining operations were at the 25th percentile, a two-percentage point improvement, and its smelting operations were at the 43rd percentile on the respective cost curves. In 2014, actions taken to improve Alcoa’s position on the cost curve for both refining and smelting operations included productivity improvements, both new initiatives as well as the full realization of those implemented in 2013. Additionally, for the refining operations, Alcoa curtailed approximately 200 kmt of high-cost capacity and increased production by approximately 200 kmt from low-cost capacity. The smelting operations also permanently closed 274 kmt of high cost capacity in Australia and the United States. While the benefits of these actions can be seen in Alcoa’s improved position on the refining cost curve at the end of 2014, the benefits in the smelting operations were offset by the strong U.S. dollar. Other actions taken in 2014 to help drive a lower position on the respective cost curves include the sales of ownership interests in a mining and refining joint venture in Jamaica and a smelter in the United States. The sales of these operations occurred late in 2014; therefore, management expects to realize the benefits of divesting this high-cost capacity in 2015. Also in late 2014, the refining operations 53 completed the conversion of the fuel source from fuel oil to natural gas at a refinery in Spain and the smelting operations renewed power contracts at each of the three smelters in Canada, all of which are expected to yield significant cost savings beginning in 2015. Additionally, as previously mentioned, Alcoa has initiatives to drive further productivity improvements during 2015. Furthermore, the smelter and the refinery at the joint venture in Saudi Arabia are fully operational and are expected to provide a two-percentage point reduction on each of the respective cost curves by the end of 2016. In 2014, the midstream and downstream operations generated revenue of $7,351 and $6,006, respectively, representing an increase of $245 and $273 ($81 was related to an acquisition—see below), respectively, compared to the 2013 baselines. The increase related to the midstream operations was mostly due to rising demand for aluminum sheet from the U.S. automotive end market as a result of changing emission regulations. A significant portion of this demand is being met by Alcoa’s Davenport, IA rolling mill facility, which completed an expansion to meet this demand in January 2014. For the downstream operations, the increase (excluding the acquisition) was largely attributable to higher demand for both Alcoa’s fasteners and jet engine components products from the commercial aerospace end market and Alcoa’s aluminum wheels in the commercial transportation end market. Beyond the improvement in 2014, revenue growth for both the midstream and downstream operations is expected from multiple sources. In mid 2014, Alcoa entered into two $1,000 multi-year supply agreements with two major customers, one to supply aluminum sheet and plate from the midstream operations and the other to supply jet engine components from the downstream operations. Additionally, the midstream operations anticipate positive contributions from both the Davenport facility, as production continues to ramp-up to serve growing demand, and Alcoa’s Tennessee rolling mill facility, which expects to complete an expansion to meet automotive demand in 2015. Likewise, the downstream operations expect favorable results from projects completed in late 2014 or expected to be completed in 2015 to meet growing demand in both the aerospace and commercial transportation end markets. These projects include an expansion of aluminum lithium capabilities in Lafayette, IN, expansions in LaPorte, IN and Hampton, VA to provide nickel-based super alloy structural components and airfoil blades for jet engines, and an expansion at a facility in Hungary to double production of aluminum wheels. Separately from the organic growth described above, Alcoa acquired an aerospace jet engine components company, Firth Rixson, in November 2014. Firth Rixson generated approximately $970 of revenue in 2014 (of which $81 was reflected in Alcoa’s Statement of Consolidated Income) and is expected to generate approximately $1,600 of revenue by 2016. See Engineered Products and Solutions in Segment Information under Results of Operations below. Results of Operations Earnings Summary Net income attributable to Alcoa for 2014 was $268, or $0.21 per diluted share, compared with Net loss attributable to Alcoa of $2,285, or $2.14 per share, in 2013. The improvement in results of $2,553 was primarily due to the absence of all of the following: an impairment of goodwill, a discrete income tax charge for valuation allowances on certain deferred tax assets, and charges for the resolution of a legal matter. Other significant changes in results included the following: higher energy sales, a higher average realized price for primary aluminum, net productivity improvements, and net favorable foreign currency movements. These other changes were mostly offset by higher charges related to a number of portfolio actions (e.g., capacity reductions, divestitures, acquisitions), higher overall input costs, and an unfavorable change in income taxes due to higher operating results. Net loss attributable to Alcoa for 2013 was $2,285, or $2.14 per share, compared with Net income attributable to Alcoa of $191, or $0.18 per share, in 2012. The decrease in results of $2,476 was mostly due to an impairment of goodwill, a discrete income tax charge for valuation allowances on certain deferred tax assets, and charges for the resolution of a legal matter. Other significant changes in results included the following: a lower average realized price for aluminum in the upstream and midstream businesses, higher input costs across three of the four segments, the absence of a gain on the sale of U.S. hydroelectric power assets, and restructuring and other charges related to the permanent shutdown 54 of smelter capacity. These other changes were mostly offset by net productivity improvements, net favorable foreign currency movements, the absence of both a net charge for certain environmental remediation matters and a charge for the civil portion of a legal matter, and stronger volumes in three of the four segments. Sales—Sales for 2014 were $23,906 compared with sales of $23,032 in 2013, an improvement of $874, or 4%. The increase was mainly the result of higher volumes in the midstream, downstream, and alumina portion of the upstream operations, higher energy sales resulting from excess power due to curtailed smelter capacity, increased buy/resell activity for primary aluminum, and a higher average realized price for primary aluminum. These items were partially offset by lower primary aluminum volumes, including those related to curtailed and shutdown smelter capacity, and unfavorable price/product mix in the midstream operations. Sales for 2013 were $23,032 compared with sales of $23,700 in 2012, a decline of $668, or 3%. The decrease was primarily due to lower primary aluminum volumes, including those related to curtailed and shutdown smelter capacity, a decline in the average realized price for primary aluminum, driven by lower London Metal Exchange (LME) prices, and unfavorable pricing in the midstream segment due to a decrease in metal prices. These items were somewhat offset by higher volumes in the alumina portion of the upstream operations and the midstream and downstream operations. Cost of Goods Sold—COGS as a percentage of Sales was 80.1% in 2014 compared with 83.7% in 2013. The percentage was positively impacted by net productivity improvements across all segments, both the previously mentioned higher energy sales and higher average realized price for primary aluminum, net favorable foreign currency movements due to a stronger U.S. dollar, lower costs for caustic and carbon, and the absence of costs related to a planned maintenance outage in 2013 at a power plant in Australia. These items were partially offset by higher costs for bauxite, energy, and labor, write-offs of inventory related to the decisions to permanently shut down certain smelter and rolling mill capacity (difference of $58—see Restructuring and Other Charges below), and costs related to a new labor agreement that covers employees at 10 locations in the United States (see below). On June 6, 2014, the United Steelworkers ratified a new five-year labor agreement covering approximately 6,100 employees at 10 U.S. locations; the previous labor agreement expired on May 15, 2014. In 2014, as a result of the preparation for and ratification of the new agreement, Alcoa recognized $18 ($12 after-tax) in COGS for, among other items, business contingency costs and a one-time signing bonus for employees. Additionally, as a result of the provisions of the new labor agreement, a significant plan amendment was adopted by one of Alcoa’s U.S. pension plans. Accordingly, this plan was required to be remeasured, which resulted in a $13 decrease to 2014 net periodic benefit cost. COGS as a percentage of Sales was 83.7% in 2013 compared with 86.1% in 2012. The percentage was positively impacted by net productivity improvements across all segments, the absence of a net charge for five environmental remediation matters ($194), net favorable foreign currency movements due to a stronger U.S. dollar, and a positive impact related to the March 2012 fire at the cast house in Massena, NY (insurance recovery in 2013 plus the absence of business interruption and repair costs that occurred in 2012). These items were partially offset by the previously mentioned realized price impacts and higher input costs, including those related to bauxite mining and a planned maintenance outage at a power plant. Selling, General Administrative, and Other Expenses—SG&A expenses were $995, or 4.2% of Sales, in 2014 compared with $1,008, or 4.4% of Sales, in 2013. The decline of $13 was due to decreases in various expenses, including legal and consulting fees and contract services, mostly offset by costs associated with an acquisition of an aerospace business ($42—see Engineered Products and Solutions in Segment Information below) and higher stock- based compensation expense. SG&A expenses were $1,008, or 4.4% of Sales, in 2013 compared with $997, or 4.2% of Sales, in 2012. The increase of $11 was principally the result of higher labor costs, partially offset by a decrease in professional expenses and contract services and lower bad debt expense. 55 Research and Development Expenses—R&D expenses were $218 in 2014 compared with $192 in 2013 and $197 in 2012. The increase in 2014 as compared to 2013 was primarily caused by spending related to an upgrade of a Micromill™ in San Antonio, TX for the Global Rolled Products segment and additional spending related to inert anode and carbothermic technology for the Primary Metals segment. The decrease in 2013 as compared to 2012 was mainly driven by lower spending related to inert anode and carbothermic technology for the Primary Metals segment and other various projects, mostly offset by spending related to an upgrade of a Micromill™ in San Antonio, TX for the Global Rolled Products segment. The Micromill™ upgrade is expected to be completed by the end of 2015 and, as a result, the Micromill™ will develop and qualify aluminum products for the automotive end market. Provision for Depreciation, Depletion, and Amortization—The provision for DD&A was $1,371 in 2014 compared with $1,421 in 2013. The decrease of $50, or 4%, was principally the result of net favorable foreign currency movements due to a stronger U.S. dollar, particularly against the Australian dollar and Brazilian real, and a reduction in expense related to the permanent shutdown of smelter capacity in Australia, Canada, the United States, and Italy that occurred at different points during both 2013 and 2014 (see Primary Metals in Segment Information below). These items were somewhat offset by new DD&A associated with both the acquisition of an aerospace business in November 2014 (see Engineered Products and Solutions in Segment Information below) and assets placed into service in January 2014 related to the completed automotive expansion at the Davenport, IA plant. The provision for DD&A was $1,421 in 2013 compared with $1,460 in 2012. The decrease of $39, or 3%, was mostly due to net favorable foreign currency movements due to a stronger U.S. dollar, particularly against the Australian dollar and Brazilian real; a reduction in expense related to the permanent shutdown of smelter capacity in Canada, the United States, and Italy that occurred mid-2013 (see Primary Metals in Segment Information below); and the absence of expense due to the divestiture of U.S. hydroelectric power assets in late 2012 (see Primary Metals in Segment Information below). These items were slightly offset by new depreciation associated with a hydroelectric power project in Brazil (Machadinho). In early 2013, there was a change in the legal structure of the entity that owned the project resulting in Alcoa recording its 30.99% share of the project’s assets directly, whereas in 2012, Alcoa’s share was recorded as an equity method investment. Impairment of Goodwill—In 2013, Alcoa recognized an impairment of goodwill in the amount of $1,731 ($1,719 after noncontrolling interest) related to the annual impairment review of the Primary Metals segment (see Goodwill in Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates below). Restructuring and Other Charges—Restructuring and other charges for each year in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014 were comprised of the following: Asset impairments Net loss on divestitures of businesses Layoff costs Resolution of a legal matter Other Reversals of previously recorded layoff and other exit costs Restructuring and other charges 2014 2013 2012 $ 406 332 259 - 199 (28) $116 - 201 391 82 (8) $ 40 - 47 85 21 (21) $1,168 $782 $172 Layoff costs were recorded based on approved detailed action plans submitted by the operating locations that specified positions to be eliminated, benefits to be paid under existing severance plans, union contracts or statutory requirements, and the expected timetable for completion of the plans. 2014 Actions. In 2014, Alcoa recorded Restructuring and other charges of $1,168 ($703 after-tax and noncontrolling interest), which were comprised of the following components: $693 ($443 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) for exit costs related to decisions to permanently shut down and demolish three smelters and two rolling mills (see below); $332 ($163 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) for the divestitures of four operations (see Alumina, Primary Metals, 56 and Global Rolled Products in Segment Information below); $68 ($45 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) for the temporary curtailment of two smelters and a related production slowdown at one refinery (see below); $51 ($36 after- tax and noncontrolling interest) for layoff costs, including the separation of approximately 1,120 employees (550 in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment, 45 in the Global Rolled Products segment, 60 in the Alumina and Primary Metals segments combined, and 465 in Corporate); $34 ($26 after-tax) for asset impairments related to prior capitalized costs for a modernization project at a smelter in Canada that is no longer being pursued; a net charge of $18 ($11 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) for other miscellaneous items, including $2 ($2 after-tax) for asset impairments and accelerated depreciation; and $28 ($21 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) for the reversal of a number of layoff reserves related to prior periods, including those associated with a smelter in Italy due to changes in facts and circumstances (see below). In early 2014, management approved the permanent shutdown and demolition of the remaining capacity (84 kmt-per- year) at the Massena East smelter in New York and the full capacity (190 kmt-per-year) at the Point Henry smelter in Australia. The capacity at Massena East was fully shut down by the end of March 2014 and the Point Henry smelter was fully shut down in August 2014. Demolition and remediation activities related to both the Massena East and Point Henry smelters began in late 2014 and are expected to be completed by the end of 2020 and 2018, respectively. The decisions on the Massena East and Point Henry smelters were part of a 15-month review of 460 kmt of smelting capacity initiated by management in May 2013 (see 2013 Actions below) for possible curtailment. Through this review, management determined that the remaining capacity of the Massena East smelter was no longer competitive and the Point Henry smelter had no prospect of becoming financially viable. Management also initiated the temporary curtailment of the remaining capacity (62 kmt-per-year) at the Poços de Caldas smelter and additional capacity (85 kmt-per-year) at the São Luís smelter, both in Brazil. These curtailments were completed by the end of May 2014. As a result of these curtailments, 200 kmt-per-year of production at the Poços de Caldas refinery was reduced by the end of June 2014. Also in early 2014, management approved the permanent shutdown of Alcoa’s two rolling mills in Australia, Point Henry and Yennora. This decision was made due to the significant impact of excess can sheet capacity in both Australia and Asia. The two rolling mills had a combined can sheet capacity of 200 kmt-per-year and were closed by the end of 2014. Demolition and remediation activities related to the two rolling mills will begin in 2015 and are expected to be completed by the end of 2018. Additionally, in August 2014, management approved the permanent shutdown and demolition of the capacity (150 kmt-per-year) at the Portovesme smelter in Italy, which had been idle since November 2012. This decision was made because the fundamental reasons that made the Portovesme smelter uncompetitive remained unchanged, including the lack of a viable long-term power solution. Demolition and remediation activities related to the Portovesme smelter will begin in 2015 and are expected to be completed by the end of 2019. In 2014, costs related to the shutdown and curtailment actions included $208 for the layoff of approximately 1,790 employees (1,210 in the Primary Metals segment, 470 in the Global Rolled Products segment, 80 in the Alumina segment, and 30 in Corporate), including $26 in pension costs; accelerated depreciation of $204 related to the three facilities in Australia as they continued to operate during 2014; asset impairments of $166 representing the write-off of the remaining book value of all related properties, plants, and equipment; and $183 in other exit costs. Additionally in 2014, remaining inventories, mostly operating supplies and raw materials, were written down to their net realizable value, resulting in a charge of $67 ($47 after-tax and noncontrolling interest), which was recorded in Cost of goods sold on Alcoa’s Statement of Consolidated Operations. The other exit costs represent $95 in asset retirement obligations and $42 in environmental remediation, both of which were triggered by the decisions to permanently shut down and demolish the aforementioned structures in Australia, Italy, and the United States, and $46 in other related costs, including supplier and customer contract-related costs. As of December 31, 2014, approximately 2,185 of the 2,910 employees were separated. The remaining separations for the 2014 restructuring programs are expected to be completed by the end of 2015. In 2014, cash payments of $141 were made against layoff reserves related to the 2014 restructuring programs. 57 2013 Actions. In 2013, Alcoa recorded Restructuring and other charges of $782 ($585 after-tax and noncontrolling interests), which were comprised of the following components: $391 ($305 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) related to a legal matter; $245 ($183 after-tax) for exit costs related to the permanent shutdown and demolition of certain structures at three smelter locations (see below); $87 ($61 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for layoff costs, including the separation of approximately 1,110 employees (340 in the Primary Metals segment, 260 in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment, 250 in the Global Rolled Products segment, 85 in the Alumina segment, and 175 in Corporate), of which 590 relates to a global overhead reduction program, and $9 in pension plan settlement charges related to previously separated employees; $25 ($17 after-tax) in net charges, including $12 ($8 after-tax) for asset impairments, related to retirements and/or the sale of previously idled structures; $25 ($13 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for asset impairments related to the write-off of capitalized costs for projects no longer being pursued due to the market environment; a net charge of $17 ($12 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for other miscellaneous items, including $3 ($2 after-tax) for asset impairments; and $8 ($6 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for the reversal of a number of small layoff reserves related to prior periods. In May 2013, management approved the permanent shutdown and demolition of two potlines (capacity of 105 kmt-per- year) that utilize Soderberg technology at the Baie Comeau smelter in Québec, Canada (remaining capacity of 280 kmt-per-year composed of two prebake potlines) and the full capacity (44 kmt-per-year) at the Fusina smelter in Italy. Additionally, in August 2013, management approved the permanent shutdown and demolition of one potline (capacity of 41 kmt-per-year) that utilizes Soderberg technology at the Massena East smelter in New York (remaining capacity of 84 kmt-per-year composed of two Soderberg potlines). The aforementioned Soderberg lines at Baie Comeau and Massena East were fully shut down by the end of September 2013 while the Fusina smelter was previously temporarily idled in 2010. Demolition and remediation activities related to all three facilities began in late 2013 and are expected to be completed by the end of 2015 for Massena East and by the end of 2017 for both Baie Comeau and Fusina. The decisions on the Soderberg lines for Baie Comeau and Massena East were part of a 15-month review of 460 kmt of smelting capacity initiated by management in May 2013 for possible curtailment, while the decision on the Fusina smelter was in addition to the capacity being reviewed. Factors leading to all three decisions were in general focused on achieving sustained competitiveness and included, among others: lack of an economically viable, long-term power solution (Italy); changed market fundamentals; other existing idle capacity; and restart costs. In 2013, exit costs related to the shutdown actions included $114 for the layoff of approximately 550 employees (Primary Metals segment), including $83 in pension costs; accelerated depreciation of $58 (Baie Comeau) and asset impairments of $18 (Fusina and Massena East) representing the write-off of the remaining book value of all related properties, plants, and equipment; and $55 in other exit costs. Additionally in 2013, remaining inventories, mostly operating supplies and raw materials, were written down to their net realizable value resulting in a charge of $9 ($6 after-tax), which was recorded in Cost of goods sold on Alcoa’s Statement of Consolidated Operations. The other exit costs represent $48 in asset retirement obligations and $5 in environmental remediation, both of which were triggered by the decisions to permanently shut down and demolish these structures, and $2 in other related costs. As of December 31, 2014, approximately 1,440 of the 1,530 employees (previously 1,660) were separated. The total number of employees associated with the 2013 restructuring programs was updated to reflect employees, who were initially identified for separation, accepting other positions within Alcoa and natural attrition. The remaining separations for the 2013 restructuring programs are expected to be completed by the end of 2015. In 2014 and 2013, cash payments of $39 and $33, respectively, were made against layoff reserves related to the 2013 restructuring programs. 2012 Actions. In 2012, Alcoa recorded Restructuring and other charges of $172 ($106 after-tax and noncontrolling interests), which were comprised of the following components: $85 ($33 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) related to the civil portion of a legal matter; $47 ($29 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for the layoff of approximately 800 employees (390 in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment, 250 in the Primary Metals segment, 85 in the Alumina segment, and 75 in Corporate), including $10 ($7 after-tax) for the layoff of an additional 170 employees 58 related to the previously reported smelter curtailments in Spain; $30 ($30 after-tax) in asset impairments and $6 ($6 after-tax) for lease and contract termination costs due to a decision to exit the lithographic sheet business in Bohai, China; $11 ($11 after-tax) in costs to idle the Portovesme smelter; $10 ($8 after-tax) in other asset impairments; a net charge of $4 ($4 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for other miscellaneous items; and $21 ($15 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for the reversal of a number of layoff reserves related to prior periods, including $10 ($7 after- tax) related to the smelters in Spain. The reversal related to the smelters in Spain was due to lower than expected costs based on agreements with employee representatives and the government, as well as a reduction of 55 in the number of layoffs due to the anticipation of the restart of a portion of the previously curtailed capacity based on an agreement with the Spanish government that will provide interruptibility rights (i.e. compensation for power interruptions when grids are overloaded) to the smelters during 2013 (see Primary Metals in Segment Information below). A portion of this reversal relates to layoff costs recorded at the end of 2011 and a portion of this reversal relates to layoff costs recorded during 2012 (see above). As of December 31, 2013, the separations associated with 2012 restructuring programs were essentially complete. In 2014, 2013, and 2012, cash payments of $3, $17, and $16, respectively, were made against layoff reserves related to the 2012 restructuring programs. Alcoa does not include Restructuring and other charges in the results of its reportable segments. The pretax impact of allocating such charges to segment results would have been as follows: Alumina Primary Metals Global Rolled Products Engineered Products and Solutions Segment total Corporate Total restructuring and other charges 2014 2013 2012 $ 287 553 266 19 1,125 43 $ 11 295 15 27 348 434 $ 3 20 43 13 79 93 $1,168 $782 $172 Interest Expense—Interest expense was $473 in 2014 compared with $453 in 2013. The increase of $20, or 4%, was principally caused by lower capitalized interest ($43), largely due to the progress completed at the aluminum complex in Saudi Arabia, and fees paid associated with the execution and termination of a 364-day senior unsecured bridge term loan facility related to the acquisition of an aerospace business ($13—see Engineered Products and Solutions in Segment Information below). These items were partially offset by a 3% lower average debt level and lower amortization of debt-related costs due to the conversion of convertible notes. The lower average debt level was mostly attributable to lower outstanding long-term debt due to the March 2014 conversion of $575 in 5.25% Convertible Notes and the June 2013 repayment of $422 in 6.00% Notes, partially offset by the September 2014 issuance of $1,250 in 5.125% Notes. Interest expense was $453 in 2013 compared with $490 in 2012. The decrease of $37, or 8%, was primarily due to a 7% lower average debt level, which was mostly attributable to lower outstanding long-term debt due to the June 2013 repayment of $422 in 6.00% Notes and payments associated with the loans supporting growth projects in Brazil. Other Expenses (Income), net—Other expenses, net was $47 in 2014 compared with Other income, net of $25 in 2013. The change of $72 was mostly due to an unfavorable change in mark-to-market derivative aluminum contracts ($42), net unfavorable foreign currency movements ($34), a higher equity loss related to Alcoa’s share of the joint venture in Saudi Arabia due to start-up costs of the entire complex, including restart costs for one of the smelter potlines that was previously shut down due to a period of instability, and a smaller improvement in the cash surrender value of company-owned life insurance. These items were somewhat offset by a gain on the sale of (i) a mining interest in Suriname ($28) and (ii) an equity investment in a China rolling mill ($14). 59 Other income, net was $25 in 2013 compared with $341 in 2012. The change of $316 was mainly the result of the absence of a gain on the sale of U.S. hydroelectric power assets ($320: see Primary Metals in Segment Information below). Also, a higher equity loss ($40) related to Alcoa’s share of the joint venture in Saudi Arabia due to start-up costs and a shutdown of one of the two smelter potlines due to a period of instability was partially offset by net favorable foreign currency movements ($28). Income Taxes—Alcoa’s effective tax rate was 64.4% (provision on income) in 2014 compared with the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35%. The effective tax rate differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate mainly due to restructuring charges related to operations in Italy (no tax benefit) and Australia (benefit at a lower tax rate) (see Restructuring and Other Charges above), a $52 ($31 after noncontrolling interest) discrete income tax charge related to a tax rate change in Brazil (see below), a loss on the sale of three rolling mills in Europe (no tax benefit) (see Global Rolled Products in Segment Information below), and a $27 ($16 after noncontrolling interest) discrete income tax charge for the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets of a subsidiary in Spain due to a November 2014 enacted tax rate change (from 30% in 2014 to 28% in 2015 to 25% in 2016). These items were somewhat offset by foreign income taxed in lower rate jurisdictions and a $9 discrete income tax benefit for the release of a valuation allowance related to operations in Germany due to the initiation of a tax planning strategy. In December 2011, one of Alcoa’s subsidiaries in Brazil applied for a tax holiday related to its expanded mining and refining operations. During 2013, the application was amended and re-filed and, separately, a similar application was filed for another one of the Company’s subsidiaries in Brazil. The deadline for the Brazilian government to deny the application was July 11, 2014. Since Alcoa did not receive notice that its applications were denied, the tax holiday took effect automatically on July 12, 2014. As a result, the tax rate for these subsidiaries decreased significantly (from 34% to 15.25%), resulting in future cash tax savings over the 10-year holiday period (retroactively effective as of January 1, 2013). Additionally, a portion of one of the subsidiaries net deferred tax asset that reverses within the holiday period was remeasured at the new tax rate (the net deferred tax asset of the other subsidiary was not remeasured since it could still be utilized against the subsidiary’s future earnings not subject to the tax holiday). This remeasurement resulted in a decrease to that subsidiary’s net deferred tax asset and a noncash charge to earnings of $52 ($31 after noncontrolling interest). Alcoa’s effective tax rate was 23.6% in 2013 (provision on a loss) compared with the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35%. The effective tax rate differs (by (58.6)% points) from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to a $1,731 impairment of goodwill (see Impairment of Goodwill above) and a $209 charge for a legal matter (see Restructuring and Other Charges above) that are nondeductible for income tax purposes, a $372 discrete income tax charge for valuation allowances on certain deferred tax assets in Spain and the United States (see Income Taxes in Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates below), restructuring charges related to operations in Canada (benefit at a lower tax rate) and Italy (no tax benefit) (see Restructuring and Other Charges above), and a $9 discrete income tax charge related to prior year taxes in Spain and Australia. These items were slightly offset by an $18 discrete income tax benefit related to new U.S. tax legislation (see below). On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law and reinstated various expired or expiring temporary business tax provisions through 2013. Two specific temporary business tax provisions that expired in 2011 and impacted Alcoa are the look-through rule for payments between related controlled foreign corporations and the research and experimentation credit. The expiration of these two provisions resulted in Alcoa recognizing a higher income tax provision of $18 in 2012. As tax law changes are accounted for in the period of enactment, Alcoa recognized an $18 discrete income tax benefit in 2013 related to the 2012 tax year to reflect the extension of these provisions. Beginning on January 1, 2014, these two provisions once again expired. On December 19, 2014, the Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2014 was signed into law, which retroactively extended for one year (i.e. calendar year 2014) a number of the tax provisions that expired at the end of 2013, including the two specific aforementioned provisions. For tax years beginning after December 31, 2014, these two provisions once again expire. Absent a retroactive extension enacted in 2015, Alcoa would recognize a higher income tax provision of $12 in 2015. Alcoa’s effective tax rate was 50.0% (provision on income) in 2012 compared with the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35%. The effective tax rate differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate principally due to the tax impact from the gain 60 recognized on the sale of U.S. hydroelectric power assets (see Primary Metals in Segment Information below) and an $8 discrete income tax charge related to prior year U.S. taxes on certain depletable assets, slightly offset by a $13 discrete income tax benefit related to a change in the legal structure of an investment. Management anticipates that the effective tax rate in 2015 will be between 30% and 35%. However, changes in the current economic environment, tax legislation or rate changes, currency fluctuations, ability to realize deferred tax assets, and the results of operations in certain taxing jurisdictions may cause this estimated rate to fluctuate. Noncontrolling Interests—Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests was $91 in 2014 compared with Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $41 in 2013 and Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests of $29 in 2012. These amounts were virtually all related to the results of Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals (AWAC), which is owned 60% by Alcoa and 40% by Alumina Limited. In 2014, AWAC generated a smaller loss compared to 2013 mainly driven by the absence of a $384 charge for a legal matter (see below) and improved operating results, mostly offset by restructuring and other charges associated with both the decision to permanently shut down the Point Henry smelter in Australia (see Restructuring and Other Charges above) and the divestiture of an ownership interest in a mining and refining joint venture in Jamaica (see Alumina in Segment Information below) and a combined $79 ($32 was noncontrolling interest’s share) discrete income tax charge related to a tax rate change in both Brazil and Spain (see Income Taxes above). The improvement in AWAC’s operating results was principally due to net favorable foreign currency movements and net productivity improvements, partially offset by an increase in input costs. Even though AWAC generated an overall loss in both 2014 and 2013, the noncontrolling interest’s share resulted in income in 2013 due to the manner in which the charges and costs related to a legal matter were allocated (see below). In 2013, AWAC generated a higher loss compared to 2012 primarily related to a $384 charge for a legal matter, partially offset by improved operating results and the absence of an $85 charge related to the civil portion of the same legal matter. The increase in AWAC’s operating results was largely driven by net favorable foreign currency movements and net productivity improvements, somewhat offset by an increase in input costs. Even though AWAC generated an overall loss in both 2013 and 2012, the noncontrolling interest’s share resulted in income in 2013 due to the manner in which the charges and costs related to the legal matter were allocated. A description of how these charges for this legal matter impacted Noncontrolling interests follows. The noncontrolling interest’s share of AWAC’s charge for a legal matter in 2013 and 2012 was $58 (related to the aforementioned $384) and $34 (related to the aforementioned $85), respectively. In 2012, the $34 was based on the 40% ownership interest of Alumina Limited, while, in 2013, the $58 was based on 15%. The application of a different percentage was due to the criteria in a 2012 allocation agreement between Alcoa and Alumina Limited related to this legal matter being met. Additionally, the $34 charge, as well as costs related to this legal matter, was retroactively adjusted to reflect the terms of the allocation agreement, resulting in a credit to Noncontrolling interests of $41 in 2013. In summary, Noncontrolling interests included a charge of $17 and $34 related to this legal matter in 2013 and 2012, respectively. Segment Information Alcoa’s operations consist of four worldwide reportable segments: Alumina, Primary Metals, Global Rolled Products, and Engineered Products and Solutions. Segment performance under Alcoa’s management reporting system is evaluated based on a number of factors; however, the primary measure of performance is the after-tax operating income (ATOI) of each segment. Certain items such as the impact of LIFO inventory accounting; interest expense; noncontrolling interests; corporate expense (general administrative and selling expenses of operating the corporate headquarters and other global administrative facilities, along with depreciation and amortization on corporate-owned assets); restructuring and other charges; and other items, including intersegment profit eliminations, differences between tax rates applicable to the segments and the consolidated effective tax rate, the results of the soft alloy extrusions business in Brazil, and other nonoperating items such as foreign currency transaction gains/losses and interest income are excluded from segment ATOI. 61 ATOI for all reportable segments totaled $2,043 in 2014, $1,217 in 2013, and $1,357 in 2012. The following information provides shipments, sales, and ATOI data for each reportable segment, as well as certain production, realized price, and average cost data, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014. See Note Q to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information. Alumina Alumina production (kmt) Third-party alumina shipments (kmt) Alcoa’s average realized price per metric ton of alumina Alcoa’s average cost per metric ton of alumina* Third-party sales Intersegment sales Total sales ATOI 2014 2013 2012 16,606 10,652 324 $ $ 282 $ 3,509 1,941 16,618 9,966 328 295 16,342 9,295 327 $ $ 310 $ 3,326 $ 3,092 2,310 2,235 $ $ $ 5,450 $ 5,561 $ 5,402 $ 370 $ 259 $ 90 * Includes all production-related costs, including raw materials consumed; conversion costs, such as labor, materials, and utilities; depreciation, depletion, and amortization; and plant administrative expenses. This segment represents a portion of Alcoa’s upstream operations and consists of the Company’s worldwide refinery system, including the mining of bauxite, which is then refined into alumina. Alumina is mainly sold directly to internal and external smelter customers worldwide or is sold to customers who process it into industrial chemical products. A portion of this segment’s third-party sales are completed through the use of agents, alumina traders, and distributors. More than half of Alcoa’s alumina production is sold under supply contracts to third parties worldwide, while the remainder is used internally by the Primary Metals segment. In December 2014, Alcoa’s majority-owned subsidiary, AWAC, completed the sale of its ownership stake in Jamalco, a bauxite mine and alumina refinery joint venture in Jamaica, to Noble Group Ltd. Jamalco was 55% owned by a subsidiary of AWAC, and, while owned by AWAC, 55% of both the operating results and assets and liabilities of this joint venture were included in the Alumina segment. As it relates to AWAC’s previous 55% ownership stake, the refinery (AWAC’s share of the capacity was 779 kmt-per-year) generated sales (third-party and intersegment) of approximately $200 in 2013, and the refinery and mine combined, at the time of divestiture, had approximately 500 employees. See Restructuring and Other Charges in Results of Operations above. In 2014, alumina production decreased by 12 kmt compared to 2013. The decline was mainly driven by lower production at the Poços de Caldas (Brazil), Jamalco (Jamaica), and San Ciprian (Spain) refineries, mostly offset by higher production at every other refinery in the global system. The Poços de Caldas refinery started to reduce production in early 2014 in response to management’s decision to fully curtail the Poços de Caldas smelter by the end of May 2014 (see Primary Metals below). As a result, management reduced the alumina production at the Poços de Caldas refinery by approximately 200 kmt-per-year by mid-2014. This reduction was replaced by an increase in production at lower cost refineries within Alcoa’s global system. Additionally, the decrease at the refinery in Jamaica was due to the absence of production for one month as a result of the sale of the ownership stake in Jamalco. In 2013, alumina production increased by 276 kmt compared to 2012. The improvement was mostly the result of higher production in the Atlantic refinery system, primarily at the Point Comfort, TX refinery. Third-party sales for the Alumina segment improved 6% in 2014 compared with 2013, primarily related to a 7% improvement in volume. Third-party sales for this segment increased 8% in 2013 compared with 2012, largely attributable to an increase of 7% in volume and positive impacts from moving customer contracts to alumina index pricing and spot pricing, somewhat offset by a decrease in contractual LME-based pricing (fewer sales subject to LME pricing and lower average LME prices for those sales subject to LME pricing). 62 Intersegment sales for the Alumina segment decreased 13% in 2014 compared with 2013 and declined 3% in 2013 compared with 2012. The decrease in both periods was mostly the result of lower demand from the Primary Metals segment. ATOI for the Alumina segment improved $111 in 2014 compared with 2013, mostly due to net favorable foreign currency movements due to a stronger U.S. dollar, especially against the Australian dollar, net productivity improvements, and a gain on the sale of a mining interest in Suriname ($18). These positive impacts were partially offset by higher input costs, including natural gas (particularly higher prices in Australia), bauxite (mainly due to a new mining site in Suriname), and labor and maintenance, all of which were somewhat offset by lower costs for caustic; and a higher equity loss due to start-up costs of the bauxite mine and refinery in Saudi Arabia. ATOI for this segment increased $169 in 2013 compared with 2012, mainly caused by net favorable foreign currency movements due to a stronger U.S. dollar, especially against the Australian dollar, and net productivity improvements. These positive impacts were somewhat offset by cost increases for bauxite due to a new mining site in Suriname and a crusher equipment move in Australia, rising natural gas prices in Australia, and higher maintenance costs in Australia and Latin America. In 2015, alumina production will be approximately 700 kmt lower due to the sale of the interest in the Jamaica refinery. Also, the continued shift towards alumina index and spot pricing is expected to average 75% of third-party shipments. Additionally, net productivity improvements are anticipated and lower energy costs are expected in Spain due to the conversion of the fuel source at the refinery from fuel oil to natural gas. Furthermore, the refinery in Saudi Arabia is expected to produce 1,100 kmt (276 kmt is Alcoa’s share) of alumina, as it became fully operational at the end of 2014. Primary Metals Aluminum production (kmt) Third-party aluminum shipments (kmt) Alcoa’s average realized price per metric ton of aluminum* Alcoa’s average cost per metric ton of aluminum** Third-party sales Intersegment sales Total sales ATOI 2014 2013 2012 3,125 2,534 $2,405 $2,252 $6,800 2,931 3,550 2,801 $2,243 $2,201 $6,596 2,621 3,742 3,056 $ 2,327 $ 2,287 $ 7,432 2,877 $9,731 $9,217 $10,309 $ 594 $ (20) $ 309 * Average realized price per metric ton of aluminum includes three elements: a) the underlying base metal component, based on quoted prices from the LME; b) the regional premium, which represents the incremental price over the base LME component that is associated with the physical delivery of metal to a particular region (e.g., the Midwest premium for metal sold in the United States); and c) the product premium, which represents the incremental price for receiving physical metal in a particular shape (e.g., billet, slab, rod, etc.) or alloy. **Includes all production-related costs, including raw materials consumed; conversion costs, such as labor, materials, and utilities; depreciation and amortization; and plant administrative expenses. This segment represents a portion of Alcoa’s upstream operations and consists of the Company’s worldwide smelter system. Primary Metals receives alumina, mostly from the Alumina segment, and produces primary aluminum used by Alcoa’s fabricating businesses, as well as sold to external customers and traders. Results from the sale of aluminum powder, scrap, and excess power are also included in this segment, as well as the results of aluminum derivative contracts and buy/resell activity. Primary aluminum produced by Alcoa and used internally is transferred to other segments at prevailing market prices. The sale of primary aluminum represents approximately 90% of this segment’s third-party sales. Buy/resell activity occurs when this segment purchases metal and resells such metal to external customers or the midstream and downstream segments in order to maximize smelting system efficiency and to meet customer requirements. 63 In November 2014, Alcoa completed the sale of an aluminum rod plant located in Bécancour, Québec, Canada to Sural Laminated Products. This facility takes molten aluminum and shapes it into the form of a rod, which is used by customers primarily for the transportation of electricity. While owned by Alcoa, the operating results and assets and liabilities of this plant were included in the Primary Metals segment. In conjunction with this transaction, Alcoa entered into a multi-year agreement with Sural Laminated Products to supply molten aluminum for the rod plant. The aluminum rod plant generated sales of approximately $200 in 2013 and, at the time of divestiture, had approximately 60 employees. See Restructuring and Other Charges in Results of Operations above. In December 2014, Alcoa completed the sale of its 50.33% ownership stake in the Mt. Holly smelter located in Goose Creek, South Carolina to Century Aluminum Company. While owned by Alcoa, 50.33% of both the operating results and assets and liabilities related to the smelter were included in the Primary Metals segment. As it relates to Alcoa’s previous 50.33% ownership stake, the smelter (Alcoa’s share of the capacity was 115 kmt-per-year) generated sales of approximately $280 in 2013 and, at the time of divestiture, had approximately 250 employees. See Restructuring and Other Charges in Results of Operations above. In November 2012, Alcoa completed the sale of its 351-megawatt Tapoco Hydroelectric Project (“Tapoco”) to Brookfield Renewable Energy Partners for $597 in cash. Alcoa recognized a gain of $320 ($173 after-tax) in Other income, net on the Statement of Consolidated Operations, of which a gain of $426 ($275 after-tax) was reflected in the Primary Metals segment and a loss of $106 ($102 after-tax) was reflected in Corporate. The amount in Corporate represents the write-off of goodwill and capitalized interest related to Tapoco that were not included in the assets of the Primary Metals segment. Tapoco is a four-station hydroelectric project located on the Little Tennessee and Cheoah Rivers in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. The transaction included four generating stations and dams, 86 miles of transmission lines, and approximately 14,500 acres of land associated with and surrounding Tapoco. The power generated by Tapoco was primarily consumed by Alcoa’s smelter in Tennessee, which was temporarily idled in 2009 and permanently shut down in 2011. Since 2009, the power generated from Tapoco was sold into the open market. At December 31, 2014, Alcoa had 665 kmt of idle capacity on a base capacity of 3,497 kmt. In 2014, idle capacity increased 10 kmt compared to 2013 due to the temporary curtailment of 159 kmt combined at two smelters in Brazil, mostly offset by the permanent closure of the Portovesme smelter in Italy (150 kmt-per-year). Base capacity declined 540 kmt between December 31, 2014 and 2013 due to the permanent closure of a smelter in Australia and two remaining potlines at a smelter in the United States (274 kmt combined) and the previously mentioned permanent shutdown of the Portovesme smelter and the sale of Alcoa’s ownership stake in the Mt. Holly smelter (see above). A detailed description of each of these actions follows. At December 31, 2013, Alcoa had 655 kmt of idle capacity on a base capacity of 4,037 kmt. In 2013, idle capacity increased 64 kmt compared to 2012 mostly due to the temporary curtailment of 131 kmt combined at two smelters in Brazil, partially offset by the permanent closure of the Fusina smelter in Italy (44 kmt-per-year) and the restart of a portion (27 kmt combined) of the capacity that was temporary curtailed in 2012 related to the Avilés and La Coruña smelters in Spain. Base capacity declined 190 kmt between December 31, 2013 and 2012 due to the permanent closure of three potlines combined at smelters in Canada and in the United States (146 kmt combined) and the previously mentioned permanent shutdown of the Fusina smelter. A detailed description of each of these actions follows. The restarts in Spain occurred in order to meet the requirements of the modified interruptibility regime in the Spanish power market. In December 2012, the Spanish Government issued a Ministerial Order that modified the interruptibility regime previously in place in the Spanish power market. The interruptibility regime allowed certain industrial customers who were willing to be subject to temporary interruptions in the supply of power to sell interruption rights to the high voltage transmission system operator. In January 2013, Alcoa applied for and was granted rights to sell interruption services under the modified regime from its San Ciprian, Avilés, and La Coruña smelters in Spain. The commitment was taken for a one-year period, which was subsequently extended until December 2014. In September 2014, Spanish regulation imposed a budget cap on the revenues associated with the sale of interruption services resulting in higher energy costs for the three smelters during the last three months of 2014. In late 2014, a new market- 64 based interruptibility regime replaced the previously regulated interruptibility regime resulting in a competitive auction process to allocate interruptibility rights in Spain for calendar year 2015. Through this process, Alcoa was able to secure the sale of enough interruptibility rights to operate all three smelters in Spain at competitive energy prices during 2015 (the structure of the energy market in Spain subsequent to 2015 is unknown). In May 2013, Alcoa announced that management would review 460 kmt of smelting capacity over a 15-month period for possible curtailment. This review was aimed at maintaining Alcoa’s competitiveness despite falling aluminum prices and would focus on the highest-cost smelting capacity and those plants that have long-term risk due to factors such as energy costs or regulatory uncertainty. As part of this review, also in May 2013, management approved the permanent shutdown and demolition of two potlines (105 kmt-per-year) that utilize Soderberg technology at the Baie Comeau smelter in Quebec, Canada. Additionally, in August 2013, management approved the permanent shutdown and demolition of one potline (41 kmt- per-year) that utilizes Soderberg technology at the Massena East, NY plant. The shutdown of these three lines was completed by the end of September 2013. The Baie Comeau smelter has a remaining capacity of 280 kmt-per-year composed of two prebake potlines and the Massena East smelter had a remaining capacity of 84 kmt-per-year composed of two Soderberg potlines (see below). Also in August 2013 as part of this review, management initiated the temporary curtailment of 97 kmt at the São Luís smelter and 31 kmt at the Poços de Caldas smelter, both in Brazil. This action was also completed by the end of September 2013. An additional 3 kmt was temporarily curtailed at the Poços de Caldas smelter by the end of 2013. The review of the remaining 183 kmt of smelting capacity was completed during 2014. Also, during 2014, an additional 250 kmt of smelting capacity was included in the review. In early 2014, management initiated three additional actions resulting in the permanent shutdown of an additional 274 kmt of capacity and the temporary curtailment of an additional 147 kmt of capacity. The permanent shutdowns were comprised of the remaining capacity (84 kmt-per-year) at the Massena East smelter and the full capacity (190 kmt-per-year) at the Point Henry smelter in Australia. The remaining capacity of the Massena East smelter represented two Soderberg potlines that were no longer competitive. This shutdown was completed by the end of March 2014. For Point Henry, management determined that the smelter had no prospect of becoming financially viable. The shutdown of the Point Henry smelter was completed in August 2014. The temporary curtailments were comprised of the remaining capacity (62 kmt-per-year) at the Poços de Caldas smelter and additional capacity (85 kmt-per-year) at the São Luís smelter. The process of curtailing this additional capacity began in March 2014 and was completed by the end of May 2014. An additional 12 kmt was temporarily curtailed at the São Luís smelter during the remainder of 2014. Separate from the review, in June 2013, management decided to permanently close the Fusina smelter as the underlying conditions that led to the idling of the smelter in 2010 had not fundamentally changed, including low aluminum prices and the lack of an economically viable, long-term power solution. In August 2014, management approved the permanent shutdown of the Portovesme smelter, which had been idle since November 2012. This decision was made because the fundamental reasons that made the Portovesme smelter uncompetitive remained unchanged, including the lack of a viable long-term power solution. See Restructuring and Other Charges in Results of Operations above for a description of the associated charges related to all of the above actions. In 2014, aluminum production decreased by 425 kmt, mostly due to lower and/or the absence of production at the five smelters impacted by the 2013 and 2014 capacity reductions described above. 65 In 2013, aluminum production declined by 192 kmt, mainly the result of the absence of production at the Portovesme smelter (fully curtailed at the end of 2012), the temporary curtailment of capacity at two smelters in Brazil (see above), and the permanent shutdown of three potlines combined at smelters in Canada and in the United States (see above). Third-party sales for the Primary Metals segment increased 3% in 2014 compared with 2013, mainly due to higher energy sales in Brazil resulting from excess power due to curtailed smelter capacity, higher buy/resell activity, and a 7% increase in average realized aluminum price, mostly offset by lower volumes, including from the five smelters impacted by the 2013 and 2014 capacity reductions. The change in average realized price was driven by higher regional premiums, which increased by an average of 84% in the United States and Canada and 56% in Europe. Third-party sales for this segment declined 11% in 2013 compared with 2012, primarily due to lower volumes, including from the curtailed smelters in Italy, Spain, and Brazil and the permanent shutdown of certain capacity in Canada and the United States. Also contributing to the decrease was a 4% decline in average realized prices, somewhat offset by higher energy sales related to excess power, mostly in Brazil, and favorable product mix. The change in realized prices was driven by an 8% lower average LME price (on 15-day lag), somewhat offset by higher regional premiums, including an average of 12% in the United States and Canada and 13% in Europe. Intersegment sales for the Primary Metals segment improved 12% in 2014 compared with 2013, principally due to an increase in realized prices, driven by higher regional premiums, and higher demand from the midstream and downstream businesses. Intersegment sales for this segment declined 9% in 2013 compared with 2012, mainly the result of a decrease in both realized prices, driven by a lower LME price, and demand from the midstream and downstream businesses. ATOI for the Primary Metals segment climbed $614 in 2014 compared with 2013, principally related to a higher average realized aluminum price; the previously mentioned energy sales in Brazil; net productivity improvements; net favorable foreign currency movements due to a stronger U.S. dollar against all major currencies; lower costs for carbon and alumina; and the absence of costs related to a planned maintenance outage in 2013 at a power plant in Australia. These positive impacts were slightly offset by an unfavorable impact associated with the 2013 and 2014 capacity reductions described above, including a write-off of inventory related to the decisions to permanently shut down the Portovesme, Point Henry, and Massena East smelters ($44), and higher costs for energy (particularly in Spain—see above), labor, and maintenance. ATOI for this segment decreased $329 in 2013 compared with 2012, primarily caused by a decline in realized prices, the absence of a gain on the sale of Tapoco (see above), higher costs for labor and transportation, a higher equity loss related to the joint venture in Saudi Arabia due to start-up costs and a shutdown of one of the two potlines due to a period of instability, and costs related to a planned maintenance outage at the Anglesea power plant in Australia. These negative impacts were somewhat offset by lower costs for carbon and energy, net productivity improvements, net favorable foreign currency movements due to a stronger U.S. dollar against most major currencies, favorable product mix, and a positive impact (insurance recovery in 2013 plus the absence of business interruption and repair costs that occurred in 2012) related to the March 2012 fire at the Massena West cast house ($36). In 2015, aluminum production will be approximately 270 kmt lower due to the sale of the ownership stake in the Mt. Holly smelter and the shutdown and curtailment actions described above. Also, energy sales in Brazil will be negatively impacted by approximately $100 due to a decline in energy prices. Additionally, net productivity improvements are anticipated and the smelter in Saudi Arabia is expected to provide a positive contribution to ATOI, as it became fully operational in mid 2014. Furthermore, lower energy costs in Canada are anticipated due to new power contracts executed in late 2014. 66 Global Rolled Products Third-party aluminum shipments (kmt) Alcoa’s average realized price per metric ton of aluminum Third-party sales Intersegment sales Total sales ATOI 2014 2013 2012 1,964 $3,743 $7,351 185 1,905 1,867 $3,730 $3,953 $7,106 $7,378 163 178 $7,536 $7,284 $7,541 $ 312 $ 252 $ 346 This segment represents Alcoa’s midstream operations, whose principal business is the production and sale of aluminum plate and sheet. A small portion of this segment’s operations relate to foil produced at one plant in Brazil. This segment includes rigid container sheet (RCS), which is sold directly to customers in the packaging and consumer market and is used to produce aluminum beverage cans. Seasonal increases in RCS sales are generally experienced in the second and third quarters of the year. Approximately one-half of the third-party shipments in this segment consist of RCS. This segment also includes sheet and plate used in the aerospace, automotive, commercial transportation, building and construction, and industrial products (mainly used in the production of machinery and equipment and consumer durables) end markets, which is sold directly to customers and through distributors. While the customer base for flat-rolled products is large, a significant amount of sales of RCS, sheet, and plate is to a relatively small number of customers. In February 2014, management approved the permanent shutdown of Alcoa’s two rolling mills in Australia, Point Henry and Yennora. This decision was made due to the significant impact of excess can sheet capacity in both Australia and Asia. The two rolling mills had a combined can sheet capacity of 200 kmt-per-year and were closed by the end of 2014. See Restructuring and Other Charges in Results of Operations above for a description of the associated charges. In December 2014, Alcoa completed the sale of three rolling mills located in Spain (Alicante and Amorebieta) and France (Castelsarrasin) to a subsidiary of Atlas Holdings LLC. While owned by Alcoa, the operating results and assets and liabilities of the rolling mills were included in the Global Rolled Products segment. In conjunction with this transaction, Alcoa entered into a multi-year agreement with the buyer to supply aluminum for the rolling mills. The rolling mills combined generated sales of approximately $500 in 2013 and, at the time of divestiture, had approximately 750 employees. See Restructuring and Other Charges in Results of Operations above. Third-party sales for the Global Rolled Products segment improved 3% in 2014 compared with 2013, principally caused by increased demand, somewhat offset by unfavorable price/product mix related to the packaging, aerospace, and industrial products end markets. Volume improvements were mostly driven by the automotive and commercial transportation end markets. Third-party sales for this segment declined 4% in 2013 compared with 2012, primarily driven by unfavorable pricing, mostly due to a decrease in metal prices, and unfavorable product mix, partially offset by increased demand. Volume improvements were mostly due to the packaging, automotive, and building and construction end markets, partially offset by a decline in the industrial products end market (especially in North America). ATOI for the Global Rolled Products segment improved $60 in 2014 compared with 2013, mainly the result of net productivity improvements across most businesses, a positive impact from the timing lag in metal prices (i.e., this segment realized a lower average cost of metal purchased compared to the average metal price realized in sales due to its rising trend during 2014), and overall higher volumes. These items were partially offset by unfavorable price/ product mix related to the packaging, aerospace, and industrial products end markets; higher input costs, including energy, labor, maintenance, and transportation; a write-off of inventory related to the decision to permanently shut down the Point Henry and Yennora rolling mills ($9); a larger equity loss due to start-up costs related to the rolling 67 mill at the joint venture in Saudi Arabia; and costs (business continuity and contract specific) related to a new labor agreement that covers employees at three rolling mills in the United States ($4) (see Cost of Goods Sold in Results of Operations above). ATOI for this segment declined $94 in 2013 compared with 2012, primarily attributable to a combination of unfavorable pricing and product mix; higher input costs, including metal premiums, energy, and labor; and a negative impact from the timing lag in metal prices (i.e., this segment realized a lower average metal price in sales compared to the average cost of the metal purchased). These items were partially offset by net productivity improvements across most businesses. In 2015, demand in the automotive end market is expected to remain strong and the automotive expansion at the Davenport, IA facility will continue to ramp-up to serve the growing demand for aluminum-intensive vehicles. Also, pricing pressure due to continued oversupply in both the packaging and industrial products end markets is expected. Additionally, Third-party sales will decline by approximately $1,000 due to the divestiture and closure of five rolling mills (see above). Furthermore, net productivity improvements are anticipated while higher research and development costs are anticipated as Alcoa develops and qualifies products from a new Micromill™ production process. Engineered Products and Solutions Third-party aluminum shipments (kmt) Third-party sales ATOI 2014 2013 2012 246 $6,006 $ 767 229 222 $5,733 $5,525 $ 612 $ 726 This segment represents Alcoa’s downstream operations and includes titanium, aluminum, and super alloy investment castings; fasteners; aluminum wheels; integrated aluminum structural systems; architectural extrusions; and forgings and hard alloy extrusions. These products, which are used in the aerospace, automotive, building and construction, commercial transportation, power generation, and industrial products end markets, are sold directly to customers and through distributors. On November 19, 2014, after satisfying all customary closing conditions and receiving the required regulatory approvals, Alcoa completed the acquisition of Firth Rixson, a global leader in aerospace jet engine components. Firth Rixson manufactures rings, forgings, and metal products for the aerospace end market, as well as other markets requiring highly engineered material applications. This business generated sales of approximately $970 in 2014 and has 13 operating facilities in the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, and Asia employing approximately 2,400 people combined. The purpose of this acquisition is to strengthen Alcoa’s aerospace business and position the Company to capture additional aerospace growth with a broader range of high-growth, value-add jet engine components. Alcoa expects Third-party sales of the Firth Rixson business to increase to $1,600 and $2,000 by 2016 and 2019, respectively. In executing its integration plan for Firth Rixson, Alcoa expects to realize annual cost savings of more than $100 by 2019 due to synergies derived from procurement and productivity improvements, optimizing internal metal supply, and leveraging Alcoa’s global shared services. This transaction is expected to be neutral to earnings in 2015 and accretive thereafter. The operating results and assets and liabilities of Firth Rixson were included within the Engineered Products and Solutions segment since the date of acquisition. Third-party sales and ATOI of Firth Rixson from the acquisition date through December 31, 2014 were $81 and $(12), respectively. In December 2014, Alcoa signed a definitive agreement to acquire TITAL, a privately held company based in Germany. TITAL’s business is composed primarily of aluminum and titanium investment casting products for the aerospace and defense end markets. The purpose of this acquisition is to capture increasing demand for advanced jet engine components made of titanium, establish titanium casting capabilities in Europe, and expand existing aluminum casting capacity. The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals and is expected to close by the end of March 2015. At that time, TITAL will be included within the Engineered Products and Solutions segment. TITAL generated sales of approximately $100 in 2013 and has approximately 650 employees. 68 Third-party sales for the Engineered Products and Solutions segment increased 5% in 2014 compared with 2013, primarily due to higher volumes and the acquisition of Firth Rixson (see above). The higher volumes were mostly related to the commercial transportation and aerospace (commercial) end markets, somewhat offset by lower volumes in the industrial gas turbine end market. Third-party sales for this segment improved 4% in 2013 compared with 2012, largely attributable to higher volumes related to the aerospace end market. ATOI for the Engineered Products and Solutions segment climbed $41 in 2014 compared with 2013, mainly due to net productivity improvements across all businesses and overall higher volumes, partially offset by higher costs, primarily labor, and unfavorable product mix. ATOI for this segment rose $114 in 2013 compared with 2012, principally the result of net productivity improvements across all businesses and the previously mentioned volume impact, somewhat offset by higher costs, including labor and research and development expenses, and unfavorable price/product mix. In 2015, the commercial aerospace end market is expected to remain strong, driven by significant order backlog, while improvement in the industrial gas turbine end market is anticipated as the market moves towards higher value-add products. Also, the building and construction end market is expected to improve through growth in North America for the non-residential sector but will be somewhat offset by overall weakness in Europe. Additionally, stronger North America build rates in the commercial transportation end market will be offset by declines in Europe and China. Furthermore, Third-party sales are expected to grow significantly due to the acquisition of Firth Rixson and the planned acquisition of TITAL (see above) and net productivity improvements across existing and newly-acquired businesses are anticipated. Reconciliation of ATOI to Consolidated Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Alcoa Items required to reconcile total segment ATOI to consolidated net income (loss) attributable to Alcoa include: the impact of LIFO inventory accounting; interest expense; noncontrolling interests; corporate expense (general administrative and selling expenses of operating the corporate headquarters and other global administrative facilities, along with depreciation and amortization on corporate-owned assets); restructuring and other charges; and other items, including intersegment profit eliminations, differences between tax rates applicable to the segments and the consolidated effective tax rate, the results of the soft alloy extrusions business in Brazil, and other nonoperating items such as foreign currency transaction gains/losses and interest income. The following table reconciles total segment ATOI to consolidated net income (loss) attributable to Alcoa: Total segment ATOI Unallocated amounts (net of tax): Impact of LIFO Interest expense Noncontrolling interests Corporate expense Impairment of goodwill Restructuring and other charges Other Consolidated net income (loss) attributable to Alcoa 2014 2013 2012 $2,043 $ 1,217 $1,357 (54) (308) 91 (294) - (894) (316) 52 (294) (41) (284) (1,731) (607) (597) 20 (319) 29 (282) - (142) (472) $ 268 $(2,285) $ 191 69 The significant changes in the reconciling items between total segment ATOI and consolidated net income (loss) attributable to Alcoa for 2014 compared with 2013 consisted of: • • • • • a change in the Impact of LIFO, mostly due to higher prices for aluminum, driven by both higher LME levels and regional premiums (increase in price at December 31, 2014 indexed to December 31, 2013 compared to a decrease in price at December 31, 2013 indexed to December 31, 2012), and the absence of significant reductions in LIFO inventory quantities, which caused a partial liquidation of the lower cost LIFO inventory base in 2013 (income of $17 in 2013); an increase in Interest expense, primarily the result of lower capitalized interest ($28) and fees paid associated with the execution and termination of a 364-day senior unsecured bridge term loan facility related to an acquisition of an aerospace business ($8), partially offset by a 3% lower average debt level and lower amortization of debt-related costs due to the conversion of convertible notes; a change in Noncontrolling interests, due to the change in results of AWAC, mainly driven by restructuring and other charges associated with both the decision to permanently shut down the Point Henry smelter in Australia and the divestiture of an ownership interest in a mining and refining joint venture in Jamaica and a discrete income tax charge related to a tax rate change in both Brazil and Spain ($32 combined), partially offset by improved operating results and the absence of a charge for a legal matter ($17); an increase in Restructuring and other charges, principally caused by higher costs related to decisions to permanently shut down and/or temporarily curtail refinery, smelter and/or rolling mill capacity and a net loss on the divestiture of four operations, partially offset by the absence of a charge for a legal matter ($322); and a change in Other, largely attributable to the absence of a discrete income tax charge for valuation allowances on certain deferred tax assets in Spain and the United States ($372), slightly offset by a discrete income tax charge related to a tax rate change in both Brazil and Spain ($79 combined). The significant changes in the reconciling items between total segment ATOI and consolidated net (loss) income attributable to Alcoa for 2013 compared with 2012 consisted of: • • • • • • a change in the Impact of LIFO, mostly due to lower prices for aluminum, driven by lower LME prices (a larger decrease in price at December 31, 2013 indexed to December 31, 2012 compared to the decrease in price at December 31, 2012 indexed to December 31, 2011), and significant reductions in LIFO inventory quantities, which caused a partial liquidation of the lower cost LIFO inventory base (income of $17); a decrease in Interest expense, principally caused by a 7% lower average debt level, which was largely attributable to lower outstanding long-term debt due to the June 2013 repayment of $422 in 6.00% Notes and payments associated with the loans supporting growth projects in Brazil; a change in Noncontrolling interests, mainly due to improved operating results of AWAC, primarily driven by net favorable foreign currency movements and net productivity improvements, somewhat offset by an increase in input costs, and a favorable change in charges allocated to Noncontrolling interests related to a legal matter (see Noncontrolling Interests in Earnings Summary above); an Impairment of goodwill related to the annual impairment review of the Primary Metals segment (see Goodwill in Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates below); an increase in Restructuring and other charges, mostly the result of a charge for a legal matter ($322) and exit costs related to the permanent shutdown and demolition of certain structures at three smelter locations ($183), slightly offset by the absence of a charge for the civil portion of a legal matter ($67); and a change in Other, primarily due to a discrete income tax charge for valuation allowances on certain deferred tax assets in Spain and the United States ($372), partially offset by the absence of both a net charge for five environmental remediation matters ($129) and a charge for the write-off of goodwill and capitalized interest related to the 2012 sale of U.S. hydroelectric power assets that were not included in the assets of the Primary Metals segment ($102). 70 Environmental Matters See the Environmental Matters section of Note N to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Liquidity and Capital Resources Alcoa maintains a disciplined approach to cash management and strengthening of its balance sheet. In 2014, as in the prior five years, management initiated actions to significantly improve Alcoa’s cost structure and liquidity, providing the Company with the ability to operate effectively. Such actions include procurement efficiencies and overhead rationalization to reduce costs, working capital initiatives to yield significant cash improvements, and maintaining a sustainable level of capital expenditures. In 2015, this approach will continue with the ultimate goal of generating cash from operations that exceeds capital expenditures by a minimum of $500. Along with the foregoing actions, cash provided from operations and financing activities is expected to be adequate to cover Alcoa’s operational and business needs over the next 12 months. For an analysis of long-term liquidity, see Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements below. At December 31, 2014, cash and cash equivalents of Alcoa were $1,877, of which $800 was held outside the United States. Alcoa has a number of commitments and obligations related to the Company’s growth strategy in foreign jurisdictions, resulting in the need for cash outside the United States. As such, management does not have a current expectation of repatriating cash held in foreign jurisdictions. Cash from Operations Cash provided from operations in 2014 was $1,674 compared with $1,578 in 2013. The increase of $96, or 6%, was due to higher operating results (net income plus net add-back for noncash transactions in earnings) and a positive change in noncurrent assets of $134, mostly offset by a negative change associated with working capital of $620, a negative change in noncurrent liabilities of $251, and higher pension contributions of $39. The components of the negative change in working capital were as follows: • • • • • an unfavorable change of $171 in receivables, primarily related to higher customer sales; a negative change of $380 in inventories, largely attributable to inventory build for the ramp-up of automotive production at the Davenport, IA plant and customer requirements related to smelters that have been curtailed or shut down in 2014; an unfavorable change of $16 in prepaid expenses and other current assets; a negative change of $70 in accounts payable, trade, principally the result of timing of payments; an unfavorable change of $33 in accrued expenses, mainly caused by $139 in higher payments for layoff and other exit costs associated with restructuring actions and an $88 payment to the United States government due to the resolution of a legal matter (see below), partially offset by the absence of $148 (€109) in payments to the Italian government related to a November 2009 European Commission decision on electricity pricing for certain energy-intensive industries; and • a positive change of $50 in taxes, including income taxes, mostly driven by higher pretax income. The higher pension contributions of $39 were principally driven by special termination benefits of $86 for employees affected by the 2013 shutdown of capacity at a smelter in Canada. On August 8, 2014, the Highway and Transportation Funding Act (HATFA) was signed into law by the United States government. HATFA, in part, provides temporary relief for employers who sponsor defined benefit pension plans 71 related to funding contributions under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. Specifically, HATFA modifies the interest rates that had been set in 2012 by the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act. This relief had an immediate impact on the calculation of the then remaining funding contributions in 2014, resulting in a reduction of $100 in minimum required pension funding. In 2014, Alcoa World Alumina LLC, a majority-owned subsidiary of Alcoa, and Alcoa Inc. paid a combined $88 to the United States government due to the resolution of a legal matter (paid on January 22, 2014). Additionally, another $74 will be paid in each of the four subsequent years, 2015 (paid on January 9 and 23, 2015) through 2018. Cash provided from operations in 2013 was $1,578 compared with $1,497 in 2012. The increase of $81, or 5%, was due to higher operating results (net loss plus net add back for noncash impacts to earnings) and lower pension contributions of $99, mostly offset by a negative change associated with all of the following: working capital of $235, noncurrent assets of $162, and noncurrent liabilities of $128. The lower pension contributions of $99 were principally driven by a change in minimum funding obligations for U.S. pension plans due to enacted legislation in 2012 (see below). The components of the negative change in working capital were as follows: • • • • • • an unfavorable change of $245 in receivables; a negative change of $71 in inventories, principally due to a lower LIFO reserve; a favorable change of $53 in prepaid expenses and other current assets, mostly caused by the sale of excess carbon credits in Australia; a positive change of $338 in accounts payable, trade, principally the result of timing of payments, including a policy change in Alcoa’s vendor payment process; an unfavorable change of $252 in accrued expenses, largely attributable to a decrease in deferred revenue and payments made to the Italian Government (see below); and a negative change of $58 in taxes, including income taxes. The unfavorable change in noncurrent assets was mostly related to an increase in deferred mining costs in Australia and the absence of value-added tax receipts in Brazil. The negative change in noncurrent liabilities was largely attributable to the absence of a net increase in the environmental reserve of $194 related to five remediation matters. In June 2012, Alcoa received formal notification from the Italian Government requesting a net payment of $310 (€250) related to a November 2009 European Commission decision on electricity pricing for smelters. Alcoa commenced payment of the requested amount in five quarterly installments of $69 (€50) beginning in October 2012 through December 2013. On July 6, 2012, the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) was signed into law by the United States government. MAP-21, in part, provides temporary relief for employers who sponsor defined benefit pension plans related to funding contributions under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. Specifically, MAP-21 allows for the use of a 25-year average interest rate within an upper and lower range for purposes of determining minimum funding obligations instead of an average interest rate for the two most recent years. This relief had an immediate impact on the calculation of the then remaining funding contributions in 2012, resulting in a reduction of $130 in minimum required pension funding. In 2013, this relief resulted in a reduction of $250 in minimum required pension funding. On October 9, 2012, Alcoa World Alumina LLC, a majority-owned subsidiary of Alcoa, paid $42.5 to the plaintiff of the civil portion of a legal matter pursuant to a settlement agreement. The remaining $42.5 was paid on October 9, 2013. 72 Financing Activities Cash provided from financing activities was $2,250 in 2014 compared with cash used for financing activities of $679 and $798 in 2013 and 2012, respectively. The source of cash in 2014 was mostly driven by $2,878 in additions to debt, virtually all of which was the result of $1,238 in net proceeds from the issuance of new senior debt securities used for the acquisition of an aerospace business (see below) and $1,640 in borrowings under certain revolving credit facilities (see below); net proceeds of $1,211 from the issuance of mandatory convertible preferred stock related to the aforementioned acquisition; and $150 in proceeds from employee exercises of 17.3 million stock options at a weighted average exercise price of $8.70 (not in millions). These items were somewhat offset by $1,723 in payments on debt, mostly related to $1,640 for the repayment of borrowings under certain revolving credit facilities (see below), and $161 in dividends paid to shareholders. The use of cash in 2013 was primarily due to $2,317 in payments on debt, mainly related to $1,850 for the repayment of borrowings under certain credit facilities (see below), a $422 early repayment of 6.00% Notes due July 2013, and $27 for previous borrowings on the loans supporting the Estreito hydroelectric power project in Brazil; $132 in dividends paid to shareholders; and net cash paid to noncontrolling interests of $97, most of which relates to Alumina Limited’s share of AWAC. These items were partially offset by $1,852 in additions to debt, virtually all of which was the result of borrowings under certain credit facilities (see below). The use of cash in 2012 was principally the result of $1,489 in payments on debt, mainly related to $600 for the repayment of borrowings under certain credit facilities (see below), $322 for the repayment of 6% Notes due 2012 as scheduled, $280 for the repayment of short-term loans to support the export operations of a subsidiary in Brazil, and $272 for previous borrowings on the loans supporting the São Luís refinery expansion, Juruti bauxite mine development, and Estreito hydroelectric power project in Brazil; a change of $224 in commercial paper; and $131 in dividends paid to shareholders. These items were partially offset by $972 in additions to debt, due to $600 in borrowings under certain credit facilities (see below), $280 in short-term loans to support the export operations of a subsidiary in Brazil, and $92 in borrowings under loans that support the Estreito hydroelectric power project in Brazil; and net cash received from noncontrolling interests of $76, all of which relates to Alumina Limited’s share of AWAC. On July 25, 2014, Alcoa entered into a Five-Year Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of lenders and issuers named therein. The Credit Agreement provides a $4,000 senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”), the proceeds of which are to be used to provide working capital or for other general corporate purposes of Alcoa. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Credit Agreement, Alcoa may from time to time request increases in lender commitments under the Credit Facility, not to exceed $500 in aggregate principal amount, and may also request the issuance of letters of credit, subject to a letter of credit sublimit of $1,000 under the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility matures on July 25, 2019, unless extended or earlier terminated in accordance with the provisions of the Credit Agreement. Alcoa may make two one-year extension requests during the term of the Credit Facility, with any extension being subject to the lender consent requirements set forth in the Credit Agreement. Under the provisions of the Credit Agreement, Alcoa will pay a fee of 0.25% (based on Alcoa’s long-term debt ratings as of December 31, 2014) of the total commitment per annum to maintain the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility is unsecured and amounts payable under it will rank pari passu with all other unsecured, unsubordinated indebtedness of Alcoa. Borrowings under the Credit Facility may be denominated in U.S. dollars or euros. Loans will bear interest at a base rate or a rate equal to LIBOR, plus, in each case, an applicable margin based on the credit ratings of Alcoa’s outstanding senior unsecured long-term debt. The applicable margin on base rate loans and LIBOR loans will be 0.50% and 1.50% per annum, respectively, based on Alcoa’s long-term debt ratings as of December 31, 2014. Loans may be prepaid without premium or penalty, subject to customary breakage costs. The Credit Agreement replaces Alcoa’s Five-Year Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of July 25, 2011 (the “Former Credit Agreement”), which was scheduled to mature on July 25, 2017. The Former Credit Agreement, which had a total capacity of $3,750 and was undrawn, was terminated effective July 25, 2014. 73 The Credit Agreement includes covenants substantially similar to those in the Former Credit Agreement, including, among others, (a) a leverage ratio, (b) limitations on Alcoa’s ability to incur liens securing indebtedness for borrowed money, (c) limitations on Alcoa’s ability to consummate a merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of its assets, and (d) limitations on Alcoa’s ability to change the nature of its business. As of December 31, 2014, Alcoa was in compliance with all such covenants. The obligation of Alcoa to pay amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility may be accelerated upon the occurrence of an “Event of Default” as defined in the Credit Agreement. Such Events of Default include, among others, (a) Alcoa’s failure to pay the principal of, or interest on, borrowings under the Credit Facility, (b) any representation or warranty of Alcoa in the Credit Agreement proving to be materially false or misleading, (c) Alcoa’s breach of any of its covenants contained in the Credit Agreement, and (d) the bankruptcy or insolvency of Alcoa. There were no amounts outstanding at December 31, 2014 and no amounts were borrowed during 2014 under the Credit Facility. There were no amounts outstanding at December 31, 2013 and no amounts were borrowed during 2014 and 2013 related to the Former Credit Agreement. In addition to the Credit Agreement above, Alcoa entered into a number of credit agreements between 2012 and 2014 for additional liquidity. As of December 31, 2014, these arrangements provide a combined borrowing capacity of $1,040, of which $740 is due to expire in 2015 and $300 is due to expire in 2016. The purpose of any borrowings under these credit arrangements is to provide for working capital requirements and for other general corporate purposes. The covenants contained in all these arrangements are the same as the Credit Agreement (see above). In 2014, 2013, and 2012, Alcoa borrowed and repaid $1,640, $1,850, and $600, respectively, under the respective credit arrangements. The weighted-average interest rate and weighted-average days outstanding of the respective borrowings during 2014, 2013, and 2012 were 1.54%, 1.57%, and 1.89%, respectively, and 67 days, 213 days, and 260 days, respectively. In February 2014, Alcoa’s automatic shelf registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission expired. On July 11, 2014, Alcoa filed a new shelf registration statement, which was amended on July 25, 2014 and became effective on July 30, 2014, for up to $5,000 of securities on an unallocated basis for future issuance. As of December 31, 2014, $2,500 in securities were issued under the new shelf registration statement. In September 2014, Alcoa completed two public securities offerings under its shelf registration statement for (i) $1,250 of 25 million depositary shares, each representing a 1/10th interest in a share of Alcoa’s 5.375% Class B Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series 1, par value $1 per share, liquidation preference $500 per share (the “Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock”), and (ii) $1,250 of 5.125% Notes due 2024 (the “2024 Notes”). The net proceeds of the offerings were used to finance the cash portion of the acquisition of Firth Rixson (see Engineered Products and Solutions in Segment Information above). Alcoa’s cost of borrowing and ability to access the capital markets are affected not only by market conditions but also by the short- and long-term debt ratings assigned to Alcoa’s debt by the major credit rating agencies. On May 29, 2013, Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s) downgraded the following ratings for Alcoa: long-term debt from Baa3 to Ba1 and short-term debt from Prime-3 to Speculative Grade Liquidity Rating-1. Additionally, Moody’s changed the current outlook from rating under review to stable. The following is a summary of Alcoa’s liquidity position as it relates to the ratings downgrade by Moody’s. Cash and letters of credit. As a result of the ratings downgrade by Moody’s, certain power companies and counterparties to derivative contracts required Alcoa to post letters of credit and cash collateral, respectively, in the 74 amount of $167 and $18, respectively, in June 2013. Since that time, the amount of letters of credit posted decreased by $10 and the amount of cash collateral posted declined by $8. Other vendors and third-parties may require Alcoa to post additional letters of credit and/or cash collateral in future periods. Outstanding debt. Alcoa’s outstanding debt as of December 31, 2014 totaled $8,852 (excludes commercial paper— see below). It is important to note that, due to this downgrade, the issuance of new public debt in the U.S. capital markets may be more difficult as the investor population may be smaller and the cost of the debt may be higher. In September 2014, Alcoa was able to raise enough capital to issue the 2024 Notes (see above) without any difficulty; however, the cost of the 2024 Notes was higher than it would have been had Alcoa not been downgraded. Except for the foregoing, there were no ramifications to Alcoa as a result of the ratings downgrade and interest payments and fees related to the outstanding debt remain unchanged. Revolving credit facilities. Alcoa has a $4,000 revolving credit facility that expires in July 2019 (see above) and ten other revolving credit facilities totaling $1,040 (see above). This $5,040 of borrowing capacity was also unaffected by the ratings downgrade, including the margins that would be applicable to any borrowings, and remains available for use by Alcoa at its discretion. Commercial paper. During the period since the downgrade, Alcoa was able to issue the desired level of commercial paper to support operations without difficulty. At the time of the downgrade, the spreads on commercial paper increased slightly, however, by one to three basis points, which did not result in a significant change to Alcoa’s total interest costs. While Alcoa expects it can continue to issue commercial paper, there is no assurance about the amount or cost at which it could issue commercial paper. On April 11, 2014, Fitch Ratings (Fitch) downgraded the following ratings for Alcoa: long-term debt from BBB- to BB+ and short-term debt from F3 to B. Additionally, Fitch changed the current outlook from negative to stable. As of December 31, 2014, this downgrade did not have a significant impact on Alcoa’s financing activities, including its ability to access the capital markets. The descriptions for outstanding debt and revolving credit facilities above remain unchanged as a result of the Fitch downgrade. Also, Alcoa is in full compliance with the project financing requirements for the Ma’aden-Alcoa joint venture project in Saudi Arabia, and did not need to post collateral as a result of the ratings downgrade. On April 23, 2014, Standard and Poor’s Ratings Services (S&P) affirmed the following ratings for Alcoa: long-term debt at BBB- and short-term debt at A-3. Additionally, S&P maintained the current outlook as negative. On June 26, 2014, Moody’s, Fitch, and S&P each issued statements that the respective ratings and outlook for Alcoa were not affected by Alcoa’s then-planned acquisition of an aerospace business, Firth Rixson, for $2,850 in cash and stock. On September 16, 2014, Fitch and S&P issued a rating of B+ and BB, respectively, to Alcoa’s Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock. Additionally, on September 17, 2014, Moody’s, Fitch, and S&P each issued statements that the respective existing debt ratings and outlook for Alcoa were assigned to the 2024 Notes. Investing Activities Cash used for investing activities was $3,460 in 2014 compared with $1,290 in 2013 and $759 in 2012. The use of cash in 2014 was principally due to $2,385 (net of cash acquired) for the acquisition of an aerospace business (see Engineered Products and Solutions in Segment Information above); $1,219 in capital expenditures (includes costs related to environmental control in new and expanded facilities of $129), 40% of which related to growth projects, including the automotive expansions at the Alcoa, TN and Davenport, IA fabrication plants, the aerospace expansion at the La Porte, IN plant, the aluminum-lithium capacity expansion at the Lafayette, IN plant, and the specialty foil expansion at the Itapissuma plant in Brazil; and $195 in additions to investments, including equity 75 contributions of $120 related to the aluminum complex joint venture in Saudi Arabia and the purchase of $49 in equities and fixed income securities held by Alcoa’s captive insurance company. These items were slightly offset by $253 in proceeds from the sale of assets and businesses, largely attributable to the sale of an ownership stake in a bauxite mine and refinery in Jamaica (see Alumina in Segment Information above), an ownership stake in a smelter in the United States (see Primary Metals in Segment Information above), three rolling mills in Spain and France combined (see Global Rolled Products in Segment Information above), and a rod plant in Canada (see Primary Metals in Segment Information above); and $57 in sales of investments, mostly related to $42 in combined proceeds from the sale of a mining interest in Suriname and an equity investment in a China rolling mill. The use of cash in 2013 was primarily due to $1,193 in capital expenditures (includes costs related to environmental control in new and expanded facilities of $143), 34% of which related to growth projects, including the automotive expansion at the Davenport, IA fabrication plant, the aluminum-lithium capacity expansion at the Lafayette, IN plant, and the automotive sheet expansion at the Alcoa, TN plant; and $293 in additions to investments, including equity contributions of $171 related to the aluminum complex joint venture in Saudi Arabia and the purchase of $54 in equities and fixed income securities held by Alcoa’s captive insurance company. These items were slightly offset by a net change in restricted cash of $170, mostly related to the release of funds to be used for capital expenditures of the automotive expansion at the Davenport, IA fabrication plant (see Noncash Financing and Investing Activities below). The use of cash in 2012 was mainly due to $1,261 in capital expenditures (includes costs related to environmental control in new and expanded facilities of $153), 33% of which related to growth projects, including the automotive expansion at the Davenport, IA fabrication plant and the Estreito hydroelectric power project; and $300 in additions to investments, principally for the equity contributions of $253 related to the aluminum complex joint venture in Saudi Arabia. These items were somewhat offset by $615 in proceeds from the sale of assets, mostly the result of $597 received for the sale of U.S. hydroelectric power assets (see Primary Metals in Segment Information above), and a net change in restricted cash of $87, principally related to the release of funds to be used for capital expenditures of the automotive expansion at the Davenport, IA fabrication plant (see Noncash Financing and Investing Activities below). Noncash Financing and Investing Activities In early 2014, holders of $575 principal amount of Alcoa’s 5.25% Convertible Notes due March 15, 2014 (the “2014 Notes”) exercised their option to convert the 2014 Notes into 89 million shares of Alcoa common stock. The conversion rate for the 2014 Notes was 155.4908 shares of Alcoa’s common stock per $1,000 (in full dollars) principal amount of notes, equivalent to a conversion price of $6.43 per share. The difference between the $575 principal amount of the 2014 Notes and the $89 par value of the issued shares increased Additional capital on Alcoa’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. This transaction was not reflected in Alcoa’s Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows as it represents a noncash financing activity. In late 2014, Alcoa paid $2,995 (net of cash acquired) to acquire an aerospace business, Firth Rixson (see Engineered Products and Solutions in Segment Information above). A portion of this consideration was paid through the issuance of 37 million shares in Alcoa common stock valued at $610. The issuance of common stock was not reflected in the Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows as it represents a noncash investing activity. In August 2012, Alcoa received a loan of $250 for the purpose of financing all or part of the cost of acquiring, constructing, reconstructing, and renovating certain facilities at Alcoa’s rolling mill plant in Davenport, IA. Because this loan can only be used for this purpose, the net proceeds of $248 were classified as restricted cash. Since restricted cash is not part of cash and cash equivalents, this transaction was not reflected in the Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows as it represents a noncash activity. As funds were expended for the project, the release of the cash was reflected as both an inflow on the Net change in restricted cash line and an outflow on the Capital expenditures line in the Investing Activities section of the Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, Alcoa had $13 and $171, respectively, of restricted cash remaining related to this transaction. In 2014, the remaining funds were expended on the project. 76 Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements Contractual Obligations. Alcoa is required to make future payments under various contracts, including long-term purchase obligations, financing arrangements, and lease agreements. Alcoa also has commitments to fund its pension plans, provide payments for other postretirement benefit plans, and fund capital projects. As of December 31, 2014, a summary of Alcoa’s outstanding contractual obligations is as follows (these contractual obligations are grouped in the same manner as they are classified in the Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows in order to provide a better understanding of the nature of the obligations and to provide a basis for comparison to historical information): Operating activities: Energy-related purchase obligations Raw material purchase obligations Other purchase obligations Operating leases Interest related to total debt Estimated minimum required pension funding Other postretirement benefit payments Layoff and other restructuring payments Deferred revenue arrangements Uncertain tax positions Financing activities: Total debt Dividends to shareholders Investing activities: Capital projects Equity contributions Payments related to acquisitions Totals Obligations for Operating Activities Total 2015 2016-2017 2018-2019 Thereafter $16,429 7,260 1,405 853 4,318 1,945 2,110 132 166 44 $1,488 2,430 170 205 500 485 230 113 20 - 8,846 - 1,312 46 150 83 - 777 46 - $2,752 1,148 303 303 975 725 440 15 41 - 795 - 460 - 32 $2,548 941 305 180 822 735 440 4 40 - 1,815 - 75 - 118 $ 9,641 2,741 627 165 2,021 - 1,000 - 65 44 6,153 - - - - $45,016 $6,547 $7,989 $8,023 $22,457 Energy-related purchase obligations consist primarily of electricity and natural gas contracts with expiration dates ranging from 1 year to 33 years. Raw material obligations consist mostly of bauxite (relates to Alcoa’s bauxite mine interests in Guinea and Brazil), caustic soda, alumina, aluminum fluoride, calcined petroleum coke, cathode blocks, and various metals with expiration dates ranging from less than 1 year to 18 years. Other purchase obligations consist principally of freight for bauxite and alumina with expiration dates ranging from 1 to 17 years. Many of these purchase obligations contain variable pricing components, and, as a result, actual cash payments may differ from the estimates provided in the preceding table. Operating leases represent multi-year obligations for certain land and buildings, alumina refinery process control technology, plant equipment, vehicles, and computer equipment. Interest related to total debt is based on interest rates in effect as of December 31, 2014 and is calculated on debt with maturities that extend to 2042. The effect of outstanding interest rate swaps, which are accounted for as fair value hedges, was included in interest related to total debt. As of December 31, 2014, these hedges effectively convert the interest rate from fixed to floating on $200 of debt through 2018. As the contractual interest rates for certain debt and interest rate swaps are variable, actual cash payments may differ from the estimates provided in the preceding table. Estimated minimum required pension funding and postretirement benefit payments are based on actuarial estimates using current assumptions for discount rates, long-term rate of return on plan assets, rate of compensation increases, and health care cost trend rates, among others. The minimum required contributions for pension funding are estimated to be $485 for 2015, $375 for 2016, $350 for 2017, $375 for 2018, and $360 for 2019. These expected pension contributions reflect the impacts of the Pension Protection Act of 2006, the Worker, Retiree, and Employer Recovery 77 Act of 2008, the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act, and the Highway and Transportation Funding Act of 2014. The estimated decline in pension contributions assumes that all actuarial assumptions are realized and remain the same in the future. Other postretirement benefit payments are expected to approximate $220 to $230 annually for years 2015 through 2019 and $200 annually for years 2020 through 2024. Such payments will be slightly offset by subsidy receipts related to Medicare Part D, which are estimated to be approximately $15 to $20 annually for years 2015 through 2024. Alcoa has determined that it is not practicable to present pension funding and other postretirement benefit payments beyond 2019 and 2024, respectively. Layoff and other restructuring payments expected to be paid within one year primarily relate to severance costs. Amounts scheduled to be paid beyond one year are related to lease termination costs, ongoing site remediation work, and special separation benefit payments. Deferred revenue arrangements require Alcoa to deliver alumina and sheet and plate to certain customers over the specified contract period (through 2027 for an alumina contract and through 2020 for a sheet and plate contract). While these obligations are not expected to result in cash payments, they represent contractual obligations for which the Company would be obligated if the specified product deliveries could not be made. Uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on an income tax return may result in additional payments to tax authorities. The amount in the preceding table includes interest and penalties accrued related to such positions as of December 31, 2014. The total amount of uncertain tax positions is included in the “Thereafter” column as the Company is not able to reasonably estimate the timing of potential future payments. If a tax authority agrees with the tax position taken or expected to be taken or the applicable statute of limitations expires, then additional payments will not be necessary. Obligations for Financing Activities Total debt amounts in the preceding table represent the principal amounts of all outstanding debt, including short-term borrowings and long-term debt. Maturities for long-term debt extend to 2042. Alcoa has historically paid quarterly dividends on its preferred and common stock. Including dividends on preferred stock, Alcoa paid $161 in dividends to shareholders during 2014. This amount includes dividends related to a new class of preferred stock issued in September 2014 (see Financing Activities in Liquidity and Capital Resources above). Because all dividends are subject to approval by Alcoa’s Board of Directors, amounts are not included in the preceding table unless such authorization has occurred. There were $19 of preferred stock dividends approved to be paid on January 1, 2015; however, Alcoa paid the dividends on December 30, 2014. As of December 31, 2014, there were 1,216,663,661 shares of outstanding common stock and 546,024 and 2,500,000 shares of outstanding Class A and Class B preferred stock, respectively. The annual Class A and Class B preferred stock dividends are at the rate of $3.75 and $26.8750 per share, respectively, and the annual common stock dividend is $0.12 per share. Obligations for Investing Activities Capital projects in the preceding table only include amounts approved by management as of December 31, 2014. Funding levels may vary in future years based on anticipated construction schedules of the projects. It is expected that significant expansion projects will be funded through various sources, including cash provided from operations. Total capital expenditures are anticipated to be approximately $1,400 in 2015. Equity contributions represent Alcoa’s committed investment related to a joint venture in Saudi Arabia. Alcoa is a participant in a joint venture to develop a new aluminum complex in Saudi Arabia, comprised of a bauxite mine, alumina refinery, aluminum smelter, and rolling mill, which requires the Company to contribute approximately $1,100. As of December 31, 2014, Alcoa has made equity contributions of $952. Based on changes to both the project’s capital investment and equity and debt structure from the initial plans, the estimated $1,100 equity contribution may be reduced. The timing of the amounts included in the preceding table may vary based on changes in anticipated construction schedules of the project. 78 Payments related to acquisitions are based on provisions in certain acquisition agreements that state additional funds are due to the seller from Alcoa if the businesses acquired achieve stated financial and operational thresholds. Amounts are only presented in the preceding table if it is has been determined that payment is more likely than not to occur. In connection with the 2005 acquisition of two fabricating facilities in Russia, Alcoa could be required to make contingent payments of approximately $50 through 2015, but are not included in the preceding table as they have not met such standard. Separately, in conjunction with the acquisition of an aerospace business, Firth Rixson, (see Engineered Products and Solutions in Segment Information above), Alcoa entered into an earn-out agreement, which states that Alcoa will make earn-out payments up to an aggregate maximum amount of $150 through 2020. The amounts in the preceding table represent Alcoa’s best estimate of when the payments may be made. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. At December 31, 2014, Alcoa has maximum potential future payments for guarantees issued on behalf of a third party of $596. These guarantees expire at various times between 2017 and 2024 and relate to project financing for the aluminum complex in Saudi Arabia. Alcoa also has outstanding bank guarantees related to tax matters, outstanding debt, workers compensation, environmental obligations, energy contracts, and customs duties, among others. The total amount committed under these guarantees, which expire at various dates between 2015 and 2022 was $394 at December 31, 2014. Alcoa has outstanding letters of credit primarily related to workers’ compensation, energy contracts, and leasing obligations. The total amount committed under these letters of credit, which automatically renew or expire at various dates, mostly in 2015, was $354 at December 31, 2014. Alcoa also has outstanding surety bonds primarily related to tax matters, contract performance, workers compensation, environmental-related matters, and customs duties. The total amount committed under these bonds, which automatically renew or expire at various dates, mostly in 2015, was $203 at December 31, 2014. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make certain judgments, estimates, and assumptions regarding uncertainties that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and disclosed in the accompanying Notes. Areas that require significant judgments, estimates, and assumptions include accounting for derivatives and hedging activities; environmental and litigation matters; asset retirement obligations; the testing of goodwill, equity investments, and properties, plants, and equipment for impairment; estimating fair value of businesses to be divested; pension plans and other postretirement benefits obligations; stock-based compensation; and income taxes. Management uses historical experience and all available information to make these judgments, estimates, and assumptions, and actual results may differ from those used to prepare the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements at any given time. Despite these inherent limitations, management believes that Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes provide a meaningful and fair perspective of the Company. A summary of the Company’s significant accounting policies is included in Note A to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Management believes that the application of these policies on a consistent basis enables the Company to provide the users of the Consolidated Financial Statements with useful and reliable information about the Company’s operating results and financial condition. Derivatives and Hedging. Derivatives are held for purposes other than trading and are part of a formally documented risk management program. For derivatives designated as fair value hedges, Alcoa measures hedge effectiveness by formally assessing, at least quarterly, the historical high correlation of changes in the fair value of the hedged item and the derivative hedging instrument. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, Alcoa measures hedge effectiveness by formally assessing, at least quarterly, the probable high correlation of the expected future cash flows of the hedged item and the derivative hedging instrument. The ineffective portions of both types of hedges are recorded in sales or 79 other income or expense in the current period. If the hedging relationship ceases to be highly effective or it becomes probable that an expected transaction will no longer occur, future gains or losses on the derivative instrument are recorded in other income or expense. Alcoa accounts for interest rate swaps related to its existing long-term debt and hedges of firm customer commitments for aluminum as fair value hedges. As a result, the fair values of the derivatives and changes in the fair values of the underlying hedged items are reported in other current and noncurrent assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair values of these derivatives and underlying hedged items generally offset and are recorded each period in sales or interest expense, consistent with the underlying hedged item. Alcoa accounts for hedges of foreign currency exposures and certain forecasted transactions as cash flow hedges. The fair values of the derivatives are recorded in other current and noncurrent assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The effective portions of the changes in the fair values of these derivatives are recorded in other comprehensive income and are reclassified to sales, cost of goods sold, or other income or expense in the period in which earnings are impacted by the hedged items or in the period that the transaction no longer qualifies as a cash flow hedge. These contracts cover the same periods as known or expected exposures, generally not exceeding five years. If no hedging relationship is designated, the derivative is marked to market through earnings. Cash flows from derivatives are recognized in the Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows in a manner consistent with the underlying transactions. Environmental Matters. Expenditures for current operations are expensed or capitalized, as appropriate. Expenditures relating to existing conditions caused by past operations, which will not contribute to future revenues, are expensed. Liabilities are recorded when remediation costs are probable and can be reasonably estimated. The liability may include costs such as site investigations, consultant fees, feasibility studies, outside contractors, and monitoring expenses. Estimates are generally not discounted or reduced by potential claims for recovery. Claims for recovery are recognized as agreements are reached with third parties. The estimates also include costs related to other potentially responsible parties to the extent that Alcoa has reason to believe such parties will not fully pay their proportionate share. The liability is continuously reviewed and adjusted to reflect current remediation progress, prospective estimates of required activity, and other factors that may be relevant, including changes in technology or regulations. Litigation Matters. For asserted claims and assessments, liabilities are recorded when an unfavorable outcome of a matter is deemed to be probable and the loss is reasonably estimable. Management determines the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome based on many factors such as the nature of the matter, available defenses and case strategy, progress of the matter, views and opinions of legal counsel and other advisors, applicability and success of appeals processes, and the outcome of similar historical matters, among others. Once an unfavorable outcome is deemed probable, management weighs the probability of estimated losses, and the most reasonable loss estimate is recorded. If an unfavorable outcome of a matter is deemed to be reasonably possible, then the matter is disclosed and no liability is recorded. With respect to unasserted claims or assessments, management must first determine that the probability that an assertion will be made is likely, then, a determination as to the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to reasonably estimate the potential loss is made. Legal matters are reviewed on a continuous basis to determine if there has been a change in management’s judgment regarding the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome or the estimate of a potential loss. Asset Retirement Obligations. Alcoa recognizes asset retirement obligations (AROs) related to legal obligations associated with the normal operation of Alcoa’s bauxite mining, alumina refining, and aluminum smelting facilities. These AROs consist primarily of costs associated with spent pot lining disposal, closure of bauxite residue areas, mine reclamation, and landfill closure. Alcoa also recognizes AROs for any significant lease restoration obligation, if required by a lease agreement, and for the disposal of regulated waste materials related to the demolition of certain power facilities. The fair values of these AROs are recorded on a discounted basis, at the time the obligation is incurred, and accreted over time for the change in present value. Additionally, Alcoa capitalizes asset retirement costs by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived assets and depreciating these assets over their remaining useful life. 80 Certain conditional asset retirement obligations (CAROs) related to alumina refineries, aluminum smelters, and fabrication facilities have not been recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements due to uncertainties surrounding the ultimate settlement date. A CARO is a legal obligation to perform an asset retirement activity in which the timing and/or method of settlement are conditional on a future event that may or may not be within Alcoa’s control. Such uncertainties exist as a result of the perpetual nature of the structures, maintenance and upgrade programs, and other factors. At the date a reasonable estimate of the ultimate settlement date can be made, Alcoa would record an ARO for the removal, treatment, transportation, storage and/or disposal of various regulated assets and hazardous materials such as asbestos, underground and aboveground storage tanks, polychlorinated biphenyls, various process residuals, solid wastes, electronic equipment waste, and various other materials. Such amounts may be material to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the period in which they are recorded. If Alcoa was required to demolish all such structures immediately, the estimated CARO as of December 31, 2014 ranges from less than $1 to $46 per structure (136 structures) in today’s dollars. Goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized; instead, it is reviewed for impairment annually (in the fourth quarter) or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist or if a decision is made to sell or exit a business. A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred. Such indicators may include deterioration in general economic conditions, negative developments in equity and credit markets, adverse changes in the markets in which an entity operates, increases in input costs that have a negative effect on earnings and cash flows, or a trend of negative or declining cash flows over multiple periods, among others. The fair value that could be realized in an actual transaction may differ from that used to evaluate the impairment of goodwill. Goodwill is allocated among and evaluated for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. Alcoa has nine reporting units, of which five are included in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment. The remaining four reporting units are the Alumina segment, the Primary Metals segment (all goodwill was impaired in 2013 – see below), the Global Rolled Products segment, and the soft alloy extrusions business in Brazil (hereafter “SAE”), which is included in Corporate. More than 80% of Alcoa’s total goodwill is allocated to two reporting units as follows: Alcoa Fastening Systems (AFS) ($1,145) and Alcoa Power and Propulsion (APP) ($1,590) businesses, both of which are included in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment. These amounts include an allocation of Corporate’s goodwill. In November 2014, Alcoa acquired an aerospace business, Firth Rixson (see Engineered Products and Solutions in Segment Information above), and, as a result recognized $1,898 in goodwill. This amount will be allocated between the AFS and the Alcoa Forgings and Extrusion reporting units, both of which are part of the Engineered Products and Solutions segment. However, none of this goodwill is reflected in the $1,145 above for AFS since the annual impairment review was completed prior to the acquisition. In reviewing goodwill for impairment, an entity has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not (greater than 50%) that the estimated fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If an entity elects to perform a qualitative assessment and determines that an impairment is more likely than not, the entity is then required to perform the existing two-step quantitative impairment test (described below), otherwise no further analysis is required. An entity also may elect not to perform the qualitative assessment and, instead, proceed directly to the two-step quantitative impairment test. The ultimate outcome of the goodwill impairment review for a reporting unit should be the same whether an entity chooses to perform the qualitative assessment or proceeds directly to the two-step quantitative impairment test. Alcoa’s policy for its annual review of goodwill is to perform the qualitative assessment for all reporting units not subjected directly to the two-step quantitative impairment test. Management will proceed directly to the two-step quantitative impairment test for a minimum of three reporting units (based on facts and circumstances) during each annual review of goodwill. This policy will result in each of the eight reporting units with goodwill being subjected to the two-step quantitative impairment test at least once during every three-year period. Under the qualitative assessment, various events and circumstances (or factors) that would affect the estimated fair value of a reporting unit are identified (similar to impairment indicators above). These factors are then classified by the 81 type of impact they would have on the estimated fair value using positive, neutral, and adverse categories based on current business conditions. Additionally, an assessment of the level of impact that a particular factor would have on the estimated fair value is determined using high, medium, and low weighting. Furthermore, management considers the results of the most recent two-step quantitative impairment test completed for a reporting unit and compares the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) between the current and prior years for each reporting unit. During the 2014 annual review of goodwill, management performed the qualitative assessment for five reporting units, the Global Rolled Products segment and four of the five reporting units in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment, including AFS and APP. Management concluded that it was not more likely than not that the estimated fair values of the five reporting units were less than their carrying values. As such, no further analysis was required. Under the two-step quantitative impairment test, the evaluation of impairment involves comparing the current fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. Alcoa uses a discounted cash flow (DCF) model to estimate the current fair value of its reporting units when testing for impairment, as management believes forecasted cash flows are the best indicator of such fair value. A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the DCF model to forecast operating cash flows, including markets and market share, sales volumes and prices, production costs, tax rates, capital spending, discount rate, and working capital changes. Most of these assumptions vary significantly among the reporting units. Cash flow forecasts are generally based on approved business unit operating plans for the early years and historical relationships in later years. The betas used in calculating the individual reporting units’ WACC rate are estimated for each business with the assistance of valuation experts. In the event the estimated fair value of a reporting unit per the DCF model is less than the carrying value, additional analysis would be required. The additional analysis would compare the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill with the implied fair value of that goodwill, which may involve the use of valuation experts. The implied fair value of goodwill is the excess of the fair value of the reporting unit over the fair value amounts assigned to all of the assets and liabilities of that unit as if the reporting unit was acquired in a business combination and the fair value of the reporting unit represented the purchase price. If the carrying value of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment loss equal to such excess would be recognized, which could significantly and adversely impact reported results of operations and shareholders’ equity. During the 2014 annual review of goodwill, management proceeded directly to the two-step quantitative impairment test for three reporting units as follows: the Alumina segment, SAE, and one of the five reporting units in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment. The estimated fair values of these three reporting units were substantially in excess of their respective carrying value, resulting in no impairment. Goodwill impairment tests in prior years indicated that goodwill was not impaired for any of the Company’s reporting units, except for the Primary Metals segment in 2013 (see below), and there were no triggering events since that time that necessitated an impairment test. In 2013, for Primary Metals, the estimated fair value as determined by the DCF model was lower than the associated carrying value. As a result, management performed the second step of the impairment analysis in order to determine the implied fair value of Primary Metals’ goodwill. The results of the second-step analysis showed that the implied fair value of goodwill was zero. Therefore, in the fourth quarter of 2013, Alcoa recorded a goodwill impairment of $1,731 ($1,719 after noncontrolling interest). As a result of the goodwill impairment, there is no goodwill remaining for the Primary Metals reporting unit. The impairment of Primary Metals’ goodwill resulted from several causes: the prolonged economic downturn; a disconnect between industry fundamentals and pricing that has resulted in lower metal prices; and the increased cost of alumina, a key raw material, resulting from expansion of the Alumina Price Index throughout the industry. All of these factors, exacerbated by increases in discount rates, continue to place significant downward pressure on metal prices and operating margins, and the resulting estimated fair value, of the Primary Metals business. As a result, management decreased the near-term and long-term estimates of the operating results and cash flows utilized in assessing Primary 82 Metals’ goodwill for impairment. The valuation of goodwill for the second step of the goodwill impairment analysis is considered a level 3 fair value measurement, which means that the valuation of the assets and liabilities reflect management’s own judgments regarding the assumptions market participants would use in determining the fair value of the assets and liabilities. Equity Investments. Alcoa invests in a number of privately-held companies, primarily through joint ventures and consortia, which are accounted for on the equity method. The equity method is applied in situations where Alcoa has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee. Management reviews equity investments for impairment whenever certain indicators are present suggesting that the carrying value of an investment is not recoverable. This analysis requires a significant amount of judgment from management to identify events or circumstances indicating that an equity investment is impaired. The following items are examples of impairment indicators: significant, sustained declines in an investee’s revenue, earnings, and cash flow trends; adverse market conditions of the investee’s industry or geographic area; the investee’s ability to continue operations measured by several items, including liquidity; and other factors. Once an impairment indicator is identified, management uses considerable judgment to determine if the impairment is other than temporary, in which case the equity investment is written down to its estimated fair value. An impairment that is other than temporary could significantly and adversely impact reported results of operations. Properties, Plants, and Equipment. Properties, plants, and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets (asset group) may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets is determined by comparing the estimated undiscounted net cash flows of the operations related to the assets (asset group) to their carrying amount. An impairment loss would be recognized when the carrying amount of the assets (asset group) exceeds the estimated undiscounted net cash flows. The amount of the impairment loss to be recorded is calculated as the excess of the carrying value of the assets (asset group) over their fair value, with fair value determined using the best information available, which generally is a DCF model. The determination of what constitutes an asset group, the associated estimated undiscounted net cash flows, and the estimated useful lives of assets also require significant judgments. Discontinued Operations and Assets Held For Sale. The fair values of all businesses to be divested are estimated using accepted valuation techniques such as a DCF model, valuations performed by third parties, earnings multiples, or indicative bids, when available. A number of significant estimates and assumptions are involved in the application of these techniques, including the forecasting of markets and market share, sales volumes and prices, costs and expenses, and multiple other factors. Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the estimates are made; however, the fair value that is ultimately realized upon the divestiture of a business may differ from the estimated fair value reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits. Liabilities and expenses for pension and other postretirement benefits are determined using actuarial methodologies and incorporate significant assumptions, including the interest rate used to discount the future estimated liability, the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, and several assumptions relating to the employee workforce (salary increases, health care cost trend rates, retirement age, and mortality). The interest rate used to discount future estimated liabilities is determined using a Company-specific yield curve model (above-median) developed with the assistance of an external actuary. The cash flows of the plans’ projected benefit obligations are discounted using a single equivalent rate derived from yields on high quality corporate bonds, which represent a broad diversification of issuers in various sectors, including finance and banking, consumer products, transportation, insurance, and pharmaceutical, among others. The yield curve model parallels the plans’ projected cash flows, which have an average duration of 10 years, and the underlying cash flows of the bonds included in the model exceed the cash flows needed to satisfy the Company’s plans’ obligations multiple times. In 2014, 2013, and 2012, the discount rate used to determine benefit obligations for U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans was 4.00%, 4.80%, and 4.15%, respectively. The impact on the liabilities of a change in the discount rate of 1/4 of 1% would be approximately $460 and either a charge or credit of approximately $20 to after-tax earnings in the following year. 83 The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is generally applied to a five-year market-related value of plan assets (a four-year average or the fair value at the plan measurement date is used for certain non-U.S. plans). The process used by management to develop this assumption is one that relies on a combination of historical asset return information and forward-looking returns by asset class. As it relates to historical asset return information, management focuses on the annual, 10-year moving, and 20-year moving averages when developing this assumption. Management also incorporates expected future returns on current and planned asset allocations using information from various external investment managers and consultants, as well as management’s own judgment. For 2014, 2013, and 2012, management used 8.00%, 8.50%, and 8.50% as its expected long-term rate of return, which was based on the prevailing and planned strategic asset allocations, as well as estimates of future returns by asset class. These rates fell within the respective range of the 20-year moving average of actual performance and the expected future return developed by asset class. In 2014, the decrease of 50 basis points in the expected long-term rate of return was due to a combination of a decrease in the 20-year moving average of actual performance and lower future expected market returns at that time. For 2015, management has determined that 7.75% will be the expected long-term rate of return. The decrease of 25 basis points in the expected long-term rate of return is due to lower future expected market returns. A change in the assumption for the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets of 1/4 of 1% would impact after-tax earnings by approximately $20 for 2014. During 2014, an independent U.S. organization that publishes standard mortality rates based on statistical analysis and studies issued updated mortality tables. The rates within these standard tables are used by actuaries as one of the many assumptions when measuring a company’s projected benefit obligation for pension and other postretirement benefit plans. The funded status of all of Alcoa’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans are measured as of December 31 each calendar year. During the measurement process at the end of 2014, Alcoa, with the assistance of an external actuary, considered the rates in the new mortality tables, along with specific data related to Alcoa’s retiree population, to develop the mortality-related assumptions used to measure the benefit obligation of various U.S. benefit plans. As a result, Alcoa recognized a charge of approximately $100 ($65 after-tax) in other comprehensive loss related to the updated mortality assumptions. In 2014, a net charge of $99 ($69 after-tax) was recorded in other comprehensive loss, primarily due to an 80 basis point decrease in the discount rate and a change in the mortality assumption (see above), which was mostly offset by the favorable performance of the plan assets and the amortization of actuarial losses. In 2013, a net benefit of $876 ($531 after-tax) was recorded in other comprehensive loss, primarily due to a 65 basis point increase in the discount rate and the amortization of actuarial losses. In 2012, a net charge of $769 ($529 after-tax) was recorded in other comprehensive loss, primarily due to a 75 basis point decrease in the discount rate, which was slightly offset by the favorable performance of the plan assets and the amortization of actuarial losses. Stock-based Compensation. Alcoa recognizes compensation expense for employee equity grants using the non- substantive vesting period approach, in which the expense (net of estimated forfeitures) is recognized ratably over the requisite service period based on the grant date fair value. The fair value of new stock options is estimated on the date of grant using a lattice-pricing model. Determining the fair value of stock options at the grant date requires judgment, including estimates for the average risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, volatility, annual forfeiture rate, and exercise behavior. These assumptions may differ significantly between grant dates because of changes in the actual results of these inputs that occur over time. Equity grants are issued in January each year. As part of Alcoa’s stock-based compensation plan design, individuals who are retirement-eligible have a six-month requisite service period in the year of grant. As a result, a larger portion of expense will be recognized in the first half of each year for these retirement-eligible employees. Compensation expense recorded in 2014, 2013, and 2012 was $87 ($58 after-tax), $71 ($48 after-tax), and $67 ($46 after-tax), respectively. Of this amount, $15, $14, and $13 in 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively, pertains to the acceleration of expense related to retirement-eligible employees. 84 Most plan participants can choose whether to receive their award in the form of stock options, stock awards, or a combination of both. This choice is made before the grant is issued and is irrevocable. Income Taxes. The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, the provision for income taxes represents income taxes paid or payable (or received or receivable) for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid, and result from differences between the financial and tax bases of Alcoa’s assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not (greater than 50%) that a tax benefit will not be realized. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, management considers all potential sources of taxable income, including income available in carryback periods, future reversals of taxable temporary differences, projections of taxable income, and income from tax planning strategies, as well as all available positive and negative evidence. Positive evidence includes factors such as a history of profitable operations, projections of future profitability within the carryforward period, including from tax planning strategies, and Alcoa’s experience with similar operations. Existing favorable contracts and the ability to sell products into established markets are additional positive evidence. Negative evidence includes items such as cumulative losses, projections of future losses, or carryforward periods that are not long enough to allow for the utilization of a deferred tax asset based on existing projections of income. Deferred tax assets for which no valuation allowance is recorded may not be realized upon changes in facts and circumstances, resulting in a future charge to establish a valuation allowance. Existing valuation allowances are re-examined under the same standards of positive and negative evidence. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will be realized, the appropriate amount of the valuation allowance, if any, is released. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are also re-measured to reflect changes in underlying tax rates due to law changes and the granting and lapse of tax holidays. In 2013, Alcoa recognized a $372 discrete income tax charge for valuation allowances on certain deferred tax assets in Spain and the United States. Of this amount, a $237 valuation allowance was established on the full value of the deferred tax assets related to a Spanish consolidated tax group. These deferred tax assets have an expiration period ranging from 2016 (for certain credits) to an unlimited life (for operating losses). After weighing all available positive and negative evidence, as described above, management determined that it was no longer more likely than not that Alcoa will realize the tax benefit of these deferred tax assets. This was mainly driven by a decline in the outlook of the Primary Metals business (2013 realized prices were the lowest since 2009) combined with prior year cumulative losses of the Spanish consolidated tax group. During 2014, the underlying value of the deferred tax assets decreased due to a remeasurement as a result of the enactment of new tax rates in Spain beginning in 2015 (see Income Taxes in Earnings Summary under Results of Operations above), the sale of a member of the Spanish consolidated tax group, and a change in foreign currency exchange rates. As a result, the valuation allowance decreased by the same amount. At December 31, 2014, the amount of the valuation allowance was $163. This valuation allowance was reevaluated as of December 31, 2014, and no change to the allowance was deemed necessary based on all available evidence. The need for this valuation allowance will be assessed on a continuous basis in future periods and, as a result, a portion or all of the allowance may be reversed based on changes in facts and circumstances. The remaining $135 relates to a valuation allowance established on a portion of available foreign tax credits in the United States. These credits can be carried forward for 10 years, and have an expiration period ranging from 2016 to 2023 as of December 31, 2013 (2015 to 2019 as of December 31, 2014). After weighing all available positive and negative evidence, as described above, management determined that it was no longer more likely than not that Alcoa will realize the full tax benefit of these foreign tax credits. This was primarily due to lower foreign sourced taxable income after consideration of tax planning strategies and after the inclusion of earnings from foreign subsidiaries projected to be distributable as taxable foreign dividends. This valuation allowance was reevaluated as of December 31, 2014, and no change to the allowance was deemed necessary based on all available evidence. The need for this valuation allowance will be assessed on a continuous basis in future periods and, as a result, an increase or decrease to this allowance may result based on changes in facts and circumstances. 85 Tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return are recorded when such benefits meet a more likely than not threshold. Otherwise, these tax benefits are recorded when a tax position has been effectively settled, which means that the statute of limitation has expired or the appropriate taxing authority has completed their examination even though the statute of limitations remains open. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as part of the provision for income taxes and are accrued beginning in the period that such interest and penalties would be applicable under relevant tax law until such time that the related tax benefits are recognized. Related Party Transactions Alcoa buys products from and sells products to various related companies, consisting of entities in which Alcoa retains a 50% or less equity interest, at negotiated arms-length prices between the two parties. These transactions were not material to the financial position or results of operations of Alcoa for all periods presented. Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance See the Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance section of Note A to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Recently Issued Accounting Guidance See the Recently Issued Accounting Guidance section of Note A to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. See the Derivatives section of Note X to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K. 86 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Management’s Report on Financial Statements and Practices Management’s Reports to Alcoa Shareholders The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements of Alcoa Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) were prepared by management, which is responsible for their integrity and objectivity. The statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and include amounts that are based on management’s best judgments and estimates. The other financial information included in the annual report is consistent with that in the financial statements. Management also recognizes its responsibility for conducting the Company’s affairs according to the highest standards of personal and corporate conduct. This responsibility is characterized and reflected in key policy statements issued from time to time regarding, among other things, conduct of its business activities within the laws of the host countries in which the Company operates and potentially conflicting outside business interests of its employees. The Company maintains a systematic program to assess compliance with these policies. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, management has conducted an assessment, including testing, using the criteria in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s system of internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Based on the assessment, management has concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included herein. Firth Rixson has been excluded from management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, as it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination in November 2014. Firth Rixson is a 100% owned subsidiary whose total assets (excluding goodwill and intangible assets) and total sales represent 4% and less than 1%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014. Klaus Kleinfeld Chairman and Chief Executive Officer William F. Oplinger Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 87 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Alcoa Inc. In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheet and the related statements of consolidated operations, consolidated comprehensive loss, changes in consolidated equity, and consolidated cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Alcoa Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) at December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. As described in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded Firth Rixson from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination in November 2014. We have also excluded Firth Rixson from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Firth Rixson is a 100% owned subsidiary whose total assets (excluding goodwill and intangible assets) and total sales represent 4% and less than 1%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania February 19, 2015 88 Alcoa and subsidiaries Statement of Consolidated Operations (in millions, except per-share amounts) For the year ended December 31, Sales (Q) Cost of goods sold (exclusive of expenses below) Selling, general administrative, and other expenses Research and development expenses Provision for depreciation, depletion, and amortization Impairment of goodwill (A & E) Restructuring and other charges (D) Interest expense (V) Other expenses (income), net (O) Total costs and expenses Income (loss) before income taxes Provision for income taxes (T) Net income (loss) Less: Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Alcoa Earnings per Share Attributable to Alcoa Common Shareholders (S): Basic Diluted 2014 2013 2012 $23,906 $23,032 $23,700 19,137 995 218 1,371 - 1,168 473 47 23,409 19,286 1,008 192 1,421 1,731 782 453 (25) 20,401 997 197 1,460 - 172 490 (341) 24,848 23,376 497 320 177 (91) (1,816) 428 (2,244) 41 268 $ (2,285) $ 324 162 162 (29) 191 0.21 0.21 $ (2.14) $ $ (2.14) $ 0.18 0.18 $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 89 Alcoa and subsidiaries Statement of Consolidated Comprehensive Loss (in millions) For the year ended December 31, 2014 Alcoa 2013 2012 Noncontrolling Interests 2013 2014 2012 Total 2013 2014 2012 Net income (loss) Other comprehensive loss, net of tax (B): Change in unrecognized net actuarial loss and prior service cost/benefit related to pension and other postretirement benefits Foreign currency translation adjustments Net change in unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities Net change in unrecognized losses on cash flow hedges Total Other comprehensive loss, net $ 268 $(2,285) $ 191 $ (91) $ 41 $ (29) $ 177 $(2,244) $ 162 (69) 531 (529) (13) 26 22 (82) 557 (507) (1,025) (968) (202) (241) (367) (94) (1,266) (1,335) (296) (2) 78 (1) 2 181 (46) - - - 3 - (1) (2) 78 (1) 2 184 (47) of tax (1,018) (257) (775) (254) (338) (73) (1,272) (595) (848) Comprehensive loss $ (750) $(2,542) $(584) $(345) $(297) $(102) $(1,095) $(2,839) $(686) The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 90 Alcoa and subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheet (in millions) December 31, Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents (X) Receivables from customers, less allowances of $14 in 2014 and $20 in 2013 (U) Other receivables (U) Inventories (G) Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Properties, plants, and equipment, net (H) Goodwill (A & E) Investments (I) Deferred income taxes (T) Other noncurrent assets (J) Total Assets Liabilities Current liabilities: Short-term borrowings (K & X) Accounts payable, trade Accrued compensation and retirement costs Taxes, including income taxes Other current liabilities Long-term debt due within one year (K & X) Total current liabilities Long-term debt, less amount due within one year (K & X) Accrued pension benefits (W) Accrued other postretirement benefits (W) Other noncurrent liabilities and deferred credits (L) Total liabilities Contingencies and commitments (N) Equity Alcoa shareholders’ equity: Preferred stock (R) Mandatory convertible preferred stock (R) Common stock (R) Additional capital Retained earnings Treasury stock, at cost Accumulated other comprehensive loss (B) Total Alcoa shareholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests (M) Total equity Total Liabilities and Equity 2014 2013 $ 1,877 $ 1,437 1,221 597 2,705 1,009 1,395 733 3,082 1,182 8,269 16,426 5,247 1,944 2,754 2,759 6,969 17,639 3,415 1,907 3,184 2,628 $37,399 $35,742 $ 54 3,152 937 348 1,021 29 5,541 8,769 3,291 2,155 2,849 $ 57 2,960 1,013 376 1,044 655 6,105 7,607 3,183 2,354 2,971 22,605 22,220 55 3 1,304 9,284 9,379 (3,042) (4,677) 55 - 1,178 7,509 9,272 (3,762) (3,659) 12,306 10,593 2,488 2,929 14,794 13,522 $37,399 $35,742 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 91 Alcoa and subsidiaries Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows (in millions) For the year ended December 31, Cash from Operations Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash from operations: Depreciation, depletion, and amortization Deferred income taxes (T) Equity income, net of dividends Impairment of goodwill (A & E) Restructuring and other charges (D) Net gain from investing activities—asset sales (O) Stock-based compensation (R) Excess tax benefits from stock-based payment arrangements Other Changes in assets and liabilities, excluding effects of acquisitions, divestitures, and foreign currency translation adjustments: (Increase) decrease in receivables (Increase) decrease in inventories (Increase) in prepaid expenses and other current assets Increase (decrease) in accounts payable, trade (Decrease) in accrued expenses Increase (decrease) in taxes, including income taxes Pension contributions (W) (Increase) decrease in noncurrent assets Increase in noncurrent liabilities Cash provided from continuing operations Cash used for discontinued operations Cash provided from operations Financing Activities Net change in short-term borrowings (original maturities of three months or less) (K) Net change in commercial paper (K) Additions to debt (original maturities greater than three months) (K) Debt issuance costs Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months) (K) Proceeds from exercise of employee stock options (R) Excess tax benefits from stock-based payment arrangements Issuance of mandatory convertible preferred stock (R) Dividends paid to shareholders Distributions to noncontrolling interests Contributions from noncontrolling interests (M) Acquisitions of noncontrolling interests (F & M) Cash provided from (used for) financing activities Investing Activities Capital expenditures Acquisitions, net of cash acquired (F & P) Proceeds from the sale of assets and businesses (F) Additions to investments (I & N) Sales of investments (I) Net change in restricted cash (P) Other Cash used for investing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year 2014 2013 2012 $ 177 $(2,244) $ 162 1,372 (35) 104 - 1,168 (47) 87 (9) 66 (312) (355) (25) 256 (451) 7 (501) (19) 191 1,674 - 1,674 (2) - 2,878 (17) (1,723) 150 9 1,211 (161) (120) 53 (28) 2,250 1,422 178 77 1,731 782 (10) 71 - 4 (141) 25 (9) 326 (418) (43) (462) (153) 442 1,578 - 1,578 5 - 1,852 (3) (2,317) 13 - - (132) (109) 12 - (679) 1,462 (99) 2 - 172 (321) 67 (1) 63 104 96 (62) (12) (166) 15 (561) 9 570 1,500 (3) 1,497 (10) (224) 972 (5) (1,489) 12 1 - (131) (95) 171 - (798) (1,219) (2,385) 253 (195) 57 (2) 31 (3,460) (24) 440 1,437 $ 1,877 (1,193) - 13 (293) - 170 13 (1,290) (33) (424) 1,861 $ 1,437 (1,261) - 615 (300) 31 87 69 (759) (18) (78) 1,939 $ 1,861 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 92 Alcoa and subsidiaries Statement of Changes in Consolidated Equity (in millions, except per-share amounts) Alcoa Shareholders Balance at December 31, 2011 Net income (loss) Other comprehensive loss Cash dividends declared: Preferred @ $3.75 per share Common @ $0.12 per share Stock-based compensation (R) Common stock issued: compensation plans (R) Distributions Contributions (M) Other Balance at December 31, 2012 Net (loss) income Other comprehensive loss Cash dividends declared: Preferred @ $3.75 per share Common @ $0.12 per share Stock-based compensation (R) Common stock issued: compensation plans (R) Distributions Contributions (M) Other Balance at December 31, 2013 Net income (loss) Other comprehensive loss Cash dividends declared: Preferred–Class A @ $3.75 per share Preferred–Class B @ $7.53993 per share Common @ $0.12 per share Stock-based compensation (R) Common stock issued: compensation plans (R) Issuance of mandatory convertible preferred stock (R) Issuance of common stock (K & R) Distributions Contributions (M) Purchase of equity from noncontrolling interest (F) Other Balance at December 31, 2014 Mandatory convertible preferred stock $ - - - Preferred stock $55 - - Common stock $1,178 - - Additional capital $7,561 - - Treasury stock Retained earnings $11,629 $(3,952) - - 191 - Accumulated other compre- hensive loss $(2,627) - (775) Noncontrolling interests $3,351 (29) (73) Total equity $17,195 162 (848) - - - - - - - 55 - - - - - - - - - 55 - - - - - - - - - - - - - $55 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - - $3 - - - - - - - 1,178 - - - - - - - - - 1,178 - - - - - - - - 126 - - - - 67 (68) - - - 7,560 - - - - 71 (122) - - - 7,509 - - - - - 87 (584) 1,210 1,059 - - (2) (129) - - - - - 11,689 (2,285) - (2) (130) - - - - - 9,272 268 - (2) (19) (140) - - - - - - - - - 71 - - - (3,881) - - - - - 119 - - - (3,762) - - - - - - 720 - - - - - - - - - - - (3,402) - (257) - - - - - - - (3,659) - (1,018) - - - - - - - - - - - - - (95) 171 (1) 3,324 41 (338) - - - - (109) 12 (1) 2,929 (91) (254) - - - - - - - (120) 53 (2) (129) 67 3 (95) 171 (1) 16,523 (2,244) (595) (2) (130) 71 (3) (109) 12 (1) 13,522 177 (1,272) (2) (19) (140) 87 136 1,213 1,185 (120) 53 - - $1,304 3 - $9,284 - - - - $ 9,379 $(3,042) - - $(4,677) (31) 2 $2,488 (28) 2 $14,794 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 93 Alcoa and subsidiaries Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (dollars in millions, except per-share amounts) A. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation. The Consolidated Financial Statements of Alcoa Inc. and subsidiaries (“Alcoa” or the “Company”) are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and require management to make certain judgments, estimates, and assumptions. These may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. They also may affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates upon subsequent resolution of identified matters. Principles of Consolidation. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Alcoa and companies in which Alcoa has a controlling interest. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The equity method of accounting is used for investments in affiliates and other joint ventures over which Alcoa has significant influence but does not have effective control. Investments in affiliates in which Alcoa cannot exercise significant influence are accounted for on the cost method. Management also evaluates whether an Alcoa entity or interest is a variable interest entity and whether Alcoa is the primary beneficiary. Consolidation is required if both of these criteria are met. Alcoa does not have any variable interest entities requiring consolidation. Related Party Transactions. Alcoa buys products from and sells products to various related companies, consisting of entities in which Alcoa retains a 50% or less equity interest, at negotiated arms-length prices between the two parties. These transactions were not material to the financial position or results of operations of Alcoa for all periods presented. Cash Equivalents. Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less. Inventory Valuation. Inventories are carried at the lower of cost or market, with cost for a substantial portion of U.S. and Canadian inventories determined under the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. The cost of other inventories is principally determined under the average-cost method. Properties, Plants, and Equipment. Properties, plants, and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is recorded principally on the straight-line method at rates based on the estimated useful lives of the assets. For greenfield assets, which refer to the construction of new assets on undeveloped land, the units of production method is used to record depreciation. These assets require a significant period (generally greater than one-year) to ramp-up to full production capacity. As a result, the units of production method is deemed a more systematic and rational method for recognizing depreciation on these assets. Depreciation is recorded on temporarily idled facilities until such time management approves a permanent shutdown. The following table details the weighted-average useful lives of structures and machinery and equipment by reporting segment (numbers in years): Segment Alumina: Alumina refining Bauxite mining Primary Metals: Aluminum smelting Power generation Global Rolled Products Engineered Products and Solutions Structures Machinery and equipment 31 32 35 31 28 27 26 15 22 22 22 18 94 Gains or losses from the sale of assets are generally recorded in other income or expenses (see policy below for assets classified as held for sale and discontinued operations). Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Interest related to the construction of qualifying assets is capitalized as part of the construction costs. Properties, plants, and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets (asset group) may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets is determined by comparing the estimated undiscounted net cash flows of the operations related to the assets (asset group) to their carrying amount. An impairment loss would be recognized when the carrying amount of the assets (asset group) exceeds the estimated undiscounted net cash flows. The amount of the impairment loss to be recorded is calculated as the excess of the carrying value of the assets (asset group) over their fair value, with fair value determined using the best information available, which generally is a discounted cash flow (DCF) model. The determination of what constitutes an asset group, the associated estimated undiscounted net cash flows, and the estimated useful lives of assets also require significant judgments. Mineral Rights. Alcoa recognizes mineral rights upon specific acquisitions of land that include such underlying rights, primarily in Jamaica (in December 2014, Alcoa divested its ownership stake in the joint venture in Jamaica—see Note F). This land is purchased for the sole purpose of mining bauxite. The underlying bauxite reserves are known at the time of acquisition based on associated drilling and analysis and are considered to be proven reserves. The acquisition cost of the land and mineral rights are amortized as the bauxite is produced based on the level of minable tons determined at the time of purchase. Mineral rights are included in Properties, plants, and equipment on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. Deferred Mining Costs. Alcoa recognizes deferred mining costs during the development stage of a mine life cycle. Such costs include the construction of access and haul roads, detailed drilling and geological analysis to further define the grade and quality of the known bauxite, and overburden removal costs. These costs relate to sections of the related mines where Alcoa is either currently extracting bauxite or is preparing for production in the near term. These sections are outlined and planned incrementally and generally are mined over periods ranging from one to five years, depending on mine specifics. The amount of geological drilling and testing necessary to determine the economic viability of the bauxite deposit being mined is such that the reserves are considered to be proven, and the mining costs are amortized based on this level of reserves. Deferred mining costs are included in Other noncurrent assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. Goodwill is not amortized; instead, it is reviewed for impairment annually (in the fourth quarter) or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist or if a decision is made to sell or exit a business. A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred. Such indicators may include deterioration in general economic conditions, negative developments in equity and credit markets, adverse changes in the markets in which an entity operates, increases in input costs that have a negative effect on earnings and cash flows, or a trend of negative or declining cash flows over multiple periods, among others. The fair value that could be realized in an actual transaction may differ from that used to evaluate the impairment of goodwill. Goodwill is allocated among and evaluated for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. Alcoa has nine reporting units, of which five are included in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment. The remaining four reporting units are the Alumina segment, the Primary Metals segment (all goodwill was impaired in 2013—see below), the Global Rolled Products segment, and the soft alloy extrusions business in Brazil (hereafter “SAE”), which is included in Corporate. More than 80% of Alcoa’s total goodwill is allocated to two reporting units as follows: Alcoa Fastening Systems (AFS) ($1,145) and Alcoa Power and Propulsion (APP) ($1,590) businesses, both of which are included in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment. These amounts include an allocation of Corporate’s goodwill. In November 2014, Alcoa acquired an aerospace business, Firth Rixson (see Note F), and, as a result recognized $1,898 in goodwill. This amount will be allocated between the AFS and the Alcoa Forgings and Extrusion reporting units, both of which are part of the Engineered Products and Solutions segment. However, none of this goodwill is reflected in the $1,145 above for AFS since the annual impairment review was completed prior to the acquisition. 95 In reviewing goodwill for impairment, an entity has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not (greater than 50%) that the estimated fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If an entity elects to perform a qualitative assessment and determines that an impairment is more likely than not, the entity is then required to perform the existing two-step quantitative impairment test (described below), otherwise no further analysis is required. An entity also may elect not to perform the qualitative assessment and, instead, proceed directly to the two-step quantitative impairment test. The ultimate outcome of the goodwill impairment review for a reporting unit should be the same whether an entity chooses to perform the qualitative assessment or proceeds directly to the two-step quantitative impairment test. Alcoa’s policy for its annual review of goodwill is to perform the qualitative assessment for all reporting units not subjected directly to the two-step quantitative impairment test. Management will proceed directly to the two-step quantitative impairment test for a minimum of three reporting units (based on facts and circumstances) during each annual review of goodwill. This policy will result in each of the eight reporting units with goodwill being subjected to the two-step quantitative impairment test at least once during every three-year period. Under the qualitative assessment, various events and circumstances (or factors) that would affect the estimated fair value of a reporting unit are identified (similar to impairment indicators above). These factors are then classified by the type of impact they would have on the estimated fair value using positive, neutral, and adverse categories based on current business conditions. Additionally, an assessment of the level of impact that a particular factor would have on the estimated fair value is determined using high, medium, and low weighting. Furthermore, management considers the results of the most recent two-step quantitative impairment test completed for a reporting unit and compares the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) between the current and prior years for each reporting unit. During the 2014 annual review of goodwill, management performed the qualitative assessment for five reporting units, the Global Rolled Products segment and four of the five reporting units in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment, including AFS and APP. Management concluded that it was not more likely than not that the estimated fair values of the five reporting units were less than their carrying values. As such, no further analysis was required. Under the two-step quantitative impairment test, the evaluation of impairment involves comparing the current fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. Alcoa uses a DCF model to estimate the current fair value of its reporting units when testing for impairment, as management believes forecasted cash flows are the best indicator of such fair value. A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the DCF model to forecast operating cash flows, including markets and market share, sales volumes and prices, production costs, tax rates, capital spending, discount rate, and working capital changes. Most of these assumptions vary significantly among the reporting units. Cash flow forecasts are generally based on approved business unit operating plans for the early years and historical relationships in later years. The betas used in calculating the individual reporting units’ WACC rate are estimated for each business with the assistance of valuation experts. In the event the estimated fair value of a reporting unit per the DCF model is less than the carrying value, additional analysis would be required. The additional analysis would compare the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill with the implied fair value of that goodwill, which may involve the use of valuation experts. The implied fair value of goodwill is the excess of the fair value of the reporting unit over the fair value amounts assigned to all of the assets and liabilities of that unit as if the reporting unit was acquired in a business combination and the fair value of the reporting unit represented the purchase price. If the carrying value of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment loss equal to such excess would be recognized, which could significantly and adversely impact reported results of operations and shareholders’ equity. During the 2014 annual review of goodwill, management proceeded directly to the two-step quantitative impairment test for three reporting units as follows: the Alumina segment, SAE, and one of the five reporting units in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment. The estimated fair values of these three reporting units were substantially in excess of their respective carrying value, resulting in no impairment. 96 Goodwill impairment tests in prior years indicated that goodwill was not impaired for any of the Company’s reporting units, except for the Primary Metals segment in 2013 (see below), and there were no triggering events since that time that necessitated an impairment test. In 2013, for Primary Metals, the estimated fair value as determined by the DCF model was lower than the associated carrying value. As a result, management performed the second step of the impairment analysis in order to determine the implied fair value of Primary Metals’ goodwill. The results of the second-step analysis showed that the implied fair value of goodwill was zero. Therefore, in the fourth quarter of 2013, Alcoa recorded a goodwill impairment of $1,731 ($1,719 after noncontrolling interest). As a result of the goodwill impairment, there is no goodwill remaining for the Primary Metals reporting unit. The impairment of Primary Metals’ goodwill resulted from several causes: the prolonged economic downturn; a disconnect between industry fundamentals and pricing that has resulted in lower metal prices; and the increased cost of alumina, a key raw material, resulting from expansion of the Alumina Price Index throughout the industry. All of these factors, exacerbated by increases in discount rates, continue to place significant downward pressure on metal prices and operating margins, and the resulting estimated fair value, of the Primary Metals business. As a result, management decreased the near-term and long-term estimates of the operating results and cash flows utilized in assessing Primary Metals’ goodwill for impairment. The valuation of goodwill for the second step of the goodwill impairment analysis is considered a level 3 fair value measurement, which means that the valuation of the assets and liabilities reflect management’s own judgments regarding the assumptions market participants would use in determining the fair value of the assets and liabilities. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized while intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized generally on a straight-line basis over the periods benefited. The following table details the weighted- average useful lives of software and other intangible assets by reporting segment (numbers in years): Segment Alumina Primary Metals Global Rolled Products Engineered Products and Solutions Software Other intangible assets 4 7 9 11 35 36 12 24 Equity Investments. Alcoa invests in a number of privately-held companies, primarily through joint ventures and consortia, which are accounted for on the equity method. The equity method is applied in situations where Alcoa has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee. Management reviews equity investments for impairment whenever certain indicators are present suggesting that the carrying value of an investment is not recoverable. This analysis requires a significant amount of judgment from management to identify events or circumstances indicating that an equity investment is impaired. The following items are examples of impairment indicators: significant, sustained declines in an investee’s revenue, earnings, and cash flow trends; adverse market conditions of the investee’s industry or geographic area; the investee’s ability to continue operations measured by several items, including liquidity; and other factors. Once an impairment indicator is identified, management uses considerable judgment to determine if the impairment is other than temporary, in which case the equity investment is written down to its estimated fair value. An impairment that is other than temporary could significantly and adversely impact reported results of operations. Revenue Recognition. Alcoa recognizes revenue when title, ownership, and risk of loss pass to the customer, all of which occurs upon shipment or delivery of the product and is based on the applicable shipping terms. The shipping terms vary across all businesses and depend on the product, the country of origin, and the type of transportation (truck, train, or vessel). Alcoa periodically enters into long-term supply contracts with alumina and aluminum customers and receives advance payments for product to be delivered in future periods. These advance payments are recorded as deferred revenue, and 97 revenue is recognized as shipments are made and title, ownership, and risk of loss pass to the customer during the term of the contracts. Deferred revenue is included in Other current liabilities and Other noncurrent liabilities and deferred credits on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. Environmental Matters. Expenditures for current operations are expensed or capitalized, as appropriate. Expenditures relating to existing conditions caused by past operations, which will not contribute to future revenues, are expensed. Liabilities are recorded when remediation costs are probable and can be reasonably estimated. The liability may include costs such as site investigations, consultant fees, feasibility studies, outside contractors, and monitoring expenses. Estimates are generally not discounted or reduced by potential claims for recovery. Claims for recovery are recognized as agreements are reached with third parties. The estimates also include costs related to other potentially responsible parties to the extent that Alcoa has reason to believe such parties will not fully pay their proportionate share. The liability is continuously reviewed and adjusted to reflect current remediation progress, prospective estimates of required activity, and other factors that may be relevant, including changes in technology or regulations. Litigation Matters. For asserted claims and assessments, liabilities are recorded when an unfavorable outcome of a matter is deemed to be probable and the loss is reasonably estimable. Management determines the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome based on many factors such as the nature of the matter, available defenses and case strategy, progress of the matter, views and opinions of legal counsel and other advisors, applicability and success of appeals processes, and the outcome of similar historical matters, among others. Once an unfavorable outcome is deemed probable, management weighs the probability of estimated losses, and the most reasonable loss estimate is recorded. If an unfavorable outcome of a matter is deemed to be reasonably possible, then the matter is disclosed and no liability is recorded. With respect to unasserted claims or assessments, management must first determine that the probability that an assertion will be made is likely, then, a determination as to the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to reasonably estimate the potential loss is made. Legal matters are reviewed on a continuous basis to determine if there has been a change in management’s judgment regarding the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome or the estimate of a potential loss. Asset Retirement Obligations. Alcoa recognizes asset retirement obligations (AROs) related to legal obligations associated with the normal operation of Alcoa’s bauxite mining, alumina refining, and aluminum smelting facilities. These AROs consist primarily of costs associated with spent pot lining disposal, closure of bauxite residue areas, mine reclamation, and landfill closure. Alcoa also recognizes AROs for any significant lease restoration obligation, if required by a lease agreement, and for the disposal of regulated waste materials related to the demolition of certain power facilities. The fair values of these AROs are recorded on a discounted basis, at the time the obligation is incurred, and accreted over time for the change in present value. Additionally, Alcoa capitalizes asset retirement costs by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived assets and depreciating these assets over their remaining useful life. Certain conditional asset retirement obligations (CAROs) related to alumina refineries, aluminum smelters, and fabrication facilities have not been recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements due to uncertainties surrounding the ultimate settlement date. A CARO is a legal obligation to perform an asset retirement activity in which the timing and/or method of settlement are conditional on a future event that may or may not be within Alcoa’s control. Such uncertainties exist as a result of the perpetual nature of the structures, maintenance and upgrade programs, and other factors. At the date a reasonable estimate of the ultimate settlement date can be made, Alcoa would record an ARO for the removal, treatment, transportation, storage, and/or disposal of various regulated assets and hazardous materials such as asbestos, underground and aboveground storage tanks, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), various process residuals, solid wastes, electronic equipment waste, and various other materials. Such amounts may be material to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the period in which they are recorded. Income Taxes. The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, the provision for income taxes represents income taxes paid or payable (or received or receivable) for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid, and result from differences between the financial and tax bases of Alcoa’s assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when enacted. 98 Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, management considers all potential sources of taxable income, including income available in carryback periods, future reversals of taxable temporary differences, projections of taxable income, and income from tax planning strategies, as well as all available positive and negative evidence. Positive evidence includes factors such as a history of profitable operations, projections of future profitability within the carryforward period, including from tax planning strategies, and Alcoa’s experience with similar operations. Existing favorable contracts and the ability to sell products into established markets are additional positive evidence. Negative evidence includes items such as cumulative losses, projections of future losses, or carryforward periods that are not long enough to allow for the utilization of a deferred tax asset based on existing projections of income. Deferred tax assets for which no valuation allowance is recorded may not be realized upon changes in facts and circumstances, resulting in a future charge to establish a valuation allowance. Existing valuation allowances are re-examined under the same standards of positive and negative evidence. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will be realized, the appropriate amount of the valuation allowance, if any, is released. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are also re-measured to reflect changes in underlying tax rates due to law changes and the granting and lapse of tax holidays. Tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return are recorded when such benefits meet a more likely than not threshold. Otherwise, these tax benefits are recorded when a tax position has been effectively settled, which means that the statute of limitation has expired or the appropriate taxing authority has completed their examination even though the statute of limitations remains open. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as part of the provision for income taxes and are accrued beginning in the period that such interest and penalties would be applicable under relevant tax law until such time that the related tax benefits are recognized. Stock-Based Compensation. Alcoa recognizes compensation expense for employee equity grants using the non- substantive vesting period approach, in which the expense (net of estimated forfeitures) is recognized ratably over the requisite service period based on the grant date fair value. The fair value of new stock options is estimated on the date of grant using a lattice-pricing model. Determining the fair value of stock options at the grant date requires judgment, including estimates for the average risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, volatility, annual forfeiture rate, and exercise behavior. These assumptions may differ significantly between grant dates because of changes in the actual results of these inputs that occur over time. Most plan participants can choose whether to receive their award in the form of stock options, stock awards, or a combination of both. This choice is made before the grant is issued and is irrevocable. Derivatives and Hedging. Derivatives are held for purposes other than trading and are part of a formally documented risk management program. For derivatives designated as fair value hedges, Alcoa measures hedge effectiveness by formally assessing, at least quarterly, the historical high correlation of changes in the fair value of the hedged item and the derivative hedging instrument. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, Alcoa measures hedge effectiveness by formally assessing, at least quarterly, the probable high correlation of the expected future cash flows of the hedged item and the derivative hedging instrument. The ineffective portions of both types of hedges are recorded in sales or other income or expense in the current period. If the hedging relationship ceases to be highly effective or it becomes probable that an expected transaction will no longer occur, future gains or losses on the derivative instrument are recorded in other income or expense. Alcoa accounts for interest rate swaps related to its existing long-term debt and hedges of firm customer commitments for aluminum as fair value hedges. As a result, the fair values of the derivatives and changes in the fair values of the underlying hedged items are reported in other current and noncurrent assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair values of these derivatives and underlying hedged items generally offset and are recorded each period in sales or interest expense, consistent with the underlying hedged item. Alcoa accounts for hedges of foreign currency exposures and certain forecasted transactions as cash flow hedges. The fair values of the derivatives are recorded in other current and noncurrent assets and liabilities in the Consolidated 99 Balance Sheet. The effective portions of the changes in the fair values of these derivatives are recorded in other comprehensive income and are reclassified to sales, cost of goods sold, or other income or expense in the period in which earnings are impacted by the hedged items or in the period that the transaction no longer qualifies as a cash flow hedge. These contracts cover the same periods as known or expected exposures, generally not exceeding five years. If no hedging relationship is designated, the derivative is marked to market through earnings. Cash flows from derivatives are recognized in the Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows in a manner consistent with the underlying transactions. Foreign Currency. The local currency is the functional currency for Alcoa’s significant operations outside the United States, except for certain operations in Canada, Russia and Iceland, where the U.S. dollar is used as the functional currency. The determination of the functional currency for Alcoa’s operations is made based on the appropriate economic and management indicators. Acquisitions. Alcoa’s business acquisitions are accounted for using the acquisition method. The purchase price is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. Any excess purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. For all acquisitions, operating results are included in the Statement of Consolidated Operations from the date of the acquisition. Discontinued Operations and Assets Held For Sale. For those businesses where management has committed to a plan to divest, each business is valued at the lower of its carrying amount or estimated fair value less cost to sell. If the carrying amount of the business exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment loss is recognized. Fair value is estimated using accepted valuation techniques such as a DCF model, valuations performed by third parties, earnings multiples, or indicative bids, when available. A number of significant estimates and assumptions are involved in the application of these techniques, including the forecasting of markets and market share, sales volumes and prices, costs and expenses, and multiple other factors. Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the estimates are made; however, the fair value that is ultimately realized upon the divestiture of a business may differ from the estimated fair value reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Depreciation, depletion, and amortization expense is not recorded on assets of a business to be divested once they are classified as held for sale. Businesses to be divested are classified in the Consolidated Financial Statements as either discontinued operations or held for sale. For businesses classified as discontinued operations, the balance sheet amounts and results of operations are reclassified from their historical presentation to assets and liabilities of operations held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and to discontinued operations on the Statement of Consolidated Operations, respectively, for all periods presented. The gains or losses associated with these divested businesses are recorded in discontinued operations on the Statement of Consolidated Operations. The Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows is also reclassified for assets and liabilities of operations held for sale and discontinued operations for all periods presented. Additionally, segment information does not include the assets or operating results of businesses classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented. Management does not expect any continuing involvement with these businesses following their divestiture, and these businesses are expected to be disposed of within one year. For businesses classified as held for sale that do not qualify for discontinued operations treatment, the balance sheet and cash flow amounts are reclassified from their historical presentation to assets and liabilities of operations held for sale for all periods presented. The results of operations continue to be reported in continuing operations. The gains or losses associated with these divested businesses are recorded in restructuring and other charges on the Statement of Consolidated Operations. The segment information includes the assets and operating results of businesses classified as held for sale for all periods presented. Management expects that Alcoa will have continuing involvement with these businesses following their divestiture, primarily in the form of equity participation, or ongoing aluminum or other significant supply contracts. 100 Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance. On January 1, 2014, Alcoa adopted changes issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) to the accounting for obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements. These changes require an entity to measure such obligations for which the total amount of the obligation is fixed at the reporting date as the sum of (i) the amount the reporting entity agreed to pay on the basis of its arrangement among its co-obligors, and (ii) any additional amount the reporting entity expects to pay on behalf of its co-obligors. An entity will also be required to disclose the nature and amount of the obligation as well as other information about those obligations. Examples of obligations subject to these requirements are debt arrangements and settled litigation and judicial rulings. The adoption of these changes had no impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements, as Alcoa does not currently have any such arrangements. On January 1, 2014, Alcoa adopted changes issued by the FASB to a parent entity’s accounting for the cumulative translation adjustment upon derecognition of certain subsidiaries or groups of assets within a foreign entity or of an investment in a foreign entity. A parent entity is required to release any related cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment from accumulated other comprehensive income into net income in the following circumstances: (i) a parent entity ceases to have a controlling financial interest in a subsidiary or group of assets that is a business within a foreign entity if the sale or transfer results in the complete or substantially complete liquidation of the foreign entity in which the subsidiary or group of assets had resided; (ii) a partial sale of an equity method investment that is a foreign entity; (iii) a partial sale of an equity method investment that is not a foreign entity whereby the partial sale represents a complete or substantially complete liquidation of the foreign entity that held the equity method investment; and (iv) the sale of an investment in a foreign entity. The adoption of these changes had no impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. This guidance will need to be considered in the event Alcoa initiates any of the transactions described above. On January 1, 2014, Alcoa adopted changes issued by the FASB to the presentation of an unrecognized tax benefit when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward exists. These changes require an entity to present an unrecognized tax benefit as a liability in the financial statements if (i) a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward is not available at the reporting date under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position, or (ii) the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction does not require the entity to use, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position. Otherwise, an unrecognized tax benefit is required to be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward. Previously, there was diversity in practice as no explicit guidance existed. The adoption of these changes did not result in a significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. On November 18, 2014, the FASB issued changes to business combinations accounting, which Alcoa immediately adopted. These changes provide an acquired entity with an option to reflect the acquirer’s accounting and reporting basis in the acquired entity’s separate financial statements (known as pushdown accounting) upon the occurrence of an event in which the acquirer obtains control of the acquired entity. The election to apply pushdown accounting in the separate financial statements of the acquired entity should be made in the reporting period in which the change-in- control event occurs. Once an election to apply pushdown accounting is made, it is irrevocable. This guidance is being issued due to limited existing guidance on the topic. Previously, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s guidance on this topic stated that pushdown accounting must be applied in an acquired entity’s separate financial statements if the acquirer obtained 95% or greater control, may be applied if the acquirer obtained 80% to 95% control, and may not be applied if the acquirer obtained less than 80% control. As a result of the FASB issuing this new guidance, the SEC has rescinded its existing guidance in its regulations. The adoption of these changes had no impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. This guidance will need to be considered in the event Alcoa obtains control of an entity with separate financial reporting requirements. Recently Issued Accounting Guidance. In April 2014, the FASB issued changes to reporting discontinued operations and disclosures of disposals of components of an entity. These changes require a disposal of a component to meet a higher threshold in order to be reported as a discontinued operation in an entity’s financial statements. The threshold is defined as a strategic shift that has, or will have, a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results such as a 101 disposal of a major geographical area or a major line of business. Additionally, the following two criteria have been removed from consideration of whether a component meets the requirements for discontinued operations presentation: (i) the operations and cash flows of a disposal component have been or will be eliminated from the ongoing operations of an entity as a result of the disposal transaction, and (ii) an entity will not have any significant continuing involvement in the operations of the disposal component after the disposal transaction. Furthermore, equity method investments now may qualify for discontinued operations presentation. These changes also require expanded disclosures for all disposals of components of an entity, whether or not the threshold for reporting as a discontinued operation is met, related to profit or loss information and/or asset and liability information of the component. These changes become effective for Alcoa on January 1, 2015. Management has determined that the adoption of these changes will not have an immediate impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. This guidance will need to be considered in the event Alcoa initiates a disposal transaction. In May 2014, the FASB issued changes to the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. These changes created a comprehensive framework for all entities in all industries to apply in the determination of when to recognize revenue, and, therefore, supersede virtually all existing revenue recognition requirements and guidance. This framework is expected to result in less complex guidance in application while providing a consistent and comparable methodology for revenue recognition. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve this principle, an entity should apply the following steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract(s), (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract(s), and (v) recognize revenue when, or as, the entity satisfies a performance obligation. These changes become effective for Alcoa on January 1, 2017. Management is currently evaluating the potential impact of these changes on the Consolidated Financial Statements. In August 2014, the FASB issued changes to the disclosure of uncertainties about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. Under GAAP, continuation of a reporting entity as a going concern is presumed as the basis for preparing financial statements unless and until the entity’s liquidation becomes imminent. Even if an entity’s liquidation is not imminent, there may be conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. Because there is no guidance in GAAP about management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern or to provide related note disclosures, there is diversity in practice whether, when, and how an entity discloses the relevant conditions and events in its financial statements. As a result, these changes require an entity’s management to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that financial statements are issued. Substantial doubt is defined as an indication that it is probable that an entity will be unable to meet its obligations as they become due within one year after the date that financial statements are issued. If management has concluded that substantial doubt exists, then the following disclosures should be made in the financial statements: (i) principal conditions or events that raised the substantial doubt, (ii) management’s evaluation of the significance of those conditions or events in relation to the entity’s ability to meet its obligations, (iii) management’s plans that alleviated the initial substantial doubt or, if substantial doubt was not alleviated, management’s plans that are intended to at least mitigate the conditions or events that raise substantial doubt, and (iv) if the latter in (iii) is disclosed, an explicit statement that there is substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. These changes become effective for Alcoa for the 2016 annual period. Management has determined that the adoption of these changes will not have an impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. Subsequent to adoption, this guidance will need to be applied by management at the end of each annual period and interim period therein to determine what, if any, impact there will be on the Consolidated Financial Statements in a given reporting period. 102 B. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The following table details the activity of the four components that comprise Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income for both Alcoa’s shareholders and noncontrolling interests: Pension and other postretirement benefits (W) Balance at beginning of period Other comprehensive (loss) income: Unrecognized net actuarial loss and prior service cost/ Alcoa 2013 2014 2012 Noncontrolling Interests 2012 2013 2014 $(3,532) $(4,063) $(3,534) $ (51) $ (77) $ (99) benefit Tax benefit (expense) (492) 167 281 (88) (1,184) 398 (22) 7 Total Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications, net of tax (325) 193 (786) (15) 28 (9) 19 11 (4) 7 26 $ (51) $ 257 (367) $(110) $ $ $ - - - (5) 4 (1) 3 - - - - - - 15 (4) 11 16 (5) 11 22 $ (77) $351 (94) $257 $ $ - - - $ (4) (1) - (1) - - - - - - Amortization of net actuarial loss and prior service cost/benefit(1) Tax expense(2) Total amount reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax(7) Total Other comprehensive (loss) income Balance at end of period Foreign currency translation Balance at beginning of period Other comprehensive loss(3) Balance at end of period Available-for-sale-securities Balance at beginning of period Other comprehensive (loss) income(4) Balance at end of period Cash flow hedges (X) Balance at beginning of period Other comprehensive income (loss): Net change from periodic revaluations Tax expense Total Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax Net amount reclassified to earnings: Aluminum contracts(5) Foreign exchange contracts(5) Interest rate contracts(6) Sub-total Tax (expense) benefit(2) Total amount reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax(7) Total Other comprehensive income (loss) Balance at end of period 394 (138) 520 (182) 396 (139) 3 (1) 256 (69) 257 (529) $(3,601) $(3,532) $(4,063) 338 531 $ 179 (1,025) $ (846) $ $ 1,147 (968) 179 $ 1,349 (202) $ 1,147 $ $ 2 (2) - $ $ 3 (1) 2 $ $ 1 2 3 $ (308) $ (489) $ (443) 78 (21) 57 27 (3) 1 25 (4) 205 (43) 162 18 2 2 22 (3) (2) (10) (12) (65) - 3 (62) 28 21 19 (34) 2 (13) $ (64) $(110) (241) $(351) $ $ $ - - - (2) - - - - - - - - - 78 (46) $ (230) $ (308) $ (489) 181 - (2) $ 3 (2) $ (1) $ (5) (1) These amounts were included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost for pension and other postretirement benefits (see Note W). 103 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) These amounts were included in Provision for income taxes on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. In all periods presented, there were no tax impacts related to rate changes and no amounts were reclassified to earnings. In all periods presented, unrealized and realized gains and losses related to these securities were immaterial. Realized gains and losses were included in Other expenses (income), net on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. These amounts were included in Sales on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. These amounts were included in Interest expense on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. (7) A positive amount indicates a corresponding charge to earnings and a negative amount indicates a corresponding benefit to earnings. These amounts were reflected on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations in the line items indicated in footnotes 1 through 6. C. Asset Retirement Obligations Alcoa has recorded AROs related to legal obligations associated with the normal operations of bauxite mining, alumina refining, and aluminum smelting facilities. These AROs consist primarily of costs associated with spent pot lining disposal, closure of bauxite residue areas, mine reclamation, and landfill closure. Alcoa also recognizes AROs for any significant lease restoration obligation, if required by a lease agreement, and for the disposal of regulated waste materials related to the demolition of certain power facilities. In addition to AROs, certain CAROs related to alumina refineries, aluminum smelters, and fabrication facilities have not been recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements due to uncertainties surrounding the ultimate settlement date. Such uncertainties exist as a result of the perpetual nature of the structures, maintenance and upgrade programs, and other factors. At the date a reasonable estimate of the ultimate settlement date can be made (e.g., planned demolition), Alcoa would record an ARO for the removal, treatment, transportation, storage, and/or disposal of various regulated assets and hazardous materials such as asbestos, underground and aboveground storage tanks, PCBs, various process residuals, solid wastes, electronic equipment waste, and various other materials. If Alcoa was required to demolish all such structures immediately, the estimated CARO as of December 31, 2014 ranges from less than $1 to $46 per structure (136 structures) in today’s dollars. The following table details the carrying value of recorded AROs by major category (of which $76 and $85 was classified as a current liability as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively): December 31, Spent pot lining disposal Closure of bauxite residue areas Mine reclamation Demolition* Landfill closure Other 2014 2013 $170 178 167 114 31 $182 179 178 68 18 3 4 $663 $629 * In 2014 and 2013, AROs were recorded as a result of management’s decision to permanently shut down and demolish certain structures (see Note D). 104 The following table details the changes in the total carrying value of recorded AROs: December 31, Balance at beginning of year Accretion expense Payments Liabilities incurred Divestitures* Foreign currency translation and other Balance at end of year 2014 2013 $629 25 (84) 144 (20) (31) $610 24 (71) 118 - (52) $663 $629 * In 2014, this amount relates to the sale of an interest in a bauxite mine and alumina refinery in Jamaica and a smelter in the United States (see Note F). D. Restructuring and Other Charges Restructuring and other charges for each year in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014 were comprised of the following: Asset impairments Net loss on divestitures of businesses (F) Layoff costs Resolution of a legal matter (N) Other Reversals of previously recorded layoff and other exit costs Restructuring and other charges 2014 2013 2012 $ 406 332 259 - 199 (28) $116 - 201 391 82 (8) $ 40 - 47 85 21 (21) $1,168 $782 $172 Layoff costs were recorded based on approved detailed action plans submitted by the operating locations that specified positions to be eliminated, benefits to be paid under existing severance plans, union contracts or statutory requirements, and the expected timetable for completion of the plans. 2014 Actions. In 2014, Alcoa recorded Restructuring and other charges of $1,168 ($703 after-tax and noncontrolling interest), which were comprised of the following components: $693 ($443 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) for exit costs related to decisions to permanently shut down and demolish three smelters and two rolling mills (see below); $332 ($163 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) for the divestitures of four operations (see Note F); $68 ($45 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) for the temporary curtailment of two smelters and a related production slowdown at one refinery (see below); $51 ($36 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) for layoff costs, including the separation of approximately 1,120 employees (550 in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment, 45 in the Global Rolled Products segment, 60 in the Alumina and Primary Metals segments combined, and 465 in Corporate); $34 ($26 after- tax) for asset impairments related to prior capitalized costs for a modernization project at a smelter in Canada that is no longer being pursued; a net charge of $18 ($11 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) for other miscellaneous items, including $2 ($2 after-tax) for asset impairments and accelerated depreciation; and $28 ($21 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) for the reversal of a number of layoff reserves related to prior periods, including those associated with a smelter in Italy due to changes in facts and circumstances (see below). In early 2014, management approved the permanent shutdown and demolition of the remaining capacity (84,000 metric-tons-per-year) at the Massena East smelter in New York and the full capacity (190,000 metric-tons-per-year) at the Point Henry smelter in Australia. The capacity at Massena East was fully shut down by the end of March 2014 and the Point Henry smelter was fully shut down in August 2014. Demolition and remediation activities related to both the Massena East and Point Henry smelters began in late 2014 and are expected to be completed by the end of 2020 and 2018, respectively. 105 The decisions on the Massena East and Point Henry smelters were part of a 15-month review of 460,000 metric tons of smelting capacity initiated by management in May 2013 (see 2013 Actions below) for possible curtailment. Through this review, management determined that the remaining capacity of the Massena East smelter was no longer competitive and the Point Henry smelter had no prospect of becoming financially viable. Management also initiated the temporary curtailment of the remaining capacity (62,000 metric-tons-per-year) at the Poços de Caldas smelter and additional capacity (85,000 metric-tons-per-year) at the São Luís smelter, both in Brazil. These curtailments were completed by the end of May 2014. As a result of these curtailments, 200,000 metric-tons-per-year of production at the Poços de Caldas refinery was reduced by the end of June 2014. Also in early 2014, management approved the permanent shutdown of Alcoa’s two rolling mills in Australia, Point Henry and Yennora. This decision was made due to the significant impact of excess can sheet capacity in both Australia and Asia. The two rolling mills had a combined can sheet capacity of 200,000 metric-tons-per-year and were closed by the end of 2014. Demolition and remediation activities related to the two rolling mills will begin in 2015 and are expected to be completed by the end of 2018. Additionally, in August 2014, management approved the permanent shutdown and demolition of the capacity (150,000 metric-tons-per-year) at the Portovesme smelter in Italy, which had been idle since November 2012. This decision was made because the fundamental reasons that made the Portovesme smelter uncompetitive remained unchanged, including the lack of a viable long-term power solution. Demolition and remediation activities related to the Portovesme smelter will begin in 2015 and are expected to be completed by the end of 2019. In 2014, costs related to the shutdown and curtailment actions included $208 for the layoff of approximately 1,790 employees (1,210 in the Primary Metals segment, 470 in the Global Rolled Products segment, 80 in the Alumina segment, and 30 in Corporate), including $26 in pension costs (see Note W); accelerated depreciation of $204 related to the three facilities in Australia as they continued to operate during 2014; asset impairments of $166 representing the write-off of the remaining book value of all related properties, plants, and equipment; and $183 in other exit costs. Additionally in 2014, remaining inventories, mostly operating supplies and raw materials, were written down to their net realizable value, resulting in a charge of $67 ($47 after-tax and noncontrolling interest), which was recorded in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. The other exit costs represent $95 in asset retirement obligations and $42 in environmental remediation, both of which were triggered by the decisions to permanently shut down and demolish the aforementioned structures in Australia, Italy, and the United States, and $46 in other related costs, including supplier and customer contract-related costs. As of December 31, 2014, approximately 2,185 of the 2,910 employees were separated. The remaining separations for the 2014 restructuring programs are expected to be completed by the end of 2015. In 2014, cash payments of $141 were made against layoff reserves related to the 2014 restructuring programs. 2013 Actions. In 2013, Alcoa recorded Restructuring and other charges of $782 ($585 after-tax and noncontrolling interests), which were comprised of the following components: $391 ($305 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) related to a legal matter (see Government Investigations under Litigation in Note N); $245 ($183 after-tax) for exit costs related to the permanent shutdown and demolition of certain structures at three smelter locations (see below); $87 ($61 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for layoff costs, including the separation of approximately 1,110 employees (340 in the Primary Metals segment, 260 in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment, 250 in the Global Rolled Products segment, 85 in the Alumina segment, and 175 in Corporate), of which 590 relates to a global overhead reduction program, and $9 in pension plan settlement charges related to previously separated employees; $25 ($17 after-tax) in net charges, including $12 ($8 after-tax) for asset impairments, related to retirements and/or the sale of previously idled structures; $25 ($13 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for asset impairments related to the write- off of capitalized costs for projects no longer being pursued due to the market environment; a net charge of $17 ($12 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for other miscellaneous items, including $3 ($2 after-tax) for asset impairments; and $8 ($6 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for the reversal of a number of small layoff reserves related to prior periods. 106 In May 2013, management approved the permanent shutdown and demolition of two potlines (capacity of 105,000 metric-tons-per-year) that utilize Soderberg technology at the Baie Comeau smelter in Québec, Canada (remaining capacity of 280,000 metric-tons-per-year composed of two prebake potlines) and the full capacity (44,000 metric-tons- per-year) at the Fusina smelter in Italy. Additionally, in August 2013, management approved the permanent shutdown and demolition of one potline (capacity of 41,000 metric-tons-per-year) that utilizes Soderberg technology at the Massena East smelter in New York (remaining capacity of 84,000 metric-tons-per-year composed of two Soderberg potlines). The aforementioned Soderberg lines at Baie Comeau and Massena East were fully shut down by the end of September 2013 while the Fusina smelter was previously temporarily idled in 2010. Demolition and remediation activities related to all three facilities began in late 2013 and are expected to be completed by the end of 2015 for Massena East and by the end of 2017 for both Baie Comeau and Fusina. The decisions on the Soderberg lines for Baie Comeau and Massena East were part of a 15-month review of 460,000 metric tons of smelting capacity initiated by management in May 2013 for possible curtailment, while the decision on the Fusina smelter was in addition to the capacity being reviewed. Factors leading to all three decisions were in general focused on achieving sustained competitiveness and included, among others: lack of an economically viable, long-term power solution (Italy); changed market fundamentals; other existing idle capacity; and restart costs. In 2013, exit costs related to the shutdown actions included $114 for the layoff of approximately 550 employees (Primary Metals segment), including $83 in pension costs (see Note W); accelerated depreciation of $58 (Baie Comeau) and asset impairments of $18 (Fusina and Massena East) representing the write-off of the remaining book value of all related properties, plants, and equipment; and $55 in other exit costs. Additionally in 2013, remaining inventories, mostly operating supplies and raw materials, were written down to their net realizable value resulting in a charge of $9 ($6 after-tax), which was recorded in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. The other exit costs represent $48 in asset retirement obligations and $5 in environmental remediation, both of which were triggered by the decisions to permanently shut down and demolish these structures, and $2 in other related costs. As of December 31, 2014, approximately 1,440 of the 1,530 employees (previously 1,660) were separated. The total number of employees associated with the 2013 restructuring programs was updated to reflect employees, who were initially identified for separation, accepting other positions within Alcoa and natural attrition. The remaining separations for the 2013 restructuring programs are expected to be completed by the end of 2015. In 2014 and 2013, cash payments of $39 and $33, respectively, were made against layoff reserves related to the 2013 restructuring programs. 2012 Actions. In 2012, Alcoa recorded Restructuring and other charges of $172 ($106 after-tax and noncontrolling interests), which were comprised of the following components: $85 ($33 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) related to the civil portion of a legal matter (see Civil Suit under Litigation in Note N); $47 ($29 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for the layoff of approximately 800 employees (390 in the Engineered Products and Solutions segment, 250 in the Primary Metals segment, 85 in the Alumina segment, and 75 in Corporate), including $10 ($7 after-tax) for the layoff of an additional 170 employees related to the previously reported smelter curtailments in Spain; $30 ($30 after- tax) in asset impairments and $6 ($6 after-tax) for lease and contract termination costs due to a decision to exit the lithographic sheet business in Bohai, China; $11 ($11 after-tax) in costs to idle the Portovesme smelter; $10 ($8 after- tax) in other asset impairments; a net charge of $4 ($4 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for other miscellaneous items; and $21 ($15 after-tax and noncontrolling interests) for the reversal of a number of layoff reserves related to prior periods, including $10 ($7 after-tax) related to the smelters in Spain. The reversal related to the smelters in Spain was due to lower than expected costs based on agreements with employee representatives and the government, as well as a reduction of 55 in the number of layoffs due to the anticipation of the restart of a portion of the previously curtailed capacity based on an agreement with the Spanish government that will provide interruptibility rights (i.e. compensation for power interruptions when grids are overloaded) to the smelters during 2013. A portion of this reversal relates to layoff costs recorded at the end of 2011 and a portion of this reversal relates to layoff costs recorded during 2012 (see above). 107 As of December 31, 2013, the separations associated with 2012 restructuring programs were essentially complete. In 2014, 2013, and 2012, cash payments of $3, $17, and $16, respectively, were made against layoff reserves related to the 2012 restructuring programs. Alcoa does not include Restructuring and other charges in the results of its reportable segments. The pretax impact of allocating such charges to segment results would have been as follows: Alumina Primary Metals Global Rolled Products Engineered Products and Solutions Segment total Corporate Total restructuring and other charges Activity and reserve balances for restructuring charges were as follows: Reserve balances at December 31, 2011 2012: Cash payments Restructuring charges Other* Reserve balances at December 31, 2012 2013: Cash payments Restructuring charges Other* Reserve balances at December 31, 2013 2014: Cash payments Restructuring charges Other* Reserve balances at December 31, 2014 2014 2013 2012 $ 287 553 266 19 1,125 43 $ 11 295 15 27 348 434 $ 3 20 43 13 79 93 $1,168 $782 $172 Layoff costs $ 77 Other exit costs Total $ 57 $ 134 (44) 47 (21) 59 (63) 201 (101) 96 (191) 259 (66) (13) 13 (5) 52 (11) 85 (84) 42 (22) 194 (180) (57) 60 (26) 111 (74) 286 (185) 138 (213) 453 (246) $ 98 $ 34 $ 132 * Other includes reversals of previously recorded restructuring charges and the effects of foreign currency translation. In 2014 and 2013, Other for layoff costs also included a reclassification of $26 and $92, respectively, in pension costs, as these obligations were included in Alcoa’s separate liability for pension obligations (see Note W). Additionally in 2014 and 2013, Other for other exit costs also included a reclassification of the following restructuring charges: $95 and $58, respectively, in asset retirement and $47 and $12, respectively, in environmental obligations, as these liabilities were included in Alcoa’s separate reserves for asset retirement obligations (see Note C) and environmental remediation (see Note N). The remaining reserves are expected to be paid in cash during 2015, with the exception of approximately $15 to $20, which is expected to be paid over the next several years for lease termination costs, ongoing site remediation work, and special separation benefit payments. 108 E. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets The following table details the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill: Balance at December 31, 2012: Goodwill Accumulated impairment losses Impairment Translation Balance at December 31, 2013: Goodwill Accumulated impairment losses Acquisitions (F) Divestitures (F) Translation Balance at December 31, 2014: Goodwill Accumulated impairment losses Alumina Primary Metals Global Rolled Products Engineered Products and Solutions $10 - 10 - (1) 9 - 9 - (3) 2 8 - $ 997 - 997 (989) (8) 989 (989) - - - - 989 (989) $ 8 $ - $214 - 214 - 4 218 - 218 - - (8) 210 - $210 $2,705 (28) 2,677 - (7) 2,698 (28) 2,670 1,898 - (49) 4,547 (28) $4,519 Corporate* Total $1,272 - 1,272 (742) (12) $ 5,198 (28) 5,170 (1,731) (24) 1,260 (742) 518 - - (8) 1,252 (742) 5,174 (1,759) 3,415 1,898 (3) (63) 7,006 (1,759) $ 510 $ 5,247 * As of December 31, 2014, $485 of the amount reflected in Corporate is allocated to three of Alcoa’s four reportable segments ($152 to Alumina, $61 to Global Rolled Products, and $272 to Engineered Products and Solutions) included in the table above for purposes of impairment testing (see Note A). This goodwill is reflected in Corporate for segment reporting purposes because it is not included in management’s assessment of performance by the three reportable segments. In 2013, Alcoa recognized an impairment of goodwill in the amount of $1,731 ($1,719 after noncontrolling interest) related to the annual impairment review of the Primary Metals segment (see Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets policy in Note A). Other intangible assets, which are included in Other noncurrent assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet, were as follows: December 31, 2014 Computer software Patents and licenses Other intangibles* Total amortizable intangible assets Indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks Total other intangible assets Gross carrying amount $ 973 133 493 1,599 46 $1,645 Accumulated amortization $(775) (98) (35) (908) - $(908) * As of December 31, 2014, Other intangibles include an amount related to the acquisition of an aerospace business (see Note F). 109 December 31, 2013 Computer software Patents and licenses Other intangibles Total amortizable intangible assets Indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks Total other intangible assets Gross carrying amount $ 988 133 100 1,221 46 $1,267 Accumulated amortization $(743) (93) (32) (868) - $(868) Computer software consists primarily of software costs associated with an enterprise business solution (EBS) within Alcoa to drive common systems among all businesses. Amortization expense related to the intangible assets in the tables above for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012 was $69, $73, and $82, respectively, and is expected to be in the range of approximately $70 to $80 annually from 2015 to 2019. F. Acquisitions and Divestitures Pro forma results of the Company, assuming all acquisitions described below were made at the beginning of the earliest prior period presented, would not have been materially different from the results reported. 2014 Acquisitions. In June 2014, Alcoa signed a purchase agreement to acquire an aerospace jet engine components company, Firth Rixson, from Oak Hill Capital Partners for $2,850. The purchase price was composed of $2,350 in cash and $500 of Alcoa common stock. The common stock component was equivalent to 36,523,010 shares at a per share price of $13.69, as determined in the agreement. In conjunction with the purchase agreement, Alcoa also entered into an earn-out agreement, which states that Alcoa will make earn-out payments up to an aggregate maximum amount of $150 through December 31, 2020 upon certain conditions (see below for additional information). On November 19, 2014, after satisfying all customary closing conditions and receiving the required regulatory approvals, Alcoa completed the acquisition of Firth Rixson for $2,995. The purchase price was composed of $2,385 in cash (net of cash acquired) and $610 of Alcoa common stock. The cash portion of the transaction price increased by $35 due to working capital and other adjustments based on the provisions of the purchase agreement. The common stock portion of the transaction price was based on the closing market price ($16.69 per share) of Alcoa’s common stock on the acquisition date. This transaction is subject to certain post-closing adjustments as defined in the purchase agreement. In addition to the transaction price, Alcoa also paid $42 ($34 after-tax) in professional fees and costs related to this acquisition. This amount was recorded in Selling, general administrative, and other expenses on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. Additionally, Alcoa recorded $13 ($8 after-tax) in Interest expense on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations for costs associated with the execution (in June 2014) and termination (in September 2014) of a $2,500 364-day senior unsecured bridge term loan facility. This facility was entered into for the purpose of financing all or a portion of the cash consideration for this acquisition and to pay fees and expenses incurred in connection therewith. However, in September 2014, the facility was no longer necessary as Alcoa completed the issuance of $2,500 in debt (see Note K) and equity (see Note R) instruments to finance the acquisition. Firth Rixson manufactures rings, forgings, and metal products for the aerospace end market, as well as other markets requiring highly engineered material applications. This business has 13 operating facilities in the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, and Asia employing approximately 2,400 people combined. The purpose of this acquisition is to strengthen Alcoa’s aerospace business and position the Company to capture additional aerospace growth with a broader range of high-growth, value-add jet engine components. The operating results and assets and liabilities of Firth Rixson were included within the Engineered Products and Solutions segment since the date of acquisition. Third-party sales and after-tax operating income (Alcoa’s primary segment performance measure—see Note Q) of Firth Rixson from the acquisition date through December 31, 2014 were $81 and $(12), respectively. 110 The following table represents the preliminary allocation of the purchase price by major asset acquired and liability assumed, as well as the amount of goodwill recognized and the net present value of the potential earn-out: Assets: Receivables from customers Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Properties, plants, and equipment Goodwill Other noncurrent assets Total assets Liabilities: Accounts payable Other current liabilities Contingent consideration Other noncurrent liabilities Total liabilities $ 197 269 28 680 1,898 398 $3,470 $ 162 77 130 106 $ 475 The amounts in the table above are subject to change upon completion of a third-party valuation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. This valuation is expected to be completed by mid 2015. As reflected in the table above, Alcoa recognized goodwill of $1,898, which represents the earnings growth potential of Firth Rixson and expected synergies from combining the operations of the two companies. This goodwill will be allocated to two of Alcoa’s reporting units associated with the Engineered Products and Solutions segment, Alcoa Fastening Systems and Alcoa Forging and Extrusions, on a relative fair value basis. None of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes. The other noncurrent assets in the table above represent an estimate of intangible assets, which were included in the other intangibles class (see Note E). The specific identification and weighted-average amortization period for these intangible assets is dependent on the final valuation. The contingent consideration liability presented in the table above represents the net present value of the potential earn- out of $150. This earn-out is contingent on the Firth Rixson forging business in Savannah, Georgia achieving certain identified financial targets through December 31, 2020. Management has determined that payment of the maximum amount is probable based on the forecasted financial performance of this location. It is estimated that the earn-out will be paid in 2017 through 2019. The fair value of this liability will be updated in future periods with any change resulting in a corresponding charge or credit to earnings. In August 2014, Alcoa completed the acquisition of the 30% outstanding noncontrolling interest in the aluminum brazing sheet venture in Kunshan City, China from Shanxi Yuncheng Engraving Group for $28. The $3 difference between the purchase price and the carrying value of the noncontrolling interest on Alcoa’s Consolidated Balance Sheet was included in Additional capital. In December 2014, Alcoa signed a definitive agreement to acquire TITAL, a privately held company with approximately 650 employees based in Germany, for $235 (€194) in cash. TITAL’s business is composed primarily of aluminum and titanium investment casting products for the aerospace and defense end markets. The purpose of this acquisition is to capture increasing demand for advanced jet engine components made of titanium, establish titanium casting capabilities in Europe, and expand existing aluminum casting capacity. The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals and is expected to close by the end of March 2015. At that time, TITAL will be included within the Engineered Products and Solutions segment. 111 2014 Divestitures. In 2014, Alcoa completed the divestiture of four operations as described below. Combined, these transactions yielded net cash proceeds of $247 and resulted in a net loss of $332 ($163 after-tax and noncontrolling interest), which was recorded in Restructuring and other charges (see Note D) on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. All four transactions are subject to certain post-closing adjustments as defined in the respective purchase agreements. In November 2014, Alcoa completed the sale of an aluminum rod plant located in Bécancour, Québec, Canada to Sural Laminated Products. This facility takes molten aluminum and shapes it into the form of a rod, which is used by customers primarily for the transportation of electricity. While owned by Alcoa, the operating results and assets and liabilities of this plant were included in the Primary Metals segment. In conjunction with this transaction, Alcoa entered into a multi-year agreement with Sural Laminated Products to supply molten aluminum for the rod plant. The aluminum rod plant generated sales of approximately $200 in 2013 and, at the time of divestiture, had approximately 60 employees. In December 2014, Alcoa’s majority-owned subsidiary (60%), Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals (AWAC), completed the sale of its ownership stake in a bauxite mine and alumina refinery joint venture in Jamaica to Noble Group Ltd. The joint venture was 55% owned by a subsidiary of AWAC, which is 40% owned by Alumina Limited. While owned by AWAC, 55% of both the operating results and assets and liabilities of this joint venture were included in the Alumina segment. As it relates to AWAC’s previous 55% ownership stake, the refinery (AWAC’s share of the capacity was 778,800 metric-tons-per-year) generated sales (third-party and intersegment) of approximately $200 in 2013, and the refinery and mine combined, at the time of divestiture, had approximately 500 employees. Also in December 2014, Alcoa completed the sale of its 50.33% ownership stake in the Mt. Holly smelter located in Goose Creek, South Carolina to Century Aluminum Company. While owned by Alcoa, 50.33% of both the operating results and assets and liabilities related to the smelter were included in the Primary Metals segment. As it relates to Alcoa’s previous 50.33% ownership stake, the smelter (Alcoa’s share of the capacity was 115,000 metric-tons-per- year) generated sales of approximately $280 in 2013 and, at the time of divestiture, had approximately 250 employees. Additionally in December 2014, Alcoa completed the sale of three rolling mills located in Spain (Alicante and Amorebieta) and France (Castelsarrasin) to a subsidiary of Atlas Holdings LLC. While owned by Alcoa, the operating results and assets and liabilities of the rolling mills were included in the Global Rolled Products segment. In conjunction with this transaction, Alcoa entered into a multi-year agreement with the buyer to supply aluminum for the rolling mills. The rolling mills combined generated sales of approximately $500 in 2013 and, at the time of divestiture, had approximately 750 employees. 2012 Divestitures. In November 2012, Alcoa completed the sale of its 351-megawatt Tapoco Hydroelectric Project (“Tapoco”) to Brookfield Renewable Energy Partners for $597 in cash. Alcoa recognized a gain of $320 ($173 after- tax) in Other income, net on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations, of which a gain of $426 ($275 after-tax) was reflected in the Primary Metals segment and a loss of $106 ($102 after-tax) was reflected in Corporate. The amount in Corporate represents the write-off of goodwill and capitalized interest related to Tapoco that were not included in the assets of the Primary Metals segment. This transaction is no longer subject to post-closing adjustments. Tapoco is a four-station hydroelectric project located on the Little Tennessee and Cheoah Rivers in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. The transaction included four generating stations and dams, 86 miles of transmission lines, and approximately 14,500 acres of land associated with and surrounding Tapoco. The power generated by Tapoco was primarily consumed by Alcoa’s smelter in Tennessee, which was temporarily idled in 2009 and permanently shut down in 2011. Since 2009, the power generated from Tapoco was sold into the open market. Prior to November 2012, the carrying value of the assets sold, which consisted of properties, plants, and equipment and intangible assets, along with an allocation of goodwill ($94) from the Primary Metals reporting unit, were classified as held for sale. Contingent Payments. In connection with the 2005 acquisition of two fabricating facilities in Russia, Alcoa could be required to make contingent payments of approximately $50 through 2015 based upon the achievement of various financial and operating targets. Any such payment would be reflected as additional goodwill. Separately, Alcoa entered into an earn-out agreement related to a 2014 acquisition (see above). 112 G. Inventories December 31, Finished goods Work-in-process Bauxite and alumina Purchased raw materials Operating supplies 2014 2013 $ 768 1,035 578 508 193 $ 578 828 581 474 244 $3,082 $2,705 At December 31, 2014 and 2013, the total amount of inventories valued on a LIFO basis was $1,514 and $1,169, respectively. If valued on an average-cost basis, total inventories would have been $767 and $691 higher at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. During 2013 and 2012, reductions in LIFO inventory quantities caused partial liquidations of the lower cost LIFO inventory base. These liquidations resulted in the recognition of income of $26 ($17 after-tax) in 2013 and $1 ($1 after-tax) in 2012. H. Properties, Plants, and Equipment, Net December 31, Land and land rights, including mines* Structures: Alumina: Alumina refining Bauxite mining Primary Metals: Aluminum smelting Power generation Global Rolled Products Engineered Products and Solutions* Other Machinery and equipment: Alumina: Alumina refining Bauxite mining Primary Metals: Aluminum smelting Power generation Global Rolled Products Engineered Products and Solutions* Other Less: accumulated depreciation, depletion, and amortization Construction work-in-progress* 2014 2013 $ 548 $ 639 2,750 1,403 3,725 645 1,276 786 715 3,049 1,591 3,863 683 1,256 693 755 11,300 11,890 4,165 524 7,210 1,080 5,333 3,071 820 22,203 34,051 19,091 14,960 1,466 4,685 596 7,674 1,101 5,374 2,481 859 22,770 35,299 19,227 16,072 1,567 $16,426 $17,639 * As of December 31, 2014, these line items include amounts related to the acquisition of an aerospace business (see Note F). 113 As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the net carrying value of temporarily idled smelting assets was $419 and $404, representing 665 kmt and 655 kmt of idle capacity, respectively. Also, the net carrying value of temporarily idled refining assets was $62 and $60 as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, representing 1,216 kmt of idle capacity. I. Investments December 31, Equity investments Other investments 2014 2013 $1,780 164 $1,777 130 $1,944 $1,907 Equity Investments. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, Equity investments included an interest in a project to develop a fully-integrated aluminum complex in Saudi Arabia (see below), two hydroelectric power projects in Brazil (see Note N), a smelter operation in Canada (50% of Pechiney Reynolds Quebec, Inc.), bauxite mining interests in Guinea (45% of Halco Mining, Inc.) and Brazil (18.2% of Mineração Rio do Norte S.A.), and a natural gas pipeline in Australia (see Note N). Pechiney Reynolds Quebec, Inc. owns a 50.1% interest in the Bécancour smelter in Quebec, Canada thereby entitling Alcoa to a 25.05% interest in the smelter. Through two wholly-owned Canadian subsidiaries, Alcoa also owns 49.9% of the Bécancour smelter. Halco Mining, Inc. owns 100% of Boké Investment Company, which owns 51% of Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée. The investments in the bauxite mining interests in Guinea and Brazil and the natural gas pipeline in Australia are held by wholly-owned subsidiaries of Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals (AWAC), which is owned 60% by Alcoa and 40% by Alumina Limited. In 2014, 2013, and 2012, Alcoa received $86, $89, and $101, respectively, in dividends from its equity investments. Alcoa and Saudi Arabian Mining Company (known as “Ma’aden”) have a 30-year joint venture shareholders’ agreement (automatic extension for an additional 20 years, unless the parties agree otherwise or unless earlier terminated) setting forth the terms for the development, construction, ownership, and operation of an integrated bauxite mine, alumina refinery, aluminum smelter, and rolling mill, in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, the project being developed by the joint venture consists of: (i) a bauxite mine for the extraction of approximately 4,000 kmt of bauxite from the Al Ba’itha bauxite deposit near Quiba in the northern part of Saudi Arabia; (ii) an alumina refinery with an initial capacity of 1,800 kmt; (iii) a primary aluminum smelter with an initial capacity of 740 kmt; and (iv) a rolling mill with an initial capacity of 380 kmt. The refinery, smelter, and rolling mill are being constructed in an industrial area at Ras Al Khair on the east coast of Saudi Arabia. The facilities will use critical infrastructure, including power generation derived from reserves of natural gas, as well as port and rail facilities, developed by the government of Saudi Arabia. First production from the smelter, rolling mill, and mine and refinery occurred in December of 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. In 2012, Alcoa and Ma’aden agreed to expand the capabilities of the rolling mill to include a capacity of 100 kmt dedicated to supplying aluminum automotive, building and construction, and foil stock sheet. First production related to the expanded capacity occurred in 2014. This expansion is not expected to result in additional equity investment (see below) due to significant savings anticipated from a change in the project execution strategy of the initial 380 kmt capacity of the rolling mill. The joint venture is owned 74.9% by Ma’aden and 25.1% by Alcoa and consists of three separate companies as follows: one each for the mine and refinery, the smelter, and the rolling mill. Following the signing of the joint venture shareholders’ agreement, Alcoa paid Ma’aden $80 representing the initial investment in the project. In addition, Alcoa paid $56 to Ma’aden, representing Alcoa’s pro rata share of certain agreed upon pre-incorporation costs incurred by Ma’aden prior to formation of the joint venture. Ma’aden and Alcoa have put and call options, respectively, whereby Ma’aden can require Alcoa to purchase from Ma’aden, or Alcoa can require Ma’aden to sell to Alcoa, a 14.9% interest in the joint venture at the then fair market value. These options may only be exercised in a six-month window that opens five years after the Commercial Production Date (as defined in the joint venture shareholders’ agreement) and, if exercised, must be exercised for the full 14.9% interest. The Commercial Production Date for the smelting company was declared on September 1, 2014. There have not been similar declarations yet for the rolling mill company and the mining and refining company. 114 The Alcoa affiliate that holds Alcoa’s interests in the smelting company and the rolling mill company is wholly owned by Alcoa, and the Alcoa affiliate that holds Alcoa’s interests in the mining and refining company is wholly owned by AWAC. Except in limited circumstances, Alcoa may not sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of or encumber or enter into any agreement in respect of the votes or other rights attached to its interests in the joint venture without Ma’aden’s prior written consent. A number of Alcoa employees perform various types of services for the smelting, rolling mill, and refining and mining companies as part of the construction of the fully-integrated aluminum complex. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, Alcoa had an outstanding receivable of $30 and $31, respectively, from the smelting, rolling mill, and refining and mining companies for labor and other employee-related expenses. Capital investment in the project is expected to total approximately $10,800 (SAR 40.5 billion) and has been funded through a combination of equity contributions by the joint venture partners and project financing by the joint venture, which has been guaranteed by both partners (see below). Both the equity contributions and the guarantees of the project financing are based on the joint venture’s partners’ ownership interests. Originally, it was estimated that Alcoa’s total equity investment in the joint venture would be approximately $1,100, of which Alcoa has contributed $952, including $120 and $171 in 2014 and 2013, respectively. Based on changes to both the project’s capital investment and equity and debt structure from the initial plans, the estimated $1,100 equity contribution may be reduced. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the carrying value of Alcoa’s investment in this project was $983 and $951, respectively. The smelting and rolling mill companies have project financing totaling $4,515, of which $1,133 represents Alcoa’s share (the equivalent of Alcoa’s 25.1% interest in the smelting and rolling mill companies). In conjunction with the financings, Alcoa issued guarantees on behalf of the smelting and rolling mill companies to the lenders in the event that such companies default on their debt service requirements through 2017 and 2020 for the smelting company and 2018 and 2021 for the rolling mill company (Ma’aden issued similar guarantees for its 74.9% interest). Alcoa’s guarantees for the smelting and rolling mill companies cover total debt service requirements of $177 in principal and up to a maximum of approximately $60 in interest per year (based on projected interest rates). At December 31, 2014 and 2013, the combined fair value of the guarantees was $8 and $10, respectively, which was included in Other noncurrent liabilities and deferred credits on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. The mining and refining company has project financing totaling $1,992, of which $500 represents AWAC’s 25.1% interest in the mining and refining company. Also, in January 2014, the mining and refining company entered into additional project financing totaling $240, of which $60 represents AWAC’s share. In conjunction with the financings, Alcoa, on behalf of AWAC, issued guarantees to the lenders in the event that the mining and refining company defaults on its debt service requirements through 2019 and 2024 (Ma’aden issued similar guarantees for its 74.9% interest). Alcoa’s guarantees for the mining and refining company cover total debt service requirements of $120 in principal and up to a maximum of approximately $30 in interest per year (based on projected interest rates). At December 31, 2014 and 2013, the combined fair value of the guarantees was $4, which was included in Other noncurrent liabilities and deferred credits on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. In the event Alcoa would be required to make payments under the guarantees, 40% of such amount would be contributed to Alcoa by Alumina Limited, consistent with its ownership interest in AWAC. Under the project financings for both the smelting and rolling mill companies and the mining and refining company, a downgrade of Alcoa’s credit ratings below investment grade by at least two agencies would require Alcoa to provide a letter of credit or fund an escrow account for a portion or all of Alcoa’s remaining equity commitment to the joint venture project in Saudi Arabia. This requirement would be effective only if at the time of a second downgrade in Alcoa’s credit ratings below investment grade, Alcoa’s equity investment was below 67% of its equity commitment in any of the three joint venture companies. A second downgrade in Alcoa’s credit ratings occurred on April 11, 2014; however, Alcoa had already contributed more than 67% of its equity commitment in each of the three joint venture companies prior to this downgrade. As a result, this requirement is no longer applicable. In June 2013, all three joint venture companies entered into a 20-year gas supply agreement with Saudi Aramco, replacing the previous authorized gas allocation of the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources of Saudi Arabia (the “Ministry of Petroleum”). The gas supply agreement provides sufficient fuel to meet manufacturing process requirements as well as fuel to the adjacent combined water and power plant being constructed by Saline Water 115 Conversion Corporation, which is owned by the government of Saudi Arabia and is responsible for desalinating sea water and producing electricity for Saudi Arabia. The combined water and power plant will convert the three joint venture companies’ gas into electricity and water at cost, which will be supplied to the refinery, smelter, and rolling mill. During 2013, the $350 letter of credit that was previously provided to the Ministry of Petroleum by Ma’aden (Alcoa was responsible for its pro rata share) under the gas allocation related to the completion of the refinery was terminated upon the mining and refining company entering into construction contracts. A $60 letter of credit previously provided to the Ministry of Petroleum by Ma’aden (Alcoa is responsible for its pro rata share) under the gas allocation related to the completion of certain auxiliary rolling facilities was outstanding as of December 31, 2014. The parties subject to the joint venture shareholders’ agreement may not sell, transfer, or otherwise dispose of, pledge, or encumber any interests in the joint venture until certain milestones have been met as defined in both agreements. Under the joint venture shareholders’ agreement, upon the occurrence of an unremedied event of default by Alcoa, Ma’aden may purchase, or, upon the occurrence of an unremedied event of default by Ma’aden, Alcoa may sell, its interest for consideration that varies depending on the time of the default. Other Investments. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, Other investments included $153 and $119, respectively, in exchange-traded fixed income and equity securities, which are classified as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recognized in other comprehensive income. Unrealized and realized gains and losses related to these securities were immaterial in 2014, 2013, and 2012. J. Other Noncurrent Assets December 31, Intangibles, net (E) Cash surrender value of life insurance Prepaid gas transmission contract (N) Value-added tax receivable Deferred mining costs, net Fair value of derivative contracts (X) Advance related to European Commission Matter in Italy (N) Unamortized debt expense Prepaid pension benefit (W) Other 2014 2013 $ 737 506 295 294 209 163 111 65 53 326 $ 399 507 315 339 219 220 126 73 88 342 $2,759 $2,628 116 K. Debt Long-Term Debt. December 31, 5.25% Convertible Notes, due 2014 5.55% Notes, due 2017 6.50% Bonds, due 2018 6.75% Notes, due 2018 5.72% Notes, due 2019 6.150% Notes, due 2020 5.40% Notes, due 2021 5.87% Notes, due 2022 5.125% Notes, due 2024 5.90% Notes, due 2027 6.75% Bonds, due 2028 5.95% Notes due 2037 BNDES Loans, due 2015-2029 (see below for weighted average rates) Iowa Finance Authority Loan, due 2042 (4.75%) Other* Less: amount due within one year 2014 2013 $ - 750 250 750 750 1,000 1,250 627 1,250 625 300 625 267 250 104 8,798 29 $ 575 750 250 750 750 1,000 1,250 627 - 625 300 625 325 250 185 8,262 655 $8,769 $7,607 * Other includes various financing arrangements related to subsidiaries, unamortized debt discounts related to the outstanding notes and bonds listed in the table above, a beneficial conversion feature related to the convertible notes (2013 only), and adjustments to the carrying value of long-term debt related to an interest swap contract accounted for as a fair value hedge (see Derivatives in Note X). The principal amount of long-term debt maturing in each of the next five years is $29 in 2015, $28 in 2016, $767 in 2017, $1,043 in 2018, and $772 in 2019. Public Debt—In early 2014, holders of $575 principal amount of Alcoa’s 5.25% Convertible Notes due March 15, 2014 (the “2014 Notes”) exercised their option to convert the 2014 Notes into 89 million shares of Alcoa common stock. The conversion rate for the 2014 Notes was 155.4908 shares of Alcoa’s common stock per $1,000 (in full dollars) principal amount of notes, equivalent to a conversion price of $6.43 per share. The difference between the $575 principal amount of the 2014 Notes and the $89 par value of the issued shares increased Additional capital on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. This transaction was not reflected in the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows as it represents a noncash financing activity. In September 2014, Alcoa completed a public debt offering under its shelf registration statement for $1,250 of 5.125% Notes due 2024 (the “2024 Notes”). Alcoa received $1,238 in net proceeds from the public debt offering reflecting an original issue discount. The net proceeds were used, together with the net proceeds of newly issued mandatory convertible preferred stock (see Note R), to finance the cash portion of an acquisition of an aerospace business (see Note F). The original issue discount was deferred and is being amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2024 Notes. Interest on the 2024 Notes will be paid semi-annually in April and October, commencing April 2015. Alcoa has the option to redeem the 2024 Notes, as a whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, on at least 30 days, but not more than 60 days, prior notice to the holders of the 2024 Notes at a redemption price specified in the 2024 Notes. The 2024 Notes are subject to repurchase upon the occurrence of a change in control repurchase event (as defined in the 2024 Notes) at a repurchase price in cash equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes repurchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest on the 2024 Notes repurchased. The 2024 Notes rank pari passu with Alcoa’s other unsecured unsubordinated indebtedness. 117 In May 2013, Alcoa elected to call for redemption the $422 in outstanding principal of its 6.00% Notes due July 2013 (the “2013 Notes”) under the provisions of the 2013 Notes. The total cash paid to the holders of the called 2013 Notes was $435, which includes $12 in accrued and unpaid interest from the last interest payment date up to, but not including, the settlement date, and a $1 purchase premium. The purchase premium was recorded in Interest expense on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. This transaction was completed on June 28, 2013. BNDES Loans—Alcoa Alumínio (Alumínio) has a loan agreement with Brazil’s National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) that provides for a financing commitment of $397 (R$687), which is divided into three subloans and was used to pay for certain expenditures of the Estreito hydroelectric power project. Interest on the three subloans is a Brazil real rate of interest equal to BNDES’ long-term interest rate, 5.00% as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, plus a weighted-average margin of 1.48%. Principal and interest are payable monthly, which began in October 2011 and end in September 2029 for two of the subloans totaling R$667 and began in July 2012 and end in June 2018 for the subloan of R$20. This loan may be repaid early without penalty with the approval of BNDES. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, Alumínio’s outstanding borrowings were $209 (R$560) and $254 (R$599), respectively, and the weighted-average interest rate was 6.49%. During 2014 and 2013, Alumínio repaid $20 (R$47) and $22 (R$47), respectively, of outstanding borrowings. Additionally, Alumínio borrowed $1 (R$2) under the loan in both 2014 and 2013. Alumínio has another loan agreement with BNDES that provides for a financing commitment of $85 (R$177), which also was used to pay for certain expenditures of the Estreito hydroelectric power project. Interest on the loan is a Brazil real rate of interest equal to BNDES’ long-term interest rate plus a margin of 1.55%. Principal and interest are payable monthly, which began in January 2013 and end in September 2029. This loan may be repaid early without penalty with the approval of BNDES. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, Alumínio’s outstanding borrowings were $58 (R$156) and $71 (R$166), respectively, and the interest rate was 6.55%. During 2014 and 2013, Alumínio repaid $5 (R$11) and $5 (R$11), respectively, of outstanding borrowings. Credit Facilities. On July 25, 2014, Alcoa entered into a Five-Year Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of lenders and issuers named therein. The Credit Agreement provides a $4,000 senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”), the proceeds of which are to be used to provide working capital or for other general corporate purposes of Alcoa. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Credit Agreement, Alcoa may from time to time request increases in lender commitments under the Credit Facility, not to exceed $500 in aggregate principal amount, and may also request the issuance of letters of credit, subject to a letter of credit sublimit of $1,000 under the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility matures on July 25, 2019, unless extended or earlier terminated in accordance with the provisions of the Credit Agreement. Alcoa may make two one-year extension requests during the term of the Credit Facility, with any extension being subject to the lender consent requirements set forth in the Credit Agreement. Under the provisions of the Credit Agreement, Alcoa will pay a fee of 0.25% (based on Alcoa’s long-term debt ratings as of December 31, 2014) of the total commitment per annum to maintain the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility is unsecured and amounts payable under it will rank pari passu with all other unsecured, unsubordinated indebtedness of Alcoa. Borrowings under the Credit Facility may be denominated in U.S. dollars or euros. Loans will bear interest at a base rate or a rate equal to LIBOR, plus, in each case, an applicable margin based on the credit ratings of Alcoa’s outstanding senior unsecured long-term debt. The applicable margin on base rate loans and LIBOR loans will be 0.50% and 1.50% per annum, respectively, based on Alcoa’s long-term debt ratings as of December 31, 2014. Loans may be prepaid without premium or penalty, subject to customary breakage costs. The Credit Agreement replaces Alcoa’s Five-Year Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of July 25, 2011 (the “Former Credit Agreement”), which was scheduled to mature on July 25, 2017. The Former Credit Agreement, which had a total capacity of $3,750 and was undrawn, was terminated effective July 25, 2014. 118 The Credit Agreement includes covenants substantially similar to those in the Former Credit Agreement, including, among others, (a) a leverage ratio, (b) limitations on Alcoa’s ability to incur liens securing indebtedness for borrowed money, (c) limitations on Alcoa’s ability to consummate a merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of its assets, and (d) limitations on Alcoa’s ability to change the nature of its business. As of December 31, 2014, Alcoa was in compliance with all such covenants. The obligation of Alcoa to pay amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility may be accelerated upon the occurrence of an “Event of Default” as defined in the Credit Agreement. Such Events of Default include, among others, (a) Alcoa’s failure to pay the principal of, or interest on, borrowings under the Credit Facility, (b) any representation or warranty of Alcoa in the Credit Agreement proving to be materially false or misleading, (c) Alcoa’s breach of any of its covenants contained in the Credit Agreement, and (d) the bankruptcy or insolvency of Alcoa. There were no amounts outstanding at December 31, 2014 and no amounts were borrowed during 2014 under the Credit Facility. There were no amounts outstanding at December 31, 2013 and no amounts were borrowed during 2014 and 2013 related to the Former Credit Agreement. In addition to the Credit Agreement above, Alcoa entered into a number of credit agreements between 2012 and 2014 for additional liquidity. As of December 31, 2014, these arrangements provide a combined borrowing capacity of $1,040, of which $740 is due to expire in 2015 and $300 is due to expire in 2016. The purpose of any borrowings under these credit arrangements is to provide for working capital requirements and for other general corporate purposes. The covenants contained in all these arrangements are the same as the Credit Agreement (see above). In 2014 and 2013, Alcoa borrowed and repaid $1,640 and $1,850, respectively, under the respective credit arrangements. The weighted-average interest rate and weighted-average days outstanding of the respective borrowings during 2014, 2013, and 2012 were 1.54%, 1.57%, and 1.89%, respectively, and 67 days, 213 days, and 260 days, respectively. Short-Term Borrowings. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, Short-term borrowings were $54 and $57, respectively. These amounts included $50 and $52 at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to accounts payable settlement arrangements with certain vendors and third-party intermediaries. These arrangements provide that, at the vendor’s request, the third-party intermediary advances the amount of the scheduled payment to the vendor, less an appropriate discount, before the scheduled payment date and Alcoa makes payment to the third-party intermediary on the date stipulated in accordance with the commercial terms negotiated with its vendors. Alcoa records imputed interest related to these arrangements in Interest expense on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. During 2013, Alcoa’s subsidiary, Alumínio, borrowed and repaid a total of $52 in new loans with a weighted-average interest rate of 0.72% and a weighted-average maturity of 70 days from a financial institution. The purpose of these borrowings was to support Alumínio’s export operations. Commercial Paper. Alcoa had no outstanding commercial paper at December 31, 2014 and 2013. In 2014 and 2013, the average outstanding commercial paper was $257 and $242, respectively. Commercial paper matures at various times within one year and had an annual weighted average interest rate of 0.6%, 0.8%, and 0.8% during 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. 119 L. Other Noncurrent Liabilities and Deferred Credits December 31, Asset retirement obligations (C) Environmental remediation (N) Fair value of derivative contracts (X) Accrued compensation and retirement costs Income taxes (T) Liability related to the resolution of a legal matter (N) Contingent payment related to an acquisition (F) Deferred alumina sales revenue Deferred credit related to derivative contract (X) Other M. Noncontrolling Interests 2014 2013 $ 587 473 376 346 330 222 130 93 62 230 $ 544 461 420 342 403 296 - 101 157 247 $2,849 $2,971 The following table summarizes the noncontrolling shareholders’ interests in the equity of certain Alcoa majority-owned consolidated subsidiaries: December 31, Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals Other 2014 2013 $2,474 $2,896 33 14 $2,488 $2,929 In August 2014, Alcoa acquired the 30% outstanding noncontrolling interest in its aluminum brazing sheet venture in Kunshan City, China (see Note F). In 2014, 2013, and 2012, Alcoa received $43, $9, and $171, respectively, in contributions from the noncontrolling shareholder (Alumina Limited) of Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals. In 2013 and 2012, Noncontrolling interests included a charge of $17 and $34, respectively, related to a legal matter (see Settlement with Alumina Limited under Litigation in Note N). N. Contingencies and Commitments Contingencies Litigation Alba Matter Civil Suit. On February 27, 2008, Alcoa Inc. received notice that Aluminium Bahrain B.S.C. (“Alba”) had filed suit against Alcoa, Alcoa World Alumina LLC (“AWA”), and William Rice (collectively, the “Alcoa Parties”), and others, in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (the “Court”), Civil Action number 08-299, styled Aluminium Bahrain B.S.C. v. Alcoa Inc., Alcoa World Alumina LLC, William Rice, and Victor Phillip Dahdaleh. The complaint alleged that certain Alcoa entities and their agents, including Victor Phillip Dahdaleh, had engaged in a conspiracy over a period of 15 years to defraud Alba. The complaint further alleged that Alcoa and its employees or agents (1) illegally bribed officials of the government of Bahrain and/or officers of Alba in order to force Alba to purchase alumina at excessively high prices, (2) illegally bribed officials of the government of Bahrain and/or officers of Alba and issued threats in order to pressure Alba to enter into an agreement by which Alcoa would purchase an 120 equity interest in Alba, and (3) assigned portions of existing supply contracts between Alcoa and Alba for the sole purpose of facilitating alleged bribes and unlawful commissions. The complaint alleged that Alcoa and the other defendants violated the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) and committed fraud. Alba claimed damages in excess of $1,000. Alba’s complaint sought treble damages with respect to its RICO claims; compensatory, consequential, exemplary, and punitive damages; rescission of the 2005 alumina supply contract; and attorneys’ fees and costs. On October 9, 2012, the Alcoa Parties, without admitting any liability, entered into a settlement agreement with Alba. The agreement called for AWA to pay Alba $85 in two equal installments, one-half at time of settlement and one-half one year later, and for the case against the Alcoa Parties to be dismissed with prejudice. Additionally, AWA and Alba entered into a long-term alumina supply agreement. On October 9, 2012, pursuant to the settlement agreement, AWA paid Alba $42.5, and all claims against the Alcoa Parties were dismissed with prejudice. On October 9, 2013 pursuant to the settlement agreement, AWA paid the remaining $42.5. Based on the settlement agreement, in the 2012 third quarter, Alcoa recorded a $40 charge in addition to the $45 charge it recorded in the 2012 second quarter in respect of the suit (see Agreement with Alumina Limited below). Government Investigations. On February 26, 2008, Alcoa Inc. advised the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) that it had recently become aware of the claims by Alba as alleged in the Alba civil suit, had already begun an internal investigation and intended to cooperate fully in any investigation that the DOJ or the SEC may commence. On March 17, 2008, the DOJ notified Alcoa that it had opened a formal investigation. The SEC subsequently commenced a concurrent investigation. Alcoa has been cooperating with the government since that time. In the past year, Alcoa had been seeking settlements of both investigations. In the second quarter of 2013, Alcoa proposed to settle the DOJ matter by offering the DOJ a cash payment of $103. Based on this offer, Alcoa recorded a charge of $103 in the 2013 second quarter. Also in the second quarter of 2013, Alcoa exchanged settlement offers with the SEC. However, the SEC staff rejected Alcoa’s offer of $60 and no charge was recorded. During the remainder of 2013, settlement discussions with both the DOJ and the SEC continued. On January 9, 2014, Alcoa resolved the investigations by the DOJ and the SEC. The settlement with the DOJ was reached with AWA. Under the terms of a plea agreement entered into with the DOJ, effective January 9, 2014, AWA pled guilty to one count of violating the anti-bribery provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”). As part of the DOJ resolution, AWA agreed to pay a total of $223, including a fine of $209 payable in five equal installments over four years. The first installment of $41.8, plus a one-time administrative forfeiture of $14, will be paid in the first quarter of 2014 (paid on January 22, 2014), and the remaining installments of $41.8 each will be paid in the first quarters of 2015-2018 (the second installment was paid on January 9, 2015). The DOJ is bringing no case against Alcoa Inc. Effective January 9, 2014, the Company also settled civil charges filed by the SEC in an administrative proceeding relating to the anti-bribery, internal controls, and books and records provisions of the FCPA. Under the terms of the settlement with the SEC, the Company agreed to a settlement amount of $175, but will be given credit for the $14 one-time forfeiture payment, which is part of the DOJ resolution, resulting in a total cash payment to the SEC of $161 payable in five equal installments over four years. The first installment of $32.2 will be paid to the SEC in the first quarter of 2014 (paid on January 22, 2014), and the remaining installments of $32.2 each will be paid in the first quarters of 2015-2018 (the second installment was paid on January 23, 2015). There was no allegation in the filings by the DOJ and there was no finding by the SEC that anyone at Alcoa Inc. knowingly engaged in the conduct at issue. 121 Based on the resolutions with both the DOJ and SEC, in the 2013 fourth quarter, Alcoa recorded a $288 charge, which includes legal costs of $7, in addition to the $103 charge it recorded in the 2013 second quarter in respect of the investigations (see Agreement with Alumina Limited below). Agreement with Alumina Limited. AWA is a U.S.-based Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals (“AWAC”) company organized under the laws of Delaware that owns, directly or indirectly, alumina refineries and bauxite mines in the Atlantic region. AWAC is an unincorporated global bauxite mining and alumina refining venture between Alcoa and Alumina Limited. AWAC consists of a number of affiliated operating entities, including AWA, which own, or have an interest in, or operate bauxite mines and alumina refineries in eight countries (seven as of December 31, 2014 due to the divestiture of an ownership interest in a mining and refining joint venture in Jamaica—see Note F). Alcoa owns 60% and Alumina Limited owns 40% of these individual entities, which are consolidated by the Company for financial reporting purposes. In October 2012, Alcoa and Alumina Limited entered into an agreement to allocate the costs of the Alba civil settlement and all legal fees associated with this matter (including the government investigations discussed above) between Alcoa and Alumina Limited on an 85% and 15% basis, respectively, but this would occur only if a settlement is reached with the DOJ and the SEC regarding their investigations. As such, the $85 civil settlement in 2012 and all legal costs associated with the civil suit and government investigations incurred prior to 2013 were allocated on a 60% and 40% basis in the respective periods on Alcoa’s Statement of Consolidated Operations. As a result of the resolutions of the government investigations, the $384 charge and legal costs incurred in 2013 were allocated on an 85% and 15% basis per the allocation agreement with Alumina Limited. Additionally, the $85 civil settlement from 2012 and all legal costs associated with the civil suit and government investigations incurred prior to 2013 were reallocated on the 85% and 15% basis. The following table details the activity related to the Alba matter: Government investigations(1) Civil suit(1) Reallocation of civil suit Reallocation of legal costs Loss before income taxes Benefit for income taxes Net loss(2) Alcoa $326 - 21 20 367 66 $301 2013 Alumina Limited Total Alcoa $ - 51 - - 51 18 $33 $ 58 - (21) (20) 17 - $ 17 $384 - - - 384 66 $318 2012 Alumina Limited Total $ - 85 - - 85 18 $67 $ - 34 - - 34 - $34 (1) (2) The amount in the Total column was recorded in Restructuring and other charges (see Note D). In 2013 and 2012, the amount for Alcoa was included in Net (loss) income attributable to Alcoa, and the amount for Alumina Limited was included in Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests. Other Matters In November 2006, in Curtis v. Alcoa Inc., Civil Action No. 3:06cv448 (E.D. Tenn.), a class action was filed by plaintiffs representing approximately 13,000 retired former employees of Alcoa or Reynolds Metals Company and spouses and dependents of such retirees alleging violation of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) and the Labor-Management Relations Act by requiring plaintiffs, beginning January 1, 2007, to pay health insurance premiums and increased co-payments and co-insurance for certain medical procedures and prescription drugs. Plaintiffs alleged these changes to their retiree health care plans violated their rights to vested health care benefits. Plaintiffs additionally alleged that Alcoa had breached its fiduciary duty to plaintiffs under ERISA by misrepresenting to them that their health benefits would never change. Plaintiffs sought injunctive and declaratory relief, back payment of benefits, and attorneys’ fees. Alcoa had consented to treatment of plaintiffs’ claims as a class action. During the fourth quarter of 2007, following briefing and argument, the court ordered consolidation of the plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary injunction with trial, certified a plaintiff class, and bifurcated and stayed the plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary 122 duty claims. Trial in the matter was held over eight days commencing September 22, 2009 and ending on October 1, 2009 in federal court in Knoxville, TN before the Honorable Thomas Phillips, U.S. District Court Judge. On March 9, 2011, the court issued a judgment order dismissing plaintiffs’ lawsuit in its entirety with prejudice for the reasons stated in its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. On March 23, 2011, plaintiffs filed a motion for clarification and/or amendment of the judgment order, which sought, among other things, a declaration that plaintiffs’ retiree benefits are vested subject to an annual cap and an injunction preventing Alcoa, prior to 2017, from modifying the plan design to which plaintiffs are subject or changing the premiums and deductibles that plaintiffs must pay. Also on March 23, 2011, plaintiffs filed a motion for award of attorneys’ fees and expenses. On June 11, 2012, the court issued its memorandum and order denying plaintiffs’ motion for clarification and/or amendment to the original judgment order. On July 6, 2012, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal of the court’s March 9, 2011 judgment. On July 12, 2012, the trial court stayed Alcoa’s motion for assessment of costs pending resolution of plaintiffs’ appeal. The appeal was docketed in the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit as case number 12-5801. On August 29, 2012, the trial court dismissed plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees without prejudice to refiling the motion following the resolution of the appeal at the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. On May 9, 2013, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals issued an opinion affirming the trial court’s denial of plaintiffs’ claims for lifetime, uncapped retiree healthcare benefits. Plaintiffs filed a petition for rehearing on May 22, 2013 to which Alcoa filed a response on June 7, 2013. On September 12, 2013, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals denied plaintiffs’ petition for rehearing. On December 17, 2013 the United States Supreme Court docketed the plaintiffs’ petition for writ of certiorari to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals as Charles Curtis, et al., Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, Petitioners v. Alcoa Inc., et al., Docket No.13-728. Alcoa’s opposition to this petition was filed on January 16, 2014 and Petitioners filed their reply on January 29, 2014. On February 24, 2014, the Supreme Court denied plaintiffs’ petition. The Supreme Court’s refusal to hear the matter ended the substantive litigation and affirmed Alcoa’s collectively bargained cap on the Company’s contributions to union retiree medical costs. The trial court then considered Alcoa’s request for an award of costs, which had been stayed pending resolution of the appeal, and the plaintiffs’ request for attorneys’ fees, which had been dismissed without prejudice to refiling following resolution of the appeal. By order dated June 26, 2014, the trial court denied plaintiff’s petition for award of attorneys’ fees and expenses. Thereafter, the plaintiffs and Alcoa agreed to dismiss their respective petitions for fees and costs. This case has been fully resolved. Before 2002, Alcoa purchased power in Italy in the regulated energy market and received a drawback of a portion of the price of power under a special tariff in an amount calculated in accordance with a published resolution of the Italian Energy Authority, Energy Authority Resolution n. 204/1999 (“204/1999”). In 2001, the Energy Authority published another resolution, which clarified that the drawback would be calculated in the same manner, and in the same amount, in either the regulated or unregulated market. At the beginning of 2002, Alcoa left the regulated energy market to purchase energy in the unregulated market. Subsequently, in 2004, the Energy Authority introduced regulation no. 148/2004 which set forth a different method for calculating the special tariff that would result in a different drawback for the regulated and unregulated markets. Alcoa challenged the new regulation in the Administrative Court of Milan and received a favorable judgment in 2006. Following this ruling, Alcoa continued to receive the power price drawback in accordance with the original calculation method, through 2009, when the European Commission declared all such special tariffs to be impermissible “state aid.” In 2010, the Energy Authority appealed the 2006 ruling to the Consiglio di Stato (final court of appeal). On December 2, 2011, the Consiglio di Stato ruled in favor of the Energy Authority and against Alcoa, thus presenting the opportunity for the energy regulators to seek reimbursement from Alcoa of an amount equal to the difference between the actual drawback amounts received over the relevant time period, and the drawback as it would have been calculated in accordance with regulation 148/2004. On February 23, 2012, Alcoa filed its appeal of the decision of the Consiglio di Stato (this appeal was subsequently withdrawn in March 2013). On March 26, 2012, Alcoa received a letter from the agency (Cassa Conguaglio per il Settore Eletrico (CCSE)) responsible for making and collecting payments on behalf of the Energy Authority demanding payment in the amount of approximately $110 (€85), including interest. By letter dated April 5, 2012, Alcoa informed CCSE that it disputes the payment demand of CCSE since (i) CCSE was not authorized by the Consiglio di Stato decisions to seek payment of any amount, (ii) the decision of the Consiglio di Stato has been appealed (see above), and (iii) in any event, no 123 interest should be payable. On April 29, 2012, Law No. 44 of 2012 (“44/2012”) came into effect, changing the method to calculate the drawback. On February 21, 2013, Alcoa received a revised request letter from CSSE demanding Alcoa’s subsidiary, Alcoa Trasformazioni S.r.l., make a payment in the amount of $97 (€76), including interest, which reflects a revised calculation methodology by CCSE and represents the high end of the range of reasonably possible loss associated with this matter of $0 to $97 (€76). Alcoa has rejected that demand and has formally challenged it through an appeal before the Administrative Court on April 5, 2013. The Administrative Court scheduled a hearing for December 19, 2013, which was subsequently postponed until April 17, 2014, and further postponed until June 19, 2014. On this date, the Administrative Court listened to Alcoa’s oral argument, and on September 2, 2014, rendered its decision. The Administrative Court declared the payment request of CCSE and the Energy Authority to Alcoa to be unsubstantiated based on the 148/2004 resolution with respect to the January 19, 2007 through November 19, 2009 timeframe. On December 18, 2014, the CCSE and the Energy Authority appealed the Administrative Court’s September 2, 2014 decision; however, a date for the hearing has not been scheduled. At this time, the Company is unable to reasonably predict an outcome for this matter. European Commission Matters. In July 2006, the European Commission (EC) announced that it had opened an investigation to establish whether an extension of the regulated electricity tariff granted by Italy to some energy- intensive industries complied with European Union (EU) state aid rules. The Italian power tariff extended the tariff that was in force until December 31, 2005 through November 19, 2009 (Alcoa had been incurring higher power costs at its smelters in Italy subsequent to the tariff end date through the end of 2012). The extension was originally through 2010, but the date was changed by legislation adopted by the Italian Parliament effective on August 15, 2009. Prior to expiration of the tariff in 2005, Alcoa had been operating in Italy for more than 10 years under a power supply structure approved by the EC in 1996. That measure provided a competitive power supply to the primary aluminum industry and was not considered state aid from the Italian Government. The EC’s announcement expressed concerns about whether Italy’s extension of the tariff beyond 2005 was compatible with EU legislation and potentially distorted competition in the European market of primary aluminum, where energy is an important part of the production costs. On November 19, 2009, the EC announced a decision in this matter stating that the extension of the tariff by Italy constituted unlawful state aid, in part, and, therefore, the Italian Government is to recover a portion of the benefit Alcoa received since January 2006 (including interest). The amount of this recovery was to be based on a calculation prepared by the Italian Government (see below). In late 2009, after discussions with legal counsel and reviewing the bases on which the EC decided, including the different considerations cited in the EC decision regarding Alcoa’s two smelters in Italy, Alcoa recorded a charge of $250 (€173), which included $20 (€14) to write off a receivable from the Italian Government for amounts due under the now expired tariff structure and $230 (€159) to establish a reserve. On April 19, 2010, Alcoa filed an appeal of this decision with the General Court of the EU (see below). Prior to 2012, Alcoa was involved in other legal proceedings related to this matter that separately sought the annulment of the EC’s July 2006 decision to open an investigation alleging that such decision did not follow the applicable procedural rules and requested injunctive relief to suspend the effectiveness of the EC’s November 19, 2009 decision. However, the decisions by the General Court, and subsequent appeals to the European Court of Justice, resulted in the denial of these remedies. In June 2012, Alcoa received formal notification from the Italian Government with a calculated recovery amount of $375 (€303); this amount was reduced by $65 (€53) for amounts owed by the Italian Government to Alcoa, resulting in a net payment request of $310 (€250). In a notice published in the Official Journal of the European Union on September 22, 2012, the EC announced that it had filed an action against the Italian Government on July 18, 2012 to compel it to collect the recovery amount (on October 17, 2013, the European Court of Justice ordered Italy to so collect). On September 27, 2012, Alcoa received a request for payment in full of the $310 (€250) by October 31, 2012. Following discussions with the Italian Government regarding the timing of such payment, Alcoa paid the requested amount in five quarterly installments of $69 (€50) beginning in October 2012 through December 2013. Notwithstanding the payments made, Alcoa’s estimate of the most probable loss of the ultimate outcome of this matter and the low end of the range of reasonably possible loss, which is $193 (€159) to $369 (€303), remains the $193 (€159) recorded in 2009 (the U.S. dollar amount reflects the effects of foreign currency movements since 2009). Alcoa no longer has a reserve for this matter; instead, Alcoa has a noncurrent asset reflecting the excess of the total of the five payments made to the Italian 124 Government over the reserve recorded in 2009. At December 31, 2014, the noncurrent asset was $111 (€91) (this does not include the $64 (€53) for amounts owed by the Italian Government to Alcoa mentioned above). On October 16, 2014, Alcoa received notice from the General Court of the EU that its April 19, 2010 appeal of the EC’s November 19, 2009 decision was denied. On December 27, 2014, Alcoa filed an appeal of the General Court’s October 16, 2014 ruling to the European Court of Justice. A decision by the European Court of Justice in this matter could take up to two years or longer. As a result of the EC’s November 19, 2009 decision, management had contemplated ceasing operations at its Italian smelters due to uneconomical power costs. In February 2010, management agreed to continue to operate its smelters in Italy for up to six months while a long-term solution to address increased power costs could be negotiated. Over a portion of this time, a long-term solution was not able to be reached related to the Fusina smelter, therefore, in May 2010, Alcoa and the Italian Government agreed to a temporary idling of the Fusina smelter. As of September 30, 2010, the Fusina smelter was fully curtailed (44,000 metric-tons-per-year). For the Portovesme smelter, Alcoa executed a new power agreement effective September 1, 2010 through December 31, 2012, replacing the short-term, market-based power contract that was in effect since early 2010. This new agreement along with interruptibility rights (i.e. compensation for power interruptions when grids are overloaded) granted to Alcoa for the Portovesme smelter provided additional time to negotiate a long-term solution (the EC had previously determined that the interruptibility rights were not considered state aid). At the end of 2011, as part of a restructuring of Alcoa’s global smelting system, management decided to curtail operations at the Portovesme smelter during 2012 due to the uncertain prospects for viable, long-term power, along with rising raw materials costs and falling global aluminum prices (mid-2011 to late 2011). As of December 31, 2012, the Portovesme smelter was fully curtailed (150,000 metric-tons-per-year). In June 2013 and August 2014, Alcoa decided to permanently shut down and demolish the Fusina and Portovesme smelters, respectively, due to persistent uneconomical conditions (see Note D). In January 2007, the EC announced that it had opened an investigation to establish whether the regulated electricity tariffs granted by Spain comply with EU state aid rules. At the time the EC opened its investigation, Alcoa had been operating in Spain for more than nine years under a power supply structure approved by the Spanish Government in 1986, an equivalent tariff having been granted in 1983. The investigation is limited to the year 2005 and is focused both on the energy-intensive consumers and the distribution companies. The investigation provided 30 days to any interested party to submit observations and comments to the EC. With respect to the energy-intensive consumers, the EC opened the investigation on the assumption that prices paid under the tariff in 2005 were lower than a pool price mechanism, therefore being, in principle, artificially below market conditions. Alcoa submitted comments in which the company provided evidence that prices paid by energy-intensive consumers were in line with the market, in addition to various legal arguments defending the legality of the Spanish tariff system. It is Alcoa’s understanding that the Spanish tariff system for electricity is in conformity with all applicable laws and regulations, and therefore no state aid is present in the tariff system. On February 4, 2014, the EC announced a decision in this matter stating that the electricity tariffs granted by Spain for year 2005 do not constitute unlawful state aid. Environmental Matters. Alcoa participates in environmental assessments and cleanups at more than 100 locations. These include owned or operating facilities and adjoining properties, previously owned or operating facilities and adjoining properties, and waste sites, including Superfund (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)) sites. A liability is recorded for environmental remediation when a cleanup program becomes probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. As assessments and cleanups proceed, the liability is adjusted based on progress made in determining the extent of remedial actions and related costs. The liability can change substantially due to factors such as the nature and extent of contamination, changes in remedial requirements, and technological changes, among others. 125 Alcoa’s remediation reserve balance was $543 and $509 at December 31, 2014 and 2013 (of which $70 and $48 was classified as a current liability), respectively, and reflects the most probable costs to remediate identified environmental conditions for which costs can be reasonably estimated. In 2014, the remediation reserve was increased by $61 due to a charge of $42 related to the planned demolition of certain structures at the Massena East, NY, Point Henry and Yennora, Australia, and Portovesme, Italy locations (see Note D), a charge of $3 related to the Portovesme location (see below), and a net charge of $16 associated with a number of other sites. In 2013, the remediation reserve was increased by $18 due to a charge of $12 related to the planned demolition of certain structures at the Massena West, NY and Baie Comeau, Quebec, Canada sites (see Note D) and a net charge of $6 associated with a number of other sites. Of the changes to the remediation reserve in 2014 and 2013, $47 and $12, respectively was recorded in Restructuring and other charges, while the remainder was recorded in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. Payments related to remediation expenses applied against the reserve were $46 and $40 in 2014 and 2013, respectively. These amounts include expenditures currently mandated, as well as those not required by any regulatory authority or third party. In 2014, the change in the reserve also reflects an increase of $19 due to the effects of foreign currency translation and a reclassification of amounts included in other reserves within Other noncurrent liabilities and deferred credits on Alcoa’s Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2013. In 2013, the change in the reserve also reflects a decrease of $1 due to the effects of foreign currency translation. Included in annual operating expenses are the recurring costs of managing hazardous substances and environmental programs. These costs are estimated to be approximately 2% of cost of goods sold. The following discussion provides details regarding the current status of certain significant reserves related to current or former Alcoa sites. Massena West, NY—Alcoa has an ongoing remediation project related to the Grasse River, which is adjacent to Alcoa’s Massena plant site. Many years ago, it was determined that sediments and fish in the river contain varying levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The project, which was selected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in a Record of Decision (ROD) issued in April 2013, is aimed at capping PCB contaminated sediments with concentration in excess of one part per million in the main channel of the river and dredging PCB contaminated sediments in the near-shore areas where total PCBs exceed one part per million. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, the reserve balance associated with this matter was $239 and $241, respectively. Alcoa is in the planning and design phase, which is expected to take approximately two to three years from mid-2013, followed by the actual remediation fieldwork that is expected to take approximately four years. The majority of the project funding is expected to be spent between 2016 and 2020. Sherwin, TX—In connection with the sale of the Sherwin alumina refinery, which was required to be divested as part of the Reynolds merger in 2000, Alcoa agreed to retain responsibility for the remediation of the then existing environmental conditions, as well as a pro rata share of the final closure of the active bauxite residue waste disposal areas (known as the Copano facility). Alcoa’s share of the closure costs is proportional to the total period of operation of the active waste disposal areas. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, the reserve balance associated with Sherwin was $32 and $35, respectively. Approximately half of the project funding is expected to be spent through 2019. The remainder is not expected to be spent in the foreseeable future as it is dependent upon the operating life of the active waste disposal areas. East St. Louis, IL—Alcoa has an ongoing remediation project related to an area used for the disposal of bauxite residue from former alumina refining operations. The project, which was selected by the EPA in a ROD issued in July 2012, is aimed at implementing a soil cover over the affected area. On November 1, 2013, the U.S. Department of Justice lodged a consent decree on behalf of the EPA for Alcoa to conduct the work outlined in the ROD. This consent decree was entered as final in February 2014 by the U.S. Department of Justice. As a result, Alcoa began construction in March 2014; this project is expected to be completed by mid-2015. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, the reserve balance associated with this matter was $15 and $24, respectively. 126 Fusina and Portovesme, Italy—In 1996, Alcoa acquired the Fusina smelter and rolling operations and the Portovesme smelter, both of which are owned by Alcoa’s subsidiary Alcoa Trasformazioni S.r.l. (“Trasformazioni”), from Alumix, an entity owned by the Italian Government. At the time of the acquisition, Alumix indemnified Alcoa for pre-existing environmental contamination at the sites. In 2004, the Italian Ministry of Environment and Protection of Land and Sea (MOE) issued orders to Trasformazioni and Alumix for the development of a clean-up plan related to soil contamination in excess of allowable limits under legislative decree and to institute emergency actions and pay natural resource damages. Trasformazioni appealed the orders and filed suit against Alumix, among others, seeking indemnification for these liabilities under the provisions of the acquisition agreement. In 2009, Ligestra S.r.l. (“Ligestra”), Alumix’s successor, and Trasformazioni agreed to a stay of the court proceedings while investigations were conducted and negotiations advanced towards a possible settlement. In December 2009, Trasformazioni and Ligestra reached an initial agreement for settlement of the liabilities related to Fusina while negotiations continued related to Portovesme (see below). The agreement outlined an allocation of payments to the MOE for emergency action and natural resource damages and the scope and costs for a proposed soil remediation project, which was formally presented to the MOE in mid-2010. The agreement was contingent upon final acceptance of the remediation project by the MOE. As a result of entering into this agreement, Alcoa increased the reserve by $12 in 2009 for Fusina. Based on comments received from the MOE and local and regional environmental authorities, Trasformazioni submitted a revised remediation plan in the first half of 2012; however, such revisions did not require any change to the existing reserve. In October 2013, the MOE approved the project submitted by Alcoa, resulting in no adjustment to the reserve. In January 2014, in anticipation of Alcoa reaching a final administrative agreement with the MOE, Alcoa and Ligestra entered into a final agreement related to Fusina for allocation of payments to the MOE for emergency action and natural resource damages and the costs for the approved soil remediation project. The agreement resulted in Ligestra assuming 50% to 80% of all payments and remediation costs. On February 27, 2014, Alcoa and the MOE reached a final administrative agreement for conduct of work. The agreement includes both a soil and groundwater remediation project estimated to cost $33 (€24) and requires payments of $25 (€18) to the MOE for emergency action and natural resource damages. The remediation projects are slated to begin in 2015. Based on the final agreement with Ligestra, Alcoa’s share of all costs and payments is $17 (€12), of which $9 (€6) related to the damages will be paid annually over a 10-year period, which began in April 2014, and was previously fully reserved. Separately, in 2009, due to additional information derived from the site investigations conducted at Portovesme, Alcoa increased the reserve by $3. In November 2011, Trasformazioni and Ligestra reached an agreement for settlement of the liabilities related to Portovesme, similar to the one for Fusina. A proposed soil remediation project for Portovesme was formally presented to the MOE in June 2012. Neither the agreement with Ligestra nor the proposal to the MOE resulted in a change to the reserve for Portovesme. In November 2013, the MOE rejected the proposed soil remediation project and requested a revised project be submitted. In May 2014, Trasformazioni and Ligestra submitted a revised soil remediation project that addressed certain stakeholders’ concerns. Alcoa increased the reserve by $3 in 2014 to reflect the estimated higher costs associated with the revised soil remediation project, as well as current operating and maintenance costs of the Portovesme site. The ultimate outcome of this matter may result in a change to the existing reserve for Portovesme. Baie Comeau, Quebec, Canada—In August 2012, Alcoa presented an analysis of remediation alternatives to the Quebec Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks (MDDEP), in response to a previous request, related to known PCBs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in sediments of the Anse du Moulin bay. As such, Alcoa increased the reserve for Baie Comeau by $25 in 2012 to reflect the estimated cost of Alcoa’s recommended alternative, consisting of both dredging and capping of the contaminated sediments. In July 2013, Alcoa submitted the Environmental Impact Assessment for the project to the MDDEP and this document is currently in the regulatory review process. The ultimate selection of a remedy may result in additional liability at the time the MDDEP issues a final decision. Mosjøen, Norway—In September 2012, Alcoa presented an analysis of remediation alternatives to the Norwegian Environmental Agency (NEA) (formerly the Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency, or “Klif”), in response to a previous request, related to known PAHs in the sediments located in the harbor and extending out into the fjord. As 127 such, Alcoa increased the reserve for Mosjøen by $20 in 2012 to reflect the estimated cost of the baseline alternative for dredging of the contaminated sediments. The ultimate selection of a remedy may result in additional liability at the time the NEA issues a final decision. Other. In September 2010, following a corporate income tax audit covering the 2003 through 2005 tax years, an assessment was received as a result of Spain’s tax authorities disallowing certain interest deductions claimed by a Spanish consolidated tax group owned by the Company. An appeal of this assessment in Spain’s Central Tax Administrative Court by the Company was denied in October 2013. In December 2013, the Company filed an appeal of the assessment in Spain’s National Court. Additionally, following a corporate income tax audit of the same Spanish tax group for the 2006 through 2009 tax years, Spain’s tax authorities issued an assessment in July 2013 similarly disallowing certain interest deductions. In August 2013, the Company filed an appeal of this second assessment in Spain’s Central Tax Administrative Court, which was denied in January 2015. The Company expects to file an appeal of this second assessment in Spain’s National Court in March 2015. The combined assessments (remeasured for a tax rate change enacted in November 2014—see Note T) total $277 (€228). The Company believes it has meritorious arguments to support its tax position and intends to vigorously litigate the assessments through Spain’s court system. However, in the event the Company is unsuccessful, a portion of the assessments may be offset with existing net operating losses available to the Spanish consolidated tax group. Additionally, it is possible that the Company may receive similar assessments for tax years subsequent to 2009. At this time, the Company is unable to reasonably predict an outcome for this matter. In March 2013, Alcoa’s subsidiary, Alcoa World Alumina Brasil (AWAB), was notified by the Brazilian Federal Revenue Office (RFB) that approximately $110 (R$220) of value added tax credits previously claimed are being disallowed and a penalty of 50% assessed. Of this amount, AWAB received $41 (R$82) in cash in May 2012. The value added tax credits were claimed by AWAB for both fixed assets and export sales related to the Juruti bauxite mine and São Luís refinery expansion. The RFB has disallowed credits they allege belong to the consortium in which AWAB owns an interest and should not have been claimed by AWAB. Credits have also been disallowed as a result of challenges to apportionment methods used, questions about the use of the credits, and an alleged lack of documented proof. The assessment is currently in the administrative process, which could take approximately two years to complete. AWAB presented defense of its claim to the RFB on April 8, 2013. If AWAB is successful in the administrative process, the RFB would have no further recourse. If unsuccessful in this process, AWAB has the option to litigate at a judicial level. The estimated range of reasonably possible loss is $0 to $60 (R$155), whereby the maximum end of the range represents the sum of the portion of the disallowed credits applicable to the export sales and a 50% penalty of the gross amount disallowed. Additionally, the estimated range of disallowed credits related to AWAB’s fixed assets is $0 to $70 (R$175), which would increase the net carrying value of AWAB’s fixed assets if ultimately disallowed. It is management’s opinion that the allegations have no basis; however, at this time, management is unable to reasonably predict an outcome for this matter. Between 2000 and 2002, Alcoa Alumínio (Alumínio) sold approximately 2,000 metric tons of metal per month from its Poços de Caldas facility, located in the State of Minas Gerais (the “State”), to Alfio, a customer also located in the State. Sales in the State were exempted from value-added tax (VAT) requirements. Alfio subsequently sold metal to customers outside of the State, but did not pay the required VAT on those transactions. In July 2002, Alumínio received an assessment from State auditors on the theory that Alumínio should be jointly and severally liable with Alfio for the unpaid VAT. In June 2003, the administrative tribunal found Alumínio liable, and Alumínio filed a judicial case in the State in February 2004 contesting the finding. In May 2005, the Court of First Instance found Alumínio solely liable, and a panel of a State appeals court confirmed this finding in April 2006. Alumínio filed a special appeal to the Superior Tribunal of Justice (STJ) in Brasilia (the federal capital of Brazil) later in 2006. In 2011, the STJ (through one of its judges) reversed the judgment of the lower courts, finding that Alumínio should neither be solely nor jointly and severally liable with Alfio for the VAT, which ruling was then appealed by the State. In August 2012, the STJ agreed to have the case reheard before a five-judge panel. A decision from this panel is pending, but additional appeals are likely. At December 31, 2014, the assessment totaled $49 (R$130), including penalties and interest. While the Company believes it has meritorious defenses, the Company is unable to reasonably predict an outcome. 128 In addition to the matters discussed above, various other lawsuits, claims, and proceedings have been or may be instituted or asserted against Alcoa, including those pertaining to environmental, product liability, safety and health, and tax matters. While the amounts claimed in these other matters may be substantial, the ultimate liability cannot now be determined because of the considerable uncertainties that exist. Therefore, it is possible that the Company’s liquidity or results of operations in a particular period could be materially affected by one or more of these other matters. However, based on facts currently available, management believes that the disposition of these other matters that are pending or asserted will not have a material adverse effect, individually or in the aggregate, on the financial position of the Company. Commitments Investments. Alumínio, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Alcoa, is a participant in four consortia that each owns a hydroelectric power project in Brazil. The purpose of Alumínio’s participation is to increase its energy self-sufficiency and provide a long-term, low-cost source of power for its two smelters and one refinery. These projects are known as Machadinho, Barra Grande, Serra do Facão, and Estreito. Alumínio committed to taking a share of the output of the Machadinho and Barra Grande projects each for 30 years and the Serra do Facão and Estreito projects each for 26 years at cost (including cost of financing the project). In the event that other participants in any of these projects fail to fulfill their financial responsibilities, Alumínio may be required to fund a portion of the deficiency. In accordance with the respective agreements, if Alumínio funds any such deficiency, its participation and share of the output from the respective project will increase proportionately. The Machadinho project reached full capacity in 2002. Alumínio’s investment in this project is 30.99%, which entitles Alumínio to approximately 120 megawatts of assured power. In February 2013, the consortium liquidated the legal entity that owned the facility for tax purposes. The consortium is now an unincorporated joint venture, and, therefore, Alumínio’s share of the assets and liabilities of the consortium are reflected in the respective lines on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. Prior to February 2013, Alumínio’s investment in Machadinho was accounted for under the equity method. In conjunction with the liquidation, the consortium repaid the remaining outstanding debt related to Machadinho, effectively terminating each partner’s guarantee of such debt. The Barra Grande project reached full capacity in 2006. Alumínio’s investment in this project is 42.18% and is accounted for under the equity method. This entitles Alumínio to approximately 160 megawatts of assured power. Alumínio’s total investment in this project was $132 (R$355) and $143 (R$336) at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The Serra do Facão project reached full capacity in 2010. Alumínio’s investment in this project is 34.97% and is accounted for under the equity method. This entitles Alumínio to approximately 65 megawatts of assured power. Alumínio’s total investment in this project was $66 (R$178) and $82 (R$192) at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Even though the Serra do Facão project has been fully operational since 2010, construction costs continue to be incurred to complete the facility related to environmental compliance in accordance with the installation license (costs are not significant in relation to the overall total project). Total estimated project costs are approximately $375 (R$1,000) and Alumínio’s share is approximately $130 (R$350). As of December 31, 2014, approximately $130 (R$350) of Alumínio’s commitment was expended on the project (includes both funds provided by Alumínio and Alumínio’s share of long-term financing). The Estreito project reached full capacity in March 2013. Alumínio’s investment in this project is 25.49%, which entitles Alumínio to approximately 150 megawatts of assured power. The Estreito consortium is an unincorporated joint venture, and, therefore, Alumínio’s share of the assets and liabilities of the consortium are reflected in the respective lines on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. Total estimated project costs are approximately $1,930 (R$5,170) and Alumínio’s share is approximately $490 (R$1,320). As of December 31, 2014, approximately $475 (R$1,270) of Alumínio’s commitment was expended on the project. 129 As of December 31, 2014, Alumínio’s current power self-sufficiency satisfies approximately 70% of a total energy demand of approximately 690 megawatts from two smelters (São Luís (Alumar) and Poços de Caldas) and one refinery (Poços de Caldas) in Brazil. The total energy demand has temporarily declined by approximately 550 megawatts due to capacity curtailments of 290,000 metric-tons-per-year at both smelters combined. In 2004, Alcoa acquired a 20% interest in a consortium, which subsequently purchased the Dampier to Bunbury Natural Gas Pipeline (DBNGP) in Western Australia, in exchange for an initial cash investment of $17 (A$24). The investment in the DBNGP, which is classified as an equity investment, was made in order to secure a competitively priced long-term supply of natural gas to Alcoa’s refineries in Western Australia. Alcoa made additional contributions of $141 (A$176) for its share of the pipeline capacity expansion and other operational purposes of the consortium through September 2011. No further expansion of the pipeline’s capacity is planned at this time. In late 2011, the consortium initiated a three-year equity call plan to improve its capitalization structure. This plan required Alcoa to contribute $40 (A$40), all of which was made through December 31, 2014, including $10 (A$11) and $12 (A$12) in 2014 and 2013, respectively. Following the completion of the three-year equity call plan in December 2014, the consortium initiated a new equity call plan to further improve its capitalization structure. This plan requires Alcoa to contribute $30 (A$36) through mid 2016, of which $1 (A$1) was made in December 2014. In addition to its equity ownership, Alcoa has an agreement to purchase gas transmission services from the DBNGP. At December 31, 2014, Alcoa has an asset of $295 (A$360) representing prepayments made under the agreement for future gas transmission services. Alcoa’s maximum exposure to loss on the investment and the related contract is approximately $435 (A$530) as of December 31, 2014. Purchase Obligations. Alcoa is party to unconditional purchase obligations for energy that expire between 2015 and 2036. Commitments related to these contracts total $137 in 2015, $142 in 2016, $145 in 2017, $147 in 2018, $147 in 2019, and $1,946 thereafter. Expenditures under these contracts totaled $178 in 2014, $163 in 2013, and $161 in 2012. Additionally, Alcoa has entered into other purchase commitments for energy, raw materials, and other goods and services, which total $3,951 in 2015, $2,013 in 2016, $1,903 in 2017, $1,802 in 2018, $1,698 in 2019, and $11,063 thereafter. Operating Leases. Certain land and buildings, alumina refinery process control technology, plant equipment, vehicles, and computer equipment are under operating lease agreements. Total expense for all leases was $227 in 2014, $232 in 2013, and $244 in 2012. Under long-term operating leases, minimum annual rentals are $205 in 2015, $172 in 2016, $131 in 2017, $101 in 2018, $79 in 2019, and $165 thereafter. Guarantees. At December 31, 2014, Alcoa has maximum potential future payments for guarantees issued on behalf of a third party of $596. These guarantees expire at various times between 2017 and 2024 and relate to project financing for the aluminum complex in Saudi Arabia (see Note I). Alcoa also has outstanding bank guarantees related to tax matters, outstanding debt, workers compensation, environmental obligations, energy contracts, and customs duties, among others. The total amount committed under these guarantees, which expire at various dates between 2015 and 2022 was $394 at December 31, 2014. Letters of Credit. Alcoa has outstanding letters of credit primarily related to workers’ compensation, energy contracts, and leasing obligations. The total amount committed under these letters of credit, which automatically renew or expire at various dates, mostly in 2015, was $354 at December 31, 2014. Surety Bonds. Alcoa has outstanding surety bonds primarily related to tax matters, contract performance, workers compensation, environmental-related matters, and customs duties. The total amount committed under these bonds, which automatically renew or expire at various dates, mostly in 2015, was $203 at December 31, 2014. 130 O. Other Expenses (Income), Net Equity loss Interest income Foreign currency losses (gains), net Net gain from asset sales Net loss (gain) on mark-to-market derivative contracts (X) Other, net 2014 $ 92 (19) 1 (47) 15 5 $ 47 2013 $ 68 (13) (33) (10) (29) (8) 2012 $ 28 (31) (5) (321) (13) 1 $(25) $(341) In 2014, Net gain from asset sales included a $28 gain and a $14 gain related to the sale of a mining interest in Suriname and an equity investment in a China rolling mill, respectively. In 2012, Net gain from asset sales included a $320 gain related to the sale of the Tapoco Hydroelectric Project (see Note F). P. Cash Flow Information Cash paid for interest and income taxes was as follows: Interest, net of amount capitalized Income taxes, net of amount refunded 2014 $441 301 2013 $433 200 2012 $454 223 The details related to cash paid for acquisitions (including of a noncontrolling interest) were as follows: Assets acquired Liabilities assumed Contingent consideration liability Equity issued Noncontrolling interest acquired Increase in Alcoa’s shareholders’ equity Cash paid Less: cash acquired Net cash paid 2014 $3,515 (345) (130) (610) 31 (3) 2,458 45 $2,413 2013 $- - - - - - - - $- 2012 $- - - - - - - - $- Noncash Financing and Investing Activities. In early 2014, holders of $575 principal amount of Alcoa’s 5.25% Convertible Notes due March 15, 2014 (the “2014 Notes”) exercised their option to convert the 2014 Notes into 89 million shares of Alcoa common stock (see Note K). This transaction was not reflected in the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows as it represents a noncash financing activity. In late 2014, Alcoa paid $2,995 (net of cash acquired) to acquire an aerospace business, Firth Rixson (see Note F). A portion of this consideration was paid through the issuance of 37 million shares in Alcoa common stock valued at $610. The issuance of common stock was not reflected in the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows as it represents a noncash investing activity. In August 2012, Alcoa received a loan of $250 for the purpose of financing all or part of the cost of acquiring, constructing, reconstructing, and renovating certain facilities at Alcoa’s rolling mill plant in Davenport, IA. Because this loan can only be used for this purpose, the net proceeds of $248 were classified as restricted cash. Since restricted cash is not part of cash and cash equivalents, this transaction was not reflected in the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows as it represents a noncash activity. As funds were expended for the project, the release of the cash was reflected as both an inflow on the Net change in restricted cash line and an outflow on the Capital expenditures line in the Investing Activities section of the Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, Alcoa had $13 and $171, respectively, of restricted cash remaining related to this transaction. In 2014, the remaining funds were expended on the project. 131 Q. Segment and Geographic Area Information Alcoa is primarily a producer of aluminum products. Aluminum and alumina represent approximately 80% of Alcoa’s revenues. Nonaluminum products include precision castings and aerospace and industrial fasteners. Alcoa’s products are used worldwide in transportation (including aerospace, automotive, truck, trailer, rail, and shipping), packaging, building and construction, oil and gas, defense, and industrial applications. Alcoa’s segments are organized by product on a worldwide basis. Segment performance under Alcoa’s management reporting system is evaluated based on a number of factors; however, the primary measure of performance is the after-tax operating income (ATOI) of each segment. Certain items such as the impact of LIFO inventory accounting; interest expense; noncontrolling interests; corporate expense (general administrative and selling expenses of operating the corporate headquarters and other global administrative facilities, along with depreciation and amortization on corporate-owned assets); restructuring and other charges; and other items, including intersegment profit eliminations, differences between tax rates applicable to the segments and the consolidated effective tax rate, the results of the soft alloy extrusions business in Brazil, and other nonoperating items such as foreign currency transaction gains/losses and interest income are excluded from segment ATOI. Segment assets exclude, among others, cash and cash equivalents; deferred income taxes; goodwill not allocated to businesses for segment reporting purposes; corporate fixed assets; LIFO reserves; and other items, including the assets of the soft alloy extrusions business in Brazil. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (see Note A). Transactions among segments are established based on negotiation among the parties. Differences between segment totals and Alcoa’s consolidated totals for line items not reconciled are in Corporate. Alcoa’s operations consist of four worldwide reportable segments as follows: Alumina. This segment represents a portion of Alcoa’s upstream operations and consists of the Company’s worldwide refinery system, including the mining of bauxite, which is then refined into alumina. Alumina is mainly sold directly to internal and external smelter customers worldwide or is sold to customers who process it into industrial chemical products. A portion of this segment’s third-party sales are completed through the use of agents, alumina traders, and distributors. More than half of Alcoa’s alumina production is sold under supply contracts to third parties worldwide, while the remainder is used internally by the Primary Metals segment. Primary Metals. This segment represents a portion of Alcoa’s upstream operations and consists of the Company’s worldwide smelter system. Primary Metals receives alumina, mostly from the Alumina segment, and produces primary aluminum used by Alcoa’s fabricating businesses, as well as sold to external customers and traders. Results from the sale of aluminum powder, scrap, and excess power are also included in this segment, as well as the results of aluminum derivative contracts and buy/resell activity. Primary aluminum produced by Alcoa and used internally is transferred to other segments at prevailing market prices. The sale of primary aluminum represents approximately 90% of this segment’s third-party sales. Buy/resell activity refers to when this segment purchases metal and resells such metal to external customers or the midstream and downstream segments in order to maximize smelting system efficiency and to meet customer requirements. Global Rolled Products. This segment represents Alcoa’s midstream operations, whose principal business is the production and sale of aluminum plate and sheet. A small portion of this segment’s operations relate to foil produced at one plant in Brazil. This segment includes rigid container sheet (RCS), which is sold directly to customers in the packaging and consumer market and is used to produce aluminum beverage cans. Seasonal increases in RCS sales are generally experienced in the second and third quarters of the year. Approximately one-half of the third-party shipments in this segment consist of RCS. This segment also includes sheet and plate used in the aerospace, automotive, commercial transportation, building and construction, and industrial products (mainly used in the production of machinery and equipment and consumer durables) end markets, which is sold directly to customers and through distributors. While the customer base for flat-rolled products is large, a significant amount of sales of RCS, sheet, and plate is to a relatively small number of customers. Engineered Products and Solutions. This segment represents Alcoa’s downstream operations and includes titanium, aluminum, and super alloy investment castings; fasteners; aluminum wheels; integrated aluminum structural systems; 132 architectural extrusions; and forgings and hard alloy extrusions. These products, which are used in the aerospace, automotive, building and construction, commercial transportation, power generation, and industrial products end markets, are sold directly to customers and through distributors. The operating results and assets of Alcoa’s reportable segments were as follows: 2014 Sales: Third-party sales Intersegment sales Total sales Profit and loss: Equity loss Depreciation, depletion, and amortization Income taxes ATOI 2013 Sales: Third-party sales Intersegment sales Total sales Profit and loss: Equity loss Depreciation, depletion, and amortization Income taxes ATOI 2012 Sales: Third-party sales Intersegment sales Total sales Profit and loss: Equity income (loss) Depreciation, depletion, and amortization Income taxes ATOI 2014 Assets: Capital expenditures Equity investments Goodwill Total assets 2013 Assets: Capital expenditures Equity investments Goodwill Total assets Alumina Primary Metals Global Rolled Products Engineered Products and Solutions $3,509 1,941 $5,450 $ 6,800 2,931 $ 9,731 $7,351 185 $7,536 $ (29) 387 153 370 $ (34) 494 203 594 $ (27) 235 124 312 $3,326 2,235 $5,561 $ 6,596 2,621 $ 9,217 $7,106 178 $7,284 $ (4) 426 66 259 $ (51) 526 (74) (20) $ (13) 226 108 252 $3,092 2,310 $5,402 $ 7,432 2,877 $10,309 $7,378 163 $7,541 $ $ $ 5 455 (27) 90 $ 246 669 8 7,350 (27) 532 106 309 $ (6) 229 159 346 176 890 - 9,308 $ 389 226 210 4,908 $ 322 628 9 8,248 $ 224 947 - 10,341 $ 335 200 218 4,647 $6,006 - $6,006 $ - 173 374 767 $5,733 - $5,733 $ - 159 348 726 $5,525 - $5,525 $ - 158 297 612 $ 315 - 4,519 9,666 $ 224 - 2,670 6,011 Total $23,666 5,057 $28,723 $ (90) 1,289 854 2,043 $22,761 5,034 $27,795 $ (68) 1,337 448 1,217 $23,427 5,350 $28,777 $ (28) 1,374 535 1,357 $ 1,126 1,785 4,737 31,232 $ 1,105 1,775 2,897 29,247 133 The following tables reconcile certain segment information to consolidated totals: Sales: Total segment sales Elimination of intersegment sales Corporate* Consolidated sales 2014 2013 2012 $28,723 (5,057) 240 $27,795 (5,034) 271 $28,777 (5,350) 273 $23,906 $23,032 $23,700 * For all periods presented, the Corporate amount includes third-party sales of the soft alloy extrusions business located in Brazil. Net income (loss) attributable to Alcoa: Total segment ATOI Unallocated amounts (net of tax): Impact of LIFO Interest expense Noncontrolling interests Corporate expense Impairment of goodwill Restructuring and other charges Other 2014 2013 2012 $2,043 $ 1,217 $1,357 (54) (308) 91 (294) - (894) (316) 52 (294) (41) (284) (1,731) (607) (597) 20 (319) 29 (282) - (142) (472) Consolidated net income (loss) attributable to Alcoa $ 268 $(2,285) $ 191 December 31, Assets: Total segment assets Elimination of intersegment receivables Unallocated amounts: Cash and cash equivalents Deferred income taxes Corporate goodwill Corporate fixed assets, net LIFO reserve Other Consolidated assets Sales by major product grouping were as follows: Sales: Alumina Primary aluminum Flat-rolled aluminum Investment castings Fastening systems Architectural aluminum systems Aluminum wheels Other extruded aluminum and forged products Other 134 2014 2013 $31,232 (490) $29,247 (385) 1,877 3,175 510 819 (767) 1,043 1,437 3,410 518 879 (691) 1,327 $37,399 $35,742 2014 2013 2012 $ 3,401 6,011 7,351 1,784 1,647 1,002 786 1,019 905 $ 3,151 6,194 7,106 1,807 1,505 977 702 1,015 575 $ 2,962 7,121 7,378 1,747 1,414 970 692 955 461 $23,906 $23,032 $23,700 Geographic information for sales was as follows (based upon the country where the point of sale occurred): Sales: United States(1) Spain(2) (3) Australia Brazil France Russia Hungary United Kingdom China Germany Italy Netherlands(3) Norway(2) Other 2014 2013 2012 $12,103 3,359 3,028 1,398 915 642 630 464 415 229 150 36 31 506 $11,766 2,282 3,240 1,221 862 683 555 475 259 230 157 524 283 495 $12,361 1,203 3,222 1,244 807 713 492 438 326 216 379 949 820 530 $23,906 $23,032 $23,700 (1) (2) (3) Sales of a portion of the alumina from Alcoa’s refineries in Suriname, Brazil, Australia, and Jamaica (prior to divestiture—see Note F) and all of the aluminum from Alcoa’s smelters in Canada occurred in the United States In 2014 and 2013, Sales of the aluminum from Alcoa’s smelters in Norway occurred in Spain. In 2014 and 2012, Sales of the aluminum from Alcoa’s smelter in Iceland occurred in Spain and the Netherlands, respectively. In 2013, Sales of the aluminum from Alcoa’s smelter in Iceland occurred in both Spain and the Netherlands. Geographic information for long-lived assets was as follows (based upon the physical location of the assets): December 31, Long-lived assets: United States Brazil Australia Iceland Canada Norway Russia China Spain United Kingdom Hungary Jamaica Other 2014 2013 $ 5,403 3,137 2,538 1,460 1,216 588 443 389 339 333 210 - 370 $ 4,760 3,746 3,024 1,518 1,302 762 471 388 446 142 211 393 476 $16,426 $17,639 R. Preferred and Common Stock Preferred Stock. Alcoa has two classes of preferred stock: Class A Preferred Stock and Class B Serial Preferred Stock. Class A Preferred Stock has 660,000 shares authorized at a par value of $100 per share with an annual $3.75 cumulative dividend preference per share. There were 546,024 of such shares outstanding at December 31, 2014 and 2013. Class B Serial Preferred Stock has 10 million shares authorized at a par value of $1 per share. There were 2.5 million of such shares outstanding at December 31, 2014 (see below). 135 In September 2014, Alcoa completed a public offering under its shelf registration statement for $1,250 of 25 million depositary shares, each of which represents a 1/10th interest in a share of Alcoa’s 5.375% Class B Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series 1, par value $1 per share, liquidation preference $500 per share (the “Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock”). The 25 million depositary shares are equivalent to 2.5 million shares of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock. Each depositary share entitles the holder, through the depositary, to a proportional fractional interest in the rights and preferences of a share of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, including conversion, dividend, liquidation, and voting rights, subject to terms of the deposit agreement. Alcoa received $1,213 in net proceeds from the public offering reflecting an underwriting discount. The net proceeds were used, together with the net proceeds of newly issued debt (see Note K), to finance the cash portion of an acquisition of an aerospace business (see Note F). The underwriting discount was recorded as a decrease to Additional capital on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock constitutes a series of Alcoa’s Class B Serial Preferred Stock, which ranks senior to Alcoa’s common stock and junior to Alcoa’s Class A Preferred Stock and existing and future indebtedness. Dividends on the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock are cumulative in nature and will be paid at the rate of $26.8750 per annum per share, commencing January 1, 2015 (paid on December 30, 2014). Holders of the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock generally have no voting rights. On the mandatory conversion date, October 1, 2017, all outstanding shares of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock will automatically convert into shares of Alcoa’s common stock. Based on the Applicable Market Value (as defined in the terms of the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock) of Alcoa’s common stock on the mandatory conversion date, each share of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock will be convertible into not more than 30.9406 shares of common stock and not less than 25.7838 shares of common stock, subject to certain anti-dilution and other adjustments as described in the terms of the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock. At any time prior to October 1, 2017, a holder may elect to convert shares of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, in whole or in part (but in no event less than one share of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock), at the minimum conversion rate of 25.7838 shares of common stock, subject to certain anti-dilution and other adjustments as described in the terms of the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock. Alcoa does not have the right to redeem the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock. If Alcoa undergoes a fundamental change, as defined in the terms of the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, holders may elect to convert their Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, in whole or in part (but in no event less than one share of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock), into shares of Alcoa’s common stock. The per share conversion rate under a fundamental change is not less than 25.2994 shares of common stock and not more than 30.9406 shares of common stock. Holders who elect to convert will also receive any accumulated and unpaid dividends and a Fundamental Change Dividend Make-whole Amount (as defined in the terms of the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock) equal to the present value of all remaining dividend payments on the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock. The underwriters of this public offering were granted a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 3,750,000 depositary shares (equivalent to 375,000 shares of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock) solely to cover overallotments, if any. This option expired unexercised on October 16, 2014. Common Stock. There are 1.8 billion shares authorized at a par value of $1 per share, and 1,303,813,830 shares and 1,177,906,867 shares, respectively, were issued at December 31, 2014 and 2013. The current dividend yield as authorized by Alcoa’s Board of Directors is $0.12 per annum or $0.03 per quarter. In early 2014, Alcoa issued 89 million shares of common stock under the terms of Alcoa’s 5.25% Convertible Notes due March 15, 2014 (see Note K). Also, in November 2014, Alcoa issued 37 million shares of common stock as part of the consideration paid to acquire an aerospace business, Firth Rixson (see Note F). As of December 31, 2014, 88 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under Alcoa’s stock-based compensation plans, respectively. Alcoa issues shares from treasury stock to satisfy the exercise of stock options and the conversion of stock awards. 136 Share Activity (number of shares) Balance at end of 2011 Issued for stock-based compensation plans Balance at end of 2012 Conversion of convertible notes Issued for stock-based compensation plans Balance at end of 2013 Conversion of convertible notes Private placement Issued for stock-based compensation plans Balance at end of 2014 Stock-based Compensation Common stock Treasury Outstanding 113,494,491 (2,799,887) 1,064,412,066 2,799,887 110,694,604 - (3,798,899) 1,067,211,953 310 3,798,899 106,895,705 - - (19,745,536) 1,071,011,162 89,383,953 36,523,010 19,745,536 87,150,169 1,216,663,661 Alcoa has a stock-based compensation plan under which stock options and stock awards are granted in January each year to eligible employees. Most plan participants can choose whether to receive their award in the form of stock options, stock awards, or a combination of both. This choice is made before the grant is issued and is irrevocable. Stock options are granted at the closing market price of Alcoa’s common stock on the date of grant and vest over a three-year service period (1/3 each year) with a ten-year contractual term (at December 31, 2014, there are 2 million options outstanding that have a six-year term and expire in 2015). Stock awards also vest over a three-year service period from the date of grant and certain of these awards also include performance conditions. In 2014, 2013, and 2012, the final number of performance stock awards earned will be based on Alcoa’s achievement of sales and profitability targets over the respective three-year period. One-third of the award will be earned each year based on the performance against the pre-established targets for that year. The performance stock awards earned over the three-year period vest at the end of the third year. In 2014, 2013, and 2012, Alcoa recognized stock-based compensation expense of $87 ($58 after-tax), $71 ($48 after- tax), and $67 ($46 after-tax), respectively, of which approximately 80%, 70%, and 60%, respectively, related to stock awards (there was no stock-based compensation expense capitalized in 2014, 2013, or 2012). At December 31, 2014, there was $64 (pretax) of unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested stock option grants and non-vested stock award grants. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years. As part of Alcoa’s stock-based compensation plan design, individuals who are retirement-eligible have a six-month requisite service period in the year of grant. As a result, a larger portion of expense will be recognized in the first half of each year for these retirement-eligible employees. Of the total pretax compensation expense recognized in 2014, 2013, and 2012, $15, $14, and $13, respectively, pertains to the acceleration of expense related to retirement-eligible employees. Stock-based compensation expense is based on the grant date fair value of the applicable equity grant. For stock awards, the fair value was equivalent to the closing market price of Alcoa’s common stock on the date of grant. For stock options, the fair value was estimated on the date of grant using a lattice-pricing model, which generated a result of $2.84, $2.24, and $3.11 per option in 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. The lattice-pricing model uses a number of assumptions to estimate the fair value of a stock option, including an average risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, volatility, annual forfeiture rate, exercise behavior, and contractual life. The following paragraph describes in detail the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted in 2014 (the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted in 2013 and 2012 were not materially different). The range of average risk-free interest rates (0.06-2.88%) was based on a yield curve of interest rates at the time of the grant based on the contractual life of the option. The dividend yield (1.4%) was based on a one-year average. Volatility (30-40%) was based on historical and implied volatilities over the term of the option. Alcoa utilized historical option forfeiture data to estimate annual pre- and post-vesting forfeitures (7%). Exercise behavior (45%) was based on a 137 weighted average exercise ratio (exercise patterns for grants issued over the number of years in the contractual option term) of an option’s intrinsic value resulting from historical employee exercise behavior. Based upon the other assumptions used in the determination of the fair value, the life of an option (6.0 years) was an output of the lattice-pricing model. The activity for stock options and stock awards during 2014 was as follows (options and awards in millions): Outstanding, January 1, 2014 Granted Exercised Converted Expired or forfeited Performance share adjustment Outstanding, December 31, 2014 Stock options Stock awards Number of options 45 6 (17) - (2) - 32 Weighted average exercise price $10.78 11.06 8.70 - 20.93 - 11.26 Number of awards 16 7 - (4) (1) 1 19 Weighted average FMV per award $10.88 11.14 - 16.18 9.98 10.00 9.98 As of December 31, 2014, the number of stock options outstanding had a weighted average remaining contractual life of 6.41 years and a total intrinsic value of $144. Additionally, 18.1 million of the stock options outstanding were fully vested and exercisable and had a weighted average remaining contractual life of 5.23 years, a weighted average exercise price of $12.13, and a total intrinsic value of $68 as of December 31, 2014. In 2014, 2013, and 2012, the cash received from stock option exercises was $150, $13, and $12 and the total tax benefit realized from these exercises was $28, $1, and $1, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during 2014, 2013, and 2012 was $84, $2, and $2, respectively. S. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share (EPS) amounts are computed by dividing earnings, after the deduction of preferred stock dividends declared and dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities, by the average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS amounts assume the issuance of common stock for all potentially dilutive share equivalents outstanding not classified as participating securities. The information used to compute basic and diluted EPS attributable to Alcoa common shareholders was as follows (shares in millions): Net income (loss) attributable to Alcoa common shareholders Less: preferred stock dividends declared Net income (loss) available to common equity Less: dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities Net income (loss) available to Alcoa common shareholders—basic Add: interest expense related to convertible notes Add: dividends related to mandatory convertible preferred stock Net income (loss) available to Alcoa common shareholders—diluted Average shares outstanding—basic Effect of dilutive securities: Stock options Stock and performance awards Convertible notes Mandatory convertible preferred stock Average shares outstanding—diluted 2014 $ 268 21 247 - 247 - - $ 247 1,162 7 11 - - 1,180 138 2013 2 (2,287) - (2,287) - - 2012 $(2,285) $ 191 2 189 - 189 - - $(2,287) $ 189 1,067 1,070 - - - - 1,070 3 6 - - 1,076 Participating securities are defined as unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) and are included in the computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method. Prior to January 1, 2010, under Alcoa’s stock-based compensation programs, certain employees were granted stock and performance awards, which entitle those employees to receive nonforfeitable dividends during the vesting period on a basis equivalent to the dividends paid to holders of Alcoa’s common stock. As such, these unvested stock and performance awards met the definition of a participating security. Under the two-class method, all earnings, whether distributed or undistributed, are allocated to each class of common stock and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends. At the end of all three years presented, there were no outstanding participating securities, as all such securities have vested and were converted into shares of common stock. Effective January 1, 2010, new grants of stock and performance awards do not contain a nonforfeitable right to dividends during the vesting period. As a result, an employee will forfeit the right to dividends accrued on unvested awards if that person does not fulfill their service requirement during the vesting period. As such, these awards are not treated as participating securities in the EPS calculation as the employees do not have equivalent dividend rights as common shareholders. These awards are included in the EPS calculation utilizing the treasury stock method similar to stock options. At December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012, there were 19 million, 16 million, and 12 million such awards outstanding, respectively. In 2014, 16 million and 22 million share equivalents related to convertible notes and mandatory convertible preferred stock, respectively, were not included in the computation of diluted EPS because their effect was anti-dilutive. In 2013, basic average shares outstanding and diluted average shares outstanding were the same because the effect of potential shares of common stock was anti-dilutive since Alcoa generated a net loss. As a result, 89 million share equivalents related to convertible notes, 16 million stock awards, and 12 million stock options were not included in the computation of diluted EPS. Had Alcoa generated sufficient income from continuing operations in 2013, 89 million, 9 million, and 2 million potential shares of common stock related to the convertible notes, stock awards, and stock options, respectively, would have been included in diluted average shares outstanding. In 2012, 89 million share equivalents related to convertible notes were not included in the computation of diluted EPS because their effect was anti-dilutive. Options to purchase 3 million, 12 million, and 27 million shares of common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $16.24, $15.81, and $15.41 per share were outstanding as of December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively, but were not included in the computation of diluted EPS because they were anti-dilutive, as the exercise prices of the options were greater than the average market price of Alcoa’s common stock. 139 T. Income Taxes The components of income (loss) before income taxes were as follows: United States Foreign The provision for income taxes consisted of the following: Current: Federal* Foreign State and local Deferred: Federal* Foreign State and local Total * Includes U.S. taxes related to foreign income 2014 2012 2013 $(125) $(1,269) $394 (70) $(1,816) $324 622 $ 497 (547) 2014 2013 2012 $ (3) $ 14 235 357 1 1 250 355 $ 85 167 9 261 7 (41) (1) (35) $320 84 95 (1) 178 $428 129 (227) (1) (99) $ 162 The exercise of employee stock options generated a tax benefit of $9 in 2014 and a tax charge of $1 in both 2013 and 2012, representing only the difference between compensation expense recognized for financial reporting and tax purposes. These amounts decreased equity and increased either current taxes payable or deferred tax assets (not operating losses) in the respective periods. Alcoa has unamortized tax-deductible goodwill of $30 resulting from intercompany stock sales and reorganizations. Alcoa recognizes the tax benefits (at a 30% rate in 2014 and will be a rate of 28% in 2015 and 25% in 2016 and later years) associated with this tax-deductible goodwill as it is being amortized for local income tax purposes rather than in the period in which the transaction is consummated. A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to Alcoa’s effective tax rate was as follows (the effective tax rate for both 2014 and 2012 was a provision on income and for 2013 was a provision on a loss): 2012 U.S. federal statutory rate Taxes on foreign operations Permanent differences on restructuring and other charges and asset disposals Audit and other adjustments to prior years’ accruals Noncontrolling interests(1) Statutory tax rate and law changes(2) Tax holidays(3) Changes in valuation allowances Impairment of goodwill Amortization of goodwill related to intercompany stock sales/reorganizations Change in legal structure of investments Interest income related to income tax positions Company-owned life insurance/split-dollar net premiums Other Effective tax rate (1) 2014 2013 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% (0.1) (0.3) (2.7) 10.8 (0.8) (3.5) 3.5 (0.9) - 3.8 (3.1) 6.8 (0.4) 0.6 17.9 - - 6.1 15.2 (23.2) 6.6 - (33.3) - (7.7) 1.1 - (4.1) - - (1.3) - (0.5) (3.9) 1.1 (2.2) (0.8) 0.2 0.9 64.4% (23.6)% 50.0% In 2014, the noncontrolling interests’ impact on Alcoa’s effective tax rate was mostly due to the noncontrolling interest’s share of a loss on the divestiture of an ownership interest in a mining and refining joint venture in Jamaica (see Note F). In November 2014, Spain enacted corporate tax reform that changed the corporate tax rate from 30% in 2014 to 28% in 2015 to 25% in 2016. As a result, Alcoa remeasured certain deferred tax assets related to Spanish subsidiaries. In 2014, a tax holiday for certain Alcoa subsidiaries in Brazil became effective (see below). (2) (3) 140 The components of net deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows: December 31, Depreciation Employee benefits Loss provisions Deferred income/expense Tax loss carryforwards Tax credit carryforwards Derivatives and hedging activities Other Valuation allowance 2014 2013 Deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities Deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities $ 147 2,413 441 30 2,075 625 5 521 6,257 (1,668) $1,187 37 10 230 - - 39 297 1,800 - $ 185 2,499 437 87 2,229 567 74 310 6,388 (1,804) $1,150 36 14 188 - - 25 261 1,674 - $ 4,589 $1,800 $ 4,584 $1,674 The following table details the expiration periods of the deferred tax assets presented above: December 31, 2014 Tax loss carryforwards Tax credit carryforwards Other Valuation allowance Expires within 10 years Expires within 11-20 years $ 330 428 - (341) $ 417 $ 619 86 - (645) $ 60 No expiration* Other* Total $1,126 111 488 (392) $1,333 $ - - 3,069 (290) $ 2,075 625 3,557 (1,668) $2,779 $ 4,589 * Deferred tax assets with no expiration may still have annual limitations on utilization. Other represents deferred tax assets whose expiration is dependent upon the reversal of the underlying temporary difference. A substantial amount of Other relates to employee benefits that will become deductible for tax purposes over an extended period of time as contributions are made to employee benefit plans and payments are made to retirees. The total deferred tax asset (net of valuation allowance) is supported by projections of future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences (64%), taxable temporary differences that reverse within the carryforward period (35%), and tax planning strategies (1%). Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not (greater than 50%) that a tax benefit will not be realized. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, management considers all potential sources of taxable income, including income available in carryback periods, future reversals of taxable temporary differences, projections of taxable income, and income from tax planning strategies, as well as all available positive and negative evidence. Positive evidence includes factors such as a history of profitable operations, projections of future profitability within the carryforward period, including from tax planning strategies, and Alcoa’s experience with similar operations. Existing favorable contracts and the ability to sell products into established markets are additional positive evidence. Negative evidence includes items such as cumulative losses, projections of future losses, or carryforward periods that are not long enough to allow for the utilization of a deferred tax asset based on existing projections of income. In certain jurisdictions, deferred tax assets related to cumulative losses exist without a valuation allowance where in management’s judgment the weight of the positive evidence more than offsets the negative evidence of the cumulative losses. Upon changes in facts and circumstances, management may conclude that deferred tax assets for which no valuation allowance is currently recorded may not be realized, resulting in a future charge to establish a valuation allowance. Existing valuation allowances are re-examined under the same standards of positive and negative evidence. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will be realized, the 141 appropriate amount of the valuation allowance, if any, is released. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are also re- measured to reflect changes in underlying tax rates due to law changes and the granting and lapse of tax holidays. In 2013, Alcoa recognized a $372 discrete income tax charge for valuation allowances on certain deferred tax assets in Spain and the United States. Of this amount, a $237 valuation allowance was established on the full value of the deferred tax assets related to a Spanish consolidated tax group. These deferred tax assets have an expiration period ranging from 2016 (for certain credits) to an unlimited life (for operating losses). After weighing all available positive and negative evidence, as described above, management determined that it was no longer more likely than not that Alcoa will realize the tax benefit of these deferred tax assets. This was mainly driven by a decline in the outlook of the Primary Metals business (2013 realized prices were the lowest since 2009) combined with prior year cumulative losses of the Spanish consolidated tax group. During 2014, the underlying value of the deferred tax assets decreased due to a remeasurement as a result of the enactment of new tax rates in Spain beginning in 2015, the sale of a member of the Spanish consolidated tax group, and a change in foreign currency exchange rates. As a result the valuation allowance decreased by the same amount. At December 31, 2014, the amount of the valuation allowance was $163. This valuation allowance was reevaluated as of December 31, 2014, and no change to the allowance was deemed necessary based on all available evidence. The need for this valuation allowance will be assessed on a continuous basis in future periods and, as a result, a portion or all of the allowance may be reversed based on changes in facts and circumstances. The remaining $135 relates to a valuation allowance established on a portion of available foreign tax credits in the United States. These credits can be carried forward for 10 years, and have an expiration period ranging from 2016 to 2023 as of December 31, 2013 (2015 to 2019 as of December 31, 2014). After weighing all available positive and negative evidence, as described above, management determined that it was no longer more likely than not that Alcoa will realize the full tax benefit of these foreign tax credits. This was primarily due to lower foreign sourced taxable income after consideration of tax planning strategies and after the inclusion of earnings from foreign subsidiaries projected to be distributable as taxable foreign dividends. This valuation allowance was reevaluated as of December 31, 2014, and no change to the allowance was deemed necessary based on all available evidence. The need for this valuation allowance will be assessed on a continuous basis in future periods and, as a result, an increase or decrease to this allowance may result based on changes in facts and circumstances. In December 2011, one of Alcoa’s subsidiaries in Brazil applied for a tax holiday related to its expanded mining and refining operations. During 2013, the application was amended and re-filed and, separately, a similar application was filed for another one of the Company’s subsidiaries in Brazil. The deadline for the Brazilian government to deny the application was July 11, 2014. Since Alcoa did not receive notice that its applications were denied, the tax holiday took effect automatically on July 12, 2014. As a result, the tax rate for these subsidiaries decreased significantly (from 34% to 15.25%), resulting in future cash tax savings over the 10-year holiday period (retroactively effective as of January 1, 2013). Additionally, a portion of one of the subsidiaries net deferred tax asset that reverses within the holiday period was remeasured at the new tax rate (the net deferred tax asset of the other subsidiary was not remeasured since it could still be utilized against the subsidiary’s future earnings not subject to the tax holiday). This remeasurement resulted in a decrease to that subsidiary’s net deferred tax asset and a noncash charge to earnings of $52 ($31 after noncontrolling interest). The following table details the changes in the valuation allowance: December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Balance at beginning of year Increase to allowance Release of allowance Acquisitions and divestitures (F) U.S. state tax apportionment and tax rate changes Foreign currency translation Balance at end of year 471 (41) $1,804 117 (77) (37) — (80) (59) $1,400 $1,398 45 (31) — (17) 5 (32) 6 $1,668 $1,804 $1,400 The cumulative amount of Alcoa’s foreign undistributed net earnings for which no deferred taxes have been provided was approximately $4,600 at December 31, 2014. Alcoa has a number of commitments and obligations related to the Company’s growth strategy in foreign jurisdictions. As such, management has no plans to distribute such earnings in the foreseeable future, and, therefore, has determined it is not practicable to determine the related deferred tax liability. 142 Alcoa and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states and foreign jurisdictions. With a few minor exceptions, Alcoa is no longer subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2004. All U.S. tax years prior to 2014 have been audited by the Internal Revenue Service. Various state and foreign jurisdiction tax authorities are in the process of examining Alcoa’s income tax returns for various tax years through 2013. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest and penalties) was as follows: December 31, Balance at beginning of year Additions for tax positions of the current year Additions for tax positions of prior years Reductions for tax positions of prior years Settlements with tax authorities Expiration of the statute of limitations Foreign currency translation Balance at end of year 2014 $ 63 2 5 (4) (29) - (2) $ 35 2013 $66 2 11 (2) (8) (2) (4) $63 2012 $ 51 - 39 (7) (18) - 1 $ 66 For all periods presented, a portion of the balance at end of year pertains to state tax liabilities, which are presented before any offset for federal tax benefits. The effect of unrecognized tax benefits, if recorded, that would impact the annual effective tax rate for 2014, 2013, and 2012 would be approximately 4%, (1)%, and 6%, respectively, of pretax book income (loss). Alcoa does not anticipate that changes in its unrecognized tax benefits will have a material impact on the Statement of Consolidated Operations during 2015 (see Other Matters in Note N for a matter for which no reserve has been recognized). It is Alcoa’s policy to recognize interest and penalties related to income taxes as a component of the Provision for income taxes on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. In 2014, 2013, and 2012, Alcoa recognized $1, $2, and $3, respectively, in interest and penalties. Due to the expiration of the statute of limitations, settlements with tax authorities, and refunded overpayments, Alcoa also recognized interest income of $5, $12, and $7 in 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the amount accrued for the payment of interest and penalties was $9 and $11, respectively. U. Receivables Sale of Receivables Programs Alcoa has an arrangement with three financial institutions to sell certain customer receivables without recourse on a revolving basis. The sale of such receivables is completed through the use of a bankruptcy remote special purpose entity, which is a consolidated subsidiary of Alcoa. This arrangement originally provided for minimum funding of $50 up to a maximum of $250 for receivables sold. In May 2013, the arrangement was amended to increase the minimum and maximum funding to $200 and $500, respectively, and include two additional financial institutions. On March 30, 2012, Alcoa initially sold $304 of customer receivables in exchange for $50 in cash and $254 of deferred purchase price under this arrangement. Alcoa has received additional net cash funding of $200 ($1,258 in draws and $1,058 in repayments) since the program’s inception, including $40 ($710 in draws and $670 in repayments) and $5 ($388 in draws and $383 in repayments) in 2014 and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the deferred purchase price receivable was $356 and $248, respectively, which was included in Other receivables on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. The deferred purchase price receivable is reduced as collections of the underlying receivables occur; however, as this is a revolving program, the sale of new receivables will result in an increase in the deferred purchase price receivable. The net change in the deferred purchase price receivable was reflected in the (Increase) decrease in receivables line item on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows. This activity is reflected as an operating cash flow because the related customer receivables are the result of an operating activity with an insignificant, short-term interest rate risk. 143 In 2014 and 2013, the gross cash outflows and inflows associated with the deferred purchase price receivable were $7,381 and $7,272, respectively, and $6,985 and $6,755, respectively. The gross amount of receivables sold and total cash collected under this program since its inception was $17,705 and $17,098, respectively. Alcoa services the customer receivables for the financial institutions at market rates; therefore, no servicing asset or liability was recorded. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The following table details the changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts related to customer receivables and other receivables: December 31, Balance at beginning of year Provision for doubtful accounts Write off of uncollectible accounts Recoveries of prior write-offs Other Balance at end of year V. Interest Cost Components Amount charged to expense Amount capitalized Customer receivables Other receivables 2012 2014 2012 2013 2014 2013 $20 2 (3) (2) (3) $14 $ 39 3 (19) (3) - $ 20 $46 2 (8) (1) - $39 $47 8 (4) (7) (3) $41 $ 74 29 (39) (10) (7) $ 47 $79 9 (3) (6) (5) $74 2014 2013 2012 $473 56 $529 $453 99 $552 $490 93 $583 W. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits Alcoa maintains pension plans covering most U.S. employees and certain employees in foreign locations. Pension benefits generally depend on length of service, job grade, and remuneration. Substantially all benefits are paid through pension trusts that are sufficiently funded to ensure that all plans can pay benefits to retirees as they become due. Most salaried and non-bargaining hourly U.S. employees hired after March 1, 2006 participate in a defined contribution plan instead of a defined benefit plan. On June 6, 2014, the United Steelworkers ratified a new five-year labor agreement covering approximately 6,100 employees at 10 U.S. locations; the previous labor agreement expired on May 15, 2014. In 2014, as a result of the preparation for and ratification of the new agreement, Alcoa recognized $18 ($12 after-tax) in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations for, among other items, business contingency costs and a one- time signing bonus for employees. Additionally, as a result of the provisions of the new labor agreement, a significant plan amendment was adopted by one of Alcoa’s U.S. pension plans. Accordingly, this plan was required to be remeasured, and through this process, the discount rate was updated from 4.80% at December 31, 2013 to 4.25% at May 31, 2014. The plan remeasurement resulted in an increase to both Alcoa’s pension liability of $100 and a combination of the plan’s unrecognized net actuarial loss and prior service cost (included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss) of $65 (after-tax). The plan remeasurement also resulted in a $13 decrease to 2014 net periodic benefit cost. Alcoa also maintains health care and life insurance postretirement benefit plans covering eligible U.S. retired employees and certain retirees from foreign locations. Generally, the medical plans are unfunded and pay a percentage of medical expenses, reduced by deductibles and other coverages. Life benefits are generally provided by insurance contracts. Alcoa retains the right, subject to existing agreements, to change or eliminate these benefits. All salaried and 144 certain non-bargaining hourly U.S. employees hired after January 1, 2002 and certain bargaining hourly U.S. employees hired after July 1, 2010 are not eligible for postretirement health care benefits. All salaried and certain hourly U.S. employees that retire on or after April 1, 2008 are not eligible for postretirement life insurance benefits. Effective January 1, 2015, Alcoa will no longer offer postretirement health care benefits to Medicare-eligible, primarily non-bargaining, U.S. retirees through Company-sponsored plans. Qualifying retirees (hired prior to January 1, 2002), both current and future, may access these benefits in the marketplace by purchasing coverage directly from insurance carriers. This change resulted in the adoption of a significant plan amendment by certain Alcoa U.S. postretirement benefit plans in August 2014. Accordingly, these plans were required to be remeasured, and through this process, the discount rate was updated from 4.80% at December 31, 2013 to 4.15% at August 31, 2014. The remeasurement of the plans resulted in a decrease to both Alcoa’s other postretirement benefits liability of $90 and a combination of the plans’ unrecognized net actuarial loss and prior service benefit (included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss) of $59 (after-tax). The remeasurement of the plans also resulted in a $7 decrease to 2014 net periodic benefit cost. 145 The funded status of all of Alcoa’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans are measured as of December 31 each calendar year. Obligations and Funded Status December 31, Change in benefit obligation Benefit obligation at beginning of year Service cost Interest cost Amendments Actuarial losses (gains) Acquisitions (F) Divestitures (F) Settlements Benefits paid, net of participants’ contributions Medicare Part D subsidy receipts Foreign currency translation impact Benefit obligation at end of year* Change in plan assets Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year Actual return on plan assets Employer contributions Participants’ contributions Benefits paid Administrative expenses Acquisitions (F) Divestitures (F) Settlements Foreign currency translation impact Fair value of plan assets at end of year* Funded status* Less: Amounts attributed to joint venture partners Net funded status Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet consist of: Noncurrent assets Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Net amount recognized Pension benefits 2013 2014 Other postretirement benefits 2014 2013 $13,730 182 640 33 1,552 455 (142) (134) (1,051) - (246) $15,019 $14,751 213 611 82 (849) - - (13) (841) - (224) $13,730 $11,043 $10,580 109 1,764 473 507 27 25 (825) (1,038) (40) (54) - 431 - (164) (17) (134) (190) (200) $11,717 $10,580 $ (3,302) $ (3,150) (25) $ (3,269) $ (3,125) (33) $ $ 53 (31) (3,291) 88 (30) (3,183) $ (3,269) $ (3,125) $ 2,592 15 114 (111) 16 - (10) - (264) 19 (3) $ 2,368 $ - - - - - - - - - - $ - $(2,368) - $(2,368) $ - (213) (2,155) $(2,368) $ $ 392 (144) 248 - 248 $ 2,863 17 114 - (170) - - - (249) 20 (3) $ 2,592 $ - - - - - - - - - - $ - $(2,592) (4) $(2,588) $ - (234) (2,354) $(2,588) $ $ 389 (57) 332 (1) 333 Amounts recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss consist of: Net actuarial loss Prior service cost (benefit) Total, before tax effect Less: Amounts attributed to joint venture partners Net amount recognized, before tax effect $ 5,379 102 5,481 43 $ 5,438 $ 5,198 94 5,292 38 $ 5,254 Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in Other Comprehensive Loss consist of: $ Net actuarial loss (gain) Amortization of accumulated net actuarial loss Prior service cost Amortization of prior service (cost) benefit Total, before tax effect Less: Amounts attributed to joint venture partners Net amount recognized, before tax effect At December 31, 2014, the benefit obligation, fair value of plan assets, and funded status for U.S. pension plans were $11,404, $8,576, and $(2,828), respectively. At December 31, 2013, the benefit obligation, fair value of plan assets, and funded status for U.S. pension plans were $10,643, $7,909, and $(2,734), respectively. $ (193) (489) - (25) (707) (16) $ (691) $ (169) (35) - 19 (185) - $ (185) 572 (391) 26 (18) 189 5 184 15 (13) (112) 25 (85) - (85) $ $ $ * 146 Pension Plan Benefit Obligations The projected benefit obligation and accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was as follows: Projected benefit obligation Accumulated benefit obligation The aggregate projected benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets was as follows: Projected benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets The aggregate accumulated benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets was as follows: Pension benefits 2013 2014 $15,019 $13,730 13,324 14,553 14,151 10,777 12,180 8,930 13,112 10,144 11,776 8,890 Accumulated benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost Service cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Recognized net actuarial loss Amortization of prior service cost (benefit) Settlements(3) Curtailments(4) Special termination benefits(5) Net periodic benefit cost(6) Pension benefits(1) 2012 2013 2014 $ 166 630 (782) 391 18 26 - - $ 194 602 (788) 489 19 9 6 77 $ 186 639 (808) 384 19 - - - $ 449 $ 608 $ 420 Other postretirement benefits(2) 2013 2014 2012 $ 15 114 - 13 (25) - - - $117 $ 17 114 - 35 (18) - - - $148 $ 14 131 - 25 (16) - - - $154 (1) (2) (3) (4) In 2014, 2013, and 2012, net periodic benefit cost for U.S pension plans was $335, $391, and $288, respectively. In 2014, 2013, and 2012, net periodic benefit cost for other postretirement benefits reflects a reduction of $38, $55, and $64, respectively, related to the recognition of the federal subsidy awarded under Medicare Part D. In 2014, settlements were due to workforce reductions (see Note D). In 2013, settlements were due to the payment of significant lump sum benefits and/or purchases of annuity contracts. In 2013, curtailments were due to elimination of benefits or workforce reductions (see Note D). In 2013, special termination benefits were due to workforce reductions (see Note D). (5) (6) Amounts attributed to joint venture partners are not included. Amounts Expected to be Recognized in Net Periodic Benefit Cost Net actuarial loss recognition Prior service cost (benefit) recognition Pension benefits Other postretirement benefits 2015 $465 17 2015 $ 15 (38) 147 Assumptions Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations for U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans were as follows (assumptions for non-U.S plans did not differ materially): December 31, Discount rate Rate of compensation increase 2014 2013 4.00% 4.80% 3.5 3.5 The discount rate is determined using a Company-specific yield curve model (above-median) developed with the assistance of an external actuary. The cash flows of the plans’ projected benefit obligations are discounted using a single equivalent rate derived from yields on high quality corporate bonds, which represent a broad diversification of issuers in various sectors, including finance and banking, consumer products, transportation, insurance, and pharmaceutical, among others. The yield curve model parallels the plans’ projected cash flows, which have an average duration of 10 years, and the underlying cash flows of the bonds included in the model exceed the cash flows needed to satisfy the Company’s plans’ obligations multiple times. The rate of compensation increase is based upon actual experience. For 2015, the rate of compensation increase will be 3.5%, which approximates the five-year average. Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans were as follows (assumptions for non-U.S plans did not differ materially): Discount rate* Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets Rate of compensation increase 2014 2013 2012 4.80% 4.15% 4.90% 8.50 8.00 3.50 3.50 8.50 3.50 * In all periods presented, the respective discount rates were used to determine net periodic benefit cost for most U.S. pension plans for the full annual period. However, the discount rates for a limited number of plans were updated during 2014 and 2013 to reflect the remeasurement of these plans due to new union labor agreements, settlements, and/or curtailments. The updated discount rates used were not significantly different from the discount rates presented. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is generally applied to a five-year market-related value of plan assets (a four-year average or the fair value at the plan measurement date is used for certain non-U.S. plans). The process used by management to develop this assumption is one that relies on a combination of historical asset return information and forward-looking returns by asset class. As it relates to historical asset return information, management focuses on the annual, 10-year moving, and 20-year moving averages when developing this assumption. Management also incorporates expected future returns on current and planned asset allocations using information from various external investment managers and consultants, as well as management’s own judgment. For 2014, 2013, and 2012, the expected long-term rate of return used by management was based on the prevailing and planned strategic asset allocations, as well as estimates of future returns by asset class. These rates fell within the respective range of the 20-year moving average of actual performance and the expected future return developed by asset class. In 2014, the decrease of 50 basis points in the expected long-term rate of return was due to a combination of a decrease in the 20-year moving average of actual performance and lower future expected market returns at that time. For 2015, management has determined that 7.75% will be the expected long-term rate of return. The decrease of 25 basis points in the expected long-term rate of return is due to lower future expected market returns. 148 Assumed health care cost trend rates for U.S. other postretirement benefit plans were as follows (assumptions for non- U.S plans did not differ materially): Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year Rate to which the cost trend rate gradually declines Year that the rate reaches the rate at which it is assumed to remain 2014 2013 2012 5.5% 5.5% 6.0% 4.5% 4.5% 4.5% 2018 2017 2017 The assumed health care cost trend rate is used to measure the expected cost of gross eligible charges covered by Alcoa’s other postretirement benefit plans. For 2015, a 5.5% trend rate will be used, reflecting management’s best estimate of the change in future health care costs covered by the plans. The plans’ actual annual health care cost trend experience over the past three years has ranged from (7.5)% to 4.0%. Management does not believe this three-year range is indicative of expected increases for future health care costs over the long-term. Assumed health care cost trend rates have an effect on the amounts reported for the health care plan. A one-percentage point change in these assumed rates would have the following effects: Effect on other postretirement benefit obligations Effect on total of service and interest cost components Plan Assets 1% increase 1% decrease $115 6 $(125) (6) Alcoa’s pension plans’ investment policy and weighted average asset allocations at December 31, 2014 and 2013, by asset class, were as follows: Asset class Equities Fixed income Other investments Total Policy range 20–55% 25–55% 15–35% Plan assets at December 31, 2013 2014 33% 45 22 37% 41 22 100% 100% The principal objectives underlying the investment of the pension plans’ assets are to ensure that Alcoa can properly fund benefit obligations as they become due under a broad range of potential economic and financial scenarios, maximize the long-term investment return with an acceptable level of risk based on such obligations, and broadly diversify investments across and within the capital markets to protect asset values against adverse movements. Specific objectives for long-term investment strategy include reducing the volatility of pension assets relative to pension liabilities and achieving risk factor diversification across the balance of the asset portfolio. A portion of the assets are matched to the interest rate profile of the benefit obligation through long duration fixed income investments and exposure to broad equity risk has been decreased and diversified through investments in discretionary and systematic macro hedge funds, long/short equity hedge funds, and global and emerging market equities. Investments are further diversified by strategy, asset class, geography, and sector to enhance returns and mitigate downside risk. A large number of external investment managers are used to gain broad exposure to the financial markets and to mitigate manager-concentration risk. Investment practices comply with the requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) and other applicable laws and regulations. The use of derivative instruments is permitted where appropriate and necessary for achieving overall investment policy objectives. Currently, the use of derivative instruments is not significant when compared to the overall investment portfolio. 149 The following section describes the valuation methodologies used by the trustees to measure the fair value of pension plan assets, including an indication of the level in the fair value hierarchy in which each type of asset is generally classified (see Note X for the definition of fair value and a description of the fair value hierarchy). Equities. These securities consist of: (i) direct investments in the stock of publicly traded U.S. and non-U.S. companies and are valued based on the closing price reported in an active market on which the individual securities are traded (generally classified in Level 1); (ii) the plans’ share of commingled funds that are invested in the stock of publicly traded companies and are valued at the net asset value of shares held at December 31(included in Level 1 if quoted in an active market, otherwise these investments are included in Level 2); and (iii) direct investments in long/short equity hedge funds and private equity (limited partnerships and venture capital partnerships) and are valued by investment managers based on the most recent financial information available, which typically represents significant unobservable data (generally classified as Level 3). Fixed income. These securities consist of: (i) U.S. government debt and are generally valued using quoted prices (included in Level 1); (ii) publicly traded U.S. and non-U.S. fixed interest obligations (principally corporate bonds and debentures) and are valued through consultation and evaluation with brokers in the institutional market using quoted prices and other observable market data (included in Level 2); (iii) cash and cash equivalents, which consist of government securities in commingled funds, and are generally valued using observable market data (included in Level 2); and (iv) commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities and are valued by investment managers based on the most recent financial information available, which typically represents significant unobservable data (generally classified as Level 3). Other investments. These investments include, among others: (i) exchange traded funds, such as gold, and real estate investment trusts and are valued based on the closing price reported in an active market on which the investments are traded (included in Level 1); (ii) the plans’ share of commingled funds that are invested in real estate investment trusts and are valued at the net asset value of shares held at December 31 (generally included in Level 3, however, if fair value is able to be determined through the use of quoted market prices of similar assets or other observable market data, then the investments are classified in Level 2); and (iii) direct investments of discretionary and systematic macro hedge funds and private real estate (includes limited partnerships) and are valued by investment managers based on the most recent financial information available, which typically represents significant unobservable data (generally classified as Level 3, however, if fair value is able to be determined through the use of quoted market prices of similar assets or other observable market data, then the investments are classified in Level 2). The fair value methods described above may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Additionally, while Alcoa believes the valuation methods used by the plans’ trustees are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date. 150 The following table presents the fair value of pension plan assets classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy: December 31, 2014 Equities: Equity securities Long/short equity hedge funds Private equity Fixed income: Intermediate and long duration government/credit Other Other investments: Real estate Discretionary and systematic macro hedge funds Other Total* December 31, 2013 Equities Equity securities Long/short equity hedge funds Private equity Fixed income: Intermediate and long duration government/credit Other Other investments: Real estate Discretionary and systematic macro hedge funds Other Total** Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $1,156 - - $1,131 - - $ 176 963 543 $ 2,463 963 543 $1,156 $1,131 $1,682 $ 3,969 $2,998 - $1,900 413 $2,998 $2,313 $ $ - - - $ 4,898 413 $ 5,311 $ 152 - 140 $ 292 $4,446 $ 18 - - 18 $ $3,462 $ 459 1,408 376 $2,243 $3,925 $ 629 1,408 516 $ 2,553 $11,833 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $1,084 - - $1,360 - - $ 144 744 520 $ 2,588 744 520 $1,084 $1,360 $1,408 $ 3,852 $2,251 - $1,551 469 $2,251 $2,020 $ $ - - - $ 3,802 469 $ 4,271 $ $ 124 - 143 $ 267 $ 18 - - 18 $ 494 1,287 232 $ 636 1,287 375 $2,013 $ 2,298 $3,602 $3,398 $3,421 $10,421 * As of December 31, 2014, the total fair value of pension plans’ assets excludes a net payable of $116, which represents assets related to divested businesses (see Note F) to be transferred to the buyers’ pension plans less securities sold not yet settled plus interest and dividends earned on various investments. **As of December 31, 2013, the total fair value of pension plans’ assets excludes a net receivable of $159, which represents securities sold not yet settled plus interest and dividends earned on various investments. 151 Pension plan assets classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy represent investments in which the trustees have used significant unobservable inputs in the valuation model. The following table presents a reconciliation of activity for such investments: Balance at beginning of year Realized gains Unrealized gains Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements Acquisitions (F) Foreign currency translation impact Transfers in and/or out of Level 3* Balance at end of year 2014 2013 $3,421 $3,119 140 173 636 (626) - - - (21) - 180 146 868 (768) - - 117 (39) - $3,925 $3,421 * In 2014 and 2013, there were no transfers of financial instruments into or out of Level 3. Funding and Cash Flows It is Alcoa’s policy to fund amounts for pension plans sufficient to meet the minimum requirements set forth in applicable country benefits laws and tax laws, including the Pension Protection Act of 2006, the Worker, Retiree, and Employer Recovery Act of 2008, the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act of 2012, and the Highway and Transportation Funding Act of 2014 for U.S. plans. From time to time, Alcoa contributes additional amounts as deemed appropriate. In 2014 and 2013, cash contributions to Alcoa’s pension plans were $501 and $462. The minimum required contribution to pension plans in 2015 is estimated to be $485, of which $380 is for U.S. plans. Benefit payments expected to be paid to pension and other postretirement benefit plans’ participants and expected Medicare Part D subsidy receipts are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 through 2024 Defined Contribution Plans Pension benefits $ 890 890 900 910 920 4,670 $9,180 Gross Other postretirement benefits Medicare Part D subsidy receipts Net Other postretirement benefits $ 230 220 220 220 220 1,000 $2,110 $ 15 15 15 15 15 85 $160 $ 215 205 205 205 205 915 $1,950 Alcoa sponsors savings and investment plans in several countries, including the United States and Australia. Expenses related to these plans were $151 in 2014, $149 in 2013, and $146 in 2012. In the United States, employees may contribute a portion of their compensation to the plans, and Alcoa matches a portion of these contributions in equivalent form of the investments elected by the employee. Prior to January 1, 2014, Alcoa’s match was mostly in company stock. X. Derivatives and Other Financial Instruments Fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy distinguishes between (i) market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from independent sources 152 (observable inputs) and (ii) an entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable inputs). The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below: • Level 1—Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates); and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. • Level 3—Inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable. Derivatives. Alcoa is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business operations, including financial, market, political, and economic risks. The following discussion provides information regarding Alcoa’s exposure to the risks of changing commodity prices, interest rates, and foreign currency exchange rates. Alcoa’s commodity and derivative activities are subject to the management, direction, and control of the Strategic Risk Management Committee (SRMC), which is composed of the chief executive officer, the chief financial officer, and other officers and employees that the chief executive officer selects. The SRMC meets on a periodic basis to review derivative positions and strategy and reports to Alcoa’s Board of Directors on the scope of its activities. The aluminum, energy, interest rate, and foreign exchange contracts are held for purposes other than trading. They are used primarily to mitigate uncertainty and volatility, and to cover underlying exposures. Alcoa is not involved in trading activities for energy, weather derivatives, or other nonexchange commodity trading activities. A number of Alcoa’s aluminum, energy, and foreign exchange contracts are classified as Level 1 and an interest rate contract is classified as Level 2 under the fair value hierarchy. These energy, foreign exchange, and interest rate contracts are not material to Alcoa’s Consolidated Financial Statements for all periods presented except as follows for two foreign exchange contracts. Alcoa had a forward contract to purchase $53 (C$58) to mitigate the foreign currency risk related to a Canadian-denominated loan, which was repaid on August 31, 2014 upon maturity. The forward contract expired on August 5, 2014 and a gain of $1 was recognized in 2014. Also, in December 2013, Alcoa entered into a forward contract to purchase $231 (R$543) to mitigate the foreign currency risk associated with a potential future transaction denominated in Brazilian reais. This contract expired on March 31, 2014 and a loss of $4 was recognized in 2014. For the aluminum contracts classified as Level 1, the total fair value of derivatives recorded as assets and liabilities were $2 and $31 and $4 and $45 at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. These contracts were entered into to either hedge forecasted sales or purchases of aluminum in order to manage the associated aluminum price risk. Certain of these contracts are designated as hedging instruments, either fair value or cash flow, and the remaining are not designated as such. Combined, Alcoa recognized a net loss of $15, a net gain of $4, and a net gain of $88 in Sales related to these aluminum contracts in 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. Additionally, for the contracts designated as cash flow hedges, Alcoa recognized an unrealized gain of $9 and $40 in Other comprehensive loss in 2013 and 2012, respectively. In addition to the Level 1 and 2 derivative instruments described above, Alcoa has nine derivative instruments classified as Level 3 under the fair value hierarchy. These instruments are composed of seven embedded aluminum derivatives, an energy contract, and an embedded credit derivative, all of which relate to energy supply contracts associated with seven smelters and three refineries. Five of the embedded aluminum derivatives and the energy contract were designated as cash flow hedging instruments and the remaining derivatives were not designated as hedging instruments. 153 The following section describes the valuation methodologies used by Alcoa to measure its Level 3 derivative instruments at fair value. Derivative instruments classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy represent those in which management has used at least one significant unobservable input in the valuation model. Alcoa uses a discounted cash flow model to fair value all Level 3 derivative instruments. Where appropriate, the description below includes the key inputs to those models and any significant assumptions. These valuation models are reviewed and tested at least on an annual basis. Inputs in the valuation models for Level 3 derivative instruments are composed of the following: (i) quoted market prices (e.g., aluminum prices on the 10-year London Metal Exchange (LME) forward curve and energy prices), (ii) significant other observable inputs (e.g., information concerning time premiums and volatilities for certain option type embedded derivatives and regional premiums for aluminum contracts), and (iii) unobservable inputs (e.g., aluminum and energy prices beyond quoted in the market). For periods beyond the term of quoted market prices for aluminum, Alcoa estimates the price of aluminum by extrapolating the 10-year LME forward curve. Additionally, for periods beyond the term of quoted market prices for energy, management has developed a forward curve based on independent consultant market research. Where appropriate, valuations are adjusted for various factors such as liquidity, bid/offer spreads, and credit considerations. Such adjustments are generally based on available market evidence (Level 2). In the absence of such evidence, management’s best estimate is used (Level 3). If a significant input that is unobservable in one period becomes observable in a subsequent period, the related asset or liability would be transferred to the appropriate classification (Level 1 or 2) in the period of such change (there were no such transfers in the periods presented). Alcoa has embedded derivatives in two power contracts that index the price of power to the LME price of aluminum. Additionally, in late 2014, Alcoa renewed three power contracts, each of which contain an embedded derivative that indexes the price of power to the LME price of aluminum plus the Midwest premium. The embedded derivatives in these five power contracts are primarily valued using observable market prices; however, due to the length of the contracts, the valuation models also require management to estimate the long-term price of aluminum based upon an extrapolation of the 10-year LME forward curve and/or 5-year Midwest premium curve. Significant increases or decreases in the actual LME price beyond 10 years and/or the Midwest premium beyond 5 years would result in a higher or lower fair value measurement. An increase in actual LME price and/or the Midwest premium over the inputs used in the valuation models will result in a higher cost of power and a corresponding decrease to the derivative asset or increase to the derivative liability. The embedded derivatives have been designated as cash flow hedges of forward sales of aluminum. Unrealized gains and losses were included in Other comprehensive loss on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet while realized gains and losses were included in Sales on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations. Also, Alcoa has a power contract separate from above that contains an LME-linked embedded derivative. The embedded derivative is valued using the probability and interrelationship of future LME prices, Australian dollar to U.S. dollar exchange rates, and the U.S. consumer price index. Significant increases or decreases in the LME price would result in a higher or lower fair value measurement. An increase in actual LME price over the inputs used in the valuation model will result in a higher cost of power and a corresponding decrease to the derivative asset. This embedded derivative did not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. Unrealized gains and losses from the embedded derivative were included in Other income, net on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations while realized gains and losses were included in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations as electricity purchases were made under the contract. At the time this derivative asset was recognized, an equivalent amount was recognized as a deferred credit in Other noncurrent liabilities and deferred credits (see Note L). This deferred credit is recognized in Other income, net on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations as power is received over the life of the contract. Alcoa had a similar power contract and related embedded derivative associated with another smelter and rolling mill combined; however, the contract and related derivative instrument matured in July 2014. Additionally, Alcoa has a natural gas supply contract, which has an LME-linked ceiling. This embedded derivative is valued using probabilities of future LME aluminum prices and the price of Brent crude oil (priced on Platts), including the interrelationships between the two commodities subject to the ceiling. Any change in the interrelationship would 154 result in a higher or lower fair value measurement. An LME ceiling was embedded into the contract price to protect against an increase in the price of oil without a corresponding increase in the price of LME. An increase in oil prices with no similar increase in the LME price would limit the increase of the price paid for natural gas. This embedded derivative did not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. Unrealized gains and losses from the embedded derivative were included in Other income, net on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations while realized gains and losses were included in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations as gas purchases were made under the contract. Furthermore, Alcoa has an embedded derivative in a power contract that indexes the difference between the long-term debt ratings of Alcoa and the counterparty from any of the three major credit rating agencies. Management uses market prices, historical relationships, and forecast services to determine fair value. Significant increases or decreases in any of these inputs would result in a lower or higher fair value measurement. A wider credit spread between Alcoa and the counterparty would result in a higher cost of power and a corresponding increase in the derivative liability. This embedded derivative did not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. Unrealized gains and losses were included in Other income, net on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations while realized gains and losses were included in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Statement of Consolidated Operations as electricity purchases were made under the contract. Finally, Alcoa has a derivative contract that will hedge the anticipated power requirements at one of its smelters once the existing power contract expires in 2016. Beyond the term where market information is available, management has developed a forward curve, for valuation purposes, based on independent consultant market research. Significant increases or decreases in the power market may result in a higher or lower fair value measurement. Lower prices in the power market would cause a decrease in the derivative asset. The derivative contract has been designated as a cash flow hedge of future purchases of electricity. Unrealized gains and losses on this contract were recorded in Other comprehensive loss on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. Once the designated hedge period begins in 2016, realized gains and losses will be recorded in Cost of goods sold as electricity purchases are made under the power contract. Alcoa had a similar contract related to another smelter once the prior existing contract expired in 2014, but elected to terminate the new contract in early 2013. This election was available to Alcoa under the terms of the contract and was made due to a projection that suggested the contract would be uneconomical. Prior to termination, the new contract was accounted for in the same manner. 155 The following table presents quantitative information related to the significant unobservable inputs described above for Level 3 derivative contracts: Fair value at December 31, 2014 Unobservable input Range ($ in full amounts) Assets: Embedded aluminum $168 Interrelationship of future derivative aluminum prices, foreign currency exchange rates, and the U.S. consumer price index (CPI) Embedded aluminum derivatives 77 Price of aluminum beyond forward curve Embedded aluminum derivative Embedded aluminum derivative Energy contract Liabilities: Embedded aluminum derivative 1 1 2 Interrelationship of LME price to overall energy price Interrelationship of future aluminum and oil prices Price of electricity beyond forward curve 357 Price of aluminum beyond forward curve Aluminum: $1,841 per metric ton in 2015 to $1,923 per metric ton in 2016 Foreign currency: A$1 = $0.82 in 2015 to $0.83 in 2016 CPI: 1982 base year of 100 and 233 in 2015 to 242 in 2016 Aluminum: $2,332 per metric ton in 2025 to $2,558 per metric ton in 2029 Midwest premium: $0.2315 per pound in 2020 to $0.2315 per pound in 2029 (two contracts) and 2036 (one contract) Aluminum: $1,910 per metric ton in 2015 to $2,040 per metric ton in 2019 Aluminum: $1,841 per metric ton in 2015 to $2,012 per metric ton in 2018 Oil: $58 per barrel in 2015 to $76 per barrel in 2018 Electricity: $43 per megawatt hour in 2018 to $130 per megawatt hour in 2036 Aluminum: $2,332 per metric ton in 2025 to $2,449 per metric ton in 2027 Embedded credit derivative 18 Credit spread between Alcoa 1.35% to 1.85% and counterparty (1.60% median) * The fair value of embedded aluminum derivatives reflected as assets and liabilities in this table are both lower by $19 compared to the respective amounts reflected in the Level 3 tables presented below. This is due to the fact that Alcoa has two derivatives that are in an asset position for the current portion but are in a liability position for the noncurrent portion, and are reflected as such on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. However, these derivatives are reflected as a net asset in this table for purposes of presenting the assumptions utilized to measure the fair value of the derivative instruments in their entirety. 156 The fair values of Level 3 derivative instruments recorded as assets and liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet were as follows: Asset Derivatives Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Prepaid expenses and other current assets: Embedded aluminum derivatives Other noncurrent assets: Embedded aluminum derivative Energy contract Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments*: Prepaid expenses and other current assets: Embedded aluminum derivatives Other noncurrent assets: Embedded aluminum derivatives Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments Total Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Other current liabilities: Embedded aluminum derivative Other noncurrent liabilities and deferred credits: Embedded aluminum derivatives Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments*: Other current liabilities: Embedded credit derivative Other noncurrent liabilities and deferred credits: Embedded credit derivative Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments Total Liability Derivatives December 31, 2014 December 31, 2013 $ 24 73 2 $ 99 $ 98 71 $169 $268 $ 24 352 $376 $ 2 16 $ 18 $394 $ 9 16 6 $ 31 $149 175 $324 $355 $ 23 387 $410 $ 2 19 $ 21 $431 * See the “Other” section within Note X for additional information on Alcoa’s purpose for entering into derivatives not designated as hedging instruments and its overall risk management strategies. The following table shows the net fair values of the Level 3 derivative instruments at December 31, 2014 and the effect on these amounts of a hypothetical change (increase or decrease of 10%) in the market prices or rates that existed as of December 31, 2014: Embedded aluminum derivatives Embedded credit derivative Energy contract Fair value asset/(liability) Index change of + / - 10% $(110) (18) 2 $413 2 180 157 The following tables present a reconciliation of activity for Level 3 derivative contracts: 2014 Opening balance—January 1, 2014 Total gains or losses (realized and unrealized) included in: Sales Cost of goods sold Other expenses, net Other comprehensive loss Purchases, sales, issuances, and settlements* Transfers into and/or out of Level 3* Foreign currency translation Assets Liabilities Embedded aluminum derivatives Energy contract Embedded aluminum derivatives Embedded credit derivative $ 349 $ 6 $410 $21 (1) (163) (15) 71 - - 23 - - - (4) - - - (27) - - (7) - - - - (1) (2) - - - - Closing balance—December 31, 2014 $ 266 $ 2 $376 $18 Change in unrealized gains or losses included in earnings for derivative contracts held at December 31, 2014: Sales Cost of goods sold Other expenses, net $ - - (15) $ - - - $ - - - $ - - (2) * In November 2014, three new embedded derivatives were contained within renewed power contracts; however, there was no amount included for issuances as the fair value on the date of issuance was zero. There were no purchases, sales or settlements of Level 3 derivative instruments. Additionally, there were no transfers of derivative instruments into or out of Level 3. 2013 Opening balance—January 1, 2013 Total gains or losses (realized and unrealized) included in: Sales Cost of goods sold Other income, net Other comprehensive loss Purchases, sales, issuances, and settlements* Transfers into and/or out of Level 3* Foreign currency translation Closing balance—December 31, 2013 Change in unrealized gains or losses included in earnings for derivative contracts held at December 31, 2013: Sales Cost of goods sold Other income, net Assets Liabilities Embedded aluminum derivatives Energy contract Embedded aluminum derivatives Embedded credit derivative $ 547 2 (202) 28 17 - - (43) $ 349 $ - - 28 $3 - - - 3 - - - $6 $ - - - $ 608 (25) - - (173) - - - $ 410 $ - - - $30 - (1) (8) - - - - $21 $ - - (8) * In 2013, there were no purchases, sales, issuances or settlements of Level 3 derivative instruments. Additionally, there were no transfers of derivative instruments into or out of Level 3. 158 Derivatives Designated As Hedging Instruments – Cash Flow Hedges For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of unrealized gains or losses on the derivative is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (OCI). Realized gains or losses on the derivative are reclassified from OCI into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction impacts earnings. Gains and losses on the derivative representing either hedge ineffectiveness or hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized directly in earnings immediately. Alcoa has five embedded aluminum derivatives and one energy contract (a second one was terminated in early 2013) that have been designated as cash flow hedges, all of which are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Embedded aluminum derivatives. Alcoa has entered into energy supply contracts that contain pricing provisions related to the LME aluminum price. The LME-linked pricing features are considered embedded derivatives. Five of these embedded derivatives have been designated as cash flow hedges of forward sales of aluminum, three of which were new derivatives contained in three power contracts that were renewed in late 2014. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, these embedded aluminum derivatives hedge forecasted aluminum sales of 3,610 kmt and 841 kmt, respectively. In 2014, 2013, and 2012, Alcoa recognized an unrealized gain of $78, an unrealized gain of $190, and an unrealized loss of $40, respectively, in Other comprehensive loss related to these five derivative instruments. Additionally, Alcoa reclassified a realized loss of $28, $29, and $41 from Accumulated other comprehensive loss to Sales in 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. Assuming market rates remain constant with the rates at December 31, 2014, a realized loss of $13 is expected to be recognized in Sales over the next 12 months. In 2014, 2013, and 2012, Alcoa also recognized a loss of $4, $1, and $1, respectively, in Other expenses (income), net related to the amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. There was no ineffectiveness related to these five derivative instruments in 2014, 2013, and 2012. Energy contract. Alcoa has a derivative contract that will hedge the anticipated power requirements at one of its smelters once the existing power contract expires in 2016. Alcoa had a similar contract related to another smelter once the prior existing contract expired in 2014, but elected to terminate the new contract in early 2013 (see additional information in description of Level 3 derivative contracts above). At December 31, 2014, the outstanding energy contract hedge forecasted electricity purchases of 59,409,328 megawatt hours. In 2014, 2013, and 2012, Alcoa recognized an unrealized loss of $4, an unrealized gain of $3, and an unrealized gain of $1, respectively, in Other comprehensive loss. There was no ineffectiveness related to the respective energy contracts outstanding in 2014, 2013, and 2012. Derivatives Not Designated As Hedging Instruments Alcoa has two embedded aluminum derivatives and one embedded credit derivative that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and, therefore, gains and losses related to the changes in fair value of these instruments are recorded directly in earnings. In 2014, 2013, and 2012, Alcoa recognized a loss of $13, a gain of $36, and a gain of $13, respectively, in Other expenses (income), net, of which a loss of $15, a gain of $28, and a gain of $16, respectively, related to the two embedded aluminum derivatives and a gain of $2, a gain of $8, and a loss of $3, respectively, related to the embedded credit derivative. Material Limitations The disclosures with respect to commodity prices, interest rates, and foreign currency exchange risk do not take into account the underlying commitments or anticipated transactions. If the underlying items were included in the analysis, the gains or losses on the futures contracts may be offset. Actual results will be determined by a number of factors that are not under Alcoa’s control and could vary significantly from those factors disclosed. Alcoa is exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by counterparties on the above instruments, as well as credit or performance risk with respect to its hedged customers’ commitments. Although nonperformance is possible, Alcoa does not anticipate nonperformance by any of these parties. Contracts are with creditworthy counterparties and 159 are further supported by cash, treasury bills, or irrevocable letters of credit issued by carefully chosen banks. In addition, various master netting arrangements are in place with counterparties to facilitate settlement of gains and losses on these contracts. Other Financial Instruments. The carrying values and fair values of Alcoa’s other financial instruments were as follows: December 31, Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Noncurrent receivables Available-for-sale securities Short-term borrowings Commercial paper Long-term debt due within one year Long-term debt, less amount due within one year 2014 2013 Carrying value $1,877 20 17 153 54 - 29 8,769 Fair value $1,877 20 17 153 54 - 29 9,445 Carrying value $1,437 18 19 119 57 - 655 7,607 Fair value $1,437 18 19 119 57 - 1,040 7,863 The following methods were used to estimate the fair values of other financial instruments: Cash and cash equivalents, Restricted cash, Short-term borrowings, and Commercial paper. The carrying amounts approximate fair value because of the short maturity of the instruments. The fair value amounts for Cash and cash equivalents, Restricted cash, and Commercial paper were classified in Level 1, and Short-term borrowings were classified in Level 2. Noncurrent receivables. The fair value of noncurrent receivables was based on anticipated cash flows, which approximates carrying value, and was classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Available-for-sale securities. The fair value of such securities was based on quoted market prices. These financial instruments consist of exchange-traded fixed income and equity securities, which are carried at fair value and were classified in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Long-term debt due within one year and Long-term debt, less amount due within one year. The fair value was based on quoted market prices for public debt and on interest rates that are currently available to Alcoa for issuance of debt with similar terms and maturities for non-public debt. The fair value amounts for all Long-term debt were classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Y. Subsequent Events Management evaluated all activity of Alcoa and concluded that no subsequent events have occurred that would require recognition in the Consolidated Financial Statements or disclosure in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 160 Supplemental Financial Information (unaudited) Quarterly Data (in millions, except per-share amounts) 2014 Sales Net (loss) income attributable to Alcoa common shareholders Earnings per share attributable to Alcoa common shareholders**: Basic Diluted 2013 Sales Net income (loss) attributable to Alcoa common shareholders Earnings per share attributable to Alcoa common shareholders**: Basic Diluted First Second Third Fourth* Year $5,454 $5,836 $ (178) $ 138 $6,239 $ 149 $ 6,377 159 $ $23,906 268 $ $ (0.16) $ 0.12 $ (0.16) $ 0.12 $ 0.13 $ 0.12 $ 0.12 $ 0.11 $ $ 0.21 0.21 $5,833 $ 149 $5,849 $ (119) $ $5,765 24 $ 5,585 $23,032 $(2,339) $ (2,285) $ 0.14 $ 0.13 $ (0.11) $ 0.02 $ (0.11) $ 0.02 $ (2.19) $ (2.14) $ (2.19) $ (2.14) * In the fourth quarter of 2014, Alcoa recorded a net loss of $332 (163 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) related to the divestiture of four operations (see Note D and F). In the fourth quarter of 2013, Alcoa recorded a $1,731 ($1,719 after noncontrolling interest) impairment of goodwill (see Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets in Note A and Note E), a $372 discrete income tax charge for valuation allowances on certain deferred tax assets in Spain and the United States (see Note T), and a $288 ($243 after-tax and noncontrolling interest) charge related to a legal matter (see Note D and Government Investigations under Litigation in Note N). **Per share amounts are calculated independently for each period presented; therefore, the sum of the quarterly per share amounts may not equal the per share amounts for the year. 161 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. (a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Alcoa’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as of the end of the period covered by this report, and they have concluded that these controls and procedures are effective. (b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting is included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K beginning on page 87. (c) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm The effectiveness of Alcoa’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K on page 88. (d) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2014, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information. None. 162 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. PART III The information required by Item 401 of Regulation S-K regarding directors is contained under the caption “Item 1 Election of Directors” of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference. The information required by Item 401 of Regulation S-K regarding executive officers is set forth in Part I, Item 1 of this report under “Executive Officers of the Registrant.” The information required by Item 405 of Regulation S-K is contained under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference. The Company’s Code of Ethics for the CEO, CFO and Other Financial Professionals is publicly available on the Company’s Internet website at http://www.alcoa.com under the section “About Alcoa—Corporate Governance.” The remaining information required by Item 406 of Regulation S-K is contained under the captions “Corporate Governance” and “Corporate Governance—Business Conduct Policies and Code of Ethics” of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference. The information required by Items 407(c)(3), (d)(4) and (d)(5) of Regulation S-K is included under the captions “Item 1 Election of Directors—Nominating Board Candidates—Procedures and Director Qualifications” and “Corporate Governance—Committees of the Board—Audit Committee” of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation. The information required by Item 402 of Regulation S-K is contained under the captions “Director Compensation”, “Executive Compensation” (excluding the information under the caption “—Compensation Committee Report”), and “Corporate Governance—Recovery of Incentive Compensation” of the Proxy Statement. Such information is incorporated by reference. The information required by Items 407(e)(4) and (e)(5) of Regulation S-K is contained under the captions “Corporate Governance—Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” and “Executive Compensation— Compensation Committee Report” of the Proxy Statement. Such information (other than the Compensation Committee Report, which shall not be deemed to be “filed”) is incorporated by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. The following table gives information about Alcoa’s common stock that could be issued under the company’s equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2014. Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c) 50,950,8951 0 50,950,8951 $11.26 0 $11.26 37,478,0632 0 37,478,0632 Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders1 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Total 163 1 2 Includes the 2013 Alcoa Stock Incentive Plan (approved by shareholders in May 2013) (2013 ASIP), 2009 Alcoa Stock Incentive Plan (approved by shareholders in May 2009) (2009 ASIP) and 2004 Alcoa Stock Incentive Plan (approved by shareholders in April 2004) (2004 ASIP). Table amounts are comprised of the following: • • • • 29,650,100 stock options 1,820,120 performance options 12,490,590 restricted share units 6,990,085 performance share awards (1,944,880 granted in 2014 at target) The 2013 ASIP authorizes, in addition to stock options, other types of stock-based awards in the form of stock appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted share units, performance awards and other awards. The shares that remain available for issuance under the 2013 ASIP may be issued in connection with any one of these awards. Up to 55 million shares may be issued under the plan. Any award other than an option or a stock appreciation right shall count as 2.33 shares. Options and stock appreciation rights shall be counted as one share for each option or stock appreciation right. In addition, the 2013 ASIP provides the following are available to grant under the 2013 ASIP: (i) shares that are issued under the 2013 ASIP, which are subsequently forfeited, cancelled or expire in accordance with the terms of the award and (ii) shares that had previously been issued under prior plans that are outstanding as of the date of the 2013 ASIP which are subsequently forfeited, cancelled or expire in accordance with the terms of the award. The information required by Item 403 of Regulation S-K is contained under the captions “Alcoa Stock Ownership— Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” and “—Stock Ownership of Directors and Executive Officers” of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. The information required by Item 404 of Regulation S-K is contained under the captions “Executive Compensation” (excluding the information under the caption “Compensation Committee Report”), “Corporate Governance—Related Person Transactions” of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference. The information required by Item 407(a) of Regulation S-K regarding director independence is contained under the captions “Item 1 Election of Directors” and “Corporate Governance” of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services. The information required by Item 9(e) of Schedule 14A is contained under the captions “Item 2 Ratification of the Appointment of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Report of the Audit Committee” and “—Audit and Non-Audit Fees” of the Proxy Statement and in Attachment A (Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures for Audit and Non-Audit Services) thereto and is incorporated by reference. 164 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules. PART IV (a) The consolidated financial statements and exhibits listed below are filed as part of this report. Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm are on pages 87 through 161 of this report. (1) The Company’s consolidated financial statements, the notes thereto and the report of the or the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. (2) Financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, not required, Exhibit Number 2. 3(a). 3(b). 3(c). 4(a). 4(b). 4(c). 4(c)(1). 4(c)(2). (3) Exhibits. Description* Share Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 25, 2014, by and among Alcoa Inc., Alcoa IH Limited, FR Acquisition Corporation (US), Inc., FR Acquisitions Corporation (Europe) Limited, FR Acquisition Finance Subco (Luxembourg), S.à.r.l. and Oak Hill Capital Partners III, L.P. and Oak Hill Capital Management Partners III, L.P., collectively in their capacity as the Seller Representative, incorporated by reference to exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 26, 2014. Articles of the Registrant, as amended effective September 22, 2014, incorporated by reference to exhibit 3(a) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014. By-Laws of the Registrant, as amended effective January 17, 2014, incorporated by reference to exhibit 3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 23, 2014. By-Laws of Alcoa Inc., as amended effective as of March 2, 2015, incorporated by reference to exhibit 3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 22, 2015. Articles. See Exhibit 3(a) above. By-Laws. See Exhibits 3(b) and 3(c) above. Form of Indenture, dated as of September 30, 1993, between Alcoa Inc. and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A., as successor to J. P. Morgan Trust Company, National Association (formerly Chase Manhattan Trust Company, National Association), as successor Trustee to PNC Bank, National Association, as Trustee (undated form of Indenture incorporated by reference to exhibit 4(a) to Registration Statement No. 33-49997 on Form S-3). First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 25, 2007, between Alcoa Inc. and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A., as successor to J.P. Morgan Trust Company, National Association (formerly Chase Manhattan Trust Company, National Association), as successor Trustee to PNC Bank, National Association, as Trustee, incorporated by reference to exhibit 99.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated January 25, 2007. Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 15, 2008, between Alcoa Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor in interest to J. P. Morgan Trust Company, National Association (formerly Chase Manhattan Trust Company, National Association, as successor to PNC Bank, National Association), as Trustee, incorporated by reference to exhibit 4(c) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated July 15, 2008. 4(d). Form of 5.55% Notes Due 2017, incorporated by reference to exhibit 4(d) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2008. 165 4(e). 4(f). 4(g). 4(h). 4(i). 4(j) 4(k). 4(l). 4(m). 4(n). 4(o). 4(p). 10(a). 10(b). 10(c). 10(d). Form of 5.90% Notes Due 2027, incorporated by reference to exhibit 4(d) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2008. Form of 5.95% Notes Due 2037, incorporated by reference to exhibit 4(d) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2008. Form of 6.75% Notes Due 2018, incorporated by reference to exhibit 4(b) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated July 15, 2008. Form of 6.150% Notes Due 2020, incorporated by reference to exhibit 4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 3, 2010. Form of 5.40% Notes Due 2021, incorporated by reference to exhibit 4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 21, 2011. Form of 5.125% Notes Due 2024, incorporated by reference to exhibit 4.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 22, 2014. Alcoa Retirement Savings Plan for Fastener Systems Employees, incorporated by reference to exhibit 4(e) to the Company’s Form S-8 Registration Statement dated July 27, 2012. Alcoa Retirement Savings Plan for Bargaining Employees, incorporated by reference to exhibit 4(d) to the Company’s Form S-8 Registration Statement dated July 27, 2012. Alcoa Retirement Savings Plan for Salaried Employees, incorporated by reference to exhibit 4(c) to the Company’s Form S-8 Registration Statement dated July 27, 2012. Alcoa Retirement Savings Plan for Hourly Non-Bargaining Employees, incorporated by reference to exhibit 4(c) to the Company’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 6 to Form S-8 Registration Statement dated November 30, 2010. Deposit Agreement, dated September 22, 2014, among Alcoa Inc., Computershare Trust Company, N.A., Computershare Inc., and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts evidencing the Depositary Shares (including Form of Depositary Receipt), incorporated by reference to exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 22, 2014. Form of Depositary Receipt for Deposit Agreement, dated September 22, 2014, among Alcoa Inc., Computershare Trust Company, N.A., Computershare Inc., and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts evidencing the Depositary Shares, incorporated by reference to exhibit A to exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 22, 2014. Alcoa’s Summary of the Key Terms of the AWAC Agreements, incorporated by reference to exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated November 28, 2001. Charter of the Strategic Council executed December 21, 1994, incorporated by reference to exhibit 99.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated November 28, 2001. Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Alcoa Alumina & Chemicals, L.L.C. dated as of December 31, 1994, incorporated by reference to exhibit 99.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated November 28, 2001. Shareholders Agreement dated May 10, 1996 between Alcoa International Holdings Company and WMC Limited, incorporated by reference to exhibit 99.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated November 28, 2001. 166 10(e). 10(f). 10(f)(1). 10(g). Side Letter of May 16, 1995 clarifying transfer restrictions, incorporated by reference to exhibit 99.6 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated November 28, 2001. Enterprise Funding Agreement, dated September 18, 2006, between Alcoa Inc., certain of its affiliates and Alumina Limited, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(f) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2006. Amendments to Enterprise Funding Agreement, effective January 25, 2008, between Alcoa Inc., certain of its affiliates and Alumina Limited, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(f)(1) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2007. Earnout Agreement, dated as of June 25, 2014, by and among Alcoa Inc., FR Acquisition Finance Subco (Luxembourg), S.à.r.l. and Oak Hill Capital Partners III, L.P. and Oak Hill Capital Management Partners III, L.P., collectively in their capacity as the Seller Representative, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 26, 2014. 10(g)(1). Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 19, 2014, by and between Alcoa Inc. and Firth Rixson (Cyprus) Limited, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 20, 2014. 10(h). 10(i). Five-Year Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of July 25, 2014, among Alcoa Inc., the Lenders and Issuers named therein, Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent for the Lenders and Issuers, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Syndication Agent, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 31, 2014. Aluminum Project Framework Shareholders’ Agreement, dated December 20, 2009, between Alcoa Inc. and Saudi Arabian Mining Company (Ma’aden), incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(i) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2009. 10(i)(1). First Supplemental Agreement, dated March 30, 2010, to the Aluminium Project Framework Shareholders Agreement, dated December 20, 2009, between Saudi Arabian Mining Company (Ma’aden) and Alcoa Inc., incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(c) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010. 10(j). 10(k). 10(l). 10(m). 10(n). Settlement Agreement, dated as of October 9, 2012, by and between Aluminium Bahrain B.S.C., Alcoa Inc., Alcoa World Alumina LLC, and William Rice, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(a) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012. Plea Agreement dated January 8, 2014, between the United States of America and Alcoa World Alumina LLC, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(l) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013. Offer of Settlement of Alcoa Inc. before the Securities and Exchange Commission dated December 27, 2013, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(m) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013. Securities and Exchange Commission Order dated January 9, 2014, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(n) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013. Alcoa Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m) Compliant Annual Cash Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to Attachment D to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Form DEF 14A, filed March 7, 2011. 167 10(o). 10(o)(1). 10(o)(2). 10(p). 10(p)(1). 10(p)(2). 10(p)(3). 10(p)(4). 10(p)(5). 10(q). 10(r). 2004 Summary Description of the Alcoa Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(g) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission file number 1-3610) for the quarter ended September 30, 2004. Incentive Compensation Plan of Alcoa Inc., as revised and restated effective November 8, 2007, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(k)(1) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2007. Amendment to Incentive Compensation Plan of Alcoa Inc., effective December 18, 2009, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(n)(2) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2009. Employees’ Excess Benefits Plan, Plan C, as amended and restated effective December 31, 2007, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(l) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2007. Amendments to Employees’ Excess Benefits Plan, Plan C, effective December 29, 2008, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(l)(1) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2008. Amendment to Employees’ Excess Benefits Plan C, effective December 18, 2009, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(o)(2) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2009. Amendment to Employees’ Excess Benefits Plan C, effective January 1, 2011, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(p)(3) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010. Amendments to Employees’ Excess Benefits Plan C, effective January 1, 2012, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(o)(4) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011. Amendment to Employees’ Excess Benefits Plan C, effective September 1, 2014, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(c) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014. Deferred Fee Plan for Directors, as amended effective July 9, 1999, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(g)(1) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission file number 1-3610) for the quarter ended June 30, 1999. Restricted Stock Plan for Non-Employee Directors, as amended effective March 10, 1995, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(h) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 1994. 10(r)(1). Amendment to Restricted Stock Plan for Non-Employee Directors, effective November 10, 1995, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(h)(1) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 1995. 10(s). 10(t). Description of Changes to Non-Employee Director Compensation and Stock Ownership Guidelines, effective January 1, 2011, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(b) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2010. Summary of 2013 Non-Employee Director Compensation and Stock Ownership Guidelines, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(mm) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012. 168 10(u). 10(u)(1). 10(u)(2). 10(v). 10(v)(1). 10(v)(2). 10(v)(3). 10(v)(4). 10(v)(5). 10(v)(6). 10(v)(7). 10(v)(8). 10(v)(9). Fee Continuation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(k) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 1989. Amendment to Fee Continuation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, effective November 10, 1995, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(i)(1) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 1995. Second Amendment to the Fee Continuation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, effective September 15, 2006, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated September 20, 2006. Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended effective October 30, 1992, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(k) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 1992. Amendments to Deferred Compensation Plan, effective January 1, 1993, February 1, 1994 and January 1, 1995, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(j)(1) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 1994. Amendment to Deferred Compensation Plan, effective June 1, 1995, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(j)(2) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 1995. Amendment to Deferred Compensation Plan, effective November 1, 1998, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(j)(3) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 1999. Amendments to Deferred Compensation Plan, effective January 1, 1999, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(j)(4) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 1999. Amendments to Deferred Compensation Plan, effective January 1, 2000, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(j)(5) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2000. Amendments to Deferred Compensation Plan, effective January 1, 2005, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(q)(6) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2005. Amendments to Deferred Compensation Plan, effective November 1, 2007 incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(p)(7) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2007. Amendments to Deferred Compensation Plan, effective December 29, 2008, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(p)(8) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2008. Amendment to Deferred Compensation Plan, effective April 1, 2009, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(s)(9) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2009. 10(v)(10). Amendment to Deferred Compensation Plan, effective December 18, 2009, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(s)(10) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2009. 169 10(v)(11). Amendment to Deferred Compensation Plan, effective January 1, 2011, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(u)(11) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010. 10(v)(12). Amendment to the Amendment dated as of December 30, 2010 to Deferred Compensation Plan, effective January 1, 2011, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(t)(12) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012. 10(v)(13). Amendment to Deferred Compensation Plan, effective January 1, 2013, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(t)(13) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012. 10(w). 10(x). 10(y). 10(z). 10(aa). Summary of the Executive Split Dollar Life Insurance Plan, dated November 1990, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(m) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 1990. Amended and Restated Dividend Equivalent Compensation Plan, effective January 1, 1997, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(h) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission file number 1-3610) for the quarter ended September 30, 2004. Form of Indemnity Agreement between the Company and individual directors or officers, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(j) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 1987. 2004 Alcoa Stock Incentive Plan, as amended through November 11, 2005, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated November 16, 2005. 2009 Alcoa Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Attachment C to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Form DEF 14A (Commission file number 1-3610) filed March 16, 2009. 10(aa)(1). Amended and Restated 2009 Alcoa Stock Incentive Plan, dated February 15, 2011, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(z)(1) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010. 10(bb). 10(cc). 10(cc)(1). 10(cc)(2). 10(cc)(3). Terms and Conditions for Special Retention Awards under the 2009 Alcoa Stock Incentive Plan, effective January 1, 2010, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(e) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010. Alcoa Supplemental Pension Plan for Senior Executives, as amended and restated effective December 31, 2007, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(u) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2007. Amendment to Alcoa Supplemental Pension Plan for Senior Executives, effective December 29, 2008, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(u)(1) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2008. Amendment to Alcoa Supplemental Pension Plan for Senior Executives, effective December 16, 2009, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(y)(2) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2009. Amendment to Alcoa Supplemental Pension Plan for Senior Executives, effective December 18, 2009, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(y)(3) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2009. 170 10(cc)(4). 10(cc)(5). 10(cc)(6). 10(dd). 10(ee). Amendment to Alcoa Supplemental Pension Plan for Senior Executives, effective January 1, 2011, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(bb)(4) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010. Amendments to Alcoa Supplemental Pension Plan for Senior Executives, effective January 1, 2012, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(aa)(5) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011. Amendment to Alcoa Supplemental Pension Plan for Senior Executives, effective September 1, 2014, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(d) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014. Deferred Fee Estate Enhancement Plan for Directors, effective July 10, 1998, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(r) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 1998. Alcoa Inc. Change in Control Severance Plan, as amended and restated effective November 8, 2007, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(x) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2007. 10(ee)(1). Amendment to Alcoa Inc. Change in Control Severance Plan, effective December 16, 2009, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(bb)(1) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2009. 10(ff). 10(gg). 10(hh). 10(ii). 10(jj). 10(kk). Form of Agreement for Stock Option Awards, effective January 1, 2004, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(a) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission file number 1-3610) for the quarter ended September 30, 2004. Form of Agreement for Stock Awards, effective January 1, 2004, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(b) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission file number 1-3610) for the quarter ended September 30, 2004. Form of Agreement for Performance Share Awards, effective January 1, 2004, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(c) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission file number 1-3610) for the quarter ended September 30, 2004. Stock Option Award Rules, revised January 1, 2004, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(d) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission file number 1-3610) for the quarter ended September 30, 2004. Stock Awards Rules, effective January 1, 2004, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(e) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission file number 1-3610) for the quarter ended September 30, 2004. Performance Share Awards Rules, effective January 1, 2004, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(f) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission file number 1-3610) for the quarter ended September 30, 2004. 10(ll). 2005 Deferred Fee Plan for Directors, as amended, effective December 3, 2014. 10(mm). Global Pension Plan, effective January 1, 1998, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(jj) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2004. 171 10(mm)(1). Amendments to Global Pension Plan, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(jj)(1) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2004. 10(mm)(2). Amendments to Global Pension Plan, effective January 1, 2005, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(gg)(2) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2005. 10(mm)(3). Amendments to Global Pension Plan, effective December 1, 2005, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(gg)(3) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2005. 10(mm)(4). Amendments to Global Pension Plan, effective December 29, 2008, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(ff)(4) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2008. 10(mm)(5). Amendments to Global Pension Plan, effective July 1, 2009, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(jj)(5) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2009. 10(mm)(6). Amendments to Global Pension Plan, effective December 18, 2009, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(jj)(6) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2009. 10(mm)(7). Amendment to Global Pension Plan, effective January 1, 2011, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(mm)(7) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010. 10(mm)(8). Amendment to Global Pension Plan, effective January 1, 2011, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(kk)(8) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012. 10(nn). Executive Severance Agreement, as amended and restated effective December 8, 2008, between Alcoa Inc. and Klaus Kleinfeld, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(gg) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2008. 10(nn)(1). Form of Executive Severance Agreement between the Company and new officers entered into after July 22, 2010, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(a) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2010. 10(oo). 10(pp). 10(qq). 10(rr). Form of Award Agreement for Stock Options, effective January 1, 2006, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated November 16, 2005. Form of Award Agreement for Stock Awards, effective January 1, 2006, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated November 16, 2005. Form of Award Agreement for Performance Share Awards, effective January 1, 2006, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated November 16, 2005. Form of Award Agreement for Performance Stock Options, effective January 1, 2006, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated November 16, 2005. 172 10(ss). 10(tt). 10(uu). 10(vv). 10(ww). 10(xx). Form of Award Agreement for Stock Options, effective May 8, 2009, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated May 13, 2009. Terms and Conditions for Stock Options, effective January 1, 2011, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(c) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2011. Form of Award Agreement for Restricted Share Units, effective May 8, 2009, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated May 13, 2009. Terms and Conditions for Restricted Share Units, effective January 1, 2011, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(b) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2011. Summary Description of Equity Choice Program for Performance Equity Award Participants, dated November 2005, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated November 16, 2005. Reynolds Metals Company Benefit Restoration Plan for New Retirement Program, as amended through December 31, 2005, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(rr) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2005. 10(xx)(1). Amendments to the Reynolds Metals Company Benefit Restoration Plan for New Retirement Program, effective December 18, 2009, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(tt)(1) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2009. 10(xx)(2). Amendments to the Reynolds Metals Company Benefit Restoration Plan for New Retirement Program, effective January 1, 2012, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(xx)(2) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011. 10(xx)(3). Amendment to Reynolds Metals Company Benefit Restoration Plan for New Retirement Program, effective September 1, 2014, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(e) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014. 10(yy). 10(zz). 10(aaa). 10(bbb). 10(ccc). Global Expatriate Employee Policy (pre-January 1, 2003), incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(uu) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2005. Form of Special Retention Stock Award Agreement, effective July 14, 2006, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 1-3610) dated September 20, 2006. Omnibus Amendment to Rules and Terms and Conditions of all Awards under the 2004 Alcoa Stock Incentive Plan, effective January 1, 2007, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(tt) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2007. Letter Agreement, dated August 14, 2007, between Alcoa Inc. and Klaus Kleinfeld, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(b) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission file number 1-3610) for the quarter ended September 30, 2007. Employment Offer Letter, dated April 2, 2012, between Alcoa Inc. and Audrey Strauss, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(b) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2012. 173 10(ddd). 10(eee). 10(fff). 10(ggg). 10(hhh). 10(iii). 12. 21. 23. 24. 31. 32. 95. Director Plan: You Make a Difference Award, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(uu) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission on file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2008. Form of Award Agreement for Stock Options, effective January 1, 2010, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(ddd) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 1-3610) for the year ended December 31, 2009. 2013 Alcoa Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(a) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 8, 2013. Alcoa Inc. Terms and Conditions for Stock Option Awards, effective May 3, 2013, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(b) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 8, 2013. Alcoa Inc. Terms and Conditions for Restricted Share Units, effective May 3, 2013, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(c) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 8, 2013. Terms and Conditions (Australian Addendum) 2013 Alcoa Stock Incentive Plan, effective May 3, 2013, incorporated by reference to exhibit 10(d) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 8, 2013. Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges. Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Power of Attorney for certain directors. Certifications pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Mine Safety Disclosure. 101. INS XBRL Instance Document. 101. SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101. CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101. DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 101. LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 101. PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. * Exhibit Nos. 10(n) through 10(iii) are management contracts or compensatory plans required to be filed as Exhibits to this Form 10-K. Amendments and modifications to other Exhibits previously filed have been omitted when in the opinion of the registrant such Exhibits as amended or modified are no longer material or, in certain instances, are no longer required to be filed as Exhibits. No other instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the registrant or its subsidiaries have been filed as Exhibits because no such instruments met the threshold materiality requirements under Regulation S-K. The registrant agrees, however, to furnish a copy of any such instruments to the Commission upon request. 174 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. ALCOA INC. February 19, 2015 By Robert S. Collins Vice President and Controller (Also signing as Principal Accounting Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer and Director) February 19, 2015 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) February 19, 2015 Klaus Kleinfeld William F. Oplinger Arthur D. Collins, Jr., Kathryn S. Fuller, Judith M. Gueron, Michael G. Morris, E. Stanley O’Neal, James W. Owens, Carol L. Roberts, Patricia F. Russo, Sir Martin Sorrell, Ratan N. Tata and Ernesto Zedillo, each as a Director, on February 19, 2015, by Robert S. Collins, their Attorney-in-Fact.* *By Robert S. Collins Attorney-in-Fact 175 COMPUTATION OF RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES (in millions, except ratios) Exhibit 12 For the year ended December 31, Earnings: Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes Noncontrolling interests’ share of earnings of majority-owned subsidiaries without fixed charges Equity loss (income) Fixed charges added to earnings Distributed income of less than 50 percent-owned persons Amortization of capitalized interest: Consolidated Proportionate share of 50 percent-owned persons Total earnings Fixed Charges: Interest expense: 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 $ 497 $(1,816) $324 $1,063 $ 548 - 18 512 86 47 - - (12) 493 89 46 - - (99) 533 101 44 - - (127) 568 100 43 - - (54) 532 33 39 - $1,160 $(1,200) $903 $1,647 $1,098 Consolidated Proportionate share of 50 percent-owned persons $ 473 - $ Amount representative of the interest factor in rents: Consolidated Proportionate share of 50 percent-owned persons 473 39 - 39 453 - 453 $490 - 490 $ 524 - $ 494 - 524 494 40 - 40 43 - 43 44 - 44 38 - 38 Fixed charges added to earnings 512 493 533 568 532 Interest capitalized: Consolidated Proportionate share of 50 percent-owned persons Preferred stock dividend requirements of majority-owned subsidiaries Total fixed charges Ratio of earnings to fixed charges 56 - 56 - 99 - 99 - 93 - 93 - 102 - 102 - 96 - 96 - $ 568 $ 592 $626 $ 670 $ 628 2.0 (A) 1.4 2.5 1.7 (A) For the year ended December 31, 2013, there was a deficiency of earnings to cover the fixed charges of $1,792. 176 SUBSIDIARIES OF THE REGISTRANT (As of December 31, 2014) Name Alcoa Domestic LLC Alcoa Securities Corporation Howmet International Inc. Howmet Holdings Corporation Howmet Corporation Howmet Castings & Services, Inc. Alcoa International Holdings Company Alcoa Australian Holdings Pty Ltd Alcoa of Australia Limited1 Alcoa Australia Rolled Products Pty Ltd Alcoa (China) Investment Company Ltd. Alcoa Luxembourg S.à r.l. Alcoa à Íslandi ehf Alcoa Fjarðaál sf Alcoa Inversiones España S.L. Alcoa Alumínio S.A. Alcoa World Alumina Brasil Ltda.1 Estreito Energia S.A. Alcoa Holding GmbH Alcoa Inespal, S.A. Alúmina Española, S.A.1 Alumínio Español, S.A. Alcoa Inversiones Internacionales S.L. Alcoa-Köfém Kft Alcoa Rus Investment Holdings LLC ZAO Alcoa Metallurg Rus ZAO Alcoa SMZ Alcoa Servizi S.r.L. Alcoa Trasformazioni S.r.L. Alcoa Nederland B.V. Howmet SAS Alcoa Holding France SAS Norsk Alcoa Holdings AS Norsk Alcoa AS ACC-Norway, LLC Alcoa Norway ANS Alcoa UK Holdings Limited Alcoa Manufacturing (G.B.) Limited Alcoa Power Generating Inc.2 Alcoa World Alumina LLC1,3 Alumax Inc. Alumax Mill Products, Inc. Aluminerie Lauralco, Inc. Cordant Technologies Holding Company Alcoa Global Fasteners, Inc. Huck International, Inc. Reynolds Metals Company Alcoa Aluminium Deutschland, Inc. Alcoa GmbH Reynolds Bécancour, Inc. Reynolds International, Inc. RMCC Company Alcoa Canada Ltd. Alcoa Ltd. Alcoa-Lauralco Management Company Laqmar Québec G.P. Alcoa-Aluminerie de Deschambault L.P. Exhibit 21 State or Country of Organization Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Australia Australia Australia China Luxembourg Iceland Iceland Spain Brazil Brazil Brazil Germany Spain Spain Spain Spain Hungary Russia Russia Russia Italy Italy Netherlands France France Norway Norway Michigan Norway United Kingdom United Kingdom Tennessee Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Nova Scotia Québec Québec Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Germany Delaware Delaware Delaware Québec Québec The names of particular subsidiaries have been omitted because, considered in the aggregate as a single subsidiary, they would not constitute, as of the end of the year covered by this report, a “significant subsidiary” as that term is defined in Regulation S-X under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 1 2 3 Owned directly or indirectly 60% by the registrant and 40% by Alumina Limited. Registered to do business in Tennessee under the name APG Trading, in Indiana under the name of AGC, in North Carolina under the name of Yadkin, in New York under the name of Long Sault and in Washington under the name of Colockum. Registered to do business in Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and Texas under the name of Alcoa World Chemicals. 177 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (333-197371 and 333-201055) and Form S-8 (Nos. 33-60305, 333-27903, 333-62663, 333-79575, 333-32516, 333-36208, 333-37740, 333-39708, 333-106411, 333-128445, 333-146330, 333-153369, 333-155668, 333-159123, 333-168428, 333-170801, 333-182899, and 333-189882) of Alcoa Inc. and its subsidiaries of our report dated February 19, 2015 relating to the Alcoa Inc. consolidated financial statements and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10-K. Exhibit 23 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania February 19, 2015 178 Exhibit 31 I, Klaus Kleinfeld, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Alcoa Inc.; Certifications 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 19, 2015 Name: Klaus Kleinfeld Title: Chairman and Chief Executive Officer 179 I, William F. Oplinger, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Alcoa Inc.; Certifications 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 19, 2015 Name: William F. Oplinger Title: Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 180 Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Exhibit 32 Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code), each of the undersigned officers of Alcoa Inc., a Pennsylvania corporation (the “Company”), does hereby certify that: The Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 (the “Form 10-K”) of the Company fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and information contained in the Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Dated: February 19, 2015 Dated: February 19, 2015 Name: Klaus Kleinfeld Title: Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Name: William F. Oplinger Title: Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. The foregoing certification is being furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission as an exhibit to the Form 10-K and shall not be considered filed as part of the Form 10-K. 181 [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] 11-Year Summary of Financial and Other Data (unaudited) (dollars in millions, except ingot prices and per-share amounts) For the year ended December 31, Operating Results Sales Cost of goods sold (exclusive of expenses below) Selling, general administrative, and other expenses Research and development expenses Provision for depreciation, depletion, and amortization Impairment of goodwill Restructuring and other charges Interest expense Other (expenses) income, net Provision (benefit) for income taxes (Loss) income from discontinued operations Cumulative effect of accounting changes(1) Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) attributable to Alcoa Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Alcoa Ingot Prices Alcoa’s average realized price per metric ton of aluminum LME average cash price per metric ton of aluminum LME average three-month price per metric ton of aluminum Operating Data (thousands of metric tons) Alumina shipments Aluminum product shipments: Primary(2) Fabricated and finished products Total Primary aluminum capacity: Consolidated Nameplate(3) Primary aluminum production: Consolidated Nameplate(3) Financial Position Cash and cash equivalents Properties, plants, and equipment, net Total assets Total debt Noncontrolling interests Total shareholders’ equity Cash Flows Cash provided from operations Capital expenditures(4) Common Share Data Common stock outstanding — end of year (thousands)(5) Basic earnings per share(6) Diluted earnings per share(6) Dividends declared per share Book value per share(7) Price range: High Low Other Data Number of employees 2014 2013 2012 $ $ 23,906 19,137 995 218 1,371 - 1,168 473 (47) 320 - - (91) 268 268 $ $ 2,405 1,866 1,893 10,652 2,526 2,268 4,794 3,497 4,127 3,125 3,683 1,877 16,426 37,399 8,852 2,488 12,306 1,674 1,219 1,216,664 0.21 0.21 0.12 9.07 17.75 9.82 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 23,032 19,286 1,008 192 1,421 1,731 782 453 25 428 - - 41 (2,285) (2,285) 2,243 1,846 1,888 9,966 2,782 2,212 4,994 4,037 4,780 3,550 4,095 1,437 17,639 35,742 8,319 2,929 10,593 23,700 20,401 997 197 1,460 - 172 490 341 162 - - (29) 191 191 2,327 2,019 2,050 9,295 3,030 2,167 5,197 4,227 4,784 3,742 4,259 1,861 18,947 40,179 8,829 3,324 13,199 1,578 1,193 $ 1,497 1,261 1,071,011 (2.14) $ (2.14) 0.12 9.84 10.77 7.63 1,067,212 0.18 0.18 0.12 12.32 10.92 7.97 59,000 60,000 61,000 (1) Reflects the cumulative effect of the accounting change for conditional asset retirement obligations in 2005. (2) Primary aluminum product shipments are not synonymous with aluminum shipments of the Primary Metals segment, as a portion of this segment’s aluminum shipments relate to fabricated products. (3) Nameplate capacity or production is equivalent to the sum of Consolidated capacity or production, the joint venture partner’s share of capacity or production from certain smelters majority-owned by Alcoa, and Alcoa’s share of capacity or production of 50-percent or less owned smelters. 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 $ 24,951 20,480 1,027 184 1,479 - 281 524 87 255 (3) - 194 611 614 $ 2,636 2,398 2,422 9,218 2,953 2,084 5,037 4,518 5,075 3,775 4,304 $ 1,939 19,282 40,120 9,371 3,351 13,844 $ 2,193 1,287 1,064,412 0.57 $ 0.55 0.12 12.96 18.47 8.45 $ $ $ $ $ 21,013 17,174 961 174 1,450 - 207 494 (5) 148 (8) - 138 254 262 2,356 2,173 2,198 9,246 2,819 1,938 4,757 4,518 5,075 3,586 4,111 1,543 20,072 39,293 9,165 3,475 13,611 2,261 1,015 1,022,026 0.25 0.24 0.12 13.26 17.60 9.81 $ 18,439 16,902 1,009 169 1,311 - 237 470 161 (574) (166) - 61 (1,151) (985) $ 1,856 1,664 1,699 8,655 3,022 2,075 5,097 4,813 5,370 3,564 4,130 $ 1,481 19,746 38,472 9,819 3,100 12,420 $ 1,365 1,622 974,379 (1.23) $ (1.23) 0.26 12.70 16.51 4.97 $ 26,901 22,175 1,167 246 1,234 - 939 407 59 342 (303) - 221 (74) 229 $ 2,714 2,572 2,621 8,041 2,902 2,579 5,481 4,531 5,229 4,007 4,710 $ 762 17,389 37,822 10,578 2,597 11,735 $ 1,234 3,438 800,317 (0.10) $ (0.10) 0.68 14.60 44.77 6.80 $ 29,280 22,803 1,444 238 1,244 - 268 401 1,920 1,623 (250) - 365 2,564 2,814 $ 2,784 2,638 2,661 7,834 2,260 3,133 5,393 4,573 5,285 3,693 4,393 $ 483 16,580 38,803 7,992 2,460 16,016 $ 3,111 3,636 827,402 2.95 $ 2.94 0.68 19.30 48.77 28.09 $ 28,950 21,955 1,372 201 1,252 - 507 384 236 853 22 - 436 2,248 2,226 $ 2,665 2,569 2,594 8,420 2,057 3,488 5,545 4,209 4,920 3,552 4,280 $ 506 13,652 37,149 7,219 1,800 14,631 $ 2,567 3,205 867,740 2.59 $ 2.57 0.60 16.80 36.96 26.39 $ 24,149 19,339 1,267 181 1,227 - 266 339 478 464 (50) (2) 259 1,233 1,285 $ 2,044 1,898 1,900 7,857 2,124 3,335 5,459 4,004 4,940 3,554 4,406 $ 762 11,412 33,489 6,519 1,365 13,373 $ 1,676 2,138 870,269 1.41 $ 1.40 0.60 15.30 32.29 22.28 $ 21,370 16,796 1,171 169 1,142 - (29) 271 266 546 (27) - 233 1,310 1,337 $ 1,867 1,716 1,721 8,062 1,853 3,208 5,061 4,004 4,955 3,376 4,233 $ 457 10,463 32,498 6,271 1,416 13,300 $ 2,199 1,143 870,980 1.50 $ 1.49 0.60 15.21 39.44 28.51 61,000 59,000 59,000 87,000 107,000 123,000 129,000 119,000 (4) Capital expenditures include those associated with discontinued operations. (5) There were an estimated 560,000 shareholders, which includes registered shareholders and beneficial owners holding stock through banks, brokers, or other nominees, as of February 20, 2015 (the record date for the 2015 annual shareholders’ meeting). (6) Represents earnings per share on net income (loss) attributable to Alcoa common shareholders. (7) Book value per share = (Total shareholders’ equity minus Preferred stock) divided by Common stock outstanding, end of year. Calculation of Financial Measures (unaudited) (dollars in millions, except per metric ton amounts) Reconciliation of Adjusted Income Year ended December 31, Net income (loss) attributable to Alcoa Restructuring and other charges Discrete tax items* Other special items** Net income attributable to Alcoa – as adjusted Net income attributable to Alcoa – as adjusted is a non-GAAP financial measure. Management believes that this measure is meaningful to investors because management reviews the operating results of Alcoa excluding the impacts of restructuring and other charges, discrete tax items, and other special items (collectively, “special items”). There can be no assurances that additional special items will not occur in future periods. To compensate for this limitation, management believes that it is appropriate to consider both Net income (loss) attributable to Alcoa determined under GAAP as well as Net income attributable to Alcoa – as adjusted. $ 2014 $ 268 703 33 112 $1,116 2013 $(2,285) 585 360 1,697 357 * Discrete tax items include the following: • • for the year ended December 31, 2014, a charge for the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets of a subsidiary in Brazil due to a tax rate change ($31), a charge for the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets of a subsidiary in Spain due to a tax rate change ($16), and a net benefit for a number of other items ($14); and for the year ended December 31, 2013, a charge for valuation allowances related to certain Spain and U.S. deferred tax assets ($372), a benefit related to the reinstatement under the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 of two tax provisions that were applied in 2013 to Alcoa’s U.S. income tax return for calendar year 2012 ($18), a charge related to prior year taxes in Spain and Australia ($9), and a net benefit for other miscellaneous items ($3). ** Other special items include the following: • • for the year ended December 31, 2014, a write-down of inventory related to the permanent closure of a smelter in Italy, a smelter and two rolling mills in Australia, and a smelter in the United States ($47), costs associated with current and future acquisitions of aerospace businesses ($47), a gain on the sale of both a mining interest in Suriname and an equity investment in a China rolling mill ($20), an unfavorable impact related to the restart of one potline at the joint venture in Saudi Arabia that was previously shut down due to a period of pot instability ($19), costs associated with preparation for and ratification of a new labor agreement with the United Steelworkers ($11), a net unfavorable change in certain mark-to-market energy derivative contracts ($6), and a loss on the write-down of an asset to fair value ($2); and for the year ended December 31, 2013, an impairment of goodwill ($1,719), a net insurance recovery related to the March 2012 cast house fire at the Massena, NY location ($22), a net favorable change in certain mark-to-market energy derivative contracts ($15), an unfavorable impact related to a temporary shutdown of one of the two smelter potlines at the joint venture in Saudi Arabia due to a period of pot instability ($9), and a write-down of inventory related to the permanent closure of two potlines at a smelter in Canada and a smelter in Italy ($6). Reconciliation of Free Cash Flow Year ended December 31, Cash from operations Capital expenditures Free cash flow Free Cash Flow is a non-GAAP financial measure. Management believes that this measure is meaningful to investors because management reviews cash flows generated from operations after taking into consideration capital expenditures due to the fact that these expenditures are considered necessary to maintain and expand Alcoa’s asset base and are expected to generate future cash flows from operations. It is important to note that Free Cash Flow does not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures since other non-discretionary expenditures, such as mandatory debt service requirements, are not deducted from the measure. $ 2014 $ 1,674 (1,219) 455 2013 $ 1,578 (1,193) 385 $ Days Working Capital December 31, 2014 September 30, 2014 June 30, 2014 March 31, 2014 December 31, 2013 September 30, 2013 June 30, 2013 March 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 September 30, 2012 June 30, 2012 March 31, 2012 Quarter ended Receivables from customers, less allowances Add: Deferred purchase price receivable* Receivables from customers, less allowances, as adjusted Add: Inventories Less: Accounts payable, trade Working capital** Sales Days working capital $1,513 $1,526 $1,401 $1,391 $1,383 $1,427 $1,483 $1,704 $1,573 $1,600 $1,650 $1,709 395 438 371 238 339 347 223 50 53 104 144 85 1,908 3,064 3,021 $1,951 $6,377 1,964 3,194 3,016 $2,142 $6,239 1,772 3,201 1,629 2,974 2,880 2,813 $2,093 $1,790 $5,836 $5,454 1,722 2,783 2,816 $1,689 $5,585 1,774 2,932 2,746 $1,960 $5,765 1,706 2,949 1,754 2,961 2,820 2,656 $1,835 $2,059 $5,849 $5,833 1,626 2,894 2,587 $1,933 $5,898 1,704 3,051 2,496 $2,259 $5,833 1,794 3,097 1,794 3,079 2,594 2,660 $2,297 $2,213 $5,963 $6,006 33 32 Days Working Capital = Working Capital divided by (Sales/number of days in the quarter). 29 28 30 31 32 28 30 36 35 34 * The deferred purchase price receivable relates to an arrangement to sell certain customer receivables to several financial institutions on a recurring basis. Alcoa is adding back this receivable for the purposes of the Days Working Capital calculation. ** Beginning January 1, 2014, management changed the manner in which Working Capital is measured by moving from an end of quarter Working Capital to an average quarter Working Capital. This change will now reflect the capital tied up during a given quarter. As such, the components of Working Capital for each period presented represent the average of the ending balances in each of the three months during the respective quarter. Reconciliation of Net Debt 2014 2013 2012 December 31, 2011 2010 2009 2008 $ $ 176 Short-term borrowings – Commercial paper 669 Long-term debt due within one year 8,974 Long-term debt, less amount due within one year 9,819 Total debt 1,481 Less: Cash and cash equivalents Net debt $ 8,338 Net Debt is a non-GAAP financial measure. Management believes that this measure is meaningful to investors because management assesses Alcoa’s leverage position after factoring in available cash that could be used to repay outstanding debt. 53 – 465 8,311 8,829 1,861 $ 6,968 54 – 29 8,769 8,852 1,877 $ 6,975 92 – 231 8,842 9,165 1,543 $ 7,622 62 224 445 8,640 9,371 1,939 $ 7,432 57 – 655 7,607 8,319 1,437 $ 6,882 478 1,535 56 8,509 10,578 762 $ 9,816 $ $ $ $ $ Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA Net income (loss) attributable to Alcoa Add: Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests Provision for income taxes Other expenses (income), net Interest expense Restructuring and other charges Impairment of goodwill Provision for depreciation, depletion, and amortization Year ended December 31, 2014 $ 268 2013 $(2,285) (91) 320 47 473 1,168 – 1,371 $3,556 41 428 (25) 453 782 1,731 1,421 $ 2,546 Adjusted EBITDA Alcoa’s definition of Adjusted EBITDA (Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) is net margin plus an add- back for depreciation, depletion, and amortization. Net margin is equivalent to Sales minus the following items: Cost of goods sold; Selling, general administrative, and other expenses; Research and development expenses; and Provision for depreciation, depletion, and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. Management believes that this measure is meaningful to investors because Adjusted EBITDA provides additional information with respect to Alcoa’s operating performance and the Company’s ability to meet its financial obligations. The Adjusted EBITDA presented may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. Reconciliation of Alumina Adjusted EBITDA Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 $ 370 $ 259 $ 90 $ 607 $ 301 $ 112 $ 727 $ 2007 2006 956 $ 1,050 $ 2005 2004 682 $ 632 After-tax operating income (ATOI) Add: Depreciation, depletion, and amortization Equity loss (income) Income taxes Other Adjusted EBITDA Production (thousand metric tons) (kmt) Adjusted EBITDA/Production ($ per metric ton) 387 29 153 (28) 911 $ 426 4 66 (6) 749 $ 455 (5) (27) (8) 444 (25) 179 (44) 505 $ 1,161 $ 406 (10) 60 (5) 752 $ 268 (7) 277 (26) 267 292 (1) (8) 340 (22) (92) 2 282 $ 1,239 $ 1,564 $ 1,666 $ 1,092 $ 192 2 428 (6) 172 – 246 (8) 16,618 16,342 16,486 15,922 14,265 15,256 15,084 15,128 14,598 153 (1) 240 (46) 978 14,343 $ 16,606 $ 55 $ 45 $ 31 $ 70 $ 47 $ 20 $ 81 $ 104 $ 110 $ 75 $ 68 Reconciliation of Primary Metals Adjusted EBITDA Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 ATOI Add: Depreciation, depletion, and amortization Equity loss (income) Income taxes Other Adjusted EBITDA Production (thousand metric tons) (kmt) Adjusted EBITDA/Production ($ per metric ton) $ 594 $ (20) $ 309 $ 481 $ 488 $ (612) $ 931 $ 1,445 $ 1,760 $ 822 $ 808 494 34 203 (6) $ 1,319 $ 3,125 526 51 (74) (8) 475 $ 3,550 556 7 92 2 571 (1) 96 (7) 326 503 532 (58) (2) 27 314 172 106 (422) 20 (32) 552 $ 1,138 $ 1,147 $ (567) $ 1,572 $ 2,313 $ 2,786 $ 1,413 $ 1,410 3,376 4,007 560 26 (365) (176) 395 (82) 726 (13) 410 (57) 542 (27) 368 12 307 (96) 3,586 3,564 3,693 3,552 3,775 3,554 3,742 $ 422 $ 134 $ 148 $ 301 $ 320 $ (159) $ 392 $ 626 $ 784 $ 398 $ 418 Reconciliation of Global Rolled Products Adjusted EBITDA Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012(1) 2011(1) 2010(1) 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 $ 312 $ 252 $ 346 $ 260 $ 241 $ (106) $ (41) $ 151 $ 317 $ 300 $ 290 ATOI Add: Depreciation, depletion, and amortization Equity loss Income taxes Other Adjusted EBITDA Total shipments (thousand metric tons) (kmt) Adjusted EBITDA/Total shipments ($ per $ 235 27 124 (1) 697 $ 226 13 108 – 599 $ 229 6 159 (2) 738 $ 237 3 98 1 599 $ 238 – 103 1 583 $ 227 – 12 (2) 131 $ 216 – 14 6 195 $ 227 – 77 1 456 $ 223 2 113 20 675 $ 220 – 135 1 656 $ 2,056 1,989 1,943 1,866 1,755 1,888 2,361 2,482 2,376 2,250 200 1 97 1 589 2,136 metric ton) $ 339 $ 301 $ 380 $ 321 $ 332 $ 69 $ 83 $ 184 $ 284 $ 292 $ 276 Reconciliation of Engineered Products and Solutions Adjusted EBITDA Year ended December 31, ATOI Add: Depreciation, depletion, and amortization Equity (income) loss Income taxes Other Adjusted EBITDA Third-party sales Adjusted EBITDA Margin 2014(2) $ 767 $ 2013(3) 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 726 $ 612 $ 537 $ 419 $ 311 $ 522 $ 423 $ 382 $ 276 $ 161 173 – 374 – 159 – 348 (2) 168 – 70 106 505 $ 1,314 $ 1,231 $ 1,058 $ $ 6,006 $ 5,733 $ 5,525 $ 5,345 $ 4,584 $ 4,689 $ 6,199 $ 5,834 $ 5,428 $ 4,773 $ 4,283 160 – 120 (11) 545 $ 152 6 164 (2) 702 $ 165 – 215 2 904 $ 177 (2) 138 1 625 $ 158 (1) 258 (1) 951 $ 154 (2) 198 – 769 $ 163 – 184 (7) 763 $ 158 – 297 (9) 21.9% 21.5% 19.1% 17.8% 16.8% 13.3% 14.6% 13.1% 12.9% 11.4% 11.8% Alcoa’s definition of Adjusted EBITDA (Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) is net margin plus an add-back for depreciation, depletion, and amortization. Net margin is equivalent to Sales minus the following items: Cost of goods sold; Selling, general administrative, and other expenses; Research and development expenses; and Provision for depreciation, depletion, and amortization. The Other line in the tables above includes gains/ losses on asset sales and other nonoperating items. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. Management believes that this measure is meaningful to investors because Adjusted EBITDA provides additional information with respect to Alcoa’s operating performance and the Company’s ability to meet its financial obligations. The Adjusted EBITDA presented may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. (1) (2) (3) The average Adjusted EBITDA per metric ton of these three years equals $344 and represents the average historical high for the Global Rolled Products segment. Alcoa has a 2016 target to meet or exceed this average historical high. In the year ended December 31, 2014, the Third-party sales and Adjusted EBITDA of Engineered Products and Solutions includes $81 and $(10), respectively, related to the acquisition of an aerospace business, Firth Rixson. Excluding these amounts, EBITDA Margin was 22.3% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The Adjusted EBITDA Margin for the year ended December 31, 2013 represents the historical high for the Engineered Products and Solutions segment. Alcoa has a 2016 target to exceed this historical high. [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] Directors (As of March 2, 2015) Klaus Kleinfeld, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Alcoa Inc. Arthur D. Collins, Jr., Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Medtronic, Inc. Kathryn S. Fuller, Chair, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Judith M. Gueron, Scholar in Residence and President Emerita, MDRC Michael G. Morris, Former Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, American Electric Power Company, Inc. E. Stanley O’Neal, Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. James W. Owens, Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Caterpillar Inc. L. Rafael Reif, President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Carol L. Roberts, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, International Paper Company Patricia F. Russo, Former Chief Executive Officer, Alcatel-Lucent Martin S. Sorrell, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, WPP plc Ratan N. Tata, Former Chairman, Tata Sons Limited Ernesto Zedillo, Director, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Officers (As of March 2, 2015) Elizabeth J. Archell Vice President Corporate Affairs Chief Communications Officer Nahla A. Azmy Vice President Investor Relations Ronald E. Barin Vice President Chief Investment Officer, Pension Plan Investments John D. Bergen Vice President Corporate Projects Graeme W. Bottger Executive Vice President President, Global Business Services Chief Procurement Officer Jinya Chen Vice President President, Asia Pacific Region Robert S. Collins Vice President and Controller Alan J. Cransberg Vice President President, Alcoa Refining and Australia Region Daniel Cruise Vice President Government Affairs and Business Development Roy C. Harvey Executive Vice President Human Resources, Environment, Health, Safety and Sustainability Peter Hong Vice President and Treasurer Olivier M. Jarrault Executive Vice President Group President, Engineered Products and Solutions John A. Kenna Vice President Tax Raymond J. Kilmer Executive Vice President Chief Technology Officer Klaus Kleinfeld Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Max W. Laun Vice President General Counsel Kay H. Meggers Executive Vice President Group President, Global Rolled Products William F. Oplinger Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Susan M. Ringler Vice President Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer Audrey Strauss Executive Vice President Chief Legal Officer and Secretary L. Paris Watts-Stanfield Vice President Internal Audit Robert G. Wilt Executive Vice President Group President, Global Primary Products Kenneth P. Wisnoski Vice President President, International Project Development and Asset Management Assistant Officers Renato De C.A. Bacchi Assistant Treasurer Julie A. Caponi Assistant Treasurer Janet F. Duderstadt Group General Counsel, Global Rolled Products and Assistant Secretary Brenda A. Hart Assistant General Counsel and Assistant Secretary Paul A. Hayes Assistant Treasurer Jeffrey D. Heeter Assistant General Counsel Printed in USA © 2015 Alcoa SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION Annual Meeting The annual meeting of shareholders will be at 9:30 a.m. Friday, May 1, 2015, at the Fairmont Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Company News Visit www.alcoa.com for Securities and Exchange Commission filings, quarterly earnings reports, and other Company news. Copies of the annual report and Forms 10-K and 10-Q may be requested at no cost at www.alcoa.com/invest or by writing to Corporate Communications at the corporate center address located on the back cover of this report. Investor Information Securities analysts and investors may write to Vice President—Investor Relations, Alcoa, 390 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10022-4608, call 1.212.836.2674, or e-mail investor.relations@alcoa.com. Shareholder Services Registered shareholders with questions on account balances, dividend checks, reinvestment, direct deposit, address changes, lost or misplaced stock certificates, or other shareholder account matters may contact Alcoa’s stock transfer agent, registrar, and dividend disbursing agent, Computershare: BY TELEPHONE 1.888.985.2058 (in the United States and Canada) 1.201.680.6578 (all other calls) 1.800.231.5469 (Telecommunications Device for the Deaf: TDD) BY INTERNET www.computershare.com BY REGULAR MAIL Computershare P.O. Box 30170 College Station, TX 77842-3170 Other Publications For more information on Alcoa Foundation and Alcoa community investments, visit www.alcoa.com under “community” or www.alcoafoundation.com. BY OVERNIGHT CORRESPONDENCE Computershare 211 Quality Circle, Suite 210 College Station, TX 77845 For Alcoa’s 2014 Sustainability Report, visit www.alcoa.com/sustainability; write to Sustainability at the corporate center address located on the back cover of this report; or e-mail sustainability@alcoa.com. For shareholder questions on other matters related to Alcoa, write to Corporate Secretary, Alcoa, 390 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10022-4608, call 1.212.836.2732, or e-mail corporate.secretary@alcoa.com. Dividends Alcoa’s objective is to pay common stock dividends at rates competitive with other investments of equal risk and consistent with the need to reinvest earnings for long-term growth. Cash dividend decisions are made by Alcoa’s Board of Directors and are reviewed on a regular basis. Dividend Reinvestment Alcoa’s transfer agent sponsors and administers a Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan for shareholders of Alcoa’s common stock and $3.75 cumulative Preferred Stock. The plan allows shareholders to reinvest all or part of their quarterly dividends in shares of Alcoa common stock. Shareholders also may purchase additional shares under the plan with cash contributions. Direct Deposit of Dividends Shareholders may have their quarterly dividends deposited directly to their checking, savings, or money market accounts at any financial institution that participates in the Automated Clearing House system. Stock Listing COMMON New York Stock Exchange | Ticker symbol: AA Australian Stock Exchange | Ticker symbol: AAI $3.75 CUMULATIVE PREFERRED New York Stock Exchange MKT | Ticker symbol: AA.PR DEPOSITARY SHARES, EACH A 1/10TH INTEREST IN MANDATORY CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED New York Stock Exchange | Ticker symbol: AA-PRB Quarterly Common Stock Information QUARTER HIGH First Second Third Fourth $12.97 15.18 17.36 17.75 2014 LOW $9.82 12.34 14.56 13.71 DIVIDEND HIGH LOW DIVIDEND 2013 $0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 $9.37 $8.30 $0.03 8.88 8.68 10.77 10.77 7.71 7.63 7.82 7.63 0.03 0.03 0.03 $0.12 Year 17.75 9.82 $0.12 Alcoa Corporate Center 201 Isabella Street Pittsburgh, PA 15212-5858 Tel: 1.412.553.4545 Fax: 1.412.553.4498 www.alcoa.com Alcoa Inc. is incorporated in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania T R A N S F O R M I N G A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 4 

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