Ambarella
Annual Report 2020

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 001-35667 AMBARELLA, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Cayman Islands (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 3101 Jay Street Santa Clara, California (Address of principal executive offices) 98-0459628 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 95054 (Zip Code) Title of each class Ordinary Shares, $0.00045 Par Value Per Share Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (408) 734-8888 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Trading Symbol AMBA Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Name of each exchange on which registered The Nasdaq Global Market Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ☒ NO ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES ☐ NO ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☒ NO ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Emerging growth company ☒ ☐ ☐ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company ☐ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES ☐ NO ☒ The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting ordinary shares held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of July 31, 2020, was approximately $1.6 billion based upon the closing price reported for such date on the NASDAQ Global Market. For purposes of this disclosure, ordinary shares held by persons known to the Registrant (based on information provided by such persons and/or the most recent schedule 13Gs filed by such persons) to beneficially own more than 5% of the Registrant’s ordinary shares and ordinary shares held by officers and directors of the Registrant have been excluded because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. Number of ordinary shares, $0.00045 par value, outstanding as of March 22, 2021: 36,248,731 shares. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Certain information is incorporated into Part III of this report by reference to the Proxy Statement for the Registrant’s annual meeting of shareholders to be held on or about June 17, 2021 to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.  Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I PART II Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services PART III Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Summary Item 15. Item 16. Exhibits Signatures Power of Attorney PART IV 2 Page 4 18 44 44 44 44 45 47 48 62 63 64 64 64 65 65 65 65 65 66 94 95 97 97 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in, but not limited to, the sections titled “Business,” “Risk Factors,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” as well as elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Forward-looking statements are identified by the use of the words “would,” “could,” “will,” “may,” “expect,” “believe,” “should,” “anticipate,” “outlook,” “if,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “target,” “seek,” “continue,” “foreseeable” or “forecast” and similar words and phrases, including the negatives of these terms, or other variations of these terms, that denote future events. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations, competitive position, industry environment, potential growth opportunities and the effects of competition, our product development strategy and areas of focus, our market opportunity, our ability to develop new solutions, including our ability to integrate and apply acquired technologies to our solutions, our future financial and operating performance, sales and marketing strategy, investment strategy and the results of our investments, research and development, customer and supplier relationships, inventory levels, customer demand and our ability to secure design wins, industry trends, our cash needs and capital requirements, and expectations about seasonality, taxes, and operating expenses. These statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and our potential financial performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results and financial position to differ materially and adversely from what is projected or implied in any forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Factors that could affect such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, risks associated with revenue being generated from new customers or design wins, neither of which is assured; our ability to retain and expand customer relationships and to achieve design wins; the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations or the operations of our supply chain or our customers; our ability to timely produce sufficient quantities of our products on a cost-effective basis through our third-party vendors; the commercial success of our customers’ products; our growth strategy; our ability to anticipate future market demands and future needs and preferences of our customers; our ability to introduce new and enhanced solutions; the expansion of our current markets and our ability to successfully enter new markets; anticipated trends and challenges, including competition, in the markets in which we operate; our expectations regarding the adoption of computer vision technology; economic and geopolitical factors beyond our control; our ability to effectively generate and manage growth; our ability to retain key employees; the potential for intellectual property disputes or other litigation; the risks described under Item 1A of Part I—“Risk Factors,” Item 7 of Part II—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K; and those discussed in other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have no obligation (and expressly disclaim any such obligation) to update or alter any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information or otherwise except as otherwise required by securities regulations. For purposes of this Annual Report, the terms “Ambarella”, “the Company”, “we”, “us” and “our” refer to Ambarella, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. 3 ITEM 1. BUSINESS Overview PART I Ambarella is a leading developer of low-power system-on-a-chip, or SoC, semiconductors providing powerful artificial intelligence, or AI, processing, advanced image signal processing and high-resolution video compression. Since inception, we have primarily served human-viewing applications with video and image processors for enterprise, public infrastructure and home applications, such as internet protocol, or IP, security cameras, sports cameras, wearables, aerial drones, and aftermarket automotive video recorders. In the last several years, our development efforts have focused on creating advanced AI technology that enables edge devices to visually perceive the environment and make decisions based on the data collected from cameras and, most recently, other types of sensors. This category of AI technology is known as computer vision, or CV, and our CV SoCs integrate our state-of-the-art video processor technology together with our recently developed deep learning neural network processing technology, which we refer to as CVflow™. The CVflow-architecture supports a variety of computer vision algorithms, including, object detection, classification and tracking, semantic and instance segmentation, image processing, stereo object detection, terrain mapping, and face recognition. CVflow can process other sensor modalities, including lidar and radar, and allows customers to differentiate their products by porting their own or third party neural networks and/or classical computer vision algorithms to our CVflow-based SoCs. Our CV technology is creating opportunities for us to address a broader range of markets and applications while also allowing us to capture more content per electronic system. As described below, Ambarella’s products are now used in a wide variety of human viewing and computer vision applications, including video security cameras, a variety of automotive camera systems, mobile and fixed robots and industrial applications, and consumer devices, such as action, drone and 360° cameras. For our fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we recorded revenue of $223.0 million, $228.7 million and $227.8 million, respectively. For the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we incurred net losses of $59.8 million, $44.8 million and $30.4 million, respectively. We have generated cash from operations in each fiscal year starting from 2009. Industry Background and Target Markets Computer vision functionality has historically been executed with graphics processing units (GPU), field programmable gate-arrays (FPGA) or general purpose microprocessors (CPU) in servers or datacenters. This approach requires large amounts of data to be transported from an end-point electronic system or device into the network infrastructure, where the data may be stored, processed, and then sent back to the end point, creating added delay, power consumption and incremental expense from data communications, server processing and storage. In some applications, unacceptable levels of latency are introduced by the transportation of this data, minimizing or, in some cases, eliminating the utility of the product. In addition, this approach often requires personal information to be transmitted from the end-point device to the network infrastructure, potentially raising privacy and security concerns. 4 Ambarella believes the CV end-point market, sometimes referred to as the system’s edge, requires a fundamentally different SoC architecture versus the GPU, FPGA and CPU approach commonly utilized in the datacenter. Our CV SoCs are optimized for the requirements of the end-point market to provide highly accurate results, significant processing power, small form factor and minimal latency while consuming very low amounts of power and simultaneously delivering both human viewing and computer vision functionality, often while supporting multiple cameras and multiple AI applications with a single SoC incorporated in an end-point device. In addition, privacy and security can be enhanced, as critical personal information may not need to enter the network infrastructure. Our first CV SoC was introduced in 2018. Our development efforts are now focused on SoCs that provide both human viewing and computer vision functionality. We are focusing on the following end markets: • Security Cameras. We are a leader in professional and home IP security camera markets, with solutions that deliver exceptional computer vision performance, industry-leading compression efficiency, low power consumption, and outstanding image quality, including high dynamic range (HDR), low-light processing and fisheye lens dewarping. Our CV products enable higher levels of automation than our vision processors through advanced algorithms, such as object detection, classification and tracking, license plate recognition and facial recognition. We address the following security camera applications: ▪ ▪ Professional IP Security Cameras. These cameras are used for video monitoring and security surveillance in enterprise and public infrastructure applications. Our solutions enable the streaming of multiple video streams to enable remote monitoring at multiple locations. Embedded computer vision technology supports advanced analytics at the system’s edge, including people counting and tracking, facial recognition and retail behavior analysis. Home IP Security Cameras. Home security cameras are designed for home or small business use and may be connected to cloud services and applications via home networks using WiFi. These cameras may require very low bitrate operation to support high- definition (HD) resolution over limited bandwidth connections, while their small form factors or battery powered design may require very low power operation. Form factors include smart video door bells and video-enabled lights. Embedded computer vision technology supports advanced functions, including intruder and pet detection, face recognition and package monitoring. • Automotive Cameras. Cameras are utilized for a variety of applications in the automotive market and our products are designed into both original equipment manufacturer, or OEM, and aftermarket applications. We address the following automotive market applications: ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Automotive Video Recorders (also known as data loggers). These video cameras are installed in vehicles (pre-install) or mounted (aftermarket) to record events for reconciliation, such as for insurance and liability, driver scoring or training, and security purposes. We offer solutions for both OEM and aftermarket drive recording devices, some of which include advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) features. Electronic Mirrors. One or more cameras, in conjunction with an electronic display, are used to augment or, in some cases replace, reflective glass rear view and/or side view mirrors to provide a wider and unobstructed field of view. Smart electronic mirrors that incorporate our CV SoCs may also help with detecting objects in blind spots, overtaking vehicles and vulnerable road users, such as pedestrians and bicycles. Front Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) Cameras. These front-facing cameras are often positioned behind the rearview mirror, enabling functions such as automatic emergency braking, lane departure warning, forward collision warning, intelligent headlight control, and speed assistance functions, many of which are required by an increasing number of regional New Car Assessment Programs, or NCAP. The most advanced front ADAS cameras require ultra high definition (UHD) resolution and advanced CV processing, which is critical for long-distance object detection with a wide field-of-view, and extremely low power due to their inherently small form factor. Cabin Monitoring System (CMS) and Driver Monitoring System (DMS) Cameras. These interior mounted cameras track drivers and passengers to help prevent accidents by alerting a drowsy or distracted driver and assist with the deployment of safety features, such as airbags. These interior cameras may also be utilized by service providers, in particular with autonomous vehicles, to create new business opportunities in which in-cabin information, collected through cameras, may be monetized. Our solutions process our customers’ interior-sensing algorithms at high speeds and with low power consumption, and are effective even at night via onboard RGB-infrared processing. Our DMS solutions can be integrated with supplementary camera applications, including electronic mirror, front ADAS, and high-resolution driver recording. 5 ▪ ▪ Partial to Fully Autonomous Driving (e.g. L2+, L4 and L5). Several of our CV SoCs in development will offer significantly higher levels of processing performance than our current solutions, allowing us to provide the incremental processing power to execute the complex software stack required at higher levels of autonomy. These SoCs may be able to support higher resolution cameras, more cameras per SoC, and more processing per SoC. For example, we expect our future in-development SoCs to offer the processing power to receive the output of adjacent sensors in a vehicle, such as imaging radar and/or lidar, and fuse the sensor data with camera data, providing a single point of perception for the vehicle operation. We continue to advance our research in critical areas of autonomous vehicle development, such as vehicle detection, obstacle detection, pedestrian detection, lane detection, traffic sign recognition, stereovision processing, and sensor fusion and planning, enabling us to design optimal platforms for applications ranging from Level2+ autopilot to full autonomy. Other Automotive Opportunities. Our CV SoCs may also be utilized in the cargo areas of commercial vehicles to improve the efficiency of the delivery process, used for access control in a vehicle, and a variety of other emerging CV based applications. We are working with automotive suppliers to port their own ADAS algorithms to our platform to enable differentiated products. We also continue to develop other proprietary autonomous vehicle technologies that have performed successfully in a variety of demanding scenarios, including the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Grand Challenge (2005), a trip from Italy to China in full autonomous mode (2010), and driverless navigation at highway speeds (2015). • • Emerging Robotic and Industrial Applications. Our solutions can add intelligence to a range of partially or fully robotic applications, including access control, industrial/factory automation, sensing cameras, and a variety of industrial and home robotic applications. Our advanced CV SoCs handle an array of complex algorithms, from low-level perception functions and neural networks to higher-level autonomous software stacks, while our video processing pipeline enables operation in challenging lighting conditions such as high-contrast scenes and extremely low-light environments, all with low power consumption. We address the following industrial and robotic market applications: ▪ ▪ ▪ Identification/Authentication Cameras. Our video-based sensing solutions enable contactless access control for home, enterprise and public applications. Our CV SoCs are engineered to quickly extract input from the physical environment, fuse data from multiple sensors, analyze the incoming data and deliver the appropriate feedback, with low-latency and low-power responsiveness. Applications include enterprise access control panels, electronic locks and contactless mobile payment terminals. Robotic Products. Our products and technology are well suited for a variety of smart home and enterprise robotic applications. With stereovision capabilities and convolutional neural network (CNN)-based object classification, our solutions are also suited for a variety of industrial machine vision systems, mobile robots for delivery or factory/warehouse applications, aerial drones, robotic vacuum cleaners, and other emerging robotic applications. Sensing Cameras. Our CV SoCs enable sensing cameras that analyze video using AI-based algorithms running in the camera to provide remote users with updates, warnings or business data based on the analysis. Since no video, audio or image data needs to leave the camera, privacy can be maintained. Applications for sensing cameras include elderly monitoring, building occupancy monitoring and retail store business analytics. Other Applications. Cameras for the home, public spaces and consumer leisure applications that provide HD video quality increasingly include embedded connectivity to share and display video. Our low power, high-resolution and connected solutions can be found in a variety of cameras, including wearable body cameras, sports action cameras, social media cameras, drones for capturing aerial video or photographs, video conferencing and virtual reality applications. Our Competitive Strengths Our platform technology solutions provide performance attributes that satisfy the stringent demands of the camera market, enable integration of HD video and image capture capabilities in portable devices, and provide computer vision capabilities that address the evolving needs of the IP security, automotive, robotics, and industrial markets. We believe that our leadership is the result of our competitive strengths, including: • Proprietary Computer Vision Architecture. Our proprietary AI and computer vision processing architecture, known as CVflow, uses a flexible hardware engine programmed with a high level algorithm description to achieve increased performance while minimizing die size and power consumption. The CVflow architecture specifies data flow connections between a set of optimized AI and computer vision operators, such as the convolution and matrix multiply functions that are specifically optimized for deep learning algorithms. The CVflow architecture supports a variety of AI and computer vision algorithms, including object detection, classification and tracking, semantic and instance segmentation, image processing, and stereo object detection, and allows customers to differentiate their products by porting their own algorithms and neural networks to our CVflow-based SoCs. 6 • • • • High-Performance, Low Power, AI, Video and Image Algorithm Expertise. Our extensive algorithm expertise, which facilitates efficient AI, video and image compression, enables our solutions to achieve low power consumption without compromising performance. Our solutions provide Full HD and UHD video up to 32-megapixel resolution and 60 frames per second. Our solutions achieve high storage and transmission efficiencies through innovative and complex video and image compression algorithms that significantly reduce the output bitrate. This smaller storage footprint directly benefits the performance of our solutions in several ways, including lower memory storage requirements and reduced bandwidth needs for transmission, which is more conducive to sharing content between devices. These benefits are particularly important in transcoding, the digital-to-digital conversion of one encoding format to another, and video cloud applications. Our solutions can deliver clear images in low light conditions because of our advanced noise reduction, including 3D motion compensated temporal filtering (MCTF) and multiple exposure processing. Additionally, our HDR processing capabilities handle scenes with large dynamic range between the lightest and darkest areas to reveal details that would otherwise be lost in shadow or highlight areas. Our advanced de-warping capability enables cameras to use wide angle lenses to capture images from a wide area, making it ideal for a variety of IP security camera applications, as well as 3D electronic image stabilization and surround view for automotive applications. Proprietary Video Processing Architecture. Our proprietary video processing architecture is designed to efficiently integrate our advanced compression algorithms into our SoCs to offer exceptional storage and transmission efficiencies at lower power across multiple products and end markets. Due to our historical focus on video processing compression, we believe that our solutions offer exceptional video processing performance metrics with lower power requirements and reduced die sizes. Our integrated algorithms and architecture also enable simultaneous processing of multiple video and image streams. Highly Integrated SoC Solutions Based on a Scalable Platform. Our product families leverage our core high-performance AI and video processing architecture combined with an extensive set of integrated peripherals, which enables our platform to address the requirements of a variety of applications and end markets. Our flexible and highly-scalable platform enables us to address multiple markets with reduced design cycles and costs. Our software compatible portfolio of products with a broad range of performance and price points allows our customers to develop a range of end products from a common software base. Our platform also enables us to develop fully integrated SoC solutions that provide the system functionalities required by our customers on a single chip. Our extensive system integration expertise enables us to integrate core video processing functionality with many peripheral functions such as multiple sensor inputs and video outputs, flash memory controllers, and serial, Ethernet and PCI-E interfaces to reduce system complexity and interoperability issues. Furthermore, we have successfully migrated our process nodes from 130nm to 5nm since our founding and have a proven track record of developing and delivering multiple solutions with first-pass silicon success. Comprehensive and Flexible Software. Our years of investment in developing and optimizing our comprehensive and flexible software serve as the foundation of our high-performance video application solutions. Key components of our software include highly customized middleware that integrates many unique features for efficient scheduling and other system-level functions, and firmware that is optimized to reduce power requirements and improve performance. In addition, we provide to our customers full-function software development kits with a suite of application programming interfaces or APIs, which allow customers to rapidly integrate our solution, adjust product specifications and provide additional functionality to their systems, thereby enabling them to differentiate their product offerings and reduce time to market. We also provide extensive software tools to map algorithms from commonly-used AI frameworks such as Pytorch or Tensorflow into our proprietary CVflow architecture. 7 Products We have a wide range of products in our portfolio, including products that have commercially shipped, products for which we have shipped engineering samples and products that are under development. We typically introduce two to three new silicon products per year which, when combined with our flexible software development kits, allow us to offer product families addressing the specific needs of a wide range of end markets. In addition to enabling small device size and low power consumption, our SoC solutions make possible differentiated functionalities, such as computer vision functionality, simultaneous video and image capture, multiple-stream video capture, image stabilization and wireless connectivity. Our AI video and image processing SoCs, based on our proprietary architecture, are highly configurable and enable our customers to deliver exceptional AI and video capabilities, easy-to-use devices with low power requirements. Our AI architecture, incorporated into our CV family of SoCs, extract and process data from video streams, enabling our customers to develop intelligent camera systems. Our customized software solutions include firmware, middleware and software development kits to optimize system-level functions and allow rapid integration of our solution into customer products and tailor specifications to customer requirements. Our B6 and B8 SerDes (Serializer/Deserializer) products are mixed-signal (analog and digital) semiconductors used to transport data short distances (up to 10 meters) from a CMOS image sensor, often in a remote camera location, to our video and CV SoCs. The SerDes chips are used to add additional camera(s) to an automotive application, as well as used as a bridge chip for other automotive applications, such as MIPI combiner, splitter and display drivers. Our SerDes chips are also used in security applications, for example, ATMs may use a single B6 chip for connecting multiple remote cameras to a single video processor SoC. Product families that have been introduced in the last two fiscal years include: • • • • • Our 10nm CV25 SoC, which we announced in January 2019, provides computer vision processing for affordable and intelligent home monitoring, professional surveillance, and aftermarket automotive solutions, including smart dash-cameras, driver monitoring systems (DMS), and electronic mirrors. The CV25 SoC enables cameras to perform advanced AI features like object detection, facial recognition in real-time on the camera rather than in the cloud. The CV25 SoC encodes AVC and HEVC video at rates of up to 4Kp30, and uses SmartAVCTM and SmartHEVCTM intelligent rate control to achieve low bitrates and minimize cloud storage costs. The CV25 SoC also includes a quad-core 1 GHz ARM® Cortex®-A53 CPU with NEONTM DSP extensions and floating point unit. Our S6Lm SoC, which we announced in April 2019, is designed for a wide range of professional IP and home monitoring cameras and includes 4K HDR processing and multi-streaming. The S6Lm SoC delivers 5Mp30 + 720p30 + 5Mp1 maximum encoding performance. The S6Lm SoC features a quad-core ARM Cortex A53 CPU for advanced analytics, including object and person detection to reduce false alarms and maximize battery life in battery-powered designs. The S6Lm uses our next-generation image signal processor to deliver high-quality imaging in low-light conditions, while its HDR processing extracts high image detail in high-contrast scenes. Our CV22FS and CV2FS SoCs, which we announced in January 2020, are ASIL-B compliant versions of our CV22 and CV2 SoCs to enable safety-critical applications for the automotive market. Featuring low power consumption, the CV22FS and CV2FS SoCs are designed to enable Tier-1 suppliers and OEMs to surpass the European New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) performance requirements within the power consumption constraints of single-box, windshield-mounted forward ADAS cameras. Other potential applications for the processors include electronic mirrors with blind spot detection (BSD), interior driver and cabin monitoring cameras, and camera processing for L2+ to L4 autonomous vehicles. Our CV28M SoC, which we announced in November 2020, combines advanced image processing, high-resolution video encoding and CVflow AI processing in a single, low-power design to enable a new class of smart edge devices for applications including smart home security, retail monitoring, consumer robotics, and occupancy monitoring. The CV28M SoC includes our CVflow architecture with CNN/deep learning support and encodes 4K video at 30 frames per second. The CV28M SoC includes a Dual-core 1 GHz Arm® Cortex®- A53 CPU with NEON™ DSP extensions and floating point unit. Our CV5 SoC, our first 5 nm chip, was announced in January 2021. The CV5 SoC provides computer vision processing for intelligent multi- sensor automotive camera systems, consumer cameras, such as drone, action and 360°cameras, and robotic cameras. The CV5 SoC can simultaneously process images for both human viewing and machine processing, and consumes less than 2 watts of power while encoding full 8K video at 30 frames per second. The CV25 SoC includes dual ARM® Cortex®-A76 CPUs with NEONTM DSP extensions and floating point unit, and high-speed SLVS-EC, MIPI-CSI (C/D PHY) interfaces capable of connecting up to 14 cameras. 8 The chart below describes our current product lines and target markets: Technology Our semiconductor processing solutions enable artificial intelligence and computer vision processing, HD and UHD (up to 7680 x 4320p60) video and image processing, and video compression, sharing and display while offering exceptional power, size, and performance characteristics. Key differentiators of our technology include: • • • flexible CVflow processors for deep learning and other CV algorithms with power and die size efficiency; stereo/optical flow processing engines for robust CV processing with high performance and power efficiency; algorithms for high-speed image processing under challenging low light and high dynamic range conditions for robust CV and human viewing with high power efficiency; 9 • • • • • • • • • • • algorithms to compress video signals with high compression and power efficiency at multiple operating points; optimized deep learning algorithms for multi class 2D/3D object detection and segmentation, including vehicles, pedestrians, cycles, road markings, traffic signs and traffic lights; algorithms for stereo obstacle detection to provide robust safety in the event of obstacles that are not in the training data; full autonomous algorithm stack for automotive applications, including fusion for multiple cameras and sensor modalities, mapping and localization algorithms and planning; full software development kit comprised of application programming interfaces, or APIs, to facilitate integration into customers’ products; and tools for porting and optimizing customer deep neural networks, or DNNs, developed in industry standard training frameworks; scalable architecture that covers the gamut of consumer and professional video camera and encoding applications from Full HD to 8K video performance levels; ability to capture, process and encode multiple image sensors simultaneously to support multiple viewpoints, including surround view and virtual reality applications; ability to encode multiple video streams simultaneously to support simultaneous recording and video streaming or streaming to multiple devices with different resolutions; algorithms to stabilize video from camera motion in challenging conditions, such as sports and drone cameras; low-power architecture with minimal system memory footprint; and programmable architecture that balances flexibility, quality, power and die size with powerful CPUs and optimized hardware acceleration to support advanced processing functions. Our technology platform is based on a high-performance, low-power architecture supported by a high level of system integration. The building blocks of our platform are illustrated below: 10 Our technology platform enables the capture of high-resolution still images and UHD video while simultaneously performing CV processing and encoding for high-quality storage and lower resolution real time streaming. CVflow Our proprietary AI computer vision processing architecture, known as CVflow™, uses a flexible hardware engine programmed with a data flow graph algorithm description to achieve increased performance while minimizing die size and power consumption. This description allows the hardware to maximize use of its resources by exploiting all available parallelism without software intervention. The CVflow architecture specifies data flow connections between a set of optimized AI and computer vision operators, such as the convolution and matrix multiply functions that are used for deep learning algorithms. The CVflow architecture also supports a variety of other computer vision algorithms, including stereo obstacle detection and terrain mapping technology. Our platform allows customers to differentiate their products by porting and optimizing their own algorithms and neural networks to our CVflow-based chips from industry-standard training tools and frameworks. Computer Vision Technology Computer vision is a core technology that complements our proprietary image processing and video compression technology. Our current SoC solutions have up to four high performance ARM processors with NEONTM acceleration that provide a flexible and cost-effective manner in which to run computer vision algorithms. We are focusing on developing advanced computer vision algorithms and high-performance, low-power hardware acceleration, which is critical to our security camera, automotive camera, and other markets. A significant feature of our CV SoCs is support for stereo obstacle detection, which utilizes stereo cameras to perceive depth. We believe that stereo depth information provides an important augmentation to monocular computer vision processing, resulting in an extra margin of safety for autonomous driving and other applications. Monocular processing depends on training to detect obstacles, and may not detect obstacles that are not represented in the training set. Stereo cameras detect obstacles without relying on training because the depth information is used to directly construct a three-dimensional model of the camera’s surroundings, including any obstacles. Our computer stereo vision processing solutions provide the ability to detect generic objects without training, allowing more robust decisions to be made in applications such as autonomous driving. AmbaClear Our proprietary image signal processing architecture, known as AmbaClear, incorporates advanced algorithms to convert raw sensor data to UHD video and/or still images. Image processing algorithms include sensor, lens and color correction, HDR tone mapping, color processing and demosaicing to reconstruct a full color image from incomplete color samples and specialized color filters, noise filtering, detail enhancement and image format conversion. For example, raw sensor data can be captured at up to 32-megapixel (8K) resolution at 60 frames per second while selected frames are concurrently processed by the still image processor. This image processing reduces noise in the sensor data and improves color, contrast and sharpness resulting in improved computer vision performance, enhanced human viewing and enhanced storage and transmission efficiencies. Our WDR and HDR processing capabilities handle greater dynamic range between the lightest and darkest areas of an image, permitting video images to reveal details that would otherwise be lost against a bright background. Our advanced de-warping capability enables cameras to use wide angle lenses to capture images from a wide area, making it ideal for a variety of IP security camera and surround view applications. Our RGB- infrared fusion capability allows a single sensor to produce simultaneous RGB and infrared images for sensing and improved low light performance. AmbaCast Our proprietary UHD video processing architecture, known as AmbaCast, incorporates advanced algorithms for motion estimation, motion- compensated 3D temporal filtering, mode decision and AI based rate control. Successful implementation of these computationally intensive steps has helped us maximize compression efficiency. We support all three compression profiles—baseline, main, and high—as specified in the H.264 video compression standard. We also support the main profile H.265 video compression standard with up to 2x better compression efficiency compared to our H.264 video compression technology. 11 Design Methodology The success of our technology platform stems from our algorithm driven design methodology. We do extensive algorithm studies in deep learning AI, image processing and compression including our internally developed and public external algorithms. We use these studies to develop high power and die area efficient processing engines compared with general purpose processors like CPUs and GPUs. We also include a high degree of programmability to provide flexibility in supporting new algorithms that we and our customers develop. We test and verify our algorithms on our proprietary architectural model prior to implementing our processor engines in hardware. Our advanced verification methodology validates our approach through simultaneous modeling of architecture, algorithms, and the hardware itself. This redundant approach enables us to identify and remediate any weaknesses early in the development cycle, providing a solid foundation on which we build our hardware implementation, and enhances our ability to achieve first-pass silicon success. We possess extensive expertise in AI deep learning, video and imaging algorithms, as well as deep sub-micron digital and mixed-signal design experience. Compatible Family of SoC Solutions Our current SoC designs integrate our fully-programmable and highly-efficient CVflow architecture, UHD image processing and video compression, applications processing and system functions onto a single chip, delivering exceptional performance, quality and power efficiency with differentiated features. Our multi-core DSP architecture is highly scalable and balances software programmability with hardware-accelerated performance to achieve extremely low power consumption and maximized camera battery life. We have used this scalability to develop an extensive family of software compatible SoCs with a wide range of performance and price points (CV28, CV25, CV22, CV2, CV2FS, and CV5). This scalable, programmable architecture provides our customers with the flexibility they need to quickly develop a wide range of differentiated products. Additionally, our SoCs integrate mixed signal (analog/digital) functionality and high speed interfaces required for interfacing to advanced high-speed CMOS sensors and industry standard interfaces such as PCI-E, USB 3.2 and HDMI 2.0. Software Development Kits We provide to our customers fully-functional software development kits with a suite of APIs which allow customers to rapidly integrate our solution, adjust product specifications and provide additional functionality to their systems, thereby enabling them to differentiate their product offerings and reduce time to market. We have software development kits for all of our core markets. We also provide a toolkit to accelerate the development of computer vision algorithms onto our hardware. We provide tools to map and optimize algorithms developed in commonly used computer vision frameworks such as Caffe or Tensorflow into our proprietary CVflow architecture. We also provide a framework for development of higher-level computer vision tasks. This enables our customers to write complex computer vision algorithms with multiple tasks running in parallel on multiple processing engines, as would be required in applications such as autonomous driving. Customers We sell our solutions to leading original design manufacturers, or ODMs, and original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, globally. In the automotive OEM market, we may sell our solutions to Tier-1 suppliers that develop and sell devices incorporating our solutions to automotive OEMs. We refer to ODMs and Tier-1 suppliers as our customers and OEMs as our end customers, except as otherwise indicated or as the context otherwise requires. In our other markets, our solutions are designed into products from leading OEMs including Axis Communications AB (a subsidiary of Canon Inc.), or Axis, Avigilon Corporation, a subsidiary of Motorola Solutions, Inc., Dahua Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Dajiang Baiwang Technology Co., Ltd., or Dajiang Baiwang, Hanwha Techwin Co., Ltd., or Hanwha Techwin, Hikvision Digital Technology Co., JVC Kenwood Corporation and affiliated entities, Shenzhen Longhorn Automobile Electronic Equipment Co. Ltd., Panasonic i-PRO Sensing Solutions Co., Ltd., Ring, Inc. (owned by Amazon, Inc.), Robert Bosch GmbH and affiliated entities, Thinkware Corporation, and Vivotek Inc., who source our solutions from ODMs including Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd., Goertek Inc., affiliated entities of Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd., Jabil Circuit, Inc., and Sercomm Corporation. Sales to customers in Asia accounted for approximately 88%, 90%, and 87% of our total revenue in the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. As many of our OEM end customers or their ODM manufacturers are located in Asia, we anticipate that a majority of our revenue will continue to come from sales to customers in that region. Although a large percentage of our sales are made to customers in Asia, we believe that a significant number of the products designed by these customers and incorporating our SoCs are then sold to consumers globally. To date, all of our sales have been denominated in U.S. dollars. 12 We work closely with our end customer OEMs and ODMs throughout their product design cycles that often last nine to eighteen months for many of our target markets, although new products may have longer design cycles, particularly those implementing advanced AI features. Product design cycles for certain portions of the automotive market generally last longer than eighteen months, particularly for products containing user safety features. As a result, we are able to develop long-term relationships with our customers as our technology becomes embedded in their products. Consequently, we believe we are well positioned to not only be designed into our customers’ current products, but also to continually develop next-generation HD video and image processing solutions for their future products. The product life cycles in many of our target markets typically range from twelve to 24 months. We expect that product lifecycles in the automotive OEM and the industrial and robotics markets will typically be longer than 24 months, as new product introductions occur less frequently. For many of our solutions, early engagement with our customers’ technical staff is necessary for success. In fiscal year 2021, the customers representing 10% or more of revenue were Wintech Microelectronics Co., Ltd., or Wintech, our Asia-based distributor, and Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd., or Chicony, a direct ODM customer that manufactures products for multiple end-customers, which accounted for approximately 63% and 16% of total revenue, respectively. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on a limited number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue. Sales and Marketing We sell our solutions worldwide using our direct sales force and our distributors. We have direct sales personnel covering the United States, Asia and Europe, and we operate sales offices in Santa Clara, California and Hong Kong, and business development offices in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. In addition, in each of these locations we employ a staff of field applications engineers to provide direct engineering support locally to our customers. Our sales cycles typically require a significant investment of time and a substantial expenditure of resources before we can realize revenue from the sale of our solutions, if any. Our typical sales cycle consists of a multi-month sales and development process involving our customers’ system designers and management and our sales personnel and software engineers. If successful, this process culminates in a customer’s decision to use our solutions in its system, which we refer to as a design win. Our sales efforts are typically directed to the OEM of the product that will incorporate our computer vision and video and image processing solution, but the eventual design and incorporation of our SoC into the product may be handled by an ODM or Tier-1 supplier on behalf of the OEM. Volume production may begin within nine to 18 months after a design win, depending on the complexity of our customer’s product and other factors upon which we may have little or no influence. Once our solutions have been incorporated into a customer’s design, they are likely to be used for the life cycle of the customer’s product. Conversely, a design loss to a competitor will likely preclude any opportunity for future revenue from such customer’s product. Our sales are generally made pursuant to purchase orders received approximately four to 30 weeks prior to the scheduled product delivery date, depending upon agreed terms with our customers and the current manufacturing lead time at the time the purchase order is received. These purchase orders may be cancelled without charge upon notification within an agreed period of time in advance of the delivery date, which may be as short as 30 days. Due to the scheduling requirements of our foundry, assembly and test contractors, we generally provide our contractors with our production forecasts and place firm orders for products with our suppliers up to 36 weeks prior to the anticipated delivery date, or potentially longer during times of acute capacity shortages, usually without a purchase order from our own customers. Our standard warranty provides that our SoCs containing defects in materials, workmanship or performance may be returned for a refund of the purchase price or for replacement, at our discretion. We may agree to different warranty terms with specific customers from time to time. Manufacturing We employ a fabless business model and use third-party foundries and assembly and test contractors to manufacture, assemble and test our solutions. This outsourced manufacturing approach allows us to focus our resources on the design, sales and marketing of our solutions and avoid the cost associated with owning and operating our own manufacturing facility. Our engineers work closely with foundries and other contractors to increase yields, lower manufacturing costs and improve quality. In addition, we believe outsourcing many of our manufacturing and assembly activities provides us the flexibility needed to respond to new market opportunities, simplifies our operations and significantly reduces our capital requirements. We do not have a guaranteed level of production capacity from any of our suppliers’ facilities to produce our solutions. We carefully qualify each of our suppliers and their subcontractors and processes in order to meet the extremely high-quality and reliability standards required of our solutions. 13 Backlog Our sales are primarily made through standard purchase orders for delivery of products. Our manufacturing production is based on estimates and advance non-binding commitments from customers as to future purchases. We follow industry practice that allows customers to cancel, change or defer orders with limited advance notice prior to shipment. Given this practice, we do not believe that backlog is a reliable indicator of future revenue levels. Wafer Fabrication We have a history of using several process nodes from 130 nm through 5 nm. We aim to use the most advanced manufacturing process technology appropriate for our products that is available from our third-party foundries. As a result, we periodically evaluate the benefits of migrating our solutions to smaller geometry process technologies in order to improve performance and reduce costs. We believe this strategy will help us remain competitive. While we currently manufacture the majority of our solutions in the 28 nm, 14 nm and 10 nm process nodes, our most recent products are manufactured in the 5 nm process node. Currently, the substantial majority of our SoCs are supplied by Samsung in facilities located in Austin, Texas and South Korea, from whom we have the option to purchase both fully-assembled and tested products as well as tested die in wafer form for assembly. We also have products supplied by GlobalFoundries Inc. Assembly and Testing Samsung subcontracts the assembly and initial testing of the assembled chips it supplies to us to Signetics Corporation and STATS ChipPAC Ltd. In the case of purchases of tested die from Samsung, we contract the assembly to Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc., or ASE. We contract the assembly of products supplied by Global Foundries Inc. to ASE. Final testing of all of our products is handled by King Yuan Electronics Co., Ltd. or Sigurd Corporation under the supervision of our engineers. All test software and related processes for our products are developed by our engineers. We continually monitor the results of testing at all of our test contractors to ensure that our testing procedures are properly implemented. As part of our total quality assurance program, our quality management system has been certified to ISO 9001:2015 standards. Our foundry vendors are also ISO 9001 certified. Research and Development We believe our technology is a competitive advantage and we engage in substantial research and development efforts to develop new products and integrate AI computer vision capabilities into our HD and UHD video processing solutions. We believe that our continued success depends on our ability to both introduce improved versions of our existing solutions and to develop new solutions for the markets that we serve. As of January 31, 2021, 81% of our employees are engaged in research and development. Our research and development team is comprised of both semiconductor and software designers. Our semiconductor design team has extensive experience in large-scale semiconductor design, including architecture description, logic and circuit design, implementation and verification. Our software design team has extensive experience in development and verification of software for the HD video market. Because the integration of hardware and software is a key competitive advantage of our solutions, our hardware and software design teams work closely together throughout the product development process. The experience of our hardware and software design teams enables us to effectively assess tradeoffs and advantages when determining which features and capabilities of our solutions should be implemented in hardware and in software. We have assembled a core team of experienced engineers and systems designers in four research and development design centers located in the United States, China, Italy, and Taiwan. Competition The global semiconductor market in general, and the AI and video and image processing markets in particular, are highly competitive. We expect competition to increase and intensify as more and larger semiconductor companies enter our markets and as we penetrate new markets, such as the automotive OEM market. Increased competition could result in price pressure, reduced profitability and loss of market share, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, revenue and operating results. 14 Our competitors range from large, international companies offering a wide range of semiconductor products to smaller companies specializing in narrow markets. In the security camera market, our primary competitors include AMLogic Inc., HiSilicon Technologies Co., Ltd., or HiSilicon, which is owned by Huawei Technologies Co., Ingenic Semiconductor Co., Ltd., Novatek Microelectronics Corp., or Novatek, OmniVision Technologies, Inc., Qualcomm Incorporated, or Qualcomm, SigmaStar Technology Corp., Socionext Inc., or Socionext, an entity created from the merger of the system LSI businesses of Fujitsu Ltd. and Panasonic Corporation, and Texas Instruments Incorporated, or Texas Instruments, as well as vertically integrated divisions of security camera device OEMs, including Axis, Hanwha Techwin, and Google LLC, which is owned by Alphabet, Inc. In the automotive camera market, we compete against Allwinner Technology Co., Ltd., Horizon Robotics Inc., iCatch Technology, Inc., Mobileye, a subsidiary of Intel Corporation, or Intel, Novatek, NVIDIA Corporation, or NVIDIA, NXP Semiconductors N.V., Qualcomm, Renesas Electronics Corporation, Texas Instruments and Xilinx Inc. In the robotics and emerging applications market, our primary competitors are Fuzhou Rockchip Electronics Co., Ltd., NVIDIA, Qualcomm, and Texas Instruments. In the other applications markets, our primary competitors are HiSilicon, Movidius Ltd., a subsidiary of Intel, NVIDIA, Qualcomm, Socionext, and vertically integrated divisions of our OEM customer Dajiang Baiwang. Certain of our customers and suppliers also have divisions that produce products competitive with ours. Our ability to compete successfully depends on elements both within and outside of our control, including industry and general economic trends. Many of our competitors are substantially larger, have greater financial, technical, marketing, distribution, customer support and other resources, are more established than we are, and have significantly better brand recognition and broader product offerings which may enable them to develop and enable new technology into product solutions better or faster than us and to better withstand adverse economic or market conditions in the future. Our ability to compete successfully in the rapidly evolving camera markets depends on several factors, including: • • • • • • • • • the design and manufacturing of new solutions, including software, that anticipate the video processing and integration needs of our customers’ next-generation products and applications; performance of our computer vision solutions, as measured by convolutional neural network performance, video and still picture image quality, resolution and frame processing rates; power consumption efficiency of our solutions; the ease of implementation of our products by customers; the strength of our customer relationships; the selection of the foundry process technology and architecture tradeoffs to meet customers’ product requirements in a timely manner; reputation and reliability; customer support; and the cost of the total solution. We believe we compete favorably with respect to these factors, particularly because our solutions typically provide high-performance and low power consumption video, CNN performance, efficient integration of our advanced algorithms, exceptional storage and transmission efficiencies at lower power, highly-integrated SoC solutions based on a scalable platform, and comprehensive and flexible software. We cannot ensure, however, that our solutions will continue to compete favorably or that we will be successful in the face of increasing competition from new products introduced by existing or new competitors. Intellectual Property We rely on a combination of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets, copyrights and trademarks, and contractual protections, to protect our core technology and intellectual property. As of January 31, 2021, we had 231 issued patents in the United States, 88 of which were continuation patents, 10 issued patents in Europe, 7 issued patents in China, 6 issued patents in Japan and 72 pending patent applications in the United States. The issued patents in the United States expire beginning in 2024 through 2039. Many of our issued patents and pending patent applications relate to image and video processing and HD video compression, AI processing, and system level camera applications spanning multiple market segments. 15 We may not receive competitive advantages from any rights granted under our patents, and our patent applications may not result in the issuance of any new patents. In addition, any patent we hold may be opposed, contested, circumvented, designed around by a third party or found to be unenforceable or invalidated. Others may develop technologies that are similar or superior to our proprietary technologies, duplicate our proprietary technologies or design around patents owned or licensed by us. In addition to our own intellectual property, we also use third-party licenses for certain technologies embedded in our SoC solutions. These are typically non-exclusive contracts provided under royalty-accruing or paid-up licenses. These licenses are generally perpetual or automatically renewed for so long as we continue to pay any maintenance fees that may be due. To date, maintenance fees have not constituted a significant portion of our capital expenditures. While we do not believe our business is dependent to any significant degree on any individual third-party license, we expect to continue to use and may license additional third-party technology for our solutions. We generally control access to and use of our confidential information through employing internal and external controls, including contractual protections with employees, contractors and customers. We rely in part on U.S. and international copyright laws to protect our mask work. All employees and consultants are required to execute confidentiality agreements in connection with their employment and consulting relationships with us. We also require them to agree to disclose and assign to us all inventions conceived or made in connection with the employment or consulting relationship. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property, unauthorized parties may still copy or otherwise obtain and use our software, technology or other information that we regard as proprietary intellectual property. In addition, we continue to operate internationally, and effective patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret protection may not be available or may be limited in foreign countries. Seasonality Our business has tended to be seasonal with higher revenue in our second and third fiscal quarters as our customers typically increase their production to meet holiday shopping season or year-end demand for their products. We also may experience seasonally lower demand in our first and fourth fiscal quarters due in part to the Asia-based portion of the security camera market as a result of industry seasonality and the impact of ODM and OEM factory closures associated with the Chinese New Year holiday. These seasonal fluctuations may diminish if our revenue diversifies and becomes less dependent on sales of our customers’ consumer products. Governmental Regulation Our business and operations around the world are subject to government regulation at the national, state or local level addressing, among other matters, applicable environmental laws, health and safety laws and regulations, laws relating to export controls and economic sanctions, and the rules of industrial standards bodies such as the International Standards Organization and governmental agencies such as the Federal Trade Commission. We believe that our properties and operations comply in all material respects with applicable laws protecting the environment and worker health and safety. As a fabless semiconductor company, we do not manufacture our own products but do maintain laboratory space at certain of our facilities to facilitate the development, evaluation and testing of our SoC products. These laboratories may maintain small quantities of hazardous materials. While we believe we are in material compliance with applicable law concerning the safeguarding of these materials and with respect to other matters relating to health, safety and the environment, the risk of liability relating to hazardous conditions or materials cannot be eliminated completely. To date, we have not incurred significant expenditures relating to environmental compliance at our facilities nor have we experienced any material issues relating to employee health and safety. 16 In addition to environmental and worker health and safety laws, our business is subject to various rules and regulations and executive orders relating to export controls and trade sanctions. Certain of our products are subject to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), which are administered by the United States Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), and we may from time to time be required to obtain an export license before we can export certain products or technology to specified countries or customers. In addition, the EAR imposes broad controls on entities listed on sanctioned persons lists, including the BIS Entity List. If one of our customers is listed on the BIS Entity List or another U.S. government sanctioned persons’ list, then subject to certain exceptions, we will, as a general rule, be precluded from doing business with that customer. For example, certain of our Chinese customers, or their affiliated entities, have been added to the BIS Entity List in the last couple of years, which limits our ability to ship certain products to these customers. We cannot guarantee that export control restrictions or sanctions imposed in the future will not prevent, or materially limit, our ability to conduct business with certain customers or in certain countries. Any failure to comply with these laws could result in governmental enforcement actions, including substantial monetary penalties and denial of export privileges. Human Capital Resources Innovation has been the lifeblood of our company since our founding in 2004. We have continually strived to develop leading-edge image and video, and now AI, processors using the most advanced semiconductor processes available. We depend on our people to sustain our competitive advantages. As of January 31, 2021, we employed a total of 786 people, including 186 in the United States, 539 in Asia, primarily in China and Taiwan, and 61 in Europe. Approximately 81% of our employees are engaged in research and development, 3% in operations, and 16% in sales, marketing, and administration. As of January 31, 2021, females represented 22% of our outside directors, 19% of senior management, 16% of our technical roles, and 22% of our total workforce. Of our total employee workforce, 42% is represented by a work council in Taiwan. The work council group, which is common in Taiwan, is comprised of employees elected by the general employee base in that location. We consider our global employee relations to be good. Despite employees working in geographically disparate locations and differences in cultures, we strive to treat all employees as part of one team working together. Our Chief Executive Officer holds quarterly town hall style meetings with employees of all of our offices to keep employees apprised of company activities and objectives and to provide an opportunity for all employees to meet and ask questions. Our human capital resources objectives include attracting and retaining talented and experienced employees. We utilize multiple online search tools, specialized recruiting firms, employee referral programs and university hires to ensure a varied outreach approach for candidates. We are committed to ensuring the human rights of our worldwide workforce and treating all employees with dignity and respect. We offer a combination of competitive base salary, time-based equity incentives and bonus plans linked to financial and strategic performance that are designed to motivate and reward personnel with annual grants of stock-based and cash-based incentive compensation awards, plus other benefits, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve both our short and long-term objectives. We offer competitive benefits tailored to local markets and laws and designed to support employee health, welfare and retirement; examples of such benefits include paid time off; 401(k), pension or other retirement plans; an employee stock purchase plan; basic and voluntary life, disability and supplemental insurance; medical, dental and vision insurance; health savings and flexible spending accounts; relocation assistance; and employee assistance programs. The average tenure of our employees is approximately 6.74 years and approximately 26% of our employees have been employed by us for more than 10 years. We believe our compensation and benefits packages, combined with our culture that promotes teamwork, innovation and hands-on experience from the first day of employment, contribute to low employee turnover and an above-average tenure. We monitor employee turnover rates by region and our company as a whole. Our worldwide voluntary employee turnover rate in fiscal year 2021 was approximately 5.6%. Our primary focus during the COVID-19 pandemic has been protecting the health and safety of our employees and the communities in which we operate. In our locations that have experienced consistently high rates of infection, such as the United States and Italy, employees have worked from home since March 2020, except for those few performing a small number of tasks that cannot be performed remotely. In other locations, employees have worked from home during certain periods of the pandemic as recommended by local health officials. 17 Corporate Information Ambarella was founded and incorporated in the Cayman Islands in January 2004. Our registered address is PO Box 309GT, Ugland House, South Church Street, George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. The address of our U.S. operating subsidiary is Ambarella Corporation, 3101 Jay Street, Santa Clara, California. The Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy, and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that file electronically. You may also obtain copies of our Forms 10-K, 10-Q, 8-K, and other filings with the SEC, and all amendments to these filings, free of charge, by visiting the Investor Relations page on our website (http://investor.ambarella.com) as soon as reasonably practicable following our filing of any of these reports with the SEC. Information on our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or our other securities filings and is not a part of such filings. ITEM 1A. Risk Factors Certain factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, in addition to other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our ordinary shares could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment. Summary of Risk Factors Our business and our industry is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in the following Risk Factors. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following: • • • The COVID-19 pandemic could adversely affect our business in a material way. Our ability to sell our products to several China customers has been restricted. In addition, we are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in international markets, including China. Global economic and political conditions, including possible trade tariffs and trade restrictions, may have an impact on our business and financial condition in ways that we currently cannot predict. Our primary inventory warehouse is located in Hong Kong and may be affected by recent political, social and economic conditions in Hong Kong. • We do not have long-term supply contracts with our third-party manufacturing vendors, and they may not allocate sufficient capacity to us at reasonable prices to meet future demands for our solutions. • We outsource our wafer fabrication, assembly and testing operations to third parties, and if these parties fail to produce and deliver our products according to requested demands in specification, quantity, cost and time, our reputation, customer relationships and operating results could suffer. • • • • • If our customers do not design our solutions into their product offerings, or if our customers’ product offerings are not commercially successful, our business would suffer. If we fail to penetrate new markets, our revenue and financial condition could be harmed. Our target markets may not grow or develop as we currently expect and are subject to market risks, any of which could harm our business, revenue and operating results. If we fail to develop and introduce new or enhanced solutions on a timely basis, our ability to attract and retain customers could be impaired and our competitive position could be harmed. Achieving design wins is subject to lengthy competitive selection processes that require us to incur significant costs. Even if we begin a product design, a customer may decide to cancel or change its product plans, resulting in no revenue from such expenditures. 18 • We rely on highly skilled personnel and, if we are unable to hire, retain or motivate key personnel, we may not be able to grow effectively. Similarly, the loss of any of our key personnel could seriously harm our business. • Our customers may cancel their orders, change production quantities or delay production. If we fail to accurately forecast demand for our solutions, revenue shortfalls and/or excess, obsolete or insufficient inventory could result. • We depend on a limited number of customers and end customers for a significant portion of our revenue. If we fail to retain or expand our customer relationships, our revenue could decline. • We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in international markets. • We expect competition to increase in the future, which could have an adverse effect on our revenue and market share. • Fluctuations in our operating results on a quarterly and annual basis could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline. • While we intend to continue to invest in research and development, we may be unable to make the substantial investments that are required to remain competitive in our business. • • The average selling prices of video and image processing solutions in our target markets have historically decreased over time and will likely do so in the future, which could harm our revenue and gross margins. If we do not generate revenue growth, we may not be able to execute our business plan and our operating results could suffer. • We are subject to the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry. We may have difficulty accurately predicting our future revenue and appropriately budgeting our expenses. • The complexity of our solutions could result in unforeseen delays or expenses from undetected defects, errors or bugs in hardware or software which could reduce the market adoption of our new solutions, damage our reputation with current or prospective customers and adversely affect our operating costs. • We are subject to warranty and product liability claims and to product recalls which could adversely affect our business. • A substantial portion of our revenue is processed through a single distributor and the loss of this distributor, or our inability to collect from them, may cause disruptions in our shipments, which may adversely affect our operations and financial condition. • We are subject to risks associated with our distributors' product inventories. • • Deterioration of the financial conditions of our customers could adversely affect our operating results. Camera manufacturers incorporate components supplied by multiple third parties, and a supply shortage or delay in delivery of these components could delay orders for our solutions by our customers. • We may experience difficulties in transitioning to new wafer fabrication process technologies or in achieving higher levels of design integration, which may result in reduced manufacturing yields, delays in product deliveries and increased costs. • • • Third parties’ assertions of infringement of their intellectual property rights could result in our having to incur significant costs and cause our operating results to suffer. Any potential dispute involving our patents or other intellectual property could affect our customers, which could trigger our indemnification obligations to them and result in substantial expense to us. A breach of our security systems may have a material adverse effect on our business. Some of our operations and a significant portion of our customers and our subcontractors are located outside of the United States, which subjects us to additional risks, including increased complexity and costs of managing international operations and geopolitical instability. 19 • Unfavorable tax law changes, an unfavorable governmental review of our tax returns, changes in our geographical earnings mix or imposition of withholding taxes on repatriated earnings could adversely affect our effective tax rate and our operating results. • We are subject to numerous regulatory compliance requirements, which are costly to comply with, and our failure to comply with these requirements could harm our business and operating results. Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry The COVID-19 pandemic could adversely affect our business in a material way. The global COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the populations and businesses of many countries. Our business has been, and is expected to continue to be, adversely impacted by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to global macroeconomic effects, the COVID-19 pandemic and related adverse public health developments have been causing, and are expected to continue to cause, disruption to our operations. We have had to impose remote or work from home conditions in many of our offices, including the United States, Italy, Japan and South Korea. While we have not yet experienced a significant disruption of our operations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, if the remote or work from home conditions continue for an extended period of time, we may experience delays in product development, a decreased ability to support our customers, reduced design win activity, and overall lack of productivity. In addition, we and our suppliers, third-party distributors and customers have been, and are expected to continue to be, disrupted by quarantines and restrictions on certain employees’ ability to perform their jobs, office closures or restrictions, disruptions to shipping infrastructure, or other travel or health-related restrictions. Depending on the magnitude of such effects on our manufacturing activities or the operations of our suppliers, third-party distributors or sub-contractors, our supply chain, manufacturing and product shipments could be delayed, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Disruptions may also adversely affect our customers’ ability to manufacture their products, which in turn could reduce their demand for our products. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic or other disease outbreaks will, in the short-term, and could over the longer term, adversely affect the economies and financial markets of many countries, resulting in an economic downturn or recession that could adversely affect demand for our products and impact our results of operations and financial condition. There can be no assurance that any decrease in sales resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic will be offset by increased sales in subsequent periods. These effects, alone or taken together, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, legal exposure, or financial condition. The extent of the COVID-19 pandemic’s effect on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, including the duration, spread and intensity of the pandemic, all of which are uncertain and difficult to predict. Due to the speed with which the situation is developing, we are not able at this time to estimate the long-term effect of these factors on our business, but the adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be material. If our customers do not design our solutions into their product offerings, or if our customers’ product offerings are not commercially successful, our business would suffer. We sell our video and image processing system-on-a-chip, or SoC, solutions to original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, who include our SoCs in their products, and to original design manufacturers, or ODMs, who include our SoCs in the products that they supply to OEMs. We generally refer to ODMs as our customers and OEMs as our end customers, except as otherwise indicated or as the context otherwise requires. Our computer vision, video and image processing SoCs are generally incorporated into our customers’ products at the design stage, which is referred to as a design win. As a result, we rely on OEMs to design our solutions into the products that they design and sell. Without these design wins, our business would be significantly harmed. We often incur significant expenditures developing a new SoC solution without any assurance that any OEM will select our solution for design into its own product. Once an OEM designs a competitor’s device into its product, it becomes significantly more difficult for us to sell our SoC solutions to that OEM because changing suppliers involves significant cost, time, effort and risk for the OEM. We anticipate that it will take longer and require more resources and greater expenditures to achieve design wins, and likely take longer to generate revenue from such design wins in the new markets we are targeting, such as the OEM automotive and robotics markets, than our legacy camera markets. In addition, trade tensions between the United States and China and potential new export restrictions, as discussed in subsequent risk factors, may make it more difficult to secure future design wins with China customers. Even if an OEM designs one of our SoC solutions into its product, we cannot be assured that the OEM’s product will be commercially successful over time or at all. For example, in the past we have secured design wins for camera products that were never commercially released by our customer or did not sell in volumes initially forecast by the customer, as a result of factors beyond our control. If other products or other product categories incorporating our SoC solutions are not commercially successful or experience rapid decline, our revenue and business will suffer. Similarly, if an OEM designs one of our SoC solutions into its product, we are not assured that we will receive or continue to receive new design wins from that OEM, which could negatively impact our business. 20 If we fail to penetrate new markets, our revenue and financial condition could be harmed. Years ago, a substantial portion of our revenue was generated from sales of our SoCs to OEMs and ODMs of HD video cameras, including IP security cameras, wearable cameras and drones. Our revenue from several of these markets, however, has experienced significant declines. As a result, we believe that our future revenue growth, if any, will significantly depend on our ability to expand within the camera markets with our new artificial intelligence, or AI, computer vision SoC solutions, particularly in emerging markets such as the OEM automotive, robotics and industrial markets, as well as the existing professional IP security and home security and monitoring camera markets. Each of these markets presents distinct and substantial risks and, in many cases, requires us to develop new functionality or software to address the particular requirements of that market. We anticipate that as we continue to move into new markets, such as the OEM automotive, robotics and industrial markets, we will likely face competition from larger competitors with greater resources and more history in these markets. If any of these markets do not develop as we currently anticipate, or if the development of such markets is delayed or impacted by factors outside of our control, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, or if we are unable to penetrate them successfully with our solutions, our revenue could decline, and our financial condition would be negatively impacted. Some of these markets are primarily served by only a few large, multinational OEMs with substantial negotiating power relative to us and, in some instances, with internal solutions that are competitive to our products. Meeting the technical requirements and securing design wins with any of these companies will require a substantial investment of our time and resources and we cannot assure you that we will secure design wins from these or other companies or that we will achieve meaningful revenue from the sales of our solutions into these markets. If we fail to penetrate these or other new markets we are targeting, our financial condition would likely suffer. Moreover, if we are successful in achieving design wins in these new markets, it will likely take longer to generate revenue from such design wins than in our current markets. Our primary inventory warehouse is located in Hong Kong and may be affected by recent political, social and economic conditions in Hong Kong. We operate a warehouse facility in Hong Kong through which the substantial majority of our finished SoCs are shipped to customers or logistic partners. BIS has imposed additional restrictions on exports and reexports of U.S.-controlled items to Hong Kong by removing preferential treatment that Hong Kong used to receive and imposing more stringent licensing requirements similar to those applicable to China. Hong Kong has recently experienced, and continues to experience, significant political unrest and social strife, including protests that resulted in the closing of the Hong Kong international airport on August 12, 2019 for two days. In response to national security legislation adopted by the Chinese government, the U.S. Secretary of State certified to the U.S. Congress on May 27, 2020 that Hong Kong no longer maintains a sufficient degree of autonomy from China to warrant special treatment by the U.S. While such certification does not have an immediate impact on Hong Kong for trade or other purposes, this action represents an escalation in political and trade tensions involving the U.S, China and Hong Kong. It is possible that the U.S. government may take future measures to impose stricter export controls or duties on shipments made to Hong Kong, add additional parties to the Entity List, or reduce preferential treatment currently accorded to Hong Kong, which could harm our business, increase the cost of conducting our operations in Hong Kong or result in retaliatory actions against U.S. interests. While we have not been materially impacted by these problems to date, continued deterioration in political, social or economic conditions in Hong Kong or future unforeseen problems, including health pandemics, could affect deliveries of our SoCs to our customers or logistic partners, possibly resulting in business interruptions, substantially delayed or lost sales, loss of inventory, or increased expenses that cannot be passed on to customers, any of which could ultimately have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. In such an eventuality, we could be forced to relocate our warehouse operations, either temporarily or permanently, to another potentially costlier location or find alternative potentially costlier methods of shipping our finished SoCs to customers and logistic partners. While we are taking measures to attempt to maintain the continuity of our product delivery operations notwithstanding the impact on the use of our Hong Kong facility of the continued or deteriorating conditions in Hong Kong or other future unforeseen problems there, we cannot ensure that these measures will be successful in eliminating disruptions in our business. Our target markets may not grow or develop as we currently expect and are subject to market risks, any of which could harm our business, revenue and operating results. We are focusing our development resources on addressing computer vision applications, primarily in the professional IP security and home security and monitoring camera markets, the OEM automotive and robotics markets, with our computer vision solutions. The application of computer vision functionality in these markets is relatively new, and we may be unable to predict the timing or development of these markets with accuracy. For example, a slower than expected adoption rate for computer vision technology in the IP security camera market could slow the demand for our new solutions. Similarly, a slower than anticipated adoption of electronic mirrors, advanced driving assistance systems and autonomous driving functionality could reduce demand for our new computer vision solutions. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the global economy and may decrease or delay development of new markets and new programs in emerging markets. If our key target markets, such as automotive cameras, IP security cameras and cameras for robotic applications, do not grow, grow slower, or do not develop in ways that we currently expect, demand for our computer vision, video and image processing SoCs may not materialize as expected, and our business and operating results could suffer. 21 Our customers may cancel their orders, change production quantities or delay production. If we fail to accurately forecast demand for our solutions, revenue shortfalls or excess, obsolete or insufficient inventory could result. Our customers typically do not provide us with firm, long-term purchase commitments. A substantial majority of our sales are made on a purchase order basis, which permits our customers to cancel, change or delay their product purchase commitments with little or no notice to us and often without penalty to them. Because production lead times often exceed the amount of time required by our customers to fill their orders, we often must build SoCs in advance of receiving orders from customers, relying on an imperfect demand forecast to project volumes and product mix. Our SoCs are incorporated into products manufactured by or for our end customers, and as a result, demand for our solutions is influenced by the demand for our customers’ products. Our ability to accurately forecast demand can be adversely affected by a number of factors, including inaccurate forecasting by our customers, miscalculations by our customers of their inventory requirements, changes in market conditions including reductions in market activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic, adverse changes in our product order mix and fluctuating demand for our customers’ products. Even after an order is received, our customers may cancel these orders, request a decrease in production quantities or request a delay in the delivery of our solutions. Any such cancellation, decrease or delay subjects us to a number of risks, most notably that our projected sales will not materialize on schedule or at all, leading to unanticipated revenue shortfalls and excess or obsolete inventory that we may be unable to sell to other customers. Alternatively, if we are unable to project customer requirements accurately, we may not build enough SoCs, which could lead to delays in product shipments and lost sales opportunities in the near term, as well as force our customers to identify alternative sources, which could affect our ongoing relationships with these customers. We have in the past had customers significantly increase their requested production quantities with little or no advance notice. If we do not fulfill customer demands in a timely manner, our customers may cancel their orders and we may be subject to customer claims for cost of replacement. In addition, the rapid pace of innovation in our industry could render portions of our inventory obsolete. Excess or obsolete inventory levels could result in unexpected expenses or increases in our reserves that could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, any significant future cancellations or deferrals of product orders could harm our margins, increase our write-offs due to product obsolescence and restrict our ability to fund our operations. We depend on a limited number of customers and end customers for a significant portion of our revenue. If we fail to retain or expand our customer relationships, our revenue could decline. We derive a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of ODMs who build products on behalf of a limited number of OEMs and from a limited number of OEMs to whom we ship directly. We anticipate that this customer concentration will continue for the foreseeable future. In fiscal year 2021, the customers representing 10% or more of our revenue were WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd., formerly Wintech Microelectronics Co., Ltd., or Wintech, the Company’s distributor, and Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd., or Chicony, a direct ODM customer, which accounted for approximately 63% and 16% of total revenue, respectively. We believe that our operating results for the foreseeable future will continue to depend on sales to a relatively small number of customers and end customers. In the future, these customers may decide not to purchase our SoC solutions at all, may purchase fewer solutions than they did in the past or may alter their purchasing patterns. As substantially all of our sales to date have been made on a purchase order basis, these customers may cancel, change or delay product purchase commitments with little or no notice to us and often without penalty and may make our revenue volatile from period to period, which has happened in the past. The loss of a significant customer, or substantial reduction in purchases by a significant customer, could happen again at any time and without notice, and such loss would likely harm our financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, because several of our largest OEM customers have a dominant position in their markets, a loss of a significant customer may not be easily replaced. If we fail to develop and introduce new or enhanced solutions on a timely basis, our ability to attract and retain customers could be impaired and our competitive position could be harmed. We operate in a dynamic environment characterized by rapidly changing technologies and technological obsolescence. To compete successfully, we must design, develop, market and sell enhanced solutions that provide increasingly higher levels of performance and functionality and that meet the cost expectations of our customers. Our existing or future solutions could be rendered obsolete by the introduction of new products by our competitors; convergence of other markets with or into the camera market; the market adoption of products based on new or alternative technologies; the emergence of new industry standards for video compression; or the requirement of additional functionality included in video processors. In addition, the markets for our solutions are characterized by frequent introduction of next-generation and new products, short product life cycles, increasing demand for added functionality and significant price competition. As we develop and introduce new solutions, we face the risk that customers may not value or be willing to bear the cost of incorporating these newer solutions into their products, particularly if they believe their customers are satisfied with current solutions. Regardless of the improved features or superior performance of the newer solutions, customers may be unwilling to adopt our new solutions due to design or pricing constraints. If we or our customers are unable to manage product transitions in a timely and cost-effective manner, our business and results of operations would suffer. 22 Our failure to anticipate or timely develop new or enhanced solutions in response to technological shifts could result in decreased revenue and our competitors achieving design wins that we sought. In particular, we may experience difficulties with product design, development of new software, manufacturing, marketing or qualification that could delay or prevent our development, introduction or marketing of new or enhanced solutions. In addition, for some markets, such as the automotive OEM market, we expect that we will need to establish relationships with third-party suppliers or software providers in order to effectively market our solutions to end-customers. Failure to establish these relationships could harm our ability to achieve design wins. Delays in product development could impair our relationships with our customers and negatively impact sales of our solutions under development. If we fail to introduce new or enhanced solutions that meet the needs of our customers or penetrate new markets in a timely fashion, we will lose market share, and our operating results will be adversely affected. Achieving design wins is subject to lengthy competitive selection processes that require us to incur significant costs. Even if we begin a product design, a customer may decide to cancel or change its product plans, resulting in no revenue from such expenditures. We are focused on selling our computer vision, video and image processing solutions to ODMs and OEMs for incorporation into their products at the design stage. These efforts to achieve design wins typically are lengthy, especially in emerging markets such as the OEM automotive market, and in any case can require us to both incur design and development costs and dedicate scarce engineering resources in pursuit of a single customer opportunity. We may not prevail in the competitive selection process, and even when we do achieve a design win, we may never generate any revenue despite incurring development expenditures. For example, in the past we had achieved certain design wins and projected substantial future revenue as a result of such design wins. Subsequently, based on factors outside of our control, the applicable end customers abruptly cancelled the projects, with no notice to us, resulting in a loss of projected revenue. In addition, even if an OEM designs one of our SoC solutions into one of its products, we cannot be assured that we will secure new design wins from that OEM for future products. Further, even after securing a design win, we have experienced and may again experience delays in generating revenue from our solutions as a result of the lengthy product development cycle typically required, if we generate any revenue at all as a result of any such design win. Our customers generally take a considerable amount of time to evaluate our solutions. The typical time from early engagement by our sales force to actual product introduction runs from nine to 12 months, though it will likely take significantly longer in new markets such as the OEM automotive and robotics markets. The delays inherent in these lengthy sales cycles increase the risk that a customer will decide to cancel, curtail, reduce or delay its product plans, causing us to lose anticipated sales. In addition, any delay or cancellation of a customer’s plans could harm our financial results, as we may have incurred significant expense and generated no revenue. If we were unable to generate revenue after incurring substantial expenses to develop any of our solutions, our business would suffer. We expect competition to increase in the future, which could have an adverse effect on our revenue and market share. The global semiconductor market in general, and the computer vision, video and image processing markets in particular, are highly competitive. We compete in different target markets to various degrees on the basis of a number of competitive factors, including our solutions’ performance, features, energy efficiency, size, ease with which our solution may be integrated into our customers’ products, customer support, reliability and price, as well as on the basis of our reputation. We expect competition to increase and intensify as more and larger semiconductor companies enter our markets and as existing competitors improve or expand their product offerings. We also expect that the trend among large OEMs to seek to develop their own semiconductor solutions will continue and expand, particularly in camera markets experiencing consolidation, such as the IP security market. In addition, in our newer markets, such as the OEM automotive and robotics markets, we will face competition from larger competitors with longer histories in these markets. Increased competition could result in price pressure, reduced profitability and loss of market share, any of which could harm our business, revenue and operating results. Our competitors range from large, international companies with greater resources offering a wide range of semiconductor products to smaller, nimble companies specializing in narrow markets. In the security camera market, our primary competitors include AMLogic Inc., HiSilicon Technologies Co., Ltd., or HiSilicon, which is owned by Huawei Technologies Co., Ingenic Semiconductor Co., Ltd., Novatek Microelectronics Corp., or Novatek, OmniVision Technologies, Inc., Qualcomm Incorporated, or Qualcomm, SigmaStar Technology Corp., Socionext Inc., or Socionext, an entity created from the merger of the system LSI businesses of Fujitsu Ltd. and Panasonic Corporation, and Texas Instruments Incorporated, or Texas Instruments, as well as vertically integrated divisions of security camera device OEMs, including Axis, Hanwha Techwin, and Google LLC, which is owned by Alphabet, Inc. In the automotive camera market, we primarily compete against Allwinner Technology Co., Ltd., Horizon Robotics Inc., iCatch Technology, Inc., Mobileye, a subsidiary of Intel Corporation, or Intel, Novatek, NVIDIA Corporation, or NVIDIA, NXP Semiconductors N.V., Qualcomm, Renesas Electronics Corporation, Texas Instruments and Xilinx Inc. In the robotics and emerging applications markets, our primary competitors are Fuzhou Rockchip Electronics Co., Ltd., NVIDIA, Qualcomm, and Texas Instruments. In the other applications markets, our primary competitors are HiSilicon, Movidius Ltd., a subsidiary of Intel, NVIDIA, Qualcomm, Socionext, and vertically integrated divisions of our OEM customer, Dajiang Baiwang. 23 Certain of our customers and suppliers also have divisions that produce products competitive with ours and other customers may seek to vertically integrate competitive solutions in the future. In addition, certain third-party developers of technology competitive to our solutions have licensed their technology, including image signal processing and computer vision IP, which potentially enables a greater number of competitors to offer competitive solutions. Our ability to compete successfully depends on elements both within and outside of our control. Many of our competitors are substantially larger, have greater financial, technical, marketing, distribution, customer support and other resources, are more established than we are and have significantly better brand recognition and broader product offerings than us, which may enable them to develop and enable new technology into product solutions better or faster than us and to better withstand adverse economic or market conditions in the future. Our ability to compete will depend on a number of factors, including: • • • • • • • • • • • • our ability to anticipate market and technology trends and successfully develop solutions that meet market needs; our success in identifying and penetrating new markets, applications and customers; our ability to understand the price points and performance metrics of competing products in the marketplace; our solutions’ performance and cost-effectiveness relative to that of competing products; our ability to gain access to leading design tools and product specifications at the same time as our competitors; our ability to develop and maintain relationships with key OEMs and ODMs; our products’ effective implementation of video processing standards; our ability to protect our intellectual property; our ability to expand international operations in a timely and cost-efficient manner; our ability to deliver products in volume on a timely basis at competitive prices; our ability to support our customers’ incorporation of our solutions into their products; and our ability to recruit design and application engineers with expertise in computer vision, video and image processing technologies and sales and marketing personnel. Our competitors may also establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties or acquire companies that provide similar products to ours. As a result, new competitors or alliances may emerge that could acquire significant market share. Any of these factors, alone or in combination with others, could harm our business and result in a loss of market share and an increase in pricing pressure. While we intend to continue to invest in research and development, we may be unable to make the substantial investments that are required to remain competitive in our business. The semiconductor industry requires substantial investment in research and development in order to bring to market new and enhanced solutions. Our research and development expense was $140.8 million, $129.7 million and $128.1 million in fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We expect to increase our research and development expenditures as compared to prior periods as part of our strategy of focusing on the development of innovative computer vision, video and image processing solutions with increased functionality, and as we target new markets, such as the automotive OEM and robotics markets. We are unable to predict whether we will have sufficient resources to achieve the level of investment in research and development required to remain competitive. For example, development in the latest process nodes, such as 10nm and 5nm, cost significantly more than required to develop in larger process nodes, such as 28nm or 14nm. This added cost could prevent us from being able to maintain a technology advantage over larger competitors that have significantly more resources to invest in research and development. In addition, we cannot assure you that the technologies which are the focus of our research and development expenditures will become commercially successful or generate any revenue. 24 The loss of any of our key personnel could seriously harm our business. We believe our future success depends in large part upon the continuing services of the members of our senior management team and various engineering and other technical personnel. If one or more of our senior executives or other key personnel are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all, our business may be disrupted, and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if any member of our senior management team or any of our other key personnel joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may experience material disruption of our operations and development plans and lose customers, know-how and key professionals and staff members, and we may incur increased operating expenses as the attention of other senior executives is diverted to recruit replacements for key personnel. We rely on highly skilled personnel and, if we are unable to hire, retain or motivate key personnel, we may not be able to grow effectively. Our performance largely depends on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate, and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization. Our industry is characterized by high demand and intense competition for talent. The pool of qualified candidates is limited, particularly in Silicon Valley and parts of Asia for very-large-scale integration, or VLSI, and artificial intelligence and computer vision engineers, and certain of our competitors and potential competitors with greater resources have directly targeted our employees. In addition, we also face competition in hiring artificial intelligence engineers from companies with which we do not directly compete in our markets. Our compensation arrangements, such as our equity award programs, may not always be successful in attracting new employees and retaining and motivating our existing employees. Our continued ability to compete effectively, and to grow our business, depends on our ability to attract new employees and to retain and motivate our existing employees. The average selling prices of video and image processing solutions in our target markets have typically decreased over time and will likely do so in the future, which could harm our revenue and gross margins. Average selling prices of semiconductor products in the markets we serve have historically decreased over time, and we expect such declines to occur for our solutions over time. Our gross margins and financial results will suffer if we are unable to offset reductions in our average selling prices by reducing our costs, developing new or enhanced SoC solutions on a timely basis with higher selling prices or gross margins, or increasing our sales volumes. Additionally, because we do not operate our own manufacturing, assembly or testing facilities, we may not be able to reduce our costs as rapidly as companies that operate their own facilities, and our costs may even increase, which could also reduce our gross margins. In the past, we have reduced the prices of our SoC solutions in anticipation of future competitive pricing pressures, new product introductions by us or our competitors and other factors. We expect that we will have to address pricing pressures again in the future, particularly in markets experiencing consolidation, which could require us to reduce the prices of our SoC solutions and harm our operating results. If we are unable to manage any future growth, we may not be able to execute our business plan and our operating results could suffer. Our business has grown rapidly in the past. Our future operating results depend to a large extent on our ability to successfully manage any expansion and growth, including the challenges of managing a company with an executive management team in the United States and the majority of its employees in Asia. We are increasing our investment in research and development and other functions to grow our business and address new markets, such as the OEM automotive and robotics markets. To manage our growth successfully and handle the responsibilities of being a public company, we believe we must effectively, among other things: • • • • • • recruit, hire, train and manage additional qualified engineers for our research and development activities, particularly in our offices in Asia and especially for the positions of semiconductor design and systems, applications engineering and computer vision development; add additional sales and business development personnel; add additional finance and accounting personnel; maintain and improve our administrative, financial and operational systems, procedures and controls; and enhance our information technology support for enterprise resource planning and design engineering by adapting and expanding our systems and tool capabilities, and properly training new hires as to their use. be able to secure sufficient manufacturing capacity. 25 We are likely to incur the costs associated with these increased investments earlier than some of the anticipated benefits, and the return on these investments, if any, may be lower, may develop more slowly than we expect or may not materialize. In addition, development of products to address emerging markets, such as the OEM automotive and robotics markets, could negatively impact our ability to develop new products for our current markets, which may harm our financial condition, particularly in the near term. If we are unable to manage growth effectively, we may not be able to take advantage of market opportunities or develop new solutions, and we may fail to satisfy customer product or support requirements, maintain product quality, execute our business plan or respond to competitive pressures. Deterioration of the financial conditions of our customers could adversely affect our operating results. Deterioration of the financial condition of our distributors or customers could adversely impact our collection of accounts receivable. For the twelve months ended January 31, 2021, the customers representing 10% or more of revenue and accounts receivable were Wintech and Chicony, which accounted for approximately 63% and 16% of total revenue, respectively. As of January 31, 2021, accounts receivable with Wintech and Chicony were approximately $12.0 million and $8.6 million, respectively. We regularly review the collectability and creditworthiness of our distributors and customers to determine an appropriate allowance for credit losses. Based on our review of our distributors and customers, we currently have only immaterial reserves for uncollectible accounts. If our uncollectible accounts, however, were to exceed our current or future allowance for credit losses, our operating results would be negatively impacted. We are subject to the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry. The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical and is characterized by constant and rapid technological change, rapid product obsolescence, price erosion, evolving standards, short product life cycles and wide fluctuations in product supply and demand. The industry experienced a significant downturn during the 2008-2009 global recession and the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic could lead to a similar downturn in future periods. These downturns have been characterized by diminished product demand, production overcapacity, high inventory levels and accelerated erosion of average selling prices. Any future downturns could harm our business and operating results. Furthermore, any significant upturn in the semiconductor industry could result in increased competition for access to third-party foundry and assembly capacity. We are dependent on the availability of this capacity to manufacture and assemble our SoC solutions. None of our third-party foundry or assembly contractors has provided assurances that adequate capacity will be available to us in the future. The semiconductor industry is currently experiencing significant shortages of capacity, which has resulted in a lengthening of the manufacturing lead time for our products. If this capacity shortage continues for an extensive period of time, it could negatively impact our ability to meet our customer’s demand for our products and have an adverse impact on our revenue, results of operations and customer relationships. The complexity of our solutions could result in unforeseen delays or expenses from undetected defects, errors or bugs in hardware or software which could reduce the market adoption of our new solutions, damage our reputation with current or prospective customers and adversely affect our operating costs. Highly complex SoC solutions such as ours frequently contain defects, errors and bugs when they are first introduced or as new versions are released. We have in the past and may in the future experience these defects, errors and bugs. If any of our solutions have reliability, quality or compatibility problems, we may not be able to successfully correct these problems in a timely manner or at all. In addition, if any of our proprietary features contain defects, errors or bugs when first introduced or as new versions of our solutions are released, we may be unable to timely correct these problems. Consequently, our reputation may be damaged and customers may be reluctant to buy our solutions, which could harm our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers, and could adversely affect our financial results. In addition, these defects, errors or bugs could interrupt or delay sales to our customers. If any of these problems are not found until after we have commenced commercial production of a new product, we may incur significant additional development costs and product recall, repair or replacement costs. These problems may also result in claims against us by our customers or others. 26 We may experience difficulties in transitioning to new wafer fabrication process technologies or in achieving higher levels of design integration, which may result in reduced manufacturing yields, delays in product deliveries and increased costs. We aim to use the most advanced manufacturing process technology appropriate for our products that is available from our third-party foundries. As a result, we periodically evaluate the benefits of migrating our solutions to smaller geometry process technologies in order to improve performance and reduce costs. We believe this strategy will help us remain competitive. We may face difficulties, delays and increased expense as we transition our products to new processes, such as the 5nm process node, and potentially to new foundries. We currently depend on Samsung, as the principal foundry for our products, to transition to new processes successfully. We cannot assure you that Samsung will be able to effectively manage such transitions or that we will be able to maintain our relationship with Samsung or develop relationships with new foundries. Moreover, as we utilize more advanced process nodes beyond 5nm, we are increasingly dependent upon Samsung, who is one of the few foundries currently available for certain advanced process technologies. If we or our foundry vendors experience significant delays in transitioning to smaller geometries or fail to efficiently implement transitions, we could experience reduced manufacturing yields, delays in product deliveries and increased costs, all of which could harm our relationships with our customers and our operating results. A breach of our security systems may have a material adverse effect on our business. Our security systems are designed to maintain the physical security of our facilities and information systems and protect our customers’, suppliers’ and employees’ confidential information. Accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access by third parties to our facilities or our information systems or the existence of computer viruses in our data or software could expose us to a risk of information loss and misappropriation of proprietary and confidential information. Security breaches, computer malware and computer hacking attacks have become more prevalent and sophisticated. These threats are constantly evolving, making it increasingly difficult to successfully defend against or implement adequate preventive measures. Moreover, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for remote work and remote access to our systems has increased significantly, which also increases our cybersecurity risk profile. Experienced computer programmers and hackers may be able to penetrate our security controls and misappropriate or compromise our confidential information or that of third parties or create system disruptions. Computer programmers and hackers also may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms and other malicious software programs that attack our information systems and cause disruptions of our business. For portions of our IT infrastructure, we rely on products and services provided by third parties. These third-party providers may also experience breaches and attacks to their products, which could impact our systems. For example, in 2020 SolarWinds Corp., one of our third-party IT infrastructure software providers, was subject to a data security breach. Our investigation of the breach, which was supported by a third-party security expert, has not identified any adverse impact to our business or operations, but there can be no guarantee we will not experience such an impact. Data security breaches may also result from non-technical means, for example, actions by an employee. Any theft or misuse of this information could result in, among other things, damage to our reputation, allegations by our customers that we have not performed our contractual obligations, litigation by affected parties and possible financial obligations for liabilities and damages related to the theft or misuse of this information, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, our reputation, and our relationships with our customers and partners. We also rely on a number of third-party “cloud- based” service providers of corporate infrastructure services relating to, among other things, human resources, electronic communication services and some finance functions, and we are, of necessity, dependent on the security systems of these providers. Any security breaches or other unauthorized access by third parties to the systems of our cloud-based service providers or the existence of computer viruses in their data or software could expose us to a risk of information loss and misappropriation of confidential information. Rapidly changing industry standards could make our video and image processing solutions obsolete, which would cause our operating results to suffer. We design our video and image processing solutions to conform to video compression standards, including MPEG-2, H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and H.265 High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), set by industry standards setting bodies such as ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group and the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group. Generally, our solutions comprise only a part of a camera device. All components of these devices must uniformly comply with industry standards in order to operate efficiently together. We depend on companies that provide other components of the devices to support prevailing industry standards. Many of these companies are significantly larger and more influential in driving industry standards than we are. Some industry standards may not be widely adopted or implemented uniformly, and competing standards may emerge that may be preferred by our customers or by consumers. If our customers or the suppliers that provide other device components adopt new or competing industry standards with which our solutions are not compatible, or if the industry groups fail to adopt standards with which our solutions are compatible, our existing solutions would become less desirable to our customers. If our solutions are not in compliance with prevailing industry standards for a significant period of time, we could miss opportunities to achieve crucial design wins, which could harm our business. As a result, our sales would suffer, and we could be required to make significant expenditures to develop new SoC solutions to ensure compliance with relevant standards. 27 Some of our operations and a significant portion of our customers and our subcontractors are located outside of the United States, which subjects us to additional risks, including increased complexity and costs of managing international operations and geopolitical instability. We have research and development design centers and business development offices in China, Japan, Italy, South Korea and Taiwan, and we expect to continue to conduct business with companies that are located outside the United States, particularly in Asia. We purchase wafers from foreign foundries, have our solutions assembled and tested by subcontractors located in Asia, and supply our solutions to customers located outside of the United States. Even customers of ours that are based in the United States often use contract manufacturers based in Asia to manufacture their products, and these contract manufacturers typically purchase products directly from us. As a result of our international focus, we face numerous challenges and risks, including: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • increased complexity and costs of managing international operations; longer and more difficult collection of receivables; difficulties in enforcing contracts generally; regional economic instability; geopolitical instability and military conflicts; limited protection of our intellectual property and other assets; compliance with local laws and regulations and unanticipated changes in local laws and regulations, including tax laws and regulations; trade and foreign exchange restrictions and higher tariffs; travel restrictions; timing and availability of import and export licenses and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses, including export classification requirements; foreign currency exchange fluctuations relating to our international operating activities; restrictions imposed by the U.S. government on our ability to do business with certain companies or in certain countries as a result of international political conflicts; transportation delays and other consequences of limited local infrastructure, and disruptions, such as large-scale outages or interruptions of service from utilities or telecommunications providers; heightened risk of terrorist acts; local business and cultural factors that differ from standards and practices in the U.S.; differing employment practices and labor relations; regional health issues, pandemics, and natural disasters; and work stoppages. We may make acquisitions in the future that could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our shareholders, reduce our financial resources and harm our business. In the future, we may acquire other businesses, products or technologies. Other than our acquisition of VisLab S.r.l., or VisLab, in June 2015, we have not made any acquisitions to date and do not have any agreements or commitments for any specific acquisition at this time. Our ability to make and successfully integrate acquisitions is unproven. Our acquisition of VisLab and any future acquisitions may not strengthen our competitive position and may be viewed negatively by our customers, financial markets or investors, and we may not achieve our goals in a timely manner, or at all. In addition, any acquisitions we make could lead to difficulties in integrating personnel, technologies and operations from the acquired businesses and in retaining and motivating key personnel from these businesses. Acquisitions may disrupt our ongoing operations, divert management from their primary responsibilities, subject us to additional liabilities, increase our expenses and adversely impact our business, operating results, financial condition and cash flows. Acquisitions may also reduce our cash available for operations and other uses, and could also result in an increase in amortization expense related to identifiable assets acquired, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, any of which could harm our business. 28 The complexity of calculating our tax provision may result in errors that could result in restatements of our financial statements. We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands and our operations are subject to income and transaction taxes in the United States, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan and other jurisdictions in which we do business. Due to the complexity associated with the calculation of our tax provision, we have hired independent tax advisors to assist us. If we or our independent tax advisors fail to resolve or fully understand certain issues, there may be errors that could result in us having to restate our financial statements. Restatements are generally costly and could adversely impact our results of operations or have a negative impact on the trading price of our ordinary shares. Risks Related to Our Financial Performance or Results Fluctuations in our operating results on a quarterly and annual basis could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline. Our revenue and operating results have fluctuated significantly from period to period in the past and are likely to do so in the future. In particular, our business has tended to be seasonal with higher revenue in our third quarter as our customers typically increase their production to meet holiday shopping season or year-end demand for their products. We also may experience seasonally lower demand in our first quarter as a result of industry seasonality and the impact of ODM and OEM factory closures associated with the Chinese New Year holiday. As a result, you should not rely on period-to- period comparisons of our operating results as an indication of our future performance. In future periods, our revenue and results of operations may be below the expectations of analysts and investors, which could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline. Factors that may affect our operating results include: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • fluctuations in demand, sales cycles, product mix, and prices for our products; the forecasting, scheduling, rescheduling or cancellation of orders by our customers; shifts in consumer or manufacturer preferences and any resultant change in demand for video and image capture devices into which our solutions are incorporated; changes in the competitive dynamics of our markets, including new entrants or pricing pressures; delays in our customers’ ability to manufacture and ship products that incorporate our solutions caused by internal and external factors beyond our control; our ability to successfully define, design and release new solutions in a timely manner that meet our customers’ needs; changes in manufacturing costs, including wafer, test and assembly costs, mask costs, manufacturing yields and product quality and reliability; timely availability of adequate manufacturing capacity from our manufacturing subcontractors; the timing of product announcements by our competitors or by us; incurrence of research and development and related new products expenditures; write-downs of inventory for excess quantities and technological obsolescence; impairment of investment or other asset values; future accounting pronouncements and changes in accounting policies; volatility in our share price, which may lead to higher stock-based compensation expense; volatility in our effective tax rate; general socioeconomic and political conditions in the countries where we operate or where our products are sold or used, including the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S.-China relations and the conditions in Hong Kong; and costs associated with litigation, especially related to intellectual property. 29 Moreover, the semiconductor industry has historically been cyclical in nature, reflecting overall economic conditions as well as budgeting and buying patterns of consumers. We expect these cyclical conditions to continue. As a result, our quarterly operating results are difficult to predict, even in the near term. Our expense levels are relatively fixed in the short term and are based, in part, on our expectations of future revenue. If revenue levels are below our expectations, we may experience material adverse impacts on our business, including declines in margins and profitability, or incur losses. For example, our revenue declined 23% in fiscal year 2019 compared to fiscal year 2018, and we incurred our first annual net losses since our initial public offering, or IPO, in 2012. For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021, our revenue decreased by 2.5% compared to fiscal year 2020, and we incurred a net loss of $59.8 million. We may experience similar fluctuations or declines in revenue or net losses in the future, which would harm our operating results. If we do not generate revenue growth, we may not be able to execute our business plan and our operating results could suffer. We believe that our future revenue growth, if any, will significantly depend on our ability to expand within our existing camera markets, such as the existing professional IP security and home security and monitoring camera markets, and successfully penetrate new markets, such as the OEM automotive, robotics and industrial markets, with our new AI computer vision SoC solutions. We believe that executing upon our business plan requires us to continue to develop new SoCs and new software to address the particular requirements of these markets. Accordingly, we continue to invest in the development of new technology and solutions and expect our research and development expenditures to increase compared to prior periods. In fiscal year 2021, our revenue decreased by 2.5% compared to fiscal year 2020 to $ 223.0 million, and we incurred a net loss of $59.8 million. Accordingly, if we are unable to generate or maintain adequate revenue growth, our financial results could suffer and our stock price could decline. We may have difficulty accurately predicting our future revenue and appropriately budgeting our expenses. The rapidly evolving nature of the markets in which we sell our solutions, combined with substantial uncertainty concerning how these markets may develop, the considerable amount of time our customers generally take to evaluate our solutions, and other factors beyond our control, limits our ability to accurately forecast quarterly or annual revenue. We continue to expand our staffing and increase our expenditures in anticipation of future revenue growth. If our revenue does not increase as anticipated, we could incur significant losses due to our higher expense levels if we are not able to decrease our expenses in a timely manner to offset any shortfall in future revenue. Continued or persistent losses may require us to obtain additional capital that may not be available at reasonable terms. Changes to financial accounting standards may affect our results of operations and could cause us to change our business practices. We prepare our consolidated financial statements to conform to generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, in the United States. These accounting principles are subject to interpretation by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the SEC and various bodies formed to interpret and create accounting rules and regulations. Changes in those accounting rules could have a significant effect on our financial results, require significant resources, pose challenges in forecasting revenue and may affect our reporting of transactions completed before a change is announced. Changes to those rules or the questioning of current practices may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way we conduct our business. Fluctuations in exchange rates between and among the currencies of the countries in which we do business may adversely affect our operating results. Our sales have been historically denominated in U.S. dollars. An increase in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the currencies of the countries in which our end customers operate could impair the ability of our end customers to cost-effectively integrate our SoCs into their devices which may materially affect the demand for our solutions and cause these end customers to reduce their orders, which would adversely affect our revenue and business. We may experience foreign exchange gains or losses due to the volatility of other currencies compared to the U.S. dollar. A significant portion of our solutions are sold to camera manufacturers located outside the United States, primarily in Asia. Sales to customers in Asia accounted for approximately 88%, 90% and 87% of our total revenue in fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Because most of our end customers or their ODM manufacturers are located in Asia, we anticipate that a majority of our future revenue will continue to come from sales to that region. Although a large percentage of our sales are made to customers in Asia, we believe that a significant number of the products designed by these customers and incorporating our SoCs are then sold to consumers globally. In addition, if in the future we sell products or purchase inventory in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, our exposure to foreign currency risk could become more significant. 30 A significant number of our employees are located in Asia, principally Taiwan and China. Therefore, a portion of our payroll as well as certain other operating expenses are paid in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, such as the New Taiwan Dollar and the Chinese Yuan Renminbi. Our operating results are denominated in U.S. dollars and the difference in exchange rates in one period compared to another may directly impact period-to-period comparisons of our operating results. Furthermore, currency exchange rates, particularly the exchange rates between the Chinese Yuan Renminbi and the U.S. dollar and between the New Taiwan Dollar and the U.S. dollar, have been especially volatile in the recent past and these currency fluctuations may make it difficult for us to predict our operating results. We have not implemented any hedging strategies to mitigate risks related to the impact of fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Even if we were to implement hedging strategies, not every exposure can be hedged and, where hedges are put in place based on expected foreign exchange exposure, they are based on forecasts which may vary or which may later prove to have been inaccurate. Failure to hedge successfully or anticipate currency risks accurately could adversely affect our operating results. We cannot predict our future capital needs, and we may not be able to obtain additional financing to fund our operations. We may need to raise additional funds in the future. Any required additional financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities or convertible debt, investors may experience significant dilution of their ownership interest, and the newly-issued securities may have rights senior to those of the holders of our ordinary shares. If we raise additional funds by obtaining loans from third parties, the terms of those financing arrangements may include negative covenants or other restrictions on our business that could impair our operational flexibility and would also require us to incur interest expense. If additional financing is not available when required or is not available on acceptable terms, we may have to scale back our operations or limit our production activities, and we may not be able to expand our business, develop or enhance our products, take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures which could result in lower revenue and reduce the competitiveness of our products. Our marketable securities portfolio could experience a decline in market value, which could materially and adversely affect our financial results. As of January 31, 2021, we had approximately $214.8 million in debt security investments. These investments consisted primarily of money market funds, commercial paper, asset-backed securities, U.S. government securities and debt securities of corporations. We currently do not use derivative financial instruments to adjust our investment portfolio risk or income profile. These investments, as well as any cash deposited in bank accounts, are subject to general credit, liquidity, market and interest rate risks, which may be exacerbated by unusual events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Eurozone crisis and the U.S. debt ceiling crisis, which affected various sectors of the financial markets and led to global credit and liquidity issues. If the global credit market continues to experience volatility or deteriorates, our investment portfolio may be impacted and some or all of our investments may experience other-than-temporary impairment which could adversely impact our financial results and position. Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties We do not have long-term supply contracts with our third-party manufacturing vendors, and they may not allocate sufficient capacity to us at reasonable prices to meet future demands for our solutions. The semiconductor industry is subject to intense competitive pricing pressure from customers and competitors. Accordingly, any increase in the cost of our solutions, whether by adverse purchase price variances or adverse manufacturing cost variances, will reduce our gross margins and operating profit. We currently do not have long-term supply contracts with most of our primary third-party vendors, and we negotiate pricing with our main vendors on a purchase order-by-purchase order basis. Therefore, they are not obligated to perform services or supply product to us for any specific period, in any specific quantities, or at any specific price, except as may be provided in a particular purchase order. The ability of our foundry vendors to provide us with a product, which is solely sourced at each foundry, is limited by their available capacity, existing obligations and technological capabilities. Foundry capacity may not be available when we need it or at reasonable prices. None of our third-party foundry or assembly and test vendors have provided contractual assurances to us that adequate capacity will be available to us to meet our anticipated future demand for our solutions. Moreover, availability of foundry capacity at our primary foundry vendor has tightened recently, which could limit the volume of products we can produce and/or delay production of new products, both of which would negatively impact our business and operations. Similarly, our assembly vendors have recently experienced shortages of certain substrates necessary for the production of our solutions due in part to COVID-19, which has negatively impacted the production time of our devices. If these conditions continue for a substantial period or worsen, our ability to meet our anticipated demand for our solutions could be impacted which, in turn, could negatively impact our operations and financial results. 31 Our foundry and assembly and test vendors may allocate capacity to the production of other companies’ products while reducing deliveries to us on short notice. In particular, other companies that are larger and better financed than we are or that have long-term agreements with our foundry or assembly and test vendors may cause our foundry or assembly and test vendors to reallocate capacity to them, decreasing the capacity available to us. Converting or transferring manufacturing from a primary location or supplier to a backup provider could be expensive and would likely take at least two or more quarters. There are only a few foundries, including Samsung and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd., or TSMC, that are currently available for certain advanced process technologies that we utilize or may utilize, such as 10 or 5 nanometer, or nm. Accordingly, as we continue to develop solutions in advanced process nodes, we will be increasingly dependent upon such foundries. The unavailability of one or both of these foundries could significantly impact our ability to produce our new products or delay production, which would negatively impact our business. We outsource our wafer fabrication, assembly and testing operations to third parties, and if these parties fail to produce and deliver our products according to requested demands in specification, quantity, cost and time, our reputation, customer relationships and operating results could suffer. We rely on third parties for substantially all of our manufacturing operations, including wafer fabrication, assembly and testing. Currently, the majority of our SoCs are supplied by Samsung in facilities located in Austin, Texas and South Korea, from whom we have the option to purchase both fully assembled and tested products as well as tested die in wafer form for assembly. Samsung subcontracts the assembly and initial testing of the assembled chips it supplies to us to Signetics Corporation and STATS ChipPAC Ltd. In the case of purchases of tested die from Samsung, we contract the assembly to Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc., or ASE. Final testing of all of our products is handled by King Yuan Electronics Co., Ltd. or Sigurd Corporation under the supervision of our engineers. We depend on these third parties to supply us with material of a requested quantity in a timely manner that meets our standards for yield, cost and manufacturing quality. Availability of capacity within our supply chain has tightened recently, which could limit the volume of products we can produce and negatively impact our business and operations. Moreover, because each SoC is fabricated in only one manufacturing facility, or single sourced, any disruption to a facility could cause significant delays in the production or shipment of the products produced in that facility that could not be easily offset by having such product(s) produced in another facility. We do not have any long-term supply agreements with any of our manufacturing suppliers. If one or more of these vendors terminates its relationship with us, or if we encounter any problems with our manufacturing supply chain, including available capacity constraints, our ability to ship our solutions to our customers on time and in the quantity required would be adversely affected, which in turn could cause an unanticipated decline in our sales and damage our customer relationships. If, in the future, we enter into arrangements with suppliers that include additional fees to expedite delivery, nonrefundable deposits or loans in exchange for capacity commitments or commitments to purchase specified quantities over extended periods, such arrangements may be costly, reduce our financial flexibility and be on terms unfavorable to us, if we are able to secure such arrangements at all. To date, we have not entered into any such arrangements with our suppliers. If we need additional foundry or assembly and test subcontractors because of increased demand or the inability to obtain timely and adequate deliveries from our current vendors, we may not be able to do so cost-effectively, if at all. A substantial portion of our revenue is processed through a single distributor and the loss of this distributor may cause disruptions in our shipments, which may adversely affect our operations and financial condition. We sell a significant percentage of our solutions through a single distributor, Wintech, which serves as our non-exclusive sales representative in Asia, other than Japan. Approximately 63%, 60% and 58% of our revenue was derived from sales through Wintech for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. We anticipate that a significant portion of our revenue will continue to be derived from sales through Wintech in the foreseeable future. In November 2019, WPG Holdings Co., or WPG, a Taiwan distributor, announced an unsolicited bid to acquire up to 30% of Wintech. In January 2020, WPG acquired approximately 17% of Wintech, but indicated it intended to remain a passive investor in Wintech. While the ultimate outcome of WPG’s bid is unknown at this time, an acquisition of Wintech by WPG could have an adverse impact on our relationship with Wintech. Our current agreement with Wintech is effective until September 2022, unless it is terminated earlier by either party for any or no reason with 60 days written notice or by failure of the breaching party to cure a material breach within 30 days following written notice of such material breach by the non-breaching party. Our agreement with Wintech will automatically renew for additional successive 12-month terms unless at least 60 days before the end of the then-current term either party provides written notice to the other party that it elects not to renew the agreement. Termination of the relationship with Wintech, either by us or by Wintech, could result in a temporary or permanent loss of revenue. We may not be successful in finding suitable alternative distributors on satisfactory terms, or at all, and this could adversely affect our ability to effectively sell our solutions in certain geographical locations or to certain end customers. Furthermore, Wintech, or any successor or other distributors we do business with, may face issues obtaining credit, which could impair their ability to make timely payments to us. 32 We are subject to risks associated with our distributors' product inventories. We sell many of our products to customers through distributors who maintain their own inventory of our products for sale to ODMs and end customers. We allow limited price adjustments on sales to distributors. Price adjustments may be effected by way of credits for future product or by cash payments to the distributor, either in arrears or in advance, using estimates based on historical transactions. Upon the adoption of ASC 606 on February 1, 2018, we recognize revenue on sales to distributors upon shipment and transfer of control (known as “sell-in” revenue recognition) based on the amount of consideration expected to be received. To the extent that the actual consideration received is materially different from estimated variable consideration recognized, we may be required to adjust revenue in subsequent periods. If our distributors are unable to sell an adequate amount of their inventory of our products in a given quarter to ODMs and end customers, or if they decide to decrease their inventories for any reason, such as adverse global economic conditions or a downturn in technology spending, our sales to these distributors and our revenues may decline. We also face the risk that our distributors may purchase, or for other reasons accumulate, inventory levels of our products in any particular quarter in excess of future anticipated sales to end customers. If such sales do not occur in the time frame anticipated by these distributors for any reason, these distributors may substantially decrease the amount of product they order from us in subsequent periods until their inventory levels realign with end-customer demand, which would harm our business and could adversely affect our revenues in such subsequent periods. Our reserve estimates associated with products stocked by our distributors are based largely on reports that our distributors provide to us on a weekly or monthly basis. To date, we believe this resale and channel inventory data have been generally accurate. To the extent that these data are inaccurate or not received in a timely manner, we may not be able to make reserve estimates for future periods accurately or at all. Camera manufacturers incorporate components supplied by multiple third parties, and a supply shortage or delay in delivery of these components could delay orders for our solutions by our customers. Our customers purchase components used in the manufacture of their cameras from various sources of supply, often involving several specialized components, including lenses, sensors, and memory chips. Any supply shortage or delay in delivery by third-party component suppliers, or a third-party supplier’s cessation or shut down of its business, may prevent or delay production of our customers’ products. As a result of delays in delivery or supply shortages of third-party components, orders for our solutions may be delayed or canceled and our business may be harmed. For example, a disruption in the availability of image sensors from Sony Corporation as a result of the April 14, 2016 Kumamoto, Japan earthquake impacted our customers’ ability to build or launch cameras and, as a result, negatively impacted the timing and scope of demand for our SoCs in the second and third quarters of fiscal year 2017. Similarly, our ability to generate design wins in some markets, such as the automotive OEM market, requires us to collaborate with third-party software suppliers in order to offer a complete solution to customers. Our inability to successfully collaborate with such third-party suppliers, or such suppliers’ inability to develop and deliver software, could harm our ability to achieve design wins and harm our business. Errors or defects within a camera system or in the manner in which the various components interact could prevent or delay production of our customers’ products, which could harm our business. If our foundry vendors do not achieve satisfactory yields or quality, our reputation and customer relationships could be harmed. The fabrication of our video and image processing SoC solutions is a complex and technically demanding process. Minor deviations in the manufacturing process can cause substantial decreases in yields, and in some cases, cause production to be suspended. Our foundry vendors, from time to time, experience manufacturing defects and reduced manufacturing yields, including in the fabrication of our SoCs. Changes in manufacturing processes or the inadvertent use of defective or contaminated materials by our foundry vendors could result in lower than anticipated manufacturing yields or unacceptable performance of our SoCs. Many of these problems are difficult to detect at an early stage of the manufacturing process and may be time consuming and expensive to correct. Poor yields from our foundry vendors, or defects, integration issues or other performance problems in our solutions, could cause us significant customer relations and business reputation problems, harm our financial results and give rise to financial or other damages to our customers. Our customers might consequently seek damages from us for their losses. A product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time consuming and costly to defend. Each of our SoC solutions is manufactured at a single location. If we experience manufacturing problems at a particular location, we would be required to transfer manufacturing to a new location or supplier. Converting or transferring manufacturing from a primary location or supplier to a backup fabrication facility could be expensive and could take two or more quarters. During such a transition, we would be required to meet customer demand from our then-existing inventory, as well as any partially finished goods that could be modified to the required product specifications. We do not seek to maintain sufficient inventory to address a lengthy transition period because we believe it is uneconomical to keep more than minimal inventory on hand. As a result, we may not be able to meet customer needs during such a transition, which could delay shipments, cause production delays, result in a decline in our sales and damage our customer relationships. 33 We rely on third-party vendors to supply software development tools to us for the development of our new products, and we may be unable to obtain the tools necessary to develop or enhance new or existing products. We rely on third-party software development tools to assist us in the design, simulation and verification of new products or product enhancements. To bring new products or product enhancements to market in a timely manner, or at all, we need software development tools that are sophisticated enough or technologically advanced enough to complete our design, simulations and verifications. In the future, the design requirements necessary to meet consumer demands for more features and greater functionality from our solutions may exceed the capabilities of available software development tools. Unavailability of software development tools may result in our missing design cycles or losing design wins, either of which could result in a loss of market share or negatively impact our operating results. Because of the importance of software development tools to the development and enhancement of our solutions, our relationships with leaders in the computer-aided design industry, including Cadence Design Systems, Inc., Mentor Graphics Corporation and Synopsys, Inc., are critical to us. If these relationships are not successful, we may be unable to develop new products or product enhancements in a timely manner, which could result in a loss of market share, a decrease in revenue or negatively impact our operating results. We rely on third parties to provide services and technology necessary for the operation of our business. Any failure of one or more of our vendors, suppliers or licensors to provide such services or technology could harm our business. We rely on third-party vendors to provide critical services, including, among other things, services related to accounting, human resources, information technology and network monitoring that we cannot or do not create or provide ourselves. We depend on these vendors to ensure that our corporate infrastructure will consistently meet our business requirements. The ability of these third-party vendors to successfully provide reliable and high- quality services is subject to technical and operational uncertainties that are beyond our control. While we may be entitled to damages if our vendors fail to perform under their agreements with us, our agreements with these vendors limit the amount of damages we may receive. In addition, we do not know whether we will be able to collect on any award of damages or that these damages would be sufficient to cover the actual costs we would incur as a result of any vendor’s failure to perform under its agreement with us. Upon expiration or termination of any of our agreements with third-party vendors, we may not be able to replace the services provided to us in a timely manner or on terms and conditions, including service levels and cost, that are favorable to us, and a transition from one vendor to another vendor could subject us to operational delays and inefficiencies until the transition is complete. Any disruption to the operations of our third-party contractors and their suppliers could cause significant delays in the production or shipment of our products. Our operations could be harmed if manufacturing, logistics or other operations of our third-party contractors or their suppliers are disrupted for any reason, including natural disasters, high heat events or water shortages, severe storms, other negative impacts from climate change, information technology system failures, military actions or environmental, public health or regulatory issues. The majority of our products are manufactured by or receive components from third-party contractors located in South Korea, Taiwan and Japan. The risk of an earthquake or tsunami in South Korea, Taiwan, Japan and elsewhere in the Pacific Rim region is significant due to the proximity of major earthquake fault lines. For example, in December 2006 a major earthquake occurred in Taiwan and in March 2011 a major earthquake and tsunami occurred in Japan. Although we are not aware of any significant damage suffered by our third-party contractors as a result of those natural disasters, the occurrence of additional earthquakes or other natural disasters could result in the disruption of our foundry vendor or assembly and test capacity. A disruption in the availability of image sensors from Sony Corporation as a result of the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan earthquake impacted our customers’ ability to build or launch cameras and, as a result, negatively impacted the timing and scope of demand for our SoCs in fiscal year 2017. Any disruption resulting from such events could cause significant delays in the production or shipment of our products until we are able to shift our manufacturing, assembling or testing from the affected contractor to another third-party vendor. We may not be able to obtain alternate capacity on favorable terms, or at all. 34 Risks Related to Our Legal and Regulatory Environment Our ability to sell our products to several China customers has been restricted. On October 9, 2019, our security camera customers Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co., Ltd, or Hikvision, and Zhejiang Dahua Technology Co., Ltd., or Dahua, were added to the Entity List of the Bureau of Industry and Security, or BIS, of the U.S. Department of Commerce, or Commerce, which imposes limitations on the supply of certain U.S. items to the listed entities. In December 2020, certain affiliated entities of our customer Shenzhen Dajiang Baiwang Technology Co., Ltd., of Dajiang Baiwang, were added to the Entity List. While the addition of Hikvision, Dahua and affiliates of Dajiang Baiwang to the Entity List negatively impacts our ability to ship items subject to BIS regulations to these listed entities, we have determined that we are able to ship some SoC products to the listed entities in compliance with applicable law. Notwithstanding our ability to continue to supply some SoC products to the listed entities, these customers may seek to obtain similar or substitute products from our competitors that are not subject to these limitations, or to develop similar or substitute products themselves. We also cannot be certain what additional actions the U.S. government may take with respect to Hikvision, Dahua and Dajiang Baiwang, or our other China customers, including changes to the Entity List restrictions, export regulations, tariffs or other trade restrictions, or whether the Chinese government may take any actions in response to U.S. government action that may adversely affect our ability to do business with our China customers. Even in the absence of new restrictions, tariffs or trade actions imposed by the U.S. or Chinese government, our China customers may take actions to reduce dependence on the supply of components subject to U.S. trade regulations, including our SoC solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. We are unable to predict the duration of the restrictions imposed by the U.S. government or of any additional governmental actions, any of which could have a long-term adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Global economic and political conditions, including possible trade tariffs and trade restrictions, may have an impact on our business and financial condition in ways that we currently cannot predict. Beyond the BIS actions relating to Hikvision, Dahua and affiliates of Dajiang Baiwang, general trade tensions between the United States and China have been escalating, which has, in our view, created and will continue to create an uncertain business environment. For example, BIS has added over 150 entities related to Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. to the Entity List and created new controls on foreign-produced items when one of these entities is a party to the transaction. If additional tariffs or trade restrictions are imposed on our SoC solutions or the products of our customers, or trade restrictions are imposed on our ability to conduct business with certain customers, there could be a negative impact on our operations and financial performance. For example, H.R. 5515 - John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 negatively impacts Hikvision and Dahua’s ability to sell products into the U.S. security camera market and could decrease their demand for our solutions. Similarly, changes in export classification requirements, such as those proposed by U.S. Congress, could impact our ability to supply our solutions to certain companies or in certain countries. Even in the absence of new restrictions, tariffs or changes in export classifications, it is possible that foreign customers could take actions to reduce dependence on the supply of components, including our solutions, that could be subject to new export classifications or trade restrictions. There are also risks that the Chinese government may, among other things, require the use of local suppliers, compel companies that do business in China to partner with local companies to conduct business and provide incentives to government-backed local customers to buy from local suppliers. The materialization of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. 35 We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in international markets. The U.S. and various foreign governments have imposed controls, export license requirements and restrictions on the import or export of certain products, technologies and software. We must export our products in compliance with U.S. export controls, including the Commerce’s Export Administration Regulations. We may not always be successful in obtaining necessary export licenses, and our failure to obtain required import or export approval for our products or limitations on our ability to export or sell our products imposed by these laws may harm both our international and domestic sales and adversely affect our revenue. Noncompliance with these laws could have negative consequences, including government investigations, penalties and reputational harm. Compliance with export and import regulations have not had a significant impact on our business to date, but changes in our products or changes in export, import and economic sanctions laws and regulations may delay our introduction of new products in international markets, prevent our customers from deploying our products internationally or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products to or from certain countries altogether. Any change in export or import regulations or legislation, shift or change in enforcement, or change in the countries, persons or technologies targeted by these regulations, could result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to, existing or potential customers with international operations. In such event, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected. We are subject to warranty and product liability claims and to product recalls. From time to time, we are subject to warranty claims that may require us to make significant expenditures to defend these claims or pay damage awards. In the future, we may also be subject to product liability claims resulting from failure of our solutions or if products we design, manufacture, or sell, cause personal injury or property damage, even where the cause is unrelated to product defects. These risks will likely increase as our products are introduced into new devices, markets, or applications, including autonomous and semi-autonomous automotive, drone and robotic applications. In the event of a warranty claim, we may also incur costs if we compensate the affected customer. We maintain product liability insurance, but this insurance is limited in amount and subject to significant deductibles. There is no guarantee that our insurance will be available or adequate to protect against all claims. We also may incur costs and expenses relating to a recall of one of our customers’ products containing one of our devices. The process of identifying a recalled product in consumer devices that have been widely distributed may be lengthy and require significant resources, and we may incur significant replacement costs, contract damage claims from our customers and reputational harm. Costs or payments made in connection with warranty and product liability claims and product recalls could harm our financial condition and results of operations, as well as harm our reputation and cause the market value of our ordinary shares to decline. We are subject to governmental laws, regulations and other legal obligations related to privacy and data protection. The legislative and regulatory framework for privacy and data protection issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. We collect personally identifiable information, or PII, and other data as part of our business processes and activities. This data is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations, including oversight by various regulatory or other governmental bodies. Many foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the European Union and other relevant jurisdictions where we conduct business, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of PII and other data obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdictions that are currently more restrictive than those in the U.S. For example, effective May 2018, the European Union adopted the General Data Protection Regulation that imposed more stringent data protection requirements and provided for greater penalties for noncompliance. Similarly, California has adopted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, or CCPA, which took effect in 2020. The CCPA gives California residents the right to access, delete and opt out of certain sharing of their information, and imposes penalties for failure to comply. Any inability, or perceived inability, to adequately address privacy and data protection concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation and adversely affect our business. 36 Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and similar laws associated with our activities outside of the United States could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences. We face significant risks if we fail to comply with the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payment to foreign governments and political parties by us for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. In many foreign countries, particularly in countries with developing economies, it may be a local custom that businesses operating in such countries engage in business practices that are prohibited by the FCPA or other applicable laws and regulations. Although we implemented an FCPA compliance program, we cannot assure you that all of our employees and agents, as well as those companies to which we outsource certain of our business operations, will not take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. Any violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-corruption laws could result in severe criminal or civil sanctions and, in the case of the FCPA, suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracting, which could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. We, our customers and third-party contractors are subject to increasingly complex environmental regulations and compliance with these regulations may delay or interrupt our operations and adversely affect our business. We face increasing complexity in our procurement, design, and research and development operations as a result of requirements relating to the materials composition of our products, including the European Union’s, or EU’s, Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, or RoHS, directive, which restricts the content of lead and certain other hazardous substances in specified electronic products put on the market in the EU and similar Chinese legislation relating to marking of electronic products which became effective in March 2007. Failure to comply with these and similar laws and regulations could subject us to fines, penalties, civil or criminal sanctions, contract damage claims, and take-back of non- compliant products, which could harm our business, reputation and operating results. The passage of similar requirements in additional jurisdictions or the tightening of these standards in jurisdictions where our products are already subject to such requirements could cause us to incur significant expenditures to make our products compliant with new requirements, or could limit the markets into which we may sell our products. Our failure to comply with present and future environmental, health and safety laws could cause us to incur substantial costs, result in civil or criminal fines and penalties and decreased revenue, which could adversely affect our operating results. Failure by our foundry vendors or other suppliers to comply with applicable environmental laws and requirements could cause disruptions and delays in our product shipments, which could adversely affect our relations with our ODMs and OEMs and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Regulations related to “conflict minerals” may force us to incur additional expenses, may make our supply chain more complex and may result in damage to our reputation with customers. Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, or the Dodd-Frank Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, has adopted requirements for companies that use certain minerals and metals, known as conflict minerals, in their products, whether or not these products are manufactured by third parties. These requirements require companies to perform due diligence, disclose and report whether or not such minerals originate from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjoining countries. These requirements could adversely affect the sourcing, availability and pricing of minerals used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, including our products. While these requirements continue to be subject to administrative uncertainty, we have incurred, and may continue to incur, costs to comply with the disclosure requirements, including costs related to determining the source of any of the relevant minerals and metals used in our products. Since our supply chain is complex, we may not be able to sufficiently verify the origins for these minerals and metals used in our products through the due diligence procedures that we implement, which may harm our reputation. In such event, we may also face difficulties in satisfying customers who require that all of the components of our products are certified as conflict mineral free. We are subject to regulatory compliance requirements, including Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which are costly to comply with, and our failure to comply with these requirements could harm our business and operating results. We are subject to disclosure and compliance requirements associated with being a public company, including but not limited to compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. For example, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that our management report on, and our independent auditors attest to, the effectiveness of our internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting. Compliance with Section 404 requires a significant amount of time, expenses and diversion of internal resources. If we or our auditors discover a material weakness in our internal controls, the disclosure of that fact, even if quickly remedied, could reduce the market’s confidence in our financial statements and harm our stock price. In addition, if we fail to maintain effective controls over financial reporting, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by The NASDAQ Stock Market, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities. Irrespective of compliance with Section 404, any failure of our internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our stated results of operations and harm our reputation. Furthermore, investor perceptions of our company may suffer, and this could cause a decline in the market price of our ordinary shares. 37 Changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income tax returns could adversely affect our results. Our future effective tax rates could be adversely affected if our earnings are lower than anticipated in countries where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in countries where we have higher statutory rates, by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, tax effects of share-based compensation, or by changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles or interpretations thereof. For example, changes in tax laws, including the U.S. federal tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or Tax Act, as well as other factors, could cause us to experience fluctuations in our tax obligations and effective tax rates and otherwise adversely affect our tax positions and/or our tax liabilities. The Tax Act requires complex computations not previously provided in U.S. tax law. The U.S. Department of Treasury has broad authority to issue regulations and interpretative guidance that may significantly impact how we will apply the law and impact our results of operations in the period issued. As such, the application of accounting guidance for such items is currently uncertain. Further, compliance with the Tax Act and the accounting for such provisions require accumulation of information not previously required or regularly produced. While we have completed our accounting for the effects of the Tax Act, additional regulatory guidance may still be issued by the applicable taxing authorities which could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate. In addition, our income tax returns are subject to continuous examination by the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, and other tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. We cannot assure you that the outcomes from these continuous examinations will not have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. Unfavorable tax law changes, an unfavorable governmental review of our tax returns, changes in our geographical earnings mix or imposition of withholding taxes on repatriated earnings could adversely affect our effective tax rate and our operating results. Our operations are subject to certain taxes, such as income and transaction taxes, in the Cayman Islands, the United States, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan and other jurisdictions in which we do business. A change in the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we do business, including an increase in tax rates or an adverse change in the treatment of an item of income or expense, possibly with retroactive effect, could result in a material increase in the amount of taxes we incur. In particular, past proposals have been made to change certain U.S. tax laws relating to foreign entities with U.S. connections, which may include us. For example, previously proposed legislation has considered treating certain foreign corporations as U.S. domestic corporations (and therefore taxable on all of their worldwide income) if the management and control of the foreign corporation occurs, directly or indirectly, primarily within the United States. If such legislation were enacted, we could, depending on the precise form, be subject to U.S. taxation notwithstanding our domicile outside the United States. In addition, on October 5, 2015 the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, or OECD, which represents a coalition of member countries, released its final reports from the BEPS Action Plans. The final reports include recommendations covering a number of issues, including country-by-country reporting, permanent establishment rules, transfer pricing rules and tax treaties. These changes, which have been or are in the process of being adopted by numerous countries, could increase uncertainties and may adversely affect our provision for income taxes. In December 2018, the Cayman Islands passed the International Tax Co-Operation (Economic Substance) Law, 2018. Effective as of January 1, 2019, the new legislation requires Cayman Islands companies carrying one or more relevant activity to maintain a substantial economic presence in the Cayman Islands. Effective from December 31, 2019, we have structured our activities to comply with the new law. However, the legislation remains subject to further clarification and interpretation and accordingly, there is no guarantee that we will be deemed to be compliant. Furthermore, this legislation may require us to make additional changes to the activities we carry on in the Cayman Islands, which could increase our cost of operations, and we could be subject to penalties for lack of compliance. As a result, we are not able to determine the impact on our operations and net income as of the current period. We are subject to periodic audits or other reviews by tax authorities in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our activities. Any such audit, examination or review requires management’s time, diverts internal resources and, in the event of an unfavorable outcome, may result in additional tax liabilities or other adjustments to our historical results. Because we conduct operations in multiple jurisdictions, our effective tax rate is influenced by the amounts of income and expense attributed to each such jurisdiction. If such amounts were to change so as to increase the amounts of our net income subject to taxation in higher-tax jurisdictions, or if we were to commence operations in jurisdictions assessing relatively higher tax rates, our effective tax rate could be adversely affected. In addition, we may determine that it is advisable from time to time to repatriate earnings from subsidiaries under circumstances that could give rise to imposition of potentially significant withholding taxes by the jurisdictions in which such amounts were earned, without our receiving the benefit of any offsetting tax credits, which could also adversely impact our effective tax rate. 38 We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for U.S. holders of our ordinary shares. Based on the current and anticipated valuation of our assets and the composition of our income and assets, we do not expect to be considered a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our 2021 fiscal year or the foreseeable future. However, a separate determination must be made at the close of each taxable year as to whether we are a PFIC for that taxable year, and we cannot assure you that we will not be a PFIC for our 2022 fiscal year or any future taxable year. Under current law, a non-U.S. corporation will be considered a PFIC for any taxable year if either (a) at least 75% of its gross income is passive income or (b) at least 50% of the value of its assets, generally based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year, is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. PFIC status depends on the composition of our assets and income and the value of our assets (which may be based in part on the value of our ordinary shares which may fluctuate), including, among others, a pro rata portion of the income and assets of each subsidiary in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% by value of the subsidiary’s equity interests, from time to time. Because we currently hold, and expect to continue to hold, a substantial amount of cash or cash equivalents, and because the calculation of the value of our assets may be based in part on the value of our ordinary shares which may fluctuate and may fluctuate considerably given that market prices of technology companies historically often have been volatile, we may be a PFIC for any taxable year. If we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder held ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply for such U.S. holder. Changes in our United States federal income tax classification, or that of our subsidiaries, could result in adverse tax consequences to our 10% or greater U.S. shareholders. The Tax Act may have changed the consequences to U.S. shareholders that own, or are considered to own, as a result of the attribution rules, ten percent or more of the voting power or value of the stock of a non-U.S. corporation (a 10% U.S. shareholder) under the U.S. Federal income tax law applicable to owners of U.S. controlled foreign corporations, or CFCs. Prior to the Tax Act, we did not believe that we, or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries, were considered a CFC, which is a determination made daily based on whether the 10% U.S. shareholders together own, or are considered to own under the attribution rules, more than fifty percent of the voting power or value of a non-U.S. corporation. The Tax Act repealed Internal Revenue Code Section 958(b)(4), which, unless clarified in future regulations or other guidance, may result in classification of certain of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries as CFCs with respect to any single 10% U.S. shareholder. This may be the result without regard to whether 10% U.S. shareholders together own, directly or indirectly, more than fifty percent of the voting power or value of the Company as was the case under prior rules. The repeal is effective as of the last taxable year of CFCs beginning before January 1, 2018 and for the taxable year of 10% U.S. shareholders in which the CFCs' taxable year ends. Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property Our failure to adequately protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to compete effectively or defend ourselves from litigation, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property. We rely primarily on patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements and other contractual protections, to protect our proprietary technologies and know-how, all of which offer only limited protection. The steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights may not be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our proprietary information or infringement of our intellectual property rights, and our ability to prevent such misappropriation or infringement is uncertain, particularly in countries outside of the United States. The failure of our patents to adequately protect our technology might make it easier for our competitors to offer similar products or technologies, which would harm our business. For example, our patents and patent applications could be opposed, contested, circumvented, designed around by our competitors or be declared invalid or unenforceable in judicial or administrative proceedings. Our foreign patent protection is generally not as comprehensive as our U.S. patent protection and may not protect our intellectual property in some countries where our products are sold or may be sold in the future. Many U.S.-based companies have encountered substantial intellectual property infringement in foreign countries, including countries where we sell products. Even if foreign patents are granted, effective enforcement in foreign countries may not be available. For example, the legal environment relating to intellectual property protection in certain emerging market countries where we operate is relatively weaker, often making it difficult to create and enforce such rights. We may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights in these emerging markets or elsewhere. If such an impermissible use of our intellectual property or trade secrets were to occur, our ability to sell our solutions at competitive prices may be adversely affected and our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected. 39 We may in the future need to initiate infringement claims or litigation in order to try to protect our intellectual property rights. Litigation, whether we are a plaintiff or a defendant, can be expensive, time-consuming and may divert the efforts of our technical staff and management, which could harm our business, whether or not such litigation results in a determination favorable to us. Litigation also puts our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not being issued. Additionally, any enforcement of our patents or other intellectual property may provoke third parties to assert counterclaims against us. If we are unable to protect our proprietary rights or if third parties independently develop or gain access to our or similar technologies, our business, revenue, reputation and competitive position could be harmed. Third parties’ assertions of infringement of their intellectual property rights could result in our having to incur significant costs and cause our operating results to suffer. The semiconductor industry is characterized by vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights and positions, which has resulted in protracted and expensive litigation for many companies. Certain of our customers have received, and we expect, particularly to the extent we gain greater market visibility, that in the future we may receive, communications from others alleging our infringement of their patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property rights. In addition, certain of our end customers have been the subject of lawsuits alleging infringement of intellectual property rights by products incorporating our solutions, including the assertion that the alleged infringement may be attributable, at least in part, to our technology. Lawsuits resulting from such allegations could subject us to significant liability for damages and invalidate our proprietary rights, though this has not occurred to date. Any potential intellectual property litigation also could force us to do one or more of the following: • • • • • • stop selling products or using technology that contain the allegedly infringing intellectual property; incur significant legal expenses; pay substantial damages to the party whose intellectual property rights we may be found to be infringing; redesign those products that contain the allegedly infringing intellectual property; attempt to obtain a license to the relevant intellectual property from third parties, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all; or lose the opportunity to license our technology to others or to collect royalty payments based upon successful protection and assertion of our intellectual property against others. Any significant impairment of our intellectual property rights from any litigation we face could harm our business and our ability to compete. Any potential dispute involving our patents or other intellectual property could affect our customers, which could trigger our indemnification obligations to them and result in substantial expense to us. In any potential dispute involving our patents or other intellectual property, our customers could also become the target of litigation. Certain of our customers have received notices from third parties claiming to have patent rights in certain technology and inviting our customers to license this technology, and certain of our end customers have been the subject of lawsuits alleging infringement of patents by products incorporating our solutions, including the assertion that the alleged infringement may be attributable, at least in part, to our technology. Because we generally indemnify our customers for intellectual property claims made against them for products incorporating our technology, any litigation could trigger technical support and indemnification obligations under some of our license agreements, which could result in substantial expense to us. Because some of our ODMs and OEMs are larger than we are and have greater resources than we do, they may be more likely to be the target of an infringement claim by third parties than we would be, which could increase our chances of becoming involved in a future lawsuit. If any such claims were to succeed, we might be forced to pay damages on behalf of our ODMs or OEMs that could increase our expenses, disrupt our ability to sell our solutions and reduce our revenue. In addition to the time and expense required for us to supply support or indemnification to our customers, any such litigation could severely disrupt or shut down the business of our customers, which in turn could hurt our relations with our customers and cause the sale of our products to decrease. The use of open source software in our products, processes and technology may expose us to additional risks and compromise our proprietary intellectual property. Our products, processes and technology sometimes utilize and incorporate software that is subject to an open source license. Open source software is typically freely accessible, usable and modifiable. Certain open source software licenses, such as the GNU General Public License, require a user who intends to distribute the open source software as a component of the user’s software to disclose publicly part or all of the source code to the user’s software. In addition, certain open source software licenses require the user of such software to make any derivative works of the open source code available to others on terms unfavorable to us or at no cost. This can subject previously proprietary software to open source license terms. 40  While we monitor the use of open source software in our products, processes and technology and try to ensure that no open source software is used in such a way as to require us to disclose the source code to the related product, processes or technology when we do not wish to do so, such use could inadvertently occur. Additionally, if a third-party software provider has incorporated certain types of open source software into software we license from such third-party for our products, processes or technology, we could, under certain circumstances, be required to disclose the source code to our products, processes or technology. This could harm our intellectual property position and our business, results of operations and financial condition. Risks Related to Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares The market price of our ordinary shares may be volatile, which could cause the value of your investment to decline. Since our initial public offering in October 2012, the market price of our ordinary shares has been highly volatile. The trading price of our ordinary shares is likely to remain volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in price in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • changes in financial estimates, including our ability to meet our future revenue and operating profit or loss projections; fluctuations in our operating results or those of other semiconductor or comparable companies; fluctuations in the economic performance or market valuations of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us; economic developments in the semiconductor industry as a whole; general economic conditions, including conditions caused by pandemics, and slow or negative growth of related markets; trade and other geopolitical activities affecting markets we address; announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, new products, significant contracts or orders, commercial relationships or capital commitments; our ability to develop and market new and enhanced solutions on a timely basis; changes in the demand for our customers’ products; commencement of or our involvement in litigation; disruption to our operations; any major change in our board of directors or management; political or social conditions in the markets where we sell our products; changes in governmental regulations; and changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts. In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for semiconductor and other technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry factors may cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decrease, regardless of our actual operating performance. These trading price fluctuations may also make it more difficult for us to use our ordinary shares as a means to make acquisitions or to use options to purchase our ordinary shares to attract and retain employees. If the market price of our ordinary shares declines, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources. 41 Our actual operating results may not meet or exceed our guidance and investor expectations, which would likely cause our stock price to decline. From time to time, we may release guidance in our earnings releases, earnings conference calls or otherwise, regarding our future performance that represent our management’s estimates as of the date of release. If given, this guidance, which will include forward-looking statements, will be based on projections prepared by our management. Projections are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. The principal reason that we expect to release guidance is to provide a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook with analysts and investors. With or without our guidance, analysts and other investors may publish expectations regarding our business, financial performance and results of operations. We do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by any such third persons. Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions of the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. If our actual performance does not meet or exceed our guidance or investor expectations, the trading price of our ordinary shares is likely to decline. The price of our ordinary shares could decrease as a result of shares being sold in the market. Sales of a substantial number of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline. We filed registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register shares for issuance under our 2004 Stock Plan, 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and the Amended and Restated 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and the Amended and Restated 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan provide for automatic increases in the shares reserved for issuance under these plans which could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. These shares can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance and vesting, subject to restrictions provided under the terms of the applicable plan and/or the option agreements entered into with option holders. We may also issue ordinary shares or securities convertible into ordinary shares from time to time in connection with a financing, acquisition or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing shareholders and cause the trading price of our stock to decline. We do not intend to pay dividends on our ordinary shares and, consequently, a shareholder’s ability to achieve a return on its investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our ordinary shares. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares and do not currently intend to do so for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to invest our future earnings, if any, to fund our growth. Therefore, shareholders are not likely to receive any dividends on their ordinary shares for the foreseeable future and the success of an investment in our ordinary shares will depend upon any future appreciation in their value. There is no guarantee that our ordinary shares will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our shareholders have purchased their shares. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our ordinary shares. Provisions of our memorandum and articles of association and Cayman Islands corporate law may discourage or prevent an acquisition of us which could adversely affect the value of our ordinary shares. Provisions of our memorandum and articles of association and Cayman Islands law may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. These provisions include the following: • • • • • • the division of our board of directors into three classes; the right of our board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our board of directors or due to the resignation or departure of an existing board member; prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of directors which would otherwise allow less than a majority of shareholders to elect director candidates; the requirement for the advance notice of nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at a shareholders’ meeting; the ability of our board of directors to issue, without shareholder approval, such amounts of preference shares as the board of directors deems necessary and appropriate with terms set by our board of directors, which rights could be senior to those of our ordinary shares; the elimination of the rights of shareholders to call a special meeting of shareholders and to take action by written consent in lieu of a meeting; and 42 • the required approval of a special resolution of the shareholders, being a two-thirds vote of shares held by shareholders present and voting at a shareholder meeting, to alter or amend the provisions of our post-offering memorandum and articles of association. Holders of our ordinary shares may face difficulties in protecting their interests because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law. Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, by the Companies Law (as the same may be supplemented or amended from time to time) of the Cayman Islands and by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as under statutes or judicial precedent in existence in jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States and provides significantly less protection to investors. There is no legislation specifically dedicated to the rights of investors in securities and thus no statutorily defined private cause of action specific to investors such as those provided under the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In addition, shareholders of Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate shareholder derivative actions in U.S. federal courts. Therefore, you may have more difficulty in protecting your interests in the face of actions by our management, directors or controlling shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States due to the comparatively less developed nature of Cayman Islands law in this area. Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies, such as our company, have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records and accounts or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of the company. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest. Subject to limited exceptions, under Cayman Islands law, a minority shareholder may not bring a derivative action against the board of directors. Holders of our ordinary shares may have difficulty obtaining or enforcing a judgment against us because we are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. It may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us in the Cayman Islands if you believe your rights have been infringed under U.S. securities laws. There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the Cayman Islands will in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits. While there is no binding authority on this point, this is likely to include, in certain circumstances, a non-penal judgment of a United States court imposing a monetary award based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. The Grand Court of the Cayman Islands may stay proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere. There is uncertainty as to whether the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands would recognize or enforce judgments of United States courts obtained against us predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state thereof and whether the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands would hear original actions brought in the Cayman Islands against us predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state thereof. General Risk Factors If our operations are interrupted, our business and reputation could suffer. Our operations and those of our manufacturers are vulnerable to interruption caused by technical breakdowns, computer hardware and software malfunctions, software viruses, infrastructure failures, regional health issues and pandemics, earthquakes, fires, severe storms, floods and other negative impacts from climate change, power losses, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, wars, Internet failures and other events beyond our control. Any disruption in our services or operations could result in a reduction in revenue or a claim for substantial damages against us, regardless of whether we are responsible for that failure. The outbreak of COVID-19 has resulted in significant governmental measures being implemented to control the spread of the virus, including, among others, restrictions on travel, manufacturing and the movement of employees in many regions of the world, and the imposition of remote or work from home conditions in many of our offices, including the United States and Italy. If the remote or work from home conditions continue for an extended period of time, or similar restrictions and measures are implemented in more of the locations where we have offices, we may experience delays in product development, a decreased ability to support our customers, reduced design win activity, and overall lack of productivity. We rely on our computer equipment, database storage facilities and other office equipment, which are located primarily in the seismically active San Francisco Bay Area and Taiwan. If we suffer a significant database or network facility outage, our business could experience disruption until we fully implement our back-up systems. 43 If securities analysts or industry analysts downgrade our ordinary shares, publish negative research or reports or fail to publish reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our ordinary shares will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our business and our market. If one or more analysts adversely changes their recommendation regarding our stock or our competitors’ stock, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more analysts cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Our corporate headquarters are located in Santa Clara, California, consisting of approximately 58,700 square feet of facility spaces under leases that expire in August 2025. These facilities accommodate our principal sales, marketing, research and development, finance, and administration activities. We lease approximately 82,300 square feet of facility spaces in Hsinchu, Taiwan under lease agreements that expire in December 2021. The Taiwan facilities accommodate research and development, business development, operations, and administration support. We lease approximately 39,800 square feet of facility spaces in Shanghai and Shenzhen, China, under leases that expire in November 2021 and September 2022, respectively, to support research and business development. We lease approximately 12,100 square feet of office space in Italy for research and development under lease agreement that expire in December 2048. We lease additional facilities in Hong Kong for sales and inventory warehousing and in Japan and South Korea for our local business development personnel under leases that expire in November 2021, April 2021 and September 2021, respectively. We believe that our existing facilities are well maintained and in good operating condition, and are sufficient for our needs for the foreseeable future. The following table lists our major locations and primary usage as of January 31, 2021: Major Locations United States: Santa Clara, California Asia Pacific: Hsinchu, Taiwan Shanghai, China Shenzhen, China Kowloon, Hong Kong Shin-Yokohama, Japan SeongNam, South Korea Europe: Parma, Italy Approximate Square Footage Usage 58,700 Corporate Headquarters; Sales; Marketing; Research and Development; Finance; Administration 82,300 20,600 19,200 9,000 1,300 1,500 Research and Development; Business Development; Operations; Administration Research and Development; Business Development Research and Development; Business Development Sales; Warehousing Business Development Business Development 12,100 Research and Development ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS We are not engaged in any material legal proceedings at this time. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 44 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information Our ordinary shares have been traded on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “AMBA” since October 10, 2012. On March 19, 2021, there were 28 shareholders of record holding our ordinary shares. We cannot estimate the number of beneficial owners since many brokers and other institutions hold our shares on behalf of shareholders. Share Performance Graph This performance graph shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or “filed” or incorporated by reference in future filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing. The following graph shows a comparison from February 1, 2016 through January 31, 2021 of the cumulative total return for our ordinary shares, the NASDAQ Composite Index and the Philadelphia Semiconductor Index. The comparisons in the graph are historical and are not intended to forecast or be indicative of possible future performance of our ordinary shares. Comparison of 5 year Cumulative Total Return Dividends We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares and do not currently intend to do so in the foreseeable future. Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans For information about our equity compensation plans, see Note 11, “Employee Benefits and Stock-based Compensation” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report. 45 Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer On May 29, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase up to $50.0 million of our ordinary shares through June 30, 2020. On March 16, 2020, the Company repurchased a total of 25,719 shares for approximately $1.0 million in cash. On May 29, 2020, the Board approved an extension of this program for an additional twelve months, ending June 30, 2021. Since the inception of the Company’s repurchase programs in June 2016, a total of $275.0 million has been authorized, and a total of 4,011,595 shares have been repurchased for approximately $175.8 million in cash. Repurchases may be made from time-to-time through open market purchases, 10b5-1 plans or privately negotiated transactions subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements and other relevant factors. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of ordinary shares, and it may be suspended at any time at our discretion. The repurchase program is funded using our working capital and any repurchased shares are recorded as authorized but unissued shares. As of January 31, 2021, $49.0 million was available for repurchases through June 30, 2021. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities None. 46 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following table sets forth selected financial data as of and for the last five fiscal years, and should be read in conjunction with Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” and other financial data included elsewhere in this report. Our historical results of operations are not necessarily indicative of results of operations to be expected for any future period. Selected Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: 2021 2020 Year Ended January 31, 2019 (in thousands, except per share data) 2018 2017 Revenue Income (loss) from operations Net income (loss) Net income (loss) per share attributable to ordinary shareholders: Basic Diluted Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities Working capital Total assets Total liabilities Total shareholders' equity $ $ $ $ $ $ 222,990 $ (61,166) $ (59,786) $ 228,732 $ (49,649) $ (44,792) $ 227,768 $ (40,420) $ (30,447) $ 295,402 $ 24,431 $ 18,852 $ 310,297 60,363 57,810 (1.72) $ (1.72) $ (1.35) $ (1.35) $ (0.93) $ (0.93) $ 0.57 $ 0.55 $ 1.77 1.68 2021 2020 As of January 31, 2019 (in thousands) 2018 2017 440,708 $ 423,337 573,280 98,304 474,976 404,748 $ 397,737 527,276 79,204 448,072 358,908 $ 370,566 466,853 47,364 419,489 434,591 $ 440,047 546,649 64,462 482,187 405,394 414,139 512,271 57,637 454,634 Upon adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-05, Intangible - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), we account for a noncancelable on premise internal-use software license as the acquisition of an intangible asset and the incurrence of a liability to the extent that all or a portion of the software licensing fees are not paid on or before the license acquisition date. The intangible asset and related liability are recorded at net present value and interest expense is recorded over the payment term. As of January 31, 2021, there were $18.7 million of intangible assets, net of amortization expense, $5.6 million of current liabilities and $6.3 million of noncurrent liabilities related to these noncancelable internal-use software licenses recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. Effective February 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) using a modified retrospective method with the cumulative effect recognized in the beginning retained earnings. The consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 are reported under Topic 606, whereas the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year 2018 and prior years are reported under Topic 605. In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019, we released $8.0 million of valuation allowance related to prior year federal research and development credit carryforwards, which resulted in a significant increase in deferred tax assets as of January 31, 2019. Effective February 1, 2019, we adopted ASC Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), using the alternative transition method with an adjustment to the opening balance in the period of adoption without adjustment of comparative period financial statements. Under this new guidance, we recognize leases as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and corresponding lease liabilities at the lease commencement date based on the present value of future lease payments, while recognizing lease expenses under straight-line method through the lease term. The renewal options are included in the ROU and liability calculation if it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option. The consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021 and 2020 are reported under Topic 842, whereas the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year 2019 and prior years are reported under Topic 840. As of January 31, 2021, there were approximately $9.7 million of ROU assets, net of amortization expense, $2.9 million of short-term lease liabilities, and $7.5 million of long-term lease liabilities related to the leases recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. 47 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Overview We are a leading developer of low-power system-on-a-chip, or SoC, semiconductors providing powerful artificial intelligence, or AI, processing, advanced image signal processing and high-resolution video compression. Since inception, we have primarily served human viewing applications with video and image processors for enterprise, public infrastructure and home applications, such as internet protocol, or IP, security cameras, sports cameras, wearables, aerial drones, and aftermarket automotive video recorders. In the last several years, our development efforts have focused on creating advanced AI technology that enables edge devices to visually perceive the environment and make decisions based on the data collected from cameras and, most recently, other types of sensors. This category of AI technology is known as computer vision, or CV, and our CV SoCs integrate our state-of-the-art video processor technology together with our recently developed deep learning neural network processing technology, which we refer to as CVflow™. The CVflow-architecture supports a variety of CV algorithms, including object detection, classification and tracking, semantic and instance segmentation, image processing, stereo object detection, terrain mapping, and face recognition. CVflow can process other sensor modalities including lidar and radar, and allows customers to differentiate their products by porting their own, or third party, neural networks and/or classical CV algorithms to our CVflow-based SoCs. SoC designs fully integrate AI, computer vision functionality, HD video processing, image processing, audio processing, and system functions onto a single chip, delivering exceptional video and image quality at high compression rates, differentiated functionality and low power consumption. These computer vision-based technologies are allowing us to address a broader range of markets and applications requiring AI video features, including IP security cameras, automotive cameras, consumer cameras, and industrial and robotic markets and applications. We anticipate that our CV technology will also enable us to capture more content per electronic system. Our development efforts are focused on SoCs that provide both human viewing and computer vision functionality. As a result, we believe that our future revenue growth, if any, will significantly depend upon our ability to expand within camera markets with our AI and computer vision technology, particularly in the professional IP security and home security and monitoring camera markets, as well as emerging markets such as AI-enabled security cameras, AI-based driving applications, including driver monitoring systems, advanced blind spot detection, object detection, and deep learning algorithms for HD mapping solutions, OEM automotive advanced driver assistance systems, or ADAS, applications, and industrial and robotics markets. We expect our research and development expenditures to increase in comparison to prior periods as we devote additional resources to the development of innovative video and image processing solutions with increased functionality, such as AI and CV capabilities, and as we target new markets. We sell our SoC solutions to leading original design manufacturers, or ODMs, and OEMs globally, and in the automotive market, we also sell to Tier-1 suppliers. We refer to ODMs and Tier-1 automotive suppliers as our customers and OEMs as our end customers, except as otherwise indicated or as the context otherwise requires. Our sales cycles typically require a significant investment of time and a substantial expenditure of resources before we can realize revenue from the sale of our solutions, if any. Our typical sales cycle consists of a multi-month sales and development process involving our customers’ system designers and management and our sales personnel and software engineers. If successful, this process culminates in a customer’s decision to use our solutions in its system, which we refer to as a design win. Our sales efforts are typically directed to the OEM of the product that will incorporate our video and image processing solution, but the eventual design and incorporation of our SoC into the product may be handled by an ODM or Tier-1 supplier on behalf of the OEM. Volume production may begin within 9 to 18 months after a design win, depending on the complexity of our customer’s product and other factors upon which we may have little or no influence. In general, design cycles will be longer in the OEM automotive and industrial and robotics markets than in the IP security and consumer device markets. Once our solutions have been incorporated into a customer’s design, they are likely to be used for the life cycle of the customer’s product. Conversely, a design loss to a competitor will likely preclude any opportunity for future revenue from such customer’s product. Even if we obtain a design win and our SoC remains a component through the life cycle of a customer’s product, the volume and timing of actual sales of our SoCs to the customer depend upon the production, release and market acceptance of that product, none of which are within our control. A portable consumer device typically has a product life cycle of 6 to 18 months, while an IP security camera typically has a product life cycle of 12 to 24 months. We anticipate that product lifecycles will typically be longer than 24 months in the OEM automotive and industrial and robotics markets, as new product introductions occur less frequently in these markets. 48 Fiscal Year 2021 Financial Highlights and Trends • • • • We recorded revenue of $223.0 million in fiscal year 2021, a decrease of 2.5% as compared to fiscal year 2020. The decrease in revenue was primarily attributable to lower revenue from the professional IP security camera and automotive markets. In the professional IP security camera market, despite continued growth in the North America and Asia regions in fiscal year 2021, lower demand from our two largest China customers together with less demand from the Europe region, resulted in a significant revenue decrease in this market. The decreased revenue in the automotive markets was primarily due to an overall slowdown in the automotive industry. The decreased revenue was partially offset by increased revenue in the home IP security camera and consumer device markets, including drone and wearable camera markets. In the home IP security camera market, revenue growth continued to be led by the North America region. Incorporation of our solutions into newly launched products from Shenzhen Dajiang Baiwang Technology Co., Ltd., or DJI, resulted in a ramp of SoC shipments in the third quarter of fiscal year 2021. We recorded an operating loss of $61.2 million in fiscal year 2021, as compared to an operating loss of $49.6 million in fiscal year 2020. The increased operating loss was primarily due to increased operating expenses that more than offset an increase in gross profit. The increased operating expenses, mainly in support of new applications for the automotive markets as well as the development of computer vision-based solutions, related primarily to increased engineering headcount, chip tape-out and stock-based compensation expenses. The headcount-related expense increases were partially due to the termination of research and development grants from a foreign government at the end of fiscal year 2020. In addition, due to the timing, complexity and number of chips in development in fiscal year 2021, chip tape-out fees and related engineering costs increased from the prior year. We generated cash flows from operating activities of $30.8 million in fiscal year 2021, as compared to $39.4 million in fiscal year 2020. The decreased cash flows from operating activities were primarily due to a higher net loss and increases in accounts receivable and inventory balances partially offset by increases in accounts payable and accrued liabilities due to our suppliers. On March 16, 2020, we repurchased a total of 25,719 of our ordinary shares for approximately $1.0 million in cash. On May 29, 2020, our Board of Directors approved an extension of the repurchase program for an additional twelve months ending June 30, 2021. As of January 31, 2021, there was approximately $49.0 million available for repurchases through June 30, 2021. Factors Affecting Our Performance Spread of COVID-19 Could Adversely Affect our Business in a Material Way. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant governmental measures being implemented to control the spread of the virus, including, among others, restrictions on travel and the imposition of remote or work from home conditions in many of the locations where we have offices. While we have not yet experienced a significant disruption of our operations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, if the remote or work from home conditions in any of our offices continues for an extended period of time, we may experience delays in product development, a decreased ability to support our customers, reduced design win activity, and overall lack of productivity. Similarly, while we have not yet experienced a major disruption in our supply chain as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are experiencing longer manufacturing times that, if they persist or worsen, could impact our ability to meet our customers’ demand for our solutions and negatively impact our revenue. Moreover, if there is a significant outbreak that impacts Samsung Electronic Corporation’s ability to manufacture our SoCs or our third-party contractors’ ability to assemble, test and ship our products, we could experience delays or reductions in our ability to ship products to our customers. The pandemic may also impact our customers’ ability to manufacture their products, support their customers or reduce or delay demand for their products, which could, in turn, reduce such demand for our solutions. While we cannot quantify specific impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic or actions taken by governments and businesses in response thereto, our results of operations and financial condition may be negatively affected if we encounter significant supply chain problems, reductions in demand due to our customers or end customers having problems, or other unexpected COVID-19 ramifications. Ability to Capitalize on AI and Computer Vision Trends. We expect that AI and computer vision functionality will become an increasingly important requirement in many of our current and future markets, including IP security, automotive, industrial and robotics, and certain consumer markets. As a result, we believe that our ability to develop advanced AI computer vision technology, enable and support customer product development in emerging applications, such as ADAS, advanced blind spot detection, object detection, classification and tracking, people recognition, retail analytics, and machine learning, and gain customer acceptance of our technology platform and solutions, will be critical to our future success. Moreover, achieving design wins, particularly for computer vision-centric applications in the IP security, automotive, industrial and robotics markets, is vital to our ability to generate revenue growth. As such, we closely monitor design wins by customer and end market. However, a design win may not successfully materialize into revenue, and even if it does result in revenue, the amount generated by each design win can vary significantly. 49 Ability to Develop and Introduce New or Enhanced Solutions. We operate in a dynamic environment characterized by rapidly changing technologies and technological obsolescence. To compete successfully, we must design, develop, market and sell enhanced solutions with increased levels of performance and functionality that meet the expectations of our customers. As such, we continuously invest in our research and development projects, especially AI and computer vision technologies. However, failure to anticipate or timely develop new or enhanced solutions in response to technology shifts and trends could result in decreased revenue and our competitors achieving design wins we sought. Moreover, any reliability or quality problems with our solutions could harm our reputation, increase additional development and replacement costs, and prevent us from retaining existing customers and attracting new customers. Pricing, Product Cost and Margin. Our pricing and margins depend on the volumes and features of the solutions we provide to our customers. Additionally, we make significant investments in new solutions for both cost improvements and new features that we expect to drive revenue and maintain margins. In general, solutions incorporated into more complex configurations, such as those used in high-performance camera applications or, in the future, advanced driver assistance systems, have higher prices and higher gross margins as compared to solutions sold into lower-performing, more competitive camera applications. Our average selling price can vary by market and application due to market-specific supply and demand, the maturation of products launched in previous years and the launch of new products by us or our competitors. We continually monitor the cost of our solutions. As we rely on third-party manufacturers for the manufacture of our products, we maintain a close relationship with these suppliers to continually monitor production yields, component costs and design efficiencies. Shifting Consumer Preferences. Our revenue is also subject to consumer preferences, regarding form factor and functionality, and how those preferences impact the video and image capture electronics that we support. For example, improved smartphone video capture capabilities led to the decline of video cameras aimed at the video and image capture market. The current video and image capture market is now characterized by a greater volume of more specialized video and image capture devices that are less likely to be replaced with smartphones, such as wearable, IP security, drone and automotive cameras. This increasing specialization of video capture devices has changed our customer base and end markets and has impacted our revenue. In the future, we expect further changes will continue to impact our business performance in those markets. Continued Concentration of Revenue by End Market. Historically, our revenue has been significantly concentrated in a small number of end markets and we developed technologies to provide solutions for new markets as they emerged, such as the sports camera, IP security, drone and automotive video recorder camera markets. Since fiscal year 2018, the professional and consumer IP security camera markets and automotive markets, including the OEM and aftermarket video recorder market, have been our largest end markets and sales into these markets collectively generated the majority of our revenue. We believe, however, that continued expansion into new markets is required to facilitate revenue growth and customer diversification. We have recently introduced solutions to address emerging applications and markets, such as the incorporation of AI and computer vision functionalities for AI-enabled security cameras, AI-based driving applications and industrial and robotics markets. While we will continue to seek to expand our end market exposure, we anticipate that sales to a limited number of end markets will continue to account for a significant percentage of our total revenue for the foreseeable future. Our end market concentration may cause our financial performance to fluctuate significantly from period to period based on the success or failure of products that our SoCs are designed into as well as the overall growth or decline in the video capture markets in which we compete. In addition, we derive a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of ODMs who build products on behalf of a limited number of OEMs and from a limited number of OEMs to whom we ship directly. We believe that our operating results for the foreseeable future will continue to depend on sales to a relatively small number of customers. Ability to Capitalize on Connectivity Trends. Mobile connected devices are ubiquitous today and play an increasingly prominent role in consumers’ lives. The constant connectivity provided by these devices has created a demand for connected electronic peripherals such as video and image capture devices. Our ability to capitalize on these trends by supporting our end customers in the development of connected peripherals that seamlessly cooperate with other connected devices and allow consumers to distribute and share video and images with online media platforms is critical for our success. We have added wireless communication functionality into our solutions for wearable, IP security, drone and automotive video recorder cameras. The combination of our compression technology with wireless connectivity enables wireless video streaming and uploading of videos and images to the Internet. Our solutions enable IP security camera systems to stream video content to either cloud infrastructure or connected mobile devices, and our solutions for wearable and drone cameras allow consumers to quickly stream or upload video and images to social media platforms. 50 Sales Volume. A typical design win that successfully launches into the marketplace can generate a wide range of sales volumes for our solutions, depending on the end market demand for our customers’ products. Our ability to accurately forecast demand can be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the reputation of the end customer, market penetration, product capabilities, size of the end market that the product addresses, our end customers’ ability to sell their products, miscalculations by our customers of their inventory requirements, changes in market conditions, adverse changes in our product order mix and fluctuating demand for our customers’ products. In certain cases, we may provide volume discounts on sales of our solutions, which may be offset by lower manufacturing costs related to higher volumes. In general, our customers with greater market penetration and better branding tend to develop products that generate larger volumes over the product life cycle. Customer Product Life Cycle. We estimate our customers’ product life cycles based on the customer, type of product and end market. We typically commence commercial shipments from 9 to 18 months following a design win; however, in some markets, lengthier product and development cycles are possible, depending on the scope and nature of the project, such as in the automotive OEM market. A portable consumer device typically has a product life cycle of 6 to 18 months, and an IP security camera typically has a product life cycle of 12 to 24 months. We anticipate that product development and product life cycles will typically be longer than 24 months in the OEM automotive, Tier-1 automotive suppliers and robotics markets, as new product introductions typically occur less frequently in these markets. Results of Operations The following table sets forth our historical operating results for the periods indicated: Revenue Cost of revenue Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Selling, general and administrative Total operating expenses Loss from operations Other income, net Loss before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Net loss 2021 Year Ended January 31, 2020 (dollars in thousands) 2019 $ 222,990 $ 87,417 135,573 228,732 $ 96,023 132,709 140,759 55,980 196,739 (61,166) 3,863 (57,303) 2,483 (59,786) $ 129,724 52,634 182,358 (49,649) 8,021 (41,628) 3,164 (44,792) $ $ 227,768 89,624 138,144 128,084 50,480 178,564 (40,420) 5,868 (34,552) (4,105) (30,447) The following table sets forth our historical operating results as a percentage of revenue of each line item for the periods indicated: Revenue Cost of revenue Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Selling, general and administrative Total operating expenses Loss from operations Other income, net Loss before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Net loss 2021 Year Ended January 31, 2020 2019 100% 39 61 63 25 88 (27) 2 (25) 2 (27)% 100% 42 58 57 23 80 (22) 4 (18) 2 (20)% 100% 39 61 56 22 78 (17) 2 (15) (2) (13)% 51 Revenue We derive substantially all of our revenue from the sale of HD and Ultra HD video and image processing SoC solutions to IP security camera OEMs, IP security camera ODMs, OEM automotive or Tier-1 automotive suppliers, either directly or through our distributors. In recent years, our SoC solutions have been primarily used in camera markets, such as IP security, automotive video recorder, drone and wearable cameras. Although we expect these camera markets, in particular the IP security and automotive video recorder markets, to continue to generate revenue for the foreseeable future, we have recently introduced new SoCs targeting emerging AI and computer vision applications in the IP security camera, OEM automotive, industrial and robotics markets. We derive a substantial portion of our revenue from sales made indirectly through one of our distributors, WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd., formerly Wintech Microelectronics Co., Ltd., or Wintech, and directly to one of our ODM customers, Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd., or Chicony. We have historically experienced seasonal fluctuations in our quarterly revenue with our third fiscal quarter normally being the highest revenue quarter. This fluctuation has been driven primarily by increased sales in IP security and consumer camera markets as our customers build inventories in preparation for the holiday shopping season. Our average selling prices fluctuate based on the mix of our solutions sold in a period which reflects the impact of both changes in unit sales of existing solutions as well as the introduction and sales of new solutions. Our solutions are typically characterized by a life cycle that begins with higher average selling prices and lower volumes, followed by broader market adoption, higher volumes and average selling prices that are lower than initial levels. The end markets into which we sell our products have seen significant changes as consumer preferences have evolved in response to new technologies. As a result, the composition and timing of our revenue may differ meaningfully during periods of technology or consumer preference changes. We expect shifts in consumer use of video capture to continue to change over time, as AI and computer vision specialized use cases emerge and video capture continues to proliferate. Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin Cost of revenue includes the cost of materials such as wafers processed by third-party foundries, costs associated with packaging, assembly and testing, and our manufacturing support operations such as logistics, planning and quality assurance. Cost of revenue also includes indirect costs such as warranty, inventory valuation reserves and other general overhead costs. We expect that our gross margin may fluctuate from period to period as a result of changes in customer mix, average selling price, product mix and the introduction of new products by us or our competitors. In general, solutions incorporated into more complex configurations, such as those used in high- performance cameras, and in future advanced automotive OEM applications, have had or are expected to have higher prices and higher gross margins, as compared to solutions sold into the lower-performance, more competitive camera applications. As semiconductor products mature and unit volumes sold to customers increase, their average selling prices typically decline. These declines may be paired with improvements in manufacturing yields and lower wafer, packaging and test costs, which offset some of the margin reduction that could result from lower selling prices. Research and Development Research and development expense consists primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, stock-based compensation and employee benefits. The expense also includes costs of development incurred in connection with our collaborations with our foundry vendors, costs of licensing intellectual property from third parties for product development, costs of development for software and hardware tools, cost of fabrication of mask sets for prototype products, and allocated depreciation and facility expenses, net of any research and development grants. All research and development costs are expensed as incurred. We expect our research and development expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to enhance and expand our product features and offerings and increase headcount for new SoC development and development of computer vision technology, especially for the OEM automotive market. Selling, General and Administrative Selling, general and administrative expense consists primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, stock-based compensation and employee benefits for our sales, marketing, finance, human resources, information technology and administrative personnel. The expense also includes professional service costs related to accounting, tax, legal services, and allocated depreciation and facility expenses. We expect our selling, general and administrative expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to maintain the infrastructure and expand the size of our sales and marketing organization to support our business strategy of addressing new opportunities with our computer vision technology. 52 Other Income, Net Other income, net, consists primarily of interest and other income from debt security investments and cash deposits with financial institutions. Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes We are incorporated and domiciled in the Cayman Islands and also conduct business in several countries such as the United States, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Italy, South Korea and Japan, and we are subject to taxation in those jurisdictions. Our worldwide operating income is subject to varying tax rates, and our effective tax rate is highly dependent upon the geographic distribution of our earnings or losses and the tax laws and regulations in each geographical region. It is also subject to fluctuation from changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; tax benefits from excess stock- based compensation deductions; transfer pricing adjustments and the tax effects of nondeductible compensation. We have historically had lower effective tax rates as a substantial percentage of our operations are conducted in lower-tax jurisdictions. If our operational structure was to change in such a manner that would increase the amount of operating income subject to taxation in higher-tax jurisdictions, or if we were to commence operations in jurisdictions assessing relatively higher tax rates, our effective tax rate could fluctuate significantly on a quarterly basis and/or be adversely affected. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes. Although we believe our reserves are reasonable, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be different from that which is reflected in our historical provision for income taxes and accruals. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of uncertain tax position reserves and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate, as well as the related net interest and penalties. Significant judgment is also required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence, including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income, and the feasibility of tax planning strategies. In the event that we change our determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, we will adjust our valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. Comparison of the Fiscal Years Ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 Revenue Revenue Year Ended January 31, 2020 2021 Change 2021 2020 2019 Amount % Amount % $ 222,990 $ 228,732 $ 227,768 $ (dollars in thousands) (5,742) (2.5)% $ 964 0.4% Revenue decreased for fiscal year 2021, as compared to fiscal year 2020, primarily due to lower revenue from the professional IP security camera and automotive markets. In the professional IP security camera market, despite continued growth in the North America and Asia regions in fiscal year 2021, lower demand from our two largest China customers caused by higher inventory build-up in fiscal year 2020 and escalated trade tensions between the United States and China, together with less demand from the Europe region, resulted in a significant revenue decrease in this market. The decreased revenue in the automotive markets was primarily due to an overall slowdown in the automotive industry. The decreased revenue was partially offset by increased revenue in the consumer IP security camera and consumer markets, including drone and wearable camera markets. In the consumer IP security camera market, revenue growth continued to be led by the home security and monitoring market in the North America region. In the consumer markets, incorporation of our solutions into newly launched products from DJI resulted in a ramp of SoC shipments in the third quarter of fiscal year 2021, partially offset by decreased revenue in the sports camera market. 53 Revenue increased for fiscal year 2020, as compared to fiscal year 2019, primarily attributable to higher revenue from consumer IP security camera and sports camera markets. In the consumer IP security camera market, growth was led by the home security and monitoring market in the North America region, together with shipment penetration into Asia and Europe regions. In the sports camera market, incorporation of our solutions into newly launched action camera products resulted in higher demand from DJI in fiscal year 2020. The increased revenue was partially offset by decreased revenue in the automotive, professional IP security camera and other consumer markets, including non-sports wearable camera, virtual reality and drone markets. Lower revenue from automotive markets, including the automotive aftermarket and OEM video recorder market, was caused by a significant slowdown in the automotive industry in the first half of fiscal year 2020 and promotional activity in fiscal year 2019 from a large automotive customer that did not recur in the current fiscal year. In the professional IP security camera market, despite significant growth in the Asia region and increased adoption of our computer vision-based solutions, lower demand from one of our largest China customers and customers in other regions resulted in a net revenue decrease in fiscal year 2020. Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin Cost of revenue Gross profit Gross margin Year Ended January 31, 2020 2019 2021 87,417 $ 135,573 96,023 $ 132,709 89,624 $ 138,144 60.8% 58.0% 60.7% Change 2021 2020 $ Amount (dollars in thousands) (8,606) 2,864 — % Amount % (9.0)% $ 2.2% 2.8% 6,399 (5,435) — 7.1% (3.9)% (2.7)% Cost of revenue decreased for fiscal year 2021, as compared to fiscal year 2020, primarily due to lower volumes of SoC shipments in the professional IP security camera and automotive markets offset by higher volumes in the consumer IP security camera, drone and wearable markets. Cost of revenue increased for fiscal year 2020, as compared to fiscal year 2019, primarily due to higher volumes of SoC shipments in the IP security camera, sports camera and drone markets. Gross margin increased in fiscal year 2021, as compared to fiscal year 2020, primarily due to a lower percentage of our total revenue coming from the professional IP security camera market at lower average selling prices. Gross margin decreased in fiscal year 2020, as compared to fiscal year 2019, primarily due to a higher percentage of our total revenue coming from the professional IP security camera market at lower average selling prices than we obtained in the prior fiscal year. Research and Development Research and development Year Ended January 31, 2020 2021 Change 2021 2020 2019 Amount % Amount % $ 140,759 $ 129,724 $ 128,084 $ (dollars in thousands) 11,035 8.5% $ 1,640 1.3% Research and development expense increased for fiscal year 2021, compared to fiscal year 2020, primarily due to a $6.2 million increase in SOC development costs as our projects move to the 5nm process node and approximately $4.3 million of research and development grants from a foreign government that ended in fiscal year 2020. Our engineering headcount also increased to 582 at January 31, 2021 compared to 563 at January 31, 2020, which resulted in an increase in salary-related expenses of approximately $2.8 million in fiscal year 2021. The increased research and development expense was also attributable to additional stock-based compensation expense of approximately $1.2 million in fiscal year 2021, as a result of the issuance of stock to newly hired employees, our annual evergreen stock program for existing employees, and our annual bonus program. The increases were partially offset by approximately $3.4 million lower travel, facility and professional service related expenses. 54 Research and development expense increased for fiscal year 2020, as compared to fiscal year 2019, primarily due to increases in engineering headcount associated with computer vision technology development for our current markets, as well as new markets such as the automotive OEM and robotics markets. Our engineering headcount increased to 563 at January 31, 2020 compared to 554 at January 31, 2019, which resulted in an increase in salary-related expenses of approximately $3.1 million in fiscal year 2020. The increased research and development expense was also attributable to additional stock-based compensation expense of approximately $4.4 million in fiscal year 2020, as a result of the issuance of stock to newly hired employees, our annual evergreen stock program for existing employees, the performance stock program for executives and our annual employee bonus program. The increases were partially offset by approximately $4.3 million of research and development grants from a foreign government in fiscal year 2020. SoC development costs also decreased by approximately $1.4 million for the twelve months ended January 31, 2020, as compared to the same period in the prior fiscal year, due to project timing and the number of chips in development. Selling, General and Administrative Selling, general and administrative $ 55,980 $ 52,634 $ Year Ended January 31, 2020 2021 Change 2021 2020 2019 Amount % Amount % (dollars in thousands) 3,346 50,480 $ 6.4% $ 2,154 4.3% Selling, general and administrative expense increased for fiscal year 2021, as compared to fiscal year 2020, primarily due to additional stock-based compensation expense of approximately $2.1 million as a result of the issuance of stock to newly hired employees, our annual evergreen stock program for existing employees, and our annual bonus program. The increase was also attributable to increased headcount to support our business development in IP security, automotive OEM and robotics markets, which resulted in an increase in salary-related expenses of approximately $1.1 million in fiscal year 2021. Increases of approximately $2.0 million for facility and professional service expenses were largely offset by $1.9 million lower spending for travel and trade show related expenses. Selling, general and administrative expense increased for fiscal year 2020, as compared to fiscal year 2019, primarily due to increased headcount to support our business development in IP security, automotive OEM and robotics markets, which resulted in an increase in salary-related expenses of approximately $1.1 million in fiscal year 2020. The increase was also attributable to additional stock-based compensation expense of approximately $1.8 million as a result of the issuance of stock to newly hired employees, our annual evergreen stock program for existing employees, the performance stock program for executives and our annual employee bonus program. The increase was partially offset by approximately $0.6 million less expenditures on professional services. Other Income, Net Other income, net $ 3,863 $ 8,021 $ Year Ended January 31, 2020 2021 Change 2021 2020 2019 Amount % Amount % (dollars in thousands) (4,158) 5,868 $ (51.8)% $ 2,153 36.7% The decrease in other income, net, for fiscal year 2021, as compared to fiscal year 2020, was primarily due to lower interest and other income from our deposits and debt security investments. The decrease is primarily the result of lower yields on reinvested balances as investments matured throughout the year. 55 The increase in other income, net, for fiscal year 2020, as compared to fiscal year 2019, was primarily due to an aggregate of approximately $3.4 million of additional interest and other income from our deposits and debt security investments. The increase is primarily the result of larger invested balances and debt securities purchased at discounts. The increase was partially offset by approximately $1.8 million related to a grant from a foreign government associated with research and development activities that was recognized as other income in fiscal year 2019. This ongoing grant is classified in research and development expense in fiscal year 2020 based on how the grant proceeds were utilized. Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Effective tax rate Year Ended January 31, 2020 2021 Change 2021 2020 2019 Amount % Amount % $ 2,483 $ (4)% 3,164 $ (8)% (dollars in thousands) (681) — (4,105) $ 12% (21.5)% $ 4% 7,269 — (177.1)% (20)% Income tax expense decreased in fiscal 2021, as compared to fiscal year 2020, primarily due to a decrease in the proportion of profits generated in higher tax jurisdictions, as well as an increase in the U.S. federal research tax credit, partially offset by an increase in non-deductible stock-based compensation. Income tax expense increased in fiscal 2020, as compared to fiscal year 2019, primarily due to the 2019 release of $8.0 million of valuation allowance related to prior year federal research and development credit carryforwards in fiscal year 2019, as well as a decrease in the proportion of profits generated in lower tax jurisdictions, partially offset by an increase in tax benefits from excess stock based compensation deductions. Liquidity and Capital Resources Cash Flows The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated: Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash used in investing activities Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ $ 30,800 $ (31,324) 10,396 9,872 $ 39,414 $ (8,576) 6,516 37,354 $ 2021 Year Ended January 31, 2020 (in thousands) 2019 24,472 (79,142) (97,953) (152,623) Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities Fiscal year 2021 compared to fiscal year 2020: Cash provided by operating activities decreased primarily due to decreased net income as a result of lower revenue and increased operating expenses as well as lower interest income. The decreased cash flows from operating activities were partially offset by increased liabilities associated with SoC development projects and the timing of payments to suppliers. Fiscal year 2020 compared to fiscal year 2019: Cash provided by operating activities increased primarily due to increased cash receipts associated with the timing of payments from customers and increased liabilities associated with the timing of payments to suppliers. The increased cash flows from operating activities were partially offset by increased inventory purchases associated with higher volumes of SoC shipments in fiscal year 2020. 56 Net Cash Used in Investing Activities Fiscal year 2021 compared to fiscal year 2020: Net cash used in investing activities increased primarily due to $25.9 million lower cash receipts from the sale and maturity of debt securities and additional payments of approximately $3.0 million in fiscal year 2021 for intangible assets purchase, which was partially offset by approximately $6.2 million lower investments in debt securities. Fiscal year 2020 compared to fiscal year 2019: Net cash used in investing activities decreased primarily due to an additional $87.5 million in cash receipts from the sale and maturity of debt securities, which was partially offset by approximately $18.1 million of additional investments in debt securities. The decrease was also attributable to approximately $1.1 million in reductions to capital expenditures on property and equipment purchases. Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities Fiscal year 2021 compared to fiscal year 2020: Net cash provided by financing activities increased primarily due to approximately $4.5 million of additional cash proceeds from option exercises and employee stock purchase withholding and $0.4 million lower payments for intangible assets. The increase was partially offset by $1.0 million of cash used for repurchasing our ordinary shares under the stock repurchase program. Fiscal year 2020 compared to fiscal year 2019: Net cash provided by financing activities increased primarily due to $99.9 million of cash used for repurchasing our ordinary shares under the stock repurchase program in fiscal year 2019 while there were no repurchases in fiscal year 2020. The increase was also attributable to approximately $5.3 million of additional cash proceeds from option exercises and employee stock purchase withholding. The increase was partially offset by additional payments of approximately $0.7 million in fiscal year 2020 for intangible assets purchases. Stock Repurchase Program On March 16, 2020, we repurchased a total of 25,719 of our ordinary shares for approximately $1.0 million in cash. On May 29, 2020, our Board of Directors approved an extension of the repurchase program for an additional twelve months ending June 30, 2021. Since the inception of the repurchase programs in June 2016, a total of $275.0 million has been authorized, and we have repurchased a total of 4,011,595 shares for approximately $175.8 million in cash. As of January 31, 2021, there was approximately $49.0 million available for repurchases through June 30, 2021. Repurchases under the program may be made from time-to-time through open market purchases, 10b5-1 plans or privately negotiated transactions subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements and other relevant factors. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of ordinary shares, and it may be suspended at any time at the company's discretion. Repurchases are funded using working capital and any repurchased shares are recorded as authorized but unissued shares. Sources of Liquidity As of January 31, 2021 and 2020, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities of approximately $440.7 million and $404.7 million, respectively. As of January 31, 2021, our marketable debt securities had a fair value of approximately $214.8 million with net unrealized gains of approximately $1.2 million caused by fluctuations in market value. We hold these investments as available-for-sale securities and mark them to market. Operating and Capital Expenditure Requirements As of January 31, 2021, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities of approximately $440.7 million. We believe that our existing cash balances will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements through at least the next 12 months. In the future, we expect our operating and capital expenditures to increase as we increase headcount, expand our business activities, and implement and enhance our information technology platforms. As we expand our operations, we may require more working capital. If our available cash balances are insufficient to satisfy our future liquidity requirements, we may seek to sell equity or convertible debt securities or borrow funds commercially. The sale of equity and convertible debt securities may result in dilution to our shareholders, and those securities may have rights senior to those of our ordinary shares. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of convertible debt securities, these securities could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. We may require additional capital beyond our currently anticipated amounts. Additional capital may not be available to us on reasonable terms, or at all. 57 Our short- term and long-term capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the following: • • • • • • our ability to generate cash from operations; our ability to control our costs; the expansion of our research and development of new technologies and products to address new markets and applications; the emergence of competing or complementary technologies or products; the costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights or participating in litigation-related activities; and our acquisition of complementary businesses, products and technologies. Contractual Obligations, Commitments and Contingencies The following table summarizes our outstanding contractual obligations as of January 31, 2021: Contractual Obligations Technology licenses (1) Purchase obligations (2) Unrecognized tax benefits, including interest (3) Total Payment Due by Period as of January 31, 2021 (in thousands) Total Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years More than 5 Years All Other 12,266 48,238 8,966 69,470 $ 9,910 48,238 — 58,148 $ 2,356 — — 2,356 $ $ — — — — $ — — — — $ — — 8,966 8,966 (1) (2) (3) Technology license obligations represent future cash payments for noncancelable internal-use software licenses which are used in product design. Purchase obligations consist primarily of inventory purchase obligations with our independent contract manufacturers. Unrecognized tax benefits, including interest, represent our liabilities for uncertain tax positions as of January 31, 2021. We are unable to reasonably estimate the timing of payments in individual years due to uncertainties in the timing of the effective settlement of tax positions. Stock Options and Restricted Stock Units Grants of stock-based awards are key components of the compensation packages we provide to attract and retain certain employees to align their interests with the interests of existing shareholders. We recognize that these stock-based awards will dilute existing shareholders and have sought to limit the number of shares granted while providing competitive compensation packages. As of January 31, 2021, we had a total of 3.6 million ordinary shares subject to outstanding stock options and unvested restricted stock units, which will potentially dilute our earnings per share. This potential dilution will only result if outstanding options vest and are exercised and restricted stock units vest and are settled. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of January 31, 2021, we did not engage in any off-balance sheet arrangements, including the use of structured finance, special purpose entities or variable interest entities. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 1, “Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Recent Accounting Pronouncements” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report, for a full description of recent accounting standards, including the respective dates of adoption and effects on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. 58 Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Management Estimates The preparation of audited consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reported periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions, including those related to (i) write down of excess and obsolete inventories;(ii) the estimated useful lives of long-lived assets; (iii) the valuation of stock-based compensation awards and financial instruments; (iv) the probability of performance objectives achievement; (v) the realization of tax assets and estimates of tax liabilities, including reserves for uncertain tax positions. These estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and on various other factors which we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We may engage third-party valuation specialists to assist with estimates related to the valuation of financial instruments, assets and stock awards associated with various contractual arrangements. Such estimates often require the selection of appropriate valuation methodologies and significant judgment. Actual results could differ from these estimates under different assumptions or circumstances and such differences could be material. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgment and estimates: Revenue Recognition Under ASC 606 we recognize revenue when control of goods and services is transferred to our customers. Revenue recognition is evaluated through the following five steps: (i) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; (ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determination of the transaction price; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognition of revenue when or as a performance obligation is satisfied. The sale of semiconductor products accounts for the substantial majority of our consolidated revenue. Sales agreements with customers are renewable periodically and contain terms and conditions with respect to payment, delivery, warranty, supply and other rights. We consider an accepted customer purchase order, governed by sales agreement, to be the contract with the customer. For each contract, we consider the promise to transfer tangible products to be the identified performance obligation. Product sales contracts may include volume-based tiered pricing or rebates that are fulfilled in cash or product. In determining the transaction price, we account for the right of returns, cash rebates, commissions and other pricing adjustments as variable consideration and estimate these amounts based on the expected amount to be provided to customers and reduce the revenue recognized. We estimate sales returns and rebates based on our historical patterns of return and pricing credits. As our standard payment terms are 30 days to 60 days, the contracts have no financing component. Under ASC 606, we estimate the total consideration to be received by using the expected value method for each contract, compute weighted average selling price for each unit shipped in cases where there is a material right due to the presence of volume-based tiered pricing, allocate the total consideration between the identified performance obligations, and recognize revenue when control of our goods and services is transferred to our customers. We consider product control to be transferred at a point in time upon shipment or delivery because we have a present right to payment at that time, the customer has legal title to the asset, we have transferred physical possession of the asset, and the customer has significant risk and rewards of ownership of the asset. We also enter into fixed-price engineering service agreements with certain customers. These agreements may include multiple performance obligations, such as software development services, licensing of intellectual property and post-contract customer support, or PCS. These multiple performance obligations are highly interdependent, highly interrelated, are typically not sold separately and do not have standalone selling prices. They are all inputs to generate one combined output which is incorporating our SoC into the customer’s product. Accordingly, we determine that they are not separately identifiable and shall be treated as a single performance obligation. Customers usually pay based on milestones achieved. Because payments received do not correspond directly with the value of our performance to date, for fixed-price engineering services arrangements, revenue is recognized using the time-based straight line method, which best depicts our performance toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation based on the nature of such professional services. Revenues from engineering service agreements were not material for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. 59 Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to our customers. We record contract assets when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing. The contract assets are primarily related to satisfied but unbilled performance obligations associated with our engineering service agreements at the reporting date. As of January 31, 2021 and 2020, the contract assets for these unbilled receivables were not material. Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue. Our deferred revenue is primarily related to the portion of a transaction price that exceeds the weighted average selling price for products sold to date under tiered-pricing contracts which contain material rights. This deferred revenue is expected to be recognized over the course of the contract when products are delivered for future pricing below the weighted average selling price of the contract. For the year ended January 31, 2021 and 2020, we did not recognize any material revenue adjustment related to performance obligations satisfied in prior periods released from this deferred revenue. As of January 31, 2021 and 2020, the respective deferred revenues were not material. Additionally, the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, purchase orders for contracts that are greater than a year was not material as of January 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We also elect not to disclose the value of unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations due to original expected contract duration of one year or less and elect to exclude amounts collected from customers for all sales taxes from the transaction price. Cash Equivalents and Marketable Debt Securities We consider all highly liquid debt security investments with original maturities of less than three months at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Debt security investments that are highly liquid with original maturities at the time of purchase greater than three months are considered marketable debt securities. We classify the marketable securities as “available-for-sale” securities and record them at fair value based on quoted market prices of similar assets. On February 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13 (ASU 2016-13), Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, using the modified retrospective transition method. Under this new guidance, the Company recognizes credit losses based on a forward-looking current expected credit losses (CECL) model instead of the previous incurred loss model for financial instruments. The Company estimates the expected losses whenever a security’s fair value is below its amortized cost basis. The expected loss is computed at an individual security level using the discounted cash flow method with the effective interest rate on the purchase date. In the determination of credit-related losses, the Company excludes securities with zero loss expectations such as assets backed by government agencies. There are various factors considered in its assessment of credit-related losses, including the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, adverse conditions related to an industry or an underlying loan obligator, the payment structure of the security, changes to the rating of the security and other factors that may affect the security credit. The credit-related portion of the loss is recognized in other income (loss), net in the consolidated income statement but is limited to the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost basis of the security, adjusted for accrued interest. The non-credit-related portion of the loss is recognized in the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet. The cumulative effect adjustment upon the adoption on February 1, 2020 was immaterial and the credit-related losses from the Company’s financial instruments were not material as of January 31, 2021. We measure the fair value of money market funds using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and classifies them within Level 1. The fair value of the Company’s investments in other debt securities are obtained based on quoted prices for similar asserts in active markets, or model driven valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data and are classified within Level 2. So far, the Company has no debt securities with unobservable inputs and classified within Level 3. Inventory Valuation We record inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost includes materials and other production costs and is computed using standard cost on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventory reserves are recorded for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventories based on forecast of future demand and market conditions. Any adjustments to reduce the cost of inventories to their net realizable value are recognized in earnings in the current period. Once inventory is written down, a new accounting cost basis is established and, accordingly, any associated reserve is not released until the inventory is sold or scrapped. There were no material inventory losses recognized for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Noncancelable Software License We account for a noncancelable on premise internal-use software license as the acquisition of an intangible asset and the incurrence of a liability to the extent that all or a portion of the software licensing fees are not paid on or before the license acquisition date. The intangible asset and related liability are recorded at net present value and interest expense is recorded over the payment term. 60 Goodwill and In-Process Research and Development Goodwill and in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) are required to be tested for impairment at least annually in the fourth fiscal quarter or sooner whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired. We have a single reporting unit for goodwill impairment test purposes based on our business and reporting structure. We do not amortize goodwill. Acquired IPR&D is capitalized at fair value as an intangible asset and amortization commences upon completion of the underlying projects. When a project underlying reported IPR&D is completed, the corresponding amount of IPR&D is reclassified as an amortizable purchased intangible asset and is amortized over its estimated useful life. Leases Effective February 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842, Leases, using the alternative transition method with an adjustment to the opening balance in the period of adoption without adjustment of comparative period financial statements. Under this new guidance, we recognize leases as operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and corresponding lease liabilities at the lease commencement date based on the present value of future lease payments, while recognizing lease expenses under the straight-line method through the lease term. We also elected the other available practical expedients, and have elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities that arise from short-term (12 months or less) leases. We do not combine lease components with non-lease components, and as a result, the non-lease components are accounted for separately. In determining the present value of lease payments, we use the implicit interest rate if readily determinable. When the implicit rate is not readily determinable, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. Our leases mainly include our worldwide office facilities which are classified as operating leases. Certain leases include renewal options that are under our discretion. The renewal options are included in the ROU assets and liability calculation if it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option. Our short-term leases and finance leases are immaterial as of January 31, 2021 and February 1, 2020, respectively. As of January 31, 2021, there were approximately $9.7 million of ROU assets, net of amortization expense, $2.9 million of short-term lease liabilities, and $7.5 million of long-term lease liabilities related to the leases recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. Stock-Based Compensation We measure stock-based compensation for equity awards granted to employees and directors based on the estimated fair value on the grant date, and recognize that compensation as expense using the straight-line attribution method for service condition awards or using the graded-vesting attribution method for awards with performance conditions over the requisite service period, which is typically the vesting period of each award. We determine the fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units with service or performance conditions based on the fair market value of our ordinary shares on the grant date. We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options. Determining the fair value of stock options on the grant date requires the input of various assumptions, including stock price of the underlying ordinary share, the exercise price of the stock option, expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate and dividend rate. We calculate expected volatility based on our own historical stock price for a period commensurate with the expected term, which is computed based on our own historical exercise behavior. The risk-free interest rate is derived from an average of the U.S. Treasury constant maturity rates for the respective periods most closely commensurate with the expected term. The expected dividend yield is zero because we have not historically paid dividends and have no present intention to pay dividends. We use the Lattice pricing model and perform Monte Carlo Simulation to evaluate the fair value of awards with market conditions, including assumptions of historical volatility and risk-free interest rate commensurate with the vesting term. we elect to account for forfeitures as they occur. Net Income (Loss) Per Ordinary Share Basic earnings (losses) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to ordinary shareholders by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (losses) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to ordinary shareholders by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period increased to include the number of additional ordinary shares that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued. Potentially dilutive securities include outstanding stock options, shares to be purchased under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan, unvested restricted stock and restricted stock units. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted earnings (losses) per share by application of the treasury stock method. Income Taxes We record income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. In estimating future tax consequences, generally all expected future events other than enactments or changes in the tax law or rates are considered. Valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. 61 We apply authoritative guidance for the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. The guidance requires that tax effects of a position be recognized only if it is “more likely than not” to be sustained based solely on its technical merits as of the reporting date. Upon estimating our tax positions and tax benefits, we consider and evaluate numerous factors, which may require periodic adjustments and which may not reflect the final tax liabilities. We adjust our financial statements to reflect only those tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained under examination. As part of the process of preparing consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. We estimate actual current tax exposure together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items, such as accruals and allowances not currently deductible for tax purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets, which are included in the consolidated balance sheets. In general, deferred tax assets represent future tax benefits to be received when certain expenses previously recognized in the consolidated statements of operations become deductible expenses under applicable income tax laws, or loss or credit carryforwards are utilized. In assessing whether deferred tax assets may be realized, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income. We make estimates and judgments about our future taxable income based on assumptions that are consistent with our plans and estimates. Should the actual amounts differ from estimates, the amount of valuation allowance could be materially impacted. Any adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance would be recorded in the consolidated income statement for the periods in which the adjustment is determined to be required. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK We had cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities totaling $440.7 million and $404.7 million at January 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our cash is deposited in checking accounts with reputable financial institutions. The cash equivalents and marketable debt securities consist primarily of investments in money market funds, certificates of deposit, asset-backed securities, commercial paper, U.S. government securities, and debt securities of corporations. Our cash is held for working capital purposes. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Liquidity and Interest Rate Fluctuation Risks The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve capital, provide liquidity and maximize income without significantly increasing risk. Some of the securities we invest in are subject to market risk. This means that a change in prevailing interest rates may cause the principal amount of the investment to fluctuate. To minimize this risk, we maintain our portfolio in a variety of debt securities with high liquidity and low credit risk. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. A 10% change in interest rates will not have a material impact on our future interest income or investment fair value. The liquidity risk and the risk associated with fluctuating interest rates are limited to our investment portfolio. Foreign Currency Risk To date, all of our product sales and inventory purchases have been denominated in U.S. dollars. We therefore have not had any foreign currency risk associated with these two activities. The functional currency of all of our entities is the U.S. dollar. Our operations outside of the United States incur operating expenses and hold assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, principally the New Taiwan Dollar and the Chinese Yuan Renminbi. Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly the exchange rates between the Chinese Yuan Renminbi and the U.S. dollar and between the New Taiwan Dollar and the U.S. dollar. As we grow our operations, our exposure to foreign currency risk could become more significant. To date, we have not entered into any foreign currency exchange contracts and currently do not expect to enter into foreign currency exchange contracts for trading or speculative purposes. 62 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Financial Statements The financial statements required by this Item are set forth as a separate section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. See Item 15 for a listing of financial statements provided in the section titled “Financial Statements.” Supplementary Data (Unaudited) The following table sets forth unaudited supplementary quarterly financial data for the two year period ended January 31, 2021. In management’s opinion, the unaudited data has been prepared on the same basis as the audited information and includes all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the data for the periods presented. Jan. 31, 2021 Oct. 31, 2020 Jul. 31, 2020 For the Three Months Ended Apr. 30, 2020 Jan. 31, 2020 Oct. 31, 2019 Jul. 31, 2019 Apr. 30, 2019 Revenue Cost of revenue Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Selling, general and administrative Total operating expenses Loss from operations Other income, net Loss before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Net loss Net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders: Basic Diluted (in thousands, except per share data) $ 62,142 $ 56,090 $ 50,113 $ 54,645 $ 57,212 $ 67,922 $ 56,410 $ 47,188 19,335 24,339 21,298 19,155 22,625 23,896 28,819 27,853 37,803 34,792 30,958 32,020 33,316 39,103 23,973 32,437 37,184 36,573 32,802 34,200 33,807 32,480 14,632 14,468 13,445 13,435 13,341 13,791 51,816 51,041 46,247 47,635 47,148 46,271 (7,168) (14,013) (16,249) (15,289) (15,615) (13,832) 1,917 1,713 (5,251) (12,119) (942) 862 33,017 13,077 46,094 (18,241) 2,196 (16,045) 1,266 $ (12,489) $ (17,078) $ (14,756) $ (15,463) $ (12,981) $ (4,309) $ (10,191) $ (17,311) 1,278 (13,381) (15,576) (14,009) (14,337) 1,126 30,420 12,425 42,845 (10,408) 2,195 (8,213) 1,978 1,280 1,502 (892) 632 747 673 $ $ (0.35) $ (0.35) $ (0.49) $ (0.49) $ (0.43) $ (0.43) $ (0.45) $ (0.45) $ (0.39) $ (0.39) $ (0.13) $ (0.13) $ (0.31) $ (0.31) $ (0.53) (0.53) Net loss per ordinary share for the year is computed independently and may not equal the sum of the quarterly net loss per ordinary share. Our quarterly revenues and operating results are difficult to forecast. Therefore, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results will not necessarily be meaningful, and should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Also, operating results may fall below our expectations and the expectations of analysts or investors in one or more future quarters. If this were to occur, the market price of our ordinary shares would likely decline. For further information regarding the quarterly fluctuation of our revenues and operating results, see Item 1A, “Risk Factors— Fluctuations in our operating results on a quarterly and annual basis could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline”. 63 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Not applicable. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The term “disclosure controls and procedures” (as defined in Rules 13a- 15(e) and 15d- 15(e)) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based upon such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of January 31, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management has evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on this evaluation, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of January 31, 2021. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2021 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which appears herein. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the Company’s fiscal quarter ended January 31, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Inherent Limitations of Disclosure Controls and Internal Control over Financial Reporting Because of their inherent limitations, our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent material errors or fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. The effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting is subject to risks, including that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with our policies or procedures may deteriorate. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Not applicable. 64 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2021 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for all of our directors, officers and employees. We also have a Code of Ethics for Finance Team applicable to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and other Senior Financial Officers. These documents are available on our website at http://investor.ambarella.com/corporate-governance. To date, there have been no waivers under our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Code of Ethics for Finance Team. We will post any amendments or waivers, if and when granted, of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Code of Ethics for Finance Team on our website. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2021 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2021 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2021 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2021 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 65 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) (1) Financial Statements PART IV The following consolidated financial statements of the Registrant and Report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, are included herewith: Financial Statement Description • Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm • Consolidated Balance Sheets As of January 31, 2021 and 2020 • Consolidated Statements of Operations For the Years Ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 • Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss For the Years Ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 • Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity For the Years Ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 • Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the Years Ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 • Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page 67 69 70 71 72 73 74 (a) (2) Financial Statement Schedule Financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the Financial Statements or the notes thereto. (b) Exhibits The exhibits listed below in the accompanying “Exhibits Index” are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 66 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Ambarella, Inc. Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ambarella, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of January 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2021, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of January 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2021 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Changes in Accounting Principles As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in fiscal year 2020 and the manner in which it accounts for revenue from contracts with customers in fiscal year 2019. Basis for Opinions The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. 67 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Accounting for Income Taxes As described in Notes 1 and 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's accounting for income taxes requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in its financial statements or tax returns. As disclosed by the Company, management evaluates the realization of tax assets and estimates of tax liabilities, including reserves for uncertain tax positions. Management considers and evaluates numerous factors, which may require periodic adjustments and which may not reflect the final tax liabilities. Management adjusts its financial statements to reflect only those tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained under examination, and considers whether a valuation allowance should be established against its deferred tax assets based on the consideration of all available evidence. As part of the process of preparing consolidated financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates. Valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. The Company’s worldwide operating income is subject to varying tax rates and its effective tax rate is highly dependent upon the geographic distribution of its earnings or losses and the tax laws and regulations in each geographical region. The Company’s effective tax rate of (4%) for the year ended January 31, 2021 was different than the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21%. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to accounting for income taxes is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management in determining the income tax provision and other tax positions, specifically in the determination of taxable income or loss by jurisdiction taxed or benefited at rates other than the U.S. federal statutory rate, and the recognition and measurement of deferred tax assets, valuation allowances, and uncertain tax positions. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing audit procedures and evaluating audit evidence. The audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to accounting for income taxes, including those related to the assessment of uncertain tax positions, determination of operating income or loss by jurisdiction taxed or benefited at rates other than the U.S. federal statutory rate, and the recognition and measurement of deferred tax assets and valuation allowances. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing the calculation of the income tax provision, including the accuracy of taxable income by jurisdiction, (ii) evaluating the reasonableness of cost plus percentages for entities selected for testing based on management’s methodology for determining taxable income or loss by jurisdiction, (iii) evaluating the recognition and measurement of valuation allowances, and (iv) evaluating the recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions, including management’s assessment of the technical merits of tax positions and estimates of the amount of tax benefit expected to be sustained for the uncertain tax position selected for testing. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of management’s judgment and estimates related to management’s methodology for determining taxable income or loss by jurisdiction, which included evaluation of management’s application of relevant rules for determining arm’s length compensation for services. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP San Jose, California March 31, 2021 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008. 68 AMBARELLA, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except share and per share data) ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Marketable debt securities Accounts receivable, net Inventories Restricted cash Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Deferred tax assets, non-current Intangible assets, net Operating lease right-of-use assets, net Goodwill Other non-current assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued and other current liabilities Operating lease liabilities, current Income taxes payable Deferred revenue, current Total current liabilities Operating lease liabilities, non-current Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) Shareholders' equity: Preference shares, $0.00045 par value per share, 20,000,000 shares authorized and no shares issued and outstanding at January 31, 2021 and January 31, 2020, respectively Ordinary shares, $0.00045 par value per share, 200,000,000 shares authorized at January 31, 2021 and January 31, 2020, respectively; 35,547,440 shares issued and outstanding at January 31, 2021; 33,805,609 shares issued and outstanding at January 31, 2020 Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income Retained earnings Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders' equity As of January 31, 2021 January 31, 2020 241,274 $ 199,434 24,974 26,081 10 5,531 497,304 5,530 10,914 18,703 9,659 26,601 4,569 573,280 $ 21,124 48,126 2,911 962 844 73,967 7,525 16,812 98,304 231,403 173,345 18,487 22,971 9 4,975 451,190 5,614 10,400 17,826 9,935 26,601 5,710 527,276 14,910 34,970 2,181 691 701 53,453 7,975 17,776 79,204 — — 16 347,458 1,219 126,283 474,976 573,280 $ 15 261,220 768 186,069 448,072 527,276 $ $ $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 69 AMBARELLA, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (in thousands, except share and per share data) Revenue Cost of revenue Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development Selling, general and administrative Total operating expenses Loss from operations Other income, net Loss before income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Net loss Net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders: Basic Diluted Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders: Basic Diluted 2021 Year Ended January 31, 2020 2019 $ $ $ $ 222,990 $ 87,417 135,573 140,759 55,980 196,739 (61,166) 3,863 (57,303) 2,483 (59,786) $ 228,732 $ 96,023 132,709 129,724 52,634 182,358 (49,649) 8,021 (41,628) 3,164 (44,792) $ (1.72) $ (1.72) $ (1.35) $ (1.35) $ 227,768 89,624 138,144 128,084 50,480 178,564 (40,420) 5,868 (34,552) (4,105) (30,447) (0.93) (0.93) 34,679,717 34,679,717 33,083,562 33,083,562 32,713,606 32,713,606 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 70 AMBARELLA, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (in thousands) Net loss Other comprehensive income, net of tax: Net unrealized gains on investments Other comprehensive income, net of tax Comprehensive loss 2021 Year Ended January 31, 2020 2019 $ (59,786) $ (44,792) $ (30,447) 451 451 (59,335) $ 671 671 (44,121) $ 376 376 (30,071) $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 71 AMBARELLA, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in thousands, except share data) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Additional Paid-in Capital 221,186 $ Outstanding Ordinary Shares Shares Amount Balance--January 31, 2018 Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle Exercise of stock options Vesting of restricted stock units Employee stock purchase plan Stock repurchase Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards granted to employees and consultants Net unrealized gains on investments - net of tax Net loss Balance--January 31, 2019 Exercise of stock options Vesting of restricted stock units Employee stock purchase plan Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards granted to employees and consultants Net unrealized gains on investments - net of tax Net loss Balance--January 31, 2020 Exercise of stock options Vesting of restricted stock units Employee stock purchase plan Stock repurchase Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards granted to employees and consultants Net unrealized gains on investments - net of tax Net loss Balance--January 31, 2021 33,489,614 $ — 232,205 920,826 146,887 (2,485,992) — — — 32,303,540 366,886 957,319 177,864 — — — 33,805,609 421,736 1,162,883 182,931 (25,719) — — — 35,547,440 $ 15 $ — — — — — — — — 15 — — — — — — 15 — 1 — — — 1,285 — 5,136 (99,903) 60,812 — — 188,516 5,695 — 5,967 61,042 — — 261,220 10,333 5,350 5,825 (1,000) Retained Earnings (279) $ 261,265 $ — — — — — — 376 — 97 — — — — 671 — 768 — — — — 43 — — — — — — (30,447) 230,861 — — — — — (44,792) 186,069 — — — — Total 482,187 43 1,285 — 5,136 (99,903) 60,812 376 (30,447) 419,489 5,695 — 5,967 61,042 671 (44,792) 448,072 10,333 5,351 5,825 (1,000) — — — 16 $ 65,730 — — 347,458 $ — 451 — 1,219 $ — — (59,786) 126,283 $ 65,730 451 (59,786) 474,976 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 72 AMBARELLA, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) 2021 Year Ended January 31, 2020 2019 $ (59,786) $ (44,792) $ (30,447) Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Amortization (accretion) of premium (discount) on marketable debt securities, net Stock-based compensation Deferred income taxes Other non-cash items, net Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Other non-current assets Accounts payable Accrued and other current liabilities Income taxes payable Deferred revenue Operating lease liabilities Other long-term liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of investments Sales of investments Maturities of investments Purchase of property and equipment Purchase of intangible assets Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan Stock repurchase Payment for intangible assets Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Cash paid for income taxes Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing activities: Unpaid liabilities related to intangible and fixed assets purchases $ $ $ 11,967 721 70,134 (514) 65 (6,487) (3,110) (537) 1,141 6,214 12,055 272 144 (2,416) 937 30,800 (219,677) 70,087 123,208 (1,952) (2,990) (31,324) 16,417 (1,000) (5,021) 10,396 9,872 231,412 241,284 $ 11,631 (969) 66,871 187 (71) 7,725 (4,719) 1,057 (3,298) 2,109 5,079 (302) 172 (2,851) 1,585 39,414 (225,913) 96,363 122,795 (1,821) — (8,576) 11,960 — (5,444) 6,516 37,354 194,058 231,412 $ 7,221 (670) 60,812 (6,945) 350 5,082 5,131 (2,202) (155) (7,014) (8,302) 57 265 — 1,289 24,472 (207,841) 66,211 65,428 (2,940) — (79,142) 6,686 (99,904) (4,735) (97,953) (152,623) 346,681 194,058 1,531 $ 1,811 $ 1,409 4,302 $ 12,284 $ 933 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements 73 AMBARELLA, INC. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Organization Ambarella, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on January 15, 2004. The Company is a leading developer of low-power semiconductor solutions offering high-definition (HD) and Ultra HD compression, image processing, and deep neural network processing. The Company combines its processor design capabilities with its expertise in video and image processing, algorithms and software to provide a technology platform that is designed to be easily scalable across multiple applications and enable rapid and efficient product development. The Company’s system-on-a-chip, or SoC, designs fully integrate high-definition video processing, image processing, artificial intelligence (AI) computer vision algorithms, audio processing and system functions onto a single chip, delivering exceptional video and image quality, differentiated functionality and low power consumption. The Company is currently addressing a broad range of human and computer vision applications, including professional and consumer security cameras, automotive cameras such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), electronic mirrors, drive recorders, driver/cabin monitoring systems, autonomous driving, and industrial and robotic applications. The Company sells its solutions to leading original design manufacturers, or ODMs, and original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, globally. Basis of Consolidation The Company’s fiscal year ends on January 31. The consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reported periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates and assumptions, including those related to (i) write down of excess and obsolete inventories; (ii) the estimated useful lives of long-lived assets; (iii) the valuation of stock-based compensation awards and financial instruments; (iv) the probability of performance objectives achievement; (v) the realization of tax assets and estimates of tax liabilities, including reserves for uncertain tax positions. These estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and on various other factors which the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. The Company may engage third-party valuation specialists to assist with estimates related to the valuation of financial instruments, assets and stock awards associated with various contractual arrangements. Such estimates often require the selection of appropriate valuation methodologies and significant judgment. Actual results could differ from these estimates under different assumptions or circumstances and such differences could be material. Concentration of Risk The Company’s products are manufactured, assembled and tested by third-party contractors located primarily in Asia. The Company does not have long-term agreements with these contractors. A significant disruption in the operations of one or more of these contractors would impact the production of the Company’s products which could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations. A substantial portion of the Company’s revenue is derived from sales through one of its distributors, WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd., formerly Wintech Microelectronics Co., Ltd., or Wintech, which serves as its non-exclusive sales representative in Asia other than Japan, and directly to one ODM customer, Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd., or Chicony. Termination of the relationships with these customers could result in a temporary or permanent loss of revenue. Furthermore, any credit issues from these customers could impair their abilities to make timely payment to the Company. See Note 15 for additional information regarding revenue and credit concentration with these customers. 74 Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, marketable debt securities and accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash primarily in checking accounts with reputable financial institutions. Cash deposits held with these financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. The Company has not experienced any losses on deposits of its cash. In order to limit the exposure of each investment, the cash equivalents and marketable debt securities consist primarily of money market funds, asset-backed securities, commercial paper, U.S. government securities and debt securities of corporations which management assesses to be highly liquid. The Company does not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluation of its customers and adjusts credit limits based upon payment history and customers’ credit worthiness. The Company regularly monitors collections and payments from its customers. Foreign Currency Transactions The U.S. dollar is the functional currency for the Company and its subsidiaries. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in non-U.S. currencies are re-measured to U.S. dollars using current exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Nonmonetary assets and liabilities are re-measured to U.S. dollars using historical exchange rates. Monetary and other accounts are re-measured to U.S. dollars using average exchange rates in effect during each period. Gains or losses from foreign currency re-measurement are included in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations, and, to date, have not been material. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value accounting is applied to all financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed in the financial statements on a recurring basis. The carrying amounts reflected in the consolidated balance sheets for cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other current liabilities, approximate fair value due to the short-term nature. Cash Equivalents and Marketable Debt Securities The Company considers all highly liquid debt security investments with original maturities of less than three months at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Debt security investments that are highly liquid with original maturities at the time of purchase greater than three months are considered marketable debt securities. The Company classifies the marketable securities as “available-for-sale” securities and record them at fair value based on quoted market prices of similar assets. On February 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13 (ASU 2016-13), Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, using the modified retrospective transition method. Under this new guidance, the Company recognizes credit losses based on a forward-looking current expected credit losses (CECL) model instead of the previous incurred loss model for financial instruments. The Company estimates the expected losses whenever a security’s fair value is below its amortized cost basis. The expected loss is computed at an individual security level using the discounted cash flow method with the effective interest rate on the purchase date. In the determination of credit- related losses, the Company excludes securities with zero loss expectations such as assets backed by government agencies. There are various factors considered in its assessment of credit-related losses, including the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, adverse conditions related to an industry or an underlying loan obligator, the payment structure of the security, changes to the rating of the security and other factors that may affect the security credit. The credit-related portion of the loss is recognized in other income (loss), net in the consolidated income statement but is limited to the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost basis of the security, adjusted for accrued interest. The non-credit-related portion of the loss is recognized in the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet. The cumulative effect adjustment upon the adoption on February 1, 2020 was immaterial and the credit-related losses from the Company’s financial instruments were not material as of January 31, 2021. The Company measures the fair value of money market funds using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and classifies them within Level 1. The fair value of the Company’s investments in other debt securities are obtained based on quoted prices for similar asserts in active markets, or model driven valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data and are classified within Level 2. So far, the Company has no debt securities under unobservable inputs and classified within Level 3. 75 Restricted Cash Amounts included in restricted cash represent those required to be set aside to secure certain transactions in a foreign entity. As of January 31, 2021 and 2020, the restricted cash was immaterial, respectively. The following table presents cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported on the consolidated balance sheets, and the sums are presented on the consolidated statements of cash flows: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Total as presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows Trade Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses 2021 As of January 31, 2020 (in thousands) $ $ 241,274 $ 10 241,284 $ 231,403 $ 9 231,412 $ 2019 194,047 11 194,058 The Company’s accounts receivables are recorded at invoiced amounts less allowance for any credit losses. According to ASU 2016-13, the Company recognizes credit losses based on a forward-looking current expected credit losses (CECL). The Company makes estimates of expected credit losses based upon its assessment of various factors, including historical collection experience, the age of accounts receivable balances, credit quality of its customers, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect its ability to collect from customers. The changes in allowance for credit losses are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations. The uncollectible accounts receivables are written off in the period in which a determination is made that all commercially reasonable means of recovering them have been exhausted. There were no material write-offs of accounts receivable for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. There was no material current expected credit losses recorded as of January 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Inventories The Company records inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost includes materials and other production costs and is computed using standard cost on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventory reserves are recorded for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventories based on forecast of future demand and market conditions. Any adjustments to reduce the cost of inventories to their net realizable value are recognized in earnings in the current period. Once inventory is written down, a new accounting cost basis is established and, accordingly, any associated reserve is not released until the inventory is sold or scrapped. There were no material inventory losses recognized for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life for computer equipment, computer software, machinery, equipment and furniture and fixtures. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or their estimated useful lives. Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Noncancelable Internal-Use Software License The Company accounts for a noncancelable on premise internal-use software license as the acquisition of an intangible asset and the incurrence of a liability to the extent that all or a portion of the software licensing fees are not paid on or before the license acquisition date. The intangible asset and related liability are recorded at net present value and interest expense is recorded over the payment term. 76 Leases Effective February 1, 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842, Leases, using the alternative transition method with an adjustment to the opening balance in the period of adoption without adjustment of comparative period financial statements. Under this new guidance, the Company recognizes leases as operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and corresponding lease liabilities at the lease commencement date based on the present value of future lease payments, while recognizing lease expenses under straight-line method through the lease term. The Company also elected the other available practical expedients, and has elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities that arise from short-term (12 months or less) leases. The Company does not combine lease components with non-lease components, and as a result, the non-lease components are accounted for separately. In determining the present value of lease payments, the Company uses the implicit interest rate if readily determinable. When the implicit rate is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The Company's leases mainly include its worldwide office facilities which are classified as operating leases. Certain leases include renewal options that are under the Company's discretion. The renewal options are included in the ROU assets and liability calculation if it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option. The Company's short-term leases and finance leases are immaterial as of January 31, 2021 and January 31, 2020, respectively. Goodwill and In-Process Research and Development The Company does not amortize goodwill. Acquired in-process research and development, or IPR&D, is capitalized at fair value as an intangible asset and amortization commences upon completion of the underlying projects. When a project underlying reported IPR&D is completed, the corresponding amount of IPR&D is reclassified as an amortizable purchased intangible asset and is amortized over its estimated useful life. As of January 31, 2021, there was no IPR&D amortized. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Including Goodwill and Other Acquired Intangible Assets The Company reviews property and equipment and intangible assets, excluding goodwill, for impairment at least annually in the fourth fiscal quarter or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset, or asset group, may not be recoverable. Determination of recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset, or asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset, or asset group. If the carrying amount of an asset or asset group exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset or asset group exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset or asset group. Fair value is determined based on the estimated discounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. Events or changes in circumstances that may indicate that an asset is impaired include significant decreases in the market value of an asset, significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future results of operations, a change in the extent or manner in which an asset is utilized, significant declines in the estimated fair value of the overall Company for a sustained period, shifts in technology, loss of key management or personnel, changes in the Company’s operating model or strategy and competitive forces. There has been no occurrence of events to date that would trigger an impairment analysis. As such, no impairment charge has been recognized as of January 31, 2021. The Company tests the goodwill for impairment at least annually in the fourth fiscal quarter, or sooner whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. The Company has a single reporting unit for goodwill impairment test purposes based on its business and reporting structure. The Company is permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the two step goodwill impairment test is necessary. Further testing is only required if the Company determines, based on the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. Otherwise, no further impairment testing is required. Qualitative factors include industry and market considerations, overall financial performance, and other relevant events and factors affecting the reporting unit. No goodwill impairment has been identified to date based on the Company’s qualitative factors assessment. Equity Investment The Company accounts for its investment in a privately held company as an equity investment and reports the investment in other non-current assets in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company chooses to measure this equity investment that does not have readily determinable fair value at cost minus any recorded impairments, adjusted for observable price changes in transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. Upon determining that an impairment or observable price change exists, the Company records any adjustment to the fair value of the investment through net income. To date, there have been no identified events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant effect on the fair value of this investment and the Company has not recognized any impairment losses related to this investment nor have there been any observable price changes. 77 Revenue Recognition Effective February 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. As a result, the Company recognizes revenue when control of its goods and services is transferred to its customers. Revenue recognition is evaluated through the following five steps: (i) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; (ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determination of the transaction price; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognition of revenue when or as a performance obligation is satisfied. The sale of semiconductor products accounts for the substantial majority of the Company’s consolidated revenue. Sales agreements with customers are renewable periodically and contain terms and conditions with respect to payment, delivery, warranty, supply and other rights. The Company considers an accepted customer purchase order, governed by sales agreement, to be the contract with the customer. For each contract, the Company considers the promise to transfer tangible products to be the identified performance obligation. Product sales contracts may include volume-based tiered pricing or rebates that are fulfilled in cash or product. In determining the transaction price, the Company accounts for the right of returns, cash rebates, commissions and other pricing adjustments as variable consideration and estimates these amounts based on the expected amount to be provided to customers and reduces the revenue recognized. The Company estimates sales returns and rebates based on the Company’s historical patterns of return and pricing credits. As the Company’s standard payment terms are 30 days to 60 days, the contracts have no financing component. Under ASC 606, the Company estimates the total consideration to be received by using the expected value method for each contract, computes weighted average selling price for each unit shipped in cases where there is a material right due to the presence of volume-based tiered pricing, allocates the total consideration between the identified performance obligations, and recognizes revenue when control of its goods and services is transferred to its customers. The Company considers product control to be transferred at a point in time upon shipment or delivery because the Company has a present right to payment at that time, the customer has legal title to the asset, the Company has transferred physical possession of the asset, and the customer has significant risk and rewards of ownership of the asset. The Company also enters into fixed-price engineering service agreements with certain customers. These agreements may include multiple performance obligations, such as software development services, licensing of intellectual property and post-contract customer support, or PCS. These multiple performance obligations are highly interdependent, highly interrelated, are typically not sold separately and do not have standalone selling prices. They are all inputs to generate one combined output which is incorporating the Company’s SoC into the customer’s product. Accordingly, the Company determines that they are not separately identifiable and shall be treated as a single performance obligation. Customers usually pay based on milestones achieved. Because payments received do not correspond directly with the value of the Company’s performance to date, for fixed-price engineering services arrangements, revenue is recognized using the time-based straight line method, which best depicts the Company’s performance toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation based on the nature of such professional services. Revenues from engineering service agreements were not material for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to the Company’s customers. The Company records contract assets when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing. The Company’s contract assets are primarily related to satisfied but unbilled performance obligations associated with its engineering service agreements at the reporting date. As of January 31, 2021 and 2020, the contract assets for these unbilled receivables were not material. The Company’s contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue. The deferred revenue is primarily related to the portion of a transaction price that exceeds the weighted average selling price for products sold to date under tiered-pricing contracts which contain material rights. This deferred revenue is expected to be recognized over the course of the contract when products are delivered for future pricing below the weighted average selling price of the contract. For the twelve months ended January 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not recognize any material revenue adjustment, respectively, related to performance obligations satisfied in prior periods released from this deferred revenue. As of January 31, 2021 and 2020, the respective deferred revenues were not material. Additionally, the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, purchase orders for contracts that are greater than a year was not material as of January 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company also elects not to disclose the value of unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations due to original expected contract duration of one year or less and elects to exclude amounts collected from customers for all sales taxes from the transaction price. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue includes cost of materials, cost associated with packaging and assembly, testing and shipping, cost of personnel, stock-based compensation, logistics and quality assurance, warranty cost, royalty expense, write-downs of inventories and allocation of overhead. 78 Research and Development Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of personnel costs, product development costs, which include engineering services, development software and hardware tools, license fees, costs of fabrication of masks for prototype products, other development materials costs, depreciation of equipment and tools and allocation of facility costs, net of any research and development grants. As of January 31, 2021, there was approximately $1.4 million of grants recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets and approximately $2.0 million of grants recorded in other non-current assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Selling, General and Administrative Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of personnel costs, travel and trade show costs, legal expenses, other professional services and occupancy costs. Advertising expenses were not material for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Stock-Based Compensation The Company measures stock-based compensation for equity awards granted to employees and directors based on the estimated fair value on the grant date, and recognizes that compensation as expense using the straight-line attribution method for service condition awards or using the graded-vesting attribution method for awards with performance conditions over the requisite service period, which is typically the vesting period of each award. The Company determines the fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units with service or performance conditions based on the fair market value of its ordinary shares on the grant date. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options. Determining the fair value of stock options on the grant date requires the input of various assumptions, including stock price of the underlying ordinary share, the exercise price of the stock option, expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate and dividend rate. The Company calculates expected volatility based on its own historical stock price for a period commensurate with the expected term, which is computed based on its own historical exercise behavior. The risk- free interest rate is derived from an average of the U.S. Treasury constant maturity rates for the respective periods most closely commensurate with the expected term. The expected dividend yield is zero because the Company has not historically paid dividends and has no present intention to pay dividends. The Company uses the Lattice pricing model and Monte Carlo Simulation to evaluate the fair value of awards with market conditions, including assumptions of historical volatility and risk-free interest rate commensurate with the vesting term. The Company elects to account for forfeitures as they occur. Income Taxes The Company records income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in its financial statements or tax returns. In estimating future tax consequences, generally all expected future events other than enactments or changes in the tax law or rates are considered. Valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. The Company applies authoritative guidance for the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. The guidance requires that tax effects of a position be recognized only if it is “more likely than not” to be sustained based solely on its technical merits as of the reporting date. Upon estimating its tax positions and tax benefits, the Company considers and evaluates numerous factors, which may require periodic adjustments and which may not reflect the final tax liabilities. The Company adjusts its financial statements to reflect only those tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained under examination. As part of the process of preparing consolidated financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates. The Company estimates actual current tax exposure together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items, such as accruals and allowances not currently deductible for tax purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets, which are included in the consolidated balance sheets. In general, deferred tax assets represent future tax benefits to be received when certain expenses previously recognized in the consolidated statements of operations become deductible expenses under applicable income tax laws, or loss or credit carryforwards are utilized. In assessing whether deferred tax assets may be realized, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income. The Company makes estimates and judgments about its future taxable income based on assumptions that are consistent with its plans and estimates. Should the actual amounts differ from estimates, the amount of valuation allowance could be materially impacted. Any adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance would be recorded in the consolidated income statement for the periods in which the adjustment is determined to be required. 79 Net Income (Loss) Per Ordinary Share Basic earnings (losses) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to ordinary shareholders by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (losses) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to ordinary shareholders by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period increased to include the number of additional ordinary shares that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued. Potentially dilutive securities include outstanding stock options, shares to be purchased under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan, unvested restricted stock and restricted stock units. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted earnings (losses) per share by application of the treasury stock method. Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) includes unrealized gains or losses from available-for-sale securities that are excluded from net income (loss). Recent Accounting Pronouncements In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in this ASU simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. The amendments are effective for public entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company did not early adopt and believes the adoption of this new guidance will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-01 - Investments - Equity securities (Topic 321), Investments - Equity method and joint ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and hedging (Topic 815) - Clarifying the interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815. The amendments in this Update improve the accounting for certain equity securities upon the application or discontinuation of the equity method of accounting and clarify the scope considerations for forward contracts and purchased options on certain securities. The amendments are effective for public entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company did not early adopt and believes the adoption of this new guidance will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In October 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-08, Codification Improvements to Subtopic 310-20, Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs. The amendments in this Update clarify that at each reporting date an entity should reevaluate whether a callable debt security is within scope of this guidance, which has explicit, noncontingent call options that are callable at fixed prices and on preset dates at prices less than the amortized cost basis of the security. For each reporting period, if amortization basis for each individual callable debt security exceeds the amount repayable by the issuer at the next call date, the premium shall be amortized to the next call date. The amendments are effective for public entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is not permitted. The Company did not early adopt and believes the adoption of this new guidance will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In October 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-10, Codification Improvements. The amendments in this Update improves consistency by amending the Codification to include all disclosure guidance in the appropriate sections and clarifies application of various provisions in the Codification by amending and adding new headings, cross referencing to other guidance, and refining or correcting terminology. The amendments are effective for public entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company did not early adopt and believes the adoption of this new guidance will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures. 80 2. Financial Instruments and Fair Value The Company invests a portion of its cash in debt securities that are denominated in United States dollars. The investment portfolio consists of money market funds, asset-backed securities, commercial paper, U.S. government securities and debt securities of corporations. All of the investments are classified as available-for-sale securities and reported at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets as follows: Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair Value As of January 31, 2021 Money market funds Commercial paper Corporate bonds Asset-backed securities U.S. government securities $ Total cash equivalents and marketable debt securities $ 171 $ 66,181 102,108 15,740 29,383 213,583 $ (in thousands) — $ — 980 164 82 1,226 $ — $ — (7) — — (7) $ 171 66,181 103,081 15,904 29,465 214,802 Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair Value As of January 31, 2020 Money market funds Commercial paper Corporate bonds Asset-backed securities U.S. government securities $ Total cash equivalents and marketable debt securities $ 8,284 $ 63,390 95,053 23,062 20,524 210,313 $ (in thousands) — $ — 653 69 48 770 $ — $ — — (2) — (2) $ 8,284 63,390 95,706 23,129 20,572 211,081 As of January 31, 2021, there were no debt securities with unrealized losses for more than twelve months. Included in cash equivalents Included in marketable debt securities $ Total cash equivalents and marketable debt securities $ As of January 31, 2021 January 31, 2020 (in thousands) 15,368 199,434 214,802 $ $ 37,736 173,345 211,081 The contractual maturities of the investments at January 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows: Due within one year Due within one to three years $ Total cash equivalents and marketable debt securities $ As of January 31, 2021 January 31, 2020 (in thousands) 135,899 78,903 214,802 $ $ 146,267 64,814 211,081 The unrealized gains and losses on the available-for-sale securities were primarily caused by fluctuations in market value and interest rates as a result of the economic environment. Upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, the Company estimates the expected losses at an individual security level whenever a security’s fair value is below its amortized cost basis using the discounted cash flow method. The credit-related portion of the loss is recognized in other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations but is limited to the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost basis of the security, adjusted for accrued interest. The non-credit-related portion of the loss is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The credit- related losses of the Company’s financial instruments were not material for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021. The net amounts of unrealized gains and unrealized losses that are not credit-related are recognized in other comprehensive income. 81 The following fair value hierarchy is applied for disclosure of the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows: Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2—Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instruments. Level 3—Unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. The inputs require significant management judgment or estimation. The Company measures the fair value of money market funds using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and classifies them within Level 1. The fair value of the Company’s investments in other debt securities are obtained based on quoted prices for similar assets in active markets and are classified within Level 2. The following tables present the fair value of the financial instruments measured on a recurring basis as of January 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively: Money market funds Commercial paper Corporate bonds Asset-backed securities U.S. government securities Total cash equivalents and marketable debt securities Money market funds Commercial paper Corporate bonds Asset-backed securities U.S. government securities Total cash equivalents and marketable debt securities 3. Inventories Inventories at January 31, 2021 and 2020 consisted of the following: Work-in-progress Finished goods Total $ $ $ $ 82 Total 171 66,181 103,081 15,904 29,465 214,802 As of January 31, 2021 Level 1 Level 2 $ (in thousands) 171 Level 3 66,181 103,081 15,904 29,465 214,631 $ $ 171 $ Total As of January 31, 2020 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 8,284 63,390 95,706 23,129 20,572 211,081 $ $ (in thousands) 8,284 $ — — — — $ 8,284 — $ 63,390 95,706 23,129 20,572 202,797 $ — — — — — — — As of January 31, 2021 2020 (in thousands) $ $ 18,219 $ 7,862 26,081 $ 10,133 12,838 22,971 4. Property and Equipment, net Depreciation expense was approximately $2.6 million, $2.8 million and $2.6 million for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Property and equipment at January 31, 2021 and 2020 consisted of the following: Computer equipment and software Machinery and equipment Furniture and fixtures Leasehold improvements Construction in progress Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization Total property and equipment, net As of January 31, 2021 2020 (in thousands) $ $ $ 11,525 6,946 969 2,237 331 22,008 (16,478) $ 5,530 10,282 6,317 969 2,356 63 19,987 (14,373) 5,614 5. Intangible Assets, net The intangible assets primarily consist of $4.1 million of in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) from the acquisition of VisLab S.r.l., or VisLab, in June 2015 and $14.6 million of noncancelable software licenses, net of amortization expense. Acquired IPR&D is capitalized at fair value and the amortization commences upon completion of the underlying projects. Once research and development efforts are completed, the corresponding amount of IPR&D is reclassified as an amortizable purchased intangible asset and is amortized over its estimated useful life. As of January 31, 2021, there was no IPR&D amortized. The Company will determine the project incorporating the VisLab IPR&D to be completed when a related chip begins mass production to address the level 3 and above advanced driving assistance systems markets. The Company enters into certain internal-use noncancelable software license agreements with third parties from time-to-time. The licenses have been capitalized as intangible assets, and the corresponding future payments have been recorded as liabilities at net present value. As of January 31, 2021, $5.6 million was recorded in accrued and other current liabilities and $6.3 million was recorded in other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The carrying amounts of intangible assets as of January 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows: As of January 31, 2021 As of January 31, 2020 In-process research and development Software licenses Total acquired intangible assets Gross Carrying Amount $ $ 4,100 21,043 25,143 Accumulated Amortization (in thousands) — $ (6,440) (6,440) $ $ $ Net Carrying Amount Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount 4,100 $ 14,603 18,703 $ 4,100 27,203 31,303 $ $ $ — (13,477) (13,477) $ 4,100 13,726 17,826 During the twelve months ended January 31, 2021, there was approximately $13.5 million of software licenses retired. The amortization expense related to these software licenses was approximately $6.5 million, $5.9 million, and $4.7 million for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 respectively. The expected annual amortization expense related to these software licenses as of January 31, 2021 is as follows: Fiscal Year 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Thereafter Total future amortization expenses: There were no intangible asset impairments for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. 83 As of January 31, 2021 (in thousands) 5,926 6,269 2,408 — — — 14,603 $ $ 6. Goodwill On June 25, 2015, the Company completed the acquisition of VisLab, a privately-held Italian company that develops computer vision and intelligent control systems for automotive and other commercial applications, including advanced driver assistance systems and several generations of autonomous vehicle driving systems, for $30.0 million in cash. As a result, there was $25.3 million attributed to goodwill, $4.1 million attributed to intangible assets and $0.6 million attributed to net assets acquired. A deferred tax liability of $1.3 million related to the intangible assets was recorded to account for the difference between financial reporting and tax basis at the acquisition date, with an addition to goodwill. The Company does not amortize goodwill. There were no goodwill impairments for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. 7. Accrued and Other Current Liabilities Accrued and other current liabilities at January 31, 2021 and 2020 consisted of the following: Accrued employee compensation Accrued rebates Accrued product development costs Software license liabilities, current Other accrued liabilities Total accrued and other current liabilities As of January 31, 2021 2020 (in thousands) $ $ 18,105 $ 391 21,157 5,582 2,891 48,126 $ 16,874 54 10,885 4,388 2,769 34,970 The timing of SoC development progress and payments to outside foundries resulted in fluctuation of the accrued product development costs. 8. Leases The Company has entered into various operating leases for its worldwide office buildings and research and development facilities. For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2020, the Company exercised the renewal option to extend its U.S. office lease for a period of 63 months beginning from June 1, 2020 through August 31, 2025 and renewed its Shanghai office lease for another two years beginning from December 1, 2019 to November 30, 2021. The Company accounted these two renewed contracts as lease modifications and recorded an increase to the operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities by approximately $4.0 million, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheets. In August 2019, the Company also signed a separate lease for additional space for its U.S. office for a period of 56 months beginning from January 1, 2021 through August 31, 2025. In October 2020, the expansion premise lease agreement was amended to allow the Company to access the additional space one month early starting from the December 1, 2020. The Company recorded an increase to the operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities by approximately $1.6 million, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet upon commencement date on December 1, 2020. In August 2019, VisLab, a wholly-owned subsidiary, was granted a land lease for 35 years with an obligation to construct a building on the land in line with architectural requirements from the lessor in Parma, Italy (“Parma lease”). The Company will be responsible for the costs of construction and occupy the building after completion of construction for the remainder of the lease term. At the end of the lease, the land together with the building and all of the improvements will revert to the lessor. The Parma lease will be recorded in the balance sheet upon completion of the building construction, which is expected to be two years after the lease inception date. Any payments made prior to completion of construction will be recorded as prepayments of the lease in other non-current assets in the consolidated balance sheets. There have been no payments made for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021. The total estimated future undiscounted cash payments are approximately $2.2 million, of which $1.8 million will be paid in the construction phase and the remaining balance of $0.4 million will be paid over the remainder of the lease term. For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021 and January 31, 2020, the Company recorded approximately $3.0 million of operating lease expense under ASC 842. Approximately $4.6 million of operating lease expense was recorded for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019 under ASC 840. The Company's short-term leases and finance leases are immaterial as of January 31, 2021. 84 Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows: Cash paid for operating leases included in operating cash flows Supplemental non-cash information related to lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets Leased assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities arising from lease modifications $ $ $ 2,416 348 2,440 As of January 31, 2021, the weighted average remaining lease term is 4.32 years, and the weighted average discount rate is 4.11 percent. Future minimum lease payments for the lease liabilities, excluding the Parma lease described above, are as follows: Year Ended January 31, 2021 (in thousands) Fiscal Year 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Thereafter Total future annual minimum lease payments Less: interest Total lease liabilities 9. Other Long-Term Liabilities Other long-term liabilities at January 31, 2021 and 2020 consisted of the following: Unrecognized tax benefits, including interest Deferred tax liabilities, non-current Software license liabilities, non-current Other long-term liabilities Total other long-term liabilities 10. Capital Stock Preference shares As of January 31, 2021 (in thousands) $ $ 2021 As of January 31, (in thousands) 2020 $ $ 8,966 1,288 6,259 299 16,812 $ $ 3,217 2,315 2,095 2,153 1,171 277 11,228 (792) 10,436 8,261 1,288 8,159 68 17,776 After completion of the Company’s initial public offering, or IPO in 2012, a total of 20,000,000 preference shares, with a $0.00045 par value per share, were authorized. There were no preference shares issued and outstanding as of January 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. 85 Ordinary shares As of January 31, 2021 and January 31, 2020, the following ordinary shares were reserved for future issuance under the EIP and ESPP: Shares reserved for options, restricted stock and restricted stock units Shares reserved for employee stock purchase plan As of January 31, 2021 5,981,741 2,299,143 2020 6,045,108 2,059,504 Shares repurchased On May 29, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase up to $50.0 million of the Company’s ordinary shares commencing immediately through June 30, 2020. On March 16, 2020, the Company repurchased a total of 25,719 shares for approximately $1.0 million in cash. On May 29, 2020, the Board approved an extension of this program for an additional twelve months, ending June 30, 2021. Since the inception of the repurchase programs in June 2016, a total of $275.0 million has been authorized and a total of 4,011,595 shares have been repurchased for approximately $175.8 million in cash. Repurchases may be made from time-to-time through open market purchases, 10b5-1 plans or privately negotiated transactions subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements and other relevant factors. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of ordinary shares, and it may be suspended at any time at the Company’s discretion. The repurchase program is funded using the Company’s working capital and any repurchased shares are recorded as authorized but unissued shares. As of January 31, 2021, there was $49.0 million available for repurchases under the repurchase program through June 30, 2021. 11. Employee Benefits and Stock-based Compensation 401(k) Plan The Company maintains a defined contribution 401(k) plan (the “401(k) Plan”) for all of its eligible U.S. employees. Under the 401(k) Plan, eligible employees may contribute up to the Internal Revenue Service annual contribution limitation. The Company is responsible for administrative costs of the Plan. The Company has not had any matching contributions to date. Stock Option Plans 2004 Stock Plan. The 2004 Stock Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options (“ISOs”) within the meaning of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), nonstatutory stock options (“NSOs”), stock purchase rights to acquire restricted stock and restricted stock units. Upon the completion of the IPO, no additional awards will be granted under the 2004 Plan and the 2004 Plan was terminated. However, all outstanding stock options and other awards previously granted under the 2004 Plan will remain subject to the terms of the 2004 Plan. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan. The 2012 Equity Incentive Plan, or EIP, permits the grant of ISOs, within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code, to employees of the Company and any of the Company’s subsidiary corporations, and the grant of NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units, performance shares, deferred stock units and dividend equivalents to employees, directors and consultants of the Company and any of the Company’s subsidiary corporations’ employees and consultants. The exercise price of ISOs granted to a holder of more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of the Company’s shares shall be no less than 110% of fair market value on the grant date. The exercise price of ISOs granted to other employees and NSOs shall be no less than 100% of fair market value on the grant date. Options granted under the Plan have a term of up to 10 years from grant date. Options granted to new employees generally vest 25% on the first anniversary service date of the grant and remainder vest ratably over the following 36 months. Restricted stock and restricted stock units granted to new employees generally vest as to 1/4th of the shares on the first anniversary service date of the grant and 1/16th of the shares vest every 3 months thereafter, so as to be 100% vested on the fourth anniversary of the vesting commencement date. 86 Vesting schedules for other service condition, market condition or performance condition awards vary and are subject to approval by the board of directors; provided that the performance condition associated awards shall not vest at all until the performance conditions are achieved and are subject to the award’s holders continuing to provide services to the Company through such vesting dates. The performance condition awards are automatically forfeited in their entirety, without any cost to or action by the Company, if there has been no achievement of the performance. The holders of restricted stock have voting power and other rights with respect to such shares, provided, however, that such shares are held in escrow and subject to forfeiture until the shares vested. In the first quarter of fiscal year 2021 and 2020, the Company added 1,521,252 and 1,453,659 ordinary shares, respectively, to the ordinary shares reserved for issuance, pursuant to an “evergreen” provision contained in the EIP. Pursuant to such provision, on February 1st of each fiscal year, the number of ordinary shares reserved for issuance under the EIP is automatically increased by a number equal to the lesser of (i) 3,500,000 ordinary shares, (ii) four and one half percent (4.5%) of the aggregate number of ordinary shares outstanding on January 31st of the preceding fiscal year, or (iii) a lesser number of shares that may be determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. Amended and Restated 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. The Amended and Restated 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP, permits eligible participants to purchase ordinary shares at a discount through contributions up to 15% of their eligible compensation, subject to any IRS limitations. The ESPP provides each offering and purchasing period of six months in duration. The purchase price is 85% of the lower of the closing price of the Company’s ordinary shares on the first trading day of each offering period or on the purchase date. In the first quarter of fiscal year 2021 and 2020, the Company added 422,570 and 403,794 ordinary shares, respectively, to the ordinary shares reserved for issuance, pursuant to an “evergreen” provision contained in the ESPP. Pursuant to such provision, on February 1st of each fiscal year, the number of ordinary shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP is automatically increased by a number equal to the lesser of (i) 1,500,000 ordinary shares, (ii) one and one quarter percent (1.25%) of the aggregate number of ordinary shares outstanding on such date, or (iii) an amount determined by the Company’s Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors. Stock-based Compensation The following table presents the classification of stock-based compensation for the periods indicated: Stock-based compensation: Cost of revenue Research and development Selling, general and administrative Total stock-based compensation 2021 Year Ended January 31, 2020 (in thousands) 2019 $ $ 1,328 42,903 25,903 70,134 $ $ 1,184 41,842 23,845 66,871 $ $ 1,261 37,432 22,119 60,812 For the twelve months ended January 31, 2021, approximately $4.4 million of stock-based compensation expense was accrued in accrued and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. As of January 31, 2021, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options was $3.1 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.40 years. Total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units was $123.9 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.35 years. The restricted stock awards were fully vested as of January 31, 2021. 87 The following table sets forth the weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the stock options and employee stock purchase plan awards for the periods indicated: Stock Options: Volatility Risk-free interest rate Expected term (years) Dividend yield Employee stock purchase plan awards: Volatility Risk-free interest rate Expected term (years) Dividend yield 2021 Year Ended January 31, 2020 2019 52% 0.52% 5.78 0% 59% 0.21% 0.5 0% 52% 1.82% 6.01 0% 47% 2.23% 0.5 0% 54% 2.77% 5.41 0% 45% 2.15% 0.5 0% Starting from fiscal year 2019, the Company calculates expected volatility for stock options based on its own historical stock price for a period commensurate with the expected term. In the prior fiscal year, the Company calculated expected volatility for stock options based on the weighted average of historical volatilities of its own stock price and the stock prices of similar companies that are publicly available for a period commensurate with the expected term. The Company calculates expected volatility for ESPP based on its own historical stock price for a period commensurate with the offering period. The following table summarizes stock option activities for the periods indicated: Option Outstanding Weighted- Average Exercise Price Shares Weighted- Average Grant-date Fair Value 21.75 Outstanding at January 31, 2018 Granted Exercised Forfeited Expired Outstanding at January 31, 2019 Granted Exercised Forfeited Expired Outstanding at January 31, 2020 Granted Exercised Forfeited Expired Outstanding at January 31, 2021 Exercisable at January 31, 2021 1,611,344 $ 116,600 (232,205) (20,974) (15,701) 1,459,064 66,850 (366,886) (14,931) (19,451) 1,124,646 51,200 (421,736) (11,618) (23,349) 719,143 $ 592,729 $ 24.56 42.73 $ 5.54 53.50 54.35 28.31 50.56 $ 15.52 46.29 64.53 32.93 59.54 $ 24.52 46.69 70.11 38.33 35.27 Weighted- Total Intrinsic Value of options Average Remaining Contractual Exercised (in thousands) Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) $ 8,867 25.35 $ 13,263 28.37 $ 19,401 4.42 $ 3.56 $ 40,358 35,092 The intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable is calculated based on the difference between the fair market value of the Company’s ordinary shares on the reporting date and the exercise price. The closing price of the Company’s stock was $94.36 on January 29, 2021, as reported by The NASDAQ Global Market. The intrinsic value of exercised options is calculated based on the difference between the fair market value of the Company’s stock on the exercise date and the exercise price. 88 The following table summarizes restricted stock and restricted stock units activities for the periods indicated: Unvested at January 31, 2018 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested at January 31, 2019 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested at January 31, 2020 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested at January 31, 2021 Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value 56.45 40.03 53.27 53.57 48.49 54.54 51.24 54.26 50.30 53.45 50.53 54.48 51.73 Shares 2,103,281 $ 1,367,751 (994,500) (81,016) 2,395,516 1,329,288 (1,012,581) (94,957) 2,617,266 1,499,203 (1,162,883) (81,785) 2,871,801 $ Total fair value as of the respective vesting dates of restricted stock and restricted stock units vested for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was approximately $69.0 million, $52.1 million, and $42.9 million, respectively. As of January 31, 2021, the aggregate intrinsic value of unvested restricted stock units was $271.0 million. 12. Net Loss Per Ordinary Share The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share for the periods indicated: Numerator: Net loss Denominator: Weighted-average ordinary shares - basic Weighted-average ordinary shares - diluted Net loss per ordinary share: Basic Diluted Year Ended January 31, 2021 2019 2020 (in thousands, except share and per share data) $ (59,786) $ (44,792) $ (30,447) 34,679,717 33,083,562 32,713,606 34,679,717 33,083,562 32,713,606 $ $ (1.72) $ (1.72) $ (1.35) $ (1.35) $ (0.93) (0.93) The following weighted-average potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per ordinary share as their effect would have been antidilutive: Options to purchase ordinary shares Restricted stock and restricted stock units Employee stock purchase plan 2021 660,025 1,440,176 27,789 2,127,990 Year Ended January 31, 2020 913,678 1,139,269 8,530 2,061,477 2019 1,190,607 1,522,903 26,831 2,740,341 89 13. Income Taxes Loss before income taxes consisted of the following for the periods indicated: U.S. operations Non-U.S. operations Loss before income taxes 2021 Year Ended January 31, 2020 (in thousands) 2019 $ $ 8 $ (57,311) (57,303) $ 845 $ (42,473) (41,628) $ 1,381 (35,933) (34,552) Income tax provision (benefit) consisted of the following for the periods indicated: Current: U.S. federal tax U.S. state taxes Non-U.S. foreign taxes Deferred: U.S. federal tax U.S. state taxes Non-U.S. foreign taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes 2021 Year Ended January 31, 2020 (in thousands) 2019 $ $ $ 1,705 256 1,019 2,980 (432) — (65) (497) $ 2,483 $ 1,440 3 1,540 2,983 182 — (1) 181 3,164 $ 1,290 2 1,561 2,853 (7,077) — 119 (6,958) (4,105) The Company consists of a Cayman Islands parent company with various foreign and U.S. Subsidiaries. Effective December 31, 2019, the Company has structured its activities to comply with the International Tax Co-Operation (Economic Substance) Law, 2018 in the Cayman Islands. As part of the new structure, the Company is the general partner of a Canadian limited partnership, the ultimate beneficial owner, and is allocated all of the earnings of the partnership. The primary jurisdiction where our foreign earnings are derived is the Cayman Islands, where the Company is domiciled. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on its income. For purposes of the reconciliation between the provision (benefit) for income taxes at the statutory rate and the effective tax rate, a notional U.S. 21% rate is applied to pretax income (loss) as a result of the following for the periods indicated, respectively: Provision at U.S. notional statutory rate U.S. state taxes Non-U.S. foreign tax differential Stock-based compensation U.S. R&D credit Valuation allowance Other Provision (benefit) for income taxes 2021 Year Ended January 31, 2020 (in thousands) 2019 $ $ (12,034) $ 212 12,989 4,943 (3,928) — 301 2,483 $ (8,742) $ 3 10,458 4,172 (3,109) — 382 3,164 $ (7,256) 2 9,226 4,715 (2,770) (7,990) (32) (4,105) On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was enacted into law in the United States. The tax legislation contains several provisions that impacted the Company, including the reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, acceleration of business asset expensing, and a reduction in the amount of executive pay that may qualify as a tax deduction, among others. The income tax benefit recorded for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019 includes the impact of the Tax Act. 90 On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), P.L. 116-136, was passed into law, amending portions of certain relevant US tax laws. The CARES Act includes a number of federal income tax law changes, including, but not limited to: 1) permitting net operating loss carrybacks to offset 100% of taxable income for taxable years beginning before 2021, 2) accelerating alternative minimum tax credit refunds, 3) temporarily increasing the allowable business interest deduction from 30% to 50% of adjusted taxable income, and 4) providing a technical correction for depreciation related to qualified improvement property. The CARES Act also provides for an Employee Retention Credit, a fully refundable payroll tax credit for certain eligible employers, and the ability for all eligible employers to defer payment of the employer share of payroll taxes owed on wages paid for the period ending December 31, 2020. The Company evaluated the impact of the CARES Act and does not expect it will have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. Temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities at January 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows: Deferred tax assets: Federal and state credits Expenses not currently deductible Operating lease liabilities Stock-based compensation Foreign deferred Gross deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities Property and equipment Operating lease assets Net deferred tax assets As of January 31, 2021 2020 (in thousands) $ $ $ $ 24,394 939 2,144 3,349 184 31,010 (17,962) $ 13,048 (1,443) (1,978) $ 9,627 21,275 593 2,023 3,203 132 27,226 (14,670) 12,556 (1,469) (1,974) 9,113 Tax valuation allowance for the periods indicated below were as follows: Tax Valuation Allowance Year ended January 31, 2021 Year ended January 31, 2020 Year ended January 31, 2019 Balance at Beginning of Period Additional Charged to Expenses Additions Charged to Other Account (in thousands) Deductions Charged to Expenses or Other Accounts Balance at End of Period $ $ $ 14,670 12,526 18,538 3,292 2,144 1,978 — — — — $ — $ (7,990) $ 17,962 14,670 12,526 The Company conducts its business in several countries and regions and is subject to taxation in those jurisdictions. The Company is incorporated in the Cayman Islands with foreign subsidiaries in the U.S., China, Taiwan, Italy and other foreign countries and regions. As such, the Company’s worldwide operating income is subject to varying tax rates and its effective tax rate is highly dependent upon the geographic distribution of its earnings or losses and the tax laws and regulations in each geographical region. Consequently, the Company has experienced lower effective tax rates as a substantial amount of its operations are conducted in lower-tax jurisdictions. If the Company’s operational structure was to change in such a manner that would increase the amount of operating income subject to taxation in higher-tax jurisdictions, or if the Company was to commence operations in jurisdictions assessing relatively higher tax rates, its effective tax rate could fluctuate significantly on a quarterly basis and/or be adversely affected. Dividend distributions received from the Company’s U.S. subsidiary and certain other foreign subsidiaries may be subject to local country withholding taxes when, and if, distributed. Deferred tax liabilities have not been recorded on unremitted earnings of certain subsidiaries because management’s intent is to indefinitely reinvest any undistributed earnings in those subsidiaries. If dividend distributions from those subsidiaries were to occur, the liability as of January 31, 2021 would be $12.4 million. Cumulative undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries for which no deferred taxes have been provided approximated $85.1 million at January 31, 2021. 91 As of January 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had deferred tax assets (net of deferred tax liabilities) before valuation allowance, of $27.6 million and $23.8 million, respectively. The Company assesses whether a valuation allowance should be established against its deferred tax assets based on the consideration of all available evidence, using a “more likely than not” standard. The Company has $2.7 million of California net operating loss carryforwards as of January 31, 2021. The California net operating loss carryforwards begin to expire in fiscal year 2036, if not utilized. For financial statement purposes these carry forwards are offset by uncertain tax positions. The Company also has Federal and California state research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $22.4 million and $27.1 million, respectively, at January 31, 2021. The Federal credits begin to expire in fiscal year 2035. The California credits can be carried forward indefinitely. The Company reports its U.S. state deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance, net of the U.S federal tax rate of 21%. As of January 31, 2021, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance of $18.0 million against all of its U.S. state deferred tax assets due to uncertainty regarding the future utilization of these deferred tax assets. Utilization of the research credit carryforwards may be subject to an annual limitation due to the ownership percentage change limitations as defined by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code Section 382, as amended, and similar state provisions. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of the U.S. Federal and state research credit carryforwards before utilization. The Company does not expect any tax credit carryforwards to expire as a result of a Section 382 limitation. The Company applies the provisions of FASB’s guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. As of January 31, 2021, the Company had approximately $27.3 million in unrecognized tax benefits, $21.4 million of which would affect the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized. The remainder of the unrecognized tax benefits would not affect the effective tax rate due to the full valuation recorded for state deferred tax assets. The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits: Beginning balance: Additions based on tax positions related to the current year Additions for tax positions of prior years Reductions for tax positions in prior years Settlements for prior periods Lapse of applicable statute of limitations Ending balance: $ 2021 Year Ended January 31, 2020 (in thousands) 2019 $ 42,695 $ 37,531 $ 34,117 3,360 16 (12,483) (6,087) (245) $ 27,256 4,964 252 — — (52) $ 42,695 3,922 109 (552) — (65) 37,531 The Company classified $7.9 million and $7.5 million of income tax liabilities as other long-term liabilities as of January 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, because payment of cash or settlement is not anticipated within one year from the balance sheet date. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. The Company recorded $283,000 and $358,000 and $263,000 of interest expense and penalties related to uncertain tax positions for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company recorded noncurrent liabilities of $1,043,000 and $760,000 related to interest and penalties for uncertain tax positions at January 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The primary jurisdiction where our foreign earnings are derived is the Cayman Islands, where the Company is domiciled. The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction as well as many U.S. state and foreign jurisdictions. The Internal Revenue Service is currently examining the Company’s U.S. federal income tax return for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017. The tax years 2013 to 2020 remain open to examination by U.S. federal tax authorities. The tax years 2009 to 2020 remain open to examination by U.S. state tax authorities. The tax years 2015 to 2020 remain open to examination by foreign tax authorities. Fiscal years outside of the normal statute of limitations remain open to audit by tax authorities due to tax attributes generated in those earlier years, which have been carried forward and may be audited in subsequent years when utilized. 92 The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from potential tax examinations to determine the adequacy of its provision for income taxes. These assessments can require considerable estimates and judgments. During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021, the gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits decreased by $15.4 million to $27.3 million. The decrease was primarily due to changes to our uncertain tax positions from adjustments arising from tax return filings based on our ongoing exam with the Internal Revenue Service. If the estimates of income tax liabilities prove to be less than the ultimate assessment, then a further charge to expense could be required. If events occur, and the payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities could result in tax benefits being recognized in the period in which the Company determines the liabilities are no longer necessary. The Company does not anticipate significant changes to its uncertain tax positions during the next twelve months. As of January 31, 2021, the Company’s long-term income taxes payable, including estimated interest and penalties, was approximately $9.0 million. The Company was unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of the timing of payments in individual years due to uncertainties in the timing of tax audits, if any, or their outcomes. On July 27, 2015, the United States Tax Court issued a decision (“Tax Court Decision”) in Altera Corp. v. Commissioner, which concluded that related parties in a cost sharing arrangement are not required to share expenses related to share-based compensation. The Tax Court Decision was appealed by the Commissioner to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals (“Ninth Circuit”). On June 7, 2019, the Ninth Circuit issued an opinion that reversed the Tax Court Decision. On July 22, 2019, the taxpayer requested a rehearing before the full Ninth Circuit and the request was denied on November 12, 2019. On February 10, 2020, the taxpayer filed a petition to appeal the decision with the Supreme Court of the United States which was denied on June 22, 2020. The denial of the request by the Supreme Court did not have a material impact to the Company’s provision for income taxes. 14. Commitments and Contingencies Contract Manufacturer Commitments The Company’s components and products are procured and built by independent contract manufacturers based on sales forecasts. These forecasts include estimates of future demand, historical trends, analysis of sales and marketing activities, and adjustment of overall market conditions. The Company regularly issues purchase orders to independent contract manufacturers which are cancelable only upon the agreement between the Company and the third- party. As of January 31, 2021 and 2020, total manufacturing purchase commitments were approximately $48.2 million and $35.9 million, respectively. Indemnification The Company, from time to time, in the normal course of business, indemnifies certain vendors with whom it enters into contractual relationships. The Company has agreed to hold the other party harmless against third-party claims in connection with the Company’s future products. The Company also indemnifies certain customers against third-party claims related to certain intellectual property matters. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential amount of liability under these indemnification obligations due to the limited history of prior indemnification claims and the unique facts and circumstances that are likely to be involved in each particular claim. The Company has not made payments under these obligations and no liabilities have been recorded for these obligations on the consolidated balance sheets as of January 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. 15. Segment Reporting The Company operates in one reportable segment related to the development and sales of low-power, high-definition (HD), Ultra HD video compression, image processing and computer vision solutions. The Chief Executive Officer of the Company has been identified as the Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”) and manages the Company’s operations as a whole. For the purpose of evaluating financial performance and allocating resources, the CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis accompanied by information by customer and geographic region. 93 Geographic Revenue The following table sets forth the Company’s revenue by geographic region based on bill-to location for the periods indicated. Taiwan Asia Pacific Europe North America other than United States United States Total revenue 2021 Year Ended January 31, 2020 (in thousands) 2019 $ $ 139,327 $ 57,270 9,415 10,304 6,674 222,990 $ 137,946 $ 66,867 11,134 8,402 4,383 228,732 $ 132,199 66,981 18,244 7,028 3,316 227,768 Substantially all of the Company’s property and equipment were located in the United States, Asia Pacific region and Europe. As of January 31, 2021, the net amount of these fixed assets located in these regions was approximate $2.0 million, $2.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively. As of January 31, 2020, the net amount of these fixed assets located in these regions was approximately $1.7 million, $2.8million and $1.1 million, respectively. Major Customers The customers representing 10% or more of revenue and accounts receivable for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021 were Wintech and Chicony which accounted for approximately 63% and 16% of total revenue, respectively. For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2020, the customers representing 10% or more of revenue and accounts receivable were Wintech and Chicony which accounted for approximately 60% and 18% of total revenue, respectively. For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019, the customers representing 10% or more of revenue and accounts receivables were Wintech and Chicony which accounted for approximately 58% and 16% of total revenue, respectively. Accounts receivable from Wintech and Chicony accounted for approximately $12.0 million and $8.6 million as of January 31, 2021, respectively. Accounts receivable from Wintech and Chicony accounted for approximately $3.8 million and $10.8 million as of January 31, 2020, respectively. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 94 Exhibit Number 2.1(1) EXHIBITS INDEX Description Quota Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 25, 2015, by and among the Registrant, the University of Parma, Alberto Broggi, Massimo Bertozzi, Paolo Grisler, Pietro Cerri, Rean Fedriga, Paolo Medici, Luca Bombini, Stefano Cattani, Mirko Felisa, Pier Paolo Porta, and Paolo Zani. 3.1(2) Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association and Second Amended and Restated Articles of Association of Ambarella, Inc. 4.1(11) Description of Share Capital of Ambarella, Inc. 10.1.1(2)* Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Plan 10.1.2(3)* Form of Stock Option Agreement under Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Plan 10.1.3(2)* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Plan 10.2.1(4)* Amended and Restated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan 10.2.2(2)* Form of Stock Option Agreement under 2012 Equity Incentive Plan 10.2.3(2)* Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under 2012 Equity Incentive Plan 10.2.4(2)* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under 2012 Equity Incentive Plan 10.2.5(4)* Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under 2012 Equity Incentive Plan 10.3(1)* Amended and Restated 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan 10.4(2)* Form of Indemnification Agreement 10.5(7)* Offer Letter entered into by Ambarella Corp. with Kevin C. “Casey” Eichler dated July 26, 2018 10.6.1(3)* Form of Change of Control and Severance Agreement, entered into by Ambarella, Inc. with the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Technology Officer 10.6.2(7)* Form of Amended and Restated Change of Control and Severance Agreement, entered into by Ambarella, Inc. with executive officers other than the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Technology Officer 10.7.7(8)* Description of Executive Bonus Plan for Fiscal Year 2020 10.7.8(12)* Description of Executive Bonus Plan for Fiscal Year 2021 10.8.1(5) Sales Representative Agreement dated January 31, 2011 by and between Ambarella, Inc. and WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd. 10.8.2(5) Amendment No. 1 to Sales Representative Agreement dated February 1, 2012 by and between Ambarella, Inc. and WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd. 10.8.3(6) Amendment No. 2 to Sales Representative Agreement dated October 1, 2012 by and between Ambarella, Inc. and WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd. 10.8.4(1) Amendment to the Sales Representative Agreement dated August 1, 2015 by and between Ambarella, Inc. and WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd. 10.8.5(9) Amendment to the Sales Representative Agreement dated June 1, 2019 by and between Ambarella, Inc. and WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd. 10.9.1(10) Standard Lease between Ambarella Corporation and The Realty Associates Fund XI Portfolio, L.P., dated as of August 8, 2019 21.1(11) List of subsidiaries of Ambarella, Inc. 23.1 24.1 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm Power of Attorney (included in signature page) 95 31.1 31.2 Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended 32.1± Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. §1350 101.INS 101.SCH 101.CAL 101.DEF 101.LAB 101.PRE Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Schema Linkbase Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Labels Linkbase Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document 104 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) * ± The cover page from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021, has been formatted in Inline XBRL and included in Exhibit 101 Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-Q filed on September 8, 2015. Incorporated by reference to the Form S-1/A (No. 333-174838) filed on September 13, 2012. Incorporated by reference to the Form S-1 (No. 333-174838) filed on June 10, 2011. Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K filed on March 30, 2017. Incorporated by reference to the Form S-1/A (No. 333-174838) filed on September 26, 2012. Incorporated by reference to the Form S-1/A (No. 333-174838) filed on October 5, 2012. Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-Q filed on September 7, 2018. Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2019. Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-Q filed on September 6, 2019. Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-Q filed on December 6, 2019. Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K filed on March 27, 2020. Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on March 4, 2021. Management contracts or compensation plans or arrangements in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K and SEC Release No. 33-8238 and 34-47986, Final Rule: Management’s Reports on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and Certification of Disclosure in Exchange Act Periodic Reports, the certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10-K and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act. Such certifications will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference. 96 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on March 31, 2021. SIGNATURES AMBARELLA, INC. By: /s/ Kevin C. Eichler Kevin C. Eichler, Chief Financial Officer POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Kevin C. Eichler as his true and lawful agent, proxy and attorney-in-fact, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to (i) act on, sign, and file with the Securities and Exchange Commission any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, together with all schedules and exhibits thereto, (ii) act on, sign, and file such certificates, instruments, agreements and other documents as may be necessary or appropriate in connection therewith, and (iii) take any and all actions that may be necessary or appropriate to be done, as fully for all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby approving, ratifying and confirming all that such agent, proxy and attorney-in-fact or any of his substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on March 31, 2021. 97 Signature /s/ Feng-Ming Wang Feng-Ming Wang /s/ Kevin C. Eichler Kevin C. Eichler /s/ Leslie D. Kohn Leslie D. Kohn /s/ Chenming C. Hu Chenming C. Hu /s/ Christopher B. Paisley Christopher B. Paisley /s/ D. Jeffrey Richardson D. Jeffrey Richardson /s/ Hsiao-Wuen Hon Hsiao-Wuen Hon /s/ Andrew W. Verhalen Andrew W. Verhalen /s/ Teresa H Meng Teresa H Meng /s/ Elizabeth M. Schwarting Elizabeth M. Schwarting Title President, Chief Executive Officer, Executive Chairman and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Chief Technical Officer and Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 98 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Exhibit 23.1 We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-184506, 333-187730, 333-195078, 333-203094, 333-210405, 333-217037, 333-224052, 333-230603, and 333-237439) of Ambarella, Inc. of our report dated March 31, 2021 relating to the financial statements and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10-K. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP San Jose, California March 31, 2021 CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Exhibit 31.1 I, Feng-Ming Wang, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Ambarella, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 31, 2021 /s/ Feng-Ming Wang Feng-Ming Wang President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Exhibit 31.2 I, Kevin C. Eichler, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Ambarella, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 31, 2021 /s/ Kevin C. Eichler Kevin C. Eichler Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32.1 I, Feng-Ming Wang, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that the Annual Report of Ambarella, Inc. on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that information contained in such Annual Report on Form 10-K fairly presents in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations of Ambarella, Inc. Date: March 31, 2021 By: Name: Title: /s/ Feng-Ming Wang Feng-Ming Wang President and Chief Executive Officer I, Kevin C. Eichler, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that the Annual Report of Ambarella, Inc. on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that information contained in such Annual Report on Form 10-K fairly presents in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations of Ambarella, Inc. Date: March 31, 2021 By: Name: Title: /s/ Kevin C. Eichler Kevin C. Eichler Chief Financial Officer 

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