American Water Works Company Annual Report 2019

Plain-text annual report

2019 ANNUAL REPORT T H INK I NG A H E A D S E E IN G B E YON D Meeting the challenges of a changing world WE KEEP LIFE FLOWING® T O O U R S H A R E H O L D E R S , In 2019, American Water not only achieved its goals, but also continued to set the pace for the entire water and wastewater industry. The company’s 2019 ﬁnancial performance, detailed in this report, gives the board of directors conﬁdence that the company continues to grow responsibly and is well-positioned for the future. This was especially true of American Water’s ﬁnancial performance in 2019. With a total shareholder return (TSR) for the year of 37.8%, the company exceeded both the UTY Utility Sector (26.8%) and the S&P 500 (31.5%). American Water continues to be on course to achieve its target of the high end of its 7% to 10% long-term diluted earnings per share (EPS) target compound annual growth rate. This strong performance enabled the board to increase the dividend by 9.9% in the second quarter of 2019, from 45.5 cents to 50 cents per share. With a disciplined strategy for growth, a corporate culture built on strong and productive values, and the conﬁdence of our stakeholders—who contribute so signiﬁcantly to the company’s record of achievement—we look forward to many successful and proﬁtable years to come. 37.8% RETURN TOTAL SHAREHOLDER RETURN On behalf of the American Water board of directors, I would like to thank our shareholders, communities and business partners for their continued trust and support. I look forward to meeting many of you at our Annual Meeting of Shareholders on Wednesday, May 13, in Camden, New Jersey. Thank you for being an essential part of American Water. Sincerely, Karl F. Kurz Chairman of the Board 2 • AMERICAN WATER D E A R F E L L O W S H A R E H O L D E R , As I turn over the reins of American Water this year after six years as CEO, I’m pleased to report that in 2019 the employees of our great company continued to achieve strong, consistent and sustainable ﬁnancial results—built on doing the right things the right way. We had an especially strong year in 2019. Adjusted earnings per share grew 9.4% year over year; we added 53,200 new regulated customers from 21 acquisitions and another 14,000 through organic growth; we invested a record $1.9 billion in capital; and we led the industry in the development and deployment of new technology to provide the highest water quality and personalized customer service. Numbers are important. But it’s what we do day in and day out that really matters. At American Water, we know that what we do is not just a job—it’s a true calling. At the end of our water pipes, the people we serve trust that the water they and their families drink is safe. We know that lives could depend on ﬁre protection services being reliable and available. And we know that wastewater treatment plants help guard against disease. Our services are fundamental and critical for health. Water and wastewater services truly keep life ﬂowing. We touch millions of people in their homes and businesses every day. For 134 years, our service has been an essential part of so many of life’s most precious moments. We’ve ﬁlled babies’ ﬁrst baths, toasted a wide array of achievements around dinner tables, disinfected surgeons’ lifesaving hands, irrigated farmers’ nourishing ﬁelds and saved homes from devastating ﬁres. Who makes these moments possible? Every person who works—and ever has worked—at American Water. Our history is full of skilled, knowledgeable, innovative, dedicated and caring employees, each of whom is a critical thread in the rich and diverse tapestry that is American Water. Our tapestry consists of threads that include amazing stories of how our company and our people have lived our purpose and values through their hard work and sacriﬁces since 1886. While each thread is vibrant and beautiful by itself, the combination is extraordinary and is what makes American Water great. It has been an honor to work with the incredible men and women of American Water to serve our customers and make our communities better. Most people never get the privilege of working with their heroes every day. I do, and it has made my time at this great company a true joy. I am also very excited to be leaving this amazing company in the incredibly talented and experienced hands of Walter Lynch. Walter has been a key and critical leader for American Water for 20 years. He knows our business, our people, our customers and our communities. He brings a wealth of knowledge and understanding of who we are and how we “do well by doing good.” He has served our country honorably as a West Point graduate and an Army veteran, and brings that same strong character and sense of honor to everything he does. We all as shareholders welcome Walter as the new president and chief executive ofﬁcer of American Water. He will continue to weave the amazing tapestry that is American Water well into the future. Sincerely, Susan Story President and Chief Executive Ofﬁcer (Retired) 2019 ANNUAL REPORT • 3 D E A R F E L L O W S H A R E H O L D E R , It is with great pleasure that American Water is sharing with you another solid year of results. Our success is rooted in our values—safety, trust, environmental leadership, teamwork and high performance. It is delivered by the outstanding people who proudly work for our company. It can be seen in the year-over-year increase we achieved in revenue, net income and earnings per share. It is reﬂected in the investments we have made, approximately $1.9 billion in 2019, to help ensure the quality and reliability of the services we provide. And it is the reason we have been able to provide water and wastewater solutions across the U.S. In this report, you will read about how we live our values and successfully execute our strategies. Nothing matters more than safety. It is and will remain a value and a strategy at American Water. We challenged ourselves to zero, meaning no one gets hurt anywhere, at any time, at American Water. Safety also means the quality of the water we provide. Simply put, we work hard to get the fundamentals of our business right—better than anyone else—and that starts and ends with the quality of our water. We also put our customers at the center of every decision we make. That means listening to them, asking them about their journey with us and learning how we can enhance that experience. It means listening to our people to give them the tools and technology they need to address customer needs. And it means working to be as efﬁcient as possible. In fact, our adjusted O&M expenses are just slightly higher today than they were in 2010. Since then, we have added approximately 270,000 customer connections, while expenses have increased at a compound annual growth rate of only 0.6%. We are extremely proud of our employees’ focus and commitment to our customers, as it is the key factor when communities ask us to help solve their water and wastewater challenges. We are also very proud to have closed on 21 acquisitions in eight different states in 2019, because we know we can make communities better by being there. Many of these were wastewater acquisitions where we already serve water customers. It just makes sense for us to address a town’s wastewater challenges when we are already part of their community. Our disciplined growth extends to our market-based businesses as well. Last year we were awarded Department of Defense contracts for the water and wastewater systems at Joint Base San Antonio in Texas and the United States Military Academy at West Point in New York. We now provide water and wastewater services on 16 bases across the U.S., and it is a true honor to serve the men and women who serve our country. 4 • AMERICAN WATER We also continue to grow Homeowner Services, most recently launching a partnership with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. This represents about 100,000 potential new customers for that business. As we build on the successes of 2019, we are positioning the company to continue to succeed in 2020 and beyond. We remain a regulated water utility at our core, with a low-risk and predictable growth story. We plan to invest $20 to $22 billion in capital over the next 10 years. And this will be balanced by our continuing O&M cost-control efforts, constructive regulatory and legislative policy, and technology deployment. The successful execution of our strategies enables our strong environmental, social and governance performance, which again is directly tied to our values. In Early 2019, American Water was named to the Global 100 Index as one of the world’s 100 most sustainable companies. We were the only U.S.-based utility named to that list. Additionally, we were named to Barron’s 100 Most Sustainable Companies for the third NAMED TO THE GLOBAL 100 INDEX AS ONE OF THE WORLD’S 100 MOST SUSTAINABLE COMPANIES year in a row. Regulatory execution and strong results from our market-based businesses also allow us to consistently deliver on our earnings commitment. We achieved a ﬁve-year total shareholder return (TSR) of 155%, compared with the S&P 500’s ﬁve-year TSR of 74%. We believe that delivering on results, combined with our strong earnings growth and superior dividend growth expectations, provides excellent value for our investors. On behalf of the company, we want to thank you for your continued support. We are conﬁdent in our ability to achieve long-term growth while providing safe, reliable and affordable services to our customers. We are excited about the future and hope that you are too. Sincerely, Walter Lynch President and Chief Executive Ofﬁcer 2019 ANNUAL REPORT • 5 C U S T O M E R S E R V I C E : I T ’ S A L L I N T H E E X P E R I E N C E Every day across this country, from one ocean to the other, more than 15 million people expect the best from us. Clean, safe water for refreshment, for cooking and washing, for growing food, for business and industry, and for protection from ﬁre. Their expectation of outstanding customer service is equally as high—and continually rising. The digital revolution has not only changed how we buy things, but also transformed the entire customer experience. To satisfy today’s consumer, service must be more responsive, agile and efﬁcient; proactive and engaging; attuned to individual needs more than ever before; and constantly improving. This is the kind of customer experience we strive to provide every day. Of our 6,800 employees nationwide, one out of every 10 is a specially trained customer service professional, whose sole focus is to meet and surpass customer expectations. But the fact is, every person at American Water is focused on the customer experience, as we further advance our performance standards. Our goal is to make every interaction with American Water as frictionless, effortless and reliable as turning on a tap. We proactively gain insight into customer needs and preferences through regularly conducted surveys, focus groups and other engagement tools. We apply what we learn, every day, to create a new, intuitive and 6 • AMERICAN WATER multifaceted web portal—which was fully deployed in 2019—that makes it easy for customers to manage everything from setting up accounts and enrolling in autopay to tracking their water usage and signing up for service alerts. 84% Though 84% of our customers found it easy to do business with American Water, that’s still not good enough. We continue to ﬁnd new and better ways to serve them, such as artiﬁcial intelligence (AI) that enables us to be more predictive and discern new customer needs; mapping our most frequent interactions to reﬁne our service delivery processes; and encouraging reaction from online communities to collect feedback on new ideas and programs before rolling them out. These and many other innovative programs attest to our commitment and drive to constantly raise the bar for our customers, providing them with the service that they expect and deserve. FOUND IT EASY TO DO BUSINESS WITH AMERICAN WATER 2019 ANNUAL REPORT • 7 T E C H N O L O GY: T H E P O W E R O F K N O W L E D G E At American Water, we continue to advance water quality and safety. Through research and development, we work to continually improve our system to prevent leaks, water main breaks and other unforeseen events. We continue to improve operational efﬁciency, reduce our carbon footprint and provide an even more personal and satisfying customer experience. Advances in information technology such as AI, machine learning and cutting-edge computing can give us powerful new tools to meet the challenges we face more proactively, effectively and efﬁciently. For example, through our cloud-based Geographical Information System (GIS), we can continually monitor, analyze and manage data from online instruments in the ﬁeld. This “living source” technology enables us to make ongoing assessments and better identify changes in water supply, and it serves as an early-warning system to alert us of changes in the quality of our water supplies. Even though we consistently meet or surpass compliance with federal and state water-quality standards, innovative technology like our GIS system helps us get better. WE MONITOR, ANALYZE AND MANAGE DATA WITH OUR GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) With so many of our infrastructure assets underground and hidden from view, being able to identify and pinpoint small problems before they become major incidents is an invaluable advantage. By employing various sensor technologies and acoustic monitoring equipment, we can continually examine infrastructure integrity, current conditions and remaining service life. To help optimize infrastructure investment, we use risk-based prioritization models that organize projects by category and importance. As we look to the future, we are working to harness the potential of machine learning, AI and other technology to more fully assess risk to our assets and operations, as well as to maximize future value by determining, for example, which pipeline material performs best in various environments. We are actively integrating our various information technologies to empower employees to make educated decisions that will help them be more efﬁcient and effective at their jobs. We believe that the more people know, the more they can do. By ensuring that operations personnel are prepared and by empowering them with the right information, the precise tools and greater access to assistance, we can enable the highest-quality work to be performed, in the most efﬁcient way. By being customer obsessed and putting customer information at our employees’ ﬁngertips, we can help service representatives and our entire workforce deliver a truly personal customer experience. 2019 ANNUAL REPORT • 9 S O C I A L M E D I A : L E V E R AG I N G T H E C O M M U N I C AT I O N P I P E L I N E As a company that places our customers at the center of all we do, American Water has always believed that the more open and transparent our interactions with our communities, the better those communities will understand the value of water and the importance of conserving it and preserving its sources. Outreach and education have long been key to that mission. Now, social media has given us a wealth of newer and greater opportunities to connect with people in more informal, ongoing and interactive ways. No technology has ever changed daily life as rapidly and as pervasively as the combination of the internet, the smartphone and the rise of social media. As recently as 2005, only one out of every 25 American adults used social media. By 2019, four out of every ﬁve were active on it. Social media has emerged as a dominant source of information, with over one-third of those 18 to 29 reporting that they are more likely to get news indirectly through social media than from newspapers or news sites. It has also evolved into a powerful tool for advancing social, political and other targeted messaging. 10 • AMERICAN WATER In addition to our corporate website, each of our 14 regulated utilities maintains its own state site, where visitors can manage their account as well as get alerts, water-quality reports, news in their communities, water-saving tips and other information. Even more educational content can be found on our blog, Water Street. We reach out to customers, coworkers and communities on all major social media platforms. Our short-form informational and instructional videos and podcasts on YouTube and our website have been seen and heard by well over half a million people. We have more than 92,000 followers on Facebook. We have over 32,000 followers on Twitter. We have nearly 20,000 followers on LinkedIn. Our YouTube videos have tallied more than 8 million views to date. For over 130 years, American Water has been a trusted source of clean, healthy water. As a trusted presence on social media, we continue to remain transparent and keep information ﬂowing. 2019 ANNUAL REPORT • 11 PEOPLE: T H E F U T U R E H A S M A N Y F A C E S We are inclusive and diverse in leadership, employees and thought. Nimble and multitalented across our entire U.S. footprint. Continually learning, adapting, mastering new skills and technologies, and providing opportunity. Our investment in human capital begins with recruitment. Here, diversity is a force that, by welcoming a wide range of ideas and perspectives, can be an important source of new thinking, fresh leadership and innovative solutions. Last year, more than 50% of our transfers and promotions were ﬁlled by minority, female, veteran and disabled candidates. We have also created initiatives that target military spouses and open up nontraditional job opportunities for women, such as plant operators. Looking even further beyond, we are working to help nurture future generations by sponsoring STEM training in the communities we serve, from middle schools up. Our talent acquisition team works with local colleges and universities to develop internship and co-op programs. MORE THAN 50% OF OUR TRANSFERS AND PROMOTIONS IN 2019 WERE FILLED BY MINORITY, FEMALE, VETERAN AND DISABLED CANDIDATES. 12 • AMERICAN WATER One of our longstanding core values is the conviction that every employee, at every level, deserves the opportunity to reach his or her full potential. Among the incentives we provide is a tuition-reimbursement program that provides up to $10,000 per year for education, which helps employees enhance their skills, advance their professional development and earn a new degree. At American Water, each employee is required to attend at least 20 hours of training annually—a ﬁgure that, on average, all employees exceed. Perhaps the most important investment we make is in the safety of our employees. If we get safety right, we get everything right. Every day, our employees should return home in the same, or better, condition they were in when they came to work. In addition to providing nearly 96,000 hours of safety training last year, we allow every employee to issue a Stop Work Authorization if they deem a situation or environment to be unsafe. 72 REDUCTION IN SERIOUS INJURY RATES Although we will not be satisﬁed until we achieve zero injuries, we continue to make dramatic progress. Since 2014, we’ve had a 63% reduction in overall Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recordable injury rates and a 72% reduction in serious injury rates. Our journey to zero injuries requires building and maintaining a sustainable and positive safety culture through leadership, employee engagement, and foundational programs and practices. PROVIDED NEARLY 96,000 HOURS OF SAFETY TRAINING LAST YEAR PERFORMANCE AND GROW TH: D O I N G W E L L B Y D O I N G G O O D If our more than 130 years as a successful enterprise has taught us anything, it’s that the best way to do business is to do it responsibly—to be a steward of the resources we provide. To safeguard the health and safety of the people we employ. To enhance the lives of the people and communities we serve. The values that continue to guide us are also reﬂected in the principles of ESG. Comprising three critical factors—environmental, social and governance—ESG has become the emerging standard for assessing and comparing the value of corporations. Not just for their shareholders, but for stakeholders everywhere. American Water has a long record of leadership across the full spectrum of ESG. As a trusted source of the planet’s most essential natural resource, we put environmental protection at the center of all we do. In 2007, we set a goal of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by the year 2025; as of 2019, we have reduced them by 31%. Because water is a ﬁnite resource, and so much energy is needed to transport it, conservation is another critical priority. Last year, our efﬁciency measures saved more than 3.3 billion gallons nationwide. As a result of these and many other efforts, American Water was once again the highest-ranked utility on Barron’s list of the 100 Most Sustainable Companies. REDUCED OUR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY 31% SINCE 2007 In an age of globalization, water supply remains an inherently local industry—provided by people who live and work in the towns and cities they serve. With such a uniquely personal stake in our communities, we seek to contribute to their health and well-being in a wide variety of ways. In 2019, for example, American Water employees provided more than 5,000 hours of community service, including during our Month of Service initiative. We also provide support through the American Water Charitable Foundation, which was founded in 2010 and has invested more than $5 million in local programs and organizations. At American Water, good governance begins at the top. Over 45% of our board of directors are female members, demonstrating a dedication to diversity that has earned us inclusion on the Bloomberg Gender-Equality Index. The policies and procedures that empower them are designed to ensure integrity, transparency, and adherence to our highest ethics and standards as a company. 2019 ANNUAL REPORT • 15 S H A R E H O L D E R S CORPORATE INFORMATION Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Two Commerce Square 2001 Market Street, Suite 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-7042 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Susan N. Story President and Chief Executive Ofﬁcer, American Water Works Company, Inc. (until April 1, 2020) Walter J. Lynch President and Chief Executive Ofﬁcer, American Water Works Company, Inc. (effective April 1, 2020) Karl F. Kurz Non-Executive Chairman of the Board Former Chief Operating Ofﬁcer, Anadarko Petroleum Corporation Jeffrey N. Edwards Director Chief Operating Ofﬁcer, New Vernon Capital Martha Clark Goss Director Former Chief Operating Ofﬁcer and Chief Financial Ofﬁcer, Amwell Holdings/Hopewell Holdings, LLC Veronica M. Hagen Director Former Chief Executive Ofﬁcer, Polymer Group, Inc. (now known as AVINTIV Specialty Materials Inc.) 16 • AMERICAN WATER Stock Transfer Agent American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC 6201 15th Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11219 Phone: 1-800-937-5449 Kimberly J. Harris Director Former President and Chief Executive Ofﬁcer, Puget Energy, Inc. and Puget Sound Energy, Inc. Julia L. Johnson Director President, Net Communications, LLC Patricia L. Kampling Director Former Chairman and Chief Executive Ofﬁcer, Alliant Energy Corporation George MacKenzie Former Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Ofﬁcer, Hercules Incorporated Admiral James G. Stavridis Director Operating Executive, The Carlyle Group Lloyd M. Yates Director Former Executive Vice President, Duke Energy Corporation Investor Inquiries Shareholders with questions, or those who wish to obtain a copy of the company’s reports ﬁled with the Securities and Exchange Commission without charge, should visit American Water’s Investor Relations page at https://ir.amwater.com. Investor Relations 1 Water Street Camden, NJ 08102-1658 Investor Relations Line: 856-566-4005 Investor Relations Fax: 856-782-2782 Email: aw.investorrelations@amwater.com Executive Certiﬁcations American Water has included as exhibits to its 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K ﬁled with the Securities and Exchange Commission certiﬁcations of the chief executive ofﬁcer and chief ﬁnancial ofﬁcer of the company regarding the company’s public disclosures contained therein. The company also provides annually to the NYSE a certiﬁcate of the CEO certifying that, among other things, it is not aware of any violation by the company of NYSE corporate listing standards. Dividends Dividends paid on the company’s common stock in 2019 were: March 1, 2019 ......................... $0.455 June 4, 2019 ........................... $0.50 September 4, 2019 .................. $0.50 December 4, 2019 ................... $0.50 Stock Performance Graph The graph below compares the cumulative total return on American Water’s common stock with the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index and the PHLX Utility Sector Index from December 31, 2014, through December 31, 2019. The comparison assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2014, and that dividends were reinvested. Corporate Headquarters 1 Water Street Camden, NJ 08102-1658 Phone: 856-955-4001 amwater.com Stock Market Common stock of American Water Works Company, Inc. is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol AWK. Annual Meeting The annual meeting of shareholders is scheduled for 10:00 a.m. ET on Wednesday, May 13, 2020, to be held at the company’s Corporate Headquarters, 1 Water Street, Camden, NJ 08102-1658, unless a different location is communicated via press release. All holders of our outstanding common stock at the close of business on March 17, 2020, are entitled to notice of, and to vote at, the meeting. Notice of the meeting and proxy materials will be distributed to shareholders and accessible to the public on our Investor Relations page at https://ir.amwater.com. Management encourages all investors to have their votes counted at the annual meeting. 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All rights reserved. Copyright© 2020 S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC, a division of S&P Global. All rights reserved. 2019 ANNUAL REPORT • 17 NON-GAAP FINANCIAL INFORMATION (cid:50)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:10)(cid:26)(cid:14)(cid:13) (cid:2)(cid:13)(cid:18)(cid:27)(cid:25)(cid:26)(cid:14)(cid:13) (cid:4)(cid:8)(cid:51) (cid:4)(cid:24)(cid:26)(cid:34)(cid:33)(cid:20)(cid:19) (cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:31)(cid:28)(cid:24)(cid:28)(cid:22)(cid:32) (cid:30)(cid:20)(cid:31) (cid:32)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:31)(cid:20) (cid:41)(cid:6)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:12)(cid:42)(cid:38) (cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:26) (cid:17)(cid:21)(cid:12)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:14) (cid:10)(cid:26)(cid:26)(cid:24)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:27)(cid:26)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:19)(cid:14) (cid:26)(cid:22) (cid:12)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:21) (cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:10)(cid:24)(cid:14)(cid:16)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:24)(cid:25) (cid:2)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:34)(cid:32)(cid:33)(cid:27)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:33)(cid:32)(cid:38) (cid:10)(cid:29)(cid:32)(cid:32) (cid:29)(cid:28) 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(cid:41)(cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:45)(cid:46)(cid:42) (cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:47)(cid:47) (cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:45)(cid:52) (cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:46)(cid:50) (cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:47)(cid:49) (cid:41)(cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:45)(cid:50)(cid:42) (cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:46)(cid:54) (cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:45)(cid:54) (cid:41)(cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:45)(cid:47)(cid:42) (cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:45)(cid:52) (cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:45)(cid:53) (cid:41)(cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:45)(cid:47)(cid:42) (cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:45)(cid:51) (cid:41)(cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:48)(cid:46)(cid:42) (cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:45)(cid:53) (cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:45)(cid:46) (cid:41)(cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:42) (cid:41)(cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:45)(cid:52)(cid:42) (cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:45)(cid:48) (cid:38)(cid:30)(cid:41)(cid:39) (cid:46)(cid:30)(cid:42)(cid:49) (cid:15)(cid:29)(cid:33)(cid:16)(cid:26) (cid:28)(cid:20)(cid:33) (cid:16)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:34)(cid:32)(cid:33)(cid:27)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:33)(cid:32) (cid:45)(cid:39)(cid:46)(cid:53) (cid:2)(cid:13)(cid:18)(cid:27)(cid:25)(cid:26)(cid:14)(cid:13) (cid:13)(cid:17)(cid:19)(cid:27)(cid:26)(cid:14)(cid:13) (cid:14)(cid:10)(cid:24)(cid:21)(cid:17)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:25) (cid:23)(cid:14)(cid:24) (cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:10)(cid:24)(cid:14) (cid:32)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:31)(cid:6)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:33) (cid:35) (cid:41)(cid:30)(cid:44)(cid:39) (cid:35) (cid:41)(cid:30)(cid:41)(cid:38) (cid:35) 18 • AMERICAN WATER UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 OR ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number: 001-34028 AMERICAN WATER WORKS COMPANY, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 1 Water Street, Camden, NJ (Address of principal executive offices) 51-0063696 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 08102-1658 (Zip Code) (856) 955-4001 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol Name of each exchange on which registered Common stock, par value $0.01 per share AWK New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None. Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ‘ No È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer È Non-accelerated filer ‘ ‘ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company ‘ Emerging growth company ‘ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ‘ No È State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Common Stock, $0.01 par value—$18,615,800,000 as of June 28, 2019 (solely for purposes of calculating this aggregate market value, American Water has defined its affiliates to include (i) those persons who were, as of June 28, 2019, its executive officers, directors or known beneficial owners of more than 10% of its common stock, and (ii) such other persons who were deemed, as of June 28, 2019, to be controlled by, or under common control with, American Water or any of the persons described in clause (i) above). Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock as of the latest practicable date: Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share—180,974,719 shares as of February 13, 2020. Portions of the American Water Works Company, Inc. definitive proxy statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2019 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE TABLE OF CONTENTS Forward-Looking Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part I Item 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 3. Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part II Item 5. Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 6. Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers of the Registrant and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exhibit Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 1 4 25 44 44 45 53 54 54 55 85 87 147 147 148 150 150 150 150 150 151 152 163 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Statements included in Item 1—Business, Item 1A—Risk Factors, and Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and in other sections of this Form 10-K, or incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by words with prospective meanings such as “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “predict,” “project,” “propose,” “assume,” “forecast,” “likely,” “uncertain,” “outlook,” “future,” “pending,” “goal,” “objective,” “potential,” “continue,” “seek to,” “may,” “can,” “should,” “will” and “could” or the negative of such terms or other variations or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements may relate to, among other things: the Company’s future financial performance; liquidity and future cash flows; rate and revenue adjustments, including through general rate case filings, filings for infrastructure surcharges and other governmental agency authorizations and filings to address regulatory lag; growth and portfolio optimization strategies, including the timing and outcome of pending or future acquisition activity, the completion of the announced sale of New York American Water Company, Inc. and the amount of proceeds anticipated to be received therefrom; the amount and allocation of projected capital expenditures and related funding requirements; the Company’s ability to repay or refinance debt; the ability to execute its current and long-term business, operational and capital expenditures strategies; its ability to finance current operations, capital expenditures and growth initiatives by accessing the debt and equity capital markets; the outcome and impact on the Company of legal and similar governmental and regulatory proceedings and related potential fines, penalties and other sanctions; the ability to complete, and the timing and efficacy of, the design, development, implementation and improvement of technology and other strategic initiatives; the ability to capitalize on existing or future utility privatization opportunities; trends in the industries in which the Company operates, including macro trends with respect to the Company’s efforts related to customer, technology and work execution; regulatory, legislative, tax policy or legal developments; and projected impacts that the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) may have on the Company and on its business, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. Forward-looking statements are predictions based on the Company’s current expectations and assumptions regarding future events. They are not guarantees or assurances of any outcomes, financial results, levels of activity, performance or achievements, and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance upon them. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of estimates, assumptions, known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors. The Company’s actual results may vary materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements included herein as a result of the factors discussed under Item 1A—Risk Factors, and the following important factors: • • • • • the decisions of governmental and regulatory bodies, including decisions to raise or lower customer rates; the timeliness and outcome of regulatory commissions’ actions concerning rates, capital structure, authorized return on equity, capital investment, system acquisitions and dispositions, taxes, permitting and other decisions; changes in customer demand for, and patterns of use of, water, such as may result from conservation efforts; limitations on the availability of the Company’s water supplies or sources of water, or restrictions on its use thereof, resulting from allocation rights, governmental or regulatory requirements and restrictions, drought, overuse or other factors; changes in laws, governmental regulations and policies, including with respect to environmental, health and safety, consumer privacy, water quality and water quality accountability, emerging contaminants, public utility and tax regulations and policies, and impacts resulting from U.S., state and local elections; 1 • weather conditions and events, climate variability patterns, and natural disasters, including drought or abnormally high rainfall, prolonged and abnormal ice or freezing conditions, strong winds, coastal and intercoastal flooding, earthquakes, landslides, hurricanes, tornadoes, wildfires, electrical storms, sinkholes and solar flares; • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the outcome of litigation and similar governmental and regulatory proceedings, investigations or actions; the risks associated with the Company’s aging infrastructure, and its ability to appropriately maintain and replace current infrastructure, including its operational and technology systems, and manage the expansion of its businesses; exposure or infiltration of the Company’s technology and critical infrastructure systems, including the disclosure of sensitive, personal or confidential information contained therein, through physical or cyber attacks or other means; the Company’s ability to obtain permits and other approvals for projects; changes in the Company’s capital requirements; the Company’s ability to control operating expenses and to achieve operating efficiencies; the intentional or unintentional actions of a third party, including contamination of the Company’s water supplies or water provided to its customers; the Company’s ability to obtain adequate and cost-effective supplies of chemicals, electricity, fuel, water and other raw materials; the Company’s ability to successfully meet growth projections for the Regulated Businesses and the Market-Based Businesses (each as defined in this Form 10-K), either individually or in the aggregate, and capitalize on growth opportunities, including, among other things, with respect to: • • • acquiring, closing and successfully integrating regulated operations and market-based businesses; entering into contracts and other agreements with, or otherwise obtaining, new customers or partnerships in the Market-Based Businesses; and realizing anticipated benefits and synergies from new acquisitions; risks and uncertainties associated with contracting with the U.S. government, including ongoing compliance with applicable government procurement and security regulations; cost overruns relating to improvements in or the expansion of the Company’s operations; the Company’s ability to successfully develop and implement new technologies and to protect related intellectual property; the Company’s ability to maintain safe work sites; the Company’s exposure to liabilities related to environmental laws and similar matters resulting from, among other things, water and wastewater service provided to customers; changes in general economic, political, business and financial market conditions; access to sufficient capital on satisfactory terms and when and as needed to support operations and capital expenditures; fluctuations in interest rates; restrictive covenants in or changes to the credit ratings on the Company or any of its subsidiaries, or on any of their current or future indebtedness, that could increase the Company’s financing costs or funding requirements or affect the ability to borrow, make payments on debt or pay dividends; 2 • • fluctuations in the value of benefit plan assets and liabilities that could increase the Company’s cost and funding requirements; changes in federal or state general, income and other tax laws, including any further rules, regulations, interpretations and guidance by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and state or local taxing authorities (collectively, the “Related Interpretations”) related to the enactment of the TCJA, the availability of tax credits and tax abatement programs, and the Company’s ability to utilize its U.S. federal and state income tax net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards; • migration of customers into or out of the Company’s service territories; • • • • • • • the use by municipalities of the power of eminent domain or other authority to condemn the systems of one or more of the Company’s utility subsidiaries, or the assertion by private landowners of similar rights against such utility subsidiaries; any difficulty or inability to obtain insurance for the Company, its inability to obtain insurance at acceptable rates and on acceptable terms and conditions, or its inability to obtain reimbursement under existing insurance programs and coverages for any losses sustained; the incurrence of impairment charges related to the Company’s goodwill or other assets; labor actions, including work stoppages and strikes; the Company’s ability to retain and attract qualified employees; civil disturbances or terrorist threats or acts, or public apprehension about future disturbances or terrorist threats or acts; and the impact of new, and changes to existing, accounting standards. These forward-looking statements are qualified by, and should be read together with, the risks and uncertainties set forth above and the risk factors included in Item 1A—Risk Factors and other statements contained in this Form 10-K, and readers should refer to such risks, uncertainties and risk factors in evaluating such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements the Company makes shall speak only as of the date this Form 10-K was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Except as required by the federal securities laws, the Company does not have any obligation, and it specifically disclaims any undertaking or intention, to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for the Company to predict all such factors. Furthermore, it may not be possible to assess the impact of any such factor on the Company’s businesses, either viewed independently or together, or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause results to differ materially from those contained in any forward- looking statement. The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive. 3 ITEM 1. BUSINESS The Company PART I With a history dating back to 1886, American Water is the largest and most geographically diverse, publicly-traded water and wastewater utility company in the United States, as measured by both operating revenues and population served. A holding company originally incorporated in Delaware in 1936, the Company employs approximately 6,800 professionals who provide drinking water, wastewater and other related services to approximately 15 million people in 46 states. The Company conducts the majority of its business through regulated utilities that provide water and wastewater services, collectively presented as the “Regulated Businesses.” The Company also operates market-based businesses that provide complementary services. Individually, these businesses do not meet the criteria of a reportable segment in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), and are collectively presented as the “Market- Based Businesses,” which is consistent with how management assesses the results of these businesses. Throughout this Form 10-K, unless the context otherwise requires, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company,” and “American Water” mean American Water Works Company, Inc. and its subsidiaries, taken together as a whole. References to “parent company” mean American Water Works Company, Inc., without its subsidiaries. Regulated Businesses The Company’s primary business involves the ownership of utilities that provide water and wastewater services to residential, commercial, industrial, public authority, fire service and sale for resale customers. The Company’s utilities operate in approximately 1,700 communities in 16 states in the United States, with over 3.4 million active customers in its water and wastewater networks. Services provided by the Company’s utilities are subject to regulation by multiple state utility commissions or other entities engaged in utility regulation, collectively referred to as public utility commissions (“PUCs”). Federal, state and local governments also regulate environmental, health and safety, and water quality matters. The Company reports the results of the services provided by its utilities in the Regulated Businesses segment. Operating revenues for the Regulated Businesses were $3,094 million for 2019, $2,984 million for 2018 and $2,958 million for 2017, accounting for 86%, 87% and 88%, respectively, of the Company’s total operating revenues for the same periods. Presented in the table below is a geographic summary of the Regulated Businesses’ operating revenues and the number of customers the Company serves, by type of service, for and as of the year ended December 31, 2019: Operating Revenues (in millions) Number of Customers (in thousands) Water (a) Wastewater Total % of Total Water Wastewater Total % of Total New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 718 $ Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627 314 281 228 223 158 42 $ 760 689 62 325 11 305 24 232 4 224 1 159 1 24.6% 22.3% 10.5% 9.9% 7.5% 7.2% 5.1% 651 666 470 286 177 314 166 51 74 15 51 3 2 1 702 740 485 337 180 316 167 Total—Top Seven States (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other states (c) 2,549 378 145 2,694 400 22 87.1% 2,730 475 12.9% 197 2,927 507 32 20.4% 21.6% 14.1% 9.8% 5.2% 9.2% 4.9% 85.2% 14.8% Total Regulated Businesses . . . . . . . . $2,927 $ 167 $3,094 100.0% 3,205 229 3,434 100.0% (a) (b) (c) Includes other operating revenues consisting primarily of miscellaneous utility charges, fees and rents. The Company’s “Top Seven States” are determined based upon operating revenues. Includes the Company’s utilities in the following states: Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New York, Tennessee and Virginia. 4 Customers The Company’s Regulated Businesses have a large and geographically diverse customer base. A customer is defined as a person, business, municipality or any other entity that purchases the Company’s water or wastewater services as of the last business day of a reporting period. One single customer may purchase the Company’s services for use by multiple individuals or businesses, such as homes, apartment complexes, businesses and governmental entities. The vast majority of the Company’s regulated water customers are metered, which allows the Company to measure and bill for its customers’ water usage, typically on a monthly basis. The Company employs a variety of methods of customer meter reading to monitor consumption. These methods range from meters with mechanical registers where consumption is manually recorded by meter readers, to meters with electronic registers capable of transmitting consumption data to proximity devices or via radio frequency to mobile or fixed network data collectors. The Company’s wastewater customers are billed either a flat rate or based upon their water consumption. Residential customers make up a substantial portion of the Company’s customer base in all of the states in which it operates. The Company also serves (i) commercial customers, such as food and beverage providers, commercial property developers and proprietors, and energy suppliers, (ii) fire service customers, where the Company supplies water through its distribution systems to public fire hydrants for firefighting purposes and to private fire customers for use in fire suppression systems in office buildings and other facilities, (iii) industrial customers, such as large-scale manufacturers, mining and production operations, (iv) public authorities, such as government buildings and other public sector facilities, including schools and universities, and (v) other utilities and community water and wastewater systems in the form of bulk contracts for the supply of water or the treatment of wastewater, for their own customers. The following chart depicts the allocation of the Company’s Regulated Businesses’ operating revenue of $3,094 million by type, including a breakout of the total water services revenues by class of customer, for the year ended December 31, 2019: Regulated Businesses’ Operating Revenue by Type and Customer Class Industrial water: 4% Wastewater: 5% Fire service water: 5% Other operating (b): 1% Public and other water (a): 8% Commercial water: 21% Residential water: 56% (a) (b) Includes water revenues from public authorities and other utilities and community water systems under bulk contracts. Includes other operating revenues consisting primarily of miscellaneous utility charges, fees and rents. 5 Presented in the table below is the number of water and wastewater customers the Company served by class as of December 31: 2019 2018 2017 (In thousands) Water Wastewater Water Wastewater Water Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residential Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public and other (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,914 222 49 4 16 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,205 215 13 — — 1 229 2,892 222 48 4 16 3,182 188 11 — — 1 200 2,872 221 47 4 16 3,160 182 11 — — — 193 (a) Includes public authorities and other utilities and community water and wastewater systems under bulk contracts. Bulk contracts, which are accounted for as a single customer in the table above, generally result in service to multiple customers. Customer growth in the Company’s Regulated Businesses is primarily from (i) adding new customers to its customer base through acquisitions of water and/or wastewater utility systems, (ii) population growth in its authorized service areas, and (iii) sale of water to other water utilities and community water systems. Capital Investment Excluding acquisitions, the Company plans to invest $8.2 billion over the next five years and between $18 billion and $19 billion over the next 10 years, including $1.6 billion in 2020, for capital improvements to its Regulated Businesses’ water and wastewater infrastructure, largely for pipe replacement and upgrading aging water and wastewater treatment facilities. The Company has proactively improved its pipe renewal rate from a 250-year replacement cycle in 2009 to an expected 115-year replacement cycle by 2024, which it anticipates will enable the Company to replace nearly 2,000 miles of mains and collection pipes between 2020 and 2024. In addition, from 2020 to 2024, the Company’s capital investment in treatment plants, storage tanks and other key, above-ground facilities is expected to increase, further addressing infrastructure renewal, resiliency, water quality, operational efficiency, technology and innovation, and emerging regulatory compliance needs. Additionally, the Company is investing significantly in resiliency projects to address the impacts of climate and weather variability by hardening its assets. Recently completed projects include the $25 million raised floodwall project at New Jersey’s Raritan Millstone Water Treatment Plant which provides protection against a 500 year flood, and the $15 million Bel Air, Maryland Reservoir project which provides 90 million gallons of drought mitigation water storage for the region. Regulation and Rate Making The operations of the Company’s Regulated Businesses are generally subject to regulation by PUCs in the states in which they operate, with the primary responsibility of the PUCs to promote the overall public interest by balancing the interest of customers and utility investors. Specific authority might differ from state to state, but in most states, PUCs review and approve rates charged to customers, accounting treatments, long-term financing programs and cost of capital, operation and maintenance (“O&M”) expenses, capital expenditures, taxes, affiliated transactions and relationships, reorganizations and mergers and acquisitions, along with imposing certain penalties or granting certain incentives. Regulatory policies vary from state to state and could potentially change over time. These policies will affect the timing, as well as the extent, of recovery of expenses and the realized return on invested capital. Periodic changes in customer rates generally occur through the filing of a rate case by the utility with the PUC. The timing of rate case filings is typically determined by either periodic requirements in the regulatory jurisdiction or by the utility’s need to increase its revenue requirement to recover capital investment costs, changes in operating revenues, operating costs or other market conditions. The Company attempts to minimize 6 “regulatory lag,” which is the time between the occurrence of an event that triggers a change in the utility’s revenue requirement and its recognition in rates. The Company’s Regulated Businesses support regulatory practices at the PUCs and state legislatures that mitigate the adverse impact of regulatory lag. Presented in the table below are examples of approved regulatory practices: Regulatory Practices Infrastructure replacement surcharges Future test year Hybrid test year Utility plant recovery mechanisms Expense mechanisms Revenue stability mechanisms Consolidated tariffs Description States Allowed IA, IL, IN, KY, MO, NJ, NY, PA, TN, VA, WV CA, HI, IA, IL, IN, KY, NY, PA, TN, VA MD, MO, NJ, WV CA, IL, KY, NY, PA, TN, VA CA, IL, MD, MO, NJ, NY, PA, TN, VA CA, IL, NY CA, IA, IL, IN, KY, MD, MO, NJ, NY, PA, VA, WV Allows rates to change periodically, outside a general rate case proceeding, to reflect recovery of capital investments made to replace infrastructure necessary to sustain safe, reliable services for the Company’s customers. These mechanisms typically involve periodic filings and reviews to ensure transparency. A test period used for setting rates, which begins with the date new rates are effective. This allows current or projected revenues, expenses and capital investments to be collected on a more timely basis. Allows an update to historical data for “known and measurable” changes that occur subsequent to the historical test year. Allows recovery of the full return on utility plant costs during the construction period, instead of capitalizing an allowance for funds used during construction. In addition, some states allow the utility to seek pre-approval of certain capital projects and associated costs. In this pre-approval process, the PUC may assess the prudency of such projects. Allows changes in certain operating expenses, which may fluctuate based on conditions beyond the utility’s control, to be recovered outside of a general rate case proceeding or deferred until the next general rate case proceeding. Separates a utility’s cost recovery from the amount of water it sells to recover its fixed costs and ongoing infrastructure investment needs. Such a mechanism adjusts rates periodically to ensure that a utility’s revenue will be sufficient to cover its costs, regardless of sales volume, including recognition of declining sales resulting from reduced consumption, while providing an incentive for customers to use water more efficiently. Use of a unified rate structure for water systems owned and operated by a single utility, which may or may not be physically interconnected. The consolidated tariff pricing structure may be used fully or partially in a state, and is generally used to prioritize capital investments and moderate the impact of periodic fluctuations in local costs, while lowering administrative costs for customers. Pennsylvania also permits a blending of water and wastewater revenue requirements. 7 The Company pursues enhancement to these regulatory practices to facilitate efficient recovery of its costs and capital investments in order to continue to provide safe, clean, reliable and affordable services to its customers. The ability to seek regulatory treatment as described above does not guarantee that the PUCs will accept the Company’s proposal in the context of a particular rate case, and these regulatory practices may reduce, but not eliminate, regulatory lag associated with traditional rate making processes. It is also the Company’s strategy to expand the use of these mechanisms in areas where they may not currently apply. Acquisitions and Strategic Growth The U.S. water and wastewater industries include investor-owned systems as well as municipal systems that are owned and operated by local governments or governmental subdivisions. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), as of 2017, approximately 84% of the water market is served by municipal systems and approximately 98% of the country’s wastewater systems are government owned. The EPA also estimates that there are approximately 50,000 community water systems and approximately 15,000 community wastewater systems in the United States, with approximately 80% of the community water systems serving a population of 3,000 or less. A fundamental aspect of the Company’s growth strategy is to pursue acquisitions of small and medium water and/or wastewater systems in geographic proximity to areas where the Company operates its Regulated Businesses. The proximity of acquisition opportunities to the Company’s regulated footprint allows it to integrate and manage the acquired systems and operations primarily using its existing management, although the Company typically retains the majority, if not all, of the employees, and to achieve operational efficiencies and prioritize capital investment needs. The Company’s current customer mix of 93% water and 7% wastewater also presents strategic opportunities for wastewater growth and systems consolidation, allowing it to add wastewater customers where the Company already serves water customers. The Company intends to continue to expand its regulated footprint geographically by acquiring water and wastewater systems in its existing markets and, if appropriate, pursuing acquisition opportunities in certain domestic markets where the Company does not currently operate its Regulated Businesses. Before entering new regulated markets, the Company will evaluate the business and regulatory climates to ensure that it will have the opportunity to achieve an appropriate rate of return on its investment while maintaining its high standards for providing safe, reliable and affordable services to its customers, as well as a line of sight to grow the Company’s base customers to attain efficiencies after entering the new domestic market. Increasingly stringent environmental, health and safety, and water quality regulations, the amount of infrastructure in need of significant capital investment, financial challenges and industry legislation are several elements that may drive more municipalities to consider selling their water and wastewater assets. Industry Legislation In 2017, New Jersey enacted the Water Quality Accountability Act (the “WQAA”), which sets operational standards for all water utilities in New Jersey, including municipal and investor-owned utilities with more than 500 service connections. This law imposes requirements in areas such as cybersecurity, asset management, water quality reporting, remediation of notices of violation, and hydrant and valve maintenance. The WQAA requires the most senior water manager, or either the executive director for municipal utility authorities or the mayor or chief executive officer for municipally owned public water systems, to certify that the system meets the requirements under the WQAA. In 2019, the New Jersey Senate held three hearings on the WQAA and is expected to introduce legislation in the new 2020 legislative session that would strengthen accountability for obligations under the WQAA. In 2018, similar legislation was passed in Indiana that set new operational requirements for water and wastewater treatment plants as part of the permitting process for construction, installation, or modification of sources, facilities, equipment or devices. These requirements include capital asset management plans that include 8 annual reviews of infrastructure needs, engineering analysis of useful life, and a rate analysis to support the capital asset management plan. A life cycle cost-benefit analysis must be done comparing owning and operating a plant to other alternatives to supply water or wastewater services. Cybersecurity plans must also be developed. In 2019, additional legislation was passed which set requirements for access to loans or grants such as participation in regional planning events, use of current capital asset management programs, and elimination of the causes of non-revenue water. The finance authority was also required to establish project prioritization that included consideration of project effects on public health and safety, user rates and charges, plans for collaboration, plans to manage non-revenue water and use of best practices. Also, in 2018, America’s Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 was signed into law. The legislation includes policies intended to improve water and wastewater system management and authorization for states to assess consolidation options for systems that do not comply with the federal Safe Drinking Water Act and its rules and regulations. The legislation increases funding to water system funding programs, including the State Revolving Loan Fund program and the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014 (“WIFIA”). The Company’s regulated subsidiaries in California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey and Pennsylvania have access to fair market value legislation for private sector investment in public sector water and wastewater systems. The Company supports full optionality for municipalities, including state legislation that enables the consolidation of the largely fragmented water and wastewater industries through third-party fair market valuations of purchased property. Fair market value assessment of water and wastewater systems is an alternative to the traditional depreciated original cost method of valuation, providing municipalities with a purchase price that is reflective of the assets’ market value, while the utility has increased assurance of recovering the purchase price over the life of the assets, subject to state regulatory commission approval. Consolidated tariffs use a unified rate structure for systems owned and operated by a single utility, which may or may not be physically interconnected. Consolidated tariff pricing moderates the impact of periodic fluctuations in local costs and promotes a more universal water infrastructure investment in the state. As a result, consolidated tariffs can make it easier to incorporate new systems into an existing utility and can ensure economies of scale for even the smallest of systems and prioritize capital needs across the state. Overall, this brings cost-effective, higher quality services to a larger number of citizens. Twelve of the Company’s regulated jurisdictions currently have some form of consolidated tariff pricing, including California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia. In 2018, legislation was enacted in the Company’s Missouri and California subsidiaries changing the public vote requirement for the sale of water or wastewater systems. In Missouri, the public vote requirement for the sale of a municipal water or wastewater system changed to a simple majority for more than 500 small towns. Historically, only larger communities required a simple majority, while smaller communities needed a two-thirds majority. This legislation increases the options for small towns, should they decide to address their water and sewer challenges through an asset sale. In California, the vote required to allow cities to sell sewer systems changed to a simple majority from a two-thirds majority. Competition The Company’s Regulated Businesses generally do not face direct competition in their existing markets because (i) the Company operates in those markets pursuant to franchises, charters, certificates of public convenience and necessity or similar authorizations (collectively, “CPCNs”) issued by state PUCs or other authorities, and (ii) the high cost of constructing a new water and wastewater system in an existing market creates a significant barrier to market entry. However, the Company’s Regulated Businesses do face competition from governmental agencies, other investor-owned utilities, large industrial customers with the ability to provide their own water supply/treatment process and strategic buyers that are entering new markets and/or making strategic acquisitions. When pursuing acquisitions, the Company’s largest investor-owned competitors, based on a comparison of operating revenues and population served, are Essential Utilities, Inc. (formerly known as Aqua 9 America, Inc.), Suez North America, American States Water Company and California Water Service Group. From time to time, the Company also faces competition from infrastructure funds, multi-utility companies and others, such as Algonquin Power and Utilities Corp., Eversource Energy and Corix. Condemnation and Eminent Domain All or portions of the Regulated Businesses’ utility assets could be acquired by state, municipal or other government entities through one or more of the following methods: (i) eminent domain (also known as condemnation); (ii) the right of purchase given or reserved by a municipality or political subdivision when the original CPCN was granted; and (iii) the right of purchase given or reserved under the law of the state in which the utility subsidiary was incorporated or from which it received its CPCN. The acquisition consideration related to such a proceeding initiated by a local government may be determined consistent with applicable eminent domain law, or may be negotiated or fixed by appraisers as prescribed by the law of the state or in the particular CPCN. As such, the Regulated Businesses are periodically subject to condemnation proceedings in the ordinary course of business. For example, a citizens group in Monterey, California successfully added “Measure J” to the November 2018 election ballot asking voters to decide whether the Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (the “MPWMD”) should conduct a feasibility study concerning the potential purchase of the Monterey water service system assets (the “Monterey system assets”) of the Company’s California subsidiary, and, if feasible, to proceed with a purchase of those assets without an additional public vote. This service territory represents approximately 40,000 customers. In November 2018, Measure J was certified to have passed. On August 19, 2019, the MPWMD’s General Manager issued a report that recommends that the MPWMD board (1) develop criteria to determine which water systems should be considered for acquisition, (2) examine the feasibility of acquiring the Monterey system assets and consider public ownership of smaller systems only if the MPWMD becomes the owner of a larger system, (3) evaluate whether it is in the public interest to acquire the Monterey system assets and sufficiently satisfy the criterion of “feasible” as provided in Measure J, (4) ensure there is significant potential for cost savings before agreeing to commence an acquisition, and (5) develop more fully alternate operating plans before deciding whether to consider a Resolution of Necessity. On November 6, 2019, the MPWMD issued a preliminary valuation and cost of service analysis report, finding in part that (1) an estimate of the Monterey system assets’ total value plus adjustments would be approximately $513 million, (2) the cost of service modeling results indicate significant annual reductions in revenue requirements and projected monthly water bills, and (3) the acquisition of the Monterey system assets by the MPWMD would be economically feasible. The MPWMD will hold public hearings regarding the findings contained in this preliminary report. If the MPWMD were to make a final determination that an acquisition of the Monterey system assets is feasible, then the MPWMD would commence a multi-year eminent domain proceeding against the Company’s California subsidiary to first establish the MPWMD’s right to take the Monterey system assets and, if such right is established, to determine the amount of just compensation to be paid to the California subsidiary for such assets. Also, five municipalities in the Chicago, Illinois area (approximately 30,300 customers in total) formed a water agency and filed an eminent domain lawsuit against the Company’s Illinois subsidiary in January 2013, seeking to condemn the water pipeline that serves those five municipalities. Before filing its eminent domain lawsuit, the water agency made an offer of $38 million for the pipeline. A jury trial will take place to establish the value of the pipeline. The parties have filed with the court updated valuation reports. Although the date of the valuation trial has not currently been scheduled, it is not likely to commence before the second quarter of 2020. Furthermore, the law in certain jurisdictions in which the Regulated Businesses operate provides for eminent domain rights allowing private property owners to file a lawsuit to seek just compensation against a public utility, if a public utility’s infrastructure has been determined to be a substantial cause of damage to that 10 property. In these actions, the plaintiff would not have to prove that the public utility acted negligently. In California, lawsuits have been filed in connection with large-scale natural events such as wildfires. Some have included allegations that infrastructure of certain utilities triggered the natural event that resulted in damage to the property. In some cases, the PUC has allowed certain costs or losses incurred by the utility to be recovered from customers in rates, but in other cases such recovery in rates has been disallowed. Also, the utility may have obtained insurance that could respond to some or all of such losses, although the utility would be at risk for any losses not ultimately subject to rate or insurance recovery or losses that exceed the limits of such insurance. Water Supply and Wastewater Services The Company’s Regulated Businesses generally own the physical assets used to store, pump, treat and deliver water to its customers and collect, treat, transport and recycle wastewater. Typically, the Company does not own the water, which is held in public trust and is allocated to the Company through contracts, permits and allocation rights granted by federal and state or multi-state agencies or through the ownership of water rights pursuant to local law. The Company is dependent on defined sources of water supply and obtains its water supply from surface water sources such as reservoirs, lakes, rivers and streams; from groundwater sources, such as wells and aquifers; and water purchased from third-party water suppliers. The level of water treatment the Company applies varies significantly depending upon the quality of the water source and customer stipulations. Surface water sources typically generally require significant treatment, while groundwater sources often require chemical treatment only. Presented in the chart below are the Company’s sources of water supply as of December 31, 2019: Sources of Water Supply Purchased Water: 7% Groundwater: 26% Surface Water: 67% Presented in the table below are the percentages of water supply by source type for the Company’s top seven states for 2019: Surface Water Ground Water Purchased Water New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72% 91% 77% 55% — 44% 100% 24% 7% 22% 35% 64% 56% — 4% 2% 1% 10% 36% — — 11 The Company’s ability to meet the existing and future water demands of its customers depends on an adequate water supply. Drought, governmental restrictions, overuse of sources of water, the protection of threatened species or habitats, contamination or other factors may limit the availability of ground and surface water. The Company employs a variety of measures in an effort to obtain adequate sources of water supply, both in the short-term and over the long-term. The geographic diversity of the Company’s service areas may mitigate some of the economic effects on the water supply associated with weather extremes it might encounter in any particular service territory. For example, in any given summer, some areas may experience drier than average weather, which may reduce the amount of source water available, while other areas the Company serves may experience wetter than average weather. The Company evaluates quality, quantity, growth needs and alternate sources of water supply as well as transmission and distribution capacity. Water supply is seasonal in nature and weather conditions can have a pronounced effect on supply. In order to ensure that the Company has adequate water supply, it uses long-term planning processes and maintains contingency plans to minimize the potential impact on service caused by climate variability and a wide range of weather fluctuations. In connection with supply planning for most surface or groundwater sources, the Company employs models to determine safe yields under different rainfall and drought conditions. Surface and ground water levels are routinely monitored so that supply capacity deficits may, to the extent possible, be predicted and mitigated through demand management and additional supply development. An example of the Company’s use of long-term planning to ensure that it has adequate water supply is its involvement in the Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project (the “Water Supply Project”) in California. The Water Supply Project includes the construction of a desalination plant, owned by the Company’s California subsidiary, and the construction of wells that would supply water to the desalination plant. In addition, the Water Supply Project also includes the California subsidiary’s purchase of water from a groundwater replenishment project (the “GWR Project”) between Monterey One Water (formerly known as the Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency) and the MPWMD. The Water Supply Project is intended, among other things, to fulfill obligations of the California subsidiary to eliminate unauthorized diversions from the Carmel River as required under orders of the California State Water Resources Control Board (the “SWRCB”). For more information, see Item 3—Legal Proceedings—Alternative Water Supply in Lieu of Carmel River Diversions. Wastewater services involve the collection of wastewater from customers’ premises through sewer lines. The wastewater is then transported through a sewer network to a treatment facility, where it is treated to meet required regulatory standards for wastewater before being returned to the environment. The solid waste by-product of the treatment process is disposed of or recycled in accordance with applicable standards and regulations. Seasonality Customer demand for the Company’s water service is affected by weather and tends to vary with temperature and amount and frequency of rainfall. Customer demand is generally greater during the warmer months, primarily due to increased water usage for irrigation systems and other outdoor water use. As such, the Company typically expects its operating revenues to be the highest in the third quarter of each year. Weather that is hotter and/or drier than average generally increases operating revenues, whereas, weather that is cooler and/or wetter than average generally serves to suppress customer water demand and can reduce water operating revenues. Three of the Company’s jurisdictions, California, Illinois and New York, have adopted revenue stability mechanisms which permit the Company to collect state PUC-authorized revenue for a given period which is not tied to the volume of water sold during that period, thereby lessening the impact of weather variability. See “Regulation and Rate Making” for additional information regarding revenue stability mechanisms. 12 Market-Based Businesses The Company’s Market-Based Businesses provide complementary home services primarily to residential and smaller commercial customers and water and wastewater services to the U.S. government on military installations, as well as municipalities, utilities and industrial customers. These businesses are not subject to regulation by state PUCs and the services provided generally do not require significant capital investment. Operating revenues for the Company’s Market-Based Businesses were $539 million for 2019, $476 million for 2018 and $422 million for 2017, accounting for 15%, 14% and 13%, respectively, of the Company’s total operating revenues for the same periods. The Company’s primary Market-Based Businesses include the following operating segments: • Homeowner Services Group (“HOS”), which provides various warranty protection programs and other home services to residential customers; • Military Services Group (“MSG”), which enters into long-term contracts with the U.S. government to provide water and wastewater services on various military installations. The Company also has five contracts with municipal customers to operate and manage water and wastewater facilities and provide other related services through its Contract Services Group (“CSG”). Previously, the Company provided customized water transfer services for shale natural gas exploration and production companies through its Keystone Clearwater Solutions, LLC (“Keystone”) operations. On December 12, 2019, as part of a strategic review undertaken by the Company, the Company sold all of its interest in Keystone to a natural gas and oil industry investment group. See Note 4—Acquisitions and Divestitures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Homeowner Services Group The Company’s Homeowner Services Group, which includes the operations of Pivotal Home Solutions (“Pivotal”) acquired in June 2018, provides warranty protection programs and other home services to residential customers for interior and exterior water and sewer lines, interior gas and electric lines, heating and cooling systems, water heaters and other home appliances, as well as power surge protection and other related services. The Company develops partnerships with municipalities, utilities and other organizations to offer protection programs to customers serviced by, or affiliated with, those municipalities, utilities and organizations. The term of these partnership agreements with the municipalities, utilities and other organizations is typically three to five years, with mutual optional renewals. As of December 31, 2019, HOS had approximately 3 million customer contracts in 43 states. Military Services Group The Company’s Military Services Group operates on 16 military installations under 50-year contracts with the U.S. government as part of its Utility Privatization Program. The scope of these contracts generally includes the operation and maintenance of the installation’s water and wastewater systems and a capital program focused on asset replacement and, in certain instances, systems expansion. The replacement of assets assumed when a contract is awarded to the Company is completed either through a discrete set of projects executed in the first five years of the contract or through the long term recapitalization program performed over the life of the contract. Traditionally, both of these programs are funded from the contract fee. At times, new assets are required to support the installation’s mission and the construction of these assets are funded by the U.S. government as separate modifications or amendments to the contract. The capital program historically has not used the Company’s equity or debt borrowings; rather, the Company has used limited working capital for short-term needs under these contracts. In April 2018, the U.S. Army instituted a requirement that a bidder must offer financing in its proposal for these new capital projects. However, the U.S. Army’s implementation of this requirement has limited the need for financing of these projects and the Company has been awarded several projects without any requirement to provide financing. 13 The contract price for nine of the Company’s contracts with the U.S. government is subject to redetermination two years after commencement of operations, and every three years thereafter. Price redetermination is a contract mechanism to periodically adjust the service fee in the next period, to reflect changes in contract obligations and anticipated market conditions. The remaining seven contracts with the U.S. government are subject to annual price adjustments under a mechanism similar to price redetermination called “Economic Price Adjustment.” All of these contracts could be terminated, in whole or in part, prior to the end of the 50-year term for convenience of the U.S. government, or as a result of default or non-performance by the subsidiary performing the contract. In either event, pursuant to termination provisions applicable to all of these contracts, the Company would be entitled to recover allowable costs that it may have incurred under the contract, plus the contract profit margin on incurred costs. The Company’s backlog of revenue associated with its contracts with the U.S. government is approximately $5.4 billion, with an average remaining contract term of 42 years. Competition The Company’s Market-Based Businesses face competition from a number of service providers, including HomeServe USA and Cinch Home Services in HOS, and American States Water Company, Suez North America, and Veolia Environnement S.A. in MSG. Environmental, Health and Safety, Water Quality and Other Regulation The Company’s water and wastewater operations, including the services provided by both its Regulated Businesses and Market-Based Businesses, are subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the protection of the environment, health and safety, the provision of water and wastewater services, particularly with respect to the quality of water the Company delivers to its customers, and the manner in which it collects, treats, discharges, recycles and disposes of wastewater. In the United States, these regulations are developed under legislation including the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act and the Clean Water Act. Environmental, health and safety, and water quality regulations are complex and may vary from state to state in those instances where a state has adopted a standard that is more stringent than the Federal standard. For example, while the EPA has issued a non-enforceable Health Advisory for the combined level of two perfluorinated compounds (perfluorooctanoic acid, or PFOA, and perfluorooctane sulfonate, or PFOS), the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection is developing drinking water standards for these two compounds and has adopted a standard for a third compound, perfluorononanoic acid, or PFNA, as well as other perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS. The Company is also subject to various federal, state, local laws and regulations governing the storage of hazardous materials, the management and disposal of hazardous and solid wastes, discharges to air and water, the cleanup of contaminated sites, dam safety and other matters relating to the protection of the environment and health and safety. PUCs also set conditions and standards for the water and wastewater services the Company delivers. The Company maintains an environmental program that includes responsible business practices, compliance with environmental laws and regulations, and effective use of natural resources, which is important given the overall trend that drinking water standards have become increasingly more stringent over time. As newer or stricter standards are introduced, the Company’s capital and operating costs could increase. The Company incurs substantial costs associated with compliance with the environmental, health and safety, and water quality standards to which its operations are subject and the Company invests in technology solutions for enhanced detection and monitoring. The Company estimates that it will make capital expenditures of approximately $600 million over the next five years for environmental control facilities, which the Company defines for this purpose as any project (or portion thereof) that involves the preservation of air, water or land. The Company believes that its operations are materially in compliance with, and in many cases surpass, minimum standards required by applicable environmental laws and regulations. The Company’s operations also involve the use, storage and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes. For example, the Company’s water and wastewater treatment facilities store and use chlorine and other chemicals 14 that generate wastes that require proper handling and disposal under applicable environmental requirements. The Company also could incur remedial costs in connection with any contamination relating to its operations or facilities or its off-site disposal of wastes. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA”), authorizes the EPA, and comparable state laws authorize state environmental authorities, to issue orders and bring enforcement actions to compel responsible parties to investigate and take remedial actions at any site that is determined to present an actual or potential threat to human health or the environment because of an actual or threatened release of one or more hazardous substances. Parties that generated or transported hazardous substances to such sites, as well as current and former owners and operators of such sites, may be deemed liable, without regard to fault, under CERCLA or comparable state laws. Although the Company is not aware of any material cleanup or decontamination obligations, the discovery of contamination or the imposition of such obligations in the future could result in additional costs. The Company’s facilities and operations are also subject to requirements under the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Act and inspections thereunder. Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are involved in pending legal proceedings relating to environmental matters. See Item 3—Legal Proceedings for additional information. Safe Drinking Water Act The Safe Drinking Water Act and related regulations establish national quality standards for drinking water. The EPA has issued rules governing the levels of numerous, naturally occurring and man-made chemical and microbial contaminants and radionuclides allowable in drinking water, and continues to propose new rules. These rules also prescribe testing requirements for detecting regulated contaminants, the treatment systems that may be used for removing those contaminants, and other requirements. To date, the EPA has set standards for approximately 90 contaminants and indicators for drinking water, and there is a process in place to make a regulatory determination on at least five additional compounds every five years. To help formulate the basis for future regulations, the EPA has the authority to require monitoring for additional, unregulated contaminants under the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (the “Monitoring Rule”). The Company’s facilities have participated in the data gathering effort for the Monitoring Rule in previous rounds, which occurs every five years, and are also a participant in the ongoing fourth round, which is scheduled for completion by the end of 2020. There are millions of other chemical compounds that are not regulated, many of which are lacking a testing methodology, occurrence data, health effects information and/or treatment technology. The process of developing new drinking water standards is long and complex, but the Company actively participates with the EPA and other water industry groups by sharing research and water quality operational knowledge. See “Research and Development—Emerging Containments” for additional information. To effect the removal or inactivation of microbial organisms, the EPA has established various rules to improve the disinfection and filtration of drinking water and to reduce consumers’ exposure to disinfectants and by-products of the disinfection process. In 2006, the EPA issued the Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule and the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproduct Rule and finalized the Ground Water Rule, which is applicable to systems providing water from underground sources. In 2016, the revised Total Coliform Rule implemented a “find and fix” process where exceeding bacterial trigger levels requires an assessment to correct any sanitary defects. The Company is within the EPA’s time frame for compliance with these standards, which includes sample collection, data analysis, engineering planning and system implementation. Recent monitoring under the Long-Term 2 Rule has resulted in the need for more than 30 of the Company’s surface water systems to provide additional protection against cryptosporidium. In many cases, this will involve installing UV disinfection, and although several plants have already completed assessments and upgrades, an estimated $150 million to $250 million of investment will still be required for the remaining facilities. Further, the EPA is actively considering regulations for a number of contaminants, including strontium, hexavalent chromium, fluoride, nitrosamines, perchlorate, some pharmaceuticals and certain volatile organic compounds. The Company does not anticipate that any such regulations, if enacted, will require implementation in 2020. 15 The Company conducts over one million water quality tests each year at its laboratory facilities and plant operations, including continuous online instrumentations such as monitoring turbidity levels, disinfectant residuals and adjustments to chemical treatment based on changes in incoming water. The Company participates in the Partnership for Safe Water, the EPA’s voluntary program to meet more stringent goals for reducing microbial contaminants. With 69 of the Company’s 80 surface water treatment plants receiving the EPA program’s prestigious “Director” award, which recognizes utilities that (i) have completed a comprehensive self- assessment report, (ii) created an action plan for continuous improvement, and (iii) produced high-quality drinking water, the Company accounts for approximately one-third of the plants receiving such awards nationwide. In addition, 67 of the Company’s surface water treatment plants have received the “Five-Year Phase III” award, 62 plants have received the “Ten-Year Phase III” award, 58 plants have received the “Fifteen- Year Phase III” award, and three plants have received the “Twenty-Year Phase III” award; these awards recognize plants that have met the Director award status for five, 10, 15 and 20 years, respectively. Further, nine of the Company’s surface water plants have received the “Presidents” award, which recognizes treatment plants that achieve the Partnership’s rigorous individual filter effluent turbidity standards. Although it is difficult to project the ultimate costs of complying with the above or other pending or future requirements, the Company expects current requirements under the Safe Drinking Water Act and other similar laws to be recoverable through the regulatory process and therefore compliance costs are not expected to have a material impact on its operations or financial condition. In addition, capital expenditures and operating costs to comply with environmental mandates have been traditionally recognized by PUCs as appropriate for inclusion in establishing rates. As a result, the Company expects to recover the operating and capital costs resulting from these pending or future requirements. Lead and Copper Rule and Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act In 1991, the EPA published the Lead and Copper Rule (“LCR”) to control lead and copper in drinking water and, since that time, has issued minor revisions in 2000, 2004 and 2007, enhancing monitoring, reporting and public education requirements. In 2011, Congress enacted the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act regarding the use and introduction into commerce of lead pipes, plumbing fittings for fixtures, solder and flux. While these advances have made an impact in reducing lead exposure in drinking water, legacy lead plumbing materials, primarily in building plumbing, still remain in many communities. The failure of certain water systems in the United States to comply with the requirements of the LCR has received recent media attention and scrutiny, and in certain cases, has led to a number of investigations and the imposition of significant penalties and sanctions against the operators of those systems and others. As part of its ongoing water main replacement and service line renewal projects, the Company has started to replace LSLs in accordance with current scientific guidance. Also, the Company utilizes appropriate corrosion control techniques as necessary to comply with current water quality regulatory requirements. The EPA proposed revisions to the LCR in November 2019 designed to provide more effective protection of public health by reducing exposure to lead and copper in drinking water. The Company continues to review the implications of the LCR and comments on the proposed revisions to the rule were due to the EPA by February 12, 2020. The Company will develop an implementation strategy to comply with the new requirements, if and when adopted, prior to the compliance effective dates in the final rule. Capital expenditures and operating costs associated with compliance with any of these rule revisions cannot be determined until the final rule is promulgated, but costs associated with compliance with federal regulations have been traditionally recognized by PUCs as appropriate for inclusion in establishing rates. The Company currently estimates that approximately 5% of the service lines within its regulated service territories contain lead on either the Company or customer portion of the service line (“LSLs”). The Company is replacing LSLs as part of ongoing water main replacement and service line renewal projects. The Company’s goal is to work with the communities it currently serves to replace a significant majority of presently known LSLs in most service areas by the end of 2030, at an estimated cost ranging from $600 million to $1.2 billion. The Company believes this will be attainable for most service areas where public policy is supportive of this goal. With regard to future acquisitions, the Company will work with those communities as part of the 16 acquisition process to set LSL removal goals appropriate for those systems. The prioritization of LSL removal plan is dependent on several factors, including the Company’s planned water main and service line renewal projects, adjacent projects by municipalities or other utilities, LCR compliance monitoring results, and cooperation with its customers with respect to replacing the customer-owned portion of the LSL as necessary. In certain cases these factors may result in a shorter or longer time frame for replacement. Because replacing the external LSL in its entirety is advised by several water industry organizations including the U.S. National Drinking Water Advisory Council, the Lead Service Line Replacement Collaborative, and the American Water Works Association, the Company’s preferred approach is to replace the entire external LSL if lead is found on either the Company or customer portion of the service line. The Lead Service Line Replacement Collaborative is a diverse group of public health, water utility, environmental, labor, consumer and housing organizations from across the country working together to encourage communities to accelerate the full replacement of LSLs through collaborative efforts at the local level. Clean Water Act The Clean Water Act regulates discharges from drinking water and wastewater treatment facilities into lakes, rivers, streams and groundwater. In addition to requirements applicable to the Company’s wastewater collection systems, its operations require discharge permits under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (“NPDES”) permit program established under the Clean Water Act, which must be renewed every five years. Pursuant to the NPDES permit program, the EPA and implementing states set maximum discharge limits for wastewater effluents and overflows from wastewater collection systems. Discharges that exceed the limits specified under NPDES permits can lead to the imposition of fines and penalties, and persistent non-compliance could lead to significant fines and penalties and other compliance costs. In addition, the difficulty of obtaining and complying with NPDES permits, and renewing expiring permits, may impose time and cost burdens on the Company’s operations. From time to time, discharge violations occur at the Company’s facilities, some of which result in fines. The Company does not expect any such violations or fines to have a material impact on its results of operations or financial condition. Environmental, Social Responsibility and Governance The Company considers environmental, social responsibility and governance (“ESG”) to include: environmental leadership and sustainability; operational excellence; employee engagement, safety and equality; active community engagement, civic and charitable involvement; and transparency and good governance. Integration of these principles into the Company’s daily operations emphasizes its belief that “how” a company operates is just as important as “what” a company does. This focus is derived from the Company’s vision statement, “clean water for life,” and its core values: (i) safety; (ii) trust; (iii) environmental leadership; (iv) teamwork; and (v) high performance, which are the principles by which it operates. The Company’s vision and values drive its company strategy, which is centered on five central themes: • Safety—The safety of the Company’s employees and its customers is the number one focus for American Water. • Customers—The Company’s customers are at the center of everything it does, helping the Company to shape its strategic priorities. The Company challenges itself so that if its regulated utility customers were to have a choice of providers, the Company would want them to choose American Water. • People—Maintaining an environment which is open, transparent, diverse and inclusive, and where the Company’s people feel valued, included and accountable, is critical to the Company’s ability to serve its customers every day. • Operational Excellence—The Company’s operational excellence strategy helps it to find better and more efficient ways to do business, and to provide safe, clean and affordable water services for its customers. 17 • Growth—The Company believes that when companies grow, they can invest more in creating stable jobs, training, benefits, infrastructure and their communities. The Company’s growth benefits all of its stakeholders, including its shareholders. In 2019, the Company issued its fifth biennial Sustainability Report, covering its sustainability performance for calendar years 2018 and 2017. This report can be accessed on the Company’s website, https://amwater.com, and was prepared in accordance with the GRI Standards: Core Option, as well as standards from the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board and Edison Electric Institute. The Company’s first report was issued in 2011, making American Water the first large water services company to measure its performance against the Global Reporting Index. In addition, the Company’s sustainability practices have supported its inclusion in the Euronext Vigeo® U.S. 50 index, FTSE4Good index series, 2018 NAACP Equity Inclusion and Empowerment Index, 2019 Constituent MSCI ESG Leaders Indexes, 2020 Bloomberg Gender-Equality Index, and ranked 16th on the Corporate Knights’ 2020 Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World. The following highlights the Company’s commitment to its ESG policies and practices: Environmental and Sustainability Practices • Energy Use • The Company lowered its greenhouse gas emissions through December 31, 2018 by approximately 31% since its base year of 2007 with a goal of achieving a 40% reduction by 2025. • The Company’s headquarters building in Camden, New Jersey attained LEED Platinum certification, and earned all possible points within the sustainable site credit category. • Design, construct, operate and maintain the Company’s systems for efficiency and best practices. • Water Supply • Constructed a new 90 million gallon reservoir and intake in Bel Air, Maryland in response to water supply demands during times of drought and in order to meet levels required by Maryland regulators. The new reservoir provides a long-term, safe and reliable water supply and economic opportunity in that region. • Water Policy Leadership • Expect to spend between $8.8 billion and $9.4 billion from 2020 to 2024 and between $20 billion and $22 billion from 2020 to 2029 on capital investments to address aging infrastructure, reduce or eliminate leaks, improve cyber and physical security, and increase resiliency of critical assets against the impacts of climate variability. Approximately 8% of the Company’s total projected capital investment is dedicated to resiliency. • More than $1.5 billion per year is allocated to renewing and improving regulated assets through a long-term perspective. • Scientists dedicated to research and partnering with water research foundations, on water quality and technology-water source monitoring. • Collaboration and partnerships with federal and state agencies to support effective environmental, health and safety and water quality standards and regulations. Social Responsibility • People • During 2019, nearly 96,000 hours of safety training were completed by the Company’s employees. 18 • As a result of the Company’s continued focus on safety, the Company has made significant progress towards its zero injuries goal, reducing workplace injuries by 61% over the past five years, and the Company’s 2019 safety performance was the best in its recorded history. Through year end 2019, the Company has further reduced its recordable injury rate to 1.13, approximately 62% better than the industry average. • During 2019, approximately 86% of the Company’s job requisitions had a diverse candidate pool, with approximately 57% of transfers or promotions filled by minority, female, veteran or disabled individuals. • Customers • Achieved a customer satisfaction rating in the top quartile among the Company’s industry peer group. • Communities • More than 5,000 hours of Company-sponsored community service performed during 2019 by its employees. • Company-sponsored workplace giving campaigns with the United Way and Water For People. • Through annual contributions from the American Water Charitable Foundation, the Company focused on supporting its employees in their own charitable endeavors, providing support for disaster relief efforts, and providing funding for initiatives related to clean water, conservation, education and community sustainability. Governance • Board and Committees • The Board of Directors and each of its committees are led by an independent, non-executive chairperson. • The Board of Directors met 12 times in 2019. • In July 2019, the Board of Directors added three additional directors, increasing its size from eight to 11 members. The three new directors represent gender, racial and experiential diversity, and all three have extensive regulated utility backgrounds. • Diversity • With the addition of three new directors in 2019, the percentage of women on the Board of Directors increased to 54.5% as of December 31, 2019. • The Company’s average director tenure was approximately 5.8 years as of December 31, 2019. • Demonstrated and Representative Expertise • The Company’s Board of Directors has demonstrated expertise, including experience in utility and finance operations, customer service, cybersecurity, the military, financial services and capital markets, service as a public company CEO and board member, and management of global operations. Research and Development The Company’s Research and Development Program The Company maintains an industry-leading Research and Development (“R&D”) program that is designed to enhance its services, help ensure compliance, improve quality and operational effectiveness, and provide 19 environmental leadership. For more than three decades from its inception, American Water’s R&D program has evolved into an industry leading effort and has achieved numerous advancements in the science of drinking water, wastewater, and desalination. Through laboratory and industry resources and the team’s expertise, efforts are focused on contaminants of emerging concern, including but not limited to PFAS, Legionella, cyanotoxin- forming algal blooms, pathogens and disinfection byproducts. The Company’s R&D personnel are located at the Company’s corporate headquarters and at two laboratory testing facilities in New Jersey and Illinois, the latter housing its quality control and testing laboratory, which supports the Company’s R&D activities through testing and analysis. The Company continues to leverage its expertise and collaborate with the EPA and state agencies to help establish effective environmental, health and safety, and water quality standards and regulation. This relationship includes the sharing of the Company’s research, such as its treatment and distribution system optimization research and its national water quality monitoring data. The Company’s engagement with the EPA provides it with early insight into emerging regulatory issues and initiatives, thereby allowing the Company to anticipate and to accommodate its future compliance requirements. The Company also frequently engages with the Centers for Disease Control, other state environmental agencies, and national and international water research foundations. The Company believes that continued R&D activities are critical for providing safe, reliable and affordable services, as well as maintaining its leadership position in the industry, which provides the Company with a competitive advantage as it seeks additional business with new and existing customers. Emerging Contaminants Emerging contaminants include numerous chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, herbicides and endocrine disrupting compounds, as well as some naturally occurring microbes, such as bacteria, viruses and parasites, which have been detected in drinking water supplies, for which the risk to the public’s health is not fully understood and/or has not been quantified. While these contaminants have been present in drinking water for as long as they have been in use, technological advances have only recently made it possible to detect many of them. The ability to detect contaminants, even at trace levels, has raised questions among regulators and government agencies, further affecting the public’s perception of drinking water quality. The Chemicals Abstract Service Registry contains over 159 million registered chemicals, with an estimated 1,400 species of disease-causing microbes that can affect humans. The Company is continually investigating new substances and contaminants, employing a team of scientists, engineers and public health professionals to identify threats to its water supply, to act on emerging regulations and new health advisories, and to evaluate the benefits of alternative or advanced treatment technologies. The Company maintains state-of-the-art water quality testing equipment and implements new and emerging technologies to help predict and manage potential water supply contamination issues. Examples of the Company’s efforts include: • • • • • using its research findings to communicate information to its customers on the actions they can take to manage Legionella (the Centers for Disease Control statistics indicate that water-associated disease from Legionella is on the rise, with exposure typically associated with customer-owned plumbing systems in large buildings); aerial drone testing to detect harmful algal blooms and testing ultrasonic technology to help prevent taste and odor events and to eliminate cyanotoxins before they get to the water treatment plant; the implementation of water source assessment tools, including sensors and analytics, to evaluate and track chemical storage and aid in the detection of source water contamination events; development of methodology and measurement techniques for emerging contaminants to investigate transport, occurrence and treatment; and the implementation of activated carbon, biofiltration and ion exchange for the control of emerging contaminants. 20 Service Company and Security American Water Works Service Company, Inc. (the “Service Company”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company that provides support and operational services to the Company’s operating subsidiaries. These services are predominantly provided to the Company’s Regulated Businesses under contracts that have been approved by PUCs, where necessary, and are also provided to its Market-Based Businesses organized under American Water Enterprises, LLC, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary (“AWE”) as requested or may otherwise be necessary. Services provided by the Service Company may include accounting and finance, administration, business development, communications, compliance, education and training, engineering, health and safety, human resources, information systems, internal audit, investor relations, legal and governance, operations, procurement, R&D, rates and regulatory support, security, risk management and insurance, treasury, and water quality. The Service Company also operates two national customer service centers located in Alton, Illinois and Pensacola, Florida, which provide customer relations, field service and operational support to the Company’s Regulated Businesses. Services are provided by the Service Company at cost, enabling the Company’s operating subsidiaries to fulfill their responsibilities in a cost-effective manner, while providing them access to in-depth, functional expertise. The Company’s security team provides oversight and policy guidance on physical, cyber and information security, as well as business continuity, throughout its operations. It is responsible for designing, implementing, monitoring and supporting effective physical and technical security controls for the Company’s physical assets, business systems and operational technologies. Risk assessments are conducted periodically to evaluate the effectiveness of existing security controls and serve as the basis for additional safeguards, security controls and measures. Operational and technical security controls are deployed and integrated as safeguards against unauthorized access to the Company’s information systems. These controls (i) are aimed at assuring the continuity of business processes that are dependent upon automation, (ii) seek to maintain the integrity of the Company’s data, (iii) support regulatory and legislative compliance requirements, and (iv) are aimed at maintaining safe and reliable service to the Company’s customers. The Company engages in partnerships with U.S. federal, state and local law enforcement agencies to coordinate and improve the security of its water delivery systems and to safeguard its water supply and operations. Employee Matters As of December 31, 2019, approximately 46% of the Company’s workforce was represented by unions, which include 71 collective bargaining agreements with 14 different unions. Additionally, as of December 31, 2019 the Company had four collective bargaining agreement beyond expiration, affecting approximately 371 employees, all of which are actively working under the terms of the existing agreement, and another collective bargaining agreement in its initial stage of renegotiation, affecting approximately 66 employees. During 2020, 14 of the Company’s collective bargaining agreements will be expiring in accordance with their terms and the Company expects to be able to negotiate these agreements during the course of the year. 21 Information About Our Executive Officers Presented in the table below is the name, age, offices held and business experience for each of the Company’s executive officers, as of February 18, 2020: Name Age Office and Experience Susan N. Story 60 President and Chief Executive Officer. Ms. Story has served as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and a director since May 2014, and has announced her retirement from these positions, effective April 1, 2020. Ms. Story served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company from April 2013 until May 2014. Prior to joining American Water, she served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Southern Company Services, a subsidiary of Southern Company, from January 2011 until March 2013 and President and Chief Executive Officer of Gulf Power Company, also a subsidiary of Southern Company, from 2003 until December 2010. Since 2008, Ms. Story has served as a member of the Board of Directors of Raymond James Financial, Inc., a diversified financial services company, and as lead director since 2016. Since January 2017, Ms. Story has also served on the Board of Directors of Dominion Energy, Inc., a producer and transporter of energy. Senior Vice President, Strategic Financial Planning. Mr. Chin joined the Company as its Senior Vice President, Planning and Strategy Integration in June 2017. He has had his current title since February 15, 2019, and he also served as Interim Treasurer from October 26, 2018 until February 15, 2019. Prior to joining the Company, from May 2013 to April 2017, Mr. Chin served as the lead utility analyst for the North America research function at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. From 2001 to 2013, Mr. Chin worked in Electric Utilities Research at Citigroup. Within that period, Mr. Chin was the global head of Electric Utilities Research for Citigroup. Brian Chin 46 M. Susan Hardwick 57 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Ms. Hardwick joined American Water on June 3, 2019 as its Executive Vice President—Finance and became its Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer on July 1, 2019. Ms. Hardwick previously served as the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Vectren Corporation, which was sold to CenterPoint Energy, Inc. on February 1, 2019. Ms. Hardwick joined Vectren Corporation in January 2000 and served in a variety of positions, including Vice President, Controller and Assistant Treasurer; Senior Vice President, Finance; Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer; and Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Prior to joining Vectren, Ms. Hardwick was Assistant Corporate Comptroller at Cinergy Corp. She began her career with Arthur Andersen & Co., leaving there as a senior manager to join Cinergy Corp. Ms. Hardwick is a Certified Public Accountant. 22 Name Melanie M. Kennedy Age 46 Office and Experience Senior Vice President, Human Resources. Since March 2017, Ms. Kennedy has served as the Company’s Senior Vice President, Human Resources. From August 2014 until March 2017, Ms. Kennedy served as Vice President, Human Resources of the Company, and from August 2012 to August 2014, she served as Director, Human Resources in the Company’s Northeast Division. Ms. Kennedy initially joined the Company in 2007, and before that time, she practiced law for nine years. Walter J. Lynch 57 Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Lynch has over 20 years of experience in the water and wastewater industry. He has served as the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer since January 2016, as Chief Operating Officer of Regulated Operations from February 2010 to December 2015, and President of Regulated Operations from July 2008 to December 2015. Mr. Lynch joined the Company in 2001. Mr. Lynch is on the Board of Directors of the National Association of Water Companies and serves on its Executive Committee. In addition, Mr. Lynch also serves on the Water Research Foundation Board of Trustees. Effective April 1, 2020, Mr. Lynch will succeed Ms. Story as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and a member of the Board of Directors. James S. Merante 45 Vice President and Treasurer. Mr. Merante was appointed as the Michael A. Sgro Company’s Vice President and Treasurer on February 15, 2019. Prior to that, Mr. Merante was Vice President, Internal Audit from February 2018 to February 15, 2019, and served as Divisional Chief Financial Officer for the Company’s Mid-Atlantic Division from July 2014 until February 2018. Prior to joining American Water, Mr. Merante served as Vice President of Operations for FSM, Inc., a private digital media company, from February 2010 until July 2014. Mr. Merante is licensed as a Certified Public Accountant in Pennsylvania. 61 Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary. Mr. Sgro has 25 years of experience in the water and wastewater industry. He has served as the Company’s Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since January 2016 and its Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary from February 2015 until January 2016. Prior to that, he served as the Company’s Interim General Counsel and Secretary from January 2015 until February 2015 and as Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of American Water’s Northeast Division from 2002 to 2015. 23 Name Loyd “Aldie” Warnock Age 60 Office and Experience Senior Vice President, Chief External Affairs and Corporate Business Development Officer. Mr. Warnock has served as the Company’s Senior Vice President, Chief External Affairs and Corporate Business Development Officer since January 1, 2020 and as the Company’s Senior Vice President of External Affairs and Business Development from August 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019. From April 2014 until August 2017, Mr. Warnock served as the Company’s Senior Vice President of External Affairs, Communications and Public Policy. Prior to joining the Company, he served as Senior Vice President of External Affairs at Midwest Independent System Operator, Inc., a non-profit, self-governing organization, from March 2011 to April 2014. Prior to that, he served as Vice President of External Affairs for Allegheny Energy, Inc. from December 2005 to February 2011 and Senior Vice President of Governmental and Regulatory Affairs at Mirant Corporation from July 2004 to November 2005. Mr. Warnock serves on the Board of Directors of the National Association of Water Companies and on the Executive Advisory Board of the Mississippi State University College of Business. Melissa K. Wikle 54 Vice President and Controller. Ms. Wikle joined the Company in July 2016 as its Vice President and Controller, and assumed the duties of the Company’s principal accounting officer in August 2016. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Wikle served as Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer of Columbus McKinnon Corporation, a publicly-traded worldwide designer, manufacturer and marketer of material handling products, systems and services, since April 2011. Ms. Wikle is a Certified Public Accountant. Each executive officer is elected annually by the Board of Directors and serves until his or her respective successor has been elected and qualified or his or her earlier death, resignation or removal. Available Information The Company is subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The Company files or furnishes annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Readers may obtain a copy of the Company’s annual reports on Form 10-K, its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or its current reports on Form 8-K, or any amendments to them, that are filed with or furnished to the SEC, free of charge, from the Investor Relations section of the Company’s website, https://ir.amwater.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company files or furnishes the information to the SEC. The Company maintains a website at https://amwater.com. Information contained on the Company’s website shall not be deemed incorporated into, or to be a part of, this report, and any website references included herein are not intended to be made through active hyperlinks. The Company recognizes its website as a key channel of distribution to reach public investors and as a means of disclosing information to comply with SEC Regulation FD. The American Water corporate governance guidelines and the charters for each of the standing committees of the Board of Directors, together with the American Water Code of Ethics and additional information regarding the Company’s corporate governance, are available on its Investor Relations website, https://ir.amwater.com, and will be made available, without charge, in print to any shareholder who requests such documents from its Investor Relations Department, American Water Works Company, Inc., 1 Water Street, Camden, NJ, 08102. 24 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS We operate in a market and regulatory environment that involves significant risks, many of which are beyond our control. In addition to the other information included or incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K, the following factors should be considered in evaluating our business and future prospects. Any of the following risks, either alone or taken together, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. Risks Related to Our Industry and Business Operations Our utility operations are subject to extensive regulation by state PUCs and other regulatory agencies, which significantly affects our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Our utility operations also may be subject to fines, penalties and other sanctions for the inability to meet these regulatory requirements. Our Regulated Businesses provide water and wastewater services to our customers through subsidiaries that are subject to regulation by state PUCs. This regulation affects the rates we charge our customers and has a significant impact on our business and results of operations. Generally, the state PUCs authorize us to charge rates that they determine are sufficient to recover our prudently incurred operating expenses, including, but not limited to, operating and maintenance costs, depreciation, financing costs and taxes, and provide us the opportunity to earn an appropriate rate of return on invested capital. Our ability to successfully implement our business plan and strategy depends on the rates authorized by the various state PUCs. We periodically file rate increase applications with state PUCs. The ensuing administrative process may be lengthy and costly. Our rate increase requests may or may not be approved, or may be partially approved, and any approval may not occur in a timely manner. Moreover, a PUC may not approve a rate request to an extent that is sufficient to: • • • cover our expenses, including purchased water and costs of chemicals, fuel and other commodities used in our operations; enable us to recover our investment; and provide us with an opportunity to earn an appropriate rate of return on our investment. Approval of the PUCs is also required in connection with other aspects of our utilities’ operations. Some state PUCs are empowered to impose financial penalties, fines and other sanctions for non-compliance with applicable rules and regulations. Our utilities are also required to have numerous permits, approvals and certificates from the PUCs that regulate their businesses and authorize acquisitions, dispositions, and, in certain cases, affiliated transactions. Although we believe that each utility subsidiary has obtained or sought renewal of the material permits, approvals and certificates necessary for its existing operations, we are unable to predict the impact that future regulatory activities may have on our business. In any of these cases, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity may be adversely affected. Even if rates are sufficient, we face the risk that we will not achieve the rates of return on our invested capital to the extent permitted by state PUCs. This could occur if certain conditions exist, including, but not limited to, if water usage is less than the level anticipated in establishing rates, or if our investments or expenses prove to be higher than the level estimated in establishing rates. Our operations and the quality of water we supply are subject to extensive and increasingly stringent environmental, water quality and health and safety laws and regulations, including with respect to emerging contaminants, compliance with which could impact both our operating costs and capital expenditures, and violations of which could subject us to substantial liabilities and costs, as well as damage to our reputation. Our regulated water and wastewater operations and the operations of our Market-Based Businesses are subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations. These requirements include, among others, the 25 Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the LCR and CERCLA. EPA requirements and similar federal and state laws and regulations. For example, state PUCs and environmental regulators set conditions and standards for the water and wastewater services we deliver. If we deliver water or wastewater services to our customers that do not comply with regulatory standards, or otherwise violate environmental laws, regulations or permits, or other health and safety and water quality regulations, we could incur substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions or costs, as well as damage to our reputation. In the most serious cases, regulators could reduce requested rate increases or force us to discontinue operations and sell our operating assets to another utility or to a municipality. Given the nature of our business which, in part, involves supplying water for human consumption, any potential non-compliance with, or violation of, environmental, water quality and health and safety laws or regulations would likely pose a more significant risk to us than to a company not similarly involved in the water and wastewater industry. In addition, CERCLA authorizes the EPA to issue orders and bring enforcement actions to compel responsible parties to investigate and take remedial actions with respect to actual or threatened releases of hazardous substances, and can impose joint and several liability, without regard to fault, on responsible parties for the costs thereof. We are also required to obtain various environmental permits from regulatory agencies for our operations. We incur substantial operating and capital costs on an ongoing basis to comply with environmental, water quality and health and safety laws and regulations. These laws and regulations, and their enforcement, generally have become more stringent over time, and new or stricter requirements could increase our costs. Although we may seek to recover ongoing compliance costs in our Regulated Businesses through customer rates, there can be no guarantee that the various state PUCs or similar regulatory bodies that govern our Regulated Businesses would approve rate increases that would enable us to recover such costs or that such costs will not materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. We may also incur liabilities if, under environmental laws and regulations, we are required to investigate and clean up environmental contamination, including potential releases of hazardous chemicals, such as chlorine, which we use to treat water, or at off-site locations where we have disposed of waste or caused an adverse environmental impact. The discovery of previously unknown conditions, or the imposition of cleanup obligations in the future, could result in significant costs and could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. Such remediation costs may not be covered by insurance and may make it difficult for us to secure insurance at acceptable rates in the future. Attention is being given to emerging contaminants, including, without limitation, chemicals and other substances that currently do not have any regulatory standard in drinking water or have been recently created or discovered (including by means of scientific achievements in the analysis and detection of trace amounts of substances). Examples of sources of emerging contaminants include, but are not limited to, newly created chemical compounds (including, for example, manufactured nanomaterials); human and veterinary products; perfluorinated and polyfluorinated compounds; bacteria, microbes, viruses, amoebae and other pathogens; and residual by-products of disinfection. We rely upon governmental agencies to set appropriate regulatory standards to protect the public from these and other contaminants, and our role is to provide service that meets these standards, if any. In some of our states, PUCs may disapprove of cost recovery, in whole or in part, for implementation of treatment infrastructure for an emerging contaminant in the absence of a regulatory standard. Furthermore, given the rapid pace at which emerging contaminants are being created and/or discovered, we may not be able to detect and/or mitigate all such substances in our drinking water system or supplies, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and reputation. In addition, we believe emerging contaminants may form the basis for additional or increased federal or state regulatory initiatives and requirements in the future, which could significantly increase the cost of our operations. 26 Limitations on availability of water supplies or restrictions on our use of water supplies as a result of government regulation or action may adversely affect our access to sources of water, our ability to supply water to customers or the demand for our water services. Our ability to meet the existing and future demand of our customers depends on the availability of an adequate supply of water. As a general rule, sources of public water supply, including rivers, lakes, streams and groundwater aquifers, are held in the public trust and are not owned by private interests. As a result, we typically do not own the water that we use in our operations, and the availability of our water supply is established through allocation rights (determined by legislation or court decisions) and passing-flow requirements set by governmental entities. Passing-flow requirements set minimum volumes of water that must pass through specified water sources, such as rivers and streams, in order to maintain environmental habitats and meet water allocation rights of downstream users. Allocation rights are imposed to ensure sustainability of major water sources and passing-flow requirements are most often imposed on source waters from smaller rivers, lakes and streams. These requirements, which can change from time to time, and vary by state or region, may adversely impact our water supply. Supply issues, such as drought, overuse of sources of water, the protection of threatened species or habitats, contamination or other factors may limit the availability of ground and surface water. For example, in our Monterey County, California operations, we are seeking to augment our sources of water supply, principally to comply with an October 20, 2009 cease and desist order (the “2009 Order”), as amended by an order in July 2016 (the “2016 Order”), of the SWRCB that requires California-American Water Company, our wholly owned subsidiary (“Cal Am”), to significantly decrease its diversions from the Carmel River in accordance with a reduction schedule that terminates on December 31, 2021 (the “2021 Deadline”). We are also required to augment our Monterey County sources of water supply to comply with the requirements of the Endangered Species Act. We cannot predict whether Cal Am will be able to secure alternative sources of water, or if Cal Am will be exposed to liabilities, including fines and penalties, if it is unable to meet the 2021 Deadline under the 2016 Order. Furthermore, Cal Am continues to work constructively with all appropriate agencies to provide necessary information to obtain the required approvals for the Water Supply Project; however, due to the delay in the approval schedule, Cal Am currently does not believe that it will be able to fully comply with the diversion reduction requirements and other remaining requirements under the 2009 Order and the 2016 Order, including the 2021 Deadline. If Cal Am or any of our other subsidiaries are unable to secure an alternative source of water, or if other adverse consequences result from the events described above, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected. See Item 3—Legal Proceedings—Alternative Water Supply in Lieu of Carmel River Diversions, which includes additional information regarding this matter. Climate variability may cause increased volatility in weather and may impact water usage and related revenue or require additional expenditures, all of which may not be fully recoverable in rates or otherwise. The issue of climate variability is receiving increasing attention nationally and worldwide. Some scientific experts are predicting a worsening of weather volatility in the future associated with climate variability. Many climate variability predictions, if true, present several potential challenges to water and wastewater utilities, including us, such as: • • • • • • • increased frequency and duration of droughts; increased precipitation and flooding; increased frequency and severity of storms and other weather events; challenges associated with changes in temperature or increases in ocean levels; potential degradation of water quality; decreases in available water supply and changes in water usage patterns; increases in disruptions in service; 27 • • increased costs to repair damaged facilities; or increased costs to reduce risks associated with the increasing frequency of natural events, including to improve the resiliency and reliability of our water production and delivery facilities and systems. Because of the uncertainty of weather volatility related to climate variability, we cannot predict its potential impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. Although some or all potential expenditures and costs with respect to our Regulated Businesses could be recovered through rates, infrastructure replacement surcharges or other regulatory mechanisms, there can be no assurance that state PUCs would authorize rate increases to enable us to recover such expenditures and costs, in whole or in part. The current regulatory rate setting process may result in a significant delay, also known as “regulatory lag,” from the time that we invest in infrastructure improvements, incur increased operating expenses or experience declining water usage, to the time at which we can seek to address these events in rate case applications; our inability to minimize regulatory lag could adversely affect our business. There is typically a delay, known as “regulatory lag,” between the time one of our regulated subsidiaries makes a capital investment or incurs an operating expense increase and the time when those costs are reflected in rates. In addition, billings permitted by state PUCs typically are, to a considerable extent, based on the volume of water usage in addition to a minimum base rate. Thus, we may experience regulatory lag between the time our revenues are affected by declining usage and the time we are able to adjust the rate per gallon of usage to address declining usage. Our inability to reduce regulatory lag could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. We endeavor to reduce regulatory lag by pursuing constructive regulatory policies. For example, three of our states have approved revenue stability mechanisms that adjust rates periodically to ensure that a utility’s revenue will be sufficient to cover its costs regardless of sales volume, including recognition of declining sales resulting from reduced consumption, while providing an incentive for customers to use water more efficiently. In addition, 11 of our state PUCs permit rates to be adjusted outside of the general rate case application process through surcharges that address certain capital investments, such as replacement of aging infrastructure. These surcharges are adjusted periodically based on factors such as project completion or future budgeted expenditures, and specific surcharges are eliminated once the related capital investment is incorporated in new PUC approved rates. Furthermore, in setting rates, ten of our state PUCs allow us to use future test years, which extend beyond the date a rate request is filed to allow for current or projected revenues, expenses and investments to be reflected in rates on a more timely basis. Other examples of such programs include states that allow us to increase rates for certain cost increases that are beyond our control, such as purchased water costs, property or other taxes, or power, conservation, chemical or other expenditures. These surcharge mechanisms enable us to adjust rates in less time after costs have been incurred than would be the case under the general rate case application process. While these programs have reduced regulatory lag in several of our regulated states, we continue to seek expansion of programs to reduce regulatory lag in those jurisdictions that have not approved such programs. Furthermore, PUCs may fail to adopt new surcharge programs and existing programs may not continue in their current form, or at all. Although we intend to continue our efforts to expand state PUC approval of surcharges to address issues of regulatory lag, our efforts may not be successful, or even if successful they may not completely address our regulatory lag, in which case our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity may be materially and adversely affected. Changes in laws and regulations and changes in certain agreements can significantly affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. New legislation, regulations, government policies or court decisions, including, without limitation with respect to federal and state income and other tax laws, can materially affect our operations, results of operations 28 and cash flows. The individuals who serve as regulators are elected or political appointees. Therefore, elections which result in a change of political administration or new appointments may also result in changes in the individuals who serve as regulators and the policies of the regulatory agencies that they serve. New laws or regulations, new interpretations of existing laws or regulations, changes in agency policy, including those made in response to shifts in public opinion, or conditions imposed during the regulatory hearing process could have the following consequences, among others: • making it more difficult for us to increase our rates and, as a consequence, to recover our costs or earn our expected rates of return; • • • • • • • • changing the determination of the costs, or the amount of costs, that would be considered recoverable in rate cases; restricting our ability to terminate our services to customers who owe us money for services previously provided or limiting our bill collection efforts; requiring us to provide water or wastewater services at reduced rates to certain customers; limiting or restricting our ability to acquire water or wastewater systems, purchase or dispose of assets or issue securities, or making it less cost-effective for us to do so; negatively impacting the deductibility of expenses under federal or state tax laws, the amount of tax credits or tax abatement benefits that may be available, the amount of taxes owed, the timing of tax effects on rates, or the ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards; changing regulations that affect the benefits we expected to receive when we began offering services in a particular area; increasing the associated costs of, or difficulty complying with, environmental, health, safety, consumer privacy, water quality, and water quality accountability laws and regulations to which our operations are subject; changing or placing additional limitations on change in control requirements relating to any concentration of ownership of our common stock; • making it easier for governmental entities to convert our assets to public ownership via condemnation, eminent domain or other similar process, or for governmental agencies or private plaintiffs to assess liability against us for damages under these or similar processes; • • • placing limitations, prohibitions or other requirements with respect to the sharing of information and participation in transactions by or between a regulated subsidiary and us or our other affiliates, including Service Company and any of our other subsidiaries; restricting or prohibiting our extraction of water from rivers, streams, reservoirs or aquifers; and revoking or altering the terms of a CPCN issued to us by a state PUC. Any of the foregoing consequences could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. In addition, new Federal, state and local laws, changes in existing laws, rules or regulations, or administrative interpretations thereof, could impact us. In December 2017, the TCJA was signed into law, which, among other things, enacted significant and complex changes to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), including a reduction in the maximum U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% as of January 1, 2018, and certain other provisions related specifically to the public utility industry, including the normalization of our deferred income taxes. The enactment of the TCJA required re-measurement of our deferred income taxes, which materially impacted our 2017 results of operations and financial position and had a lesser impact on our 2018 results of operations and financial position. Following enactment of the TCJA, the Company 29 adjusted its customer rates and deferred income taxes to reflect the lower income tax rate as mandated by PUCs in jurisdictions that have addressed the issue. We expect that further impacts to our deferred income taxes will continue to occur through pending or future rate cases or other proceedings in the remaining jurisdictions. At this time, we cannot predict the impacts on us of the regulatory treatment of the TCJA in these remaining proceedings, or of the enactment or adoption of any Related Interpretations, if and when issued. Moreover, we are unable to determine or predict the potential impacts, if any, of any other new or amended laws, rules or regulations, or interpretations thereof, including, without limitation, further amendments to the Code or applicable Treasury regulations, to the extent they may be ultimately enacted, adopted or issued, on us or our businesses, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. Service disruptions caused by severe weather conditions, climate variability patterns or natural disasters may disrupt our operations or reduce the demand for our water services, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. Service interruptions due to severe weather, climate variability patterns and other natural events are possible across all our businesses. These include, among other things, storms, freezing conditions, high wind conditions, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, landslides, drought, wildfires, coastal and intercoastal floods or high water conditions, including those in or near designated flood plains, severe electrical storms, sinkholes and solar flares. Weather and other natural events such as these may affect the condition or operability of our facilities, limiting or preventing us from delivering water or wastewater services to our customers, or requiring us to make substantial capital expenditures to repair any damage. Tariffs in place or cost recovery proceedings with respect to our Regulated Businesses may not provide reimbursement to us, in whole or in part, for any of these impacts. Government restrictions on water use may also result in decreased use of water services, even if our water supplies are sufficient to serve our customers, which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Seasonal drought conditions that may impact our water services are possible across all of our service areas. Governmental restrictions imposed in response to a drought may apply to all systems within a region independent of the supply adequacy of any individual system. Responses may range from voluntary to mandatory water use restrictions, rationing restrictions, water conservation regulations, and requirements to minimize water system leaks. While expenses incurred in implementing water conservation and rationing plans may generally be recoverable provided the relevant PUC determines they were reasonable and prudent, we cannot assure that any such expenses incurred will, in fact, be fully recovered. Moreover, reductions in water consumption, including those resulting from installation of equipment or changed consumer behavior, may persist even after drought restrictions are repealed and the drought has ended, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. A loss of one or more large industrial customers could have a material adverse impact upon the results of operations of one or more of our Regulated Businesses. Adverse economic conditions or other factors can cause our customers, particularly industrial customers, to curtail operations. A curtailment of operations by an industrial customer would typically result in reduced water usage by that customer. In more severe circumstances, the decline in usage could be permanent. Any decrease in demand resulting from difficult economic conditions affecting these industrial customers could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Tariffs in place with respect to our Regulated Businesses may not reimburse us, in whole or in part, for any of these impacts. Our Regulated Businesses require significant capital expenditures and may suffer if we fail to secure appropriate funding to make investments, or if we experience delays in completing major capital expenditure projects. The water and wastewater utility business is capital intensive. We invest significant amounts of capital to add, replace and maintain property, plant and equipment, and to improve aging infrastructure. In 2019, we 30 invested $1.7 billion in net Company-funded capital improvements. The level of capital expenditures necessary to maintain the integrity of our systems will continue into the future and may increase. We expect to fund capital improvement projects using cash generated from operations, borrowings under our revolving credit facility and commercial paper programs and issuances of long-term debt and equity. We may not be able to access our revolving credit facility or the commercial paper, long-term debt and equity capital markets, when necessary or desirable to fund capital improvements on favorable terms or at all. If we are not able to obtain sufficient financing, we may be unable to maintain our existing property, plant and equipment, fund our capital investment strategies, meet our growth targets and expand our rate base to enable us to earn satisfactory future returns on our investments. Even with adequate financial resources to make required capital expenditures, we face the additional risk that we will not complete our major capital projects on time, as a result of construction delays, permitting delays, labor shortages or other disruptions, environmental restrictions, or other obstacles. Each of these outcomes could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Aging infrastructure may lead to service disruptions, property damage and increased capital expenditures and O&M costs, all of which could negatively impact our financial results. We have risks associated with aging infrastructure, including water and sewer mains, pumping stations and water and wastewater treatment facilities. Additionally, the nature of information available on buried and newly acquired assets may be limited, which may challenge our ability to conduct efficient asset management and maintenance practices. Assets that have aged beyond their expected useful lives may experience a higher rate of failure. Failure of aging infrastructure could result in increased capital expenditures and O&M costs, and negatively impact our future O&M efficiency ratio. In addition, failure of aging infrastructure may result in property damage, and in safety, environmental and public health impacts. To the extent that any increased costs or expenditures are not fully recovered in rates, our results of operations, liquidity and cash flows could be negatively impacted. Seasonality could adversely affect the volume of water sold and our revenues. The volume of water we sell during the warmer months, typically in the summer, is generally greater than during other months, due primarily to increased water usage for irrigation systems, swimming pools, cooling systems and other applications. Throughout the year, and particularly during typically warmer months, the volume of water sold tends to vary with temperature, rainfall levels and rainfall frequency. In the event that temperatures during the typically warmer months are cooler than normal, or if there is more rainfall than normal, the amount of water we sell may decrease and adversely affect our revenues. Three of our jurisdictions, California, Illinois, and New York, have adopted revenue stability mechanisms that permit us to collect state PUC-authorized revenue for a given period, which is not tied to the volume of water sold during that period. Revenue stability mechanisms are designed to allow utilities to recover the fixed cost of operations while supporting water conservation goals. In those jurisdictions that have not adopted a revenue stability mechanism, operating results could continue to be affected by seasonality. Regulatory and environmental risks associated with the collection, treatment and disposal of wastewater may impose significant costs. The wastewater collection, treatment and disposal operations of our subsidiaries are subject to substantial regulation and involve environmental risks. If collection, treatment or disposal systems fail, overflow, or do not operate properly, untreated wastewater or other contaminants could spill onto nearby properties or into nearby streams and rivers, causing damage to persons or property, injury to aquatic life and economic damages. This risk is most acute during periods of substantial rainfall or flooding, which are the main causes of sewer overflow and system failure. Liabilities resulting from such damage could adversely and materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. 31 Contamination of water supplies or our water service provided to our customers could result in service limitations and interruptions and exposure to substances not typically found in potable water supplies, and could subject us and our subsidiaries to reductions in usage and other responsive obligations, government enforcement actions, damage to our reputation and private litigation. The water supplies that flow into our treatment plants or are delivered through our distribution system, or the water service that is provided to our customers, may be subject to contamination, including, among other items, contamination from naturally-occurring compounds, chemicals in groundwater systems, pollution resulting from man-made sources (such as perchlorate, methyl tertiary butyl ether, lead and other materials, chemical spills or other accidents that result in contaminants entering the water source), and possible terrorist attacks. In addition, new categories of these substances continue to emerge in the water industry. If one of our water supplies or the water service provided to our customers is contaminated, depending on the nature of the contamination, we may have to take responsive actions that could include, among other things (1) continuing limited use of the water supply under a “Do Not Use” protective order that enables continuation of basic sanitation and essential fire protection, or (2) interrupting the use of that water supply. If service is disrupted, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and reputation may be adversely affected. In addition, we may incur significant costs in order to treat the contaminated source through the expansion of our current treatment facilities or the development of new sources of supply or new treatment methods. We may be unable to recover costs associated with treating or decontaminating water supplies through insurance, customer rates, tariffs or contract terms. Any recovery of these costs that we are able to obtain through regulatory proceedings or otherwise may not occur in a timely manner. Moreover, we could be subject to claims for damages arising from government enforcement actions or toxic tort or other lawsuits arising out of an interruption of service or human exposure to hazardous substances in our drinking water and water supplies. Since we engage in the business of providing water service to our customers, contamination of the water supply, or the water service provided to our customers, could result in substantial injury or damage to our customers, employees or others and we could be exposed to substantial claims and litigation. Such claims could relate to, among other things, personal injury, loss of life, business interruption, property damage, pollution, and environmental damage and may be brought by our customers or third parties. Litigation and regulatory proceedings are subject to inherent uncertainties and unfavorable rulings can and do occur, and we may not be protected from these claims or negative impacts therefrom in whole or in part by tariffs or other contract terms. Negative impacts to our reputation may occur even if we are not liable for any contamination or other environmental damage or the consequences arising out of human exposure to contamination or hazardous substances in the water or water supplies. In addition, insurance coverage may not cover all or a portion of these losses, and are subject to deductibles and other limitations. Pending or future claims against us could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We may sustain losses that exceed or are excluded from our insurance coverage or for which we are self- insured. We maintain insurance coverage as part of our overall legal and risk management strategy to minimize potential liabilities arising from our utility operations, as well as the operations of our Market-Based Businesses. Our insurance programs have varying coverage limits, exclusions and maximums, and insurance companies may seek to deny claims we might make. Generally, our insurance policies cover property damage, worker’s compensation, employer’s liability, general liability, cybersecurity, terrorism risks and automobile liability. Each policy includes deductibles or self-insured retentions and policy limits for covered claims. As a result, we may sustain losses that exceed or that are excluded from our insurance coverage or for which we are self-insured. Although in the past we have been generally able to obtain insurance coverage related to our business, there can be no assurance that we can secure all necessary or appropriate insurance in the future, or that such insurance can be economically secured. For example, catastrophic events can result in decreased coverage limits, more limited coverage, increased premium costs or deductibles. 32 We are subject to adverse publicity and reputational risks, which make us vulnerable to negative customer perception and could lead to increased regulatory oversight or sanctions. Our business and operations have a large direct and indirect customer base and, as a result, we are exposed to public criticism regarding, among other things, the reliability of their water, wastewater and related or ancillary services, the quality of water provided, and the amount, timeliness, accuracy and format of bills that are provided for such services. Adverse publicity and negative consumer sentiment may render legislatures and other governing bodies, state PUCs and other regulatory authorities, and government officials less likely to view us in a favorable light, and may cause us to be susceptible to less favorable legislative, regulatory and economic outcomes, as well as increased regulatory or other oversight and more stringent regulatory or economic requirements. Unfavorable regulatory and economic outcomes may include the enactment of more stringent laws and regulations governing our operations and less favorable economic terms in our agreements related to our Market-Based Businesses, as well as fines, penalties or other sanctions or requirements. The imposition of any of the foregoing could have a material negative impact on us and our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. For example, New York American Water Company, Inc. (“NYAW”) has been the subject of a New York State Public Service Commission (“NYSPSC”) investigation related to the unintentional provision of incorrect data to a taxing authority that resulted in an over-assessment of real property taxes. NYAW self-reported this issue to the NYSPSC promptly after NYAW’s senior leadership became aware of it. Neither NYAW nor any of its employees received any financial benefit as a result of this matter, as all customer overpayments were provided to the local taxing authorities. The NYSPSC investigation also related to the failure of a few employees working on NYAW’s 2016 general rate case to properly disclose these issues in that rate case. In September 2018, a settlement of these matters was approved by the Supreme Court of the State of New York, Albany County, and NYAW has been working with the New York State Department of Public Service to implement its terms. While the settlement resolves the NYSPSC’s investigation involving NYAW and those matters set forth above, there can be no assurance that NYAW will not be subject to additional federal, state or local proceedings regarding these and other related matters, and these proceedings could result in increased oversight and civil, administrative and/or criminal sanctions, which may have a material adverse effect upon our reputation and perception. The failure of, or the requirement to repair, upgrade or dismantle, any of our dams may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. The properties of our Regulated Businesses segment include 76 dams, the majority of which are earthen dams, and the failure of any of which could result in personal injury and property damage, including without limitation downstream property damage, for which we may be liable. The failure of a dam would also adversely affect our ability to supply water in sufficient quantities to our customers and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Any losses or liabilities incurred due to a failure of one of our dams might not be covered by insurance policies or be recoverable in rates, and such losses may make it difficult for us to secure insurance at acceptable rates in the future. We also are required from time to time to decommission, repair or upgrade the dams that we own. The cost of such repairs or upgrades can be and has been material. The federal and state agencies that regulate our operations may adopt rules and regulations requiring us to dismantle our dams, which also could entail material costs. Although in most cases, the PUC has permitted recovery of expenses and capital investment related to dam rehabilitation, we might not be able to recover costs of repairs, upgrades or dismantling through rates in the future. The inability to recover these costs or delayed recovery of the costs as a result of regulatory lag can affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. 33 Any failure of our network of water and wastewater pipes and water reservoirs could result in losses and damages that may affect our financial condition and reputation. Our operating subsidiaries distribute water and collect wastewater through an extensive network of pipes and storage systems located across the United States. A failure of major pipes or reservoirs could result in injuries, property and other damage for which we may be liable. The failure of major pipes and reservoirs may also result in the need to shut down some facilities or parts of our network in order to conduct repairs. Such failures and shutdowns may limit our ability to supply water in sufficient quantities to our customers and to meet the water and wastewater delivery requirements prescribed by government regulators, including state PUCs with jurisdiction over our operations, and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and reputation. Any business interruption or other losses might not be covered by insurance policies or be recoverable in rates, and such losses may make it difficult for us to secure insurance at acceptable rates in the future. Moreover, to the extent such business interruptions or other losses are not covered by insurance, they may not be recovered through rate adjustments. An important part of our growth strategy is the acquisition of water and wastewater systems, which involves risks, including competition for acquisition opportunities from other regulated utilities, governmental entities and other buyers, that may hinder or limit our ability to grow our business. An important element of our growth strategy is the acquisition and optimization of water and wastewater systems in order to broaden our current, and move into new, service areas. We may not be able to acquire other systems or businesses if we cannot identify suitable acquisition opportunities or reach mutually agreeable terms with acquisition candidates. Further, competition for acquisition opportunities from other regulated utilities, governmental entities, and other buyers may hinder our ability to expand our business. The negotiation and execution of potential acquisitions as well as the integration of acquired systems or businesses with our existing operations could require us to incur significant costs and cause diversion of our management’s time and resources. Future acquisitions by us could result in, among other things: • • • • • • • • • • incurrence or assumption of debt, contingent liabilities and environmental liabilities of or with respect to an acquired business, including liabilities that were unknown at the time of acquisition; failure to recover acquisition premiums; unanticipated capital expenditures; failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting; the need to successfully integrate the acquired systems’ cybersecurity and infrastructure protection measures with those of the Company’s; recording goodwill and other intangible assets at values that ultimately may be subject to impairment charges; fluctuations in quarterly results; unanticipated acquisition-related expenses; failure to realize anticipated benefits, such as cost savings and revenue enhancements; and difficulties in integrating or assimilating personnel, benefits, services and systems. Some or all of these items could have a material adverse effect on our business. The systems and businesses we acquire in the future may not achieve anticipated sales and profitability or other perceived synergies, and any difficulties we encounter in the integration process could interfere with our operations, reduce our operating margins and adversely affect our internal control over financial reporting. 34 We compete with governmental entities, other regulated utilities, and strategic and financial buyers for acquisition opportunities. If consolidation becomes more prevalent in the water and wastewater industries and competition for acquisitions increases, the prices for suitable acquisition candidates may increase and limit our ability to expand through acquisitions. Our Regulated Businesses are subject to condemnation and other proceedings through eminent domain or other similar authorized process, which could materially and adversely affect their results of operations and financial condition. Municipalities and other government subdivisions have historically been involved in the provision of water and wastewater services in the United States, and organized efforts may arise from time to time in one or more of the service areas in which our Regulated Businesses operate to convert our assets to public ownership and operation through exercise of the governmental power of eminent domain, or another similar authorized process. A municipality or other government subdivision or a citizen group may seek to acquire our assets through eminent domain or such other process, either directly or indirectly as a result of a citizen petition. For example, in November 2018, Monterey, California ballot Measure J was certified as having been approved by a public vote, requiring the MPWMD to conduct a study and submit a written plan concerning the feasibility of a potential purchase of the Monterey system assets without an additional public vote. On November 6, 2019, the MPWMD issued a preliminary report finding, among other things, that the acquisition of the Monterey system assets by the MPWMD would be economically feasible. Also, five municipalities in the Chicago, Illinois area formed a water agency that filed an eminent domain lawsuit against our Illinois subsidiary in January 2013, seeking to condemn a water pipeline that serves those five municipalities. This lawsuit remains pending, and a valuation trial is likely to be held in the near future. See Item 1—Business—Regulated Businesses—Condemnation and Eminent Domain, which includes additional information regarding these matters. Furthermore, the law in certain jurisdictions in which our Regulated Businesses operate provides for eminent domain rights allowing private property owners to file a lawsuit to seek just compensation against a public utility, if the public utility’s infrastructure has been determined to be a substantial cause of damage to that property. In these actions, the plaintiff would not have to prove that the public utility acted negligently. In California, lawsuits have been filed in connection with large-scale natural events such as wildfires. Some have included allegations that infrastructure of certain utilities triggered the natural event that resulted in damage to the property. In some cases, the PUC has disallowed recovery in rates of losses incurred by these utilities as a result of such lawsuits. Contesting an exercise of condemnation, eminent domain or other similar process, or responding to a citizen petition, may result in costly legal proceedings and may divert the attention of management. Moreover, our efforts to resist the condemnation, eminent domain or other process may not be successful, which may require us to sell the operations at issue in a condemnation proceeding or to pay a private property owner compensation for the property damage suffered. If a municipality or other government subdivision succeeds in acquiring the assets of one or more of our Regulated Businesses through eminent domain or other process, there is a risk that we will not receive adequate compensation for the business, that we will not be able to keep the compensation, or that we will not be able to divest the business without incurring significant charges. Any of these outcomes may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and liquidity. We rely on operational and technology systems to facilitate the management of our business and customer and supplier relationships, and a disruption of these systems could adversely affect our business. Our operational and technology systems are an integral part of our business, and any disruption of these systems could significantly limit our ability to manage and operate our business efficiently, which, in turn, could cause our business and competitive position to suffer and adversely affect our results of operations. For example, 35 we depend on these systems to bill customers, process orders, provide customer service, manage certain plant operations and construction projects, manage our financial records, track assets, remotely monitor certain of our plants and facilities and manage human resources, supply chain, inventory and accounts receivable collections. Although we do not believe that these systems are at a materially greater risk of failure than other similar organizations, our technology systems remain vulnerable to damage or interruption from: • • • • • power loss, computer systems failures, and internet, telecommunications or data network failures; operator error or improper operation by, the negligent or improper supervision of, or the intentional acts of, employees and contractors; physical and electronic loss of customer or employee data due to security breaches, cyber attacks, hacking, denial of services action, misappropriation of data or other property and similar events; computer viruses; and severe weather and other events, including without limitation, hurricanes, tornadoes, fires, floods, earthquakes and other disasters. These events may result in physical and electronic loss of customer, employee or financial data, security breaches, misappropriation of property and other adverse consequences. In addition, a lack of or inadequate levels of redundancy for certain of these systems, including billing systems, could exacerbate the impact of any of these events on us. We may not be successful in developing or acquiring technology that is competitive and responsive to the needs of our business, and we might lack sufficient resources to make the necessary upgrades or replacements of outdated existing technology to enable us to continue to operate at our current level of efficiency. Any or all of these events could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. We may be subject to physical and/or cyber attacks. As operators of critical infrastructure, we may face a heightened risk of physical and/or cyber attacks from internal or external sources. Our water and wastewater systems may be vulnerable to disability or failures as a result of physical or cyber attacks, acts of war or terrorism, vandalism or other causes. Our operational and technology systems throughout our businesses may be vulnerable to unauthorized external or internal access, due to hacking, viruses, acts of war or terrorism, and other causes. Unauthorized access to confidential information located or stored on these systems could negatively and materially impact our customers, employees, suppliers and other third parties. Further, third parties, including vendors, suppliers and contractors, who perform certain services for us or administer and maintain our sensitive information, could also be targets of cyber attacks and unauthorized access. While we have instituted safeguards to protect our operational and technology systems, those safeguards may not always be effective due to the evolving nature of cyber attacks and cyber vulnerabilities. We cannot guarantee that such protections will be completely successful in the event of a cyber attack. If, despite our security measures, a significant physical attack or cyber breach occurred, our operations could be disrupted, property damaged, and customer and other confidential information lost or stolen; experience substantial loss of revenues, response costs and other financial loss; suffer a loss of management time, attention and resources from our regular business operations; and be subject to increased regulation, litigation, and damage to our reputation, any of which could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and cash flows. Experiencing a cyber security incident could also cause us to be non-compliant with applicable laws and regulations or contracts that require us to securely maintain confidential data, causing us to incur costs related to legal claims or proceedings and regulatory fines or penalties. These types of events, either impacting our facilities or the industry in general, could also cause us to incur additional security and insurance related costs. In addition, in the ordinary course of business, we collect and retain sensitive information, including personally identifiable information, about our customers and employees. In many cases, we outsource 36 administration of certain functions to vendors that could be targets of cyber attacks. Any theft, loss and/or fraudulent use of customer, employee or proprietary data as a result of a cyber attack could subject us to significant litigation, liability and costs, as well as adversely impact our reputation with customers and regulators, among others. We have obtained cyber insurance to provide coverage for a portion of the losses and damages that may result from a security breach, but such insurance is subject to a number of exclusions and may not cover the total loss or damage caused by a breach. The market for cybersecurity insurance is relatively new and coverage available for cybersecurity events may evolve as the industry matures. In the future, adequate insurance may not be available at rates that we believe are reasonable, and the costs of responding to and recovering from a cyber incident may not be covered by insurance or recoverable in rates. Our inability to efficiently upgrade and improve our operational and technology systems, or implement new systems, could result in higher than expected costs or otherwise adversely impact our internal controls environment, operations and profitability. Upgrades and improvements to computer systems and networks, or the implementation of new systems, may require substantial amounts of management’s time and financial resources to complete, and may also result in system or network defects or operational errors due to multiple factors, including employees’ ability to effectively use the new or upgraded system. We continue to implement technology to improve our business processes and customer interactions, and have installed new, and upgraded existing, technology systems. These efforts support our broader strategic initiatives and are intended to improve our operations and enhance our customer service capabilities. Any technical or other difficulties in upgrading and improving existing or implementing new technology systems may increase costs beyond those anticipated and have an adverse or disruptive effect on our operations and reporting processes, including our internal control over financial reporting. We may also experience difficulties integrating current systems with new or upgraded systems, which may impact our ability to serve our customers effectively or efficiently. Although we make efforts to minimize any adverse impact on our controls, business and operations, we cannot assure that all such impacts have been or will be mitigated, and any such impacts could harm our business (individually or collectively) and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. An inability to successfully develop and implement new technologies poses substantial risks to our business and operational excellence strategies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. A significant part of our long-term strategic focus on safety, operational excellence, O&M expense efficiency, water quality, asset and capital management and the customer experience includes the development and implementation of new technologies to be used for, among other things: customer service and support; environmental compliance; water metering; water quality and source monitoring; cybersecurity; business development and growth; data analysis; employee development and training; and other initiatives. For example, we have made and plan to continue to make significant investments in developing, deploying and maintaining customer-facing technologies, applications to support field service and customer service operations, water source sensor and evaluation technologies, and data analysis and artificial intelligence technologies. Where appropriate, we also seek to align these new technologies with existing technology infrastructure and systems. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in designing, developing, deploying, integrating or maintaining these new technologies, and if they do not perform effectively or adequately serve their respective business objectives, their value to us and our business and operations may be negatively and materially impacted. Because these efforts can be long-term in nature, these new technologies may be more costly or time-consuming than expected to design, develop, integrate and complete and may not ultimately deliver the expected or desired benefits upon completion. Technologies that do not perform as intended or desired may need to be redesigned, redeveloped or abandoned. While we have and will continue to seek to recover costs and earn a return on capital 37 expenditures with respect to the costs and expenses of development and deployment of these new technologies in our Regulated Businesses, there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so in every instance or at all. Our failure to timely and effectively invest in, develop, deploy and implement improvements to, and properly maintain the operation and integrity of, our new technologies, including related data and other related systems, and/or adequately obtain recovery in rates of the costs and expenses associated with such activities, may adversely affect our ability to achieve intended O&M expense efficiencies or other key performance results and, ultimately, could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. All of the intellectual property that has been or is being used or developed in connection with these technologies, we believe we own, or have valid licenses to use. However, competitors, contracting parties or other third parties may bring claims against us to challenge our right to use, license, sub-license, market or monetize, in whole or in part, such intellectual property or derivatives thereof or works made therefrom, and the assertion, defense or protection of our intellectual property rights could be expensive, time-consuming and ultimately unsuccessful. If we are unable to do so, or it is determined that we do not own or have valid licenses or other rights to any of the intellectual property used in our technologies, we may lose valuable rights to what we regard as our intellectual property, the carrying values of the affected technologies may need to be decreased significantly, and we may be required to obtain or purchase licenses at significant cost from third parties to use the intellectual property. In any of these cases, we may be unable to execute our long-term strategy, and our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially and adversely impacted. Our business has inherently dangerous workplaces. If we fail to maintain safe work sites, we may experience workforce injuries or loss of life, and be exposed to financial losses, including penalties and other liabilities. Safety is a core value and a strategy at American Water. Our safety performance and continual progress to our ultimate desired goal of zero injuries is critical to our reputation. We maintain health and safety standards to protect our employees, customers, contractors, vendors and the public. Although we intend to adhere to such health and safety standards with a goal of achieving zero injuries, it is extremely challenging to eliminate all safety incidents at all times. At our business sites, including construction and maintenance sites, our employees, contractors and others are often in close proximity to large pieces of equipment, moving vehicles, pressurized water, underground trenches and vaults, chemicals and other regulated materials. On many sites, we are responsible for safety and, accordingly, must implement important safety procedures and practices above what governmental regulations require. If we fail to implement such procedures or if the procedures we implement are ineffective or are not followed by our employees or others, our employees, contractors and others may experience minor, serious or fatal injuries. Unsafe work sites have the potential to increase employee turnover, expose us to litigation and raise our operating costs. Any of the foregoing could result in financial losses, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, our operations can involve the delivery, handling and storage of hazardous chemicals, which, if improperly delivered, handled, stored or disposed of, could result in serious injury, death, environmental damage or property damage, and could subject us to penalties or other liabilities. We are also subject to regulations dealing with occupational health and safety. Although we maintain functional employee groups whose primary purpose is to ensure we implement effective health and, safety work procedures and practices throughout our organization, including construction sites and maintenance sites, the failure to comply with such regulations or procedures could subject us to liability. Work stoppages and other labor relations matters could adversely affect our results of operations. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 46% of our workforce was represented by unions, and we had 71 collective bargaining agreements in place with 14 different unions representing our unionized employees. These 38 collective bargaining agreements, including four which are beyond expiration and 14 which will expire during 2020, are subject to periodic renewal and renegotiation. We may not be able to successfully renew or renegotiate these labor contracts on terms that are fair to us. Any negotiations or dispute resolution processes undertaken in connection with our labor contracts could be delayed or affected by labor actions or work stoppages. Labor actions, work stoppages or the threat of work stoppages, and our failure to obtain favorable labor contract terms during renegotiations, may disrupt our operations and result in higher labor costs, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. While we have developed contingency plans to be implemented as necessary if a work stoppage or strike does occur, a strike or work stoppage may have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Our continued success is dependent upon our ability to hire, retain, and utilize qualified personnel. The success of our business is dependent upon our ability to hire, retain, and utilize qualified personnel, including engineers, licensed operators, water quality and other operating and craft personnel, and management professionals who have the required experience and expertise. From time to time, it may be difficult to attract and retain qualified individuals with the expertise and in the timeframe demanded for our business needs. In certain geographic areas, for example, we may not be able to satisfy the demand for our services because of our inability to successfully hire and retain qualified personnel. In addition, as key personnel approach retirement age, we need to have appropriate succession plans in place and to successfully implement such plans. If we cannot attract and retain qualified personnel or effectively implement appropriate succession plans, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially and adversely impacted. Financial and Market-Related Risks Our indebtedness could affect our business adversely and limit our ability to plan for or respond to changes in our business, and we may be unable to generate sufficient cash flows to satisfy our liquidity needs. As of December 31, 2019, our aggregate long-term and short-term debt balance (including preferred stock with mandatory redemption requirements) was $9.5 billion, and our working capital (defined as current assets less current liabilities) was in a deficit position. Our indebtedness could have important consequences, including: • • • • • • • limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital requirements or capital expenditures; exposing us to interest rate risk with respect to the portion of our indebtedness that bears interest at variable rates; limiting our ability to pay dividends on our common stock or make payments in connection with our other obligations; impairing our access to the capital markets for debt and equity; requiring that an increasing portion of our cash flows from operations be dedicated to the payment of the principal and interest on our debt, thereby reducing funds available for future operations, dividends on our common stock or capital expenditures; limiting our ability to take advantage of significant business opportunities, such as acquisition opportunities, and to react to changes in market or industry conditions; and placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to those of our competitors that have less debt. In order to meet our capital expenditure needs, we may be required to make additional borrowings under our revolving credit facility or issue a combination of new short-term and long-term debt securities and equity. Moreover, additional borrowings may be required to refinance outstanding indebtedness. Debt maturities and 39 sinking fund payments in 2020, 2021 and 2022 will be $28 million, $310 million and $14 million, respectively. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to access the debt or equity capital markets on favorable terms, if at all. Moreover, if new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks we now face could intensify, limiting our ability to refinance existing debt on favorable terms. In an attempt to manage our exposure to interest rate risk associated with our issuance of variable and fixed rate debt, we have in the past entered into, and in the future may enter into, financial derivative instruments, including without limitation, interest rate swaps, forward starting swaps, swaptions and U.S. Treasury lock agreements. See Item 7A—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. However, these efforts may not be effective to fully mitigate interest rate risk, and may expose us to other risks and uncertainties, including quarterly “mark to market” valuation risk associated with these instruments, that could negatively and materially affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Our ability to pay our expenses and satisfy our debt service obligations depends in significant part on our future performance, which will be affected by the financial, business, economic, competitive, legislative (including tax initiatives and reforms, and other similar legislation or regulation), regulatory and other risk factors described in this section, many of which are beyond our control. If we do not have sufficient cash flows to pay the principal and interest on our outstanding debt, we may be required to refinance all or part of our existing debt, reduce capital investments, sell assets, borrow additional funds or sell additional equity. In addition, if our business does not generate sufficient cash flows from operations, or if we are unable to incur indebtedness sufficient to enable us to fund our liquidity needs, we may be unable to plan for or respond to changes in our business, which could cause our financial condition, operating results and prospects to be affected materially and adversely. Our inability to access the capital or financial markets or other events could affect our ability to meet our liquidity needs at reasonable cost and our ability to meet long-term commitments, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition to cash from operations, we rely primarily on our revolving credit facility, commercial paper program, and the capital markets to satisfy our liquidity needs. In this regard, our principal external sources of short-term liquidity are our $2.10 billion commercial paper program and our $2.25 billion revolving credit facility. Our revolving credit facility currently expires in accordance with its terms in March 2024, although under those terms we may request to extend the expiration date for up to one year. We regularly use our commercial paper program under this revolving credit facility as a principal source of short-term borrowing due to the generally more attractive rates we generally can obtain in the commercial paper market. As of December 31, 2019, American Water Capital Corp. (“AWCC”), our wholly owned financing subsidiary, had no outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility, and had $786 million of commercial paper outstanding and $76 million in outstanding letters of credit. There can be no assurance that AWCC will be able to continue to access its commercial paper program or its revolving credit facility, when, as and if desired, or that the amount of capital available thereunder will be sufficient to meet all of our liquidity needs at a reasonable, or any, cost. Under the terms of our revolving credit facility, our consolidated debt cannot exceed 70% of our consolidated capitalization, as determined under the terms of the credit facility. If our equity were to decline or debt were to increase to a level that caused our debt to exceed this limit, lenders under the credit facility would be entitled to refuse any further extension of credit and to declare all of the outstanding debt under the credit facility immediately due and payable. To avoid such a default, a waiver or renegotiation of this covenant would be required, which would likely increase funding costs and could result in additional covenants that would restrict our operational and financing flexibility. Our ability to comply with this and other covenants contained in the revolving credit facility and our other consolidated indebtedness is subject to various risks and uncertainties, including events beyond our control. For 40 example, events that could cause a reduction in equity include, without limitation, a significant write-down of our goodwill. Even if we are able to comply with this or other covenants, the limitations on our operational and financial flexibility could harm our business by, among other things, limiting our ability to incur indebtedness or reduce equity in connection with financings or other corporate opportunities that we may believe would be in our best interests or the interests of our shareholders to complete. Disruptions in the capital markets or changes in our credit ratings could also limit our ability to access capital on terms favorable to us or at all. For example, on April 1, 2019, Moody’s Investors Service changed the Company’s senior unsecured debt rating to Baa1, from A3, with a stable outlook. While the lending banks that participate in our revolving credit facility have met all of their obligations, disruptions in the credit markets, changes in our credit ratings, or deterioration of the banking industry’s financial condition could discourage or prevent lenders from meeting their existing lending commitments, extending the terms of such commitments, or agreeing to new commitments. These or other occurrences may cause our lenders to not meet their existing commitments, and we may not be able to access the commercial paper or loan or capital markets in the future on terms acceptable to us or at all. Furthermore, our inability to maintain, renew or replace commitments under this facility could materially increase our cost of capital and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Longer-term disruptions in the capital and credit markets as a result of economic, legislative, political or other uncertainty, including as a result of changes in U.S. tax and other laws, reduced financing alternatives, or failures of significant financial institutions could adversely affect our access to the liquidity needed for our business. Any significant disruption in the capital, debt or credit markets, or financial institution failures could require us to take measures to conserve cash until the market stabilizes or until alternative financing can be arranged. Such measures could include deferring capital expenditures, reducing or suspending dividend payments, and reducing other discretionary expenditures. Finally, there is no assurance that we will be able to access the equity capital markets to obtain financing when necessary or desirable and on terms that are reasonable or acceptable to us. Any of the foregoing events that impede our access to the capital markets, or the failure of any of our lenders to meet their commitments that result from financial market disruptions, could expose us to increased interest expense, require us to institute cash conservation measures or otherwise adversely and materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. Parent company may be unable to meet its ongoing and future financial obligations and to pay dividends on its common stock if its subsidiaries are unable to pay upstream dividends or repay funds. Parent company is a holding company and, as such, it has no substantive operations of its own. Substantially all of our consolidated assets are held by subsidiaries. Parent company’s ability to meet its financial obligations and to pay dividends on its common stock is primarily dependent on the net income and cash flows of its subsidiaries and their ability to pay upstream dividends or repay indebtedness to parent company. Prior to paying dividends to parent company, our regulated subsidiaries must comply with applicable regulatory restrictions and financial obligations, including, for example, debt service and preferred and preference stock dividends, as well as applicable corporate, tax and other laws and regulations and agreements, and our covenants and other agreements. Our subsidiaries are separate legal entities and have no obligation to pay or upstream dividends to parent company. A failure or inability of any of these subsidiaries to pay such dividends or repay intercompany obligations could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity and parent company’s ability to pay dividends on its common stock and meet its other obligations. We may not be able to fully utilize our U.S. and state net operating loss carryforwards. As of December 31, 2019, we had U.S. federal and state NOL carryforwards of approximately $673 million and $453 million, respectively, and management believes it is more likely than not that these NOL carryforwards will be recovered in the future. With the enactment of the TCJA, the Company analyzed the impacts of the reduction in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% on the Company’s deferred tax assets 41 and liabilities, including its NOL carryforwards, and as a result, remeasured those NOL carryforwards as of the date of enactment of the TCJA based on this tax rate change. Our federal NOL carryforwards will begin to expire in 2028, and our state NOL carryforwards began to expire in 2019 and will continue to expire through 2038. We expect to fully utilize our federal NOL balance before it expires, and our ability to do so is primarily dependent upon our ability to generate sufficient taxable income. We have, in the past, been unable to utilize certain of our state NOL carryforwards, and the establishment or increase of a valuation allowance in the future would reduce our deferred income tax assets and our net income. Our actual results may differ from those estimated by management in making its assessment as to our ability to use the NOL carryforwards. Moreover, adoption of Related Interpretations with respect to the TCJA and other changes in income tax laws, the economy and the general business environment could affect the future utilization of our NOL carryforwards. If we are unable to fully utilize our NOL carryforwards to offset taxable income generated in the future, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. We have recorded a significant amount of goodwill, and we may never realize the full value of our intangible assets, causing us to record impairments that may negatively affect our results of operations. Our total assets include $1.5 billion of goodwill at December 31, 2019. The goodwill is primarily associated with the acquisition of American Water by an affiliate of our previous owner in 2003, the acquisition of E’town Corporation by a predecessor to our previous owner in 2001 and our acquisition of Pivotal in 2018. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price the purchaser paid over the fair value of the net tangible and other intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is recorded at fair value on the date of an acquisition and is reviewed annually or more frequently if changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. As required by the applicable accounting rules, we have taken significant non-cash charges to operating results for goodwill impairments in the past. We may be required to recognize an impairment of goodwill in the future due to market conditions or other factors related to our performance or the performance of an acquired business. These market conditions could include a decline over a period of time of our stock price, a decline over a period of time in valuation multiples of comparable water utilities, market price performance of our common stock that compares unfavorably to our peer companies, decreases in control premiums, or other circumstances. For example, in the third quarter of 2018, prior to our sale of Keystone, we strategically narrowed the scope of that business and, as a result, we recorded a non-cash, pre-tax impairment charge of $57 million. See Note 8—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. A decline in the results forecasted in our business plan due to events such as changes in rate case results, capital investment budgets or interest rates, could also result in an impairment charge. Recognition of impairments of goodwill would result in a charge to income in the period in which the impairment occurred, which may negatively affect our financial condition, results of operations and total capitalization. The effects of any such impairment could be material and could make it more difficult to maintain our credit ratings, secure financing on attractive terms, maintain compliance with debt covenants and meet the expectations of our regulators. Market volatility and other conditions may impact the value of benefit plan assets and liabilities, as well as assumptions related to the benefit plans, which may require us to provide significant additional funding. The performance of the capital markets affects the values of the assets that are held in trust to satisfy significant future obligations under our pension and postretirement benefit plans. The value of these assets is subject to market fluctuations and volatility, which may cause investment returns to fall below our projected 42 return rates. A decline in the market value of the pension and postretirement benefit plan assets can increase the funding requirements under our pension and postretirement benefit plans. Additionally, our pension and postretirement benefit plan liabilities are sensitive to changes in interest rates. If interest rates decrease, our liabilities would increase, potentially increasing benefit expense and funding requirements. Further, changes in demographics, such as increases in life expectancy assumptions and increasing trends in health care costs may also increase our funding requirements. Future increases in pension and other postretirement costs as a result of reduced plan assets may not be fully recoverable in rates, in which case our results of operations and financial position could be negatively affected. In addition, market factors can affect assumptions we use in determining funding requirements with respect to our pension and postretirement plans. For example, a relatively modest change in our assumptions regarding discount rates can materially affect our calculation of funding requirements. To the extent that market data compels us to reduce the discount rate used in our assumptions, our benefit obligations could be materially increased, which could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. New accounting standards or changes to existing accounting standards could materially impact how we report our results of operations, cash flow and financial condition. Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The SEC, the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other authoritative bodies or governmental entities may issue new pronouncements or new interpretations of existing accounting standards that may require us to change our accounting policies. These changes are beyond our control, can be difficult to predict and could materially impact how we report our results of operations, cash flow and financial condition. We could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, which could also adversely affect our previously reported results of operations, cash flow and financial condition. Undetected errors in internal controls and information reporting could result in the disallowance of cost recovery and noncompliant disclosure. Our internal controls, accounting policies and practices and internal information systems are designed to enable us to capture and process transactions and information in a timely and accurate manner in compliance with GAAP, taxation requirements, federal securities laws and regulations and other laws and regulations applicable to us. Such compliance permits us to, among other things, disclose and report financial and other information in connection with the recovery of our costs and with the reporting requirements under federal securities, tax and other laws and regulations. We have implemented corporate governance, internal control and accounting policies and procedures in connection with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) and relevant SEC rules, as well as other applicable regulations. Such internal controls and policies have been and continue to be closely monitored by our management and Board of Directors to ensure continued compliance with these laws, rules and regulations. Management is also responsible for establishing and maintaining internal control over financial reporting and is required to assess annually the effectiveness of these controls. While we believe these controls, policies, practices and systems are adequate to verify data integrity, unanticipated and unauthorized actions of employees or temporary lapses in internal controls due to shortfalls in oversight or resource constraints could lead to undetected errors that could result in the disallowance of cost recovery and non-compliant disclosure and reporting. The consequences of these events could have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. The inability of management to certify as to the effectiveness of these controls due to the identification of one or more material weaknesses in these controls could also harm our reputation, increase financing costs or adversely affect our or AWCC’s ability to access the capital markets. 43 Additional Risks Related to Our Market-Based Businesses We (excluding our regulated subsidiaries) provide performance guarantees with respect to certain obligations of our Market-Based Businesses, including financial guarantees or deposits, to our public-sector and public clients, and these clients may seek to enforce the guarantees if our Market-Based Businesses do not satisfy these obligations. Under the terms of some of our agreements for the provision of services to water and wastewater facilities with municipalities, other governmental entities and other customers, American Water (excluding our regulated subsidiaries) provides guarantees of specified performance obligations of our Market-Based Businesses, including financial guarantees or deposits, primarily related to MSG. In the event our Market-Based Businesses fail to perform these obligations, the entity holding the guarantees may seek to enforce the performance commitments against American Water (excluding our regulated subsidiaries) or proceed against the deposit. In that event, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and liquidity could be adversely affected. At December 31, 2019, we had remaining performance commitments as measured by remaining contract revenue totaling approximately $5.4 billion related to MSG’s contracts, and this amount is likely to increase if the number of bases served by MSG increases. The presence of these commitments may adversely affect our financial condition and make it more difficult for us to secure financing on attractive terms. Our Market-Based Businesses’ operations under MSG are subject to various risks associated with doing business with the U.S. government. MSG enters into contracts with the U.S. government for the operation and maintenance of water and wastewater systems, which contracts may be terminated, in whole or in part, prior to the end of the 50-year term for convenience of the U.S. government or as a result of default or non-performance by the subsidiary performing the contract. In addition, the contract price for each of these military contracts is typically subject to either an annual economic price adjustment, or a redetermination two years after commencement of operations and every three years thereafter. Annual economic price adjustment is an inflation index-based contract price increase mechanism. Price redetermination is a contract mechanism to periodically adjust the service fee in the next period to reflect changes in contract obligations and anticipated market conditions. Any early contract termination or unfavorable annual economic price adjustment or price redetermination could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Moreover, entering into contracts with the U.S. government subjects us to a number of operational and compliance risks, including dependence on the level of government spending and compliance with and changes in governmental procurement and security regulations. We are subject to potential government investigations of our business practices and compliance with government procurement and security regulations, which are complex, and compliance with these regulations can be expensive and burdensome. If we were charged with wrongdoing as a result of an investigation, we could be suspended or barred from bidding on or receiving awards of new contracts with the U.S. government or our existing contracts could be terminated, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES The Company’s properties consist primarily of (i) water and wastewater treatment plants, (ii) mains and pipes used for transmission, distribution and collection of water and wastewater, (iii) wells and other sources of water supply, such as reservoirs, (iv) water and wastewater pumping stations, (v) meters and fire hydrants, (vi) general structures, including buildings, dams and treated water storage facilities, (vii) land and easements, 44 (viii) vehicles, (ix) software rights, and (x) other equipment and facilities, the majority of which are used directly in the operation of its systems. Substantially all of the Company’s properties are owned by its subsidiaries, with a large percentage subject to liens of its mortgage bonds. A wholly owned subsidiary of parent company owns the Company’s corporate headquarters, located in Camden, New Jersey, and it leases office space, equipment and furniture from certain of its wholly owned subsidiaries. These properties are utilized by the Company’s directors, officers and staff in the conduct of the business. The properties of the Company’s Regulated Businesses consist mainly of approximately: • • • • • • • • 80 surface water treatment plants; 520 groundwater treatment plants; 140 wastewater treatment plants; 52,500 miles of transmission, distribution and collection mains and pipes; 1,000 groundwater wells; 1,500 water and wastewater pumping stations; 1,300 treated water storage facilities; and 76 dams. The Company has ongoing infrastructure renewal programs in all states in which its Regulated Businesses operate. These programs consist of both the rehabilitation of existing mains and equipment, and the replacement of mains and equipment that have been damaged or have reached, or are near, the end of their useful service lives. The properties of its Market-Based Businesses consist mainly of office furniture and IT equipment. Approximately 51% of all properties that the Company owns are located in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The Company maintains property insurance against loss or damage to its properties by fire or other perils, subject to certain exceptions. For insured losses, the Company is self-insured to the extent that any losses are within the policy deductible or exceed the amount of insurance maintained. The Company believes that its properties are generally maintained in good operating condition and in accordance with current standards of good water and wastewater industry practice. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Alternative Water Supply in Lieu of Carmel River Diversions Compliance with SWRCB Orders to Reduce Carmel River Diversions Under the 2009 Order, Cal Am is required, among other things, to decrease significantly its yearly diversions of water from the Carmel River according to a set reduction schedule. The 2009 Order responded to claims that Cal Am had not sufficiently implemented actions to terminate its unpermitted diversions of water from the Carmel River as required by a 1995 order of the SWRCB. In July 2016, at the request of Cal Am and several Monterey County government agencies, the SWRCB issued the 2016 Order approving the 2021 Deadline. The 2009 Order includes a condition prohibiting Cal Am from diverting water from the Carmel River for new service connections or for any increased use of water at existing service addresses resulting from a change in zoning or use. In 2011, the California Public Utilities Commission (the “CPUC”) issued a decision directing modifications in Cal Am’s tariffs to recognize the moratorium mandated by the 2009 Order, and directing Cal Am to seek written guidance from the SWRCB with respect to any unresolved issues of interpretation or implementation of this condition. In 2012, the Deputy Director of the SWRCB sent a letter to Cal Am providing an interpretation as to the calculation of a baseline to determine increases in use of water at existing service 45 addresses. In March 2018, the MPWMD adopted a resolution directing Cal Am to interpret the baseline in a manner that conflicts with the SWRCB’s written interpretation. In May 2018, Cal Am notified the MPWMD and the SWRCB that it intends to seek declaratory relief concerning the conflicting regulatory interpretations under the 2009 Order. In an attempt to resolve these conflicting interpretations prior to seeking judicial intervention, Cal Am has met with the MPWMD and the SWRCB several times. The SWRCB agreed to circulate revisions to its 2012 interpretive letter, which would be subject to a public comment period. Any failure to follow the MPWMD’s resolution or the SWRCB’s written interpretation, despite these conflicting interpretations, could potentially result in fines, penalties and other actions against Cal Am. The 2016 Order provides that if the CPUC authorizes Cal Am to acquire more than 1,000 acre-feet per year of water from a source other than the Water Supply Project, proponents of the alternative water source could submit revised milestones to the SWRCB for consideration. In May 2018, certain parties to the Water Supply Project proceeding submitted a petition to the SWRCB to add parallel milestones to the 2009 Order for 2019, 2020, and 2021, based on the proposed expansion of the Pure Water Monterey project, another groundwater replenishment project under construction on the Monterey peninsula. Petitioners claim that compliance with the alternate milestones would still provide for cessation of Cal Am’s unauthorized diversions from the Carmel River by 2021. A preliminary report on feasibility concluded that the expanded Pure Water Monterey project could provide an additional 2,250 acre-feet of water per year. Cal Am believes that (i) the petition is premature, (ii) the expanded Pure Water Monterey project is not yet a sufficiently certain or reliable water supply and, even if construction is successfully completed, would provide an insufficient quantity of water to allow full compliance with the 2009 Order, and (iii) the imposition of parallel milestones would distract from completion of the Water Supply Project. On December 13, 2019, the SWRCB dismissed the petition without prejudice. Cal Am continues to work constructively with all appropriate agencies to provide necessary information in connection with obtaining required approvals for the Water Supply Project. However, based on the matters discussed below in “Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project,” there can be no assurance that the Water Supply Project in its current configuration will be completed on a timely basis, if ever. Due to the delay in the approval schedule, Cal Am currently does not believe that it will be able to fully comply with the diversion reduction requirements and other remaining requirements under the 2009 Order and the 2016 Order, including the 2021 Deadline. The CPUC’s final decision approving the Water Supply Project permits recovery of all of Cal Am’s prudently incurred costs associated therewith, subject to the frameworks set forth in the final decision related to cost caps, O&M costs, financing, ratemaking and contingency matters. Cal Am currently believes that its expenditures to date have been prudent and necessary to comply with the 2009 Order and the 2016 Order. Further attempts to comply with the 2009 Order and the 2016 Order, or the 2021 Deadline, may result in material additional costs or obligations to Cal Am, and failure to comply could lead to fines and penalties against Cal Am. Regional Desalination Project Litigation Review of CPUC-Approved Settlement Agreement The Regional Desalination Project (the “RDP”) involved the construction of a desalination facility in the City of Marina, north of Monterey. The RDP was intended to, among other things, eliminate unauthorized diversions from the Carmel River as required under the 2009 Order. In December 2010, the CPUC approved the RDP, which was to be implemented through a Water Purchase Agreement and ancillary agreements (collectively, the “Agreements”) among the Marina Coast Water District (“MCWD”), the Monterey County Water Resources Agency (“MCWRA”) and Cal Am. In 2011, due to a conflict of interest concerning a former member of MCWRA’s Board of Directors, MCWRA stated that the Agreements were void, and, as a result, Cal Am terminated the Agreements. In April 2015, the CPUC approved a settlement agreement among Cal Am, MCWRA and the County of Monterey to resolve these matters among the parties signing the agreement. In March 2016, the Supreme Court of California granted MCWD’s petition for review of the CPUC approval, and following the court’s disposition of a related issue in another case, MCWD’s petition for review of the CPUC- approved settlement agreement was remanded to the CPUC. On September 19, 2019, the CPUC issued a decision 46 affirming its prior decisions with respect to the settlement agreement that resolved matters among the parties thereto associated with the termination of the RDP agreements, after considering the issue remanded by the California Supreme Court. Cal Am’s Action for Damages Following RDP Termination In October 2012, Cal Am filed a Complaint for Declaratory Relief against MCWRA and MCWD, which was ultimately transferred to the San Francisco County Superior Court, seeking a determination as to whether the Agreements are void as a result of the alleged conflict of interest. In June 2015, the court entered a final judgment agreeing with Cal Am’s position that four of the five Agreements are void, and one, the credit line agreement, is not void. In November 2016, the Supreme Court of California denied MCWD’s final appeal of this judgment, which allows further proceedings, discussed below, to determine the amount of damages that may be awarded in the proceeding. In July 2015, Cal Am and MCWRA filed a Complaint in San Francisco County Superior Court against MCWD and RMC Water and Environment (“RMC”), a private engineering consulting firm which has since been acquired by a national engineering, science and operations company, seeking to recover compensatory damages in excess of $10 million associated with the failure of the RDP, as well as punitive and treble damages, statutory penalties and attorneys’ fees. Shortly thereafter, complaints seeking similar damages were filed in the same court by MCWD and RMC against Cal Am and MCWRA in excess of $19 million in the aggregate. In December 2015, the court consolidated all of these complaints into a single action. On February 15, 2019, the court granted Cal Am’s motion for summary judgment, and as a result, no claims remain pending against Cal Am in this action. On February 25, 2019, the court granted RMC’s motion for judgment on the pleadings as to certain of Cal Am’s tort claims against it. On June 20, 2019, the court granted MCWD’s motion for summary judgment related to Cal Am’s tort claims against MCWD, which Cal Am appealed to the California Court of Appeal, and on January 14, 2020, this appeal was denied. On January 17, 2019, a motion filed by MCWD for summary judgment against Cal Am relating to the contract claims in Cal Am’s complaint was denied. Trial in this lawsuit had been scheduled to take place in January 2020. On January 27, 2020, the parties to this lawsuit reached a tentative agreement, which was entered into the court record and would resolve the litigation in part without trial. Under the terms of this tentative agreement, MCWD and RMC would pay Cal Am an aggregate of $5.2 million in settlement of Cal Am’s contract claims against MCWD and all claims against RMC relating to the RDP. Under this agreement, Cal Am’s and MCWRA’s right to appeal the dismissal of their tort claims against MCWD would be expressly reserved. A draft settlement agreement is being reviewed and negotiated by the parties. Once executed, the settlement agreement would be subject to approval of the San Francisco County Superior Court. Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project CPUC Final Approval of Water Supply Project Cal Am’s ability to move forward on the Water Supply Project is and has been subject to extensive administrative review by the CPUC and other government agencies, obtaining necessary permits, and intervention from other parties. In September 2016, the CPUC unanimously approved a decision to authorize Cal Am to enter into a water purchase agreement for the GWR Project and to construct a pipeline and pump station facilities and recover up to $50 million in associated costs, subject to meeting certain criteria. If construction costs exceed $50 million, Cal Am would be allowed to seek additional cost recovery. In September 2018, the CPUC unanimously adopted a final decision finding that (i) the Water Supply Project, based on Cal Am’s request for a 6.4 million gallons per day desalination plant, meets the CPUC’s requirements for a CPCN, (ii) the issuance of the final decision should not be delayed, and (iii) an additional procedural phase was not necessary to consider alternative projects. The CPUC’s decision directs Cal Am to 47 enter into negotiations regarding expansion of the GWR Project between Monterey One Water and the MPWMD and to indicate whether Cal Am plans to file an application for approval of an agreement to purchase additional water from the GWR Project. The decision notes, however, that the CPUC will only consider such an application if the Water Supply Project is delayed such that Cal Am would not be able to meet the 2021 Deadline. The decision accepts Cal Am’s estimates of future water demand in Monterey and concludes that the Water Supply Project is the best project to address those needs, and adopts Cal Am’s most recent cost estimates. The decision also allows Cal Am to earn an allowance for funds used during construction, or AFUDC, at a rate representative of its actual financing costs. The final decision adopted frameworks as to cost caps, O&M costs, financing, ratemaking and contingency matters. In addition, the CPUC final decision imposes numerous reporting and filing requirements to ensure the expenditures for the Water Supply Project are reasonable, including that the financing is the lowest cost and most beneficial for ratepayers, and that construction is progressing in a timely manner and within the authorized cost caps. The reasonableness of Water Supply Project costs will be reviewed in the first general rate case filed by Cal Am after the Water Supply Project becomes operational. Cal Am is also required to implement mitigation measures to avoid, minimize or offset significant environmental impacts from the construction and operation of the Water Supply Project and comply with a mitigation monitoring and reporting program, a reimbursement agreement for CPUC costs associated with that program, and reporting requirements on plant operations following placement of the Water Supply Project in service. In February 2019, the City of Marina and MCWD filed petitions for writ of review before the Supreme Court of California challenging the sufficiency of the final Environmental Impact Report/Environmental Impact Statement adopted by the CPUC in September 2018, which the court declined to consider on August 28, 2019. On July 2, 2019, Cal Am notified MPWMD and Monterey One Water (collectively, the “Agencies”) that an event of default occurred under the water purchase agreement for the GWR Project because the Agencies failed to deliver to Cal Am by July 1, 2019 advanced treated recycled water produced by the GWR Project. Under the water purchase agreement, upon the occurrence of this event of default, Cal Am had the right to terminate the water purchase agreement immediately. Cal Am has elected not to exercise its right to terminate the water purchase agreement at this time, but in its notification to the Agencies, Cal Am expressly reserved its right to terminate the water purchase agreement until such time as the Agencies commence their required delivery of water from the GWR Project. On July 16, 2019, MPWMD and Monterey One Water responded to Cal Am’s event of default notice and estimated that water delivery would begin by mid-October 2019. On December 12, 2019, Cal Am sent a letter to the Agencies requesting a status update with respect to the event of default. On January 2, 2020, Cal Am notified the Agencies that a second event of default occurred under the water purchase agreement because the Agencies failed to achieve the Performance Start Date (the date upon which MPWMD’s performance obligations under the water purchase agreement were to commence) by January 1, 2020. Under the water purchase agreement, upon the occurrence of this event of default, Cal Am had the right to terminate the water purchase agreement immediately. Cal Am has elected not to exercise its right to terminate the water purchase agreement at this time, but in its notification to the Agencies, Cal Am expressly reserved its right to terminate the water purchase agreement until such time as the Performance Start Date has occurred. On January 9, 2020, the Agencies responded to Cal Am’s December 12, 2019 and January 2, 2020 letters. In the response, the Agencies acknowledged they remain in default under the water purchase agreement but indicated that corrective action is being taken to attain the Performance Start Date in the near future. On April 17, 2019, Water Ratepayers Association of the Monterey Peninsula (“WRAMP”), a citizens’ advocacy group, filed an amended complaint in Monterey County Superior Court asserting a “qui tam” claim under the California False Claims Act on behalf of itself and the State of California against Cal Am and certain environmental consultants who worked on the CPUC’s environmental analysis of the MPWSP. The State Attorney General declined to proceed with this action after it was originally filed in 2016. On July 10, 2019, defendants filed a joint demurrer challenging the legal sufficiency of the allegations of the amended complaint. At an August 27, 2019 hearing on the demurrer, the court dismissed the petition without leave to 48 amend. On October 17, 2019, WRAMP filed motions seeking clarification and a reconsideration of the court’s ruling. A hearing on these motions was set for December 3, 2019, but on November 26, 2019, WRAMP abandoned its motions and instead filed an appeal of the court’s dismissal. This appeal remains pending. Coastal Development Permit Application In June 2018, Cal Am submitted a coastal development permit application to the City of Marina for those project components of the Water Supply Project located within the City of Marina’s coastal zone. Members of the City’s Planning Commission, as well as City councilpersons, have publicly expressed opposition to the Water Supply Project. On March 7, 2019, the City of Marina Planning Commission adopted a resolution denying Cal Am’s coastal development permit application. Cal Am appealed the Marina Planning Commission’s decision to the City Council, which set a public hearing on the appeal for April 30, 2019. On April 25, 2019, Cal Am submitted a letter to the City challenging the impartiality of the City and three of its council members with respect to the Water Supply Project. On April 29, 2019, the City informed Cal Am that it intended to proceed with the hearing with the participation of the challenged City Council members. As a result, on April 29, 2019, Cal Am notified the City that it was withdrawing its appeal, as Cal Am believes it could not receive a fair and impartial hearing before the City Council. On May 10, 2019, the City issued a notice of final local action based upon the Marina Planning Commission’s decision. On May 22, 2019, Cal Am appealed this decision to the California Coastal Commission (the “Coastal Commission”), as permitted under the City’s code and the California Coastal Act. On October 28, 2019, staff of the Coastal Commission issued a report recommending a denial of Cal Am’s application for a coastal development permit with respect to the Water Supply Project, largely based on a memorandum prepared by the general manager of the MPWMD that contradicted findings made by the CPUC in its final decision approving the Water Supply Project. Staffs of the CPUC and the Coastal Commission met to discuss the Coastal Commission’s staff recommendation, at which time the CPUC raised questions about the Coastal Commission staff’s findings on water supply and demand, groundwater impacts and other matters. On November 4, 2019, Coastal Commission staff released an addendum to the staff report, concluding that additional groundwater modeling was needed before staff could find that the Water Supply Project would not prevent depletion of groundwater supplies. At its November 14, 2019 hearing on both the appeal from the City of Marina’s denial and Cal Am’s application for a coastal development permit within the Coastal Commission’s original jurisdiction, Coastal Commission staff advised that no vote would be taken at the meeting and that further investigation was required in light of the CPUC staff’s questions. The hearing was continued to a later date. On January 28, 2020, Coastal Commission staff recommended to Cal Am that it withdraw its application for a coastal development permit within the Coastal Commission’s original jurisdiction and resubmit such application at a later date, as the staff believes that its additional investigation could not be completed in time for a vote on Cal Am’s existing application. The staff indicated that such a withdrawal would not affect Cal Am’s appeal of the City of Marin’s denial, which would remain pending. Cal Am has declined to withdraw its application, and instead, on February 12, 2020, Cal Am and the Coastal Commission entered into a stipulation extending by 90 days, to July 24, 2020, the deadline for the Coastal Commission to vote on Cal Am’s original jurisdiction application. Desalination Plant Development Permit The proposed desalination plant for the Water Supply Project is to be located in an unincorporated portion of Monterey County, California on a site owned by CEMEX, Inc. (“CEMEX”), and requires a combined development permit from the County of Monterey prior to commencement of construction. On April 24, 2019, the County’s Planning Commission voted to approve the permit. On July 15, 2019, the Board of Supervisors heard appeals filed by MCWD and a public advocacy group, at which time it denied the appeals and approved the permit. On August 21, 2019, MCWD filed a petition in Monterey County Superior Court challenging Monterey County’s approval of Cal Am’s combined development permit application and seeking injunctive relief to enjoin Monterey County and Cal Am from commencing construction of the desalination plant. On October 9, 2019, after a hearing, the court denied, without prejudice, MCWD’s motion for a preliminary 49 injunction, but issued a stay of the County’s approval of the combined development permit, precluding commencement of physical construction of the desalination plant until November 19, 2019, at which time the parties were to advise the court of the Coastal Commission’s decision on Cal Am’s application for a coastal development permit for the slant wells needed to source water for the desalination plant. In the interim, Cal Am is allowed to continue to obtain permits needed for the desalination plant’s construction. On November 19, 2019, the parties informed the court that the Coastal Commission had continued its public hearing on the slant wells and had not yet made a determination about permitting the slant wells. In response, the court continued its stay until March 24, 2020. Proposed Zoning Changes at CEMEX Site for Slant Wells In August 2018, the City circulated a public review draft of proposed amendments to its local coastal program and zoning ordinance, and placed the matter for consideration on the Planning Commission’s agenda for its September 2018 meeting. The proposed amendments would change zoning at the CEMEX site to open space and restrict future uses, including with respect to Cal Am’s planned use of the site for the slant wells for the Water Supply Project. Any change to the City’s local coastal program must ultimately be approved by the Coastal Commission. Cal Am, CEMEX and the Coastal Commission each submitted letters opposing the proposed amendments. At its November 2018 meeting, the Planning Commission adopted a resolution recommending that the Marina City Council consider approving the amendments. In December 2018, the Marina City Council considered the proposed amendments. Cal Am, CEMEX and the Coastal Commission again submitted letters opposing the proposed changes, but the City Council unanimously adopted a resolution amending its local coastal plan and a draft amendment to its zoning ordinance. Changes to the ordinance require a second reading before becoming final, which occurred at the City’s December 2018 meeting. The changes to the local coastal plan must be submitted to the Coastal Commission for approval and are not effective until such approval is obtained. Test Slant Well Permitting A preliminary step to building the Water Supply Project desalination plant is the construction and operation of a test slant well to confirm the suitability of the property on which intake wells will be located to draw water from under Monterey Bay. In November 2014, the Coastal Commission approved coastal development permits for the test slant well, enabling Cal Am to construct and operate the test slant well. Because Cal Am may use the test slant well as one of the slant wells for the Water Supply Project, Cal Am sought and obtained from the Coastal Commission permit amendments to allow the test slant well to remain in place and be maintained until February 28, 2020. On November 27, 2019, Cal Am filed an application with the Coastal Commission for a permit amendment to allow the test slant well to remain in place and be maintained until February 28, 2021. A required lease obtained from the California State Lands Commission, as amended, will expire on December 16, 2022. Effective February 28, 2018, test slant well pumping ceased, except for minimal maintenance pumping activities, in accordance with Cal Am’s coastal development permits. In November 2015, MCWD filed a Petition for Writ of Mandate and Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief in Santa Cruz County Superior Court against the Coastal Commission and Cal Am challenging the amendment of the coastal development permits and seeking an injunction against further test well pumping. In orders issued in September 2016 and October 2017, the court denied MCWD’s challenges. In January 2018, MCWD filed a notice of appeal of the court’s judgment. On June 28, 2019, the California Court of Appeal dismissed MCWD’s appeal. On July 15, 2019, MCWD filed a petition for rehearing with the Court of Appeal, which was denied on July 19, 2019. This decision is now final. Water Supply Project Land Acquisition and Slant Well Site Use In July 2017, the Coastal Commission adopted a consent agreement and cease and desist order requiring sand mining operations on the property owned by CEMEX on which intake wells for the Water Supply Project 50 will be located, to cease by the end of 2020 and the property to be sold to either a non-profit or governmental entity. The consent agreement strictly limits future use of the property but preserves Cal Am’s existing property rights and allows uses consistent with existing easements and other rights of record. A permanent easement granted by CEMEX to Cal Am was recorded in June 2018 to allow Cal Am access to the property and to construct, operate and maintain the Water Supply Project intake wells. On November 26, 2019, the City of Marina notified CEMEX that, based on this easement and Cal Am’s proposed use of the site for the intake wells, CEMEX has breached or will soon breach a prior 1996 annexation agreement (to which Cal Am was not a party). The City states that it intends to seek declaratory relief from CEMEX and Cal Am ordering that Cal Am’s extraction is limited to 500 acre-feet per year of groundwater, that Cal Am cannot export extracted water out of the basin, and that the permanent easement granted by CEMEX to Cal Am is void. The City has requested a meeting with CEMEX as part of a mandatory dispute resolution process under the annexation agreement prior to filing a lawsuit. CEMEX has denied the City’s claims and requested indemnification from Cal Am under the terms of the permanent easement. Cal Am and CEMEX believe that there is no valid limitation under the annexation agreement on Cal Am’s right to pump brackish groundwater and seawater at the site for desalination and use by Cal Am’s customers. Under California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (“SGMA”) enacted in 2015, groundwater basins designated by the state as critically overdrafted must be managed by a groundwater sustainability agency (“GSA”) by 2020 in accordance with an approved groundwater sustainability plan (“GSP”) designed to achieve sustainability by 2040. Under the SGMA, GSAs have broad powers to achieve sustainability including, but not limited to, regulating groundwater extraction by imposing fees on groundwater extractions and controlling groundwater extractions by regulating, limiting or suspending extractions from wells. The 400-acre CEMEX site overlies a small portion of the 180/400 Subbasin of the Salinas Valley Groundwater Basin; the 84,000-acre 180/400 Subbasin has been designated by the state as critically overdrafted, mainly due to seawater intrusion into the subbasin. In late 2016, the Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (“SVBGSA”) was formed as a joint powers authority to become the GSA for the Salinas Valley Groundwater Basin and prepare a GSP. In April 2018, the City of Marina filed a notice to become the GSA for the CEMEX site, creating an overlap with the SVBGSA’s filing for the 180/400 Subbasin. In 2016, the SVBGSA commenced preparation of a GSP covering the entire 180/400 subbasin, including the CEMEX site, but in August 2019 the City filed a notice that it intends to prepare its own GSP for the CEMEX site with the intent to severely limit or prohibit groundwater pumping at that site. The State Department of Water Resources (“SDWR”) has taken the position that until the overlap is resolved, it will not accept the GSP from either agency, placing the subbasin at risk of being placed in a probationary status and subject to state management. In December 2019, the County of Monterey filed its own notice to become the exclusive GSA at the CEMEX site in order to resolve the overlap, which is permitted under SGMA. SDWR accepted the County’s filing on December 18, 2019, and now lists the County as the exclusive GSA for the site. On December 30, 2019, the City of Marina filed a lawsuit in the Supreme Court of California challenging the County’s filing, and SDWR’s acceptance of the filing, as the exclusive GSA for the CEMEX site. The City has named the County and its Board of Supervisors, the County GSA, and SDWR and its director as defendants, and the SVBGSA and its Board of Directors as real parties. The City seeks to invalidate the County’s filing, as well as injunctive relief to preserve the City’s status as a GSA for the site. To protect its interest in the matter, Cal Am filed an application to intervene in this lawsuit, which is scheduled to be heard on February 18, 2020. West Virginia Elk River Freedom Industries Chemical Spill See Note 16—Commitments and Contingencies—Contingencies—West Virginia Elk River Freedom Industries Chemical Spill in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the final court approval of the global settlement with respect to the January 2014 Freedom Industries, Inc. chemical spill. 51 Dunbar, West Virginia Water Main Break Class Action Litigation On the evening of June 23, 2015, a 36-inch pre-stressed concrete transmission water main, installed in the early 1970s, failed. The water main is part of WVAWC’s West Relay pumping station located in the City of Dunbar. The failure of the main caused water outages and low pressure to up to approximately 25,000 WVAWC customers. In the early morning hours of June 25, 2015, crews completed a repair, but that same day, the repair developed a leak. On June 26, 2015, a second repair was completed and service was restored that day to approximately 80% of the impacted customers, and to the remaining approximately 20% by the next morning. The second repair showed signs of leaking but the water main was usable until June 29, 2015 to allow tanks to refill. The system was reconfigured to maintain service to all but approximately 3,000 customers while a final repair was completed safely on June 30, 2015. Water service was fully restored on July 1, 2015 to all customers affected by this event. On June 2, 2017, a complaint captioned Jeffries, et al. v. West Virginia-American Water Company was filed in West Virginia Circuit Court in Kanawha County on behalf of an alleged class of residents and business owners who lost water service or pressure as a result of the Dunbar main break. The complaint alleges breach of contract by WVAWC for failure to supply water, violation of West Virginia law regarding the sufficiency of WVAWC’s facilities and negligence by WVAWC in the design, maintenance and operation of the water system. The Jeffries plaintiffs seek unspecified alleged damages on behalf of the class for lost profits, annoyance and inconvenience, and loss of use, as well as punitive damages for willful, reckless and wanton behavior in not addressing the risk of pipe failure and a large outage. In October 2017, WVAWC filed with the court a motion seeking to dismiss all of the Jeffries plaintiffs’ counts alleging statutory and common law tort claims. Furthermore, WVAWC asserted that the Public Service Commission of West Virginia, and not the court, has primary jurisdiction over allegations involving violations of the applicable tariff, the public utility code and related rules. In May 2018, the court, at a hearing, denied WVAWC’s motion to apply the primary jurisdiction doctrine, and in October 2018, the court issued a written order to that effect. On February 21, 2019, the court issued an order denying WVAWC’s motion to dismiss the Jeffries plaintiffs’ tort claims. On August 21, 2019, the court set a procedural schedule in this case, including a trial date of September 21, 2020. Discovery in this case is ongoing. On February 4, 2020, the Jeffries plaintiffs filed a motion seeking class certification on the issues of breach of contract and negligence, and to determine the applicability of punitive damages and a multiplier for those damages if imposed. A hearing on class certification is currently scheduled for March 11, 2020. The Company and WVAWC believe that WVAWC has meritorious defenses to the claims raised in this class action complaint and WVAWC will continue to vigorously defend itself against these allegations. Chattanooga, Tennessee Water Main Break Class Action Litigation On September 12, 2019, Tennessee-American Water Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“TAWC”), experienced a break of a 36-inch water transmission main, which caused service fluctuations or interruptions to TAWC customers and the issuance of a boil water notice. TAWC repaired the main break by early morning on September 14, 2019, and restored full water service by the afternoon on September 15, 2019, with the boil water notice lifted for all customers on September 16, 2019. On September 17, 2019, a complaint captioned Bruce, et al. v. American Water Works Company, Inc., et al. was filed in the Circuit Court of Hamilton County, Tennessee against TAWC, the Company and the Service Company (collectively, the “Tennessee-American Water Defendants”), on behalf of an alleged class of individuals or entities who lost water service or suffered monetary losses as a result of the Chattanooga main break (the “Tennessee Plaintiffs”). The complaint alleges breach of contract and negligence against the Tennessee-American Water Defendants, as well as an equitable remedy of piercing the corporate veil. The Tennessee Plaintiffs seek an award of unspecified alleged damages for wage losses, business and economic 52 losses, out-of-pocket expenses, loss of use and enjoyment of property and annoyance and inconvenience, as well as punitive damages, attorneys’ fees and pre- and post-judgment interest. On November 22, 2019, the Tennessee-American Water Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, and, with respect to the Company, for lack of personal jurisdiction. A hearing on this motion is scheduled for February 18, 2020. The Tennessee-American Water Defendants believe that they have meritorious defenses to the claims raised in this class action complaint, and they are vigorously defending themselves against these allegations. CSG—East Palo Alto Water System Voluntary Report In April 2017, AWE, the parent entity of CSG, voluntarily reported to the Division of Drinking Water of the SWRCB potential violations of the California Safe Drinking Water Act (the “CSDWA”) in connection with AWE’s operation of the City of East Palo Alto’s water distribution system. Upon the resignation of the system’s general manager in March 2017, AWE discovered that it may have operated the system without a properly certified operator for two years, the triennial LCR sampling was not completed, and the 2015 Consumer Confidence Report improperly reported data for lead and copper samples from the system’s upstream water provider. Promptly after discovering these issues, AWE engaged an outside law firm to conduct an internal investigation and reported the results of that investigation to the SWRCB. On June 15, 2017, the SWRCB issued to AWE a citation that required AWE to, among other things: comply with regulations related to water operator certifications, lead and copper tap sampling requirements and the publishing of a Consumer Confidence Report; provide public notification of the LCR violation; and prepare a corrective action plan to evaluate the causes leading to these incidents and measures to be taken to prevent recurrence of future incidents. The citation did not impose on AWE any monetary penalties, but the SWRCB reserved the right to take additional enforcement action. In October 2017, the SWRCB advised AWE that it is in compliance with all of the directives and relevant statutory and administrative provisions specified in the SWRCB’s June 2017 citation. In February 2018, the SWRCB referred this matter to the San Mateo County, California District Attorney’s office for further investigation. AWE continues to cooperate with the SWRCB, the City of East Palo Alto and the San Mateo County District Attorney regarding this matter. Proven violations of the CSDWA may result in civil and criminal penalties. General Periodically, the Company is involved in other proceedings or litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. Other than those proceedings described in this Item 3—Legal Proceedings, the Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of these matters will materially affect its financial position or results of operations. However, litigation and other proceedings are subject to many uncertainties, and the outcome of individual matters is not predictable with assurance. It is possible that some litigation and other proceedings could be decided unfavorably to the Company, and that any such unfavorable decisions could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 53 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Since April 23, 2008, the Company’s common stock has traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “AWK.” As of February 13, 2020, there were 180,974,719 shares of common stock outstanding held by approximately 2,546 record holders. Holders of the Company’s common stock are entitled to receive dividends when they are declared by its Board of Directors. See Note 9—Shareholders’ Equity in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s dividends. In February 2015, the Board of Directors authorized an anti-dilutive stock repurchase program to mitigate the dilutive effect of shares issued through the Company’s dividend reinvestment, employee stock purchase and executive compensation activities. The program allows the Company to purchase up to 10 million shares of its outstanding common stock from time to time over an unrestricted period of time in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. The program is conducted in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act, and, to facilitate these repurchases, the Company enters into Rule 10b5-1 stock repurchase plans with a third-party broker, which allow the Company to repurchase shares of its common stock at times when it otherwise might be prevented from doing so under insider trading laws or because of self-imposed trading blackout periods. Subject to applicable regulations, the Company may elect to amend or cancel the program or the stock repurchase parameters at its discretion to manage dilution. From April 1, 2015, the date repurchases under the anti-dilutive stock repurchase program commenced, through December 31, 2019, the Company repurchased an aggregate of 4,860,000 shares of its common stock under the program, including 350,000 shares repurchased during the first quarter of 2019. There were no repurchases of common stock in the last three quarters of 2019. ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA (In millions, except per share data) Statement of Operations data: For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 Operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . Net income attributable to common shareholders per $ 3,610 621 $ 3,440 567 $ 3,357 426 $ 3,302 468 $ 3,159 476 basic common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3.44 $ 3.16 $ 2.39 $ 2.63 $ 2.66 Net income attributable to common shareholders per diluted common share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.43 3.15 2.38 2.62 2.64 Balance Sheet data: Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt and redeemable preferred stock at $22,682 $21,223 $19,482 $18,482 $17,241 redemption value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,644 7,576 6,498 5,759 5,874 Other data: Cash dividends declared per common share . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by operating activities (a) (b) . . . . . . . Net cash used in investing activities (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by financing activities (a) (b) . . . . . . . Capital expenditures included in net cash used in $ 2.00 1,383 (1,945) 494 $ 1.82 1,386 (2,036) 726 $ 1.66 1,449 (1,672) 207 $ 1.50 1,289 (1,590) 328 $ 1.36 1,195 (1,459) 290 investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,654) (1,586) (1,434) (1,311) (1,160) (a) (b) The information for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, has been revised to reflect the retrospective application of Accounting Standards Update 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which was adopted by the Company as of January 1, 2017. The information for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, has been revised to reflect the retrospective application of Accounting Standards Update 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which was adopted by the Company as of December 31, 2017. 54 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion should be read together with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based on management’s current expectations, estimates and projections about the Company’s business, operations and financial performance. The cautionary statements made in this Form 10-K should be read as applying to all related forward-looking statements whenever they appear in this Form 10-K. The Company’s actual results may differ materially from those currently anticipated and expressed in such forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including those that are discussed under “Forward-Looking Statements,” Item 1A—Risk Factors and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The Company has a disclosure committee consisting of members of senior management and other key employees involved in the preparation of the Company’s SEC reports. The committee is actively involved in the review and discussion of the Company’s SEC filings. For a discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial statements for fiscal 2018 compared to fiscal 2017, please refer to Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on February 19, 2019. Overview American Water is the largest and most geographically diverse, publicly-traded water and wastewater utility company in the United States, as measured by both operating revenues and population served. The Company employs approximately 6,800 professionals who provide drinking water, wastewater and other related services to approximately 15 million people in 46 states. The Company’s primary business involves the ownership of utilities that provide water and wastewater services to residential, commercial, industrial, public authority, fire service and sale for resale customers, collectively presented as the “Regulated Businesses.” The Company’s utilities operate in approximately 1,700 communities in 16 states in the United States, with over 3.4 million active customers with services provided by its water and wastewater networks. Services provided by the Company’s utilities are generally subject to regulation by PUCs. The Company also operates market-based businesses that provide complementary services to residential and smaller commercial customers, the U.S. government on military installations, as well as municipalities, utilities and industrial customers, collectively presented as the “Market-Based Businesses.” These Market-Based Businesses are not subject to regulation by state PUCs. See Item 1—Business for additional information. 55 Financial Results Presented in the table below are the Company’s diluted earnings per share, as determined in accordance with GAAP, and the Company’s adjusted diluted earnings per share (a non-GAAP measure): For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Diluted earnings per share (GAAP): Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3.43 $ 3.15 $ 2.38 Adjustments: Loss on sale of Keystone operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax impact Net adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Freedom Industries settlement activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax impact Net adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on sale of Contract Services Group contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax impact Net adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Keystone impairment charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest Net adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Early extinguishment of debt at parent company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax impact Net adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of re-measurement from the TCJA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.24 (0.05) 0.19 (0.02) 0.01 (0.01) — — — — — — — — — — — Total net adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.18 — — — (0.11) 0.03 (0.08) (0.08) 0.02 (0.06) 0.31 (0.08) (0.01) 0.22 — — — 0.07 0.15 Adjusted diluted earnings per share (non-GAAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3.61 $ 3.30 $ — — — (0.12) 0.05 (0.07) — — — — — — — 0.03 (0.01) 0.02 0.70 0.65 3.03 For the year ended December 31, 2019, diluted earnings per share (GAAP) were $3.43, an increase of $0.28 per diluted share compared to the prior year, which includes the net adjustments presented in the table above and discussed in greater detail in the “Adjustments to GAAP” section below. Excluding the net adjustments presented in the table above, adjusted diluted earnings per share (non-GAAP) were $3.61 for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $0.31 per diluted share compared to the prior year. These results were driven by continued growth in the Regulated Businesses from infrastructure investment, acquisitions and organic growth, and growth in the Market-Based Businesses, primarily from HOS’s 2018 acquisition of Pivotal and from MSG’s addition of two new military contracts in 2018 (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Fort Leonard Wood). Adjustments to GAAP Adjusted diluted earnings per share represents a non-GAAP financial measure and, as shown in the table above, is calculated as GAAP diluted earnings per share, excluding the impact of one or more of the following 56 events: (i) a loss on the sale in the fourth quarter of 2019 of the Keystone operations; (ii) previously reported settlement activities related to the Freedom Industries chemical spill in West Virginia; (iii) a gain recognized in the third quarter of 2018 on the sale of the majority of CSG’s O&M contracts; (iv) a goodwill and intangible impairment charge in the third quarter of 2018 related to the Keystone operations; (v) an early extinguishment of debt charge at parent company in the third quarter of 2017; and (vi) non-cash re-measurement charges recorded in the fourth quarters of 2017 and 2018 resulting from the impact of the change in the federal corporate income tax rate on the Company’s deferred income taxes from the enactment of the TCJA. The Company believes that this non-GAAP measure provides investors with useful information by excluding certain matters that may not be indicative of its ongoing operating results, and that providing this non-GAAP measure will allow investors to better understand the businesses’ operating performance and facilitate a meaningful year-to-year comparison of the Company’s results of operations. Although management uses this non-GAAP financial measure internally to evaluate its results of operations, the Company does not intend results reflected by this non-GAAP measure to represent results as defined by GAAP, and the reader should not consider them as indicators of performance. This non-GAAP financial measure is derived from the Company’s consolidated financial information but is not presented in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. This measure should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, this non-GAAP financial measure as defined and used above, may not be comparable to similarly titled non-GAAP measures used by other companies, and, accordingly, may have significant limitations on its use. Growth—through capital investment in infrastructure and regulated acquisitions, as well as strategic growth opportunities in the Market-Based Businesses The Company expects to continue to grow its businesses, with the majority of its growth to be achieved in the Regulated Businesses through (i) continued capital investment in the Company’s infrastructure to provide safe, clean, reliable and affordable water and wastewater services to its customers, and (ii) regulated acquisitions to expand the Company’s services to new customers. The Company also expects to continue to grow the Market- Based Businesses, which leverages its core water and wastewater competencies. In 2019, the Company invested $1.9 billion, primarily in the Regulated Businesses, as discussed below: Regulated Businesses Growth and Optimization • • $1.7 billion capital investment in the Regulated Businesses, the majority for infrastructure improvements and replacements. $235 million to fund acquisitions in the Regulated Businesses, which added approximately 53,100 water and wastewater customers. • The Company has entered into agreements for pending acquisitions in the Regulated Businesses to add approximately 44,200 customers. On November 20, 2019, the Company and its New York subsidiary entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Liberty Utilities Co. (“Liberty”), pursuant to which Liberty will purchase all of the capital stock of the New York subsidiary (the “Stock Purchase”) for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $608 million in cash, subject to adjustment as provided in that agreement. The New York subsidiary includes all of the water and wastewater assets of the Company’s New York regulated utility operations, with approximately 125,000 customer connections in the State of New York. Algonquin Power & Utilities Corp., Liberty’s parent company, executed and delivered an absolute and unconditional guaranty of the performance of all of Liberty’s obligations under the stock purchase agreement. The Stock Purchase is subject to various conditions, including obtaining regulatory approval, the expiration or termination of the applicable waiting period under the U.S. Hart-Scott-Rodino antitrust law and other 57 customary closing conditions. The stock purchase agreement may be terminated by either party if the Stock Purchase is not completed by June 30, 2021, subject to extension for up to six months if all of the conditions to closing have been met, other than obtaining regulatory approvals. Liberty may also terminate the stock purchase agreement if any governmental authority initiates a condemnation or eminent domain proceeding against a majority of the consolidated properties of the New York subsidiary, taken as a whole. The Company currently estimates that the Stock Purchase is to be completed by early 2021. Accordingly, the assets and related liabilities of the New York subsidiary were classified as held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019. See Note 4—Acquisitions and Divestitures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Market-Based Businesses Growth and Optimization During January 2020, HOS was selected by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (“SFPUC”) to offer optional water line and sewer line protection services to homeowners across the City and County of San Francisco. This arrangement provides over 100,000 eligible San Francisco homeowners, served by the SFPUC, the opportunity to purchase optional protection plans from the Company for the water line that runs from a residential property to the connection with the water meter and the sewer line that runs from the residential property to the sewer main. MSG was awarded contracts for ownership, operation and maintenance of the water and wastewater systems at Joint Base San Antonio in Texas, effective September 26, 2019, and the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, effective September 30, 2019. Highlights of these contract awards are detailed below: • Joint Base San Antonio is comprised of Randolph Air Force Base, Fort Sam Houston, Camp Bullis and Lackland Air Force Base. The installation spans 46,539 acres, across 11 geographically separated parcels of land. The contract award includes estimated revenues of approximately $448 million over a 50-year period, subject to an annual economic price adjustment. • The United States Military Academy is located at West Point, New York, the oldest continuously operated Army post in the United States. The institution’s campus, central post and training areas expand across nearly 16,000 acres, and is home to a student body of approximately 4,400 cadets. The total contract award includes estimated revenues of approximately $519 million over a 50-year period, subject to an annual economic price adjustment. On December 12, 2019, as part of a strategic review undertaken by the Company, the Company sold all of its interest in its Keystone operations to a natural gas and oil industry investment group, for total cash consideration of $31 million, subject to adjustment based on post-closing working capital. As a result of the sale, the Company recorded a pre-tax loss on sale of $44 million, or $35 million after-tax, during the fourth quarter of 2019, as discussed above. See Note 4—Acquisitions and Divestitures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Future Growth Looking forward, the Company expects to invest between $8.8 billion to $9.4 billion from 2020 to 2024, and between $20 billion to $22 billion from 2020 to 2029, including a range of $1.7 billion to $1.9 billion in 2020. The Company’s expected future investments include: • • capital investment for infrastructure improvements in the Regulated Businesses of $8.2 billion over the next five years, and between $18.2 billion and $19.2 billion over the next 10 years, including $1.6 billion expected in 2020; and growth from acquisitions in the Regulated Businesses to expand the Company’s water and wastewater customer base of between $600 million to $1.2 billion over the next five years, and between $2 billion to $3 billion over the next 10 years, including a range of $100 million to $300 million expected in 2020. 58 Presented in the following chart is the estimated allocation of the Company’s expected capital investment for infrastructure improvements in its Regulated Businesses over the next five years, by purpose: 2020 – 2024 Regulated Businesses’ Expected Capital Investment of $8.2 billion by Purpose Other: 4% System Expansion: 6% Resiliency: 8% Water Quality: 8% Operational Efficiency, Technology & Innovation: 8% Infrastructure Renewal: 66% Operational Excellence The Company continues to strive for industry-leading operational efficiency, driven largely by technology. The Company’s technology investments are aimed at enhancing its customer experience and operational efficiency. • In 2019: • • • • the Regulated Businesses achieved an adjusted O&M efficiency ratio (a non-GAAP measure) of 34.5% for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to 35.6% and 35.3% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The improvement in the Company’s adjusted O&M efficiency ratio in 2019, when compared to 2018, was due to an increase in operating revenues as well as continued focus on operating costs of the Regulated Businesses; the Company worked to decrease costs and deploy capital efficiently, including using trenchless technologies for pipeline rehabilitation and leveraging its buying power and strategic sourcing to drive cost savings; the Company continued its commitment to water quality and the environment by leveraging new technologies; the Company now has advanced water quality sensors at all of its major drinking water intake sites and is automating its environmental reporting and compliance systems; and the Company implemented other technology tools that will enhance communication, collaboration and mobility, enable further business insights and process automation, and increase self-service capabilities, to help its employees work safely and efficiently, and enhance the customer experience. • Looking forward, the Company will focus on technology and efficiency to: • be the leader in optimizing technology across the water and wastewater industry, with a focus on specific, innovative projects that will set it apart from other utilities; aiding the Company in serving its customers with greater ease, making the Company’s employees safer and helping the Company operate more efficiently; and • further improve the Company’s adjusted O&M efficiency ratio. 59 The Company’s adjusted O&M efficiency ratio is defined as its operation and maintenance expenses from the Regulated Businesses, divided by the pro forma operating revenues from the Regulated Businesses, where both operation and maintenance expenses and pro forma operating revenues were adjusted to eliminate purchased water expense. Also excluded from operation and maintenance expenses are the allocable portion of non-operation and maintenance support services costs, mainly depreciation and general taxes, which are reflected in the Regulated Businesses segment as operation and maintenance expenses, but for consolidated financial reporting purposes, are categorized within other line items in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. In addition to the adjustments discussed above, for period-to-period comparability purposes, the estimated impact of the TCJA on operating revenues for the Regulated Businesses has been presented on a pro forma basis for all periods prior to January 1, 2018, as if the lower federal corporate income tax rate was in effect for these periods. The Company also made the following adjustments to the O&M efficiency ratio: (i) excluded from operation and maintenance expenses is the impact of certain Freedom Industries chemical spill settlement activities recognized in 2017, 2018 and 2019 (see Note 16—Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information); and (ii) excluded from operation and maintenance expenses is the impact of the Company’s January 1, 2018 adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2017-07, Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Post-Retirement Benefit Cost (“ASU 2017-07”), for 2017, 2018 and 2019. The items discussed above were excluded from the calculation as they are not reflective of management’s ability to increase the efficiency of the Regulated Businesses. The Company evaluates its operating performance using this ratio, and believes it is useful to investors, because it directly measures improvement in the efficiency of the Regulated Businesses. This information is derived from the Company’s consolidated financial information but is not presented in its financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. This information is intended to enhance an investor’s overall understanding of the Company’s operating performance. The Company’s adjusted O&M efficiency ratio is not an accounting measure that is based on GAAP, may not be comparable to other companies’ operating measures and should not be used in place of the GAAP information provided elsewhere in this Form 10-K. 60 Presented in the table below is the calculation of the Company’s adjusted O&M efficiency ratio and a reconciliation that compares operation and maintenance expenses and operating revenues, each as determined in accordance with GAAP, to those amounts utilized in the calculation of its adjusted O&M efficiency ratio: For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in millions) Total operation and maintenance expenses (a) Less: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,544 $1,479 $1,369 Operation and maintenance expenses—Market-Based Businesses . . . . . . . Operation and maintenance expenses—Other (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 (31) 362 (42) 337 (44) Total operation and maintenance expenses—Regulated Businesses (a) . . . . . . . . Less: 1,182 1,159 1,076 Regulated purchased water expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allocation of non-operation and maintenance expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of Freedom Industries settlement activities (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 31 (4) 133 31 (20) 128 29 (22) Adjusted operation and maintenance expenses—Regulated Businesses (i) . . . . . $1,020 $1,015 $ 941 Total operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: $3,610 $3,440 $3,357 Pro forma adjustment for impact of the TCJA (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Total pro forma operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: 3,610 3,440 Operating revenues—Market-Based Businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating revenues—Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 (23) 476 (20) 166 3,191 422 (23) Total operating revenues—Regulated Businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: 3,094 2,984 2,792 Regulated purchased water revenues (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 133 128 Adjusted operating revenues—Regulated Businesses (ii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,959 $2,851 $2,664 Adjusted O&M efficiency ratio—Regulated Businesses (i)/(ii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5% 35.6% 35.3% (a) (b) (c) (d) Includes the impact of the Company’s adoption of ASU 2017-07, Compensation—Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Post-Retirement Benefit, on January 1, 2018. Includes the impact of settlements in 2017 and 2018 with two of the Company’s general liability insurance carriers, and a reduction in the first quarter of 2019 of a liability, each related to the Freedom Industries chemical spill. Includes the estimated impact of the TCJA on operating revenues for the Regulated Businesses for all periods presented prior to January 1, 2018, as if the lower federal corporate income tax rate was in effect for these periods. The calculation assumes regulated purchased water revenues approximate regulated purchased water expenses. 61 Regulatory Matters General Rate Cases Presented in the table below are annualized incremental revenues, assuming a constant water sales volume, resulting from general rate case authorizations that became effective during 2017 through 2019: 2019 2018 2017 (In millions) General rate cases by state: $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indiana (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kentucky (effective June 28, 2019) California (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New York (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West Virginia (effective February 25, 2019) Maryland (effective February 5, 2019) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Jersey (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Missouri (effective May 28, 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennsylvania (effective January 1, 2018) Virginia (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iowa (effective March 27, 2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois (effective January 1, 2017) Total general rate case authorizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4 13 4 4 19 1 — — — — — — 45 $ — $ — 10 5 — — 40 33 62 — — — $ 150 $ — — 5 4 — — — — — 5 4 25 43 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The Company’s Indiana subsidiary received an order approving a joint settlement agreement with all major parties with respect to its general rate case filing, authorizing annualized incremental revenues of $4 million in the first rate year, effective July 1, 2019, and $13 million in the second rate year, effective approximately May 1, 2020. The Company’s California subsidiary received approval for the second rate year (2019) step increase associated with its most recent general rate case authorization, effective May 11, 2019. On December 13, 2018, a settlement in this subsidiary’s general rate case filing was approved, authorizing rates effective January 1, 2018. In 2017, step rates were effective January 13 through February 2. The Company’s New York subsidiary implemented its third step increase associated with its most recent general rate case authorization, effective April 1, 2019. The effective date was June 15, 2018. As part of the resolution of the general rate case, the Company’s New Jersey subsidiary’s customers received refunds for the amount of provisional rates implemented as of June 15, 2018 and collected, to the extent that such rates exceeded the final rate increase plus interest. The effective date was May 24, 2017, authorizing the implementation of interim rates as of April 1, 2016. Pending General Rate Case Filings There is no assurance that all or any portion of the following requests will be granted. On December 16, 2019, the Company’s New Jersey subsidiary filed a general rate case requesting $88 million annualized incremental revenues. On November 12, 2019, the Company’s California subsidiary filed for the third year (2020) step increase requesting $5 million associated with its most recent general case authorization. Step rates became effective on January 1, 2020, subject to refund. As of February 14, 2020, five of the seven districts’ step increases were approved representing $4 million of the $5 million request. On July 1, 2019, the Company’s California subsidiary filed a general rate case requesting $26 million annualized incremental revenues for 2021, and increases of $10 million and $11 million in the escalation year of 2022 and the attrition year of 2023, respectively. On January 22, 2020, the Company’s California subsidiary submitted a request to delay by one year its cost of capital filing and maintain its current authorized cost of capital through 2021. If the extension is not granted, the subsidiary may file the cost of capital application by May 1, 2020 to adjust its authorized cost of capital beginning January 1, 2021. 62 In 2018, the Company’s Virginia subsidiary filed a general rate case requesting $5 million in annualized incremental revenues. On May 1, 2019, interim rates under bond and subject to refund were implemented and will remain in effect until a final decision is received in this general rate case. Infrastructure Surcharges A number of states have authorized the use of regulatory mechanisms that permit rates to be adjusted outside of a general rate case for certain costs and investments, such as infrastructure surcharge mechanisms that permit recovery of capital investments to replace aging infrastructure. Presented in the table below are annualized incremental revenues, assuming a constant water sales volume, resulting from infrastructure surcharge authorizations that became effective during 2017 through 2019: 2019 2018 2017 (In millions) Infrastructure surcharges by state: Missouri (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennsylvania (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tennessee (effective September 1, 2019, April 10, 2018 and March 14, 2017) New York (effective August 1, 2019) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Jersey (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois (effective January 1, 2019 and January 1, 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West Virginia (effective January 1, 2019, January 1, 2018 and January 1, 2017) Indiana (effective March 14, 2018 and March 22, 2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virginia (effective March 1, 2018) $ Total infrastructure surcharge authorizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14 11 1 2 15 8 2 — — 53 $ $ 6 — 1 — — 3 3 7 1 21 $ $ 6 1 2 — 14 — 2 8 — 33 (a) (b) (c) In 2019, $5 million was effective December 21 and $9 million was effective June 24. In 2018, the effective date was December 15. In 2017, the effective date was December 15. In 2019, $6 million was effective October 1, $3 million was effective July 1 and $2 million was effective April 1. In 2017, the effective date was January 1. In 2019, the effective date was July 1. In 2017, $4 million was effective December 10 and $10 million was effective June 1. Presented in the table below are annualized incremental revenues, assuming a constant water sales volume, resulting from infrastructure surcharge authorizations that became effective after January 1, 2020: (In millions) Infrastructure surcharge filings by state: Pennsylvania (effective January 1, 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Jersey (effective January 1, 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois (effective January 1, 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West Virginia (effective January 1, 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total infrastructure surcharge filings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 10 10 7 3 30 Amount Pending Infrastructure Surcharge Filings On November 15, 2019, the Company’s Tennessee subsidiary filed for an infrastructure surcharge requesting $2 million in additional annualized revenues. There is no assurance that all or any portion of this request will be granted. 63 Tax Matters Tax Cuts and Jobs Act On December 22, 2017, the TCJA was signed into law, which, among other things, enacted significant and complex changes to the Code, including a reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% as of January 1, 2018, and certain other provisions related specifically to the public utility industry, including continuation of interest expense deductibility, the exclusion from utilizing bonus depreciation and the normalization of deferred income taxes. In 2018, the Company’s 14 regulatory jurisdictions began to seek to address the impacts of the TCJA. The Company has adjusted customer rates to reflect the lower income tax rate in 11 states. In one of those 11 states, a portion of the tax savings is being used to reduce certain regulatory assets. In one additional state, the Company is using the tax savings to offset additional capital investment and to reduce a regulatory asset. Proceedings in the other two regulatory jurisdictions remain pending. The enactment of the TCJA required a re-measurement of the Company’s deferred income taxes that materially impacted its 2017 results of operations and financial position. The portion of this re-measurement related to the Regulated Businesses was substantially offset by a regulatory liability, as the Company believes it is probable that the excess accumulated deferred income taxes (“EADIT”) created by the TCJA will be used to benefit its regulated customers in future rates. Six of the Company’s regulated subsidiaries are amortizing EADIT and crediting customers, including one which is using the EADIT to offset future infrastructure investments. The Company expects the timing of the amortization of EADIT credits by the eight remaining regulated subsidiaries to be addressed in pending or future rate cases or other proceedings. On March 23, 2018, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018 (the “CAA”) was signed into law. The CAA corrects and clarifies some aspects of the TCJA related to bonus depreciation eligibility. Specifically, property that was either acquired, or as to which construction began prior to September 27, 2017, is eligible for bonus depreciation. The Company had a federal NOL carryover balance as of December 31, 2019 that is not expected to be fully utilized until 2020, which is when the Company expects that it will become a cash taxpayer for federal income tax purposes. Legislative Updates In Illinois, the Governor signed a 10-year extension of the Water Systems Viability Act, Illinois’ fair market value legislation, in 2018, which became effective in 2019. In addition to extending the act, the updated law removes the previous restriction on the size of water or wastewater systems that can be acquired and allows all municipalities to take advantage of the benefits of the program. During 2019, the Company’s regulatory jurisdictions enacted the following legislation that has been approved and is effective as of December 31, 2019: • • • • • Indiana Senate Enrolled Act 472 allows non-municipal utilities to benefit from full appraisal recovery of their assets in a sale. Indiana House Enrolled Act 1406 established the first state appropriation for water infrastructure investment at $20 million per year. Indiana Senate Enrolled Act 4 extends leveling legislation to require biannual water loss audits and establishes the state revolving fund administrator as the central coordinator for water issues in the state. In Pennsylvania, House Bill 751, now Act 53 of 2019, allows water and wastewater utilities responsible for funding the income taxes on taxable contributions and advances to record the income taxes paid in accumulated deferred income taxes for accounting and ratemaking purposes. In West Virginia, House Bill 117 allows qualified low income customers to apply for a 20% discount on their wastewater bill. 64 Consolidated Results of Operations Presented in the table below are the Company’s consolidated results of operations: For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in millions) Operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,610 $ 3,440 $ 3,357 Operating expenses: Operation and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss (gain) on asset dispositions and purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense): Interest, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-operating benefit costs, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on early extinguishment of debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total other income (expense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,544 582 280 34 — 2,440 1,170 (382) 16 (4) 33 (337) 833 212 621 — 1,479 545 277 (20) 57 2,338 1,102 (350) 20 (4) 19 (315) 787 222 565 (2) Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 621 $ 567 $ 1,369 492 259 (16) — 2,104 1,253 (342) (9) (7) 17 (341) 912 486 426 — 426 The main factors contributing to the $54 million increase in net income attributable to common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2019 are described in “Segment Results of Operations” below. Segment Results of Operations The Company’s operating segments are comprised of the revenue-generating components of its business for which separate financial information is internally produced and regularly used by management to make operating decisions, assess performance and allocate resources. The Company operates its business primarily through one reportable segment, the Regulated Businesses segment. The Company also operates market-based businesses that, individually, do not meet the criteria of a reportable segment in accordance with GAAP, and are collectively presented as the Market-Based Businesses, which is consistent with how management assesses the results of these businesses. 65 Regulated Businesses Segment Presented in the table below is financial information for the Regulated Businesses: (Dollars in millions) Operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operation and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Gain) on asset dispositions and purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expenses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ $ $ 3,094 1,182 529 262 (10) (262) 869 215 654 2,984 1,159 500 261 (7) (247) 826 224 602 2,958 1,076 462 244 (16) (266) 925 367 559 Operating Revenues Presented in the tables below is information regarding the main components of the Regulated Businesses’ operating revenues, with explanations for the material variances provided in the ensuing discussions: For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in millions) Water services: Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total water services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wastewater services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,735 639 142 138 230 2,884 167 43 $ 1,663 616 137 136 216 2,768 161 55 $ 1,644 601 139 137 244 2,765 142 51 Total operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,094 $ 2,984 $ 2,958 (a) Includes other operating revenues consisting primarily of miscellaneous utility charges, fees and rents. For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Gallons in millions) Billed water services volumes: Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire service, public and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,470 81,268 37,242 50,501 172,827 82,572 38,432 50,651 174,420 82,147 39,404 51,341 Total billed water services volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336,481 344,482 347,312 In 2019, operating revenues increased $110 million primarily due to a: • $132 million increase from authorized rate increases, including infrastructure surcharges, principally to fund infrastructure investment in various states; a 66 • • • $20 million increase from water and wastewater acquisitions, as well as organic growth in existing systems; partially offset by a $24 million decrease from lower water services demand, including $10 million primarily driven by unusually wet weather conditions experienced in the Northeast and Midwest during the second quarter of 2019 and ongoing customer usage reductions from conservation, partially offset by balancing accounts, primarily in the Company’s California subsidiary; and a $17 million decrease from the impacts of the TCJA, including the Company’s Missouri subsidiary’s 2018 general rate case decision which authorized the adjustment of customer rates, effective May 28, 2018, to reflect the income tax savings resulting from the TCJA. Operation and Maintenance Presented in the table below is information regarding the main components of the Regulated Businesses’ operating and maintenance expense, with explanations for material variances provided in the ensuing discussions: For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in millions) Production costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employee-related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating supplies and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maintenance materials and supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer billing and accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 317 462 237 74 55 37 $ 313 451 227 81 60 27 298 431 209 70 51 17 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,182 $ 1,159 $ 1,076 Production Costs (Dollars in millions) Purchased water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fuel and power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waste disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 135 90 54 38 317 $ $ 133 91 52 37 313 $ $ 128 89 47 34 298 For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Employee-Related Costs (Dollars in millions) Salaries and wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 363 12 60 27 462 $ $ 349 19 57 26 451 $ $ 334 14 57 26 431 For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 67 In 2019, employee-related costs increased $11 million primarily due to a $17 million increase in salaries and wages and group insurance from higher headcount and related compensation expense supporting growth in the businesses, as well as the union-represented employees’ first full year participation in the Company’s cash-based annual performance plan during 2019; partially offset by a $7 million decrease in pension expense primarily due to lower service costs. Operating Supplies and Services In 2019, operating supplies and services increased $10 million primarily due to higher costs for technology services, including higher software licensing costs and technical support, and expenses related to various projects in the Company’s California subsidiary, as well as an increase in other operating expenses. Maintenance Materials and Supplies In 2019, maintenance materials and supplies decreased $7 million primarily due to higher volume of main breaks and paving costs, driven by the colder weather experienced during the first quarter of 2018. Customer Billing and Accounting In 2019, customer billing and accounting decreased $5 million from a decrease in customer uncollectible expense. Other (Operation and Maintenance) In 2019, other (operation and maintenance) increased $10 million primarily due to a $20 million benefit recorded in the second quarter of 2018, resulting from an insurance settlement related to the Freedom Industries chemical spill in West Virginia, offset in part by (i) a $4 million reduction to the liability related to the Freedom Industries chemical spill, recorded in the first quarter of 2019, and (ii) an increase in operating revenues and O&M expense during 2018 resulting from the authorization for the Company’s West Virginia subsidiary to use a portion of the income tax savings resulting from the TCJA for accelerated recovery of certain regulatory assets. Depreciation and Amortization In 2019, depreciation and amortization increased $29 million primarily due to additional utility plant placed in service from investments. Other Income (Expenses) In 2019, other income (expenses) decreased $15 million primarily due to an increase in interest expense from the issuance of incremental long-term debt in the second quarter of 2019 and the third quarter of 2018 to support growth of the business, partially offset by interest savings from early debt redemptions and tax-exempt bond refinancings during 2019. Provision for Income Taxes For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company’s provision for income taxes decreased primarily due to a lower effective income tax rate. 68 Market-Based Businesses Presented in the table below is information for the Market-Based Businesses, with explanations for material variances provided in the ensuing discussions: For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in millions) Operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operation and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss (gain) on asset dispositions and purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 539 393 37 44 — 66 20 — 46 $ $ 476 362 29 (13) 57 41 11 (2) 32 422 337 18 — — 66 28 — 38 Operating Revenues In 2019, operating revenues increased $63 million primarily due to a: • • • • $74 million increase in HOS from contract growth and from the acquisition of Pivotal, which occurred in the second quarter of 2018; and a $20 million increase in MSG from the addition of two new contracts in 2018 (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Fort Leonard Wood); partially offset by a $18 million decrease in CSG from the sale of the majority of its O&M contracts in the third quarter of 2018; and a $15 million decrease at Keystone from the exit of the construction business in the third quarter of 2018. Operation and Maintenance Presented in the table below is information regarding the main components of the Market-Based Businesses’ operating and maintenance expense, with explanations for the material variances provided in the ensuing discussions: For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (Dollars in millions) Production costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employee-related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating supplies and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maintenance materials and supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 29 109 128 109 18 393 $ $ 32 104 142 69 15 362 $ $ 37 97 121 67 15 337 In 2019, operation and maintenance expense increased $31 million primarily due to a: • • $40 million increase in maintenance materials and supplies primarily due to contract growth and increased claims expense in HOS; and a $5 million increase in employee-related costs primarily in HOS and MSG due to growth in the business, partially offset by lower costs resulting from the sale of the majority of CSG’s O&M 69 contracts and the exit of the construction business at Keystone, both occurring during the third quarter of 2018; partially offset by a • $14 million decrease in operating supplies and services primarily due to the exit of the construction business in the third quarter of 2018 at Keystone, higher advertising and marketing expense in HOS in 2018, and lower expenses due to the sale of the majority of CSG’s O&M contracts during the third quarter of 2018, as discussed above. Depreciation and Amortization In 2019, depreciation and amortization increased $8 million primarily due to the acquisition of Pivotal in the second quarter of 2018. Loss (Gain) on Asset Dispositions and Purchases During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company recognized a pre-tax loss on sale of $44 million, or $35 million after-tax, relating to the sale of its Keystone operations. See Note 4—Acquisitions and Divestitures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Additionally, during the third quarter of 2018, the Company recognized a pre-tax gain of $14 million on the sale of the majority of CSG’s O&M contracts. Impairment Charge During the third quarter of 2018, a goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge of $57 million was recorded for Keystone, the result of operational and financial challenges encountered in the construction business, and the Company’s determination to narrow the scope of the Keystone operations to focus on its core operations of providing water transfer services. See Note 8—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Provision for Income Taxes In 2019, provision for income taxes increased $9 million primarily due to an increase in pre-tax income. Liquidity and Capital Resources The Company regularly evaluates and monitors its cash requirements for capital investments, acquisitions, operations, commitments, debt maturities, interest and dividends. The Company’s business is capital intensive, with a majority of this capital funded by cash flows from operations. When necessary, the Company also obtains funds from external sources, primarily in the debt markets and through short-term commercial paper borrowings. The Company may also access the equity capital markets to support its capital funding requirements, as needed. The Company’s access to external financing on reasonable terms depends on its credit ratings and current business conditions, including that of the utility and water utility industry in general, as well as conditions in the debt or equity capital markets, and the national and international economic and geopolitical arenas. Disruptions in the credit markets may discourage lenders from extending the terms of such commitments or agreeing to new commitments. Market disruptions may also limit the Company’s ability to issue debt and equity securities in the capital markets. If these business, market, financial and other conditions deteriorate to the extent that the Company is no longer able to access the capital markets on reasonable terms, AWCC has access to an unsecured revolving credit facility that expires in March 2024 with aggregate bank commitments of $2.25 billion. The facility is used principally to fulfill its short-term liquidity needs by supporting AWCC’s $2.10 billion commercial paper program and to provide a sublimit of up to $150 million for letters of credit. Subject to satisfying certain conditions, the credit agreement permits AWCC to increase the maximum commitment under the facility by up to $500 million. 70 In order to meet short-term liquidity needs, AWCC issues commercial paper that is supported by its revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2019, AWCC had no outstanding borrowings and $76 million of outstanding letters of credit under its revolving credit facility, with $2.25 billion available to fulfill its short-term liquidity needs, to issue letters of credit, and to provide support for $786 million in outstanding commercial paper. The Company believes that its ability to access the debt and equity capital markets, the revolving credit facility and cash flows from operations will generate sufficient cash to fund the Company’s short-term requirements. The Company believes it has sufficient liquidity and the ability to manage its expenditures, should there be a disruption of the capital and credit markets. However, there can no assurance that the lenders will be able to meet existing commitments to AWCC under the revolving credit facility, or that AWCC will be able to access the commercial paper or loan markets in the future on acceptable terms or at all. See “Credit Facilities and Short-Term Debt” below for additional information. In addition, the Regulated Businesses receive advances and contributions from customers, home builders and real estate developers to fund construction necessary to extend service to new areas. Advances for construction are refundable for limited periods, which vary according to state regulations, as new customers begin to receive service or other contractual obligations are fulfilled. Amounts which are no longer refundable are reclassified to contributions in aid of construction. The Company uses its capital resources, including cash, primarily to (i) fund operating and capital requirements, (ii) pay interest and meet debt maturities, (iii) pay dividends, (iv) fund acquisitions, (v) fund pension and postretirement benefit obligations, and (vi) the Company estimates, during 2020, to begin to pay federal income taxes. The Company invests a significant amount of cash on regulated capital projects where it expects to earn a long-term return on investment. Additionally, the Company operates in rate regulated environments in which the amount of new investment recovery may be limited, and where such recovery generally takes place over an extended period of time, and certain capital recovery is also subject to regulatory lag. See Item 1—Business—Regulated Businesses—Regulation and Rate Making for additional information. The Company expects to fund future maturities of long-term debt through a combination of external debt and, to the extent available, cash flows from operations. Since the Company expects its capital investments over the next few years to be greater than its cash flows from operating activities, the Company currently plans to fund the excess of its capital investments over its cash flows from operating activities for the next five years through a combination of long-term debt and equity. If necessary, the Company may delay certain capital investments or other funding requirements, or pursue financing from other sources to preserve liquidity. In this event, the Company believes it can rely upon cash flows from operations to meet its obligations and fund its minimum required capital investments for an extended period of time. With the enactment of the TCJA and the reduction of the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, the Company anticipates a decrease in future revenue authorizations associated with the Regulated Businesses, initially leading to lower cash flows. The Company expects this cash flow impact to decline over time, as the Regulated Businesses’ rate base grows, the result of lower deferred income tax liabilities, which offset rate base. The lower deferred income tax liabilities are mainly due to (i) a lower U.S. federal corporate income tax rate, (ii) the normalization (refunding to customers) of the re-measured deferred income tax liabilities over the remaining life of the associated assets, and (iii) the loss of future bonus depreciation deductions on capital projects that began after September 27, 2017. One component of WIFIA is a federal credit program administered by the EPA for eligible water and wastewater infrastructure projects. The WIFIA program accelerates investment in the U.S.’s water infrastructure by providing long-term, low-cost supplemental loans for regionally and nationally significant projects. The Company is currently pursuing WIFIA financing of approximately $80 million for a project in the Company’s Missouri subsidiary. 71 Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities Cash flows provided by operating activities primarily result from the sale of water and wastewater services and, due to the seasonality of demand, are generally greater during the warmer months. The Company’s future cash flows provided by operating activities will be affected by, among other things: economic utility regulation inflation; compliance with environmental, health and safety standards; production costs; maintenance costs; customer growth; declining customer usage of water; employee-related costs, including pension funding; weather and seasonality; taxes; and overall economic conditions. The enactment of the TCJA is accretive to the Company’s consolidated earnings over time through (i) growth in rate base for the same level of expected capital expenditures due to the impact of the lower U.S. federal corporate income tax rate and the re-measurement of its deferred income tax assets and liabilities, (ii) increased earnings in the Market-Based Businesses due to the lower U.S. federal corporate income tax rate, all partially offset by (iii) the lower tax shield on interest expense at parent company, as well as increased debt levels from lower cash flows from operations as the Company passes the lower tax rate benefits to its regulated customers. The Company believes that it will likely begin paying federal income taxes during 2020, when the Company expects its federal NOL carryforwards balance will be fully used, although this timing could be impacted by any significant changes in its future results of operations and the outcome of regulatory proceedings regarding the TCJA. Cash flows provided by operating activities have been a reliable, steady source of funding, sufficient to meet operating requirements and fund the majority of the Company’s capital investments. The Company expects to seek access to debt and equity capital markets to meet the balance of its capital investment, if any, and fund its dividend payments, as needed. Operating cash flows can be negatively affected by changes in the Company’s rate regulated environments, changes in the Market-Based Businesses, changes in the economy, interest rates, the timing of tax payments, and the Company’s customers’ ability to pay for service in a timely manner, among other items. The Company can provide no assurance that its customers’ historical payment pattern will continue in the future. The Company’s current liabilities may exceed current assets mainly from debt maturities due within one year and the periodic use of short-term debt as a funding source, primarily to meet scheduled maturities of long-term debt, fund acquisitions and construction projects, as well as cash needs which can fluctuate significantly due to the seasonality of the business. The Company addresses cash timing differences through the aforementioned liquidity funding mechanisms. Presented in the table below is a summary of the major items affecting the Company’s cash flows provided by operating activities: (In millions) Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add (less): Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes and amortization of investment tax credits . . . . Non-cash impairment charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other non-cash activities (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in working capital (b) Settlement of cash flow hedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension and postretirement healthcare contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of Freedom Industries settlement activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ 621 $ 565 $ 426 582 208 — 38 (1) (30) (31) (4) 545 195 57 56 30 — (22) (40) 492 462 — 16 123 — (48) (22) Net cash flows provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,383 $ 1,386 $ 1,449 (a) (b) Includes provision for losses on accounts receivable, loss (gain) on asset dispositions and purchases, pension and non-pension postretirement benefits and other non-cash, net. Details of each component can be found on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Changes in working capital include changes to receivables and unbilled revenues, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and other current assets and liabilities, net, less the settlement of cash flow hedges. 72 In 2019, cash flows provided by operating activities decreased $3 million, primarily due to the settlement of cash flow hedges and increased interest costs in connection with the Company’s $1.10 billion debt offering that closed on May 13, 2019 and an increase in pension contributions. Partially offsetting these decreases was an increase in net income. The main factors contributing to the increase in net income are described in “Consolidated Results of Operations” and “Segment Results of Operations” above. The Company expects to make pension contributions to the plan trusts of $38 million in 2020. In addition, the Company estimates that contributions will amount to $33 million, $34 million, $34 million and $32 million in 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. Actual amounts contributed could change materially from these estimates as a result of changes in assumptions and actual investment returns, among other factors. Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities Presented in the table below is a summary of the major items affecting the Company’s cash flows used in investing activities: (In millions) Capital expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sale of assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Removal costs from property, plant and equipment retirements, net $ (1,654) $ (235) 48 (104) (1,586) $ (398) 35 (87) (1,434) (177) 15 (76) Net cash flows used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1,945) $ (2,036) $ (1,672) For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 In 2019, cash flows used in investing activities decreased $91 million primarily due to the acquisition of Pivotal for $365 million on June 4, 2018, partially offset by an increase in capital expenditures, principally from incremental investments associated with the replacement and renewal of the Company’s transmission and distribution infrastructure in the Regulated Businesses, as discussed below. The Company also had an increase of proceeds from sale of assets due to the sale of Keystone for $31 million, in the fourth quarter of 2019. The Company’s infrastructure investment plan consists of both infrastructure renewal programs, where the Company replaces infrastructure, as needed, and major capital investment projects, where the Company constructs new water and wastewater treatment and delivery facilities to meet new customer growth and water quality regulations. The Company’s projected capital expenditures and other investments are subject to periodic review and revision to reflect changes in economic conditions and other factors. Presented in the table below is a summary of the Company’s historical capital expenditures related to the upgrading of its infrastructure and systems: For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (In millions) Transmission and distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment and pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Services, meter and fire hydrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General structure and equipment Sources of supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 661 190 346 234 83 140 $ 572 231 303 371 26 83 551 171 281 281 54 96 Total capital expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,654 $ 1,586 $ 1,434 73 In 2019, the Company’s capital expenditures increased $68 million primarily due to investment in transmission and distribution infrastructure. The Company also grows its business primarily through acquisitions of water and wastewater systems, as well as other water-related services. These acquisitions are complementary to the Company’s existing business and support continued geographical diversification and growth of its operations. Generally, acquisitions are funded initially with short-term debt, and later refinanced with the proceeds from long-term debt, once reflected in rate base. The following is a summary of the acquisitions and dispositions affecting the Company’s cash flows from investing activities during 2019: • Paid $235 million for 21 water and wastewater systems, representing in the aggregate approximately 53,100 customers. • Received $48 million for the sale of assets, including $31 million from the sale of the Keystone operations. As previously noted, the Company expects to invest between $8.8 billion to $9.4 billion from 2020 to 2024, with $8.2 billion of this range for infrastructure improvements in the Regulated Businesses, and between $20 billion to $22 billion from 2020 to 2029. In 2020, the Company expects to invest between a range of $1.7 billion to $1.9 billion in 2020, with $1.6 billion for infrastructure improvements in the Regulated Businesses. Also in 2020, the Company expects to invest between $100 million to $300 million for acquisitions in the Regulated Businesses. Cash Flows from Financing Activities Presented in the table below is a summary of the major items affecting the Company’s cash flows provided by financing activities: (In millions) Proceeds from long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayments of long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net short-term borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from issuance of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anti-dilutive stock repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other financing activities, net (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ 1,530 (495) (178) — (353) (36) 26 $ 1,358 (526) 60 183 (319) (45) 15 $ 1,395 (896) 55 — (289) (54) (4) Net cash flows provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 494 $ 726 $ 207 (a) Includes proceeds from issuances of common stock under various employee stock plans and the dividend reinvestment plan, net of taxes paid, advances and contributions for construction, net of refunds, and debt issuance costs and make-whole premiums on early debt redemption. In 2019, cash flows provided by financing activities decreased $232 million, primarily due to the issuance of common stock in 2018, the proceeds of which were used to finance a portion of the 2018 acquisition of Pivotal, as well as an increase in cash used for dividend payments in 2019. AWCC issued $1.10 billion of long-term debt as part of its May 13, 2019 debt offering, of which $51 million of the net proceeds was used to repay long-term debt obligations at maturity. Net proceeds from the debt offering were also used to repay pre-existing short-term borrowings, which resulted in a net cash outflow for 2019 of $178 million. 74 The Company’s financing activities, primarily focused on funding regulated infrastructure expenditures, regulated and market-based acquisitions and payment of dividends. These activities included the issuance of long-term and short-term debt, primarily through AWCC and in 2018, included an equity issuance for approximately 50% of the Pivotal acquisition. In addition, new infrastructure may be funded with customer advances and contributions in aid of construction, net of refunds, which amounted to $26 million, $21 million and $28 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Based on the needs of the Regulated Businesses and the Company, AWCC may borrow funds or issue its debt in the capital markets and then, through intercompany loans, provide those borrowings to the Regulated Businesses and parent company. The Regulated Businesses and parent company are obligated to pay their portion of the respective principal and interest to AWCC, in the amount necessary to enable AWCC to meet its debt service obligations. Parent company’s borrowings are not a source of capital for the Regulated Businesses, therefore, parent company is not able to recover the interest charges on its debt through regulated water and wastewater rates. As of December 31, 2019, AWCC has made long-term fixed rate loans and commercial paper loans to the Regulated Businesses amounting to $4.8 billion and $675 million, respectively. Additionally, as of December 31, 2019, AWCC has made long-term fixed rate loans and commercial paper loans to parent company amounting $2.4 billion and $111 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, parent company has made long-term fixed rate loans to the Market-Based Businesses amounting to $183 million related to the acquisition of Pivotal on June 4, 2018. On May 13, 2019, AWCC completed a $1.10 billion senior unsecured debt offering which included the sale of $550 million aggregate principal amount of its 3.45% Senior Notes due 2029 and $550 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.15% Senior Notes due 2049. At the closing of the offering, AWCC received, after deduction of underwriting discounts and before deduction of offering expenses, net proceeds of approximately $1.09 billion. AWCC used the net proceeds to: (i) lend funds to parent company and its regulated subsidiaries; (ii) repay $25 million principal amount of AWCC’s 7.21% Series I Senior Notes at maturity on May 19, 2019; (iii) repay $26 million aggregate principal amount of subsidiary debt at maturity during the second quarter of 2019; and (iv) repay AWCC’s commercial paper obligations, and for general corporate purposes. On May 6, 2019, the Company terminated five forward starting swap agreements with an aggregate notional amount of $510 million, realizing a net loss of $30 million, to be amortized through interest, net over 10 and 30 year periods, in accordance with the terms of the new debt issued on May 13, 2019. No ineffectiveness was recognized on hedging instruments for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. During 2019, AWCC and certain of the Company’s subsidiaries also issued tax-exempt bonds at various dates with a total principal amount of $417 million and a weighted average interest rate of 2.5%. The bonds are scheduled to mature in 2039 and contain optional or mandatory redemption dates in 2029. The proceeds from these bonds were used to repay $417 million of tax-exempt bonds with a weighted average interest rate of 5.8% and original maturities in 2039. One of the principal market risks to which the Company is exposed is changes in interest rates. In order to manage the exposure, the Company follows risk management policies and procedures, including the use of derivative contracts such as swaps. The Company reduces exposure to interest rates by managing commercial paper and debt maturities. The Company does not enter into derivative contracts for speculative purposes and does not use leveraged instruments. The derivative contracts entered into are for periods consistent with the related underlying exposures. The Company is exposed to the risk that counterparties to derivative contracts will fail to meet their contractual obligations. The Company minimizes the counterparty credit risk on these transactions by only dealing with leading, credit-worthy financial institutions, having long-term credit ratings of “A” or better. In May 2018, parent company and AWCC filed with the SEC a universal shelf registration statement that enables the Company to meet its capital needs through the offer and sale to the public from time to time of an unlimited amount of various types of securities, including American Water common stock, preferred stock, and other equity and hybrid securities, and AWCC debt securities, all subject to market conditions and demand, 75 general economic conditions, and as applicable, rating status. The shelf registration statement will expire in May 2021. During 2019, 2018 and 2017, $1.10 billion, $1.33 billion, and $1.35 billion, respectively, of debt securities were issued pursuant to this and the Company’s predecessor registration statement. Additionally, during 2018 under this registration statement, the Company issued 2.32 million shares of its common stock for aggregate net proceeds of $183 million. Presented in the table below are the issuances of long-term debt in 2019: Company Type Rate Maturity Amount (in millions) AWCC (a) . . . . . . . . . . . Senior notes—fixed rate AWCC (a) (b) . . . . . . . . . Private activity bonds and government Other American Water subsidiaries . . . . . . . . funded debt—fixed rate Private activity bonds and government funded debt—fixed rate 3.45%-4.15% 2029-2049 $ 1,100 2.45% 2039 0.00%-5.00% 2021-2048 100 330 Total issuances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,530 (a) (b) This indebtedness is considered “debt” for purposes of a support agreement between parent company and AWCC, which serves as a functional equivalent of a guarantee by parent company of AWCC’s payment obligations under such indebtedness. This indebtedness has a mandatory redemption provision callable in 2029. Presented in the table below are the retirements and redemptions of long-term debt in 2019 through sinking fund provisions, optional redemption or payment at maturity: Company Type Rate Maturity Amount (in millions) AWCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private activity bonds and government funded debt—fixed rate AWCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior notes—fixed rate Other American Water Private activity bonds and government funded debt—fixed rate subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . Other American Water 1.79%-6.25% 2021-2031 $ 7.21% 2019 0.00%-6.20% 2019-2048 subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage bonds—fixed rate 5.48%-9.13% 2019-2021 Other American Water subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . Other American Water Mandatorily redeemable preferred stock 8.49%-9.18% 2031-2036 subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . Term loan 5.76%-5.81% 2021 101 25 333 28 2 6 Total retirements and redemptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 495 From time to time and as market conditions warrant, the Company may engage in long-term debt retirements through tender offers, open market repurchases or other viable alternatives. In February 2015, the Board of Directors authorized an anti-dilutive stock repurchase program to mitigate the dilutive effect of shares issued through the Company’s dividend reinvestment, employee stock purchase and executive compensation activities. The program allows the Company to purchase up to 10 million shares of its outstanding common stock from time to time over an unrestricted period of time in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. The program is conducted in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act, and, to facilitate these repurchases, the Company enters into Rule 10b5-1 stock repurchase plans with a third-party broker, which allow the Company to repurchase shares of its common stock at times when it otherwise might be prevented from doing so under insider trading laws or because of self-imposed trading blackout periods. Subject to applicable regulations, the Company may, at its discretion, elect to enter into repurchase transactions or to amend or cancel the program or the stock repurchase parameters, all to manage 76 dilution from the issuance of shares as described above. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has repurchased an aggregate of 4,860,000 shares of common stock under this program. Credit Facilities and Short-Term Debt AWCC has an unsecured revolving credit facility of $2.25 billion that expires in March 2024. In April 2019, AWCC and its lenders agreed to extend the termination date of the credit agreement with respect to AWCC’s revolving credit facility pursuant to its terms from March 2023 to March 2024. Subject to satisfying certain conditions, the credit agreement also permits AWCC to increase the maximum commitment under the facility by up to an aggregate of $500 million, and to request extensions of its expiration date for up to two, one-year periods, as to which one such extension request remains. Interest rates on advances under the facility are based on a credit spread to the LIBOR rate (or applicable market replacement rate) or base rate in accordance with Moody Investors Service’s and Standard & Poor’s Financial Services’ then applicable credit rating on AWCC’s senior unsecured, non-credit enhanced debt. The facility is used principally to support AWCC’s commercial paper program and to provide up to $150 million in letters of credit. Indebtedness under the facility is considered “debt” for purposes of a support agreement between parent company and AWCC, which serves as a functional equivalent of a guarantee by parent company of AWCC’s payment obligations under the credit facility. In March 2018, AWCC increased the maximum aggregate outstanding amount under its commercial paper program from $1.60 billion to $2.10 billion. Presented in the table below is the aggregate credit facility commitments, letter of credit sublimit under the revolving credit facility and commercial paper limit, as well as the available capacity for each as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: Credit Facility Commitment Available Credit Facility Capacity Letter of Credit Sublimit Available Letter of Credit Capacity Commercial Paper Limit Available Commercial Paper Capacity (In millions) December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . $ December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . 2,250 $ 2,262 2,174 $ 2,177 150 $ 150 74 $ 69 2,100 $ 2,100 1,314 1,146 The weighted average interest rate on AWCC short-term borrowings for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was approximately 2.54% and 2.28%, respectively. Capital Structure Presented in the table below is the percentage of the Company’s capitalization represented by the components of its capital structure as of December 31: Total common shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt and redeemable preferred stock at redemption value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt 39.2% 40.4% 41.0% 55.6% 52.4% 49.6% 9.4% 7.2% 5.2% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% 100% 2019 2018 2017 The changes in the capital structure between periods were mainly attributable to an increase in long-term debt. 77 Debt Covenants The Company’s debt agreements contain financial and non-financial covenants. To the extent that the Company is not in compliance with these covenants, an event of default may occur under one or more debt agreements and the Company or its subsidiaries may be restricted in its ability to pay dividends, issue new debt or access the revolving credit facility. The long-term debt indentures contain a number of covenants that, among other things, prohibit or restrict the Company from issuing debt secured by the Company’s assets, subject to certain exceptions. Failure to comply with any of these covenants could accelerate repayment obligations. Covenants in certain long-term notes and the revolving credit facility require the Company to maintain a ratio of consolidated debt to consolidated capitalization (as defined in the relevant documents) of not more than 0.70 to 1.00. On December 31, 2019, the Company’s ratio was 0.61 to 1.00 and therefore the Company was in compliance with the covenants. Security Ratings Presented in the table below are long-term and short-term credit ratings and rating outlooks as of February 18, 2020 as issued by the following rating agencies: Securities Moody’s Investors Service Standard & Poor’s Ratings Service Rating Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior unsecured debt Commercial paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stable Baa1 P-2 Stable A A-1 On June 7, 2019, Standard & Poor’s Ratings Service affirmed the Company’s long-term ‘A’ and short-term ‘A-1’ credit ratings, with a stable outlook. On April 1, 2019, Moody’s Investors Service changed the Company’s senior unsecured debt rating to Baa1, from A3, with a stable outlook. The Company’s commercial paper rating remained unchanged. A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency, and each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating. Security ratings are highly dependent upon the ability to generate cash flows in an amount sufficient to service debt and meet investment plans. The Company can provide no assurances that its ability to generate cash flows is sufficient to maintain its existing ratings. None of the Company’s borrowings are subject to default or prepayment as a result of the downgrading of these security ratings, although such a downgrading could increase fees and interest charges under its credit facility. As part of its normal course of business, the Company routinely enters into contracts for the purchase and sale of water, energy, chemicals and other services. These contracts either contain express provisions or otherwise permit the Company and its counterparties to demand adequate assurance of future performance when there are reasonable grounds for doing so. In accordance with the contracts and applicable contract law, if the Company is downgraded by a credit rating agency, especially if such downgrade is to a level below investment grade, it is possible that a counterparty would attempt to rely on such a downgrade as a basis for making a demand for adequate assurance of future performance, which could include a demand that the Company must provide collateral to secure its obligations. The Company does not expect to post any collateral which will have a material adverse impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows. Access to the capital markets, including the commercial paper market, and respective financing costs in those markets, may be directly affected by the Company’s securities ratings. The Company primarily accesses the debt capital markets, including the commercial paper market, through AWCC. However, the Company has also issued debt through its regulated subsidiaries, primarily in the form of tax exempt securities or borrowings under state revolving funds, to lower the overall cost of debt. 78 Dividends and Regulatory Restrictions For discussion of the Company’s dividends, dividend restrictions and dividend policy, see Note 9— Shareholders’ Equity in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Insurance Coverage The Company carries various property, casualty, cyber and financial insurance policies with limits, deductibles and exclusions that it believes are consistent with industry standards. However, insurance coverage may not be adequate or available to cover unanticipated losses or claims. Additionally, annual policy renewals can be impacted by claims experience which in turn can impact coverage terms and conditions on a going- forward basis. The Company is self-insured to the extent that losses are within the policy deductible or exceed the amount of insurance maintained. Such losses could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s short- term and long-term financial condition and its results of operations and cash flows. Contractual Obligations and Commitments The Company enters into contractual obligations with third parties in the ordinary course of business. Presented in the table below is information related to its contractual obligations as of December 31, 2019: (In millions) Total 1 year or less 2-3 years 4-5 years More than 5 years $ Long-term debt obligations (a) . . . . . . . . Interest on long-term debt (b) . . . . . . . . . Operating lease obligations (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase water obligations (d) . . . . . . . . Other purchase obligations (e) Pension plan obligations (f) . . . . . . . . . . Other obligations (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,692 6,064 152 912 915 171 1,055 $ 28 375 14 65 915 38 465 $ 324 726 24 130 — 67 245 $ 632 685 14 112 — 66 69 7,708 4,278 100 605 — — 276 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 17,961 $ 1,900 $ 1,516 $ 1,578 $ 12,967 NOTE The above table reflects only financial obligations and commitments. Therefore, performance obligations associated with the Company’s Market-Based Businesses are not included in the above amounts. Also, uncertain tax positions of $110 million are not reflected in this table as the Company cannot predict when open tax years will close with completed examinations. See Note 14— Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Represents sinking fund obligations, debt maturities, finance lease obligations and preferred stocks with mandatory redemption requirements. Represents expected interest payments on outstanding long-term debt and interest on preferred stock with mandatory redemption requirements. Amounts reported may differ from actual due to future financing of debt. Represents future minimum payments under non-cancelable operating leases, primarily for the lease of motor vehicles, buildings, land and other equipment including water facilities and systems constructed by partners under public-private partnerships. For discussion of the Company’s public-private partnerships, see Note 19—Leases in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Represents future payments under water purchase agreements for minimum quantities of water. Represents the open purchase orders as of December 31, 2019 for goods and services purchased in the ordinary course of business. Represents contributions expected to be made to the Company’s pension plans for the years 2020 through 2024. Includes an estimate of advances for construction to be refunded, capital expenditures estimated to be required under legal and binding contractual obligations, contracts entered into for energy purchases, a liability associated with a conservation agreement, and service agreements. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Performance Obligations The Company has entered into agreements for the provision of services to water and wastewater facilities for the U.S. military, municipalities and other customers. These obligations are not included in the table above. For discussion of the Company’s performance obligations see Note 3—Revenue Recognition in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. 79 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires that management apply accounting policies and make estimates, assumptions and judgments that could affect the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Actual results could differ from these estimates, assumptions and judgments. Management believes that the areas described below require significant judgment in the application of accounting policy or in making estimates and assumptions in matters that are inherently uncertain and that may change in subsequent periods. Accordingly, changes in the estimates, assumptions and judgments applied to these accounting policies could have a significant impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, as reflected in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Management has reviewed the critical accounting polices described below with the Company’s Audit, Finance and Risk Committee, including the estimates, assumptions and judgments used in their application. Additional discussion regarding these critical accounting policies and their application can be found in Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Regulation and Regulatory Accounting The Company’s regulated utilities are subject to regulation by PUCs and, as such, the Company follows the authoritative accounting principles required for rate regulated utilities, which requires the Company to reflect the effects of rate regulation in its Consolidated Financial Statements. Use of this authoritative guidance is applicable to utility operations that meet the following criteria: (i) third-party regulation of rates; (ii) cost-based rates; and (iii) a reasonable assumption that rates will be set to recover the estimated costs of providing service, plus a return on net investment, or rate base. As of December 31, 2019, the Company concluded that the operations of its utilities met the criteria. Application of this authoritative guidance has a further effect on the Company’s financial statements as it pertains to allowable costs used in the ratemaking process. The Company makes significant assumptions and estimates to quantify amounts recorded as regulatory assets and liabilities. Such judgments include, but are not limited to, assets and liabilities related to regulated acquisitions, pension and postretirement benefits, depreciation rates and taxes. Due to timing and other differences in the collection of revenues, these authoritative accounting principles allow a cost that would otherwise be charged as an expense by a non-regulated entity, to be deferred as a regulatory asset if it is probable that such cost is recoverable through future rates. Conversely, the principles require the creation of a regulatory liability for amounts collected in rates to recover costs expected to be incurred in the future, or amounts collected in excess of costs incurred and are refundable to customers. For each regulatory jurisdiction where the Company conducts business, the Company assesses, at the end of each reporting period, whether the regulatory assets continue to meet the criteria for probable future recovery and regulatory liabilities continue to meet the criteria for probable future settlement. This assessment includes consideration of factors such as changes in regulatory environments, recent rate orders (including recent rate orders on recovery of a specific or similar incurred cost to other regulated entities in the same jurisdiction) and the status of any pending or potential legislation. If subsequent events indicate that the regulatory assets or liabilities no longer meet the criteria for probable future recovery or probable future settlement, the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and financial position could be materially affected. In addition, if the Company concludes in a future period that a separable portion of the business no longer meets the criteria, the Company is required to eliminate the financial statement effects of regulation for that part of the business, which would include the elimination of any or all regulatory assets and liabilities that had been recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Failure to meet the criteria of this authoritative guidance could materially impact the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. On December 22, 2017, the TCJA was signed into law, which, among other things, enacted significant and complex changes to the Code, including a reduction in the maximum U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% as of January 1, 2018. The TCJA created significant excess deferred income taxes that the Company 80 and its regulatory jurisdictions believe should be refunded to customers. As such, the Company recorded these amounts as regulatory liabilities. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s regulatory asset balance was $1.1 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively, and its regulatory liability balance was $1.8 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively. See Note 7—Regulatory Assets and Liabilities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the Company’s significant regulatory assets and liabilities. Revenue Recognition Revenue from the Company’s Regulated Businesses is generated primarily from water and wastewater services delivered to customers. These contracts contain a single performance obligation, the delivery of water or wastewater services, as the promise to transfer the individual good or service is not separately identifiable from other promises within the contracts and, therefore, is not distinct. Revenues are recognized over time, as services are provided. There are generally no significant financing components or variable consideration. Revenues include amounts billed to customers on a cycle basis, and unbilled amounts calculated based on estimated usage from the date of the meter reading associated with the latest customer bill, to the end of the accounting period. The amounts that the Company has a right to invoice are determined by each customer’s actual usage, an indicator that the invoice amount corresponds directly to the value transferred to the customer. Increases or decreases in the volumes delivered to customers and rate mix due to changes in usage patterns in customer classes in the period could be significant to the calculation of unbilled revenue. In addition, changes in the timing of meter reading schedules and the number and type of customers scheduled for each meter reading date would also have an effect on the unbilled revenue calculation. Unbilled revenue for the Company’s regulated utilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $142 million and $144 million, respectively. The Company also recognizes revenue when it is probable that future recovery of previously incurred costs or future refunds that are to be credited to customers will occur through the ratemaking process. Revenue from the Company’s Homeowner Services Group is generated through various protection programs in which the Company provides fixed fee services to domestic homeowners and smaller commercial customers for interior and external water and sewer lines, interior electric and gas lines, heating and cooling systems, water heaters, power surge protection and other related services. Most of the contracts have a one-year term and each service is a separate performance obligation, satisfied over time, as the customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided from the service. Customers are obligated to pay for the protection programs ratably over 12 months or via a one-time, annual fee, with revenues recognized ratably over time for these services. Advances from customers are deferred until the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company also has long-term, fixed fee contracts to operate and maintain water and wastewater systems for the U.S. government on various military installations and facilities owned by municipal and industrial customers, and prior to the sale of Keystone, the Company had shorter-term contracts that provided customized water transfer services for shale natural gas companies and customers. Billing and revenue recognition for the fixed fee revenues occurs ratably over the term of the contract, as customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided by the Company. Additionally, these contracts allow the Company to make capital improvements to underlying infrastructure, which are initiated through separate modifications or amendments to the original contract, whereby stand-alone, fixed pricing is separately stated for each improvement. The Company has determined that these capital improvements are separate performance obligations, with revenue recognized over time based on performance completed at the end of each reporting period. Losses on contracts are recognized during the period in which the losses first become probable and estimable. Revenues recognized during the period in excess of billings on construction contracts are recorded as unbilled revenues, with billings in excess of revenues recorded as other current liabilities until the recognition criteria are met. Changes in contract performance and related estimated contract profitability may result in revisions to costs and revenues, 81 and are recognized in the period in which revisions are determined. Unbilled revenue for the Market-Based Businesses as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $30 million and $42 million, respectively. Accounting for Income Taxes Significant management judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes, primarily due to the uncertainty related to tax positions taken, as well as deferred tax assets and liabilities, valuation allowances and the utilization of NOL carryforwards. In accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, the Company accounts for uncertain income tax positions using a benefit recognition model with a two-step approach, including a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold and a measurement approach based on the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. If it is not more-likely-than-not that the benefit of the tax position will be sustained on its technical merits, no benefit is recorded. Uncertain tax positions that relate only to timing of when an item is included on a tax return are considered to have met the recognition threshold. Management evaluates each position based solely on the technical merits and facts and circumstances of the position, assuming the position will be examined by a taxing authority having full knowledge of all relevant information. Significant judgment is required to determine whether the recognition threshold has been met and, if so, the appropriate amount of unrecognized tax benefit to be recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company evaluates the probability of realizing deferred tax assets quarterly by reviewing a forecast of future taxable income and its intent and ability to implement tax planning strategies, if necessary, to realize deferred tax assets. The Company also assesses its ability to utilize tax attributes, including those in the form of carryforwards, for which the benefits have already been reflected in the financial statements. The Company records valuation allowances for deferred tax assets when it concludes that it is more-likely-than-not such benefit will not be realized in future periods. Under GAAP, specifically Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), the tax effects of changes in tax laws must be recognized in the period in which the law is enacted. ASC 740 also requires deferred tax assets and liabilities to be measured at the enacted tax rate expected to apply when temporary differences are to be realized or settled. Thus, at the date of enactment of the TCJA, the Company’s deferred taxes were re-measured based upon the new tax rate. For the Company’s regulated entities, the change in deferred taxes are recorded as either an offset to a regulatory asset or liability and may be subject to refund to customers. For the Company’s unregulated operations, the change in deferred taxes are recorded as a non-cash re-measurement adjustment to earnings. Actual income taxes could vary from estimated amounts due to the future impacts of various items, including changes in income tax laws, the Company’s forecasted financial condition and results of operations, failure to successfully implement tax planning strategies and recovery of taxes through the regulatory process for the Regulated Businesses, as well as results of audits and examinations of filed tax returns by taxing authorities. The resulting tax balances as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are appropriately accounted for in accordance with the applicable authoritative guidance; however, the ultimate outcome of tax matters could result in favorable or unfavorable adjustments to the Consolidated Financial Statements and such adjustments could be material. See Note 14—Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding income taxes. Accounting for Pension and Postretirement Benefits The Company maintains noncontributory defined benefit pension plans covering eligible employees of its regulated utility and shared service operations. See Note 15—Employee Benefits in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the description of and accounting for the defined benefit pension plans and postretirement benefit plans. 82 The Company’s pension and postretirement benefit costs are developed from actuarial valuations. Inherent in these valuations are key assumptions provided by the Company to its actuaries, including the discount rate and expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. Material changes in the Company’s pension and postretirement benefit costs may occur in the future due to changes in these assumptions as well as fluctuations in plan assets. The assumptions are selected to represent the average expected experience over time and may differ in any one year from actual experience due to changes in capital markets and the overall economy. These differences will impact the amount of pension and other postretirement benefit expense that the Company recognizes. The primary assumptions are: • Discount Rate—The discount rate is used in calculating the present value of benefits, which are based on projections of benefit payments to be made in the future. The objective in selecting the discount rate is to measure the single amount that, if invested at the measurement date in a portfolio of high-quality debt instruments, would provide the necessary future cash flows to pay the accumulated benefits when due. • Expected Return on Plan Assets (“EROA”)—Management projects the future return on plan assets considering prior performance, but primarily based upon the plans’ mix of assets and expectations for the long-term returns on those asset classes. These projected returns reduce the net benefit costs the Company records currently. • Rate of Compensation Increase—Management projects employees’ pay increases, which are used to project employees’ pension benefits at retirement. • Health Care Cost Trend Rate—Management projects the expected increases in the cost of health care. • Mortality—Management retained the Society of Actuaries RP-2014 mortality base table, which provides rates of mortality in 2006, but adopted the new MP-2018 mortality improvement scale to gradually adjust future mortality rates downward due to increased longevity in each year after 2006. The discount rate assumption, which is determined for the pension and postretirement benefit plans independently, is subject to change each year, consistent with changes in applicable high-quality, long-term corporate bond indices. The Company uses an approach that approximates the process of settlement of obligations tailored to the plans’ expected cash flows by matching the plans’ cash flows to the coupons and expected maturity values of individually selected bonds. For each plan, the discount rate was developed as the level equivalent rate that would yield the same present value as using spot rates aligned with the projected benefit payments. The discount rate for determining pension benefit obligations was 3.44%, 4.38% and 3.75% at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The discount rate for determining other postretirement benefit obligations was 3.36%, 4.32% and 3.73% at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In selecting an EROA, the Company considered tax implications, past performance and economic forecasts for the types of investments held by the plans. The long-term EROA assumption used in calculating pension cost was 6.20% for 2019, 5.95% for 2018, and 6.49% for 2017. The weighted average EROA assumption used in calculating other postretirement benefit costs was 3.56% for 2019, 4.77% for 2018 and 5.09% for 2017. Presented in the table below are the allocations of the pension plan assets by asset category: Asset Category 2020 Target Allocation Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real Estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43% 50% 5% 2% Percentage of Plan Assets as of December 31, 2019 45% 48% 7% —% 2018 42% 52% 5% 1% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% 100% 83 Postretirement Medical Bargaining Plan Changes On July 31, 2018, a new, five-year national benefits agreement was ratified, covering approximately 3,200 of the Company’s union-represented employees. Most of the benefits under this new agreement became effective on January 1, 2019, and include, among other things, union-represented employees’ participation in the Company’s cash-based annual performance plan, additional medical plan options and changes to certain retiree medical benefits, which required the Company to remeasure its other postretirement benefit plan obligation during the third quarter of 2018. For those eligible union retirees and dependents over age 65, the current supplemental retiree medical plan will be replaced with a Health Reimbursement Arrangement (“HRA”) similar to the cap currently in place for non-union retirees. The Company is providing a subsidy allowing the post-65 retirees to purchase a Medicare supplemental plan on a private exchange network. The pre-65 coverage plan was also amended to provide a cap on future employer costs designed to limit the employer costs to 2018 levels. For pre-65 union members retiring early in 2019-2021 a supplemental benefit will be provided to alleviate the effect of the cap. On August 31, 2018, the Postretirement Medical Benefit Plan was remeasured to reflect this plan change. The plan change resulted in a $175 million reduction in future benefits payable to plan participants, and, in combination with other experience reflected as of the remeasurement date, resulted in a $227 million reduction to the net accumulated postretirement benefit obligation. The plan amendment will be amortized over 10.2 years, the average future working lifetime to full eligibility age for all plan participants. After the remeasurement, the Retirement and Benefit Plans Investment Committee (the “Investment Committee”), which is responsible for overseeing the investment of the Company’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans’ assets, determined that the funded status of the Postretirement Medical Bargaining Plan was in excess of that needed to pay current and future benefits. Given the change in funded status in 2018, the Investment Committee commissioned an asset-liability study for the Postretirement Medical Bargaining Plan. This study concluded that it was prudent to decrease the investment risk in the plan due to its current funded status. The study also recommended reducing its exposure to changes in interest rates by matching the assets of the plan to the projected cash flows for future benefit payments of the liability. The Investment Committee approved the recommendations. Plan assets in excess of those securities designed to match the long-term liabilities are invested in shorter duration fixed income securities and equities. Presented in the table below are the allocations of the other postretirement benefit plan assets by asset category: Asset Category 2020 Target Allocation (a) Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17% 83% Percentage of Plan Assets as of December 31, 2019 17% 83% 2018 17% 83% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% 100% (a) Includes the American Water Postretirement Medical Benefits Bargaining Plan, the New York Water Service Corporation Postretirement Medical Benefits Bargaining Plan, the American Water Postretirement Medical Benefits Non-Bargaining Plan, and the American Water Life Insurance Trust. The investments of the pension and postretirement welfare plan trusts include debt and equity securities held either directly or through mutual funds, commingled funds and limited partnerships. The trustee for the Company’s defined benefit pension and postretirement welfare plans uses an independent valuation firm to calculate the fair value of plan assets. 84 In selecting a rate of compensation increase, the Company considers past experience in light of movements in inflation rates. The Company’s rate of compensation increase was 2.97% for 2019, 3.00% for 2018 and 3.02% for 2017. In selecting health care cost trend rates, the Company considers past performance and forecasts of increases in health care costs. As of January 1, 2018, the Company’s health care cost trend rate assumption used to calculate the periodic cost was 6.75% in 2019 gradually declining to 5.00% in 2026 and thereafter. As of December 31, 2019, the Company is projecting that medical inflation will be 6.50% in 2020 gradually declining to 5.00% in 2026 and thereafter. The Company will use a discount rate and EROA of 3.44% and 6.50%, respectively, for estimating its 2020 pension costs. Additionally, the Company will use a discount rate and expected blended return based on weighted assets of 3.36% and 3.68%, respectively, for estimating its 2020 other postretirement benefit costs. A decrease in the discount rate or the EROA would increase the Company’s pension expense. The Company’s 2019 and 2018 pension and postretirement benefit costs were $17 million and $21 million, respectively. The Company expects to make pension and postretirement benefit contributions to the plan trusts of $38 million in 2020, and $33 million, $34 million, $34 million and $32 million in 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. Actual amounts contributed could change significantly from these estimates. The assumptions are reviewed annually and at any interim re-measurement of the plan obligations. The impact of assumption changes is reflected in the recorded pension and postretirement benefit amounts as they occur, or over a period of time if allowed under applicable accounting standards. Accounting for Contingencies The Company records loss contingencies when management determines that the outcome of future events is probable of occurring and when the amount of the loss or a range of losses can be reasonably estimated. The determination of a loss contingency is based on management’s judgment and estimates about the likely outcome of the matter, which may include an analysis of different scenarios. Liabilities are recorded or adjusted when events or circumstances cause these judgments or estimates to change. In assessing whether a loss is reasonably possible, management considers many factors, which include, but are not limited to: the nature of the litigation, claim or assessment, review of applicable law, opinions or views of legal counsel and other advisors, and the experience gained from similar cases or situations. The Company provides disclosures for material contingencies when management deems there is a reasonable possibility that a loss or an additional loss may be incurred. The Company provides estimates of reasonably possible losses when such estimates may be reasonably determined, either as a single amount or within a reasonable range. Actual amounts realized upon settlement or other resolution of loss contingencies may be different than amounts recorded and disclosed and could have a significant impact on the liabilities, revenue and expenses recorded on the Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 16—Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding contingencies. New Accounting Standards See Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of recent accounting standards. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK The Company is exposed to market risk associated with changes in commodity prices, equity prices and interest rates. The Company is exposed to risks from changes in interest rates as a result of its issuance of variable and fixed rate debt and commercial paper. The Company manages its interest rate exposure by limiting its variable rate exposure and by monitoring the effects of market changes in interest rates. The Company also 85 has the ability to enter into financial derivative instruments, which could include instruments such as, but not limited to, interest rate swaps, forward starting swaps, swaptions and U.S. Treasury lock agreements to manage and mitigate interest rate risk exposure. As of December 31, 2019, a hypothetical increase of interest rates by 1% associated with the Company’s short-term borrowings would result in a $7 million increase in short-term interest expense. The Company’s risks associated with price increases for chemicals, electricity and other commodities are reduced through contractual arrangements and the expected ability to recover price increases through rates, in the next general rate case proceeding or other regulatory mechanism, as authorized by each regulatory jurisdiction. Non-performance by these commodity suppliers could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position and cash flows. The market price of the Company’s common stock may experience fluctuations, which may be unrelated to its operating performance. In particular, the Company’s stock price may be affected by general market movements as well as developments specifically related to the water and wastewater industry. These could include, among other things, interest rate movements, quarterly variations or changes in financial estimates by securities analysts and governmental or regulatory actions. This volatility may make it difficult for the Company to access the capital markets in the future through additional offerings of its common stock or other equity securities, regardless of its financial performance, and such difficulty may preclude the Company from being able to take advantage of certain business opportunities or meet business obligations. The Company is exposed to credit risk through its water, wastewater and other water-related services provided by the Regulated Businesses and Market-Based Businesses. The Company’s Regulated Businesses serve residential, commercial, industrial and other customers, while the Market-Based Businesses engage in business activities with developers, government entities and other customers. The Company’s primary credit risk is exposure to customer default on contractual obligations and the associated loss that may be incurred due to the non-payment of customer accounts receivable balances. The Company’s credit risk is managed through established credit and collection policies which are in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and involve monitoring of customer exposure and the use of credit risk mitigation measures such as letters of credit or prepayment arrangements. The Company’s credit portfolio is diversified with no significant customer or industry concentrations. In addition, the Regulated Businesses are generally able to recover all prudently incurred costs including uncollectible customer accounts receivable expenses and collection costs through rates. The Company’s retirement trust assets are exposed to the market prices of debt and equity securities. Changes to the retirement trust asset values can impact the Company’s pension and other benefits expense, funded status and future minimum funding requirements. Changes in interest rates can impact retirement liabilities. The Company aims to reduce risk through asset diversification and by investing in long duration fixed- income securities that have a duration similar to that of its pension liabilities, seeking to hedge some of the interest rate sensitivity of its liabilities. That way, if interest rates fall and liabilities increase, the Company expects that the fixed-income assets in its retirement trust will also increase in value. The Company also expects its risk to be reduced through its ability to recover pension and other benefit costs through rates. The Company is also exposed to a potential national economic recession or deterioration in local economic conditions in the markets in which it operates. The credit quality of the Company’s customer accounts receivable is dependent on the economy and the ability of its customers to manage through unfavorable economic cycles and other market changes. In addition, there can be no assurances that regulators will grant sufficient rate authorizations. Therefore, the Company’s ability to fully recover operating expense, recover its investment and provide an appropriate return on invested capital made in the Regulated Businesses may be adversely impacted. 86 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Audited Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 88 91 93 94 95 96 97 87 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of American Water Works Company, Inc. Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of American Water Works Company, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Change in Accounting Principle As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019. Basis for Opinions The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. 88 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Accounting for the Effects of Rate Regulation As described in Notes 2 and 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated regulatory assets and liabilities balances were $1,128 million and $1,806 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2019. The Company’s regulated utilities are subject to regulation by multiple state utility commissions and the Company follows authoritative accounting principles required for rate regulated utilities, which requires the effects of rate regulation to be reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. As disclosed by management, for each regulatory jurisdiction where the Company conducts business, management assesses, at the end of each reporting period, whether the regulatory assets continue to meet the criteria for probable future recovery and regulatory liabilities continue to meet the criteria for probable future settlement. This assessment includes consideration of factors such as changes in regulatory environments, recent rate orders, including recent rate orders on recovery of a specific or similar incurred cost to other regulated entities in the same jurisdictions, and the status of any pending or potential legislation. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to accounting for the effects of rate regulation is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management related to the accounting for regulatory assets and liabilities, including assessing whether the regulatory assets continue to meet the criteria for probable future recovery and regulatory liabilities continue to meet the criteria for probable future settlement as a result of changes in regulatory environments, recent rate orders, including recent rate orders on recovery of a specific or similar incurred cost to other regulated entities in the same jurisdictions, and the status of any pending or potential legislation. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing audit procedures and evaluating audit evidence obtained relating to management’s judgments. 89 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the Company’s regulatory accounting process, including controls over management’s assessment and consideration of factors related to the probability of future recovery or settlement. These procedures also included, among others, evaluating the reasonableness of management’s judgments regarding the probability of recovery and settlement based on the Company’s correspondence with regulators, status of regulatory proceedings, past practices, recent rate orders on specific or similar incurred cost to other regulated entities in the same jurisdictions, and other relevant information; evaluating the related accounting and disclosure implications; and evaluating regulatory assets and liabilities balances based on provisions and formulas outlined in rate orders and other correspondence with the Company’s regulators. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Philadelphia, Pennsylvania February 18, 2020 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1948. 90 American Water Works Company, Inc. and Subsidiary Companies Consolidated Balance Sheets (In millions, except share and per share data) December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 ASSETS Property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 23,941 (5,709) $ Property, plant and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,232 Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unbilled revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Materials and supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assets held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 31 294 172 44 566 118 Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,285 Regulatory and other long-term assets: Regulatory assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating lease right-of-use assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postretirement benefit asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total regulatory and other long-term assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,128 103 1,501 159 67 207 3,165 23,204 (5,795) 17,409 130 28 301 186 41 — 95 781 1,156 — 1,575 155 84 63 3,033 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 22,682 $ 21,223 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. 91 American Water Works Company, Inc. and Subsidiary Companies Consolidated Balance Sheets (In millions, except share and per share data) December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 CAPITALIZATION AND LIABILITIES Capitalization: Common stock ($0.01 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 185,903,727 and 185,367,158 shares issued, respectively) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paid-in-capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock, at cost (5,090,855 and 4,683,156 shares, respectively) $ Total common shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Redeemable preferred stock at redemption value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2 6,700 (207) (36) (338) 6,121 8,639 5 8,644 2 6,657 (464) (34) (297) 5,864 7,569 7 7,576 Total capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,765 13,440 Current liabilities: Short-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities related to assets held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 28 203 596 46 84 128 174 964 71 175 556 45 87 — 196 Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,045 2,094 Regulatory and other long-term liabilities: Advances for construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes and investment tax credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regulatory liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating lease liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued pension expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total regulatory and other long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contributions in aid of construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments and contingencies (See Note 16) 240 1,893 1,806 89 411 78 4,517 1,355 252 1,740 1,907 — 390 78 4,367 1,322 Total capitalization and liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 22,682 $ 21,223 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. 92 American Water Works Company, Inc. and Subsidiary Companies Consolidated Statements of Operations (In millions, except per share data) Operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,610 $ 3,440 $ 3,357 For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Operating expenses: Operation and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss (gain) on asset dispositions and purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense): Interest, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-operating benefit costs, net Loss on early extinguishment of debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net Total other income (expense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,544 582 280 34 — 2,440 1,170 (382) 16 (4) 33 (337) 833 212 621 — 1,479 545 277 (20) 57 2,338 1,102 (350) 20 (4) 19 (315) 787 222 565 (2) Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 621 $ 567 Basic earnings per share: (a) Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted earnings per share: (a) Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average common shares outstanding: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ (a) Amounts may not calculate due to rounding. 3.44 $ 3.16 3.43 $ 3.15 $ 2.38 181 181 180 180 178 179 1,369 492 259 (16) — 2,104 1,253 (342) (9) (7) 17 (341) 912 486 426 — 426 2.39 $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. 93 American Water Works Company, Inc. and Subsidiary Companies Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (In millions) Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Change in employee benefit plan funded status, net of tax of $3, $20 and $2 in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defined benefit pension plans: Amortization of actuarial loss, net of tax of $1, $3 and $5 in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive loss of tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized loss on cash flow hedges, net of tax of $(5), $0 and $(4) in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash flow hedges reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive loss of tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act . . . . . . . . . . Net other comprehensive (loss) income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ 621 $ 567 $ 426 8 4 — (1) (13) — (2) 60 7 (22) — (2) 2 45 7 7 — (1) (6) — 7 Comprehensive income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 619 $ 612 $ 433 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. 94 American Water Works Company, Inc. and Subsidiary Companies Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In millions) For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile to net cash flows provided by operating activities: $ 621 $ 565 $ 426 Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes and amortization of investment tax credits . . . . . . . . . Provision for losses on accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss (gain) on asset dispositions and purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension and non-pension postretirement benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other non-cash, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in assets and liabilities: Receivables and unbilled revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension and non-pension postretirement benefit contributions . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets and liabilities, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of Freedom Industries settlement activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 208 28 34 — 17 (41) (25) (31) 66 (72) (4) 545 195 33 (20) 57 23 20 (17) (22) 25 22 (40) 492 462 29 (16) — 57 (54) 21 (48) 38 64 (22) Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,383 1,386 1,449 CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Capital expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisitions, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sale of assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Removal costs from property, plant and equipment retirements, net . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Proceeds from long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayments of long-term debt Net short-term borrowings with maturities less than three months . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from issuances of employee stock plans and direct stock purchase plan, net of taxes paid of $11, $8 and $11 in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively . . . . . Advances and contributions for construction, net of refunds of $30, $22 and $22 in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt issuance costs and make-whole premium on early debt redemption . . . . . . . . Dividends paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anti-dilutive share repurchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted funds . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents and restricted funds at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents and restricted funds at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid during the year for: Interest, net of capitalized amount Income taxes, net of refunds of $4, $0 and $0 in 2019, 2018 and 2017, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-cash investing activity: Capital expenditures acquired on account but unpaid as of year end . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition financed by treasury stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ $ $ (1,654) (235) 48 (104) (1,945) 1,530 (495) (178) — 15 26 (15) (353) (36) 494 (68) 159 91 383 12 $ $ $ (1,586) (398) 35 (87) (2,036) 1,358 (526) 60 183 16 21 (22) (319) (45) 726 76 83 159 332 38 $ $ $ 235 $ — $ 181 $ — $ (1,434) (177) 15 (76) (1,672) 1,395 (896) 55 — 15 28 (47) (289) (54) 207 (16) 99 83 338 30 204 33 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. 95 American Water Works Company, Inc. and Subsidiary Companies Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (In millions, except per share data) Common Stock Shares Par Value Paid-in Capital Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Treasury Stock Shares At Cost Total Shareholders’ Equity 181.8 $ 2 $ 6,388 $ (873) $ (86) (3.7) $ (213) $ 5,218 Balance as of December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direct stock reinvestment and purchase plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employee stock purchase plan . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation activity . . . . . . Acquisitions via treasury stock . . . . . . . . . Repurchases of common stock . . . . . . . . . Net other comprehensive income . . . . . . . Dividends ($1.66 declared per common share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direct stock reinvestment and purchase plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employee stock purchase plan . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation activity . . . . . . Issuance of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchases of common stock . . . . . . . . . Net other comprehensive income . . . . . . . Dividends ($1.82 declared per common share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direct stock reinvestment and purchase plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employee stock purchase plan . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation activity . . . . . . Repurchases of common stock . . . . . . . . . Net other comprehensive income . . . . . . . Dividends ($2.00 declared per common share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 0.1 0.1 0.5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 7 22 7 — — — 182.5 $ 2 $ 6,432 $ — — 0.1 0.1 0.4 2.3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 8 26 183 — — — 185.4 $ 2 $ 6,657 $ — — — 0.1 0.4 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 7 10 26 — — — Balance as of December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . 185.9 $ 2 $ 6,700 $ 21 426 — — — — — — (297) (723) $ 20 567 — — (1) — — — (327) (464) $ (2) 621 — — — — — (362) (207) $ — — — — — — — 7 — — — — — (0.1) 0.4 (0.7) — — — — — (7) 27 (54) — — — (79) (4.1) $ (247) $ — — — — — — — 45 — — — — — (0.1) — (0.5) — — — — — (5) — (45) — — — (34) (4.7) $ (297) $ — — — — — — (2) — — — — — (0.1) (0.3) — — — — — (5) (36) — — — (36) (5.1) $ (338) $ 21 426 8 7 15 34 (54) 7 (297) 5,385 20 567 8 8 20 183 (45) 45 (327) 5,864 (2) 621 7 10 21 (36) (2) (362) 6,121 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. 96 American Water Works Company, Inc. and Subsidiary Companies Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unless otherwise noted, in millions, except per share data) Note 1: Organization and Operation American Water Works Company, Inc. (the “Company” or “American Water”) is a holding company for regulated and market-based subsidiaries throughout the United States. References to “parent company” mean American Water Works Company, Inc., without its subsidiaries. The Company’s primary business involves the ownership of regulated utilities that provide water and wastewater services in 16 states in the United States, collectively referred to as the “Regulated Businesses.” The Company also operates market-based businesses that provide complementary water and wastewater services within non-reportable operating segments, collectively referred to as the “Market-Based Businesses.” The Company’s primary Market-Based Businesses include the Homeowner Services Group, which provides various warranty protection programs and other home services to residential customers; and the Military Services Group, which enters into long-term contracts with the U.S. government to provide water and wastewater services on various military installations. Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies Regulation The Company’s regulated utilities are subject to regulation by multiple state utility commissions or other entities engaged in utility regulation, collectively referred to as Public Utility Commissions (“PUCs”). As such, the Company follows authoritative accounting principles required for rate regulated utilities, which requires the effects of rate regulation to be reflected in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. PUCs generally authorize revenue at levels intended to recover the estimated costs of providing service, plus a return on net investments, or rate base. Regulators may also approve accounting treatments, long-term financing programs and cost of capital, operation and maintenance (“O&M”) expenses, capital expenditures, taxes, affiliated transactions and relationships, reorganizations, mergers, acquisitions and dispositions, along with imposing certain penalties or granting certain incentives. Due to timing and other differences in the collection of a regulated utility’s revenues, these authoritative accounting principles allow a cost that would otherwise be charged as an expense by a non-regulated entity, to be deferred as a regulatory asset if it is probable that such cost is recoverable through future rates. Conversely, these principles also require the creation of a regulatory liability for amounts collected in rates to recover costs expected to be incurred in the future, or amounts collected in excess of costs incurred and are refundable to customers. See Note 7—Regulatory Assets and Liabilities for additional information. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires that management make estimates, assumptions and judgments that could affect the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Actual results could differ from these estimates, assumptions and judgments. The Company considers its critical accounting estimates to include (i) the application of regulatory accounting principles and the related determination and estimation of regulatory assets and liabilities, (ii) revenue recognition and the estimates used in the calculation of unbilled revenue, (iii) accounting for income taxes, (iv) benefit plan assumptions and (v) the estimates and judgments used in determining loss contingencies. The Company’s critical accounting estimates that are particularly sensitive to change in the near term are amounts reported for regulatory assets and liabilities, income taxes, benefit plan assumptions and contingency-related obligations. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of American Water and all of its subsidiaries in which a controlling interest is maintained after the elimination of intercompany balances and transactions. 97 Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment consists primarily of utility plant utilized by the Company’s regulated utilities. Additions to utility plant and replacement of retirement units of utility plant are capitalized and include costs such as materials, direct labor, payroll taxes and benefits, indirect items such as engineering and supervision, transportation and an allowance for funds used during construction (“AFUDC”). Costs for repair, maintenance and minor replacements are charged to O&M expense as incurred. The cost of utility plant is depreciated using the straight-line average remaining life, group method. The Company’s regulated utilities record depreciation in conformity with amounts approved by PUCs, after regulatory review of the information the Company submits to support its estimates of the assets’ remaining useful lives. Nonutility property consists primarily of buildings and equipment utilized by the Company’s Market-Based Businesses and for internal operations. This property is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation, which is calculated using the straight-line method over the useful lives of the assets. When units of property, plant and equipment are replaced, retired or abandoned, the carrying value is credited against the asset and charged to accumulated depreciation. To the extent the Company recovers cost of removal or other retirement costs through rates after the retirement costs are incurred, a regulatory asset is recorded. In some cases, the Company recovers retirement costs through rates during the life of the associated asset and before the costs are incurred. These amounts result in a regulatory liability being reported based on the amounts previously recovered through customer rates, until the costs to retire those assets are incurred. The costs incurred to acquire and internally develop computer software for internal use are capitalized as a unit of property. The carrying value of these costs amounted to $345 million and $336 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Cash and Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Funds Substantially all cash is invested in interest-bearing accounts. All highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased are considered to be cash equivalents. Restricted funds consist primarily of proceeds from financings for the construction and capital improvement of facilities, and deposits for future services under O&M projects. Proceeds are held in escrow or interest-bearing accounts until the designated expenditures are incurred. Restricted funds are classified on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as either current or long-term based upon the intended use of the funds. Presented in the table below is a reconciliation of the cash and cash equivalents and restricted funds amounts as presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the sum of such amounts presented on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31: Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted funds included in other long-term assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 60 31 — 130 28 1 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted funds as presented on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 91 $ 159 2019 2018 Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Revenues Accounts receivable include regulated utility customer accounts receivable, which represent amounts billed to water and wastewater customers generally on a monthly basis. Credit is extended based on the guidelines of 98 the applicable PUCs and collateral is generally not required. Also included are market-based trade accounts receivable and nonutility customer receivables of the regulated subsidiaries. Unbilled revenues are accrued when service has been provided but has not been billed to customers and when costs exceed billings on market-based construction contracts. Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts Allowances for uncollectible accounts are maintained for estimated probable losses resulting from the Company’s inability to collect receivables from customers. Accounts that are outstanding longer than the payment terms are considered past due. A number of factors are considered in determining the allowance for uncollectible accounts, including the length of time receivables are past due and previous loss history. The Company generally writes off accounts when they become uncollectible or reserves accounts that exceed a certain number of days outstanding. See Note 6—Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts for additional information. Materials and Supplies Materials and supplies are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the average cost method. Leases The Company has operating and finance leases involving real property, including facilities, utility assets, vehicles, and equipment. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, accrued liabilities and operating lease liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment, accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company has made an accounting policy election not to include operating leases with a lease term of twelve months or less. ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and the lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are generally recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of discounted lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of discounted lease payments. The implicit rate is used when readily determinable. ROU assets also include any upfront lease payments and excludes lease incentives. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease components (e.g., fixed payments including rent, real estate taxes and insurance costs) and non-lease components (e.g., common-area maintenance costs), which are generally accounted for separately; however, the Company accounts for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for certain leases. Certain lease agreements include variable rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation. Additionally, the Company applies a portfolio approach to effectively account for the ROU assets and lease liabilities. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price paid over the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition of a business. Goodwill is not amortized and must be allocated at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below, and tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not, reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. 99 The Company’s goodwill is primarily associated with (i) the acquisition of American Water by an affiliate of the Company’s previous owner in 2003, (ii) the acquisition of E’town Corporation by a predecessor to the Company’s previous owner in 2001, and (iii) the acquisition of Pivotal Home Solutions (“Pivotal”) in 2018; and has been allocated to reporting units based on the fair values at the date of the acquisitions. For purposes of testing goodwill for impairment, the reporting units in the Regulated Businesses segment are aggregated into a single reporting unit. The Market-Based Businesses is comprised of the Homeowner Services Group and Military Services Group reporting units. The Company’s annual impairment testing is performed as of November 30 of each year, in conjunction with the completion of the Company’s annual business plan. The Company assesses qualitative factors to determine whether quantitative testing is necessary. If it is determined, based upon qualitative factors, that the estimated fair value of a reporting unit is more likely than not, greater than its carrying value, no further testing is required. If the Company bypasses the qualitative assessment, or performs the qualitative assessment and determines that the estimated fair value of a reporting unit is more likely than not, less than its carrying value, a quantitative, fair value-based test is performed. This quantitative testing compares the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to its respective net carrying value, including goodwill, on the measurement date. An impairment loss will be recognized in the amount equal to the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying value compared to its estimated fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Application of goodwill impairment testing requires management judgment, including the identification of reporting units and determining the fair value of reporting units. Management estimates fair value using a discounted cash flow analysis. Significant assumptions used in these fair value estimations include, but are not limited to, forecasts of future operating results, discount and growth rates. The Company believes the assumptions and other considerations used to value goodwill to be appropriate, however, if actual experience differs from the assumptions and considerations used in its analysis, the resulting change could have a material adverse impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 8—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for additional information. Intangible Assets Intangible assets consist primarily of finite-lived customer relationships associated with the acquisition of Pivotal. Finite-lived intangible assets are initially measured at their estimated fair values, and are amortized over their estimated useful lives based on the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used. See Note 8—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for additional information. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangible assets and long-term investments. The Company evaluates long-lived assets for impairment when circumstances indicate the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable. When such indicators arise, the Company estimates the fair value of the long-lived asset from future cash flows expected to result from its use and, if applicable, the eventual disposition of the asset, comparing the estimated fair value to the carrying value of the asset. An impairment loss will be recognized in the amount equal to the excess of the long-lived asset’s carrying value compared to its estimated fair value. The long-lived assets of the Company’s regulated utilities are grouped on a separate entity basis for impairment testing, as they are integrated state-wide operations that do not have the option to curtail service and generally have uniform tariffs. A regulatory asset is charged to earnings if and when future recovery in rates of that asset is no longer probable. The Company holds other long-term investments in privately held companies and joint ventures accounted for using the equity method, and are classified as other long-term assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The 100 estimated fair value of the long-term investments is dependent on the financial performance and solvency of the entities in which the Company invests, as well as volatility inherent in the external markets. If such long-term investments are considered impaired, an impairment loss will be recognized in the amount equal to the excess of the investment’s carrying value compared to its estimated fair value. The Company believes the assumptions and other considerations used to value long-lived assets to be appropriate, however, if actual experience differs from the assumptions and considerations used in its estimates, the resulting change could have a material adverse impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. Advances for Construction and Contributions in Aid of Construction Regulated utility subsidiaries may receive advances for construction and contributions in aid of construction from customers, home builders and real estate developers to fund construction necessary to extend service to new areas. Advances are refundable for limited periods of time as new customers begin to receive service or other contractual obligations are fulfilled. Included in other current liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are estimated refunds of $25 million and $23 million, respectively. Those amounts represent expected refunds during the next 12-month period. Advances that are no longer refundable are reclassified to contributions. Contributions are permanent collections of plant assets or cash for a particular construction project. For ratemaking purposes, the amount of such contributions generally serves as a rate base reduction since the contributions represent non-investor supplied funds. Generally, the Company depreciates utility plant funded by contributions and amortizes its contributions balance as a reduction to depreciation expense, producing a result which is functionally equivalent to reducing the original cost of the utility plant for the contributions. In accordance with applicable regulatory guidelines, some of the Company’s utility subsidiaries do not amortize contributions, and any contribution received remains on the balance sheet indefinitely. Amortization of contributions in aid of construction was $29 million, $28 million and $27 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Revenue Recognition On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue From Contracts With Customers, and all related amendments (collectively, “ASC 606”), using the modified retrospective approach, applied to contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Under this approach, periods prior to the adoption date have not been restated and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. Under ASC 606, a performance obligation is a promise within a contract to transfer a distinct good or service, or a series of distinct goods and services, to a customer. Revenue is recognized when performance obligations are satisfied and the customer obtains control of promised goods or services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for goods or services. Under ASC 606, a contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identifies the contracts with a customer; (ii) identifies the performance obligations within the contract, including whether any performance obligations are distinct and capable of being distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) determines the transaction price; (iv) allocates the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognizes revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies each performance obligation. 101 The Company’s revenues from contracts with customers are discussed below. Customer payments for contracts are generally due within 30 days of billing and none of the contracts with customers have payment terms that exceed one year; therefore, the Company elected to apply the significant financing component practical expedient and no amount of consideration has been allocated as a financing component. Regulated Businesses Revenue Revenue from the Company’s Regulated Businesses is generated primarily from water and wastewater services delivered to customers. These contracts contain a single performance obligation, the delivery of water and/or wastewater services, as the promise to transfer the individual good or service is not separately identifiable from other promises within the contracts and, therefore, is not distinct. Revenues are recognized over time, as services are provided. There are generally no significant financing components or variable consideration. Revenues include amounts billed to customers on a cycle basis and unbilled amounts calculated based on estimated usage from the date of the meter reading associated with the latest customer bill, to the end of the accounting period. The amounts that the Company has a right to invoice are determined by each customer’s actual usage, an indicator that the invoice amount corresponds directly to the value transferred to the customer. The Company also recognizes revenue when it is probable that future recovery of previously incurred costs or future refunds that are to be credited to customers will occur through the ratemaking process. Market-Based Businesses Revenue Through various warranty protection programs and other home services, the Company provides fixed fee services to residential customers for interior and exterior water and sewer lines, interior electric and gas lines, heating and cooling systems, water heaters and other home appliances, as well as power surge protection and other related services. Most of the contracts have a one-year term and each service is a separate performance obligation, satisfied over time, as the customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided from the service. Customers are obligated to pay for the protection programs ratably over 12 months or via a one-time, annual fee, with revenues recognized ratably over time for these services. Advances from customers are deferred until the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company also has long-term, fixed fee contracts to operate and maintain water and wastewater systems for the U.S. government on various military installations and facilities owned by municipal and industrial customers, and prior to the sale of Keystone Clearwater Solutions, LLC (“Keystone”), the Company had shorter- term contracts that provided customized water transfer services for shale natural gas companies and customers. Billing and revenue recognition for the fixed fee revenues occurs ratably over the term of the contract, as customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided by the Company. Additionally, these contracts allow the Company to make capital improvements to underlying infrastructure, which are initiated through separate modifications or amendments to the original contract, whereby stand-alone, fixed pricing is separately stated for each improvement. The Company has determined that these capital improvements are separate performance obligations, with revenue recognized over time based on performance completed at the end of each reporting period. Losses on contracts are recognized during the period in which the losses first become probable and estimable. Revenues recognized during the period in excess of billings on construction contracts are recorded as unbilled revenues, with billings in excess of revenues recorded as other current liabilities until the recognition criteria are met. Changes in contract performance and related estimated contract profitability may result in revisions to costs and revenues, and are recognized in the period in which revisions are determined. See Note 3—Revenue Recognition for additional information. Income Taxes The Company and its subsidiaries participate in a consolidated federal income tax return for U.S. tax purposes. Members of the consolidated group are charged with the amount of federal income tax expense determined as if they filed separate returns. 102 Certain income and expense items are accounted for in different time periods for financial reporting than for income tax reporting purposes. The Company provides deferred income taxes on the difference between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the amounts at which they are carried in the financial statements. These deferred income taxes are based on the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when these temporary differences are projected to reverse. In addition, the regulated utility subsidiaries recognize regulatory assets and liabilities for the effect on revenues expected to be realized as the tax effects of temporary differences, previously flowed through to customers, reverse. Investment tax credits have been deferred by the regulated utility subsidiaries and are being amortized to income over the average estimated service lives of the related assets. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to tax positions as a component of income tax expense and accounts for sales tax collected from customers and remitted to taxing authorities on a net basis. See Note 14—Income Taxes for additional information. Allowance for Funds Used During Construction AFUDC is a non-cash credit to income with a corresponding charge to utility plant that represents the cost of borrowed funds or a return on equity funds devoted to plant under construction. The regulated utility subsidiaries record AFUDC to the extent permitted by the PUCs. The portion of AFUDC attributable to borrowed funds is shown as a reduction of interest, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Any portion of AFUDC attributable to equity funds would be included in other, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Presented in the table below is AFUDC for the years ended December 31: Allowance for other funds used during construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 28 13 $ 24 13 19 8 2019 2018 2017 Environmental Costs The Company’s water and wastewater operations and the operations of its Market-Based Businesses are subject to U.S. federal, state, local and foreign requirements relating to environmental protection, and as such, the Company periodically becomes subject to environmental claims in the normal course of business. Environmental expenditures that relate to current operations or provide a future benefit are expensed or capitalized as appropriate. Remediation costs that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations are accrued, on an undiscounted basis, when it is probable that these costs will be incurred and can be reasonably estimated. A conservation agreement entered into by a subsidiary of the Company with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 2010 and amended in 2017 required the subsidiary to, among other provisions, implement certain measures to protect the steelhead trout and its habitat in the Carmel River watershed in the State of California. The subsidiary agreed to pay $1 million annually commencing in 2010 with the final payment being made in 2021. Remediation costs accrued amounted to $2 million and $4 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Derivative Financial Instruments The Company uses derivative financial instruments for purposes of hedging exposures to fluctuations in interest rates. These derivative contracts are entered into for periods consistent with the related underlying exposures and do not constitute positions independent of those exposures. The Company does not enter into derivative contracts for speculative purposes and does not use leveraged instruments. All derivatives are recognized on the balance sheet at fair value. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, the Company may designate the derivative as a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair-value hedge) or a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash-flow hedge). 103 Changes in the fair value of a fair-value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the underlying hedged item, are recorded in current-period earnings. The gains and losses on the effective portion of cash-flow hedges are recorded in other comprehensive income, until earnings are affected by the variability of cash flows. Any ineffective portion of designated cash-flow hedges is recognized in current-period earnings. Cash flows from derivative contracts are included in net cash provided by operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. See Note 11—Long-Term Debt for additional information. New Accounting Standards Presented in the table below are new accounting standards that were adopted by the Company in 2019: Date of Adoption Application Effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements January 1, 2019 Modified retrospective See Note 19—Leases. Standard Description Accounting for Leases Updated the accounting and disclosure guidance for leasing arrangements. Under this guidance, a lessee is required to recognize the following for all leases, excluding short-term leases, at the commencement date: (i) a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (ii) a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. A package of optional transition practical expedients allows an entity not to reassess under the new guidance: (i) whether any expired or existing contracts as of the adoption date are or contain leases; (ii) lease classification; and (iii) initial direct costs. Additional, optional transition practical expedients are available which allow an entity not to evaluate expired or existing land easements as of the adoption date if the easements were not previously accounted for as leases; and to apply the new lease standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment in the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. 104 Standard Description Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) Overnight Index Swap (“OIS”) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes Updated the accounting and disclosure guidance for hedging activities, allowing for more financial and nonfinancial hedging strategies to be eligible for hedge accounting. Under this guidance, a qualitative effectiveness assessment is permitted for certain hedges if an entity can reasonably support an expectation of high effectiveness throughout the term of the hedge, provided that an initial quantitative test establishes that the hedge relationship is highly effective. Also, for cash flow hedges determined to be highly effective, all changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument will be recorded in other comprehensive income, with a subsequent reclassification to earnings when the hedged item impacts earnings. Designated the OIS rate based on SOFR as an eligible U.S. benchmark interest rate for the purposes of applying hedge accounting. Effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements The adoption did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. Date of Adoption January 1, 2019 Application Modified retrospective for adjustments related to the measurement of ineffectiveness for cash flow hedges; prospective for the updated presentation and disclosure requirements. January 1, 2019 Prospective The adoption did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. Presented in the table below are recently issued accounting standards that have not yet been adopted by the Company as of December 31, 2019: Date of Adoption January 1, 2020; early adoption permitted Application Modified retrospective Estimated Effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements The standard will not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. Standard Description Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments Updated the accounting guidance on reporting credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost basis and available-for-sale debt securities. Under this guidance, expected credit losses are required to be measured based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount of financial assets. Also, this guidance requires that credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities be presented as an allowance rather than as a direct write-down. 105 Estimated Effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements The standard will not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. Date of Adoption January 1, 2020; early adoption permitted Application Prospective for added disclosures and for the narrative description of measurement uncertainty; retrospective for all other amendments. The Company is evaluating any impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as the timing of adoption. January 1, 2021; early adoption permitted Modified retrospective for amendments related to changes in ownership of a foreign subsidiary or equity method investment; Modified retrospective or retrospective for amendments related to taxes partially based on income; Prospective for all other amendments. Standard Description Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes Updated the disclosure requirements for fair value measurement. The guidance removes the requirements to disclose transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 measurements, the timing of transfers between levels, and the valuation processes for Level 3 measurements. Disclosure of transfers into and out of Level 3 measurements will be required. The guidance adds disclosure requirements for the change in unrealized gains and losses in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 measurements, as well as the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 measurements. Simplified the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions and by adding certain requirements. The guidance removes exceptions related to the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the requirement to recognize a deferred tax liability for changes in ownership of a foreign subsidiary or equity method investment, and the general methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period when the year-to-date loss exceeds the anticipated loss. The guidance adds requirements to reflect changes to tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period in which the changes were enacted, to recognize franchise or other similar taxes that are partially based on income as an income-based tax and any incremental amounts as non-income-based tax, and to evaluate when a step up in the tax basis of goodwill should be considered part of the business combination in which the book goodwill was originally recognized and when it should be considered a separate transaction. Reclassifications Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods in the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to conform to the current presentation. 106 Note 3: Revenue Recognition Disaggregated Revenues Presented in the table below are operating revenues disaggregated for the year ended December 31, 2019: Revenues from Contracts with Customers Other Revenues Not from Contracts with Customers (a) Total Operating Revenues Regulated Businesses: Water services: Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total water services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wastewater services: Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total wastewater services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous utility charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternative revenue programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lease contract revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,734 639 142 138 214 2,867 119 31 3 14 167 36 — — Total Regulated Businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,070 Market-Based Businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 (22) Total operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,587 $ 1 — — — — 1 — — — — — — 16 7 24 — (1) 23 $ 1,735 639 142 138 214 2,868 119 31 3 14 167 36 16 7 3,094 539 (23) $ 3,610 (a) Includes revenues associated with provisional rates, alternative revenue programs, lease contracts and intercompany rent, which are outside the scope of ASC 606 and accounted for under other existing GAAP. Contract Balances Contract assets and contract liabilities are the result of timing differences between revenue recognition, billings and cash collections. In the Company’s Market-Based Businesses, certain contracts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals or upon achievement of contractual milestones. Contract assets are recorded when billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition and are reclassified to accounts receivable when billed and the right to consideration becomes unconditional. Contract liabilities are recorded when the Company receives advances from customers prior to satisfying contractual performance obligations, particularly for construction contracts and home warranty protection program contracts, and are recognized as revenue when the associated performance obligations are satisfied. Contract assets are included in unbilled revenues and contract liabilities are included in other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019. 107 Presented in the table below are the changes in contract assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2019: Contract assets: Balance at January 1, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transfers to accounts receivable, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contract liabilities: Balance at January 1, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transfers to operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $ $ $ $ 14 27 (28) 13 20 62 (55) 27 Remaining Performance Obligations Remaining performance obligations (“RPOs”) represent revenues the Company expects to recognize in the future from contracts that are in progress. The Company enters into agreements for the provision of services to water and wastewater facilities for the U.S. military, municipalities and other customers. As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s O&M and capital improvement contracts in the Market-Based Businesses have RPOs. Contracts with the U.S. government for work on various military installations expire between 2051 and 2070 and have RPOs of $5.4 billion as of December 31, 2019, as measured by estimated remaining contract revenue. Such contracts are subject to customary termination provisions held by the U.S. government, prior to the agreed-upon contract expiration. Contracts with municipalities and commercial customers expire between 2021 and 2038 and have RPOs of $547 million as of December 31, 2019, as measured by estimated remaining contract revenue. Some of the Company’s long-term contracts to operate and maintain a municipality’s, the federal government’s or other party’s water or wastewater treatment and delivery facilities include responsibility for certain maintenance for some of those facilities, in exchange for an annual fee. Unless specifically required to perform certain maintenance activities, the maintenance costs are recognized when the maintenance is performed. Note 4: Acquisitions and Divestitures Regulated Businesses Acquisitions During 2019, the Company closed on 21 acquisitions of various regulated water and wastewater systems for a total aggregate purchase price of $235 million. Assets acquired, principally utility plant, totaled $237 million. Liabilities assumed, primarily contributions in aid of construction, totaled $5 million. The Company recorded additional goodwill of $3 million associated with three of its acquisitions, which is reported in its Regulated Businesses segment, all of which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. These acquisitions were predominately accounted for as business combinations, as the Company continues to grow its business through regulated acquisitions. The preliminary purchase price allocations related to these acquisitions will be finalized once the valuation of assets acquired has been completed, no later than one year after their acquisition date. During 2018, the Company closed on 15 acquisitions of various regulated water and wastewater systems for a total aggregate purchase price of $33 million. Assets acquired, principally utility plant, totaled $32 million. Liabilities assumed, primarily contributions in aid of construction, totaled $1 million. The Company recorded additional goodwill of $2 million associated with one of its acquisitions, which is reported in its Regulated Businesses segment. Of this total goodwill, none is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. 108 During 2017, the Company closed on 18 acquisitions of various regulated water and wastewater systems for a total aggregate purchase price of $210 million. This included the acquisition of the wastewater system assets of the Municipal Authority of the City of McKeesport, Pennsylvania, on December 18, 2017. Assets acquired, principally utility plant, totaled $207 million. Liabilities assumed totaled $23 million, including $9 million of contributions in aid of construction and assumed debt of $7 million. The Company recorded additional goodwill of $29 million associated with four of its acquisitions, which is reported in its Regulated Businesses segment. Of this total goodwill, approximately $1 million is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. Additionally, the Company recognized a bargain purchase gain of $3 million associated with three of the acquisitions. Assets Held for Sale On November 20, 2019, the Company and the Company’s New York subsidiary, entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Stock Purchase Agreement”) with Liberty Utilities Co. (“Liberty”), pursuant to which Liberty will purchase all of the capital stock of the New York subsidiary (the “Stock Purchase”) for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $608 million in cash, subject to adjustment as provided in the Stock Purchase Agreement. The Company’s New York operations have approximately 125,000 customer connections in the State of New York. Algonquin Power & Utilities Corp., Liberty’s parent company, executed and delivered an absolute and unconditional guaranty of the performance of all of the obligations of Liberty under the Stock Purchase Agreement. The Stock Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants. The completion of the Stock Purchase is subject to various conditions, including without limitation: (1) obtaining the approval of the New York State Public Service Commission without any terms or conditions that would reasonably be expected to be adverse to the Company or its affiliates (other than the New York subsidiary or its affiliates) or have a material adverse effect (as defined in the Stock Purchase Agreement) on the New York subsidiary or its affiliates or on Liberty and its affiliates; (2) the expiration or termination of the applicable waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended; and (3) other customary closing conditions, including (a) subject to materiality qualifiers, the accuracy of the parties’ representations and warranties contained in the Stock Purchase Agreement; (b) the absence of any law or order prohibiting the completion of the Stock Purchase or granting substantial damages in connection therewith; (c) the absence of any proceeding (excluding any such matter initiated by Liberty or any of its affiliates) pending before any governmental authority seeking to prohibit the completion of the Stock Purchase or recover substantial damages from Liberty or any affiliate resulting from the Stock Purchase; and (d) the compliance by the parties with their respective covenants, agreements and closing deliveries under the Stock Purchase Agreement. The Company currently estimates that the Stock Purchase is to be completed by early 2021. Accordingly, the assets and related liabilities of the New York subsidiary were classified as held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019. The Stock Purchase Agreement contains certain termination rights for both the Company and Liberty, including if the Stock Purchase is not consummated by June 30, 2021 (subject to extension for an additional six months if all of the conditions to closing, other than the conditions related to obtaining regulatory approvals, have been satisfied or are capable of being satisfied), as well as a termination right for Liberty if any governmental authority initiates a condemnation or eminent domain proceeding against a majority of the consolidated properties of the New York subsidiary, taken as a whole. If the Stock Purchase Agreement is terminated, such termination will be without liability of any party to the other parties to the Stock Purchase Agreement, except for liability or damages resulting from a willful breach of a party’s representations, warranties, covenants or agreements in the Stock Purchase Agreement prior to termination. 109 Presented in the table below are the components of assets held for sale and liabilities related to assets held for sale of the New York subsidiary as of December 31, 2019: December 31, 2019 Current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regulatory assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assets held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regulatory liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities related to assets held for sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ 14 456 55 39 2 566 24 67 37 128 Market-Based Businesses Pivotal Acquisition On June 4, 2018, the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary American Water Enterprises, LLC, completed the acquisition of Pivotal for a total purchase price of $365 million, net of cash received and including $9 million in working capital. Pivotal is complementary to the Company’s Homeowner Services Group product offerings and enhances its presence in the home warranty solutions markets through utility partnerships. The results of Pivotal have been consolidated into the Homeowner Services Group non-reportable operating segment. Divestitures On December 12, 2019, as part of a strategic review undertaken by the Company, American Industrial Water LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“AIW”), sold all of the outstanding membership interests in Water Solutions Holdings, LLC (“WSH”), which was a wholly owned subsidiary of AIW, to a natural gas and oil industry investment group, for total cash consideration of $31 million, subject to adjustment based on post-closing working capital. WSH was the parent company of Keystone Clearwater Solutions, LLC. Keystone provides water transportation services to shale natural gas exploration and production customers in the Appalachian Basin. As a result of the sale, the Company recorded a pre-tax loss on sale of $44 million, or $35 million after-tax, during the fourth quarter of 2019. The pro forma impact of the Company’s acquisitions was not material to the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. 110 Note 5: Property, Plant and Equipment Presented in the table below are the major classes of property, plant and equipment by category as of December 31: Utility plant: 2019 2018 Range of Remaining Useful Lives Weighted Average Useful Life Land and other non-depreciable assets . . . . . . . . Sources of supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment and pumping facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . Transmission and distribution facilities . . . . . . . . Services, meters and fire hydrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General structures and equipment Waste collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waste treatment, pumping and disposal . . . . . . . Construction work in progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Utility plant included in assets held for $ 166 858 3,750 10,807 4,304 1,748 1,153 720 801 $ 155 821 3,607 10,164 4,008 1,625 943 570 593 sale (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (587) — 2 to 127 Years 3 to 101 Years 9 to 149 Years 5 to 90 Years 1 to 109 Years 5 to 114 Years 3 to 139 Years 47 years 41 years 70 years 31 years 16 years 59 years 45 years Total utility plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,720 22,486 Nonutility property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Nonutility plant included in assets held for 226 718 3 to 50 Years 6 years sale (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5) — Total property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $23,941 $23,204 (a) This property, plant and equipment is related to the pending transactions contemplated by the Stock Purchase Agreement and is included in assets held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 4—Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information. Property, plant and equipment depreciation expense amounted to $508 million, $497 million and $460 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively and was included in depreciation and amortization expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The provision for depreciation expressed as a percentage of the aggregate average depreciable asset balances was 2.96%, 3.09% and 3.07% for years December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In 2019, the Company completed and submitted its project completion certification to the New Jersey Economic Development Authority (“NJEDA”) in connection with its capital investment in its corporate headquarters in Camden, New Jersey. The NJEDA has determined that the Company is qualified to receive $164 million in tax credits over a ten year period. The Company is required to meet various annual requirements in order to monetize one-tenth of the tax credits annually, and is subject to a claw-back period if the Company does not meet certain NJEDA requirements of the tax credit program in years 11 through 15. As a result, the Company recorded receivables of $16 million and $148 million in other current assets and other long-term assets, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019. 111 Note 6: Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts Presented in the table below are the changes in the allowances for uncollectible accounts for the years ended December 31: Balance as of January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts charged to expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts written off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recoveries of amounts written off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (45) $ (28) 32 — (42) $ (33) 34 (4) Balance as of December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (41) $ (45) $ (40) (29) 30 (3) (42) 2019 2018 2017 Note 7: Regulatory Assets and Liabilities Regulatory Assets Regulatory assets represent costs that are probable of recovery from customers in future rates. The majority of the regulatory assets earn a return. Presented in the table below is the composition of regulatory assets as of December 31: Deferred pension expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Removal costs recoverable through rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regulatory balancing accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Regulatory assets included in assets held for sale (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 384 305 96 398 (55) 362 292 110 392 — Total regulatory assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,128 $ 1,156 2019 2018 (a) These regulatory assets are related to the pending transactions contemplated by the Stock Purchase Agreement and are included in assets held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 4—Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information. The Company’s deferred pension expense includes a portion of the underfunded status that is probable of recovery through rates in future periods of $375 million and $352 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The remaining portion is the pension expense in excess of the amount contributed to the pension plans which is deferred by certain subsidiaries and will be recovered in future service rates as contributions are made to the pension plan. Removal costs recoverable through rates represent costs incurred for removal of property, plant and equipment or other retirement costs. Regulatory balancing accounts accumulate differences between revenues recognized and authorized revenue requirements until they are collected from customers or are refunded. Regulatory balancing accounts include low income programs and purchased power and water accounts. Other regulatory assets include San Clemente Dam project costs, debt expense, purchase premium recoverable through rates, tank painting costs, certain construction costs for treatment facilities, property tax stabilization, employee-related costs, deferred other postretirement benefit expense, business services project expenses, coastal water project costs, rate case expenditures and environmental remediation costs among others. These costs are deferred because the amounts are being recovered in rates or are probable of recovery through rates in future periods. 112 Regulatory Liabilities Regulatory liabilities generally represent amounts that are probable of being credited or refunded to customers through the rate making process. Also, if costs expected to be incurred in the future are currently being recovered through rates, the Company records those expected future costs as regulatory liabilities. Presented in the table below is the composition of regulatory liabilities as of December 31: Income taxes recovered through rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Removal costs recovered through rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postretirement benefit liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Regulatory liabilities included in liabilities related to assets held for sale (a) . . . . . . . $ 2019 2018 $ 1,258 297 186 102 (37) 1,279 309 209 110 — Total regulatory liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,806 $ 1,907 (a) These regulatory liabilities are related to the pending transactions contemplated by the Stock Purchase Agreement and are included in liabilities related to assets held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 4—Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information. Income taxes recovered through rates relate to deferred taxes that will likely be refunded to the Company’s customers. On December 22, 2017, the TCJA was signed into law, which, among other things, enacted significant and complex changes to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Code”), including a reduction in the maximum U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% as of January 1, 2018. The TCJA created significant excess deferred income taxes that the Company and its regulatory jurisdictions believe should be refunded to customers. Since these are significant refundable amounts, the Company believes it is probable these amounts will be refunded to customers through future rates, and as such the amounts have been recorded to a regulatory liability. During 2018, the Company’s 14 regulatory jurisdictions began to seek to address the impacts of the TCJA. The Company has adjusted customer rates to reflect the lower income tax rate in 11 states. In one of those 11 states, a portion of the tax savings is being used to reduce certain regulatory assets. In one additional state, the Company is using the tax savings to offset additional capital investment and to reduce a regulatory asset. Proceedings in the other two jurisdictions remain pending. With respect to excess accumulated deferred income taxes (“EADIT”), six of the Company’s regulated subsidiaries are amortizing EADIT and crediting customers, including one which is using the EADIT to offset future infrastructure investments. The Company expects the timing of the amortization of EADIT credits by the eight remaining regulated subsidiaries to be addressed in pending or future rate cases or other proceedings. Removal costs recovered through rates are estimated costs to retire assets at the end of their expected useful lives that are recovered through customer rates over the lives of the associated assets. On August 31, 2018, the Postretirement Medical Benefit Plan was remeasured to reflect an announced plan amendment which changed benefits for certain union and non-union plan participants. As a result of the remeasurement, the Company recorded a $227 million reduction to the net accumulated postretirement benefit obligation, with a corresponding regulatory liability. Other regulatory liabilities include TCJA reserve on revenue, pension and other postretirement benefit balancing accounts, legal settlement proceeds, deferred gains and various regulatory balancing accounts. 113 Note 8: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill Presented in the table below are the changes in the carrying value of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: Regulated Businesses Market-Based Businesses Cost Accumulated Impairment Cost Accumulated Impairment Cost Consolidated Accumulated Impairment Total Net Balance as of January 1, 2018 . . . . . $3,492 $ Goodwill from acquisitions . . . . Goodwill impairment charge . . . 2 — (2,332) $ — — 327 $ 247 — (108) — (53) $3,819 $ 249 — (2,440) $1,379 249 (53) — (53) Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,494 $ (2,332) $ 574 $ (161) $4,068 $ (2,493) $1,575 Goodwill from acquisitions . . . . Goodwill reduced through sale of Keystone operations . . . . . . . . Less: Goodwill included in assets . . . . . . . . . . . . held for sale (a) 3 — (39) — — — — (91) — — 53 — 3 (91) (39) — 53 — 3 (38) (39) Balance as of December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,458 $ (2,332) $ 483 $ (108) $3,941 $ (2,440) $1,501 (a) This goodwill is related to the pending transactions contemplated by the Stock Purchase Agreement and is included in assets held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 4—Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information. In 2019, the Company acquired goodwill of $3 million associated with three of its acquisitions in the Regulated Businesses segment. Additionally, as part of the sale of the Company’s Keystone operations on December 12, 2019, the Company reduced goodwill, net, by $38 million. See Note 4—Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information. The Company completed its annual impairment testing of goodwill as of November 30, 2019, which included quantitative assessments of its Regulated Businesses, Homeowner Services Group and Military Services Group reporting units. Based on these assessments, the Company determined that there were no factors present that would indicate that the fair value of these reporting units was less than their respective carrying values as of November 30, 2019. In 2018, the Company acquired goodwill of $247 million associated with its acquisition of Pivotal, which was allocated to the Homeowner Services Group reporting unit, within the Market-Based Businesses. Additionally, the Company acquired goodwill of $2 million associated with one of its acquisitions in the Regulated Businesses segment. During the third quarter of 2018, as a result of the narrowing the scope of the Company’s former Keystone operations, the Company concluded there were indicators that the Keystone reporting unit may have been impaired. Accordingly, impairment testing was performed as part of the preparation of the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements during the third quarter of 2018. The results of this impairment test showed the fair value of the former Keystone reporting unit was lower than its carrying value, resulting in a non-cash, pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $53 million. Additionally, the impairment test showed the fair value of the former Keystone reporting unit’s customer relationship intangible asset was lower than its carrying value, resulting in a non-cash, pre-tax impairment charge of $4 million. In the aggregate, a non-cash, pre-tax impairment charge of $57 million was recorded in impairment charge on the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2018, of which, $54 million was attributable to the Company, after adjustment for noncontrolling interest. 114 Intangible Assets Presented in the tables below are the gross carrying value and accumulated amortization of the finite-lived intangible assets held by the Company as of December 31: Customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total gross carrying value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 Disposals (a) 2019 $ $ 86 13 99 $ $ (8) — (8) $ $ 78 13 91 (a) The disposals relate to customer relationship intangible assets disposed of as part of the sale of the Company’s Keystone operations on December 12, 2019. See Note 4—Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information. Customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total accumulated amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ $ $ (13) (2) (15) 84 (12) (2) (14) $ $ 5 — 5 $ $ $ (20) (4) (24) 67 2018 Amortization Disposals (a) 2019 (a) The disposals relate to customer relationship intangible assets disposed of as part of the sale of the Company’s Keystone operations on December 12, 2019. See Note 4—Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information. Intangible asset amortization expense amounted to $14 million, $12 million and $4 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for the next five years subsequent to December 31, 2019 is as follows: 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 12 10 9 6 5 Amount Note 9: Shareholders’ Equity Common Stock Under the dividend reinvestment and direct stock purchase plan (the “DRIP”), shareholders may reinvest cash dividends and purchase additional Company common stock, up to certain limits, through the plan administrator without commission fees. Shares purchased by participants through the DRIP may be newly issued shares, treasury shares, or at the Company’s election, shares purchased by the plan administrator in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. Purchases generally will be made and credited to DRIP accounts once each week. As of December 31, 2019, there were approximately 4.2 million shares available for future issuance under the DRIP. Anti-dilutive Stock Repurchase Program In February 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an anti-dilutive stock repurchase program, which allows the Company to purchase up to 10 million shares of its outstanding common stock from time to time over an unrestricted period of time. The Company repurchased 0.4 million shares and 0.6 million shares of common stock in the open market at an aggregate cost of $36 million and $45 million under this program for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, there were 5.1 million shares of common stock available for purchase under the program. 115 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Presented in the table below are the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component, net of tax, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: Employee Benefit Plan Funded Status Defined Benefit Plans Amortization of Prior Service Cost Amortization of Actuarial Loss Foreign Currency Translation Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedge Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Beginning balance as of January 1, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (140) $ 1 $ 49 $ 1 $ 10 $ (79) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification . . . . . . . . . TCJA tax effects reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . Net other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ending balance as of 60 (22) — 38 — — — — — — 7 7 — — — — (2) 58 2 — — (20) 7 45 December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . $ (102) $ 1 $ 56 $ 1 $ 10 $ (34) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification . . . . . . . . . Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . Net other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ending balance as of 8 — 8 — — — — — (13) 4 4 (1) (1) — (13) (5) 3 (2) December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . $ (94) $ 1 $ 60 $ — $ (3) $ (36) The Company does not reclassify the amortization of defined benefit pension cost components from accumulated other comprehensive loss directly to net income in its entirety, as a portion of these costs have been capitalized as a regulatory asset. These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. See Note 15—Employee Benefits for additional information. During the second quarter of 2019, the Company substantially exited its foreign operations in Canada due to a contract expiration in its Contract Services Group. As a result, the Company recognized a pre-tax gain of $1 million from cumulative foreign currency translation, and a corresponding change of accumulated other comprehensive loss. The amortization of the gain (loss) on cash flow hedges is reclassified to net income during the period incurred and is included in interest, net in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Dividends The Company’s Board of Directors authorizes the payment of dividends. The Company’s ability to pay dividends on its common stock is subject to having access to sufficient sources of liquidity, net income and cash 116 flows of the Company’s subsidiaries, the receipt of dividends and repayments of indebtedness from the Company’s subsidiaries, compliance with Delaware corporate and other laws, compliance with the contractual provisions of debt and other agreements, and other factors. The Company’s dividend rate on its common stock is determined by the Board of Directors on a quarterly basis and takes into consideration, among other factors, current and possible future developments that may affect the Company’s income and cash flows. When dividends on common stock are declared, they are typically paid in March, June, September and December. Historically, dividends have been paid quarterly to holders of record less than 30 days prior to the distribution date. Since the dividends on the Company’s common stock are not cumulative, only declared dividends are paid. During 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company paid $353 million, $319 million and $289 million in cash dividends, respectively. Presented in the table below is the per share cash dividends paid for the years ended December 31: December . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . September . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ $ 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.455 $ $ $ $ 0.455 0.455 0.455 0.415 $ $ $ $ 0.415 0.415 0.415 0.375 2019 2018 2017 On December 6, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend payment of $0.50 per share payable on March 4, 2020, to shareholders of record as of February 7, 2020. Regulatory Restrictions The issuance of long-term debt or equity securities by the Company or long-term debt by American Water Capital Corp. (“AWCC”), the Company’s wholly owned financing subsidiary, does not require authorization of any state PUC if no guarantee or pledge of the regulated subsidiaries is utilized. However, state PUC authorization is required to issue long-term debt at most of the Company’s regulated subsidiaries. The Company’s regulated subsidiaries normally obtain the required approvals on a periodic basis to cover their anticipated financing needs for a period of time or in connection with a specific financing. Under applicable law, the Company’s subsidiaries can pay dividends only from retained, undistributed or current earnings. A significant loss recorded at a subsidiary may limit the dividends that the subsidiary can distribute to American Water. Furthermore, the ability of the Company’s subsidiaries to pay upstream dividends or repay indebtedness to American Water is subject to compliance with applicable regulatory restrictions and financial obligations, including, for example, debt service and preferred and preference stock dividends, as well as applicable corporate, tax and other laws and regulations, and other agreements or covenants made or entered into by the Company and its subsidiaries. Note 10: Stock Based Compensation The Company has granted stock options, stock units and dividend equivalents to non-employee directors, officers and other key employees of the Company pursuant to the terms of its 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan (the “2007 Plan”). Stock units under the 2007 Plan generally vest based on (i) continued employment with the Company (“RSUs”), or (ii) continued employment with the Company where distribution of the shares is subject to the satisfaction in whole or in part of stated performance-based goals (“PSUs”). The 2007 Plan has been replaced by the 2017 Omnibus Plan, as defined below, and no additional awards may be granted under the 2007 Plan. However, shares may still be issued under the 2007 Plan pursuant to the terms of awards previously issued under that plan prior to May 12, 2017. In May 2017, the Company’s shareholders approved the American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan (the “2017 Omnibus Plan”). The Company has granted stock units, 117 including RSUs and PSUs, stock awards and dividend equivalents to non-employee directors, officers and employees under the 2017 Omnibus Plan. A total of 7.2 million shares of common stock may be issued under the 2017 Omnibus Plan. As of December 31, 2019, 6.8 million shares were available for grant under the 2017 Omnibus Plan. The 2017 Omnibus Plan provides that grants of awards may be in any of the following forms: incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock units, stock awards, other stock-based awards and dividend equivalents. Dividend equivalents may be granted only on stock units or other stock-based awards. The 2017 Omnibus Plan expires in 2027. The cost of services received from employees in exchange for the issuance of stock options and restricted stock awards is measured based on the grant date fair value of the awards issued. The value of stock options and stock unit awards at the date of the grant is amortized through expense over the requisite service period. All awards granted in 2019, 2018 and 2017 are classified as equity. The Company recognizes compensation expense for stock awards over the vesting period of the award. The Company stratified its grant populations and used historic employee turnover rates to estimate employee forfeitures. The estimated rate is compared to the actual forfeitures at the end of the reporting period and adjusted as necessary. Presented in the table below is the stock- based compensation expense recorded in O&M expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31: Stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RSUs and PSUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonqualified employee stock purchase plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — $ 15 2 17 (4) $ 1 15 1 17 (5) Stock-based compensation expense, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 13 $ 12 $ 1 9 1 11 (4) 7 2019 2018 2017 There were no significant stock-based compensation costs capitalized during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. The Company receives a tax deduction based on the intrinsic value of the award at the exercise date for stock options and the distribution date for stock units. For each award, throughout the requisite service period, the Company recognizes the tax benefits, which have been included in deferred income tax assets, related to compensation costs. The tax deductions in excess of the benefits recorded throughout the requisite service period are recorded to the Consolidated Statements of Operations and are presented in the financing section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Stock Options There were no grants of stock options to employees in 2019, 2018 and 2017. The stock options that were previously issued vested ratably over the three-year service period beginning on January 1 of the year of the grant and have no performance vesting conditions. Expense was recognized using the straight-line method and was amortized over the requisite service period. 118 Presented in the table below is stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2019: Shares (in thousands) Weighted Average Exercise Price (per share) Weighted Average Remaining Life (years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Options outstanding as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited or expired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options outstanding as of December 31, 2019 . . . . . . Options exercisable as of December 31, 2019 . . . . . . 517 — — (223) 294 294 $ $ $ 54.92 — — 52.45 56.80 56.80 2.96 $ 19 2.04 2.04 $ $ 19 19 As of December 31, 2019, no unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options is expected to be recognized as all of the outstanding options are exercisable. The total fair value of stock options vested was $1 million, $1 million and $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Presented in the table below is additional information regarding stock options exercised during the years ended December 31: Intrinsic value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise proceeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax benefit realized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 12 14 3 $ 9 7 2 10 11 3 2019 2018 2017 Stock Units During 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company granted RSUs to certain employees under the 2007 Plan and 2017 Omnibus Plan, as applicable. RSUs generally vest based on continued employment with the Company over periods ranging from one to three years. During 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company granted stock units to non-employee directors under the 2017 Omnibus Plan. The stock units were vested in full on the date of grant; however, distribution of the shares will be made within 30 days of the earlier of (i) 15 months after the date of the last annual meeting of shareholders, subject to any deferral election by the director, or (ii) the participant’s separation from service. Because these stock units vested on the grant date, the total grant date fair value was recorded in operation and maintenance expense on the grant date. The RSUs are valued at the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant and the majority vest ratably over a three-year service period. These RSUs are amortized through expense over the requisite service period using the straight-line method. Presented in the table below is RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2019: Non-vested total as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 133 67 (65) (17) Non-vested total as of December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 $ 77.44 101.25 85.27 86.38 85.41 Shares (in thousands) Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (per share) 119 As of December 31, 2019, $4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the nonvested RSUs is expected to be recognized over the weighted average remaining life of 1.72 years. The total fair value of stock units and RSUs vested was $4 million, $4 million and $3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company granted PSUs to certain employees under the 2007 Plan and 2017 Omnibus Plan, as applicable. The majority of PSUs vest ratably based on continued employment with the Company over the three-year performance period (the “Performance Period”). Distribution of the performance shares is contingent upon the achievement of one or more internal performance measures and, separately, a relative total shareholder return performance measure, over the Performance Period. Presented in the table below is PSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2019: Shares (in thousands) Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (per share) Non-vested total as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 308 145 (112) (25) Non-vested total as of December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 $ 73.39 97.73 72.84 84.54 83.89 As of December 31, 2019, $4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the nonvested PSUs is expected to be recognized over the weighted average remaining life of 1.09 years. The total fair value of PSUs vested was $14 million, $12 million and $13 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. PSUs granted with one or more internal performance measures are valued at the market value of the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. PSUs granted with a relative total shareholder return condition are valued using a Monte Carlo model. Expected volatility is based on historical volatilities of traded common stock of the Company and comparative companies using daily stock prices over the past three years. The expected term is three years and the risk-free interest rate is based on the three-year U.S. Treasury rate in effect as of the measurement date. Presented in the table below is the weighted average assumptions used in the Monte Carlo simulation and the weighted average grant date fair values of PSUs granted for the years ended December 31: Expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected life (years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grant date fair value per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.80% 17.23% 17.40% 2.47% 2.36% 1.53% 3.0 3.0 $73.62 $110.37 3.0 $72.81 2019 2018 2017 The grant date fair value of PSUs that vest ratably and have market and/or performance conditions are amortized through expense over the requisite service period using the graded-vesting method. If dividends are paid with respect to shares of the Company’s common stock before the shares underlying the RSUs and PSUs are distributed, the Company credits a liability for the value of the dividends that would have been paid if the RSUs and PSUs were shares of Company common stock. When the shares underlying the RSUs and PSUs are distributed, the Company pays the participant a lump sum cash payment equal to the value of the dividend equivalents accrued. The Company accrued dividend equivalents totaling $1 million, $1 million and less than $1 million to accumulated deficit in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 120 Employee Stock Purchase Plan The Company maintains a nonqualified employee stock purchase plan (the “ESPP”) that expires in 2027 through which employee participants (other than the Company’s executive officers) may use payroll deductions to acquire Company common stock at a discount of 85% of the fair market value of the common stock at the end of the purchase period. A total of 2.0 million shares may be issued under the ESPP, and as of December 31, 2019, there were 1.8 million shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the ESPP. The ESPP is considered compensatory. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company issued 88 thousand, 95 thousand and 93 thousand shares, respectively, under the ESPP and its predecessor plan. Note 11: Long-Term Debt The Company obtains long-term debt through AWCC primarily to fund capital expenditures of the Regulated Businesses and to lend funds to parent company to refinance debt and for other purposes. Presented in the table below are the components of long-term debt as of December 31: Long-term debt of AWCC: (a) Senior notes—fixed rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private activity bonds and government Weighted Average Rate Rate Maturity 2019 2018 2.95%-8.27% 4.18% 2021-2049 $ 7,191 $ 6,116 funded debt—fixed rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.79%-5.38% 3.72% 2021-2040 191 192 Long-term debt of other American Water subsidiaries: Private activity bonds and government funded debt—fixed rate (b) . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage bonds—fixed rate . . . . . . . . . . . . Mandatorily redeemable preferred stock . . Finance lease obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Term loan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00%-5.60% 3.08% 2020-2048 3.92%-9.71% 7.49% 2020-2039 8.47%-9.75% 8.59% 2024-2036 12.25% 12.25% 2026 724 578 7 1 — 727 606 8 1 6 Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,692 7,656 Unamortized debt premium, net (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unamortized debt issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less current portion of long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (21) (28) 7 (16) (71) Total long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,644 $ 7,576 (a) (b) (c) This indebtedness is considered “debt” for purposes of a support agreement between parent company and AWCC, which serves as a functional equivalent of a guarantee by parent company of AWCC’s payment obligations under such indebtedness. Includes $3 million and $3 million of variable rate debt as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, with variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps ranging between 3.93% and 4.65%. This debt was assumed via an acquisition in 2013. Primarily fair value adjustments previously recognized in acquisition purchase accounting. All mortgage bonds, term loans and $723 million of the private activity bonds and government funded debt held by the Company’s subsidiaries were collateralized as of December 31, 2019. Long-term debt indentures contain a number of covenants that, among other things, limit, subject to certain exceptions, AWCC from issuing debt secured by the Company’s consolidated assets. Certain long-term notes require the Company to maintain a ratio of consolidated total indebtedness to consolidated total capitalization of not more than 0.70 to 1.00. The ratio as of December 31, 2019 was 0.61 to 1.00. In addition, the Company has $877 million of notes which include the right to redeem the notes at par value, in whole or in part, from time to time, subject to certain restrictions. 121 Presented in the table below are future sinking fund payments and debt maturities: 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Amount 28 310 14 159 473 7,708 Presented in the table below are the issuances of long-term debt in 2019: Company Type Rate Maturity Amount AWCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior notes—fixed rate AWCC (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private activity bonds and government Other American Water subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . funded debt—fixed rate Private activity bonds and government funded debt—fixed rate 3.45%-4.15% 2029-2049 $ 1,100 2.45% 2039 0.00%-5.00% 2021-2048 100 330 Total issuances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,530 (a) This indebtedness has a mandatory redemption provision callable in 2029. The Company incurred debt issuance costs of $15 million related to the above issuances. Presented in the table below are the retirements and redemptions of long-term debt in 2019 through sinking fund provisions, optional redemption or payment at maturity: Company Type Rate Maturity Amount AWCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Private activity bonds and government funded debt—fixed rate AWCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior notes—fixed rate Other American Water Private activity bonds and government funded debt—fixed rate subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . Other American Water 1.79%-6.25% 2021-2031 $ 7.21% 2019 0.00%-6.20% 2019-2048 subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . Mortgage bonds—fixed rate 5.48%-9.13% 2019-2021 Other American Water subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . Mandatorily redeemable preferred stock 8.49%-9.18% 2031-2036 Other American Water subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . Term loan 5.76%-5.81% 2021 101 25 333 28 2 6 Total retirements and redemptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 495 On May 13, 2019, AWCC completed a $1.10 billion debt offering which included the sale of $550 million aggregate principal amount of its 3.45% Senior Notes due 2029 and $550 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.15% Senior Notes due 2049. At the closing of the offering, AWCC received, after deduction of underwriting discounts and before deduction of offering expenses, net proceeds of approximately $1.09 billion. AWCC used the net proceeds to: (i) lend funds to parent company and its regulated subsidiaries; (ii) repay $25 million principal amount of AWCC’s 7.21% Series I Senior Notes at maturity on May 19, 2019; (iii) repay $26 million aggregate principal amount of regulated subsidiary debt at maturity during the second quarter of 2019; and (iv) repay AWCC’s commercial paper obligations, and for general corporate purposes. Interest, net includes interest income of approximately $4 million, $11 million and $14 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 122 One of the principal market risks to which the Company is exposed is changes in interest rates. In order to manage the exposure, the Company follows risk management policies and procedures, including the use of derivative contracts such as swaps. The Company reduces exposure to interest rates by managing commercial paper and debt maturities. The Company also does not enter into derivative contracts for speculative purposes and does not use leveraged instruments. The derivative contracts entered into are for periods consistent with the related underlying exposures. The Company is exposed to the risk that counterparties to derivative contracts will fail to meet their contractual obligations and minimizes this risk by dealing only with leading, credit-worthy financial institutions having long-term credit ratings of “A” or better. On May 6, 2019, AWCC terminated five forward starting swap agreements with an aggregate notional amount of $510 million, realizing a net loss of $30 million, to be amortized through interest, net over 10 and 30 year periods, in accordance with the terms of the new debt issued on May 13, 2019. No ineffectiveness was recognized on hedging instruments for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. The Company has employed interest rate swaps to fix the interest cost on a portion of its variable-rate debt with an aggregate notional amount of $3 million. The Company has designated these instruments as economic hedges, accounted for at fair value, with gains or losses recognized in interest, net. The gain recognized by the Company was de minimis for the years ended 2019 and 2018. Presented in the table below are the gross fair values of the Company’s derivative liabilities, as well as the location of the liability balances on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31: Derivative Instrument Liability derivative: Derivative Designation Balance Sheet Classification 2019 2018 Forward starting swaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash flow hedge Other current liabilities $ — $ 14 Note 12: Short-Term Debt Short-term debt consists of commercial paper and credit facility borrowings totaling $786 million and $964 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The weighted average interest rate on AWCC short-term borrowings was approximately 2.54% and 2.28% for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2019 there were no borrowings outstanding with maturities greater than three months. Liquidity needs for capital investment, working capital and other financial commitments are funded through cash flows from operations, public and private debt offerings, commercial paper markets and, if and to the extent necessary, borrowings under the AWCC revolving credit facility and, in the future, issuances of equity. The revolving credit facility provides $2.25 billion in aggregate total commitments from a diversified group of financial institutions. On April 9, 2019, the termination date of the credit agreement with respect to AWCC’s revolving credit facility was extended, pursuant to the terms of the credit agreement, from March 21, 2023 to March 21, 2024. The facility is used principally to support AWCC’s commercial paper program and to provide a sub-limit of up to $150 million for letters of credit. Letters of credit are non-debt instruments maintained to provide credit support for certain transactions as requested by third parties. Subject to satisfying certain conditions, the credit agreement also permits AWCC to increase the maximum commitment under the facility by up to an aggregate of $500 million, and to request up to two extensions of its expiration date each for up to a one-year period, as to which one such extension request remains. As of December 31, 2019, AWCC had no outstanding borrowings and $76 million of outstanding letters of credit under the revolving credit facility, with $2.17 billion available to fulfill the Company’s short-term liquidity needs and to issue letters of credit. The Company regularly evaluates the capital markets and closely monitors the financial condition of the financial institutions with contractual commitments in its revolving credit facility. Interest rates on advances under the facility are based on a credit spread to the LIBOR rate (or applicable market replacement rate) or base rate in accordance with Moody Investors Service’s and Standard & Poor’s Financial Services’ then applicable credit rating on AWCC’s senior unsecured, non-credit enhanced debt. 123 Presented in the table below are the aggregate credit facility commitments, letter of credit sublimit under the revolving credit facility and the commercial paper limit, as well as the available capacity for each, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: Credit Facility Commitment Available Credit Facility Capacity Letter of Credit Sublimit Available Letter of Credit Capacity Commercial Paper Limit Available Commercial Paper Capacity December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . $ $ 2,250 2,262 $ 2,174 2,177 $ 150 150 $ 74 69 $ 2,100 2,100 1,314 1,146 Presented in the table below is the short-term borrowing activity for AWCC for the years ended December 31: Average borrowings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum borrowings outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average interest rates, computed on daily basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average interest rates, as of December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 726 1,271 2.54% 1.86% $ 1,029 1,905 2.28% 2.84% 2019 2018 The credit facility requires the Company to maintain a ratio of consolidated debt to consolidated capitalization of not more than 0.70 to 1.00. The ratio as of December 31, 2019 was 0.61 to 1.00. None of the Company’s borrowings are subject to default or prepayment as a result of a downgrading of securities, although such a downgrading could increase fees and interest charges under AWCC’s revolving credit facility. As part of the normal course of business, the Company routinely enters contracts for the purchase and sale of water, energy, fuels and other services. These contracts either contain express provisions or otherwise permit the Company and its counterparties to demand adequate assurance of future performance when there are reasonable grounds for doing so. In accordance with the contracts and applicable contract law, if the Company is downgraded by a credit rating agency, especially if such downgrade is to a level below investment grade, it is possible that a counterparty would attempt to rely on such a downgrade as a basis for making a demand for adequate assurance of future performance. Depending on the Company’s net position with the counterparty, the demand could be for the posting of collateral. In the absence of expressly agreed provisions that specify the collateral that must be provided, the obligation to supply the collateral requested will be a function of the facts and circumstances of the Company’s situation at the time of the demand. If the Company can reasonably claim that it is willing and financially able to perform its obligations, it may be possible that no collateral would need to be posted or that only an amount equal to two or three months of future payments should be sufficient. The Company does not expect to post any collateral which will have a material adverse impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows. Note 13: General Taxes Presented in the table below is the components of general tax expense for the years ended December 31: Gross receipts and franchise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property and capital stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payroll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total general taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2019 2018 2017 110 124 35 11 280 $ $ 112 120 33 12 277 $ $ 110 105 31 13 259 124 Note 14: Income Taxes Presented in the table below is the components of income tax expense for the years ended December 31: Current income taxes: State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Total current income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes: State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of deferred investment tax credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 2018 2017 $ $ $ 4 — 4 54 155 (1) 208 $ $ $ 26 1 27 33 163 (1) 195 $ $ $ 25 (1) 24 50 413 (1) 462 Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 212 $ 222 $ 486 Presented in the table below is a reconciliation between the statutory federal income tax rate and the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31: Income tax at statutory rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases (decreases) resulting from: 2019 2018 2017 21.0% 21.0% 35.0% State taxes, net of federal taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCJA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net 5.4% —% (1.0)% 5.5% 5.4% 1.5% 13.7% 0.2% (0.8)% Effective tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.4% 28.2% 53.3% On December 22, 2017, the TCJA was signed into law. Substantially all of the provisions of the TCJA are effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. The TCJA includes significant changes to the Code, including amendments which significantly change the taxation of individuals and business entities, and includes specific provisions related to regulated public utilities. The more significant changes that impact the Company included in the TCJA are reductions in the corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21%, and several technical provisions including, among others, limiting the utilization of net operating losses (“NOLs”) arising after December 31, 2017 to 80% of taxable income with an indefinite carryforward. The specific provisions related to regulated public utilities in the TCJA generally allow for the continued deductibility of interest expense, the elimination of full expensing for tax purposes of certain property acquired after September 27, 2017 and the continuation of certain rate normalization requirements for accelerated depreciation benefits. Non-regulated segments of the Company’s business may be able to take advantage of the full expensing provisions of the TCJA. Changes in the Code from the TCJA had a material impact on the Company’s financial statements in 2017. Under GAAP, specifically Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), the tax effects of changes in tax laws must be recognized in the period in which the law is enacted. ASC 740 also requires deferred income tax assets and liabilities to be measured at the enacted tax rate expected to apply when temporary differences are to be realized or settled. Thus, at the date of enactment, the Company’s deferred income taxes were re-measured based upon the new tax rate. For the Company’s regulated entities, substantially all of the change in deferred income taxes are recorded as an offset to either a regulatory asset or liability because changes are expected to be recovered by or refunded to customers. For the Company’s unregulated operations, the change in deferred income taxes is recorded as a non-cash re-measurement adjustment to earnings. 125 The staff of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission recognized the complexity of reflecting the impacts of the TCJA, and on December 22, 2017 issued guidance in Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 (“SAB 118”) which clarifies accounting for income taxes under ASC 740 if information is not yet available or complete and provides for up to a one year period in which to complete the required analyses and accounting. The Company made a reasonable estimate for the measurement and accounting of certain effects of the TCJA which were reflected in the financial statements as of December 31, 2017. The re-measurement of deferred income taxes at the new federal tax rate increased the 2017 deferred income tax provision by $125 million for the year ending December 31, 2017. Additionally, the accumulated deferred income tax liability decreased by $1.39 billion and regulatory liabilities increased by $1.51 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2018, the Company recorded all its reasonable estimates resulting from the TCJA under SAB 118. These estimates, however, are still subject to changes due to the future impacts of various items, including further changes in income tax laws, forecasted financial conditions and the actual tax return filings with the tax authorities. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has not identified any changes that would require its prior estimates to be modified. ASC 740 requires the re-measurement of deferred income tax assets and liabilities as a result of a change in tax laws or rates to be presented in net income. Adjusting temporary differences originally recorded to AOCI through the income statement result in disproportionate tax effects remaining in AOCI. As of December 31, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which allows companies to reclassify the income tax effects of TCJA on items within AOCI to retained earnings. As a result of the TCJA tax rate reduction, there were income tax effects related to the Company’s hedge and pension positions of $2 million and $22 million, respectively, remaining in the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive loss balance. The Company reclassified these tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive loss to accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2018. No further adjustments were recorded during 2019 as a result of this re-measurement. Presented in the table below are the components of the net deferred tax liability as of December 31: 2019 2018 Deferred tax assets: Advances and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax losses and credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regulatory income tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension and other postretirement benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 410 136 335 94 151 402 131 339 91 44 Total deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,126 1,007 Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (21) Total deferred tax assets, net of allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, plant and equipment Deferred pension and other postretirement benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Deferred tax liabilities included in liabilities related to assets held for sale (a) . . . . . . $ $ 1,105 $ $ 2,760 77 207 3,044 67 (14) 993 2,537 77 97 2,711 — Total deferred tax liabilities, net of deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1,872) $ (1,718) (a) These deferred tax liabilities are related to the pending transactions contemplated by the Stock Purchase Agreement and are included in liabilities related to assets held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 4—Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information. 126 As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized federal NOL carryforwards of $673 million and $813 million, respectively. The Company believes the federal NOL carryforwards are more likely than not to be recovered and require no valuation allowance. The Company expects to fully utilize its federal NOL carryforwards before they begin to expire in 2028. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had state NOLs of $453 million and $387 million, respectively, a portion of which are offset by a valuation allowance because the Company does not believe these NOLs are more likely than not to be realized. The state NOL carryforwards began to expire in 2019 through 2038. The capital loss carryforward for federal income tax purposes have increased from the previous year due to the capital loss produced by the sale of the Company’s Keystone operations. As of December 31, 2019, the capital loss carryforward for federal income tax purposes was approximately $66 million. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had an insignificant amount of Canadian NOL carryforward. The Company files income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state or local or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for years on or before 2012. The Company has state income tax examinations in progress and does not expect material adjustments to result. Presented in the table below are the changes in gross liability, excluding interest and penalties, for unrecognized tax benefits: Balance as of January 1, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases in current period tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decreases in prior period measurement of tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases in current period tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decreases in prior period measurement of tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount $ $ 106 13 (22) 97 17 (4) Balance as of December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 110 The Company’s tax positions relate primarily to the deductions claimed for repair and maintenance costs on its utility plant. The Company does not anticipate material changes to its unrecognized tax benefits within the next year. As discussed above, the Company expects to utilize its remaining federal NOLs in 2020, after the pending sale of the New York subsidiary is completed, and therefore this federal tax attribute will not be available to reduce the federal liabilities for uncertain tax positions or interest accrued as presented on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. If the Company sustains all of its positions as of December 31, 2019, an unrecognized tax benefit of $12 million, excluding interest and penalties, would impact the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company had an insignificant amount of interest and penalties related to its tax positions as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. 127 Presented in the table below are the changes in the valuation allowance: Balance as of January 1, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases in current period tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases in current period tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases in current period tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ $ Amount 6 7 13 1 14 7 21 Note 15: Employee Benefits Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits The Company maintains noncontributory defined benefit pension plans covering eligible employees of its regulated utility and shared services operations. Benefits under the plans are based on the employee’s years of service and compensation. The pension plans have been closed for all new employees. The pension plans were closed for most employees hired on or after January 1, 2006. Union employees hired on or after January 1, 2001, except for specific eligible groups specified in the plan, had their accrued benefit frozen and will be able to receive this benefit as a lump sum upon termination or retirement. Union employees hired on or after January 1, 2001 and non-union employees hired on or after January 1, 2006 are provided with a 5.25% of base pay defined contribution plan. The Company does not participate in a multi-employer plan. The Company also has unfunded noncontributory supplemental nonqualified pension plans that provide additional retirement benefits to certain employees. The Company’s pension funding practice is to contribute at least the greater of the minimum amount required by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 or the normal cost. Further, the Company will consider additional cash contributions and/or available prefunding balances if needed to avoid “at risk” status and benefit restrictions under the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (“PPA”). The Company may also consider increased contributions, based on other financial requirements and the plans’ funded position. Pension expense in excess of the amount contributed to the pension plans is deferred by certain regulated subsidiaries pending future recovery in rates charged for utility services as contributions are made to the plans. See Note 7—Regulatory Assets and Liabilities for additional information. Pension plan assets are invested in a number of actively managed, commingled funds, and limited partnerships including equities, fixed income securities, guaranteed annuity contracts with insurance companies, real estate funds and real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). The Company maintains other postretirement benefit plans providing varying levels of medical and life insurance to eligible retirees. The retiree welfare plans are closed for union employees hired on or after January 1, 2006. The plans had previously closed for non-union employees hired on or after January 1, 2002. The Company’s policy is to fund other postretirement benefit costs up to the amount recoverable through rates. Assets of the plans are invested in a number of actively managed and commingled funds including equities and fixed income securities. The investment policy guideline of the pension plan is focused on diversification, improving returns and reducing the volatility of the funded status over a long-term horizon. The investment policy guidelines of the postretirement plans focus on the appropriate strategy given the funded status of the plans. None of the Company’s securities are included in pension or other postretirement benefit plan assets. The Company uses fair value for all classes of assets in the calculation of market-related value of plan assets. As of 2018, the fair values and asset allocations of the pension plan assets include the American Water Pension Plan, the New York Water Service Corporation Pension Plan, and the Shorelands Water Company, Inc. Pension Plan. 128 Presented in the tables below are the fair values and asset allocations of the pension plan assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, by asset category: Asset Category 2020 Target Allocation Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Percentage of Plan Assets as of December 31, 2019 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities: 50% $ 39 $ 39 $ — $ U.S. large cap . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. small cap . . . . . . . . . . International . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate fund . . . . . . . . . REITs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income securities: 50% U.S. Treasury securities and government bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . Mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal bonds . . . . . . . . Treasury futures . . . . . . . . . Long duration bond fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guarantee annuity contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 84 320 127 7 169 542 14 26 8 8 45 358 78 6 — — 158 — — — 8 8 — — 6 137 — 7 11 542 14 26 — — — — — — 177 127 — — — — — — — 45 2% 20% 5% 18% 7% —% 10% 31% 1% 1% 1% 1% 3% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% $1,747 $ 655 $ 743 $ 349 100% Asset Category 2019 Target Allocation Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Percentage of Plan Assets as of December 31, 2018 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities: 50% $ 24 $ 24 $ — $ U.S. large cap . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. small cap . . . . . . . . . . International . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate fund . . . . . . . . . REITs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income securities: 50% U.S. Treasury securities and government bonds . . . . . Corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . Mortgage-backed securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal bonds . . . . . . . . . Long duration bond fund . . Guarantee annuity contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 76 256 65 20 181 491 11 28 7 43 297 70 2 — — 167 — — — 7 — — 6 132 — 20 14 491 11 28 — — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% $1,499 $ 567 $ 702 $ — — — 122 65 — — — — — — 43 230 2% 20% 5% 17% 4% 1% 12% 33% 1% 2% —% 3% 100% 129 Presented in the tables below are a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for 2019 and 2018, respectively: Balance as of January 1, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actual return on assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases, issuances and settlements, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Balance as of December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Balance as of January 1, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actual return on assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases, issuances and settlements, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Balance as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Level 3 230 25 94 349 Level 3 278 (23) (25) 230 The Company’s postretirement benefit plans have different levels of funded status and the assets are held under various trusts. The investments and risk mitigation strategies for the plans are tailored specifically for each trust. In setting new strategic asset mixes, consideration is given to the likelihood that the selected asset allocation will effectively fund the projected plan liabilities and meet the risk tolerance criteria of the Company. The Company periodically updates the long-term, strategic asset allocations for these plans through asset liability studies and uses various analytics to determine the optimal asset allocation. Considerations include plan liability characteristics, liquidity needs, funding requirements, expected rates of return and the distribution of returns. In 2018, the Company announced plan design changes to the medical bargaining benefit plan, which resulted in a cap on future benefits and an over funded postretirement medical benefits bargaining plan. Given the change in funded status, the Retirement and Benefit Plans Investment Committee (the “Investment Committee”), which is responsible for overseeing the investment of the Company’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans’ assets, commissioned a new asset-liability study for the postretirement medical bargaining plan. This study concluded that it was prudent to decrease the investment risk in the plan due to the current funded status. The study also recommended reducing its exposure to changes in interest rates by matching the assets of the plan to the projected cash flows for future benefit payments of the liability. The Investment Committee approved the recommendations. The Company engages third-party investment managers for all invested assets. Managers are not permitted to invest outside of the asset class (e.g. fixed income, equity, alternatives) or strategy for which they have been appointed. Investment management agreements and recurring performance and attribution analysis are used as tools to ensure investment managers invest solely within the investment strategy they have been provided. Futures and options may be used to adjust portfolio duration to align with a plan’s targeted investment policy. In order to minimize asset volatility relative to the liabilities, a portion of plan assets is allocated to long duration fixed income investments that are exposed to interest rate risk. Increases in interest rates generally will result in a decline in the value of fixed income assets while reducing the present value of the liabilities. Conversely, rate decreases will increase fixed income assets, partially offsetting the related increase in the liabilities. Within equities, risk is mitigated by constructing a portfolio that is broadly diversified by geography, market capitalization, manager mandate size, investment style and process. For the postretirement medical bargaining plan, its asset structure is designed to meet the cash flows of the liabilities. This design reduces the plan’s exposure to changes in interest rates. Actual allocations to each asset class vary from target allocations due to periodic investment strategy updates, market value fluctuations, the length of time it takes to fully implement investment allocations, and the 130 timing of benefit payments and contributions. The asset allocation is rebalanced on a quarterly basis, if necessary. Voluntary Employees’ Beneficiary Association (“VEBA”) Trust assets include the American Water Postretirement Medical Benefits Bargaining Plan, the New York Water Service Corporation Postretirement Medical Benefits Bargaining Plan, the American Water Postretirement Medical Benefits Non-Bargaining Plan, and the American Water Life Insurance Trust. Presented in the tables below are the fair values and asset allocations of the postretirement benefit plan assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, by asset category: Asset Category Allocation Total 2020 Target Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Percentage of Plan Assets as of December 31, 2019 Bargain VEBA: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities: U.S. large cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income securities: U.S. Treasury securities and government bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . Long duration bond fund . . . . . . . . $ 6 $ 6 $ — $ 4% 96% 13 373 4 13 298 4 — 75 — Total bargain VEBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% $396 $ 321 $ 75 $ Non-bargain VEBA: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities: U.S. large cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income securities: Core fixed income bond fund (a) . . . $ 4 $ 4 $ — $ 60% 40% 48 30 50 48 30 — — — 50 Total non-bargain VEBA . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% $132 $ 82 $ 50 $ Life VEBA: Equity securities: U.S. large cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income securities: 70% 30% $ 2 $ Core fixed income bond fund (a) . . . 2 Total life VEBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% $ 4 $ 2 $ 2 4 $ — $ — — $ Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% $532 $ 407 $ 125 $ (a) Includes cash for margin requirements. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2% 3% 94% 1% 100% — 36% 23% 41% 100% 50% 50% 100% 100% 131 Asset Category Allocation Total 2019 Target Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Percentage of Plan Assets as of 12/31/2018 Bargain VEBA: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities: U.S. large cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income securities: 2% 98% U.S. Treasury securities and government bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long duration bond fund . . . . . . . . . Future and option contracts (a) . . . . . $ 31 $ 31 $ — $ 1 17 179 141 9 4 — 1 — 178 — — 4 — — — 1 141 9 — — Total bargain VEBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% $382 $ 214 $ 151 $ Non-bargain VEBA: Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities: U.S. large cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income securities: Core fixed income bond fund (a) . . . $ 3 $ 3 $ — $ 60% 40% 43 24 52 43 24 — — — 52 Total non-bargain VEBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% $122 $ 70 $ 52 $ Life VEBA: Equity securities: U.S. large cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed income securities: 70% 30% $ 2 $ Core fixed income bond fund (a) . . . 1 Total life VEBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% $ 3 $ 2 $ 1 3 $ — $ — — $ Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% $507 $ 287 $ 203 $ (a) Includes cash for margin requirements. Valuation Techniques Used to Determine Fair Value — — 17 — — — — — 17 — — — — — — — — 17 — —% 4% 47% 37% 3% 1% 8% 100% — 35% 20% 45% 100% 67% 33% 100% 100% Cash—Cash and investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased, including certain short-term fixed-income securities, are considered cash and are included in the recurring fair value measurements hierarchy as Level 1. Equity securities—For equity securities, the trustees obtain prices from pricing services, whose prices are obtained from direct feeds from market exchanges, that the Company is able to independently corroborate. Certain equity securities are valued based on quoted prices in active markets and categorized as Level 1. Other equities, such as international securities held in the pension plan, are invested in commingled funds and/or limited partnerships. These funds are valued to reflect the plan fund’s interest in the fund based on the reported year-end net asset value. Since net asset value is not directly observable or not available on a nationally recognized securities exchange for the commingled funds, they are categorized as Level 2. For limited partnerships, the assets as a whole are categorized as Level 3 due to the fact that the partnership provides the pricing and the pricing inputs are less readily observable. In addition, the limited partnership vehicle cannot be readily traded. 132 Fixed-income securities—The majority of U.S. Treasury securities and government bonds have been categorized as Level 1 because they trade in highly-liquid and transparent markets and their prices can be corroborated. The fair values of corporate bonds, mortgage backed securities, and certain government bonds are based on prices that reflect observable market information, such as actual trade information of similar securities. They are categorized as Level 2 because the valuations are calculated using models which utilize actively traded market data that the Company can corroborate. Exchange-traded options and futures, for which market quotations are readily available, are valued at the last reported sale price or official closing price on the primary market or exchange on which they are traded and are classified as Level 1. Real estate fund—Real estate fund is categorized as Level 3 as the fund uses significant unobservable inputs for fair value measurement and the vehicle is in the form of a limited partnership. REITs—REITs are invested in commingled funds. Commingled funds are valued to reflect the plan fund’s interest in the fund based on the reported year-end net asset value. Since the net asset value is not directly observable for the commingled funds, they are categorized as Level 2. Guaranteed annuity contracts—Guaranteed annuity contracts are categorized as Level 3 because the investments are not publicly quoted. Since these market values are determined by the provider, they are not highly observable and have been categorized as Level 3. Exchange-traded future and option positions are reported in accordance with changes in variation margins that are settled daily. Presented in the table below is a rollforward of the changes in the benefit obligation and plan assets for the two most recent years, for all plans combined: Pension Benefits Other Benefits 2019 2018 2019 2018 Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation as of January 1, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service cost Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan participants’ contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actuarial loss (gain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal subsidy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 1,892 28 82 — — 264 (105) — $ 2,034 34 76 — (23) (153) (76) — $ 353 4 15 2 (1) 25 (25) 1 614 8 20 2 (174) (89) (29) 1 Benefit obligation as of December 31, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,161 $ 1,892 $ 374 $ 353 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets as of January 1, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actual return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employer contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan participants’ contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 1,499 319 33 — (104) $ 1,649 (97) 24 — (77) 507 51 (2) 2 (26) Fair value of plan assets as of December 31, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,747 $ 1,499 $ 532 Funded value as of December 31, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (414) $ (393) $ 158 $ $ $ Amounts recognized on the balance sheet: Noncurrent asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncurrent liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — $ (3) (411) (3) (390) 159 $ — (1) 576 (40) (2) 2 (29) 507 154 155 — (1) Net amount recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (414) $ (393) $ 158 $ 154 133 On August 31, 2018, the Postretirement Medical Benefit Plan was remeasured to reflect a plan change. The plan change resulted in a $175 million reduction in future benefits payable to plan participants, and, in combination with other experience reflected as of the remeasurement date, resulted in a $227 million reduction to the net accumulated postretirement benefit obligation. Presented in the table below are the components of accumulated other comprehensive income and regulatory assets that have not been recognized as components of periodic benefit costs as of December 31: Net actuarial loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior service credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net amount recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regulatory assets (liabilities) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension Benefits Other Benefits 2019 2018 2019 2018 $ $ $ $ 435 (19) 416 375 41 416 $ $ $ $ $ 431 (22) $ 72 (257) 83 (291) 409 $ (185) $ (208) 352 57 409 $ (185) $ (208) — — $ (185) $ (208) Presented in the tables below are the projected benefit obligation, accumulated benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for pension plans with a projected obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: Projected benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 2,161 1,748 1,892 1,499 Projected Benefit Obligation Exceeds the Fair Value of Plans’ Assets 2019 2018 Accumulated Benefit Obligation Exceeds the Fair Value of Plans’ Assets 2019 2018 Accumulated benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 2,018 1,748 1,768 1,499 The accumulated postretirement plan assets exceed benefit obligations for all of the Company’s other postretirement benefit plans, except for the Northern Illinois Retiree Welfare Plan. In 2006, the PPA replaced the funding requirements for defined benefit pension plans by requiring that defined benefit plans contribute to 100% of the current liability funding target over seven years. Defined benefit plans with a funding status of less than 80% of the current liability are defined as being “at risk” and additional funding requirements and benefit restrictions may apply. The PPA was effective for the 2008 plan year with short-term phase-in provisions for both the funding target and at-risk determination. The Company’s qualified defined benefit plan is currently funded above the at-risk threshold, and therefore the Company expects that the plans will not be subject to the “at risk” funding requirements of the PPA. The Company is proactively monitoring the plan’s funded status and projected contributions under the law to appropriately manage the potential impact on cash requirements. Minimum funding requirements for the qualified defined benefit pension plan are determined by government regulations and not by accounting pronouncements. The Company plans to contribute amounts at least equal to or greater than the minimum required contributions or the normal cost in 2020 to the qualified pension plans. Contributions may be in the form of cash contributions as well as available prefunding balances. 134 Presented in the table below is information about the expected cash flows for the pension and postretirement benefit plans: 2020 expected employer contributions: To plan trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To plan participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 38 2 $ — — Presented in the table below are the net benefits expected to be paid from the plan assets or the Company’s assets: Pension Benefits Other Benefits Pension Benefits Other Benefits Expected Benefit Payments Expected Benefit Payments Expected Federal Subsidy Payments 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2025-2029 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 113 115 118 123 126 657 $ 27 27 27 27 27 131 1 1 1 1 1 6 Because the above amounts are net benefits, plan participants’ contributions have been excluded from the expected benefits. Accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits requires an extensive use of assumptions about the discount rate, expected return on plan assets, the rate of future compensation increases received by the Company’s employees, mortality, turnover and medical costs. Each assumption is reviewed annually. The assumptions are selected to represent the average expected experience over time and may differ in any one year from actual experience due to changes in capital markets and the overall economy. These differences will impact the amount of pension and other postretirement benefit expense that the Company recognizes. 135 Presented in the table below are the significant assumptions related to the pension and other postretirement benefit plans: Pension Benefits Other Benefits 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 Weighted average assumptions used to determine December 31 benefit obligations: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medical trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic cost: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan 3.44% 4.38% 3.75% 3.36% 4.32% 3.73% 2.97% 3.00% 3.02% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A graded from graded from graded from 6.75% in 2019 to 5.00% in 2026+ 7.00% in 2018 to 4.50% in 2026+ 6.50% in 2020 to 5.00% in 2026+ 4.38% 3.75% 4.28% 4.32% 4.23% 4.26% assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.20% 5.95% 6.49% 3.56% 4.77% 5.09% Rate of compensation increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medical trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.00% 3.02% 3.07% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A graded from graded from graded from 7.00% in 2018 to 4.50% in 2026+ 6.75% in 2019 to 5.00% in 2026+ 7.00% in 2017 to 5.00% in 2021+ NOTE “N/A” in the table above means assumption is not applicable. The discount rate assumption was determined for the pension and postretirement benefit plans independently. The Company uses an approach that approximates the process of settlement of obligations tailored to the plans’ expected cash flows by matching the plans’ cash flows to the coupons and expected maturity values of individually selected bonds. Historically, for each plan, the discount rate was developed at the level equivalent rate that would produce the same present value as that using spot rates aligned with the projected benefit payments. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on historical and projected rates of return, prior to administrative and investment management fees, for current and planned asset classes in the plans’ investment portfolios. Assumed projected rates of return for each of the plans’ projected asset classes were selected after analyzing historical experience and future expectations of the returns and volatility of the various asset classes. Based on the target asset allocation for each asset class, the overall expected rate of return for the portfolio was developed, adjusted for historical and expected experience of active portfolio management results compared to the benchmark returns. The Company’s pension expense increases as the expected return on assets decreases. The Company used an expected return on plan assets of 6.20% to estimate its 2019 pension benefit costs, and an expected blended return based on weighted assets of 3.56% to estimate its 2019 other postretirement benefit costs. The Company adopted a table based on the Society of Actuaries RP 2014 mortality table including a generational BB-2D projection scale. In 2018, the Company adopted the new MP-2018 mortality improvement 136 scale to gradually adjust future mortality rates downward. In 2019, the Company maintained the MP-2018 mortality improvement scale until it can conduct a new experience study. Presented in the table below are the components of net periodic benefit costs for the years ended December 31: 2019 2018 2017 Components of net periodic pension benefit cost: Service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service (credit) cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of actuarial loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 28 82 (91) (3) 32 $ 34 76 (97) 1 27 Net periodic pension benefit cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 48 $ 41 $ Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income: Current year actuarial (gain) loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of actuarial loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (8) $ (4) (60) $ (7) Total recognized in other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12) (67) Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income . . . $ 36 $ (26) $ Components of net periodic other postretirement benefit (credit) cost: Service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of actuarial loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 4 15 (18) (35) 3 $ 8 20 (26) (23) 3 Net periodic other postretirement benefit (credit) cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (31) $ (18) $ 33 80 (93) 1 34 55 (7) (7) (14) 41 10 26 (26) (18) 10 2 The Company’s policy is to recognize curtailments when the total expected future service of plan participants is reduced by greater than 10% due to an event that results in terminations and/or retirements. Cumulative gains and losses that are in excess of 10% of the greater of either the projected benefit obligation or the fair value of plan assets are amortized over the expected average remaining future service of the current active membership for the plans. Savings Plans for Employees The Company maintains 401(k) savings plans that allow employees to save for retirement on a tax-deferred basis. Employees can make contributions that are invested at their direction in one or more funds. The Company makes matching contributions based on a percentage of an employee’s contribution, subject to certain limitations. Due to the Company’s discontinuing new entrants into the defined benefit pension plan, on January 1, 2006, the Company began providing an additional 5.25% of base pay defined contribution benefit for union employees hired on or after January 1, 2001 and non-union employees hired on or after January 1, 2006. The Company’s 401(k) savings plan expenses totaled $12 million, $12 million and $13 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Additionally, the Company’s 5.25% of base pay defined contribution benefit expenses totaled $13 million, $11 million and $9 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. All of the Company’s contributions are invested in one or more funds at the direction of the employees. 137 Note 16: Commitments and Contingencies Commitments have been made in connection with certain construction programs. The estimated capital expenditures required under legal and binding contractual obligations amounted to $579 million as of December 31, 2019. The Company’s regulated subsidiaries maintain agreements with other water purveyors for the purchase of water to supplement their water supply. Presented in the table below are the future annual commitments related to minimum quantities of purchased water having non-cancelable: 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 65 65 65 63 49 605 The Company enters into agreements for the provision of services to water and wastewater facilities for the U.S. military, municipalities and other customers. See Note 3—Revenue Recognition for additional information regarding the Company’s performance obligations. Amount Contingencies The Company is routinely involved in legal actions incident to the normal conduct of its business. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has accrued approximately $17 million of probable loss contingencies and has estimated that the maximum amount of losses associated with reasonably possible loss contingencies that can be reasonably estimated is $25 million. For certain matters, claims and actions, the Company is unable to estimate possible losses. The Company believes that damages or settlements, if any, recovered by plaintiffs in such matters, claims or actions, other than as described in this Note 16—Commitments and Contingencies, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company. West Virginia Elk River Freedom Industries Chemical Spill On June 8, 2018, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia granted final approval of a settlement class and global class action settlement (the “Settlement”) for all claims and potential claims by all class members (collectively, the “West Virginia Plaintiffs”) arising out of the January 2014 Freedom Industries, Inc. chemical spill in West Virginia. The effective date of the Settlement was July 16, 2018. Under the terms and conditions of the Settlement, West Virginia-American Water Company (“WVAWC”) and certain other Company affiliated entities did not admit, and will not admit, any fault or liability for any of the allegations made by the West Virginia Plaintiffs in any of the actions that were resolved. The aggregate pre-tax amount contributed by WVAWC of the $126 million portion of the Settlement with respect to the Company, net of insurance recoveries, is $19 million. As of December 31, 2019, $5 million of that $126 million has been reflected in accrued liabilities, and $5 million in offsetting insurance receivables have been reflected in other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amount reflected in accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2019 reflects reductions in the liability and appropriate reductions to the offsetting insurance receivable reflected in other current assets, associated with the ongoing processing of actual and potential Settlement claims. The Company funded WVAWC’s contributions to the Settlement through existing sources of liquidity. Dunbar, West Virginia Water Main Break Class Action Litigation On the evening of June 23, 2015, a 36-inch pre-stressed concrete transmission water main, installed in the early 1970s, failed. The water main is part of WVAWC’s West Relay pumping station located in the City of 138 Dunbar. The failure of the main caused water outages and low pressure for up to approximately 25,000 WVAWC customers. In the early morning hours of June 25, 2015, crews completed a repair, but that same day, the repair developed a leak. On June 26, 2015, a second repair was completed and service was restored that day to approximately 80% of the impacted customers, and to the remaining approximately 20% by the next morning. The second repair showed signs of leaking, but the water main was usable until June 29, 2015 to allow tanks to refill. The system was reconfigured to maintain service to all but approximately 3,000 customers while a final repair was completed safely on June 30, 2015. Water service was fully restored by July 1, 2015 to all customers affected by this event. On June 2, 2017, a complaint captioned Jeffries, et al. v. West Virginia-American Water Company was filed in West Virginia Circuit Court in Kanawha County on behalf of an alleged class of residents and business owners who lost water service or pressure as a result of the Dunbar main break. The complaint alleges breach of contract by WVAWC for failure to supply water, violation of West Virginia law regarding the sufficiency of WVAWC’s facilities and negligence by WVAWC in the design, maintenance and operation of the water system. The Jeffries plaintiffs seek unspecified alleged damages on behalf of the class for lost profits, annoyance and inconvenience, and loss of use, as well as punitive damages for willful, reckless and wanton behavior in not addressing the risk of pipe failure and a large outage. In October 2017, WVAWC filed with the court a motion seeking to dismiss all of the Jeffries plaintiffs’ counts alleging statutory and common law tort claims. Furthermore, WVAWC asserted that the Public Service Commission of West Virginia, and not the court, has primary jurisdiction over allegations involving violations of the applicable tariff, the public utility code and related rules. In May 2018, the court, at a hearing, denied WVAWC’s motion to apply the primary jurisdiction doctrine, and in October 2018, the court issued a written order to that effect. On February 21, 2019, the court issued an order denying WVAWC’s motion to dismiss the Jeffries plaintiffs’ tort claims. On August 21, 2019, the court set a procedural schedule in this case, including a trial date of September 21, 2020. Discovery in this case is ongoing. On February 4, 2020, the Jeffries plaintiffs filed a motion seeking class certification on the issues of breach of contract and negligence, and to determine the applicability of punitive damages and a multiplier for those damages if imposed. A hearing on class certification is currently scheduled for March 11, 2020. The Company and WVAWC believe that WVAWC has meritorious defenses to the claims raised in this class action complaint. WVAWC is vigorously defending itself against these allegations. The Company cannot currently determine the likelihood of a loss, if any, or estimate the amount of any loss or a range of such losses related to this proceeding. Chattanooga, Tennessee Water Main Break Class Action Litigation On September 12, 2019, Tennessee-American Water Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“TAWC”), experienced a break of a 36-inch water transmission main, which caused service fluctuations or interruptions to TAWC customers and the issuance of a boil water notice. TAWC repaired the main break by early morning on September 14, 2019, and restored full water service by the afternoon on September 15, 2019, with the boil water notice lifted for all customers on September 16, 2019. On September 17, 2019, a complaint captioned Bruce, et al. v. American Water Works Company, Inc., et al. was filed in the Circuit Court of Hamilton County, Tennessee against TAWC, the Company and American Water Works Service Company, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (collectively, the “Tennessee- American Water Defendants”), on behalf of an alleged class of individuals or entities who lost water service or suffered monetary losses as a result of the Chattanooga main break (the “Tennessee Plaintiffs”). The complaint alleges breach of contract and negligence against the Tennessee-American Water Defendants, as well as an equitable remedy of piercing the corporate veil. The Tennessee Plaintiffs seek an award of unspecified alleged damages for wage losses, business and economic losses, out-of-pocket expenses, loss of use and enjoyment of property and annoyance and inconvenience, as well as punitive damages, attorneys’ fees and pre- and post- judgment interest. 139 On November 22, 2019, the Tennessee-American Water Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, and, with respect to the Company, for lack of personal jurisdiction. A hearing on this motion is scheduled for February 18, 2020. The Tennessee-American Water Defendants believe that they have meritorious defenses to the claims raised in this class action complaint, and they are vigorously defending themselves against these allegations. The Company cannot currently determine the likelihood of a loss, if any, or estimate the amount of any loss or a range of such losses related to this proceeding. Note 17: Earnings per Common Share Presented in the table below is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator for the basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) calculations for the years ended December 31: Numerator: Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 621 $ 567 $ 426 Denominator: Weighted average common shares outstanding—Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of dilutive common stock equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average common shares outstanding—Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 — 181 180 — 180 178 1 179 2019 2018 2017 The effect of dilutive common stock equivalents is related to outstanding stock options, RSUs and PSUs granted under the Company’s 2007 Plan and 2017 Omnibus Plan, as well as estimated shares to be purchased under the Company’s 2017 Nonqualified Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Less than one million share-based awards were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, because their effect would have been anti-dilutive under the treasury stock method. Note 18: Fair Value of Financial Information The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating its fair value disclosures for financial instruments: Current assets and current liabilities—The carrying amounts reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets for current assets and current liabilities, including revolving credit debt, due to the short-term maturities and variable interest rates, approximate their fair values. Preferred stock with mandatory redemption requirements and long-term debt—The fair values of preferred stock with mandatory redemption requirements and long-term debt are categorized within the fair value hierarchy based on the inputs that are used to value each instrument. The fair value of long-term debt classified as Level 1 is calculated using quoted prices in active markets. Level 2 instruments are valued using observable inputs and Level 3 instruments are valued using observable and unobservable inputs. The fair values of instruments classified as Level 2 and Level 3 are determined by a valuation model that is based on a conventional discounted cash flow methodology and utilizes assumptions of current market rates. The Company calculated a base yield curve using a risk-free rate (a U.S. Treasury securities yield curve) plus a credit spread that is based on the following two factors: an average of the Company’s own publicly-traded debt securities and the current market rates for U.S. Utility A debt securities. The Company used these yield curve assumptions to derive a base yield for the Level 2 and Level 3 securities. Additionally, the Company adjusted the base yield for specific features of the debt securities including call features, coupon tax treatment and collateral for the Level 3 instruments. 140 Presented in the tables below are the carrying amounts, including fair value adjustments previously recognized in acquisition purchase accounting, and the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments: Carrying Amount December 31, 2019 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Preferred stock with mandatory redemption requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7 $ — $ Long-term debt (excluding finance lease obligations) . . . 8,664 7,689 — $ 417 9 $ 1,664 9 9,770 Preferred stock with mandatory redemption requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8 $ — $ Long-term debt (excluding finance lease obligations) . . . 7,638 5,760 — $ 433 9 $ 1,728 9 7,921 Carrying Amount December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Fair Value Measurements To increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements, GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels as follows: Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access as of the reporting date. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 1 inputs include active exchange-traded equity securities, exchange-based derivatives, mutual funds and money market funds. Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are directly observable for the asset or liability or indirectly observable through corroboration with observable market data. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs include fixed income securities, non-exchange-based derivatives, commingled investment funds not subject to purchase and sale restrictions and fair-value hedges. Level 3—Unobservable inputs, such as internally-developed pricing models for the asset or liability due to little or no market activity for the asset or liability. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 3 inputs include infrequently-traded non-exchange-based derivatives and commingled investment funds subject to purchase and sale restrictions. 141 Recurring Fair Value Measurements Presented in the tables below are assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and their level within the fair value hierarchy: At Fair Value as of December 31, 2019 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets: Restricted funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rabbi trust investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities: Deferred compensation obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 31 17 3 8 59 21 21 38 $ — $ — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — $ — $ — $ 31 17 3 8 59 21 21 38 At Fair Value as of December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets: Restricted funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rabbi trust investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities: Deferred compensation obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mark-to-market derivative liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets (liabilities) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 29 15 3 3 50 17 — 17 33 $ — $ — — — — — 14 14 — $ — — — — — — — $ (14) $ — $ 29 15 3 3 50 17 14 31 19 Restricted funds—The Company’s restricted funds primarily represent proceeds received from financings for the construction and capital improvement of facilities and from customers for future services under operation, maintenance and repair projects. Long-term restricted funds of less than $1 million and $1 million were included in other long-term assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Rabbi trust investments—The Company’s rabbi trust investments consist of equity and index funds from which supplemental executive retirement plan benefits and deferred compensation obligations can be paid. The Company includes these assets in other long-term assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deposits—Deposits include escrow funds and certain other deposits held in trust. The Company includes cash deposits in other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deferred compensation obligations—The Company’s deferred compensation plans allow participants to defer certain cash compensation into notional investment accounts. The Company includes such plans in other long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The value of the Company’s deferred compensation obligations is based on the market value of the participants’ notional investment accounts. The notional investments are comprised primarily of mutual funds, which are based on observable market prices. 142 Mark-to-market derivative assets and liabilities—The Company utilizes fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps, typically designated as fair-value hedges, to achieve a targeted level of variable-rate debt as a percentage of total debt. The Company also employs derivative financial instruments in the form of variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps and forward starting interest rate swaps, classified as economic hedges and cash flow hedges, respectively, in order to fix the interest cost on existing or forecasted debt. The Company uses a calculation of future cash inflows and estimated future outflows, which are discounted, to determine the current fair value. Additional inputs to the present value calculation include the contract terms, counterparty credit risk, interest rates and market volatility. Other investments—Other investments primarily represent money market funds used for active employee benefits. The Company includes other investments in other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Note 19: Leases On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), and all related amendments (collectively, the “Standard”). The Company implemented the guidance in the Standard using the modified retrospective approach and applied the optional transition method, which allowed entities to apply the new Standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. Under this approach, prior periods have not been restated and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. The Standard includes practical expedients, which relate to the identification and classification of leases that commenced before the adoption date, initial direct costs for leases that commenced before the adoption date, the ability to use hindsight in evaluating lessee options to extend or terminate a lease or to purchase the underlying asset and the ability to carry forward accounting treatment for existing land easements. Adoption of the Standard resulted in the recognition of operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities as of January 1, 2019 of approximately $117 million and $115 million, respectively. The difference between the ROU assets and operating lease liabilities was recorded as an adjustment to retained earnings. The Standard did not materially impact the Company’s consolidated results of operations and had no impact on cash flows. Certain operating leases have renewal options ranging from one to 60 years. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company’s sole discretion. Renewal options that the Company was reasonably certain to exercise are included in the Company’s ROU assets. Certain operating leases contain the option to purchase the leased property. The operating leases for real property, vehicles and equipment will expire over the next 40 years, seven years, and five years, respectively. The Company participates in a number of arrangements with various public entities (“Partners”) in West Virginia. Under these arrangements, the Company transferred a portion of its utility plant to the Partners in exchange for an equal principal amount of Industrial Development Bonds (“IDBs”) issued by the Partners under the Industrial Development and Commercial Development Bond Act. The Company leased back the utility plant under agreements for a period of 30 to 40 years. The Company has recorded these agreements as finance leases in property, plant and equipment, as ownership of the assets will revert back to the Company at the end of the lease term. The carrying value of the finance lease assets was $147 million and $147 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company determined that the finance lease obligations and the investments in IDBs meet the conditions for offsetting, and as such, are reported net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and excluded from the finance lease disclosure presented below. The Company also enters into O&M agreements with the Partners. The Company pays an annual fee for use of the Partners’ assets in performing under the O&M agreements. The O&M agreements are recorded as operating leases, and future annual use fees of $4 million in 2020 through 2024, and $54 million thereafter, are included in operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. 143 Rental expenses under operating and finance leases presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets were $16 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Rental expenses under operating leases which included variable and short-term lease costs were $35 million and $29 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Presented in the table below is supplemental cash flow information for the year ended December 31: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for amounts in lease liabilities (a) Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 $ 16 121 (a) Includes operating and financing cash flows from operating and finance leases. Presented in the table below are the weighed-average remaining lease terms and the weighted-average discount rates for finance and operating leases: As of December 31, 2019 Weighted-average remaining lease term: Finance lease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 years 19 years Weighted-average discount rate: Finance lease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12% 4% Presented in the table below are the future maturities of lease liabilities at December 31, 2019: 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter $ Total lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imputed interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Amount 14 13 11 7 7 100 152 (53) 99 Presented in the table below are the future minimum rental commitments, as of December 31, 2018, under operating leases that have initial or remaining non-cancelable lease terms over the next five years and thereafter: 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter Amount $ 17 15 12 11 6 80 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 141 144 Note 20: Segment Information The Company’s operating segments are comprised of the revenue-generating components of its businesses for which separate financial information is internally produced and regularly used by management to make operating decisions, assess performance and allocate resources. The Company operates its businesses primarily through one reportable segment, the Regulated Businesses segment. The Company also operates market-based businesses that, individually, do not meet the criteria of a reportable segment in accordance with GAAP, and are collectively presented as the Market-Based Businesses. The Regulated Businesses segment is the largest component of the Company’s business and includes subsidiaries that provide water and wastewater services to customers in 16 states. The Company’s primary Market-Based Businesses include the Homeowner Services Group, which provides various warranty protection programs and other home services to residential customers, and the Military Services Group, which enters into long-term contracts with the U.S. government to provide water and wastewater services on various military installations. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies. The Regulated Businesses segment and Market-Based Businesses include intercompany costs that are allocated by American Water Works Service Company, Inc. and intercompany interest that is charged by AWCC, both of which are eliminated to reconcile to the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Inter-segment revenues include the sale of water from a regulated subsidiary to market-based subsidiaries, leased office space, and furniture and equipment provided by the market-based subsidiaries to regulated subsidiaries. “Other” includes corporate costs that are not allocated to the Company’s operating segments, eliminations of inter- segment transactions, fair value adjustments, and associated income and deductions related to the acquisitions that have not been allocated to the operating segments for evaluation of performance and allocation of resource purposes. The adjustments related to the acquisitions are reported in Other as they are excluded from segment performance measures evaluated by management. Presented in the tables below is summarized segment information as of and for the years ended December 31: 2019 Regulated Businesses Market-Based Businesses Other Consolidated Operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for capital expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,094 529 1,964 (295) 869 215 654 20,318 1,627 $ 539 37 480 5 66 20 46 1,008 13 $ (23) 16 (4) (92) (102) (23) (79) 1,356 14 $ 3,610 582 2,440 (382) 833 212 621 22,682 1,654 145 2018 Regulated Businesses Market-Based Businesses Other Consolidated $ Operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for capital expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,984 500 — 1,912 (280) 826 224 602 18,680 1,477 $ (20) $ 16 — (15) (74) (80) (13) (67) 1,544 96 476 29 57 441 4 41 11 32 999 13 2017 3,440 545 57 2,338 (350) 787 222 567 21,223 1,586 Regulated Businesses Market-Based Businesses Other Consolidated Operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating expenses, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for capital expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,958 462 1,766 (268) 925 366 559 17,602 1,316 $ 422 18 360 3 66 28 38 599 18 $ (23) $ 12 (22) (77) (79) 92 (171) 1,281 100 3,357 492 2,104 (342) 912 486 426 19,482 1,434 Note 21: Unaudited Quarterly Data Presented in the tables below are supplemental, unaudited, consolidated, quarterly financial data for each of the four quarters in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The operating results for any quarter are not indicative of results that may be expected for a full year or any future periods. Operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic earnings per share: (a) 2019 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter $ 813 238 113 $ 882 302 170 $1,013 406 240 $ 902 224 98 Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.62 $0.94 $ 1.33 $0.54 Diluted earnings per share: Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.62 0.94 1.33 0.54 (a) Amounts may not sum due to rounding. 146 Operating revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic earnings per share: 2018 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter $ 761 217 106 $ 853 302 162 $ 976 335 187 $ 850 248 112 Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.60 $0.90 $1.04 $0.62 Diluted earnings per share: (a) Net income attributable to common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.59 0.91 1.04 0.62 (a) Amounts may not sum due to rounding. ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Disclosure Controls and Procedures The Company, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable level of assurance. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by or under the supervision of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect its transactions and dispositions of its assets, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that the Company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of its management and its directors, and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of its assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that 147 controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. The Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting, as of December 31, 2019, using the criteria described in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on the Company’s evaluation under the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013), its management concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019. The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report appearing in Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting The Company concluded that there have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during its last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Approval of CEO Compensation Arrangements with Walter J. Lynch As previously disclosed, in response to the previously announced retirement of Susan N. Story, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, effective April 1, 2020, and in accordance with the existing succession plan of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) for the Company’s principal executive officer position, on December 6, 2019, the Board elected Walter J. Lynch, the Company’s current Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, to serve as successor to Susan N. Story, effective April 1, 2020. To provide for Mr. Lynch’s compensation in his new role, the Company and Mr. Lynch have executed an employment offer letter, dated February 12, 2020 and effective April 1, 2020, which was unanimously approved by the independent members of the Board upon the unanimous recommendation of the Executive Development and Compensation Committee and its independent compensation consultant. The employment offer letter provides for the following terms, effective April 1, 2020: • Mr. Lynch’s annual base salary is to be set at $925,000. • Mr. Lynch is to receive a 2020 target award under the Annual Performance Plan (the “APP”) as President and Chief Executive Officer. His target award opportunity is to be set at 100% of his annual base salary, which will be prorated to reflect the portions of the year he serves as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer and will serve as President and Chief Executive Officer. His performance goals to be used to determine the corporate performance factor with respect to his 2020 APP award will be the same as those in his 2019 APP award. • Mr. Lynch was granted LTPP awards under the Company’s 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan pursuant to the terms of the Company’s 2020 Long-Term Performance Plan (“LTPP”). In addition to standard LTPP awards granted to him on February 11, 2020 in his role as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer (which were based on his current target award opportunity percentage of 165% and annual base salary of approximately $634,000), he was granted additional LTPP awards effective April 1, 2020 equal to the difference between the fair value of LTPP grants he would be eligible to 148 receive as President and Chief Executive Officer as of April 1, 2020 based on a target award opportunity of 275% and his then annual base salary, and the fair value of the February 11, 2020 LTPP grants. The April 1, 2020 LTPP awards have standard terms and vesting conditions substantially similar to those granted to Mr. Lynch in February 2020. All of Mr. Lynch’s 2020 LTPP awards will include the post-retirement continued vesting provisions applicable to the Company’s executives serving in the CEO, CFO and COO roles. • Mr. Lynch will continue to participate in the Company’s Executive Severance Policy. Under this policy, in the event Mr. Lynch’s employment as President and Chief Executive Officer is terminated by the Company without cause (as determined by the Board of Directors), he would be eligible to receive salary continuation and COBRA benefits, and would continue to participate in any Company- sponsored life insurance plan, for a period of 18 months following the date of termination. In that circumstance, he also would receive a pro rata APP award for the year in which the termination of employment occurs, to the extent such payment is provided for under the terms of the applicable APP award. • Mr. Lynch will continue to be eligible to receive benefits as provided under the Company’s qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans, as they may be in effect from time to time. • Mr. Lynch will continue to be eligible to participate in the Company’s employee nonqualified deferred compensation plan and its 401(k) savings plan. • Mr. Lynch will continue to be subject to the Company’s executive stock ownership guidelines. Beginning April 1, 2020, he will be required to own common stock with a value of at least six times his annual base salary. Election of Mr. Lynch to the Board On February 12, 2020, the Board unanimously approved the election of Mr. Lynch, effective April 1, 2020, to fill the vacancy to be created when Ms. Story retires and steps down from the Board. Mr. Lynch will serve a term to commence April 1, 2020 and ending on the date of the Company’s 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Annual Meeting”), and until his successor has been elected and qualified, or until his earlier death, resignation or removal. Mr. Lynch will not serve on any committees of the Board. On that same day, the Board nominated Mr. Lynch, effective April 1, 2020, as a nominee for election as a director at the Annual Meeting, to serve a term commencing on the date of the Annual Meeting and ending on the date of the Company’s 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and until his successor has been elected and qualified, or until his earlier death, resignation or removal. Other than as part of or in connection with the compensatory and other arrangements with Mr. Lynch described above, in connection with his election to the Board, (i) there are no other arrangements or understandings between Mr. Lynch and any other person, pursuant to which Mr. Lynch was selected as a director, (ii) no material plan, contract or arrangement has been entered into with Mr. Lynch, and no such plan, contract or arrangement with Mr. Lynch has been materially amended, and (iii) no grant of any award to Mr. Lynch or modification of an existing award has been made. Also, Mr. Lynch does not have any direct or indirect material interest in any transaction that would require reporting under Item 404(a) of Regulation S-K. 149 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by this item and not given below or in Item 1—Business—Executive Officers of this Form 10-K, is incorporated by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days following the end of the fiscal year covered by this report, under the captions entitled “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance” and “Proposal 1—Election of Directors.” The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics, which applies to directors, officers and employees. The full text of the Code of Ethics is publicly available on the Company’s website at https://amwater.com. The Company intends to post on its website any amendments to the Code of Ethics and any waivers of such provisions granted to certain principal officers. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Information required by this item is incorporated by reference in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, under the captions entitled “Proposal 1—Election of Directors—Director Compensation Table,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation,” “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” and “Compensation Committee Report.” ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Information required by this item setting forth the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is incorporated by reference in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, under the captions entitled “Certain Beneficial Ownership Matters—Security Ownership of Management,” “Certain Beneficial Ownership Matters—Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information.” ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Information required by this item is incorporated by reference in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, under the caption entitled “Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Board Review of Related Person Transactions” and “Proposal 1—Election of Directors—Director Independence.” ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Information required by this item is incorporated by reference in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, under the caption entitled “Proposal 3—Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” and “Proposal 3—Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm— Pre-Approval of Services Provided by Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.” 150 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) The following documents have been filed as a part of this Form 10-K: PART IV 1. 2. 3. The financial statements listed in the “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Form 10-K are hereby incorporated by reference in response to this Item 15(a). Financial statement schedules have been omitted since they are either not required or are not applicable as the information is otherwise included in the financial statements or notes thereto. Exhibits. The list of documents contained in “Exhibit Index” below is provided in response to this Item 15(a). The warranties, representations and covenants contained in any of the agreements included or incorporated by reference herein or which appear as exhibits hereto should not be relied upon by buyers, sellers or holders of the Company’s or its subsidiaries’ securities and are not intended as warranties, representations or covenants to any individual or entity except as specifically set forth in such agreement. The responses to Items 15(b) and (c) of Form 10-K are included above in response to Item 15(a). 151 Exhibit Number 2.1# 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 EXHIBIT INDEX Exhibit Description Stock Purchase Agreement, dated November 20, 2019, by and among American Water Works Company, Inc., New York American Water Company, Inc. and Liberty Utilities Co. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed November 20, 2019). Restated Certificate of Incorporation of American Water Works Company, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed November 6, 2008). Amended and Restated Bylaws of American Water Works Company, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed August 5, 2015). Indenture, dated as of October 22, 2007, between American Water Capital Corp. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to American Water Capital Corp.’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, File No. 333-148284, and American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, File No. 333-148284-01, filed December 21, 2007). Indenture, dated as of December 4, 2009, between American Water Capital Corp. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed December 3, 2010). Officers’ Certificate, dated December 15, 2010, establishing the 6.00% Senior Monthly Notes due 2040 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed December 15, 2010). Officers’ Certificate, dated December 17, 2012, establishing the 4.300% Senior Notes due 2042 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed December 17, 2012). Officers’ Certificate, dated November 20, 2013, establishing the 3.850% Senior Notes due 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed November 20, 2013). Officers’ Certificate, dated August 14, 2014, establishing the 3.400% Senior Notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed August 14, 2014). Officers’ Certificate, dated August 14, 2014, providing for a further issuance of the 4.300% Senior Notes due 2042 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed August 14, 2014). Officers’ Certificate, dated August 13, 2015, establishing the 4.300% Senior Notes due 2045 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed August 13, 2015). Officers’ Certificate, dated August 13, 2015, providing for a further issuance of the 3.400% Senior Notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed August 13, 2015). 4.10 Officers’ Certificate, dated November 17, 2016, establishing the 3.000% Senior Notes due 2026 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed November 17, 2016). 152 Exhibit Number 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 Exhibit Description Officers’ Certificate, dated November 17, 2016, establishing the 4.000% Senior Notes due 2046 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed November 17, 2016). Officers’ Certificate, dated August 10, 2017, establishing the 2.950% Senior Notes due 2027 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed August 10, 2017). Officers’ Certificate, dated August 10, 2017, establishing the 3.750% Senior Notes due 2047 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed August 10, 2017). Officer’s Certificate, dated August 9, 2018, establishing the 3.750% Senior Notes due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed August 9, 2018). Officer’s Certificate, dated August 9, 2018, establishing the 4.200% Senior Notes due 2048 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed August 9, 2018). Officers’ Certificate, dated May 13, 2019, establishing the 3.450% Senior Notes due 2029 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed on May 13, 2019). Officers’ Certificate, dated May 13, 2019, establishing 4.150% Senior Notes due 2049 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed on May 13, 2019). 4.20 Description of American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Equity Securities (filed herewith). 10.1.1 10.1.2 10.2 Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of March 21, 2018, by and among American Water Works Company, Inc., American Water Capital Corp., each of the Lenders party thereto, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as syndication agent, and Mizuho Bank, Ltd., PNC Bank, National Association, and U.S. Bank National Association, as co-documentation agents (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed on March 21, 2018). Extension Agreement, dated as of April 9, 2019, among American Water Works Company, Inc., American Water Capital Corp., each of the Lenders party thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 1, 2019). Support Agreement, dated June 22, 2000, together with First Amendment to Support Agreement, dated July 26, 2000, by and between American Water Works Company, Inc. and American Water Capital Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to American Water Capital Corp.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-145757-01, and American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-145757, filed October 11, 2007). 10.3.1* Amended and Restated Letter Agreement between Loyd Warnock and American Water Works Company, Inc., dated May 7, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 001-34028, filed February 25, 2016). 153 Exhibit Number 10.3.2* 10.3.3* 10.4.1* 10.4.2* 10.5* 10.6* 10.7* 10.8* 10.9.1* 10.9.2* 10.9.3* 10.9.4* Exhibit Description Amendment, dated April 25, 2018, to Amended and Restated Letter Agreement between Loyd Warnock and American Water Works Company, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 2, 2018). Amendment, dated July 25, 2019, to Amended and Restated Letter Agreement between Loyd Warnock and American Water Works Company, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1.3 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed October 30, 2019). Letter Agreement, dated February 17, 2015, between Michael A. Sgro and American Water Works Company, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed August 5, 2015). Amendment, dated December 6, 2018, to Letter Agreement between Michael A. Sgro and American Water Works Company, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 001-34028, filed February 19, 2019). Executive Employment Agreement, dated November 1, 2018, between Radhakrishnan Swaminathan and American Water Works Service Company, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 001-34028, filed February 19, 2019). Offer Letter for Employment, dated May 1, 2019, between American Water Works Company, Inc. and M. Susan Hardwick (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed July 31, 2019). Amended and Restated American Water Works Company, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan, dated as of January 1, 2001 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to American Water Capital Corp.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-145757-01, and American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-145757, filed October 11, 2007). Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors of American Water Works Company, Inc., as amended and restated, effective as of January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-155245, filed November 18, 2008). Nonqualified Savings and Deferred Compensation Plan for Employees of American Water Works Company, Inc. and Its Designated Subsidiaries, as amended and restated, effective as of January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-155245, filed November 18, 2008). Nonqualified Savings and Deferred Compensation Plan for Employees of American Water Works Company, Inc. and Its Designated Subsidiaries, as amended and restated, effective as of January 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 001-34028, filed February 19, 2019). Nonqualified Savings and Deferred Compensation Plan for Employees of American Water Works Company, Inc. and Its Designated Subsidiaries, as amended and restated, effective as of June 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9.3 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 001-34028, filed February 19, 2019). Amendment No. 2019-1 to the Nonqualified Savings and Deferred Compensation Plan for Employees of American Water Works Company, Inc. and its Designated Subsidiaries, as amended and restated, effective as of November 1, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-8, File No. 333-235598, filed December 19. 2019). 154 Exhibit Number 10.10* 10.11.1* 10.11.2* 10.12* 10.13.1* 10.13.2* 10.13.3* 10.13.5* 10.13.6* 10.13.7* Exhibit Description Amended and Restated American Water Works Company, Inc. Executive Retirement Plan, dated as of March 1, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to American Water Capital Corp.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-145757-01, and American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 333-145757, filed October 11, 2007). American Water Works Company, Inc. Annual Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix C to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Definitive Proxy Statement, File No. 001-34028, filed March 27, 2015). Amendment 2016-1 to American Water Works Company, Inc. Annual Incentive Plan (now known as the Annual Performance Plan), effective January 1, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 001-34028, filed February 25, 2016). Second Amended and Restated American Water Works Company, Inc. and its Designated Subsidiaries 2017 Nonqualified Employee Stock Purchase Plan, adopted on July 27, 2018, effective as of February 5, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed October 31, 2018). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Appendix B to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Definitive Proxy Statement, File No. 001-34028, filed March 27, 2015). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2014 Nonqualified Stock Option Grant Form for ML2 – L5 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 7, 2014). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan May 2014 Nonqualified Stock Option Grant Form for Susan N. Story (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed August 6, 2014). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2015 Nonqualified Stock Option Grant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13.10 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 001-34028, filed February 25, 2016). Amendment to American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2015 Nonqualified Stock Option Grant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13.11 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 001-34028, filed February 25, 2016). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2015 Nonqualified Stock Option Grant (for certain executives) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13.12 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 001-34028, filed February 25, 2016). 10.13.8* American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2016 Nonqualified Stock Option Grant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 4, 2016). 155 Exhibit Number 10.13.9* 10.13.10* 10.13.11* 10.13.12* 10.13.13* 10.13.14* 10.13.15* 10.13.16* 10.13.17* 10.13.18* 10.13.19* Exhibit Description American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2016 Nonqualified Stock Option Grant (for certain executives) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 4, 2016). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2016 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 4, 2016). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2016 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (for certain executives) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 4, 2016). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2017 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 3, 2017). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2017 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (for certain executives) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 3, 2017). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2016 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A-1 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 4, 2016). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2016 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A-2 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 4, 2016). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2016 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B-1 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3.3 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 4, 2016). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2016 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B-2 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3.4 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 4, 2016). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2017 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A-1 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 3, 2017). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2017 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A-2 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 3, 2017). 156 Exhibit Number 10.13.20* 10.13.21* 10.13.22* 10.13.23* 10.13.24* 10.13.25* 10.13.26* 10.13.27* 10.14.1* 10.14.2* 10.14.3* 10.14.4* Exhibit Description American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2017 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B-1 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2.3 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 3, 2017). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2017 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B-2 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2.4 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 3, 2017). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2011 Stock Unit Grant Form for Non-Employee Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed August 3, 2011). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2012 Stock Unit Grant Form for Non-Employee Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed August 2, 2012). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2013 Stock Unit Grant Form for Non-Employee Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed August 7, 2013). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2014 Stock Unit Grant Form for Non-Employee Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed August 6, 2014). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2015 Stock Unit Grant Form for Non-Employee Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed August 5, 2015). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2016 Stock Unit Grant Form for Non-Employee Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed August 3, 2016). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed August 2, 2017). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2017 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed May 12, 2017). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2017 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (for certain executives) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed May 12, 2017). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2018 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 2, 2018). 157 Exhibit Number 10.14.5* 10.14.6* 10.14.7* 10.14.8* 10.14.9* 10.14.10* 10.14.11* 10.14.12* 10.14.13* 10.14.14* 10.14.15* 10.14.16* Exhibit Description American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2018 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (for certain executives) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 2, 2018). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2018 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (for Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 2, 2018). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2018 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (for Loyd A. Warnock) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 2, 2018). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 1, 2019). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (for certain executives) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 1, 2019). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (for Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 1, 2019). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (for Loyd A. Warnock) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 1, 2019). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (for Radhakrishnan Swaminathan), (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 1, 2019). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (for M. Susan Hardwick) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed July 31, 2019). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Restricted Stock Unit Grant (for Brian Chin) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed July 31, 2019). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2017 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A-1 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed May 12, 2017). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2017 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A-2 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed May 12, 2017). 158 Exhibit Number 10.14.17* 10.14.18* 10.14.19* 10.14.20* 10.14.21* 10.14.22* 10.14.23* 10.14.24* 10.14.25* 10.14.26* 10.14.27* Exhibit Description American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2017 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B-1 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed May 12, 2017). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2017 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B-2 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed May 12, 2017). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2018 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A-1 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 2, 2018). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2018 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A-2 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 2, 2018). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2018 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A-3 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 2, 2018). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2018 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A (for Loyd A. Warnock) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 2, 2018). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2018 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B-1 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 2, 2018). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2018 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B-2 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 2, 2018). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2018 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B-3 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 2, 2018). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2018 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B (for Loyd A. Warnock) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 2, 2018). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A-1 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 1, 2019). 159 Exhibit Number 10.14.28* 10.14.29* 10.14.30* 10.14.31* 10.14.32* 10.14.33* 10.14.34* 10.14.35* 10.14.36* 10.14.37* 10.14.38* 10.14.39* Exhibit Description American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A-2 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 1, 2019). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A-3 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 1, 2019). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A (for Loyd A. Warnock), (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 1, 2019). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A (for Radhakrishnan Swaminathan), (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed May 1, 2019). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form A (for M. Susan Hardwick) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed July 31, 2019). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B-1 (corrected) (filed herewith). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B-3 (corrected) (filed herewith). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B (corrected) (for Loyd A. Warnock) (filed herewith). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Performance Stock Unit Grant Form B (corrected) (for M. Susan Hardwick) (filed herewith). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2017 Non-Employee Director Stock Unit Grant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 001-34028, filed May 12, 2017). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2018 Non-Employee Director Stock Unit Grant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed August 1, 2018). American Water Works Company, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan 2019 Non-Employee Director Stock Unit Grant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed July 31, 2019). 10.15* American Water Works Company, Inc. Executive Severance Policy, dated as of December 16, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to American Water Works Company, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 001-34028, filed November 3, 2010). 160 Exhibit Number 10.16.1* 10.16.2* 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 Exhibit Description American Water Works Company, Inc. Pension Plan for Employees, amended and restated effective January 1, 2016 (filed herewith) American Water Works Company, Inc. Amendment Two to the Pension Plan for Employees, amended and restated effective January 1, 2016 (filed herewith) Subsidiaries of American Water Works Company, Inc. (filed herewith). Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (filed herewith). Certification of Susan N. Story, President and Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (filed herewith). Certification of M. Susan Hardwick, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (filed herewith). Certification of Susan N. Story, President and Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (furnished herewith). Certification of M. Susan Hardwick, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (furnished herewith). 101.INS XBRL Instance Document—the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibits 101) # Certain schedules and exhibits to this agreement have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company will furnish the omitted schedules and exhibits to the SEC upon request. * Denotes a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Instruments defining the rights of holders of certain issues of long-term debt of the Company and certain of its consolidated subsidiaries have not been filed as exhibits to this report because the authorized principal amount of any one of such issues does not exceed 10% of the Company’s consolidated total assets. The Company agrees to furnish a copy of each such instrument to the SEC upon request. The Stock Purchase Agreement filed as Exhibit 2.1 herewith has been included to provide investors and security holders with information regarding its terms. It is not intended to provide any other factual information about the parties thereto, or any of their respective subsidiaries or affiliates. The representations, warranties and covenants contained in the Stock Purchase Agreement (i) were made by the parties thereto only for purposes of that agreement and as of specific dates; (ii) were made solely for the benefit of the parties to the Stock Purchase Agreement; (iii) may be subject to limitations agreed upon by the contracting parties, including being qualified by confidential disclosures exchanged between the parties in connection with the execution of the Stock Purchase Agreement (such disclosures include information that has been included in public disclosures, as well as additional non-public information); (iv) may have been made for the purposes of allocating contractual risk between the parties to the Stock Purchase Agreement instead of establishing these matters as facts; and (v) may be subject to standards of materiality applicable to the contracting parties that differ from those applicable to investors. 161 Investors should not rely on the representations, warranties and covenants or any descriptions thereof as characterizations of the actual state of facts or condition of the parties thereto, or any of their respective subsidiaries or affiliates. Additionally, the representations, warranties, covenants, conditions and other terms of the Stock Purchase Agreement may be subject to subsequent waiver or modification. Moreover, information concerning the subject matter of the representations, warranties and covenants may change after the date of the Stock Purchase Agreement, which subsequent information may or may not be fully reflected in the Company’s public disclosures. The Stock Purchase Agreement should not be read alone, but should instead be read in conjunction with the other information regarding the Company and its New York subsidiary that is or will be contained in, or incorporated by reference into, the reports and other documents that are filed by the Company with the SEC. 162 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 18th day of February, 2020. AMERICAN WATER WORKS COMPANY, INC. BY: /s/ SUSAN N. STORY Susan N. Story President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed on the 18th day of February, 2020, by the following persons in the capacities indicated. /s/ SUSAN N. STORY Susan N. Story President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer and Director) /s/ M. SUSAN HARDWICK M. Susan Hardwick Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ MELISSA K. WIKLE Melissa K. Wikle Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ KIMBERLY J. HARRIS Kimberly J. Harris (Director) /s/ PATRICIA L. KAMPLING Patricia L. Kampling (Director) /s/ GEORGE MacKENZIE George MacKenzie (Director) /s/ JEFFREY N. EDWARDS Jeffrey N. Edwards (Director) /s/ MARTHA CLARK GOSS Martha Clark Goss (Director) /s/ VERONICA M. HAGEN Veronica M. Hagen (Director) /s/ JULIA L. JOHNSON Julia L. Johnson (Director) /s/ KARL F. KURZ Karl F. Kurz (Director) /s/ JAMES G. STAVRIDIS James G. Stavridis (Director) 163 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (Nos. 333-229994 and 333-224558) and Form S-8 (Nos. 333-235598, 333-219682, 333-217975, 333-168543 and 333-150381) of American Water Works Company, Inc. of our report dated February 18, 2020 relating to the financial statements and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10-K. Exhibit 23.1 /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Philadelphia, Pennsylvania February 18, 2020 Exhibit 31.1 CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER I, Susan N. Story, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of American Water Works Company, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 18, 2020 By: /s/ SUSAN N. STORY Susan N. Story President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Exhibit 31.2 CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER I, M. Susan Hardwick, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of American Water Works Company, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 18, 2020 By: /s/ M. SUSAN HARDWICK M. Susan Hardwick Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Exhibit 32.1 AMERICAN WATER WORKS COMPANY, INC. CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(b) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 AND 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Susan N. Story, President and Chief Executive Officer of American Water Works Company, Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certify that, based on my knowledge: (1) The Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. By: /s/ SUSAN N. STORY Susan N. Story President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) February 18, 2020 Exhibit 32.2 AMERICAN WATER WORKS COMPANY, INC. CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(b) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 AND 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, M. Susan Hardwick, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of American Water Works Company, Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certify that, based on my knowledge: (1) The Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. By: /s/ M. SUSAN HARDWICK M. Susan Hardwick Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) February 18, 2020 WE KEEP LIFE FLOWING® amwater.com 1 Water Street | Camden, NJ 08102-1658 “American Water” and the star logo are the registered trademarks of American Water Works Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

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