Apartment Investment and Management Company
Annual Report 2013

Plain-text annual report

March 3, 2014 My Fellow Shareholders, On behalf of Apartment Investment and Management Company and the entire Aimco team, I am pleased to provide you with our 2013 10-K, our Corporate Citizenship Report, and the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held in Denver on April 29, 2014. 2013 was another good year for Aimco and its shareholders: conventional Same Store Net Operating Income (“NOI”) was up 5.1% year-over-year; AFFO per share was up by 14% and FFO per share was up by 11%. Following a 26% increase for 2013, we increased the dividend an additional 8% at the start of 2014. At year-end, Aimco’s one-year total stockholder return was higher than the average among apartment REITs, and Aimco’s five-year total stockholder return was the second highest among apartment REITs, outperforming both the MSCI US REIT Index and the S&P 500 Total Return Index. Other 2013 highlights were: 1. Operations: During 2013, Keith Kimmel and his team focused on increasing revenue and controlling expenses, all while improving customer satisfaction and retention. Revenue was up 4.4% year-over-year and Aimco’s rate of revenue growth in our local markets was consistently above the average of our peers in the same markets. Customer satisfaction led to continued low turnover and average renewal rent increases of 5.1%. Property operating expenses before insurance, taxes and utility costs were down 0.6% from 2012. Over the past five years, the compound annual growth rate for Aimco’s property operating expenses before taxes, insurance, and utilities is below zero. In 2014, we plan for more of the same: higher rents earned by customer satisfaction and innovative approaches to improved customer service; cost control based on low customer turnover, attention to life-cycle costs and focus on efficient operations; and, as a result, increased NOI. 2. Portfolio Management and Redevelopment: In August 2013, after having served as Executive Vice President, Transactions for more than two years, eight year Aimco teammate John Bezzant was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer. Thanks to the hard work of John and his transactions team, our portfolio gets better and better. In our conventional portfolio, monthly revenues per apartment home were up 8% year-over-year…to $1,469. This outsized rate of growth reflects the impact of market rent growth, and more significantly, the impact of portfolio management through property sales and reinvestment in redevelopment and selected acquisitions. During 2013, we sold 16 of our lowest-rated conventional apartment communities with average revenues per apartment home of $874, 40% below the average of our retained portfolio. These sales and the sale of 13 affordable apartment communities generated about $200 million in cash proceeds to Aimco, which were reinvested in redevelopment and development projects, a few acquisitions, and property upgrades. In 2014, we plan to continue to upgrade our portfolio by making “paired trades” to sell lower-rated apartment communities to invest the cash proceeds in redevelopment and, possibly, some acquisitions. During 2013, John and his redevelopment and construction services teams directed our investment of $194 million in redevelopments, two of which are now complete, and in one development. We expect to invest an additional $117 million over the next year or so in the five redevelopments now underway. At today’s valuations, we expect these redevelopments to create about $2 per share of Net Asset Value. We also plan to invest over the next two or so years an additional $174 million in our One Canal Street development in downtown Boston, which we expect will begin lease-up in early 2016. 3. Balance Sheet: Aimco leverage is largely fixed-rate, long term and non-recourse. For fourth quarter 2013, the ratio of our Debt plus Preferred Equity to EBITDA was 7.2:1. Ernie Freedman and Patti Fielding on his team successfully led our efforts to reduce leverage to our target…two years ahead of schedule. We expect leverage to continue to decline in the coming years as we continue to fund property debt amortization from retained earnings. We enjoy ample liquidity with more than $167 million of cash and restricted cash on hand and a largely unused $600 million line of credit. Using a combination of proceeds from planned property sales and committed non-recourse property loans, funding plans for our 2014 redevelopment and development activities are largely in place. At year-end, our pool of unencumbered apartment communities was $380 million. In 2014, we plan to continue to increase our financial flexibility by adding to our unencumbered pool apartment communities with current values totaling $145 to $195 million. Assuming no change in values, we expect our unencumbered pool at year-end 2014 to be between $525 and $575 million. We also continue discussions with rating agencies with the goal of obtaining an investment-grade rating. Our interest in an investment grade rating is the endorsement of our balance sheet. We do not intend a change in our reliance on non-recourse property debt and perpetual preferred stocks. 4. Simplification and Off-Site Cost Discipline: We are focused on owning, operating and redeveloping a portfolio of apartment homes that is diversified by market and by price point, averaging B/B+ in quality. We believe that this diversification will provide the best balance of rent growth and predictability. We are committed to a high level of transparency, high quality of earnings, and limited non- recurring income. In 2013, Aimco’s gross off-site costs were 8% lower than in 2012, and 60% lower than in 2008. These substantial reductions are due to our work to simplify our business. Over the past two years, we have sold approximately 18,000 apartment homes, eliminating the related property management costs and capital replacement spending, and we have reinvested the sales proceeds in fewer apartment homes with higher rents, higher margins, and greater expected growth. The wind down of Aimco’s affordable portfolio continues, with the reduction from 228 affordable apartment communities three years ago to 74 at the end of 2013. In 2014, we expect off-site costs will be lower year-over-year by $5 million, as 2013 activities “earn-in” and as we continue our work to simplify and focus the Aimco business. By emphasis on a collaborative, respectful and performance-oriented culture, we are making these substantial changes while maintaining high morale, achieving record scores for team engagement, and being recognized by the Denver Post as one of the top places to work in Colorado. Over the past several years, Aimco has made significant strides towards our goal of being the best owner and operator of apartment communities. Our plan and commitment for 2014 is for more of the same progress in operations, portfolio quality, balance sheet strength, cost discipline, and collaborative teamwork. We believe that this is a proven formula to create shareholder value. In all that we do, we benefit from the wise counsel of our directors who are each well qualified and highly engaged. With their help and the help of all my teammates, this is a happy time to work at Aimco! On behalf of the Aimco Board of Directors and the entire Aimco team, I thank you for your investment. We are all working hard to make it more valuable. Sincerely, Terry Considine Chairman and CEO UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K (Mark One) È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 OR ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 1-13232 (Apartment Investment and Management Company) Commission File Number 0-24497 (AIMCO Properties, L.P.) Apartment Investment and Management Company AIMCO Properties, L.P. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Maryland (Apartment Investment and Management Company) Delaware (AIMCO Properties, L.P.) (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 4582 South Ulster Street, Suite 1100 Denver, Colorado (Address of principal executive offices) 84-1259577 84-1275621 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 80237 (Zip Code) (303) 757-8101 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered Class A Common Stock (Apartment Investment and Management Company) Class Z Cumulative Preferred Stock (Apartment Investment and Management Company) New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None (Apartment Investment and Management Company) Partnership Common Units (AIMCO Properties, L.P.) Yes È No ‘ Yes È No ‘ Yes ‘ No È AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Apartment Investment and Management Company: Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes ‘ No È Apartment Investment and Management Company: Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes È No ‘ Apartment Investment and Management Company: Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes È No ‘ Apartment Investment and Management Company: Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes È No ‘ Apartment Investment and Management Company: Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “non-accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Apartment Investment and Management Company: Large accelerated filer È Non-accelerated filer ‘ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Large accelerated filer ‘ Non-accelerated filer ‘ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) ‘ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company ‘ È Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company ‘ Yes È No ‘ Yes È No ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes ‘ No È Apartment Investment and Management Company: The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock of Apartment Investment and Management Company held by non-affiliates of Apartment Investment and Management Company was approximately $4.3 billion as of June 30, 2013. As of February 20, 2014, there were 146,099,061 shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding. Yes ‘ No È Documents Incorporated by Reference Portions of Apartment Investment and Management Company’s definitive proxy statement to be issued in conjunction with Apartment Investment and Management Company’s annual meeting of stockholders to be held April 29, 2014, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report. EXPLANATORY NOTE This filing combines the Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, of Apartment Investment and Management Company, or Aimco, and AIMCO Properties, L.P., or the Aimco to distinguish between the two entities, we refer to them Operating Partnership. Where it specifically. Otherwise, references to “we,” “us” or “our” mean collectively Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries. is important Aimco, a Maryland corporation, is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust, or REIT. Aimco, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, is the general and special limited partner of and, as of December 31, 2013, owned a 94.9% ownership interest in the common partnership units of, the Aimco Operating Partnership. The remaining 5.1% interest is owned by limited partners. As the sole general partner of the Aimco the Aimco Operating Partnership’s day-to-day Operating Partnership, Aimco has exclusive control of management. The Aimco Operating Partnership holds all of Aimco’s assets and manages the daily operations of Aimco’s business and assets. Aimco is required to contribute all proceeds from offerings of its securities to the Aimco Operating Partnership. In addition, substantially all of Aimco’s assets must be owned through the Aimco Operating Partnership; therefore, Aimco is generally required to contribute all assets acquired to the Aimco Operating Partnership. In exchange for the contribution of offering proceeds or assets, Aimco receives additional interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership with similar terms (e.g., if Aimco contributes proceeds of a stock offering, Aimco receives partnership units with terms substantially similar to the stock issued by Aimco). We believe combining the periodic reports of Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership into this single report provides the following benefits: • • • presents our business as a whole, in the same manner our management views and operates the business; eliminates duplicative disclosure and provides a more streamlined and readable presentation since a substantial portion of the disclosures apply to both Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership; and saves time and cost through the preparation of a single combined report rather than two separate reports. We operate Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership as one enterprise and the management of Aimco directs the management and operations of the Aimco Operating Partnership. We believe it is important to understand the few differences between Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership in the context of how Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership operate as a consolidated company. Aimco has no assets or liabilities other than its investment in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Also, Aimco is a corporation that issues publicly traded equity from time to time, whereas the Aimco Operating Partnership is a partnership that has no publicly traded equity. Except for the net proceeds from stock offerings by Aimco, which are contributed to the Aimco Operating Partnership in exchange for additional limited partnership interests (of a similar type and in an amount equal to the shares of stock sold in the offering), the Aimco Operating Partnership generates all remaining capital required by its business. These sources include the Aimco Operating Partnership’s working capital, net cash provided by operating activities, borrowings under its revolving credit facility, the issuance of secured debt and equity securities, including additional partnership units, and proceeds received from the sale of apartment communities. Equity, partners’ capital and noncontrolling interests are the main areas of difference between the consolidated financial statements of Aimco and those of the Aimco Operating Partnership. Interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership held by entities other than Aimco are classified within partners’ capital in the Aimco Operating Partnership’s financial statements and as noncontrolling interests in Aimco’s financial statements. To help investors understand the differences between Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership, this report provides separate consolidated financial statements for Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership; a single set of consolidated notes to such financial statements that includes separate discussions of Aimco’s shareholders’ equity and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s partners’ capital, as applicable; and a combined Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section that includes discrete information related to each entity. This report also includes separate Part II, Item 9A. Controls and Procedures sections and separate Exhibit 31 and 32 certifications for Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership in order to establish that the requisite certifications have been made and that Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership are both compliant with Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and 18 U.S.C. §1350. APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. TABLE OF CONTENTS ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2013 Item Business 1. 1A. Risk Factors 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 2. 3. 4. Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures PART I PART II 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 6. 7. 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 8. 9. 9A. Controls and Procedures 9B. Other Information Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure PART III 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 11. 12. Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 13. 14. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules PART IV Page 2 9 17 17 18 18 19 23 25 47 48 48 48 53 53 53 53 53 53 54 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements in certain circumstances. Certain information included in this Annual Report contains or may contain information that is forward-looking, within the meaning of the federal securities laws, including, without limitation, statements regarding: our ability to maintain current or meet projected occupancy; rental rates and property operating results; the effect of acquisitions, dispositions, developments and redevelopments; our ability to meet budgeted costs and timelines, and achieve budgeted rental rates related to our development and redevelopment projects; and our ability to comply with debt covenants, including financial coverage ratios. to maintain compliance with debt covenants; real estate risks, Actual results may differ materially from those described in these forward-looking statements and, in addition, may be affected by a variety of risks and factors, some of which are beyond our control, including, without limitation: financing risks, including the availability and cost of financing and the risk that our cash flows from operations may be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest; the risk that our earnings may not be sufficient including fluctuations in real estate values and the general economic climate in the markets in which we operate and competition for residents in such markets; national and local economic conditions, including the pace of job growth and the level of unemployment; the terms of governmental regulations that affect us and interpretations of those regulations; the competitive environment in which we operate; the timing of acquisitions, dispositions, redevelopments and developments; insurance risk, including the cost of insurance; natural disasters and severe weather such as hurricanes; litigation, including costs associated with prosecuting or defending claims and any adverse outcomes; energy costs; and possible environmental liabilities, including costs, fines or penalties that may be incurred due to necessary remediation of contamination of apartment communities presently owned or previously owned by us. In addition, our current and continuing qualification as a real estate investment trust involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and depends on our ability to meet the various requirements imposed by the Internal Revenue Code, through actual operating results, distribution levels and diversity of stock ownership. Readers should carefully review our financial statements and the notes thereto, as well as the section entitled “Risk Factors” described in Item 1A of this Annual Report and the other documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission. PART I Item 1. Business The Company Apartment Investment and Management Company, or Aimco, is a Maryland corporation incorporated on January 10, 1994. Aimco is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust, or REIT. AIMCO Properties, L.P., or the Aimco Operating Partnership, is a Delaware limited partnership formed on May 16, 1994, to conduct our business, which is focused on the ownership, management and redevelopment of quality apartment communities located in the largest coastal and job growth markets of the United States. Aimco, through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, AIMCO-GP, Inc. and AIMCO-LP Trust, owns a majority of the ownership interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Aimco conducts all of its business and owns all of its assets through the Aimco Operating Partnership. Interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by limited partners other than Aimco are referred to as “OP Units.” OP Units include common partnership units, high performance partnership units and partnership preferred units, which we refer to as common OP Units, HPUs and preferred OP Units, respectively. We also refer to HPUs as common partnership unit equivalents. At December 31, 2013, after eliminations for units held by consolidated entities, the Aimco Operating Partnership 2 had 153,837,804 common partnership units and equivalents outstanding. At December 31, 2013, Aimco owned 145,917,387 of the common partnership units (94.9% of the outstanding common partnership units and equivalents of the Aimco Operating Partnership) and Aimco had outstanding an equal number of shares of its Class A Common Stock, which we refer to as Common Stock. As of December 31, 2013, our real estate portfolio consisted of 236 apartment communities with 60,553 apartment homes. Business Overview Our business activities are defined by a commitment to our core values of integrity, respect, collaboration, performance culture and a focus on our customers. These values and our corporate mission, to consistently provide quality apartment homes in a respectful environment delivered by a team of people who care, continually shape our culture. In all our dealings with residents, team members, business partners and equity holders, we aim to be the best owner and operator of apartment communities and an outstanding corporate citizen. Our principal financial objective is to provide predictable and attractive returns to our equity holders, as measured by growth in our Net Asset Value and Adjusted Funds From Operations (each defined in Item 7). Our business plan to achieve this objective is to: • • • operate our portfolio of desirable apartment homes with valued amenities, with a high level of customer service and in an efficient manner that realizes the benefits of our local management expertise; improve our geographically diversified portfolio of apartment communities, which average “B/B+” in quality (defined under the Portfolio Management heading below) by selling apartment communities inconsistent with our portfolio strategy and investing the proceeds from such sales through property upgrades, capital redevelopment, development and acquisition of higher-quality apartment communities; and improvements, provide financial leverage primarily by the use of non-recourse, long-dated, fixed-rate property debt and perpetual preferred equity, a combination which helps to limit our refunding and re-pricing risk and provides a hedge against increases in interest rates, capitalization rates and inflation. Our business is organized around two core activities: Property Operations and Portfolio Management. Our core activities, along with our leverage strategy, are described in more detail below. Property Operations Our property operations consist primarily of our diversified portfolio of market-rate apartment communities, which we refer to as conventional apartment communities. At December 31, 2013, our conventional property operations consisted of 162 apartment communities with 50,486 apartment homes in which we held an average ownership of approximately 97% We also operate a portfolio of affordable apartment communities, which consists of apartments with rents that are generally paid, in whole or part, by a government agency. At December 31, 2013, our affordable property operations consisted of 74 apartment communities with 10,067 apartment homes in which we held an average ownership of approximately 87%. Our conventional and affordable property operations comprise our reportable segments and generated 90% and 10%, respectively, of our proportionate property net operating income (as defined in Item 7) during the year ended December 31, 2013. Over the next four to five years, we expect to dispose of our affordable apartment communities and reinvest the proceeds in our conventional portfolio. Our property operations are organized into two geographic areas, the West and East. To manage our portfolio more efficiently and to increase the benefits from our local management expertise, we have given direct 3 responsibility for operations within each area to area operations leaders with regular senior management reviews. To enable the area operations leaders to focus on sales and service, as well as to improve financial control and budgeting, we have dedicated area financial officers to support the operations leaders. Additionally, with the exception of routine maintenance and purchases and installation of equipment and other capital assets, our specialized Redevelopment and Construction Services group manages capital spending related to larger capital and construction projects, thus reducing the need for the area operations leaders to spend time on oversight of such projects. We seek to improve our property operations by: employing service-oriented, well-trained employees; upgrading systems; standardizing business processes, operational measurements and internal reporting; and enhancing financial controls over field operations. We focus on the following areas: • Customer Service. Our operating culture is focused on our residents. Our goal is to provide our residents with a high level of service in clean, safe and attractive communities. We have automated certain aspects of our on-site operations to enable our on-site employees to focus more of their time on customer service as well as allow our current and future residents to interact with us in methods that are more efficient and effective for them, such as placing self-service work orders, self-guided apartment community tours and electronic leases and renewals. We evaluate our performance through a customer satisfaction tracking system. In addition, we emphasize the quality of our on-site employees through recruiting, training and retention programs, which we believe contributes to improved customer service and leads to increased occupancy rates and enhanced operational performance. • Resident Selection and Retention. In apartment communities, neighbors are a meaningful part of the product, together with the location of the community and the physical quality of the apartment homes. Part of our property operations strategy is to focus on resident acquisition and retention—attracting and retaining credit-worthy residents who are good neighbors. We have structured goals and coaching for all of our sales personnel, a tracking system for inquiries and a standardized renewal communication program. We have standardized residential financial stability requirements and have policies and monitoring practices to maintain our resident quality. • Revenue Management and Ancillary Services. For our conventional apartment communities, we have a centralized revenue management system that leverages people, processes and technology to work in partnership with our area operational management teams to develop rental rate pricing. We seek to increase revenue and net operating income by optimizing the balance between rental and occupancy rates, as well as taking into consideration the cost of preparing an apartment home for a new resident. We are also focused on careful measurements of on-site operations, as we believe that timely and accurate collection of apartment community performance and resident profile data will enable us to maximize revenue through better property management and leasing decisions. We have standardized policies for new and renewal pricing with timely data and analysis by floor-plan, thereby enabling us to respond quickly to changing supply and demand for our product and maximize rental revenue. We also generate incremental revenue by providing services to our residents, including cable television, telephone services, appliance rental, and carport, garage and storage space rental at certain apartment communities. • Controlling Expenses. Cost controls are accomplished by local focus at the area level; taking advantage of economies of scale at the corporate level; and through electronic procurement. • Maintaining and Improving Apartment Community Quality. We believe that the physical condition and amenities of our apartment communities are important factors in our ability to maintain and increase rental rates. We invest in the maintenance and improvement of our apartment communities primarily through: Capital Improvements, which are non-redevelopment capital additions that are made to enhance the value, profitability or useful life of an asset from its original purchase condition; Capital Replacements, which represent the share of additions that are deemed to replace the consumed portion of acquired capital assets; and Property Upgrades, which may include kitchen and bath remodeling, 4 energy conservation projects, and investments in longer-lived materials designed to reduce turnover costs, such as simulated wood flooring and granite countertops. We also improve apartment community quality through the redevelopment of certain apartment communities in superior locations. Refer to the Portfolio Management section below for further discussion of our redevelopment program. Refer to the Liquidity and Capital Resources discussion within Item 7 for further information regarding our capital spending activities. Portfolio Management Portfolio management involves the ongoing allocation of investment capital to meet our geographic and product type goals. We target geographic balance in our diversified portfolio in order to optimize risk-adjusted returns and to avoid the risk of undue concentration in any particular market. We also seek to balance the portfolio by product type, with both high quality apartment communities in excellent locations and also high land value apartment communities that support redevelopment activities. Our portfolio strategy seeks predictable rent growth from a portfolio of “A,” “B” and “C” quality conventional apartment communities, which average “B/B+” in quality and are diversified among the largest coastal and job growth markets in the United States, as measured by total apartment value. We measure conventional apartment community quality based on average rents of our apartment homes compared to local market average rents as reported by a third-party provider of commercial real estate performance and analysis. Under this rating system, we classify as “A” quality apartment communities those earning rents greater than 125% of the local market average, as “B” quality apartment communities those earning rents 90% to 125% of the local market average and as “C” quality apartment communities those earning rents less than 90% of the local market average. We classify as “B/B+” those apartment communities earning rents ranging from 100% to 125% of the local market average. Although some companies and analysts within the multifamily real estate industry use apartment community class ratings of “A,” “B” and “C,” some of which are tied to local market rent averages, the metrics used to classify apartment community quality as well as the timing for which local markets rents are calculated may vary from company to company. Accordingly, our rating system for measuring apartment community quality is neither broadly nor consistently used in the multifamily real estate industry. For the three months ended September 30, 2013, the most recent period for which market average rent information is available, our conventional portfolio’s rents averaged 105% of local market average rents. We expect to sell each year the lowest-rated 5% to 10% of our portfolio and to reinvest the sale proceeds in through Property Upgrades, Capital Improvements and apartment communities already in our portfolio, redevelopment, or through the purchase of other apartment communities and, the development of apartment communities. The apartment communities we expect to sell are those with lower projected returns, lower operating margins, and lower expected future rent growth. These apartment communities are often located in markets we deem less desirable than our target markets. in limited situations, We invest in the redevelopment of certain apartment communities in superior locations, when we believe the investment will yield returns in excess of those from the apartment communities we sell to fund the equity component of the redevelopments. We have historically undertaken a range of redevelopment projects: from those in which there is significant renovation, such as exteriors, common areas or apartment home improvements, typically done upon lease expirations without the need to vacate apartment homes on any wholesale or substantial basis, to those in which a substantial number of all available apartment homes are vacated for significant renovations to the apartment community. Redevelopment work may also include seeking entitlements from local governments, which enhance the value of our existing portfolio by increasing density, that is, the right to add apartment homes to a site. We also undertake ground-up development, either directly in connection with the redevelopment of an existing apartment community or, on a more limited basis, at a new location with a third party development partner with expertise in the local market. We have a specialized Redevelopment and Construction Services group to oversee these projects. 5 Refer to the Executive Overview within Item 7 for information regarding our Portfolio Management activities during the year ended December 31, 2013. Leverage Strategy Our leverage strategy seeks to balance our desire to increase financial returns with the inherent risks of leverage and we have set leverage targets of Debt and Preferred Equity to EBITDA (on a proportionate basis) of less than 7.0x and EBITDA Coverage of Interest and Preferred Dividends (on a proportionate basis) of greater than 2.5x. Our annualized ratios for the three months ended December 31, 2013 were 7.2x and 2.6x, respectively. We also focus on the ratios of Debt to EBITDA (on a proportionate basis) and EBITDA Coverage of Interest (on a proportionate basis). We expect future leverage reduction from earnings growth and from regularly scheduled property debt amortization funded from retained earnings. Our leverage ratios, including definitions of the numerators and denominators used in their calculation, are discussed further under the Executive Overview heading in Item 7. At December 31, 2013, approximately 96% of our leverage consisted of property-level, non-recourse, long- dated debt and 3% consisted of perpetual preferred equity, a combination which helps to limit our refunding and re-pricing risk. The weighted average maturity of our property-level debt was 8.2 years, with 1.9% of our unpaid principal balance maturing during 2014 and, on average, 7.8% of our unpaid principal balance maturing per year from 2015 through 2017. Approximately 97% of our property-level debt is fixed-rate, which provides a hedge against increases in interest rates, capitalization rates and inflation. During 2013, one of the rating agencies completed its initial review of our creditworthiness and outlined the factors that may have a positive impact on our ratings. These factors are: growing the unencumbered asset pool to more than $500 million (based on a stressed 8% capitalization rate) with asset quality consistent with the overall portfolio; sustaining leverage, defined by the rating agency as the ratio of net debt to recurring operating EBITDA, below 7.5x; and sustaining a fixed charge coverage ratio, also as defined by the rating agency, above 2.0x. Our stated leverage targets are in line with, or more conservative than, those indicated by the rating agency. In addition, through our normal course of refinancing activity as loans mature, we have the opportunity to grow our unencumbered pool by $150 to $200 million per year. Although our primary sources of leverage are property-level, non-recourse, fixed-rate, amortizing debt and perpetual preferred equity, we also have a Senior Secured Credit Agreement with a syndicate of financial institutions, which we refer to as our Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement provides for $600.0 million of revolving loan commitments which we use for working capital and other short-term purposes. As of December 31, 2013, pursuant to our Credit Agreement, we had the capacity to borrow $505.0 million, net of $50.4 million of outstanding borrowings and $44.6 million for undrawn letters of credit backed by the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement matures in September 2017, and may be extended for an additional one-year period, subject to certain conditions. long-dated, Competition In attracting and retaining residents to occupy our apartment communities we compete with numerous other housing alternatives. Our apartment communities compete directly with other rental apartments as well as condominiums and single-family homes that are available for rent or purchase in the markets in which our apartment communities are located. Principal factors of competition include rent or price charged, attractiveness of the location and apartment community and quality and breadth of services. The number of competitive apartment communities relative to demand in a particular area has a material effect on our ability to lease apartment homes at our communities and on the rents we charge. In certain markets there exists an oversupply of single family homes and condominiums and a reduction of households, both of which affect the pricing and occupancy of our rental apartments. 6 We also compete with other real estate investors, including other apartment REITs, pension and investment funds, partnerships and investment companies in acquiring, redeveloping, managing, obtaining financing for and disposing of apartment communities. This competition affects our ability to acquire apartment communities we want to add to our portfolio and the price that we pay in such acquisitions; our ability to finance or refinance communities in our portfolio and the cost of such financing; and our ability to dispose of communities we no longer desire to retain in our portfolio and the timing and price for which we dispose of such communities. Taxation Aimco Aimco has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to as the Code, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 1994, and intends to continue to operate in such a manner. Aimco’s current and continuing qualification as a REIT depends on its ability to meet the various requirements imposed by the Code, which relate to organizational structure, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership and certain restrictions with regard to owned assets and categories of income. If Aimco qualifies for taxation as a REIT, Aimco will generally not be subject to United States Federal corporate income tax on our taxable income that is currently distributed to stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (at the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from an investment in a corporation. Even if Aimco qualifies as a REIT, Aimco may be subject to United States Federal income and excise taxes in various situations, such as on its undistributed income. Aimco also will be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income on non-arm’s length transactions between Aimco and a taxable REIT subsidiary (described below) and on any net income from sales of apartment communities that were held for sale to customers in the ordinary course. In addition, Aimco could also be subject to the alternative minimum tax, or AMT, on our items of tax preference. State and local tax laws may not conform to the United States Federal income tax treatment, and Aimco and its stockholders may be subject to state or local taxation in various state or local jurisdictions, including those in which Aimco transacts business or Aimco’s stockholders reside. Any taxes imposed on Aimco reduce our operating cash flow and net income. Certain of Aimco’s operations or a portion thereof, including property management, asset management and risk management are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, each of which we refer to as a TRS. A TRS is a subsidiary C-corporation that has not elected REIT status and, as such, is subject to United States Federal corporate income tax. We use TRS entities to facilitate our ability to offer certain services and activities to our residents and investment partners that cannot be offered directly by a REIT. We also use TRS entities to hold investments in certain apartment communities. The Aimco Operating Partnership The Aimco Operating Partnership is treated as a “pass-through” entity for United States Federal income tax purposes and is not subject to United States Federal income taxation. Each of its partners, however, is subject to tax on his or her allocable share of partnership tax items, including partnership income, gains, losses, deductions and credits, or Partnership Tax Items, for each taxable year during which he or she is a partner, regardless of whether he or she receives any actual distributions of cash or other property from the Aimco Operating Partnership during the taxable year. Generally, the characterization of any particular partnership tax item is determined by us, rather than at the partner level, and the amount of a partner’s allocable share of such item is governed by the terms of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement. The General Partner is our “tax matters partner” for United States Federal income tax purposes. The tax matters partner is authorized, but not required, to take certain actions on behalf of the Aimco Operating Partnership with respect to tax matters. The Aimco Operating Partnership is subject to tax in certain states. 7 Regulation General Apartment communities and their owners are subject to various laws, ordinances and regulations, including those related to real estate broker licensing and regulations relating to recreational facilities such as swimming pools, activity centers and other common areas. Changes in laws increasing the potential liability for environmental conditions existing on apartment communities or increasing the restrictions on discharges or other conditions, as well as changes in laws affecting development, construction and safety requirements, may result in significant unanticipated expenditures, which would adversely affect our net income and cash flows from operating activities. In addition, future enactment of rent control or rent stabilization laws, such as legislation that has been considered in New York, or other laws regulating multifamily housing may reduce rental revenue or increase operating costs in particular markets. Environmental Various Federal, state and local laws subject apartment community owners or operators to liability for management, and the costs of removal or remediation, of certain potentially hazardous materials present on an apartment community. These materials may include lead-based paint, asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls, and petroleum-based fuels, among other miscellaneous materials. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release or presence of such materials. In connection with the ownership, operation and management of apartment communities, we could potentially be liable for environmental liabilities or costs associated with our apartment communities or communities we acquire or manage in the future. These and other risks related to environmental matters are described in more detail in Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” Insurance Our primary lines of insurance coverage are property, general liability, and workers’ compensation. We believe that our insurance coverages adequately insure our apartment communities against the risk of loss attributable to fire, earthquake, hurricane, tornado, flood, terrorism and other perils, and adequately insure us against other risk. Our coverage includes deductibles, retentions and limits that are customary in the industry. We have established loss prevention, loss mitigation, claims handling and litigation management procedures to manage our exposure. Employees At December 31, 2013, we had 1,932 employees, of which 1,352 were at the apartment community level, performing various on-site functions, with the balance managing corporate and area operations, including investment and debt transactions, legal, financial reporting, accounting, information systems, human resources and other support functions. As of December 31, 2013, unions represented 92 of our employees. We have never experienced a work stoppage and believe we maintain satisfactory relations with our employees. Available Information Our combined Annual Report on Form 10-K, our combined Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K filed by Aimco and/or the Aimco Operating Partnership and any amendments to any of those reports that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission are available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable through Aimco’s website at www.aimco.com. The information contained on Aimco’s website is not incorporated into this Annual Report. Aimco’s Common Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “AIV.” In 2013, Aimco’s chief executive officer submitted his annual corporate governance listing standards certification to the New York Stock Exchange, which certification was unqualified. 8 Item 1A. Risk Factors The risk factors noted in this section and other factors noted throughout this Annual Report, describe certain risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement. Redevelopment, development and construction risks could affect our profitability. We are currently redeveloping, and we intend to continue to redevelop, certain of our apartment communities. Additionally, during 2013, we commenced the development of a 12-story apartment building in Boston, Massachusetts. During 2014, we expect to invest approximately $185 million to $220 million in conventional redevelopment and development activities. Redevelopment and development activities are subject to the following risks: • we may be unable to obtain, or experience delays in obtaining, necessary zoning, occupancy, or other required governmental or third party permits and authorizations, which could result in increased costs or the delay or abandonment of opportunities; • we may incur costs that exceed our original estimates due to increased material, labor or other costs, such as litigation; • we may be unable to complete construction and lease up of an apartment community on schedule, resulting in increased construction and financing costs and a decrease in expected rental revenues; • occupancy rates and rents at an apartment community may fail to meet our expectations for a number of reasons, including changes in market and economic conditions beyond our control and the development by competitors of competing communities; • we may be unable to obtain financing with favorable terms, or at all, which may cause us to delay or abandon an opportunity; • we may abandon opportunities that we have already begun to explore for a number of reasons, including changes in local market conditions or increases in construction or financing costs, and, as a result, we may fail to recover costs already incurred in exploring those opportunities; • we may incur liabilities to third parties during the redevelopment or development process; • • unexpected events or circumstances may arise during the redevelopment or development process that affect the timing of completion and the cost and profitability of the project; and loss of a key member of a project team could adversely affect our ability to deliver projects on time and within our budget. If we are not successful in our acquisition of apartment communities, our results of operations could be adversely affected. The selective acquisition of apartment communities is a component of our strategy. However, we may not be able to complete transactions successfully in the future. Although we seek to acquire apartment communities when such acquisitions increase our Net Asset Value, Adjusted Funds From Operations, Pro forma Funds From Operations and property net operating income, such transactions may fail to perform in accordance with our expectations. In particular, following acquisition, the value and operational performance of an apartment community may be diminished if obsolescence or neighborhood changes occur before we are able to redevelop or sell the community. Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, we may not be able to sell apartment communities when appropriate. Real estate investments are relatively illiquid and cannot always be sold quickly. REIT tax rules also restrict our ability to sell apartment communities. Thus, we may not be able to change our portfolio promptly in response 9 to changes in economic or other market conditions. Our ability to dispose of apartment communities in the future will depend on prevailing economic and market conditions, including the cost and availability of financing. This could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Competition could limit our ability to lease apartment homes or increase or maintain rents. Our apartment communities compete for residents with other housing alternatives, including other rental apartments and condominiums, and, to a lesser degree, single-family homes that are available for rent, as well as new and existing condominiums and single-family homes for sale. Competitive residential housing in a particular area could adversely affect our ability to lease apartment homes and to increase or maintain rental rates. Failure to generate sufficient net operating income may adversely affect our liquidity, limit our ability to fund necessary capital expenditures or adversely affect our ability to pay dividends or distributions. Our ability to fund necessary capital expenditures on our apartment communities depends on, among other things, our ability to generate net operating income in excess of required debt payments. If we are unable to fund capital expenditures on our apartment communities, we may not be able to preserve the competitiveness of our communities, which could adversely affect our net operating income. Our ability to make payments to our investors depends on our ability to generate net operating income in excess of required debt payments and capital expenditure requirements. Our net operating income and liquidity may be adversely affected by events or conditions beyond our control, including: • • • • • • • the general economic climate; an inflationary environment in which the costs to operate and maintain our communities increase at a rate greater than our ability to increase rents, which we can only do upon renewal of existing leases or at the inception of new leases; competition from other apartment communities and other housing options; local conditions, such as loss of jobs, unemployment rates or an increase in the supply of apartments, that might adversely affect apartment occupancy or rental rates; changes in governmental regulations and the related cost of compliance; changes in tax laws and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing; and changes in interest rates and the availability of financing. Our existing and future debt financing could render us unable to operate, result in foreclosure of our apartment communities, prevent us from making distributions on our equity or otherwise adversely affect our liquidity. We are subject to the risk that our cash flow from operations will be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, and the risk that existing indebtedness may not be refinanced or that the terms of any refinancing will not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness. If we fail to make required payments of principal and interest on secured debt, our lenders could foreclose on the apartment communities and other collateral securing such debt, which would result in loss of income and asset value to us. As of December 31, 2013, the majority of our apartment communities were encumbered by debt. Our organizational documents do not limit the amount of debt that we may incur, and we have significant amounts of debt outstanding. Payments of principal and interest may leave us with insufficient cash resources to operate our communities or pay distributions required to be paid in order to maintain Aimco’s qualification as a REIT. 10 Disruptions in the financial markets could affect our ability to obtain financing and the cost of available financing and could adversely affect our liquidity. the United States credit markets experienced significant Our ability to obtain financing and the cost of such financing depends on the overall condition of the United States credit markets. In recent years, liquidity disruptions, which caused the spreads on debt financings to widen considerably and made obtaining financing, both non-recourse property debt and corporate borrowings, such as our Credit Agreement, more difficult. Additionally, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, or Freddie Mac, and Federal National Mortgage Association, or Fannie Mae, have historically provided significant capital in the secondary credit markets at a relatively low cost. Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae are currently under conservatorship of the Housing Finance Agency, and their future role in the housing finance market is uncertain. Any significant reduction in Freddie Mac’s or Fannie Mae’s level of involvement in the secondary credit markets may adversely affect the pricing at which we may obtain non-recourse property debt financing. If our ability to obtain financing is adversely affected, we may be unable to satisfy scheduled maturities on existing financing through other sources of liquidity, which could result in lender foreclosure on the apartment communities securing such debt and loss of income and asset value, each of which would adversely affect our liquidity. Increases in interest rates would increase our interest expense and reduce our profitability. As of December 31, 2013, on a consolidated basis, we had approximately $195.4 million of variable-rate indebtedness outstanding and $37.0 million of variable rate preferred securities outstanding. We estimate that an increase in 30-day LIBOR of 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads would result in our net income and the amount of net income attributable to our common security holders (including Aimco common stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders) being reduced (or the amounts of net loss and net loss attributable to our common equity holders being increased) by approximately $1.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively, on an annual basis. At December 31, 2013, we had approximately $182.8 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, a portion of which bear interest at variable rates indexed to LIBOR-based rates, and which may mitigate the effect of an increase in variable rates on our variable-rate indebtedness and preferred securities discussed above. Covenant restrictions may limit our ability to make payments to our investors. Some of our debt and other securities contain covenants that restrict our ability to make distributions or other payments to our investors unless certain financial tests or other criteria are satisfied. Our Credit Agreement provides, among other things, that we may make distributions to our investors during any four consecutive fiscal quarters in an aggregate amount that does not exceed the greater of 95% of our Funds From Operations for such period, subject to certain non-cash adjustments, or such amount as may be necessary to maintain Aimco’s REIT status. Our outstanding classes of preferred stock or preferred units prohibit the payment of dividends on our Common Stock or common partnership units if we fail to pay the dividends to which the holders of the preferred stock or preferred units are entitled. Our subsidiaries may be prohibited from making distributions and other payments to us. All of Aimco’s apartment communities are owned, and all of Aimco’s operations are conducted, by the Aimco Operating Partnership. Further, many of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s apartment communities are owned by other subsidiaries. As a result, Aimco depends on distributions and other payments from the Aimco Operating Partnership, and the Aimco Operating Partnership depends on distributions and payments from its subsidiaries in order to satisfy our collective financial obligations and make payments to our investors. The ability of the Aimco Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries to make such distributions and other payments 11 depends on their earnings and cash flows and may be subject to statutory or contractual limitations. As an equity investor in the Aimco Operating Partnership and these subsidiaries, our right to receive assets upon their liquidation or reorganization will be effectively subordinated to the claims of their creditors. To the extent that we are recognized as a creditor of such subsidiaries, our claims may still be subordinate to any security interest in or other lien on their assets and to any of their debt or other obligations that are senior to our claims. Potential liability or other expenditures associated with potential environmental contamination may be costly. Various Federal, state and local laws subject apartment community owners or operators to liability for management, and the costs of removal or remediation, of certain potentially hazardous materials present on a community, including lead-based paint, asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls, petroleum-based fuels, and other miscellaneous materials. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release or presence of such materials. The presence of, or the failure to manage or remedy properly, these materials may adversely affect occupancy at affected apartment communities and the ability to sell or finance affected communities. In addition to the costs associated with investigation and remediation actions brought by government agencies, and potential fines or penalties imposed by such agencies in connection therewith, the improper management of these materials on a community could result in claims by private plaintiffs for personal injury, disease, disability or other infirmities. Various laws also impose liability for the cost of removal, remediation or disposal of certain materials through a licensed disposal or treatment facility. Anyone who arranges for the disposal or treatment of these materials is potentially liable under such laws. These laws often impose liability whether or not the person arranging for the disposal ever owned or operated the disposal facility. In connection with the ownership, operation and management of apartment communities, we could potentially be responsible for environmental liabilities or costs associated with our apartment communities or communities we acquire in the future. Laws benefiting disabled persons may result in our incurrence of unanticipated expenses. Under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, or ADA, all places intended to be used by the public are required to meet certain Federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. The Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, or FHAA, requires apartment communities first occupied after March 13, 1991, to comply with design and construction requirements for disabled access. For those projects receiving Federal funds, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 also has requirements regarding disabled access. These and other Federal, state and local laws may require modifications to our apartment communities, or affect renovations of the communities. Noncompliance with these laws could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants and also could result in an order to correct any non-complying feature, which could result in substantial capital expenditures. Although we believe that our apartment communities are substantially in compliance with present requirements, we may incur unanticipated expenses to comply with the ADA, the FHAA and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 in connection with the ongoing operation or redevelopment of our apartment communities. Moisture infiltration and resulting mold remediation may be costly. Although we are proactively engaged in managing moisture intrusion and preventing the presence of mold at our apartment communities, it is not unusual for periodic moisture intrusion issues to cause mold in isolated locations within an apartment community. We have implemented policies, procedures and training, and include a detailed moisture intrusion and mold assessment during acquisition due diligence. We believe these measures will manage mold exposure at our apartment communities and will minimize the effects that mold may have on our residents. To date, we have not incurred any material costs or liabilities relating to claims of mold exposure or to abate mold conditions. We have only limited insurance coverage for property damage claims arising from the presence of mold and for personal injury claims related to mold exposure. Because the law regarding mold is unsettled and subject to change, we can make no assurance that liabilities resulting from the presence of or exposure to mold will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations. 12 We may be subject to litigation associated with partnership transactions that could increase our expenses and prevent completion of beneficial transactions. We have engaged in, and intend to continue to engage in, the selective acquisition of interests in partnerships controlled by us that own apartment communities. In some cases, we have acquired the general partner of a partnership and then made an offer to acquire the limited partners’ interests in the partnership. In these transactions, we may be subject to litigation based on claims that we, as the general partner, have breached our fiduciary duty to our limited partners or that the transaction violates the relevant partnership agreement or state law. Although we intend to comply with our fiduciary obligations and the relevant partnership agreements, we may incur costs in connection with the defense or settlement of this type of litigation. In some cases, this type of litigation may adversely affect our desire to proceed with, or our ability to complete, a particular transaction. Any litigation of this type could also have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Government housing regulations may limit the opportunities at some of our apartment communities and failure to comply with resident qualification requirements may result in financial penalties and/or loss of benefits, such as rental revenues paid by government agencies. Additionally, the government may cease to operate or reduce funding for government housing programs which would result in a loss of benefits. We own equity interests in consolidated and unconsolidated entities that own certain apartment communities that benefit from governmental programs intended to provide housing to people with low or moderate incomes. These programs, which are usually administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, or HUD, or state housing finance agencies, typically provide one or more of the following: mortgage insurance; favorable financing terms; tax-exempt interest; historic or low-income housing tax-credits; or rental assistance payments to the apartment community owners. As a condition of the receipt of assistance under these programs, the apartment communities must comply with various requirements, which typically limit rents to pre-approved amounts and limit our choice of residents to those with incomes at or below certain levels. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in financial penalties or loss of benefits. We are usually required to obtain the approval of HUD in order to acquire or dispose of a significant interest in or manage a HUD-assisted apartment community. We may not always receive such approval. Additionally, there is no guarantee that the government will continue to operate these programs or that the programs will be operated in a manner that generates benefits consistent with those received in the past. Any cessation of or change in the administration of benefits from these government housing programs may result in our loss or reduction in the amount of the benefits we receive under these programs, including rental subsidies. During 2013, 2012 and 2011, for continuing and discontinued operations, our rental revenues include $88.4 million, $117.3 million and $132.1million, respectively, of subsidies from government agencies. Of the 2013 subsidy amounts, $78.1 million related to apartment communities included in continuing operations, approximately 9.0% of which related to communities benefiting from housing assistance contracts that expired in late 2013 or expire in 2014, which we are in the process of renewing or anticipate renewing, and the remainder related to communities benefiting from housing assistance contracts that expire after 2014 and have a weighted average term of 9.7 years. Any loss or reduction in the amount of these benefits may adversely affect our liquidity and results of operations. Although we are insured for certain risks, the cost of insurance, increased claims activity or losses resulting from casualty events may affect our operating results and financial condition. We are insured for a portion of our consolidated apartment communities’ exposure to casualty losses resulting from fire, earthquake, hurricane, to deductibles and self-insurance retention. We recognize casualty losses or gains based on the net book value of the affected apartment community and the amount of any related insurance proceeds. In many instances, the actual cost to repair or replace the apartment community may exceed its net book value and any insurance proceeds. We tornado, flood and other perils, which insurance is subject 13 recognize the uninsured portion of losses as part of casualty losses in the periods in which they are incurred. In addition, we are self-insured for a portion of our exposure to third-party claims related to our employee health insurance plans, workers’ compensation coverage and general liability exposure. With respect to our exposure to claims of third parties, we establish reserves at levels that reflect our known and estimated losses. The ultimate cost of losses and the impact of unforeseen events may vary materially from recorded reserves, and variances may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. We purchase insurance to reduce our exposure to losses and limit our financial losses on large individual risks. The availability and cost of insurance are determined by market conditions outside our control. No assurance can be made that we will be able to obtain and maintain insurance at the same levels and on the same terms as we do today. If we are not able to obtain or maintain insurance in amounts we consider appropriate for our business, or if the cost of obtaining such insurance increases materially, we may have to retain a larger portion of the potential loss associated with our exposures to risks. Natural disasters and severe weather may affect our operating results and financial condition. Natural disasters and severe weather such as hurricanes may result in significant damage to our apartment communities. The extent of our casualty losses and loss in operating income in connection with such events is a function of the severity of the event and the total amount of exposure in the affected area. When we have geographic concentration of exposures, a single catastrophe (such as an earthquake) or destructive weather event (such as a hurricane) affecting a region may have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We cannot accurately predict natural disasters or severe weather, or the number and type of such events that will affect us. As a result, our operating and financial results may vary significantly from one period to the next. Although we anticipate and plan for losses, there can be no assurance that our financial results will not be adversely affected by our exposure to losses arising from natural disasters or severe weather in the future that exceed our previous experience and assumptions. We depend on our senior management. Our success depends upon the retention of our senior management, including Terry Considine, our chief executive officer. We have a succession planning and talent development process that is designed to identify potential replacements and develop our team members to provide depth in the organization and a bench of talent on which to draw. However, there are no assurances that we would be able to find qualified replacements for the individuals who make up our senior management if their services were no longer available. The loss of services of one or more members of our senior management team could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We do not currently maintain key-man life insurance for any of our employees. Aimco may fail to qualify as a REIT. If Aimco fails to qualify as a REIT, Aimco will not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to its stockholders in computing its taxable income, and will be subject to United States Federal income tax at regular corporate rates, including any applicable AMT. This would substantially reduce our funds available for distribution to our investors. Unless entitled to relief under certain provisions of the Code, Aimco also would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which it ceased to qualify as a REIT. In addition, Aimco’s failure to qualify as a REIT would place us in default under our Credit Agreement. We believe that Aimco operates, and has always operated, in a manner that enables it to meet the requirements for qualification as a REIT for Federal income tax purposes. Aimco’s continued qualification as a REIT will depend on its satisfaction of certain asset, income, investment, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Aimco’s ability to satisfy the asset tests depends upon our analysis of the fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination, 14 and for which we do not obtain independent appraisals. Aimco’s compliance with the REIT income and quarterly asset requirements also depends upon our ability to manage successfully the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. Moreover, the proper classification of an instrument as debt or equity for United States Federal income tax purposes may be uncertain in some circumstances, which could affect the application of the REIT qualification requirements. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, will not contend that our interests in subsidiaries or other issuers constitutes a violation of the REIT requirements. Moreover, future economic, market, legal, tax or other considerations may cause Aimco to fail to qualify as a REIT, or Aimco’s Board of Directors may determine to revoke its REIT status. REIT distribution requirements limit our available cash. As a REIT, Aimco is subject to annual distribution requirements. As Aimco’s operating partnership, the Aimco Operating Partnership pays distributions intended to satisfy Aimco’s distribution requirements. This limits the amount of cash available for other business purposes, including amounts to fund our growth. Aimco generally must distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain, in order for its distributed earnings not to be subject to United States Federal corporate income tax. We intend to make distributions to Aimco’s stockholders to comply with the requirements of the Code. However, differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash could require us to sell apartment communities or borrow funds on a short- term or long-term basis to meet the 90% distribution requirement of the Code. Limits on ownership of shares in Aimco’s charter may result in the loss of economic and voting rights by purchasers that violate those limits. Aimco’s charter limits ownership of Common Stock by any single stockholder (applying certain “beneficial ownership” rules under the Federal securities laws) to 8.7% (or up to 12.0% upon a waiver from Aimco’s Board of Directors) of outstanding shares of Common Stock, or 15% in the case of certain pension trusts, registered investment companies and Mr. Considine. Aimco’s charter also limits ownership of Aimco’s Common Stock and preferred stock by any single stockholder to 8.7% of the value of the outstanding Common Stock and preferred stock, or 15% in the case of certain pension trusts, registered investment companies and Mr. Considine. The charter also prohibits anyone from buying shares of Aimco’s capital stock if the purchase would result in Aimco losing its REIT status. This could happen if a transaction results in fewer than 100 persons owning all of Aimco’s shares of capital stock or results in five or fewer persons (applying certain attribution rules of the Code) owning 50% or more of the value of all of Aimco’s shares of capital stock. If anyone acquires shares in excess of the ownership limit or in violation of the ownership requirements of the Code for REITs: • the transfer will be considered null and void; • we will not reflect the transaction on Aimco’s books; • we may institute legal action to enjoin the transaction; • we may demand repayment of any dividends received by the affected person on those shares; • we may redeem the shares; • • the affected person will not have any voting rights for those shares; and the shares (and all voting and dividend rights of the shares) will be held in trust for the benefit of one or more charitable organizations designated by Aimco. Aimco may purchase the shares of capital stock held in trust at a price equal to the lesser of the price paid by the transferee of the shares or the then current market price. If the trust transfers any of the shares of capital stock, the affected person will receive the lesser of the price paid for the shares or the then current market price. An individual who acquires shares of capital stock that violate the above rules bears the risk that the individual: • may lose control over the power to dispose of such shares; 15 • may not recognize profit from the sale of such shares if the market price of the shares increases; • may be required to recognize a loss from the sale of such shares if the market price decreases; and • may be required to repay to us any distributions received from us as a result of his or her ownership of the shares. Aimco’s charter may limit the ability of a third party to acquire control of Aimco. The 8.7% ownership limit discussed above may have the effect of delaying or precluding acquisition of control of Aimco by a third party without the consent of Aimco’s Board of Directors. Aimco’s charter authorizes its Board of Directors to issue up to 510,587,500 shares of capital stock. As of December 31, 2013, 505,787,260 shares were classified as Common Stock, of which 145,917,387 were outstanding, and 4,800,240 shares were classified as preferred stock, of which 1,274,317 were outstanding. Under Aimco’s charter, its Board of Directors has the authority to classify and reclassify any of Aimco’s unissued shares of capital stock into shares of capital stock with such preferences, conversion or other rights, voting power restrictions, limitations as to dividends, qualifications or terms or conditions of redemptions as the Board of Directors may determine. The authorization and issuance of a new class of capital stock could have the effect of delaying or preventing someone from taking control of Aimco, even if a change in control were in Aimco’s stockholders’ best interests. The Maryland General Corporation Law may limit the ability of a third party to acquire control of Aimco. As a Maryland corporation, Aimco is subject to various Maryland laws that may have the effect of discouraging offers to acquire Aimco and increasing the difficulty of consummating any such offers, even if an acquisition would be in Aimco’s stockholders’ best interests. The Maryland General Corporation Law, specifically the Maryland Business Combination Act, restricts mergers and other business combination transactions between Aimco and any person who acquires, directly or indirectly, beneficial ownership of shares of Aimco’s stock representing 10% or more of the voting power without Aimco’s Board of Directors’ prior approval. Any such business combination transaction could not be completed until five years after the person acquired such voting power, and generally only with the approval of stockholders representing 80% of all votes entitled to be cast and 66 2/3% of the votes entitled to be cast, excluding the interested stockholder, or upon payment of a fair price. The Maryland General Corporation Law, specifically the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act, provides generally that a person who acquires shares of Aimco’s capital stock representing 10% or more of the voting power in electing directors will have no voting rights unless approved by a vote of two- thirds of the shares eligible to vote. Additionally, the Maryland General Corporation Law provides, among other things, that the board of directors has broad discretion in adopting stockholders’ rights plans and has the sole power to fix the record date, time and place for special meetings of the stockholders. To date, Aimco has not adopted a stockholders’rights plan. In addition, the Maryland General Corporation Law provides that a corporation that: • • has at least three directors who are not officers or employees of the entity or related to an acquiring person; and has a class of equity securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, may elect in its charter or bylaws or by resolution of the board of directors to be subject to all or part of a special subtitle that provides that: • • • the corporation will have a staggered board of directors; any director may be removed only for cause and by the vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast in the election of directors generally, even if a lesser proportion is provided in the charter or bylaws; the number of directors may only be set by the board of directors, even if the procedure is contrary to the charter or bylaws; 16 • • vacancies may only be filled by the remaining directors, even if the procedure is contrary to the charter or bylaws; and the secretary of the corporation may call a special meeting of stockholders at the request of stockholders only on the written request of the stockholders entitled to cast at least a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at the meeting, even if the procedure is contrary to the charter or bylaws. To date, Aimco has not made any of the elections described above. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties Our portfolio includes garden style, mid-rise and high-rise apartment communities located in 23 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Our geographic allocation strategy focuses on the largest coastal and job growth markets in the United States, which are grouped according to the East and West areas into which our property operations team is organized. The following table sets forth information on all of our apartment communities as of December 31, 2013: Number of Apartment Communities Number of Apartment Homes Average Ownership Conventional: Los Angeles Orange County San Diego East Bay San Jose San Francisco Seattle Houston Denver Phoenix Chicago West Washington - Northern Virginia - Maryland Boston Philadelphia Manhattan Suburban New York - New Jersey Miami Palm Beach - Fort Lauderdale Orlando Jacksonville Atlanta East Total target markets Other markets Total conventional owned and managed Affordable Total 17 13 4 12 2 1 7 2 3 8 5 10 67 14 12 7 21 2 5 2 1 4 6 74 141 21 162 74 236 4,248 1,213 2,430 413 224 1,208 239 1,143 2,177 1,374 3,245 17,914 6,547 4,173 3,888 959 1,162 2,505 776 368 1,643 1,325 23,346 41,260 9,226 50,486 10,067 60,553 85% 100% 97% 100% 100% 100% 100% 95% 97% 90% 100% 94% 100% 100% 98% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 99% 97% 98% 97% 87% 96% At December 31, 2013, we owned an equity interest in and consolidated 216 apartment communities containing 59,297 apartment homes. These consolidated apartment communities contain, on average, 275 apartment homes, with the largest community containing 2,113 apartment homes. These apartment communities offer residents a range of amenities, including swimming pools, clubhouses, spas, fitness centers, dog parks and open spaces. Many of the apartment homes offer features such as vaulted ceilings, fireplaces, washer and dryer connections, cable television, balconies and patios. Additional information on our consolidated apartment communities is contained in “Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. At December 31, 2013, we held an equity interest in and did not consolidate 20 apartment communities containing 1,256 apartment homes. The majority of our consolidated apartment communities are encumbered by property debt. At December 31, 2013, 206 of our consolidated apartment communities were encumbered by, in aggregate, $4,337.8 million of property debt with a weighted average interest rate of 5.31% and a weighted average maturity of 8.2 years, respectively. Each of the non-recourse property debt instruments comprising this total are collateralized by one of our apartment communities, without cross-collateralization, with an aggregate gross book value of $7,765.3 million. Refer to Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information regarding our property debt. At December 31, 2013, we had ten unencumbered apartment communities, seven of which we expect to hold beyond 2014. Item 3. Legal Proceedings None. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 18 PART II Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Aimco Aimco’s Common Stock has been listed and traded on the NYSE under the symbol “AIV” since July 22, 1994. The following table sets forth the quarterly high and low sales prices of our Common Stock, as reported on the NYSE, and the dividends declared in the periods indicated: Quarter Ended December 31, 2013 September 30, 2013 June 30, 2013 March 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 September 30, 2012 June 30, 2012 March 31, 2012 High Low Dividends Declared (per share) $29.62 31.76 33.44 30.85 $27.13 28.30 27.98 26.44 $24.78 26.95 27.31 27.04 $24.05 25.52 25.17 22.19 $0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 $0.20 0.20 0.18 0.18 Aimco’s Board of Directors determines and declares its dividends. In making a dividend determination, Aimco’s Board of Directors considers a variety of factors, including: REIT distribution requirements; current market conditions; liquidity needs and other uses of cash, such as for deleveraging and accretive investment activities. Aimco’s Board of Directors targets a dividend payout ratio of approximately 60% of Adjusted Funds From Operations (which is defined in Item 7). In January 2014, Aimco’s Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.26 per share on its Common Stock, which is payable on February 28, 2014, to stockholders of record on February 14, 2014. Aimco’s Board of Directors anticipates similar per share quarterly dividends for the remainder of 2014. However, the Board of Directors may adjust the dividend amount or the frequency with which the dividend is paid based on then prevailing facts and circumstances. On February 20, 2014, the closing price of the Common Stock was $29.28 per share, as reported on the NYSE, and there were 146,099,061 shares of Common Stock outstanding, held by 2,115 stockholders of record. The number of holders does not include individuals or entities who beneficially own shares but whose shares are held of record by a broker or clearing agency, but does include each such broker or clearing agency as one recordholder. As a REIT, Aimco is required to distribute annually to holders of its Common Stock at least 90% of its “real estate investment trust taxable income,” which, as defined by the Code and United States Department of Treasury regulations, is generally equivalent to net taxable ordinary income. From time to time, Aimco may issue shares of Common Stock in exchange for common and preferred OP Units tendered to the Aimco Operating Partnership for redemption in accordance with the terms and provisions of the agreement of limited partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership. Such shares are issued based on an exchange ratio of one share for each common OP Unit or the applicable conversion ratio for preferred OP Units. Additionally, from time to time, Aimco may also issue shares of Common Stock in exchange for limited partnership units in consolidated real estate partnerships that are tendered to the Aimco Operating Partnership for redemption in accordance with the terms and provisions of the related limited partnership agreement. The shares are generally issued in exchange for OP Units in private transactions exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to Section 4(2) thereof. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we did not issue any shares of Common Stock in exchange for common OP Units or preferred OP Units. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we issued approximately 17,000 shares of Common Stock in exchange for limited partnership interests in consolidated real estate partnerships. 19 Aimco’s Board of Directors has, from time to time, authorized Aimco to repurchase shares of its outstanding capital stock. There were no repurchases of Aimco shares during the year ended December 31, 2013. As of December 31, 2013, Aimco was authorized to repurchase approximately 19.3 million shares. This authorization has no expiration date. These repurchases may be made from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. Performance Graph The following graph compares cumulative total returns for Aimco’s Common Stock, the MSCI US REIT Index and the Standard & Poor’s 500 Total Return Index (the “S&P 500”). The MSCI US REIT Index is published by Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc., a provider of equity indices. The indices are weighted for all companies that fit the definitional criteria of the particular index and are calculated to exclude companies as they are acquired and add them to the index calculation as they become publicly traded companies. All companies of the definitional criteria in existence at the point in time presented are included in the index calculations. The graph assumes the investment of $100 in Aimco’s Common Stock and in each index on December 31, 2008, and that all dividends paid have been reinvested. The historical information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of future performance. Total Return Performance 300 250 200 150 100 e u l a V x e d n I 50 12/31/08 12/31/09 12/31/10 12/31/11 12/31/12 12/31/13 Aimco MSCI US REIT S&P 500 Index Aimco MSCI US REIT S&P 500 For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 $100.00 100.00 100.00 $142.84 128.61 126.46 $235.12 165.23 145.51 $212.52 179.60 148.59 $258.61 211.50 172.37 $255.89 216.73 228.19 Source: SNL Financial LC, Charlottesville, VA ©2014 20 The Performance Graph will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing by Aimco under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that Aimco specifically incorporates the same by reference. The information required by Item 5 with respect to securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report. The Aimco Operating Partnership There is no public market for the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common partnership units, including OP Units, and we have no intention of listing the common partnership units on any securities exchange. In addition, the Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement restricts the transferability of common partnership units, including OP Units. The following table sets forth the distributions declared per common partnership unit in each quarterly period during the two years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012: Quarter Ended December 31 September 30 June 30 March 31 2013 $0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 2012 $0.20 0.20 0.18 0.18 During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Aimco Operating Partnership’s distributions per common partnership unit were equal to the dividends Aimco declared per share of its Common Stock. We intend for our future common partnership unit distributions to be equal to Aimco’s Common Stock dividends. At February 20, 2014, there were 153,923,799 common partnership units and equivalents outstanding (146,099,061 of which were held by Aimco) that were held by 3,097 unitholders of record. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Aimco Operating Partnership acquired the noncontrolling limited partnership interests in certain consolidated real estate partnerships in exchange for the Aimco Operating Partnership’s issuance of approximately 21,500 common OP Units. The Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement generally provides that after holding common OP Units for one year, limited partners other than Aimco have the right to redeem their common OP Units for cash, subject to our prior right to cause Aimco to acquire some or all of the common OP Units tendered for redemption in exchange for shares of Aimco Common Stock. Common OP Units redeemed for shares of Aimco Common Stock are exchanged on a one-for-one basis (subject to antidilution adjustments). No common OP Units or preferred OP Units held by Limited Partners were redeemed in exchange for shares of Aimco Common Stock during the year ended December 31, 2013. 21 The following table summarizes the Aimco Operating Partnership’s repurchases of common OP Units for the three months ended December 31, 2013: Fiscal period October 1 - October 31, 2013 November 1 - November 30, 2013 December 1 - December 31, 2013 Total Total Number of Units Purchased Average Price Paid per Unit Total Number of Units Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) Maximum Number of Units that May Yet Be Purchased Under Plans or Programs (1) 3,499 8,722 9,845 22,066 $28.22 27.93 25.50 $26.89 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A (1) The terms of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement do not provide for a maximum number of units that may be repurchased, and other than the express terms of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement, the Aimco Operating Partnership has no publicly announced plans or programs of repurchase. However, whenever Aimco repurchases its Common Stock, it is expected that Aimco will fund the repurchase with a concurrent repurchase by the Aimco Operating Partnership of common partnership units held by Aimco at a price per unit that is equal to the price per share paid for the Common Stock. Refer to the preceding discussion of Aimco’s authorization for equity repurchases. Dividend and Distribution Payments Our Credit Agreement including a restriction on dividends and other restricted payments, but permits dividends and distributions during any four consecutive fiscal quarters in an aggregate amount of up to 95% of Aimco’s Funds From Operations for such period, subject to certain non-cash adjustments, or such amount as may be necessary to maintain Aimco’s REIT status. includes customary covenants, 22 Item 6. Selected Financial Data The following selected financial data is based on audited historical financial statements of Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership. This information should be read in conjunction with such financial statements, including the notes thereto, and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included herein or in previous filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Aimco OPERATING DATA: Total revenues Total operating expenses Operating income Income (loss) from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net (2) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco common For The Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 (1) 2011 (1) 2010 (1) 2009 (1) (dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data) $ 974,053 $ 958,511 $ 914,355 $ 892,592 $ 896,510 (836,615) 59,895 (190,895) 146,095 (44,800) (779,495) 179,016 (18,756) 214,117 195,361 (779,064) 135,291 (136,237) 78,073 (58,164) (805,192) 87,400 (161,020) 71,396 (89,624) (725,034) 249,019 34,596 203,229 237,825 stockholders (3) 203,673 82,146 (103,161) (125,318) (114,840) Earnings (loss) per common share - basic and diluted: Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Aimco common stockholders Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco common stockholders $ $ 0.29 $ (0.60) $ (1.22) $ (1.48) $ (1.69) 1.40 $ 0.61 $ (0.86) $ (1.08) $ (1.00) BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION: Total real estate Total assets Total indebtedness Total equity OTHER INFORMATION: Dividends declared per common share Total consolidated apartment communities (end of period) Total consolidated apartment homes (end of $8,214,081 $7,872,018 $7,688,798 $7,603,535 $7,501,749 7,906,468 6,871,862 4,545,638 4,488,822 1,534,703 1,144,674 7,378,566 4,502,755 1,306,772 6,401,380 4,413,083 1,154,894 6,079,413 4,388,185 1,172,744 $ 0.96 $ 0.76 $ 0.48 $ 0.30 $ 0.40 216 243 331 399 426 period) 59,297 66,107 79,093 89,875 95,202 Total unconsolidated apartment communities (end of period) Total unconsolidated apartment homes (end of 20 22 39 48 77 period) 1,256 1,870 4,353 5,637 8,478 23 The Aimco Operating Partnership OPERATING DATA: Total revenues Total operating expenses Operating income Income (loss) from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net (2) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders (3) Earnings (loss) per common unit - basic and diluted: For The Years Ended December 31, 2013 2012 (1) 2011 (1) 2010 (1) 2009 (1) (dollar amounts in thousands, except per unit data) $ 974,053 $ 958,511 $ 914,355 $ 892,592 $ 896,510 (836,615) 59,895 (190,075) 146,095 (43,980) (779,495) 179,016 (18,756) 214,117 195,361 (779,064) 135,291 (134,938) 78,073 (56,865) (805,192) 87,400 (160,161) 71,396 (88,765) (725,034) 249,019 34,596 203,229 237,825 215,312 87,337 (109,365) (134,018) (123,276) Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders Net income (loss) attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders $ $ 0.29 $ (0.60) $ (1.22) $ (1.48) $ (1.69) 1.40 $ 0.61 $ (0.86) $ (1.07) $ (1.00) BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION: Total real estate Total assets Total indebtedness Total partners’ capital OTHER INFORMATION (4): Distributions declared per common unit (5) $8,214,081 $7,872,018 $7,688,798 $7,603,535 $7,501,749 7,922,839 6,871,862 4,545,638 4,488,822 1,551,074 1,144,674 6,401,380 4,413,083 1,154,894 7,395,796 4,502,755 1,324,002 6,079,413 4,388,185 1,172,744 $ 0.96 $ 0.76 $ 0.63 $ 0.30 $ 0.40 (2) (1) Certain reclassifications have been made to conform to the current financial statement presentation, including retroactive adjustments to reflect additional apartment communities sold during 2013 as discontinued operations (see Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8). Income from discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009 includes $212.5 million, $234.5 million, $108.2 million, $94.9 million and $221.8 million in gains on disposition of real estate, respectively. Income from discontinued operations for 2013, 2012 and 2011 is discussed further in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7. (3) Net income attributed to Aimco common stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders increased during the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2012, due to large decreases in the amount of net income allocated to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships and net income attributable to preferred stockholders and unitholders, each of which are further explained within Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7. (4) The number of consolidated apartment communities and apartment homes has been omitted from the Aimco Operating Partnership’s selected financial data table as these amounts are identical to those of Aimco during each of the periods presented. (5) The Aimco Operating Partnership’s distributions declared per common unit during the year ended December 31, 2011, included a $0.15 per unit special distribution discussed in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. 24 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Executive Overview Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership are focused on the ownership, management and redevelopment of quality apartment communities located in the largest coastal and job growth markets in the United States. Our business activities are defined by a commitment to our core values of integrity, respect, collaboration, a focus on our customers and a performance culture. These values and our corporate mission, to consistently provide quality apartment homes in a respectful environment delivered by a team of people who care, continually shape our culture. In all our dealings with residents, team members, business partners and equity holders, we aim to be the best owner and operator of apartment communities and an outstanding corporate citizen. Our principal financial objective is to provide predictable and attractive returns to our equity holders, as measured by growth in our Net Asset Value and Adjusted Funds From Operations (each defined under the Key Financial Indicators heading below). Our business plan to achieve this objective is to: • • • operate our portfolio of desirable apartment homes with valued amenities, with a high level of customer service and in an efficient manner that realizes the benefits of our local management expertise; improve our geographically diversified portfolio of apartment communities, which average “B/B+” in quality (defined under the Portfolio Management heading below) by selling apartment communities inconsistent with our portfolio strategy and investing the proceeds from such sales through Property Upgrades, Capital Improvements, redevelopment, development and acquisition of higher-quality apartment communities; and provide financial leverage primarily by the use of non-recourse, long-dated, fixed-rate property debt and perpetual preferred equity, a combination which helps to limit our refunding and re-pricing risk and provides a hedge against increases in interest rates, capitalization rates and inflation. Our property operations consist primarily of our diversified portfolio of market-rate apartment communities, which we refer to as conventional apartment communities. At December 31, 2013, our conventional property operations included 162 apartment communities with 50,486 apartment homes in which we held an average ownership of approximately 97%. We also operate a portfolio of affordable apartment communities, which consists of apartments with rents that are generally paid, in whole or part, by a government agency. At December 31, 2013, our affordable property operations consisted of 74 apartment communities with 10,067 apartment homes in which we held an average ownership of approximately 87%. Our conventional and affordable property operations comprise our reportable segments and generated 90% and 10%, respectively, of our proportionate property net operating income (defined below under the Results of Operations – Real Estate Operations heading) during the year ended December 31, 2013. Over the next four to five years, we expect to dispose of our affordable apartment communities and reinvest the proceeds in our conventional portfolio. For the three months ended December 31, 2013, our conventional portfolio had average revenue per effective apartment home of $1,469. Average revenue per effective apartment home represents rental and other property revenues divided by the number of actual apartment homes multiplied by our ownership interest in the apartment community as of the end of the current period. The average revenue per effective apartment home for our conventional portfolio increased 7.9% from average revenues of $1,362 for the three months ended December 31, 2012, as a result of year-over-year revenue growth of 3.5%, the delivery of new apartment homes at our redevelopment apartment communities and the sale of conventional apartment communities during 2013 with average revenues per home substantially lower than the apartment communities in the retained portfolio. During the year ended December 31, 2013, on average, combined conventional new and renewal lease rates were 3.3% higher than expiring lease rates. Our portfolio strategy seeks predictable rent growth from a portfolio of “A,” “B” and “C” quality conventional apartment communities, which average “B/B+” in quality and are diversified among the largest 25 coastal and job growth markets in the United States, as measured by total apartment value. Refer to the discussion under the Portfolio Management heading within Item 1 for an explanation of our rating system for measuring conventional apartment community quality. For the three months ended September 30, 2013, the most recent period for which market average rent information is available, our conventional portfolio’s rents averaged 105% of local market average rents. As further discussed in Item 1, we upgrade the quality of our portfolio through the sale of apartment communities with lower projected returns, lower operating margins, and lower expected future rent growth, and we reinvest the sale proceeds in apartment communities already in our portfolio, through Property Upgrades, Capital Improvements and redevelopment, or through the purchase of other apartment communities and, in limited situations, the development of apartment communities. In addition to improving our portfolio through the capital additions, including redevelopment, discussed below under the Liquidity and Capital Resources heading, during the year ended December 31, 2013, we upgraded our portfolio through the acquisition, for $29.0 million, $9.5 million and $15.1 million, of conventional apartment communities located in La Jolla, California, Atlanta, Georgia, and Boston, Massachusetts, respectively. The apartment communities we acquired in La Jolla, Atlanta, and Boston had average revenues per home of $2,400, $2,100, and $2,200, respectively, at the the dates of their acquisition, which represented revenues per apartment home of approximately 164%, 265%, and 119%, respectively, of the local market averages. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we also broke ground on the One Canal Street development, a 12-story apartment community in Boston, Massachusetts. We expect to invest approximately $190.0 million over the next two and one-half years to construct 310 luxury apartment homes and approximately 22,000 square feet of commercial space. The development will be funded in part by a $114.0 million construction loan and in part by proceeds from the sales of lower rated apartment communities in less desirable submarkets. Through December 31, 2013, we have incurred approximately $15.9 million of costs related to this development. Our leverage strategy seeks to balance our desire to increase financial returns with the inherent risks of leverage and we have set leverage targets of Debt and Preferred Equity to Adjusted EBITDA of less than 7.0x and Adjusted EBITDA Coverage of Interest and Preferred Dividends of greater than 2.5x. We also focus on the ratios of Debt to Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Coverage of Interest. Debt, as used in these ratios, represents our proportionate share of debt, net of our proportionate share of cash and restricted cash and our investment in the subordinate tranches of a securitization that holds certain of our property debt, and Preferred Equity represents Aimco’s preferred stock and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred OP Units. Adjusted EBITDA is calculated by adding to our Pro forma Funds From Operations, which is calculated on an proportionate basis, our proportionate share of interest expense, taxes, depreciation and amortization related to non-real estate assets, non-cash stock-based compensation, and dividends and distributions on our preferred equity instruments. Interest, as used in these ratios, represents our proportionate share of interest expense, excluding debt prepayment penalties and amortization of deferred financing costs, and reduced by interest income we receive on our investment in the subordinate tranches of a securitization that holds certain of our property debt. Our leverage ratios for the trailing twelve month and annualized three month periods ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, are presented below: Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Debt and Preferred Equity to Adjusted EBITDA Adjusted EBITDA Coverage of Interest Adjusted EBITDA Coverage of Interest and Preferred Dividends 26 Trailing Twelve Months Ended December 31, Annualized Three Months Ended December 31, 2013 7.1x 7.3x 2.6x 2.5x 2012 7.5x 7.8x 2.4x 2.1x 2013 6.9x 7.2x 2.7x 2.6x 2012 7.4x 7.7x 2.5x 2.4x We expect future leverage reduction from earnings growth and from regularly scheduled property debt amortization funded from retained earnings. We also expect to increase our financial flexibility by expanding our pool of unencumbered apartment communities. As of December 31, 2013, this pool included seven consolidated apartment communities, which we expect to hold beyond 2014, with an estimated fair value of approximately $380.0 million. During 2013, we increased this pool by approximately $312.0 million, and we expect to further expand this pool in 2014. In June 2013, one of the rating agencies completed its initial review of our creditworthiness and outlined the factors that may have a positive impact on our ratings. These factors are: growing the unencumbered asset pool to more than $500 million (based on a stressed 8% capitalization rate, as directed by the rating agency) with asset quality consistent with the overall portfolio; sustaining leverage, defined by the rating agency as the ratio of net debt to recurring operating EBITDA, below 7.5x; and sustaining a fixed charge coverage ratio, also as defined by the rating agency, above 2.0x. Our stated leverage targets are in line with, or more conservative than, those indicated by the rating agency. In addition, through our normal course of refinancing activity as loans mature, we have the opportunity to grow our unencumbered pool by $150 to $200 million per year. In addition to lowering the cost of borrowings under our Credit Agreement, an investment-grade rating may lower the cost of any future preferred equity issuance, provide additional flexibility for sources of capital and provide other intangible benefits. At December 31, 2013, approximately 96% of our leverage consisted of property-level, non-recourse, long- dated debt and 3% consisted of perpetual preferred equity, a combination which helps to limit our refunding and re-pricing risk. The weighted average maturity of our property-level debt was 8.2 years, with 1.9% of our unpaid principal balance maturing during 2014 and, on average, 7.8% of our unpaid principal balance maturing per year from 2015 through 2017. Approximately 97% of our property-level debt is fixed-rate, which provides a hedge against increases in interest rates, capitalization rates and inflation. At December 31, 2013, the estimated fair value of our consolidated property debt totaled $4.5 billion ($4.3 billion on a proportionate basis), as compared to a carrying value of $4.3 billion ($4.2 billion on a proportionate basis). During the year ended December 31, 2013, the estimated weighted average market rate for our property debt increased by approximately 60 basis points, which decreased the estimated mark to market adjustment for our property debt at December 31, 2013, by approximately $115 million. Additionally, capitalization rates were relatively flat during 2013 and the net operating income of our retained portfolio of apartment communities increased during 2013, which increased the estimated fair value of our apartment communities. The combination of these factors resulted in an increase in our Net Asset Value (defined below). Although our primary sources of leverage are property-level, non-recourse, fixed-rate, amortizing debt and perpetual preferred equity, we also have a Senior Secured Credit Agreement with a syndicate of financial institutions, which we refer to as our Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement provides for $600.0 million of revolving loan commitments, which we use for working capital and other short-term purposes. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate set forth on a pricing grid, which varies based on our leverage. As of December 31, 2013, we had $50.4 million of outstanding borrowings under our Credit Agreement, and we had the capacity to borrow $505.0 million, net of the outstanding borrowings and $44.6 million for undrawn letters of credit backed by the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement matures in September 2017, and may be extended for an additional one-year period, subject to certain conditions. long-dated, Under the Credit Agreement, we have agreed to Debt Service and Fixed Charge Coverage covenants, as well as other covenants customary to similar revolving credit arrangements. For the twelve month period ended December 31, 2013, our Debt Service and Fixed Charge Coverage ratios were 1.77x and 1.72x, respectively, compared to covenants of 1.50x and 1.30x, respectively, and ratios of 1.65x and 1.50x, respectively, for the twelve month period ended December 31, 2012. We expect to remain in compliance with these covenants during 2014. The Fixed Charge Coverage covenant will increase in 2015 to 1.40x. 27 Key Financial Indicators The key financial indicators that we use in managing our business and in evaluating our financial condition and operating performance are: Net Asset Value and Adjusted Funds From Operations. In addition to these indicators, we also use Pro forma Funds From Operations; Free Cash Flow, Free Cash Flow internal rate of return, same store property operating results, proportionate property net operating income, financial coverage ratios, and leverage as shown on our balance sheet to evaluate our operating performance and financial condition. Net Asset Value is the estimated fair value of our assets, net of liabilities, noncontrolling interests and preferred equity. Adjusted Funds From Operations and Pro forma Funds From Operations are defined and further described below under the Funds From Operations and Adjusted Funds From Operations heading, and proportionate property net operating income is defined and further described below under the Results of Operations – Real Estate Operations heading. Free Cash Flow represents net operating income less spending for Capital Replacements and Free Cash Flow internal rate of return represents the rate of return generated by the Free Cash Flow from the apartment community and the proceeds from its eventual sale, and is a common benchmark used in the real estate industry for relative comparison of real estate valuations. The key macro-economic factors and non-financial indicators that affect our financial condition and operating performance are: household formations; rates of job growth; single-family and multifamily housing starts; interest rates; and availability and cost of financing. Results of Operations Because our operating results depend primarily on income from our apartment communities, the supply of and demand for apartments influences our operating results. Additionally, the level of expenses required to operate and maintain our apartment communities and the pace and price at which we redevelop, acquire and dispose of our apartment communities affect our operating results. The following discussion and analysis of the results of our operations and financial condition should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements in Item 8. Overview 2013 Highlights Highlights of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2013, are summarized below: • Conventional Same Store revenues and expenses for 2013, increased by 4.4% and 3.0%, respectively, resulting in a 5.1% increase in net operating income as compared to 2012; • Average revenue per effective apartment home for our conventional portfolio increased by 7.9%, from $1,362 for the three months ended December 31, 2012, to $1,469 for the three months ended December 31, 2013, as a result of year-over-year Conventional Same Store revenue growth of 3.5%, the delivery of new apartment homes at our redevelopment apartment communities, the sale of conventional apartment communities with average revenues per apartment home substantially lower than those of the retained portfolio, and the acquisition of three conventional apartment communities with average revenues per apartment home of $2,290; and • Average daily occupancy for our Conventional Same Store apartment communities was 95.4% for the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to 95.6% for 2012. 2013 compared to 2012 Net income attributable to Aimco and net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership increased by $74.8 million and $81.2 million, respectively, during the the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to 28 the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase in income for Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership was principally due to an increase in the net operating income and a decrease in depreciation and amortization of our apartment communities in continuing operations. In addition to the changes in net income attributable to Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership described above, the amounts of net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders and net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders increased by approximately $47.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2012, due to a reduction in preferred stock dividends and preferred unit distributions and related costs resulting from the redemption of $600.9 million of preferred securities during 2012. 2012 compared to 2011 Net income attributable to Aimco and net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership increased by $189.5 million and $200.8 million, respectively, during the the year ended December 31, 2012, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase in income for Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership was principally due to an increase in the net operating income and a decrease in interest expense of our apartment communities in continuing operations, an increase in income from discontinued operations, primarily due to an increase in gains on dispositions, and an increase in gains on dispositions of interests in unconsolidated real estate. The following paragraphs discuss these and other items affecting the results of operations of Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership in more detail. Property Operations As described under the preceding Executive Overview heading, our owned real estate portfolio consists primarily of conventional apartment communities, and we also operate a portfolio of affordable apartment communities. Our conventional and affordable property operations comprise our reportable segments. In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, we consolidate certain apartment communities in which we hold an insignificant economic interest and in some cases we do not consolidate other apartment communities in which we have a significant economic interest. Due to the diversity of our economic ownership interests in our apartment communities, our chief operating decision maker emphasizes as a key measurement of segment profit or loss proportionate property net operating income, which represents our share of the property net operating income of the consolidated and unconsolidated apartment communities that we own and manage. Accordingly, the results of operations of our conventional and affordable segments discussed below are presented on a proportionate basis and exclude the results of four conventional apartment communities with 142 apartment homes and 19 affordable apartment communities with 1,276 apartment homes that we do not manage. We do not include property management revenues, offsite costs associated with property management or casualty-related amounts in our assessment of segment performance. Accordingly, these items are not allocated to our segment results discussed below. Refer to Note 15 in the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for further discussion regarding our reportable segments, including a reconciliation of these proportionate amounts to consolidated rental and other property revenues and property operating expenses. Conventional Real Estate Operations Our conventional segment consists of apartment communities we classify as Conventional Same Store, Conventional Redevelopment and Other Conventional apartment communities. Conventional Same Store apartment communities are those we manage, in which our ownership exceeds 10% and that have reached and 29 maintained a stabilized occupancy rate (greater than 90%) during the current year-to-date and prior year-to-date periods. Conventional Redevelopment apartment communities are those in which a substantial number of available apartment homes have been vacated for major renovations or have not been stabilized in occupancy for at least one year as of the earliest period presented, or for which other significant non-apartment home renovations are underway or have been complete for less than one year. Based on the small number of Conventional Redevelopment apartment communities at December 31, 2013, we have included their results in the Other Conventional classification within the presentation below. Other Conventional apartment communities generally include conventional apartment communities restrictions, communities affected by casualty events, communities acquired during the periods and the operations of properties that are not multi-family, such as fitness centers. that have significant rent control As of December 31, 2013, as defined by our segment performance metrics, our Conventional Same Store portfolio and our Other Conventional portfolio consisted of 122 and 36 apartment communities with 45,140 and 5,204 apartment homes, respectively. From December 31, 2012 to December 31, 2013, on a net basis, our Conventional Same Store portfolio decreased by 17 apartment communities and 5,164 apartment homes. This consisted of 16 apartment communities with 5,578 apartment homes that were sold, three apartment communities with 1,294 apartment homes that were reclassified from our Other Conventional portfolio to our Conventional Same Store portfolio when they reached stabilization following a casualty loss, four senior housing apartment communities with 908 apartment homes that were reclassified from our Conventional Same Store portfolio to our Other Conventional portfolio based on our determination that certain restrictions on increases in rental rates for these apartment communities are not appropriately comparable with changes in local market rental rates, and 28 new apartment homes that were placed into service at one of our existing apartment communities. Our conventional portfolio results for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, as presented below, are based on the apartment community populations as of December 31, 2013. Rental and other property revenues: Conventional Same Store Other Conventional Total Property operating expenses: Conventional Same Store Other Conventional Total Property net operating income: Conventional Same Store Other Conventional Total Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 $ Change % Change $716,618 86,624 $686,554 75,322 $30,064 11,302 803,242 761,876 41,366 243,593 41,469 285,062 473,025 45,155 236,434 37,980 274,414 450,120 37,342 7,159 3,489 10,648 22,905 7,813 $518,180 $487,462 $30,718 4.4% 15.0% 5.4% 3.0% 9.2% 3.9% 5.1% 20.9% 6.3% For the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to 2012, our conventional segment’s proportionate property net operating income increased $30.7 million, or 6.3%. For the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to 2012, Conventional Same Store proportionate property net operating income increased by $22.9 million, or 5.1%. This increase was primarily attributable to a increase in rental and other property revenues due to higher average revenues $30.1 million, or 4.4%, (approximately $61 per effective home), comprised of increases in rental rates, utility reimbursements, and other fees including parking. Rental rates on new leases transacted during the year ended December 31, 2013, were 1.5% higher than expiring lease rates, and renewal rates were 5.1% higher than expiring lease rates. These increases in revenue were partially offset by a 20 basis point decrease in average daily occupancy. The increase in Conventional Same Store rental and other property revenues was partially offset by a $7.2 million, or 3.0%, 30 increase in property operating expenses, primarily due to increases in real estate taxes, insurance costs, utilities and administrative expenses, partially offset by decreases in personnel and related costs. Our Other Conventional proportionate property net operating income increased by $7.8 million, or 20.9%, during the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to 2012, primarily due to a $4.3 million increase in net operating income resulting from conventional apartment communities we acquired in 2012 and 2013. Other Conventional net operating income also increased by $3.5 million due to apartment homes at our redevelopment apartment communities that have been completed and an increase in occupancy at one of our communities in New York City. As of December 31, 2012, as defined by our segment performance metrics, our Conventional Same Store portfolio and our Other Conventional portfolio consisted of 124 and 31 apartment communities with 44,960 and 5,199 apartment homes, respectively. Our conventional portfolio results for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, as presented below, are based on the apartment community populations as of December 31, 2012. Rental and other property revenues: Conventional Same Store Other Conventional Total Property operating expenses (1): Conventional Same Store Other Conventional Total Property net operating income (1): Conventional Same Store Other Conventional Total Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 $ Change % Change $681,015 80,861 $652,058 72,808 $28,957 8,053 761,876 724,866 37,010 232,633 39,597 272,230 229,228 34,741 263,969 3,405 4,856 8,261 448,382 41,264 422,830 38,067 25,552 3,197 $489,646 $460,897 $28,749 4.4% 11.1% 5.1% 1.5% 14.0% 3.1% 6.0% 8.4% 6.2% (1) At the beginning of 2012, we revised our methodology for including certain costs within property operating expenses for purposes of measuring segment performance. Based on the lack of comparable expense information for 2011, we have excluded $2.2 million of these costs from property operating expenses and property net operating income for the year ended December 31, 2012, as presented above. These expenses are included within the comparison of our conventional segment results for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. For the year ended December 31, 2012, as compared to 2011, our conventional segment’s proportionate property net operating income increased $28.7 million, or 6.2%. For the year ended December 31, 2012, as compared to 2011, Conventional Same Store proportionate property net operating income increased by $25.6 million, or 6.0%. This increase was primarily attributable to a $29.0 million, or 4.4%, increase in rental and other property revenues due to higher average revenues (approximately $62 per effective home), comprised of increases in rental rates, fee income and utility reimbursements, partially offset by a 30 basis point decrease in average daily occupancy. Rental rates on new leases transacted during the year ended December 31, 2012, were 3.2% higher than expiring lease rates, and renewal rates were 5.5% higher than expiring lease rates. The increase in Conventional Same Store rental and other property revenues was partially offset by a $3.4 million, or 1.5%, increase in property operating expenses, primarily due to increases in real estate taxes, insurance and marketing expenses, partially offset by decreases in personnel and related costs. 31 Our Other Conventional proportionate property net operating income increased by $3.2 million, or 8.4%, during the year ended December 31, 2012, as compared to 2011, primarily due to an increase in net operating income resulting from conventional apartment communities we acquired in 2012 and 2011. Affordable Real Estate Operations Our affordable segment consists of apartment communities we classify as Affordable Same Store or Other Affordable. Affordable Same Store apartment communities are those we manage that are subject to tax credit agreements, in which our ownership exceeds 10% and that have reached and maintained a stabilized occupancy rate (greater than 90%) during the current year and prior year-to-date periods. Other Affordable apartment communities are those that do not meet the Affordable Same Store community definition because they are not subject to tax credit agreements and/or our ownership interest is less than 10%. During 2013, we revised our definition of Affordable Same Store communities to include only those communities that are subject to tax credit agreements. At December 31, 2013, as defined by our segment performance metrics, our Affordable Same Store portfolio and Other Affordable portfolio consisted of 46 and nine apartment communities with 7,424 and 1,367 apartment homes, respectively. From December 31, 2012 to December 31, 2013, our Affordable Same Store portfolio decreased by 21 apartment communities with 2,570 apartment homes, which consisted of two apartment communities with 272 apartment homes that were sold and the remainder representing non-tax credit apartment communities we reclassified to our Other Affordable portfolio based on the Affordable Same Store definition change discussed above. Our affordable results for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 presented below are based on the apartment community populations at December 31, 2013. Rental and other property revenues: Affordable Same Store Other Affordable Total Property operating expenses: Affordable Same Store Other Affordable Total Property net operating income: Affordable Same Store Other Affordable Total Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 $ Change % Change $87,047 11,666 $85,522 11,613 98,713 97,135 $1,525 53 1,578 34,737 4,980 39,717 52,310 6,686 33,696 5,236 38,932 51,826 6,377 1,041 (256) 785 484 309 $58,996 $58,203 $ 793 1.8% 0.5% 1.6% 3.1% (4.9)% 2.0% 0.9% 4.8% 1.4% For the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to 2012, our affordable segment’s proportionate property net operating income increased $0.8 million, or 1.4%. The proportionate property net operating income of our Affordable Same Store apartment communities increased $0.5 million, or 0.9%, which consisted of a $1.5 million, or 1.8%, increase in revenue, partially offset by a $1.0 million, or 3.1%, increase in expense. Affordable Same Store revenue increased partially due to higher average revenues ($14 per effective home) and higher average physical occupancy (30 basis points). Affordable Same Store expenses increased primarily due to an increase in utilities, real estate taxes and insurance costs. 32 At December 31, 2012, as defined by our segment performance metrics, our Affordable Same Store portfolio and Other Affordable portfolio consisted of 46 and nine apartment communities with 7,424 and 1,367 apartment homes, respectively. Our affordable results for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 presented below are based on the apartment community populations at December 31, 2012. Rental and other property revenues: Affordable Same Store Other Affordable Total Property operating expenses (1): Affordable Same Store Other Affordable Total Property net operating income (1): Affordable Same Store Other Affordable Total Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 $ Change % Change $85,522 11,613 $82,498 11,509 97,135 94,007 $3,024 104 3,128 33,258 5,224 38,482 52,264 6,389 32,412 4,684 37,096 50,086 6,825 846 540 1,386 2,178 (436) $58,653 $56,911 $1,742 3.7% 0.9% 3.3% 2.6% 11.5% 3.7% 4.3% (6.4)% 3.1% (1) Refer to Note 1 to the preceding table comparing our conventional segment’s results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. Similarly, we have excluded $0.5 million of costs from property operating expenses and property net operating income for the year ended December 31, 2012, as presented above. These expenses are included within the comparison of our affordable segment results for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. For the year ended December 31, 2012, as compared to 2011, the proportionate property net operating income of our affordable apartment communities increased $1.7 million, or 3.1%. The increase in proportionate net operating income was primarily attributed to a $2.2 million, or 4.3%, increase in the net operating income of our Affordable Same Store apartment communities. This increase in Affordable Same Store net operating income consisted of a $3.0 million, or 3.7%, increase in revenue, partially offset by a $0.8 million, or 2.6%, increase in expense. Affordable Same Store revenues increased primarily due to higher average revenues ($22 per effective home) and higher average physical occupancy (130 basis points). Affordable Same Store expenses increased primarily due to increases in insurance, real estate taxes, and contract services. Non-Segment Real Estate Operations Real estate operations net operating income amounts not attributed to our conventional or affordable segments include property management revenues, offsite costs associated with property management, and casualty losses, reported in consolidated amounts, which we do not allocate to our conventional or affordable segments for purposes of evaluating segment performance (see Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8). Property management expenses, which include offsite costs associated with managing apartment communities we own (both our share and the share that we allocate to the noncontrolling limited partners in our consolidated partnerships) and offsite costs associated with apartment communities we managed for third parties during 2012 and 2011, totaled $30.7 million, $35.9 million and $41.4 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011. The decrease in property management expenses in these periods was primarily due to reductions in personnel and related costs based on the reduction in the number of apartment communities we own and manage. 33 For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, casualty losses increased by $5.2 million, from $1.5 million to $6.7 million due to fires that damaged apartment communities in New York and Tennessee, flooding that damaged an apartment community in Michigan, and increases in minor casualty losses incurred at our apartment communities in 2013. For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, casualty losses decreased by $10.1 million, from $11.6 million to $1.5 million. The decrease in casualty losses during 2012 was primarily due to losses in 2011 from severe snow storms in the Northeast that damaged several apartment communities along with a loss resulting from a severe wind storm in California during 2011 that damaged an apartment community. Tax Credit and Asset Management Revenues We sponsor certain consolidated partnerships that acquire, develop and operate qualifying affordable housing apartment communities and are structured to provide for the pass-through of tax credits and deductions to their partners. We recognize income associated with the delivery of tax credits associated with these partnerships to their partners. The tax credit and other activities are conducted in part by our TRS entities, and the related net operating income may be subject to income taxes. For the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2012, tax credit and asset management revenues decreased $6.9 million. This decrease is primarily attributable to reductions in disposition and other transactional fees from 2012 to 2013. For the year ended December 31, 2012, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, tax credit and asset management revenues increased $3.1 million. This increase is primarily attributable to an increase of $5.3 million of disposition and other fees we earn in connection with transactional activities. This increase was partially offset by a $1.0 million decrease of income recognized in 2011 upon the syndication of a low-income housing tax credit partnership, with no comparable activity during 2012, and a $1.4 million decrease in asset management fees. Investment Management Expenses Investment management expenses consist primarily of the costs of personnel who perform tax credit and asset management activities. For the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to the year ended December 31, 2012, investment management expenses decreased $7.7 million. Investment management expenses decreased by $3.4 million due to fees paid to third parties during 2012 for asset management services related to the legacy asset management business, which we sold in late 2012 (see Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 8). Investment management expenses also decreased by $1.0 million due to a reduction in personnel and related costs and by $3.3 million due to a reduction in transaction and other costs. For the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, investment management expenses increased $1.5 million. This increase was primarily due to fees paid to third parties for providing asset management services and our write off during 2012 of tax credit costs discussed above, partially offset by a reduction in personnel and related costs. Depreciation and Amortization During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, depreciation and amortization totaled $291.9 million, $325.2 million and $323.2 million, respectively. The $33.3 million decrease from 2012 to 2013 was primarily due to assets that became fully depreciated. 34 Provision for Real Estate Impairment Losses Based on periodic tests of recoverability of long-lived assets, during the year ended December 31, 2012 we recognized impairment losses totaling $6.2 million primarily related to assets classified as held for use. These impairment losses were recognized primarily due to reductions in the estimated period over which we expect to hold the apartment communities, coupled with reductions in the estimated fair values of the assets as compared with their carrying amounts. General and Administrative Expenses In recent years, we have worked toward simplifying our business, including winding down the portion of our business that generates transaction-based activity fees and reducing the number of partnerships that own our conventional apartment communities by acquiring the noncontrolling interests in these partnerships, which allows us to reduce overhead and other costs associated with these activities. These and other simplification activities, along with our scale reductions have allowed us to reduce our offsite costs, which consist of general and administrative expenses as well as property management and investment management expenses, by $34.1 million, or 29.7%, since 2010. Our general and administrative expense as a percentage of total revenues has decreased from 5.6% in 2011, to 5.2% in 2012 and 4.7% in 2013. For the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to the year ended December 31, 2012, general and administrative expenses decreased $3.9 million, or 7.9%, primarily due to decreases in information technology costs. For the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, general and administrative expenses decreased $1.3 million, or 2.6%, primarily due to lower rent expense related to our corporate office space, decreases in consulting and professional costs, and reductions in personnel and related costs, partially offset by increases in information technology costs. Other Expenses, Net Other expenses, net includes franchise taxes, risk management activities, partnership administration expenses and certain non-recurring items. For the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to the year ended December 31, 2012, other expenses, net decreased $4.7 million. The net decrease is primarily due to reductions in costs related to the legacy asset management business which we sold in late 2012, severance costs incurred during 2012, and the write off during 2012 of residual receipts amounts held by certain of our affordable apartment communities following a change in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s policies regarding use of these amounts. For the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, other expenses, net decreased by $6.2 million. The net decrease was primarily attributable to the reduction in 2012 of costs associated with certain of our consolidated tax credit partnerships and settlement of various litigation matters and environmental remediation costs during 2011. This decrease was partially offset by the write off during 2012 of the residual receipts amounts discussed above. Interest Income Interest income consists primarily of interest on notes receivable, accretion of discounts on certain notes receivable, interest on cash and restricted cash accounts and interest on investments in debt securities of a securitization that holds certain of our property debt, which investments are classified within other assets in our consolidated balance sheets. 35 For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, Aimco recognized interest income of $16.1 million, $9.9 million and $9.7 million, respectively. Interest income increased during 2013, as compared to 2012, primarily due to interest on the West Harlem property loans that were purchased in 2013 and held for approximately six months prior to their repayment (see Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8), and due to accretion income recognized related to an apartment community sale for which the net proceeds available for repayment of partnership loans exceeded the amounts previously anticipated. In addition to the interest income recognized by Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership recognized $1.3 million of interest income during the year ended December 31, 2011 related to notes receivable from Aimco, for which no interest income was recognized in 2013 or 2012 following repayment of the notes in late 2011. These notes receivable and related interest income were eliminated in Aimco’s consolidated financial statements prior to their repayment. Recovery of Losses on Notes Receivable During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we recognized net recoveries of previously recognized losses on notes receivable of $1.9 million, $3.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively. The recoveries recognized during 2013 and 2012were primarily related to our interest in Devco California LLC (formerly Casden Properties LLC), an entity organized to acquire, re-entitle and develop land parcels in southern California. These recoveries were partially offset by losses on other notes receivable recognized during 2013 and 2012, primarily due to apartment community sales during these years for which the net proceeds available for repayment of partnership loans were less than the amounts previously anticipated. Interest Expense For the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to the year ended December 31, 2012, interest expense, which includes the amortization of deferred financing costs and prepayment penalties incurred on debt refinancings, increased by $7.7 million, or 3.3%. Approximately $10.5 million of the increase was driven by debt forgiveness gains recognized by the legacy asset management business during 2012, partially offset by normal interest expense. The debt forgiveness gains were recognized upon the sale of partnership interests held by the legacy asset management business. The gains and interest expense were primarily allocated to noncontrolling interests and had no significant effect on the amounts of net income attributable to Aimco or the Aimco Operating Partnership during these periods. Interest expense also increased by $3.1 million due to prepayment penalties incurred upon the early repayment of property debt on an apartment community included in our unencumbered pool. These increases in interest expense were partially offset by decreases in interest expense resulting from lower average outstanding balances on non-recourse property debt for our existing apartment communities (inclusive of the expansion of our pool of unencumbered apartment communities). For the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, interest expense decreased by $42.9 million, or 15.8%. This decrease was primarily attributable to our recognition during 2011 of $20.7 million of prepayment penalties and the write off of $2.3 million of deferred loan costs in connection with the completion of a series of refinancing transactions in 2011. The decrease was also due to $15.6 million of debt forgiveness gains recognized during 2012 upon the sale of partnership interests held by the legacy asset management business. These gains were primarily allocated to noncontrolling interests and had no significant effect on the amounts of net income attributable to Aimco or the Aimco Operating Partnership during the year ended December 31, 2012. The remainder of the decrease in interest expense was due to lower average outstanding loan balances and interest rates. Equity in Earnings or Income (Losses) of Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships Equity in earnings or losses of unconsolidated real estate partnerships includes our share of the net earnings or losses of our unconsolidated real estate partnerships, which may include impairment losses, gains or losses on the disposition of apartment communities or depreciation expense, which may exceed the net operating income recognized by such unconsolidated partnerships. 36 During 2012 and 2011, the majority of the equity in losses of unconsolidated real estate partnerships related to the legacy asset management business. These amounts were attributed to noncontrolling interests and had no significant effect on the amounts of net income or loss attributable to Aimco or the Aimco Operating Partnership. Following the sale of the legacy asset management business during late 2012, the equity in losses of these unconsolidated real estate partnerships is included in (loss) gain on dispositions and other, as further discussed below. Gain on Dispositions of Unconsolidated Real Estate and Other Gain on dispositions of unconsolidated real estate and other includes gains or losses on disposition of interests in unconsolidated real estate partnerships, gains or losses on dispositions of land and other non- depreciable assets and certain costs related to asset disposal activities, which vary from period to period. During 2013, gain on dispositions of unconsolidated real estate and other also includes the net results of operations related to the legacy asset management business, which we account for under the profit sharing method as further discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized $1.1 million of income related to the legacy asset management business, which is net of approximately $0.6 million of income tax expense. We allocated $21.4 million of net losses to noncontrolling interests in the legacy asset management business, resulting in income of $22.5 million from the legacy asset management business attributable to Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership. As described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8, $20.6 million of the losses allocated to noncontrolling interests related to the derecognition of residual noncontrolling interest balances related to partnerships that commenced dissolution in 2013. During the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, we recognized $21.9 million and $2.4 million, respectively, in net gains on dispositions of unconsolidated real estate and other. Approximately $15.7 million of the gains recognized during 2012 related to the sale of our interests in two unconsolidated real estate partnerships. The majority of the remainder of the gains recognized in 2012 and substantially all the gains recognized in 2011 related to partnership interests held through the legacy asset management business, in which we had an insignificant economic interest. Accordingly, these gains related to the legacy asset management business were attributed to noncontrolling interests and had no significant effect on the amounts of income or loss attributable to Aimco or the Aimco Operating Partnership during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. Income Tax Benefit Certain of our operations or a portion thereof, including property management, asset management and risk management are conducted through TRS entities. Income taxes related to the results of continuing operations of our TRS entities are included in income tax benefit in our consolidated statements of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to the year ended December 31, 2012, income tax benefit increased by $1.1 million from $0.9 million to $2.0 million, primarily due to a $3.9 million tax benefit associated with historic tax credits earned from the redevelopment of our Lincoln Place apartment community, partially offset by an increase in income tax expense resulting from taxable income earned by our TRS entities. For the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, income tax benefit decreased by $5.1 million, from $5.9 million to $0.9 million, primarily due to decreases in tax benefits due to decreases in losses of our TRS entities, including the recovery during 2012 of previously recognized losses on our interest in Devco California LLC. 37 Income from Discontinued Operations, Net The results of operations for consolidated apartment communities sold during the period or designated as held for sale at the end of the period are required to be classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented. The components of net earnings that are classified as discontinued operations include all property- related revenues and operating expenses, depreciation expense recognized prior to the classification as held for sale, property-specific interest expense and debt extinguishment gains and losses to the extent there is secured debt on the apartment community. In addition, any impairment losses on assets held for sale and the net gain or loss on the eventual disposal of assets held for sale are reported in discontinued operations. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, income from discontinued operations totaled $203.2 million and $214.1 million, respectively. The $10.9 million decrease in income from discontinued operations was principally due to a $23.2 million decrease in gain on dispositions of real estate, net of income taxes, with the balance of the change resulting from an increase in operating income, net of interest expense, due to the timing and composition of sales. For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, income from discontinued operations totaled $214.1 million and $78.1 million, respectively. The $136.0 million increase in income from discontinued operations was principally due to a $122.9 million increase in gain on dispositions of real estate, net of income taxes, with the balance of the change resulting from an increase in operating income, net of interest expense, due to the timing and composition of sales. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we sold 29 consolidated apartment communities for an aggregate sales price of $515.8 million, resulting in net proceeds of $233.1 million and a net gain of approximately $200.6 million (which is net of $11.8 million of related income taxes). We sold 16 of our lowest- rated conventional apartment communities with average revenue per apartment home of $874, 40% below the average of our retained portfolio. Among the apartment communities sold were the last we held in Dallas-Fort Worth, Tampa, Daytona Beach and Naples, Florida and Detroit. We also sold 13 affordable apartment communities. During the year ended December 31, 2012, we sold 75 consolidated apartment communities for an aggregate sales price of $719.0 million, resulting in net proceeds of $289.9 million and a net gain of approximately $223.8 million (which is net of $10.7 million of related income taxes). During the year ended December 31, 2011, we sold 67 consolidated apartment communities for an aggregate sales price of $473.5 million, resulting in net proceeds of $185.6 million and a net gain of approximately $100.9 million (which is net of $7.3 million of related income taxes). Net operating income, or NOI, capitalization rate and free cash flow, or FCF, capitalization rate are common benchmarks used in the real estate industry for relative comparison of real estate valuations, including for apartment community sales. We calculate NOI capitalization rates using an apartment community’s trailing twelve month net operating income prior to sale, less a 3.0% management fee, divided by gross proceeds. FCF represents an apartment community’s NOI less capital spending required to maintain the condition of the apartment community, and the FCF capitalization rate represents the rate of return generated by the FCF from the apartment community divided by the gross proceeds from its sale. The NOI capitalization rates and FCF capitalization rates for our conventional and affordable apartment community sales during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, were as follows: NOI capitalization rate: Conventional Affordable FCF capitalization rate: Conventional Affordable 38 2013 2012 2011 7.6% 6.2% 7.0% 5.8% 8.3% 9.0% 5.8% 4.8% 4.8% 4.8% 5.7% 5.8% Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships reflects the results of our consolidated real estate partnerships allocated to the owners who are not affiliated with Aimco. The amounts of income or loss of our consolidated real estate partnerships that we allocate to owners not affiliated with Aimco include their share of property management fees, interest on notes and other amounts that we charge to these partnerships. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, we allocated net income of $12.5 million and $51.2 million, respectively, to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships, a decrease of $38.7 million. This decrease was primarily due to a $29.0 million reduction in the noncontrolling interest partners’ share of income from continuing operations, approximately $20.6 million of which was associated with the sales or dissolution of partnerships interests held by the legacy asset management business, resulting in the derecognition of residual noncontrolling interests balances related to these partnerships (see Note 3 to consolidated financial statements in Item 8). Income attributable to noncontrolling interests also decreased by $9.7 million of income from discontinued operations resulting primarily from decreases in gains on dispositions of real estate. For the year ended December 31, 2012, we allocated net income of $51.2 million to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships, compared to $0.3 million of net losses allocated to these noncontrolling interests during the year ended December 31, 2011, or a variance of $51.5 million. This change was primarily due to a $42.1 million increase in the noncontrolling interest partners’ share of income from continuing operations primarily due to their share of decreases in interest expense (inclusive of debt forgiveness gains during 2012) and gains on dispositions of unconsolidated apartment communities in consolidated real estate partnerships. These increases were also affected by ownership changes during the periods resulting from our acquisitions of noncontrolling interests in certain of our consolidated partnerships. This change was also due to a $9.4 million decrease in their share of income from discontinued operations. Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership In Aimco’s consolidated financial statements, noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership reflects the results of the Aimco Operating Partnership that are allocated to the holders of OP Units. Aimco allocates the Aimco Operating Partnership’s income or loss to the holders of common OP Units and equivalents based on the weighted average number of these units (including those held by Aimco) outstanding during the period. The amount of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s income allocated to holders of the preferred OP Units is equal to the amount of distributions they receive. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, income allocated to noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership were $18.1 million and $11.7 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2011, losses allocated to the noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership totaled $0.8 million. Net Income Attributable to Aimco Preferred Stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s Preferred Unitholders Net income attributable to Aimco preferred stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred unitholders both decreased significantly during the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2012, due to the redemption by Aimco of $600.9 million of preferred stock during 2012, and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s corresponding redemption of preferred units held by Aimco. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make the following critical accounting policies involve our more estimates and assumptions. We believe that significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. 39 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Real estate and other long-lived assets to be held and used are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an apartment community may not be recoverable, we make an assessment of its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount to our estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows, excluding interest charges, of the apartment community. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the apartment community. From time to time, we have non-revenue producing apartment communities that we hold for future redevelopment. We assess the recoverability of the carrying amount of these redevelopment apartment communities by comparing our estimate of undiscounted future cash flows based on the expected service potential of the redevelopment apartment community upon completion to the carrying amount. In certain instances, we use a probability-weighted approach to determine our estimate of undiscounted future cash flows when alternative courses of action are under consideration. Real estate investments are subject to varying degrees of risk. Several factors may adversely affect the economic performance and value of our real estate investments. These factors include: • • • • • • • the general economic climate; competition from other apartment communities and other housing options; local conditions, such as loss of jobs or an increase in the supply of apartments, that might adversely affect apartment occupancy or rental rates; changes in governmental regulations and the related cost of compliance; increases in operating costs (including real estate taxes) due to inflation and other factors, which may not be offset by increased rents; changes in tax laws and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing; and changes in interest rates and the availability of financing. Any adverse changes in these and other factors could cause an impairment of our long-lived assets, including real estate and investments in unconsolidated real estate partnerships. As we execute our portfolio strategy over the next few years, we are evaluating alternatives to sell or reduce our interest in a significant number of apartment communities that do not align with our long-term investment strategy. While there is no assurance that we will sell or reduce our investment in these apartment communities during the desired timeframe, the size of our portfolio is likely to change as we continue to execute our portfolio management strategy. For any apartment communities that are sold or meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale during the next twelve months, the reduction in the estimated holding period for these apartment communities may result in additional impairment losses. Capitalized Costs We capitalize costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital additions activities, including redevelopment, development and construction projects, other tangible apartment community improvements and replacements of existing apartment community components. Included in these capitalized costs are payroll costs associated with time spent by site employees in connection with the planning, execution and control of all capital additions activities at the apartment community level. We characterize as “indirect costs” an allocation of certain department costs, including payroll, at the area operations and corporate levels that clearly relate to capital additions activities. We also capitalize interest, property taxes and insurance during 40 periods in which redevelopment, development and construction projects are in progress. We commence capitalization of costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital addition activities, at the point in time when activities necessary to get apartment communities ready for their intended use are in progress. This includes when apartment communities or apartment homes are undergoing physical construction, as well as when apartment homes are held vacant in advance of planned construction, provided that other activities such as permitting, planning and design are in progress. We cease the capitalization of costs when the assets are substantially complete and ready for their intended use, which is typically when construction has been completed and apartment homes are available for occupancy. We charge to property operating expense, as incurred, costs including ordinary repairs, maintenance and resident turnover costs. Refer to the discussion of investing activities within the Liquidity and Capital Resources section for a summary of costs capitalized during the periods presented. Funds From Operations and Adjusted Funds From Operations Funds From Operations, or FFO, is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe, when considered with the financial statements determined in accordance with GAAP, is helpful to investors in understanding our performance because it captures features particular to real estate performance by recognizing that real estate generally appreciates over time or maintains residual value to a much greater extent than do other depreciable assets such as machinery, computers or other personal property. The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT, defines FFO as net income or loss computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains from sales of, and impairment losses recognized with respect to, depreciable property, plus depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. Adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures are calculated on the same basis to determine FFO. We calculate FFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders (diluted) by subtracting, if dilutive, redemption or repurchase related preferred stock issuance costs and dividends on preferred stock, and adding back dividends/distributions on dilutive preferred securities and premiums or discounts on preferred stock redemptions or repurchases. In addition to FFO, we compute Pro forma FFO and Adjusted FFO, or AFFO, which are also non-GAAP financial measures that we believe are helpful to investors in understanding our performance. Pro forma FFO represents FFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders (diluted), excluding preferred equity redemption- related amounts (adjusted for noncontrolling interests). Preferred equity redemption-related amounts (gains or losses) are items that periodically affect our operating results and we exclude these items from our calculation of Pro forma FFO because such amounts are not representative of our operating performance. AFFO represents Pro forma FFO reduced by Capital Replacements (also adjusted for noncontrolling interests), which represents our estimation of the capital additions required to maintain the value of our portfolio during our ownership period. When we make capital additions at an apartment community, we evaluate whether the additions enhance the value, profitability or useful life of an asset as compared to its condition at the time we purchased the asset. We classify as Capital Improvements those capital additions that meet these criteria and we classify as Capital Replacements those that do not. AFFO is a key financial indicator we use to evaluate our operational performance and is used to help determine the amounts of our dividend payments. 41 FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO should not be considered alternatives to net income (loss) or net cash flows from operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP, as indications of our performance or as measures of liquidity. Although we use these non-GAAP measures for comparability in assessing our performance against other REITs, not all REITs compute these same measures. Additionally, computation of AFFO is subject to definitions of capital spending, which are subjective. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing these non-GAAP measures is comparable with that of other REITs. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, Aimco’s FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO are calculated as follows (in thousands): Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco common stockholders (1) Adjustments: Depreciation and amortization, net of noncontrolling partners’ interest Depreciation and amortization related to non-real estate assets, net of noncontrolling partners’ interest Gain on dispositions of unconsolidated real estate and other, net of noncontrolling partners’ interest Provision for impairment losses related to depreciable real estate assets, net of noncontrolling partners’ interest Discontinued operations: Gain on dispositions of real estate, net of income taxes and noncontrolling partners’ interest (Recovery of) provision for impairment losses related to depreciable real estate assets, net of noncontrolling partners’ interest Depreciation of rental property, net of noncontrolling partners’ interest Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership’s share of above adjustments (2) Amounts allocable to participating securities FFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders – diluted Preferred equity redemption related amounts Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership’s share of above adjustments Amounts allocable to participating securities Pro forma FFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders – diluted Capital Replacements, net of common noncontrolling interests in Aimco 2013 2012 2011 $ 203,673 $ 82,146 $(103,161) 282,235 310,047 303,810 (11,273) (13,000) (12,539) (19,321) (15,399) (2,156) — 7,263 4,043 (165,061) (185,107) (60,736) (855) 14,517 16,229 13,349 35,621 57,748 (5,346) (377) (9,127) (503) (20,868) (556) $ 297,024 — $ 226,458 22,626 $ 181,814 (3,904) — — (1,341) (87) 266 16 $ 297,024 $ 247,656 $ 178,192 Operating Partnership and participating securities (75,067) (66,722) (73,802) AFFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders – diluted $ 221,957 $ 180,934 $ 104,390 Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted (earnings per share) Dilutive common share equivalents 145,532 — 134,479 264 119,312 314 Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted (FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO) (3) 145,532 134,743 119,626 (1) Represents the numerator for calculating Aimco’s earnings per common share in accordance with GAAP (see Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8). (2) During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the Aimco Operating Partnership had outstanding 7,965,431, 8,134,774 and 8,368,855 common OP Units and equivalents. (3) Represents the denominator for Aimco’s earnings per common share – diluted, calculated in accordance with GAAP, plus common share equivalents that are dilutive for FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO. 42 For the year ended December 31, 2013 as compared to the 2012, Pro forma FFO increased 11% (on a diluted per share basis) as a result of improved property operating results and lower offsite costs. These positive results were somewhat offset by higher interest expense and lower income from discontinued operations. For the same period, AFFO increased 14% (on a diluted per share basis), as a result of the Pro forma FFO growth as well as a decrease in Capital Replacements spending as a percentage of net operating income. An increase in 2013 Capital Replacement spending related to multi-phase capital projects was offset by a reduction in Standard Capital Replacements due to the sale of approximately 18,000 apartment homes during 2012 and 2013. As we concentrate our investment capital in higher quality, higher price-point properties, Capital Replacements decline as a percentage of net operating income. Refer to the Liquidity and Capital Resources section for further information regarding our Capital Replacements and other capital investing activities. The Aimco Operating Partnership does not separately compute or report FFO, Pro forma FFO or AFFO. However, based on Aimco’s method for allocation of amounts of FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO to noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership, as well as the limited differences between Aimco’s and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s net loss amounts during the periods presented, FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO amounts on a per unit basis for the Aimco Operating Partnership would be expected to be substantially the same as the corresponding per share amounts for Aimco. Liquidity and Capital Resources Liquidity is the ability to meet present and future financial obligations. Our primary source of liquidity is cash flow from our operations. Additional sources are proceeds from sales of apartment communities, proceeds from refinancings of existing property debt, borrowings under new property debt, borrowings under our Credit Agreement and proceeds from equity offerings. Our principal uses for liquidity include normal operating activities, payments of principal and interest on outstanding property debt, capital expenditures, dividends paid to stockholders, distributions paid to noncontrolling interest partners and acquisitions of, and investments in, apartment communities. We use our cash and cash equivalents and our cash provided by operating activities to meet short-term liquidity needs. In the event that our cash and cash equivalents and cash provided by operating activities are not sufficient to cover our short-term liquidity needs, we have additional means, such as short-term borrowing availability and proceeds from apartment community sales and refinancings. We may use our Credit Agreement for working capital and other short-term purposes, such as funding investments on an interim basis. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements, such as debt maturities and apartment community acquisitions, through long-term borrowings, primarily secured, the issuance of equity securities (including OP Units), the sale of apartment communities and cash generated from operations. The availability of credit and its related effect on the overall economy may affect our liquidity and future financing activities, both through changes in interest rates and access to financing. Currently, interest rates are low compared to historical levels and many lenders are active in the market. However, any adverse changes in the lending environment could negatively affect our liquidity. We believe we have mitigated much of this exposure by reducing our short and intermediate term maturity risk through refinancing such loans with long- dated, fixed-rate property debt. However, if financing options become unavailable for our further debt needs, we may consider alternative sources of liquidity, such as reductions in capital spending or proceeds from asset dispositions. At December 31, 2013, we had $55.8 million in cash and cash equivalents and $127.0 million of restricted cash, decreases of $28.7 million and $18.5 million, respectively, from December 31, 2012. Restricted cash primarily consists of reserves and escrows held by lenders for bond sinking funds, capital additions, property taxes and insurance, and escrows related to resident security deposits. The following discussion relates to changes in cash due to operating, investing and financing activities, which are presented in our consolidated statements of cash flows in Item 8. 43 Operating Activities For the year ended December 31, 2013, our net cash provided by operating activities of $325.6 million was primarily related to operating income from our consolidated apartment communities, which is affected primarily by rental rates, occupancy levels and operating expenses related to our portfolio of apartment communities, in excess payments of operating accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2013, increased by $8.8 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2012, primarily due to a decrease in the amount of cash we paid for interest, an increase in the net operating income of the apartment communities included in continuing operations, and the repayment of accrued interest related to the West Harlem property loans receivable discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. These increases in cash from operating activities were partially offset by a decrease in the net operating income of our apartment communities included in discontinued operations due to our sales of apartment communities during 2013 and 2012. Investing Activities For the year ended December 31, 2013, our net cash provided by investing activities of $65.2 million consisted primarily of capital expenditures and purchases of real estate, partially offset by proceeds from dispositions of real estate and the net proceeds from the repayment of the principal associated with the West Harlem property loans receivable and related purchase option discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. Capital expenditures totaled $350.3 million, $270.2 million, and $200.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. We generally fund capital additions with cash provided by operating activities and cash proceeds from apartment community sales. We categorize our capital spending broadly into five primary categories: Capital Replacements (consisting of standard Capital Replacements and those relating to multi-phase projects), Property Upgrades, Capital redevelopment and development, and casualty replacements spending. We monitor our spending in these categories based on capital additions related to apartment communities that we own and manage, and we do not include in these measures capital spending related to apartment communities sold or classified as held for sale at the end of the period, commercial space or fitness facilities at our communities, or apartment communities we own but do not manage. A summary of the capital spending for these categories, along with a reconciliation of the total for these categories to the capital expenditures reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flow for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011, are presented below (dollars in thousands): Improvements, Capital Replacements: Standard Multi-phase projects Property Upgrades Capital Improvements Redevelopment and development additions Casualty replacements Total capital additions Less: additions related to unconsolidated partnerships Plus: additions related to sold apartment communities Plus: additions related to consolidated apartment communities not managed, commercial space, fitness facilities and other Consolidated capital additions Plus: net change in accrued capital spending 2013 2012 2011 $ 48,204 22,314 39,059 57,773 194,159 9,262 370,771 — 4,831 $ 53,849 4,425 45,702 35,590 100,085 12,033 $ 65,772 — 23,569 34,652 33,173 9,812 251,684 (1,226) 20,501 166,978 (461) 40,214 436 1,144 533 376,038 (25,700) 272,103 (1,893) 207,264 (6,892) Capital expenditures per consolidated statement of cash flows $350,338 $270,210 $200,372 44 Capital spending related to redevelopment and development and Capital Improvements increased significantly during the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2012, due to ongoing projects and new projects we commenced in 2012. Capital spending related to redevelopment and Property Upgrades increased significantly in the year ended December 31, 2012, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, due to the commencement during 2012 of large redevelopment projects and large projects for Property Upgrades, primarily the installation of simulated wood flooring at certain of our apartment communities. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we completed the Baywalk redevelopment at our Flamingo South Beach apartment community located in Miami, Florida, for a total project cost of $4.6 million, and we completed the construction of 28 townhomes at our Elm Creek apartment community located in Elmhurst, IL, for a total project cost of $12.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we continued the redevelopment of four apartment communities that were started during 2012. In addition, we substantially completed the Capital Replacement and Capital Improvement phase of our multi-phase capital projects at 2900 on First, located in Seattle, Washington, and Park Towne Place and The Sterling, both located in Center City Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and we began the redevelopment phase of a project at The Sterling, which includes renovation of common areas and commercial space, as well as the upgrade of 69 apartment homes. Additional apartment homes may be upgraded in the future. We expect the redevelopment of 2900 on First and Park Towne Place to begin during 2014. We expect our conventional redevelopment spending for 2014 to range from approximately $125 million to $150 million. Information regarding our active redevelopment projects at December 31, 2013, is presented below (dollars in millions): Total Number of Apartment Homes Estimated Total Project Cost Inception-to- Date Investment Construction Start Initial Occupancy Construction Complete Stabilized Operations Anticipated Schedule Lincoln Place, Venice, CA Pacific Bay Vistas, San Bruno, CA The Palazzo at Park La Brea, Los Angeles, CA The Preserve at Marin, Corte Madera, CA The Sterling, Philadelphia, PA 795 308 521 126 537 $350 $294.9 Multiple Multiple 4Q 2014 1Q 2015 121 106.3 4Q 2011 3Q 2013 2Q 2014 3Q 2014 16 101 25 9.7 1Q 2012 4Q 2012 3Q 2014 4Q 2014 81.8 3.5 4Q 2012 4Q 2013 1Q 2014 3Q 2014 3Q 2014 2Q 2015 4Q 2014 3Q 2015 Total 2,287 $613 $496.2 During the year ended December 31, 2013, we also broke ground on the One Canal Street development, a 12-story apartment community in Boston, Massachusetts. We expect to invest approximately $190 million over the next two and one-half years to construct 310 luxury apartment homes and approximately 22,000 square feet of commercial space. The development will be funded in part by a $114.0 million construction loan and in part by proceeds from sales of rated apartment communities in less desirable submarkets. Through December 31, 2013, we have incurred approximately $15.9 million of costs related to this development, and we expect to invest approximately $60 million to $70 million in this project during 2014. lower For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we capitalized $17.6 million, $16.6 million and $14.0 million of interest costs, respectively, and $33.2 million, $33.7 million and $29.0 million of other direct and indirect costs, respectively. 45 Financing Activities For the year ended December 31, 2013, our net cash used in financing activities of $419.5 million was primarily attributed to principal payments on property debt, dividends paid to common security holders and distributions paid to and acquisitions of noncontrolling interests, partially offset by proceeds from property debt. Property Debt At December 31, 2013 and 2012, we had $4.3 billion and $4.7 billion, respectively, of consolidated property debt outstanding, which, at December 31, 2012, included $278.5 million of property debt classified within liabilities related to assets held for sale. Approximately 3.1% of our property debt at December 31, 2013, was variable rate. Although we are sometimes required by the limited partners in our consolidated real estate partnerships to limit our exposure to interest rate fluctuations by entering into interest swap agreements, which moderate our exposure to interest rate risk by effectively converting the interest on variable rate debt to a fixed rate, our exposure to such derivative instruments is limited. We intend to continue to refinance property debt primarily as a means of extending current and near term maturities and to finance certain capital projects. Credit Agreement Our Credit Agreement provides for $600.0 million of revolving loan commitments. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate set forth on a pricing grid which rate varies based on our leverage (initially either LIBOR, plus 1.875%, or, at our option, Prime plus 0.5%). The Credit Agreement matures in September 2017, and may be extended for an additional one-year period, subject to certain conditions. As of December 31, 2013, we had $50.4 million of outstanding borrowings under our Credit Agreement, and we had the capacity to borrow $505.0 million, net of the outstanding borrowings and $44.6 million for undrawn letters of credit backed by the Credit Agreement. The interest rate on our outstanding borrowings was 3.75% at December 31, 2013. The proceeds of revolving loans are generally used for working capital and other short-term purposes. Equity and Partners’ Capital Transactions During the year ended December 31, 2013, Aimco paid cash dividends or distributions totaling $2.8 million and $140.1 million, respectively, to preferred stockholders and common stockholders. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Aimco Operating Partnership paid cash distributions totaling $9.2 million and $147.7 million to preferred unitholders and common unitholders, respectively, of which $2.8 million and $140.1 million, respectively, represented distributions to Aimco, and $6.4 million and $7.6 million, respectively, represented distributions paid to holders of OP Units. The distributions paid to the holders OP Units are reflected as distributions to noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership within Aimco’s consolidated financial statements. During the year ended December 31, 2013, Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership paid cash distributions of $49.7 million to holders of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships, primarily related to apartment community sales during 2013 and late 2012. Pursuant to At-The-Market offering programs active at December 31, 2013, Aimco has the capacity to issue up to 3.5 million shares of its Common Stock and 3.5 million shares of its Class Z Cumulative Preferred Stock. In the event of any such issuances, Aimco would contribute the net proceeds to the Aimco Operating Partnership in exchange for a number of common partnership units or Class Z Partnership Preferred Units, as the case may be, equal to the number of shares issued and sold. Additionally, the Aimco Operating Partnership and Aimco have a shelf registration statement that provides for the issuance of debt securities by the Aimco Operating Partnership and equity securities by Aimco. 46 During the year ended December 31, 2013, we acquired the remaining noncontrolling limited partnership interests in three consolidated real estate partnerships that own five apartment communities and for which our affiliates serve as general partner, for a total cost of $17.9 million, and we redeemed approximately 105,000 common OP Units for cash of $3.1 million. Contractual Obligations This table summarizes information contained elsewhere in this Annual Report regarding payments due under contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2013 (amounts in thousands): Long-term debt (1) Interest related to long-term debt (2) Office space lease obligations Ground lease obligations (3) Construction obligations (4) Total Total $4,337,785 1,598,573 10,766 27,100 229,955 Less than One Year $170,202 233,714 3,249 973 148,222 2-3 Years 4-5 Years $ 822,442 419,229 4,691 1,947 81,733 $ 790,028 319,609 2,826 1,947 — More than Five Years $2,555,113 626,021 — 22,233 — $6,204,179 $556,360 $1,330,042 $1,114,410 $3,203,367 (1) (2) Includes scheduled principal amortization and maturity payments related to our long-term debt. Includes interest related to both fixed rate and variable rate debt. Interest related to variable rate debt is estimated based on the rate effective at December 31, 2013. Refer to Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for a description of average interest rates associated with our debt. (3) These ground leases mature in years ranging from 2037 to 2084. (4) Represents estimated obligations pursuant related to our development, redevelopment and other capital projects. Refer to Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information regarding these obligations. to construction contracts In addition to the amounts presented in the table above, at December 31, 2013, we were obligated to make dividend payments on $68.9 million (liquidation value) of perpetual preferred stock outstanding with a weighted average annual dividend yield of 4.0% and distribution payments on $79.1 million (liquidation value) of redeemable preferred OP Units of the Aimco Operating Partnership outstanding with annual distribution yields ranging from 1.8% to 8.8%. For the year ended December 31, 2013, the dividend payments on our perpetual preferred stock totaled $2.8 million and the distributions payments on the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred OP Units totaled $6.4 million. Additionally, we may enter into commitments to purchase goods and services in connection with the operations of our apartment communities. Those commitments generally have terms of one year or less and reflect expenditure levels comparable to our historical expenditures. Future Capital Needs In addition to the items set forth in “Contractual Obligations” above, we expect to fund any future acquisitions, redevelopment and development projects, Capital Improvements and Capital Replacements principally with proceeds from apartment community sales (including tax-free exchange proceeds), short-term borrowings, debt and equity financing and operating cash flows. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Our primary market risk exposure is to the availability of property debt or other cash sources to refund maturing property debt and to changes in base interest rates and credit risk spreads. Our liabilities are not subject 47 to any other material market rate or price risks. We use predominantly long-term, fixed-rate non-recourse property debt in order to avoid the refunding and repricing risks of short-term borrowings. We use short-term debt financing and working capital primarily to fund short-term uses and acquisitions and generally expect to refinance such borrowings with cash from operating activities, proceeds from apartment community sales, long- term debt or equity financings. We make limited use of other derivative financial instruments and we do not use them for trading or other speculative purposes. As of December 31, 2013, on a consolidated basis, we had approximately $195.4 million of variable-rate indebtedness outstanding and $37.0 million of variable rate preferred securities outstanding. We estimate that an increase in 30-day LIBOR of 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads would result in our net income and the amount of net income attributable to our common security holders (including Aimco common stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders) being reduced (or the amounts of net loss and net loss attributable to our common equity holders being increased) by approximately $1.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively, on an annual basis. At December 31, 2013, we had approximately $182.8 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, a portion of which bear interest at variable rates and may mitigate the effect of an increase in variable rates on our variable-rate indebtedness and preferred stock discussed above. We estimate the fair value for our debt instruments as described in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. The estimated aggregate fair value of our consolidated debt (inclusive of outstanding borrowings under our Credit Agreement) was approximately $4.5 billion at December 31, 2013 ($4.4 billion on a proportionate basis, including our share of the property debt of unconsolidated partnerships). The combined carrying value of our consolidated debt was approximately $4.4 billion at December 31, 2013 ($4.2 billion on a proportionate basis). If market rates for our fixed-rate debt were higher by 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads, the estimated fair value of our debt discussed above would have decreased from $4.5 billion to $4.3 billion (from $4.4 billion to $4.2 billion on a proportionate basis). If market rates for our debt discussed above were lower by 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads, the estimated fair value of our fixed-rate debt would have increased from $4.5 billion to $4.7 billion (from $4.4 billion to $4.6 billion on a proportionate basis). Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The independent registered public accounting firm’s reports, consolidated financial statements and schedule listed in the accompanying index are filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by this reference. See “Index to Financial Statements” on page F-1 of this Annual Report. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Aimco Disclosure Controls and Procedures Aimco’s management, with the participation of Aimco’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d- 15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, Aimco’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, Aimco’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective. 48 Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Aimco’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: • • • pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (1992 Framework). Based on their assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2013, Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting is effective. Aimco’s independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There has been no change in Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of 2013 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting. 49 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Apartment Investment and Management Company We have audited Apartment Investment and Management Company’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (1992 Framework) (the COSO criteria). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013, and our report dated February 21, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Denver, Colorado February 21, 2014 /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP 50 The Aimco Operating Partnership Disclosure Controls and Procedures The Aimco Operating Partnership’s management, with the participation of the chief executive officer and chief financial officer of Aimco, who are the equivalent of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer, respectively, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, the chief executive officer and chief financial officer of Aimco have concluded that, as of the end of such period, the Aimco Operating Partnership’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management of the Aimco Operating Partnership is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: • • • pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (1992 Framework). Based on their assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2013, the Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting is effective. The Aimco Operating Partnership’s independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on the Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There has been no change in the Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of 2013 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting. 51 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Partners of AIMCO Properties, L.P. We have audited AIMCO Properties, L.P.’s (the “Partnership”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (1992 Framework) (the COSO criteria). The Partnership’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, the Partnership maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of the Partnership as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), partners’ capital, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013, and our report dated February 21, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Denver, Colorado February 21, 2014 /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP 52 Item 9B. Other Information None. PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Each member of the board of directors of Aimco also is a director of the general partner of the Aimco Operating Partnership. The officers of Aimco are also the officers of the general partner of the Aimco Operating Partnership and hold the same titles. The information required by this item for both Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership is presented jointly under the captions “Board of Directors and Executive Officers,” “Corporate Governance Matters—Code of Ethics,” “Other Matters—Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” “Corporate Governance Matters—Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee,” “Corporate Governance Matters—Audit Committee” and “Corporate Governance Matters—Audit Committee Financial Expert” in the proxy statement for Aimco’s 2014 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item is presented under the captions “Compensation Discussion & Analysis,” “Compensation and Human Resources Committee Report to Stockholders,” “Summary Compensation Table,” “Grants of Plan-Based Awards in 2013,” “Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year End 2013,” “Option Exercises and Stock Vested in 2013,” “Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control” and “Corporate Governance Matters - Director Compensation” in the proxy statement for Aimco’s 2014 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item, for both Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership, is presented under the captions “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans” in the proxy statement for Aimco’s 2014 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, as of February 20, 2014, Aimco, through its consolidated subsidiaries, held 94.9% of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common partnership units outstanding. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item is presented under the caption “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Corporate Governance Matters - Independence of Directors” in the proxy statement for Aimco’s 2014 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services The information required by this item is presented under the caption “Principal Accountant Fees and Services” in the proxy statement for Aimco’s 2014 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. 53 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules PART IV (a)(1) (a)(2) The financial statements listed in the Index to Financial Statements on Page F-1 of this report are filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by reference. The financial statement schedule listed in the Index to Financial Statements on Page F-1 of this report is filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by reference. (a)(3) The Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference. EXHIBIT NO. DESCRIPTION INDEX TO EXHIBITS (1) (2) 3.1 3.2 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Charter (Exhibit 3.1 to Aimco’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2012, is incorporated herein by this reference) Amended and Restated Bylaws (Exhibit 3.2 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 2, 2010, is incorporated herein by this reference) Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of July 29, 1994, as amended and restated as of February 28, 2007 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006, is incorporated herein by this reference) First Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of December 31, 2007 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 31, 2007, is incorporated herein by this reference) Second Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of July 30, 2009 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2009, is incorporated herein by this reference) Third Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of September 2, 2010 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated September 3, 2010, is incorporated herein by this reference) Fourth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of July 26, 2011 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated July 26, 2011, is incorporated herein by this reference) Fifth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of August 24, 2011 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated August 24, 2011, is incorporated herein by this reference) Sixth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of December 31, 2011 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 31, 2011, is incorporated herein by this reference) Senior Secured Credit Agreement, dated as of December 13, 2011, among Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership, AIMCO/Bethesda Holdings, Inc., the lenders from time to time party thereto, KeyBank National Association, as administrative agent, swing line lender and a letter of credit issuer, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as syndication agent and Bank of America, N.A. and Regions Bank, as co-documentation agents (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 13, 2011, is incorporated herein by this reference) 54 EXHIBIT NO. DESCRIPTION 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 21.1 23.1 23.2 First Amendment to Senior Secured Credit Agreement, dated as of April 5, 2013, by and among Aimco, the Aimco Partnership, AIMCO/Bethesda Holdings, Inc., Keybank National Association, as Agent for itself and the other lenders from time to time a party to the Senior Secured Credit Agreement (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2013, is incorporated herein by this reference) Second Amendment to Credit Agreement and Joinder to Guaranty, dated as of September 30, 2013, among Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership, AIMCO/Bethesda Holdings, Inc., the guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and KeyBank National Association, as administrative agent (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated September 30, 2013, is incorporated herein by this reference) Master Indemnification Agreement, dated December 3, 2001, by and among Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership., XYZ Holdings LLC, and the other parties signatory thereto (Exhibit 2.3 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 6, 2001, is incorporated herein by this reference) Tax Indemnification and Contest Agreement, dated December 3, 2001, by and among Aimco, National Partnership Investments, Corp., and XYZ Holdings LLC and the other parties signatory thereto (Exhibit 2.4 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 6, 2001, is incorporated herein by this reference) Employment Contract executed on December 29, 2008, by and between the Aimco Operating Partnership and Terry Considine (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 29, 2008, is incorporated herein by this reference)* Apartment Investment and Management Company 1997 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (October 1999) (Exhibit 10.26 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1999, is incorporated herein by this reference)* Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (1997 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.11 to Aimco’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 1997, is incorporated herein by this reference)* Incentive Stock Option Agreement Form of (1997 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.42 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1998, is incorporated herein by this reference)* 2007 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to Aimco’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 20, 2007)* Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (Exhibit 10.2 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated April 30, 2007, is incorporated herein by this reference)* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (Exhibit 10.3 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated April 30, 2007, is incorporated herein by this reference)* 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix B to Aimco’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 20, 2007)* List of Subsidiaries Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Aimco Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Aimco Operating Partnership 55 EXHIBIT NO. DESCRIPTION 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 99.1 99.2 101 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002—Aimco Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002—Aimco Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002—Aimco Operating Partnership Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d- 14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002—Aimco Operating Partnership Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002—Aimco Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002—Aimco Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002—Aimco Operating Partnership Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002—Aimco Operating Partnership Agreement re: disclosure of long-term debt instruments—Aimco Agreement re: disclosure of long-term debt instruments—Aimco Operating Partnership XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language). The following materials from Aimco’s and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s combined Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, formatted in XBRL: (i) consolidated balance sheets; (ii) consolidated statements of operations; (iii) consolidated statements of comprehensive loss; (iv) consolidated statements of equity and consolidated statements of partners’ capital; (v) consolidated statements of cash flows; (vi) notes to consolidated financial statements; and (vii) financial statement schedule (3). (1) Schedule and supplemental materials to the exhibits have been omitted but will be provided to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. (2) The Commission file numbers for exhibits is 001-13232 (Aimco) and 0-24497 (the Aimco Operating Partnership), and all such exhibits remain available pursuant to the Records Control Schedule of the Securities and Exchange Commission. (3) As provided in Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, this information is furnished and not filed for purposes of Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement 56 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY By: /s/ TERRY CONSIDINE Terry Considine Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Date: February 21, 2014 AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. By: AIMCO-GP, Inc., its General Partner By: /s/ TERRY CONSIDINE Terry Considine Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Date: February 21, 2014 57 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of each registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. By:AIMCO-GP, Inc., its General Partner /s/ TERRY CONSIDINE Terry Considine /s/ ERNEST M. FREEDMAN Ernest M. Freedman /s/ PAUL BELDIN Paul Beldin /s/ JAMES N. BAILEY James N. Bailey /s/ THOMAS L. KELTNER Thomas L. Keltner /s/ J. LANDIS MARTIN J. Landis Martin /s/ ROBERT A. MILLER Robert A. Miller Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (principal accounting officer) Director Director Director Director February 21, 2014 February 21, 2014 February 21, 2014 February 21, 2014 February 21, 2014 February 21, 2014 February 21, 2014 /s/ KATHLEEN M. NELSON Director February 21, 2014 Kathleen M. Nelson /s/ MICHAEL A. STEIN Michael A. Stein Director February 21, 2014 58 APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Financial Statements: Apartment Investment and Management Company: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 Consolidated Statements of Partners’ Capital for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of Apartment Investment and Management Company and AIMCO Properties, L.P. Financial Statement Schedule: Schedule III—Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation Page F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-8 F-10 F-11 F-12 F-13 F-14 F-15 F-17 F-50 All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto. F-1 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Apartment Investment and Management Company We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Apartment Investment and Management Company (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying Index to Financial Statements. These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedule based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company at December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (1992 Framework) and our report dated February 21, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP Denver, Colorado February 21, 2014 F-2 APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS As of December 31, 2013 and 2012 (In thousands, except share data) ASSETS Buildings and improvements Land Total real estate Less accumulated depreciation Net real estate ($392,245 and $578,421 related to VIEs) Cash and cash equivalents ($24,094 and $23,599 related to VIEs) Restricted cash ($36,369 and $38,477 related to VIEs) Notes receivable Other assets ($211,287 and $220,910 related to VIEs) Assets held for sale Total assets LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Non-recourse property debt ($355,372 and $477,791 related to VIEs) Revolving credit facility borrowings Total indebtedness Accounts payable Accrued liabilities and other ($140,910 and $159,607 related to VIEs) Deferred income Liabilities related to assets held for sale Total liabilities Preferred noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership Commitments and contingencies (Note 7) Equity: Perpetual Preferred Stock (Note 9) Common Stock, $0.01 par value, 505,787,260 shares authorized, 145,917,387 and 145,563,903 shares issued/outstanding at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive loss Distributions in excess of earnings Total Aimco equity Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership Total equity Total liabilities and equity See notes to consolidated financial statements. F-3 2013 2012 $ 6,332,723 1,881,358 $ 6,014,062 1,857,956 8,214,081 (2,822,872) 7,872,018 (2,637,057) 5,391,209 55,751 127,037 3,145 502,271 — 5,234,961 84,413 145,585 102,897 543,778 289,746 $ 6,079,413 $ 6,401,380 $ 4,337,785 50,400 $ 4,413,083 — 4,388,185 43,161 287,595 107,775 — 4,413,083 30,747 313,611 127,561 281,438 4,826,716 5,166,440 79,953 80,046 — — 68,114 68,114 1,459 3,701,339 (4,602) (2,798,853) 1,456 3,712,684 (3,542) (2,863,287) 967,457 233,008 (27,721) 915,425 271,065 (31,596) 1,172,744 1,154,894 $ 6,079,413 $ 6,401,380 APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (In thousands, except per share data) REVENUES: Rental and other property revenues Tax credit and asset management revenues Total revenues OPERATING EXPENSES: Property operating expenses Investment management expenses Depreciation and amortization Provision for real estate impairment losses General and administrative expenses Other expenses, net Total operating expenses Operating income Interest income Recovery of losses on notes receivable, net Interest expense Equity in income (losses) of unconsolidated real estate partnerships Gain on dispositions of unconsolidated real estate and other, net Income (loss) before income taxes and discontinued operations Income tax benefit Income (loss) from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net Net income (loss) Noncontrolling interests: Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Net income attributable to preferred noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership Net (income) loss attributable to common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership Total noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco Net income attributable to Aimco preferred stockholders Net income attributable to participating securities 2013 2012 2011 $ 939,231 34,822 $ 916,742 41,769 $ 875,694 38,661 974,053 958,511 914,355 375,672 4,341 291,910 — 45,708 7,403 725,034 249,019 16,059 1,884 (237,048) 926 1,797 32,637 1,959 34,596 203,229 237,825 374,347 12,008 325,173 6,235 49,602 12,130 779,495 179,016 9,890 3,375 (229,373) (4,408) 21,886 (19,614) 858 (18,756) 214,117 376,164 10,459 323,233 — 50,906 18,302 779,064 135,291 9,655 509 (272,315) (17,721) 2,403 (142,178) 5,941 (136,237) 78,073 195,361 (58,164) (12,473) (51,218) 257 (6,423) (6,496) (6,683) (11,639) (5,191) (30,535) (62,905) 207,290 (2,804) (813) 132,456 (49,888) (422) 7,503 1,077 (57,087) (45,852) (222) Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco common stockholders $ 203,673 $ 82,146 $(103,161) Earnings (loss) attributable to Aimco per common share – basic and diluted: Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Aimco common stockholders Income from discontinued operations attributable to Aimco common stockholders Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco common stockholders Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted $ $ 0.29 $ (0.60) $ (1.22) 1.11 1.40 $ 1.21 0.61 0.36 $ (0.86) 145,291 134,479 119,312 145,532 134,479 119,312 See notes to consolidated financial statements. F-4 APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (In thousands) Net income (loss) Other comprehensive (loss) income: Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate swaps Losses on interest rate swaps reclassified into interest expense from accumulated other comprehensive loss Unrealized (losses) gains on debt securities classified as available-for-sale Other comprehensive (loss) income Comprehensive income (loss) 2013 2012 2011 $237,825 $195,361 $(58,164) 1,734 (2,581) (5,885) 1,678 (4,188) (776) 1,673 4,341 3,433 1,667 (1,509) (5,727) 237,049 198,794 (63,891) Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (30,819) (63,020) 2,020 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Aimco $206,230 $135,774 $(61,871) See notes to consolidated financial statements. F-5 APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (In thousands) Preferred Stock Common Stock Shares Issued Amount Shares Issued Amount Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Distributions in Excess of Earnings Total Aimco Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Balances at December 31, 2010 Issuance of Preferred Stock Repurchase of Preferred Stock Issuance of Common Stock Redemption of Aimco Operating Partnership units Officer and employee stock awards and related amounts, net Amortization of share-based compensation cost Contributions from noncontrolling interests Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated entities and other, net Change in accumulated other comprehensive loss Net loss Distributions to noncontrolling interests Common Stock dividends Preferred Stock dividends F - 6 24,900 $ 657,601 117,643 $1,176 $3,070,296 (1,085) — 1,292 — 71,913 2,914 — — 21,075 (21,562) — — 869 (863) — — — — 29 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 317 42 — — — — — — — 3 1 — — — — — — — 2,094 5,882 — (52,059) — — — — — Balances at December 31, 2011 24,906 657,114 120,916 1,209 3,098,333 Issuance of Preferred Stock Redemption of Preferred Stock Issuance of Common Stock Redemption of Aimco Operating Partnership units Amortization of share-based compensation cost Exercises of stock options Contributions from noncontrolling interests Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated 405 (24,037) — — — — — entities Change in accumulated other comprehensive loss Other, net Net income Distributions to noncontrolling interests Common Stock dividends Preferred Stock dividends — — — — — — — 10,039 (599,039) — — — — 22,144 — — — — 36 2,254 — — — — — — — — — — 214 — — — — — — 221 — — 24 — 2 — — — — — — (221) 20,727 594,158 — 5,223 48,883 — (54,799) — 380 — — — — $(2,076) — — — — $(2,680,955) $1,046,042 19,990 (16,366) 71,942 — — 3,904 — — $260,730 — — — (6,059) $1,306,772 19,990 (16,366) 71,942 (6,059) — — — — (4,784) — — — — (6,860) — — — — — — — — 3,318 — — — — — 10 — — — — (57,087) — (57,583) (49,756) 2,107 5,883 — (52,059) (4,784) (57,087) — (57,583) (49,756) — — 12,358 29,746 (943) (7,760) (51,727) — — 2,107 5,883 12,358 (22,313) (5,727) (64,847) (51,727) (57,583) (49,756) (2,841,467) 908,329 236,345 1,144,674 — (22,626) — — — — — — — (380) 132,456 — (104,006) (27,264) 9,818 (600,938) 594,379 — 5,223 48,907 — (54,799) 3,318 2 132,456 — (104,006) (27,264) — — — (11,079) — — 2,928 1,559 115 4,545 56,409 (51,353) — — 9,818 (600,938) 594,379 (11,079) 5,223 48,907 2,928 (53,240) 3,433 4,547 188,865 (51,353) (104,006) (27,264) Balances at December 31, 2012 1,274 68,114 145,564 1,456 3,712,684 (3,542) (2,863,287) 915,425 239,469 1,154,894 APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (In thousands) Preferred Stock Common Stock Shares Issued Amount Shares Issued Amount Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Distributions in Excess of Earnings Total Aimco Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Redemption of Aimco Operating Partnership units Amortization of share-based compensation cost Exercises of stock options Contributions from noncontrolling interests Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated entities Change in accumulated other comprehensive loss Other, net Net income Distributions to noncontrolling interests Common Stock dividends Preferred Stock dividends — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 33 44 — — — 276 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 — 5,915 993 — (19,805) — 1,552 — — — — — — — — — (1,060) — — — — — — — — — — 5,915 993 — — — — 207,290 — (19,805) (1,060) 1,555 207,290 — (140,052) (2,804) (140,052) (2,804) (3,085) — — 1,630 2,130 284 693 24,112 (59,946) — — (3,085) 5,915 993 1,630 (17,675) (776) 2,248 231,402 (59,946) (140,052) (2,804) Balances at December 31, 2013 1,274 $68,114 145,917 $1,459 $3,701,339 $(4,602) $(2,798,853) $ 967,457 $205,287 $1,172,744 F - 7 See notes to consolidated financial statements. APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (In thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Provision for real estate impairment losses Equity in (income) losses of unconsolidated real estate partnerships Gain on dispositions of unconsolidated real estate and other, net Income tax benefit Share-based compensation expense Amortization of deferred loan costs and other Discontinued operations: Depreciation and amortization Gain on disposition of real estate Other adjustments to income from discontinued operations Changes in operating assets and operating liabilities: Accounts receivable and other assets Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other Total adjustments Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of real estate and investments in unconsolidated real estate partnerships Capital expenditures Proceeds from dispositions of real estate Purchases of interests in unconsolidated real estate and corporate assets Purchase of investment in debt securities Purchase of West Harlem first mortgage property loans Proceeds from repayment of West Harlem property loans and option value Proceeds from sales of and distributions from unconsolidated real estate partnerships Changes in restricted cash Other investing activities Net cash provided by investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from non-recourse property debt Principal repayments on non-recourse property debt Net borrowings on revolving credit facility Proceeds from issuance of Common Stock Redemptions and repurchases of Preferred Stock Proceeds from Common Stock option exercises Payment of dividends to holders of Preferred Stock Payment of dividends to holders of Common Stock Payment of distributions to noncontrolling interests Purchases of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Other financing activities Net cash used in financing activities NET DECREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD 2013 2012 2011 $ 237,825 $ 195,361 $ (58,164) 291,910 — (926) (1,797) (1,959) 5,645 4,915 325,173 6,235 4,408 (21,886) (858) 4,871 5,044 323,233 — 17,721 (2,403) (5,941) 5,381 5,696 16,372 (212,459) 10,019 41,577 (234,530) 27,854 72,099 (108,203) 27,088 4,592 (28,541) 30,716 (67,138) 87,771 121,466 325,596 316,827 8,315 (26,003) 316,983 258,819 (64,976) (200,372) 326,853 (15,123) (51,534) — — 17,095 10,306 18,245 40,494 (89,716) (270,210) 484,904 (7,818) — — — 31,192 (22,886) (13,799) 111,667 243,253 (447,792) 927,093 (1,083,690) — 594,379 (600,938) 48,907 (37,019) (104,006) (57,849) (57,008) (17,074) — 71,942 (36,367) 1,806 (49,756) (57,583) (58,413) (14,811) (19,793) (51,291) (350,338) 357,314 (10,863) — (119,101) 215,517 — 3,003 20,951 65,192 232,965 (472,276) 50,400 — — 993 (2,804) (140,052) (63,766) (16,775) (8,135) (419,450) (435,147) (319,572) (28,662) 84,413 (6,653) 91,066 (20,259) 111,325 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD $ 55,751 $ 84,413 $ 91,066 See notes to consolidated financial statements. F-8 APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (In thousands) 2013 2012 2011 SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION: Interest Paid Cash paid for income taxes Non-cash transactions associated with the acquisition or disposition of real estate: Secured debt assumed in connection with our acquisition of real estate Secured debt assumed by buyer in connection with our disposition of real estate $273,635 $294,423 $336,565 1,233 1,056 629 14,767 38,779 — 126,663 208,134 127,494 Secured, subordinate debt of the disposed legacy asset management business forgiven in connection with the disposition of real estate 8,149 15,019 — Other non-cash transactions: Issuance of common OP Units for acquisition of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships 416 4,553 168 See notes to consolidated financial statements. F-9 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The Partners of AIMCO Properties, L.P. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of AIMCO Properties, L.P. (the “Partnership”) as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), partners’ capital and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying Index to Financial Statements. These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Partnership’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedule based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Partnership at December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (1992 Framework) and our report dated February 21, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP Denver, Colorado February 21, 2014 F-10 AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS As of December 31, 2013 and 2012 (In thousands) ASSETS Buildings and improvements Land Total real estate Less accumulated depreciation Net real estate ($392,245 and $578,421 related to VIEs) Cash and cash equivalents ($24,094 and $23,599 related to VIEs) Restricted cash ($36,369 and $38,477 related to VIEs) Notes receivable Other assets ($211,287 and $220,910 related to VIEs) Assets held for sale Total assets LIABILITIES AND PARTNERS’ CAPITAL Non-recourse property debt ($355,372 and $477,791 related to VIEs) Revolving credit facility borrowings Total indebtedness Accounts payable Accrued liabilities and other ($140,910 and $159,607 related to VIEs) Deferred income Liabilities related to assets held for sale Total liabilities Redeemable preferred units Commitments and contingencies (Note 7) Partners’ Capital: Preferred units (Note 10) General Partner and Special Limited Partner Limited Partners Partners’ capital attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Total partners’ capital Total liabilities and partners’ capital See notes to consolidated financial statements. 2013 2012 $ 6,332,723 1,881,358 $ 6,014,062 1,857,956 8,214,081 (2,822,872) 7,872,018 (2,637,057) 5,391,209 55,751 127,037 3,145 502,271 — 5,234,961 84,413 145,585 102,897 543,778 289,746 $ 6,079,413 $ 6,401,380 $ 4,337,785 50,400 $ 4,413,083 — 4,388,185 43,161 287,595 107,775 — 4,413,083 30,747 313,611 127,561 281,438 4,826,716 5,166,440 79,953 80,046 — — 68,114 899,343 (27,721) 939,736 233,008 68,114 847,311 (31,596) 883,829 271,065 1,172,744 1,154,894 $ 6,079,413 $ 6,401,380 F-11 AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS As of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (In thousands, except per unit data) REVENUES: Rental and other property revenues Tax credit and asset management revenues Total revenues OPERATING EXPENSES: Property operating expenses Investment management expenses Depreciation and amortization Provision for real estate impairment losses General and administrative expenses Other expenses, net Total operating expenses Operating income Interest income Recovery of losses on notes receivable, net Interest expense Equity in income (losses) of unconsolidated real estate partnerships Gain on dispositions of unconsolidated real estate and other, net Income (loss) before income taxes and discontinued operations Income tax benefit Income (loss) from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net Net income (loss) Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Net income (loss) attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership Net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred unitholders Net income attributable to participating securities Net income (loss) attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common 2013 2012 2011 $ 939,231 34,822 $ 916,742 41,769 $ 875,694 38,661 974,053 958,511 914,355 375,672 4,341 291,910 — 45,708 7,403 725,034 249,019 16,059 1,884 (237,048) 926 1,797 32,637 1,959 34,596 203,229 237,825 374,347 12,008 325,173 6,235 49,602 12,130 779,495 179,016 9,890 3,375 (229,373) (4,408) 21,886 (19,614) 858 (18,756) 214,117 376,164 10,459 323,233 — 50,906 18,302 779,064 135,291 10,954 509 (272,315) (17,721) 2,403 (140,879) 5,941 (134,938) 78,073 195,361 (56,865) (12,473) (51,218) 257 225,352 144,143 (56,608) (9,227) (813) (56,384) (422) (52,535) (222) unitholders $ 215,312 $ 87,337 $(109,365) Earnings (loss) attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership per common unit – basic and diluted: Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders Income from discontinued operations attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders Net income (loss) attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders Weighted average common units outstanding – basic Weighted average common units outstanding – diluted $ 0.29 $ (0.60) $ (1.22) 1.11 1.21 0.36 $ 1.40 $ 0.61 $ (0.86) 153,256 142,614 127,681 153,497 142,614 127,681 See notes to consolidated financial statements. F-12 AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (In thousands) Net income (loss) Other comprehensive (loss) income: Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate swaps Losses on interest rate swaps reclassified into interest expense from accumulated other comprehensive loss Unrealized (losses) gains on debt securities classified as available-for-sale Other comprehensive (loss) income Comprehensive income (loss) 2013 2012 2011 $237,825 $195,361 $(56,865) 1,734 (2,581) (5,885) 1,678 (4,188) (776) 1,673 4,341 3,433 1,667 (1,509) (5,727) 237,049 198,794 (62,592) Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (12,815) (51,134) 697 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership $224,234 $147,660 $(61,895) See notes to consolidated financial statements. F-13 AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF PARTNERS’ CAPITAL For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (In thousands) General Partner and Special Limited Partner Partners’ Capital Attributable to the Partnership Limited Partners Preferred Units Non - controlling Interests Total Partners’ Capital Balances at December 31, 2010 Issuance of preferred units to Aimco Redemption of preferred units held by Aimco Issuance of common partnership units to Aimco Redemption of partnership units held by non-Aimco partners Contribution from Aimco related to employee stock purchases, net Amortization of Aimco share-based compensation Contributions from noncontrolling interests Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated entities and other, net Change in accumulated other comprehensive loss Net loss Distributions to noncontrolling interests Distributions to common unitholders Distributions to preferred unitholders (1,085) 5,196 71,942 $ 657,601 $ 406,020 $(31,077) $1,032,544 $291,458 $1,324,002 19,990 (16,366) 71,942 (6,059) 2,107 5,883 12,358 19,990 (16,366) 71,942 (6,059) 2,107 5,883 — 21,075 (21,562) — — — — — — — — — — — 12,358 2,107 5,883 — — (6,059) — — — — — — — (52,059) 15,736 (503) — (4,784) (7,154) — (56,137) — — (5,264) — (76,112) — — (49,756) — (36,323) (5,287) (63,291) 14,010 (440) (257) — (46,463) (81,376) (49,756) — — (22,313) (5,727) (63,548) (46,463) (81,376) (49,756) Balances at December 31, 2011 657,114 251,215 (34,321) 874,008 270,666 1,144,674 Issuance of preferred units to Aimco Redemption of preferred units held by Aimco Issuance of common partnership units to Aimco Redemption of partnership units held by non-Aimco partners Amortization of Aimco share-based compensation Issuance of common partnership units to Aimco in connection with exercise of Aimco stock options Contributions from noncontrolling interests Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated entities Change in accumulated other comprehensive loss Other, net Net income Distributions to noncontrolling interests Distributions to common unitholders Distributions to preferred unitholders 10,039 (599,039) (221) (1,899) — 594,379 — — 5,223 — 9,818 — (600,938) 594,379 — (11,079) 5,223 — — (11,079) — — — — — — 48,907 — — — — — (54,799) 10,022 199 3,318 — 4,545 — 2 5,191 — 132,456 — — — (6,153) — (104,006) — — (27,264) 48,907 — (44,777) 3,517 4,547 137,647 — 2,928 (8,463) (84) — 51,218 — (45,200) (110,159) (27,264) — — 9,818 (600,938) 594,379 (11,079) 5,223 48,907 2,928 (53,240) 3,433 4,547 188,865 (45,200) (110,159) (27,264) Balances at December 31, 2012 68,114 847,311 (31,596) 883,829 271,065 1,154,894 Redemption of partnership units held by non-Aimco partners Amortization of Aimco share-based compensation Issuance of common partnership units to Aimco in connection with exercise of Aimco stock options Contributions from noncontrolling interests Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated entities Change in accumulated other comprehensive loss Other, net Net income Distributions to noncontrolling interests Distributions to common unitholders Distributions to preferred unitholders — — — (3,085) 5,915 — (3,085) 5,915 — — (3,085) 5,915 993 — — — — (19,805) (1,060) — — 1,555 — 207,290 — — — (140,052) (2,804) — — — 2,635 (58) 386 11,639 — (7,642) — 993 — (17,170) (1,118) 1,941 218,929 — 1,630 (505) 342 307 12,473 — (52,304) (147,694) (2,804) — — 993 1,630 (17,675) (776) 2,248 231,402 (52,304) (147,694) (2,804) Balances at December 31, 2013 $ 68,114 $ 899,343 $(27,721) $ 939,736 $233,008 $1,172,744 See notes to consolidated financial statements. F-14 AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (In thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Provision for real estate impairment losses Equity in (income) losses of unconsolidated real estate partnerships Gain on dispositions of unconsolidated real estate and other, net Income tax benefit Share-based compensation expense Amortization of deferred loan costs and other Discontinued operations: Depreciation and amortization Gain on disposition of real estate Other adjustments to income from discontinued operations Changes in operating assets and operating liabilities: Accounts receivable and other assets Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other Total adjustments Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of real estate and investments in unconsolidated real estate partnerships Capital expenditures Proceeds from dispositions of real estate Purchases of interests in unconsolidated real estate and corporate assets Purchase of investment in debt securities Purchase of West Harlem first mortgage property loans Proceeds from repayment of West Harlem property loans and option value Proceeds from sale of and distributions from real estate partnerships Changes in restricted cash Repayment of notes receivable and distributions received from Aimco Other investing activities Net cash provided by investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from non-recourse property debt Principal repayments on non-recourse property debt Net borrowings on revolving credit facility Proceeds from issuance of common partnership units to Aimco Redemption and repurchase of preferred units from Aimco Proceeds from Aimco Common Stock option exercises Payment of distributions to preferred units Payment of distributions to General Partner and Special Limited Partner Payment of distributions to Limited Partners Payment of distributions to noncontrolling interests Purchases of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Other financing activities Net cash used in financing activities NET DECREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD See notes to consolidated financial statements. F-15 2013 2012 2011 $ 237,825 $ 195,361 $ (56,865) 291,910 — (926) (1,797) (1,959) 5,645 4,915 325,173 6,235 4,408 (21,886) (858) 4,871 5,044 323,233 — 17,721 (2,403) (5,941) 5,381 5,696 16,372 (212,459) 10,019 41,577 (234,530) 27,854 72,099 (108,203) 27,088 4,592 (28,541) 30,716 (67,138) 87,771 121,466 325,596 316,827 7,016 (26,003) 315,684 258,819 (64,976) (200,372) 326,853 (15,123) (51,534) — — 17,095 10,306 18,798 18,245 (89,716) (270,210) 484,904 (7,818) — — — 31,192 (22,886) — (13,799) 111,667 59,292 243,253 (447,792) — 594,379 (600,938) 48,907 (43,515) (104,006) (6,153) (45,200) (57,008) (17,074) 927,093 (1,083,690) — 71,942 (36,367) 1,806 (56,439) (76,381) (5,264) (46,466) (14,811) (19,793) (51,291) (350,338) 357,314 (10,863) — (119,101) 215,517 — 3,003 — 20,951 65,192 232,965 (472,276) 50,400 — — 993 (9,227) (140,052) (7,642) (49,701) (16,775) (8,135) (419,450) (435,147) (338,370) (28,662) 84,413 (6,653) 91,066 (20,259) 111,325 $ 55,751 $ 84,413 $ 91,066 AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (In thousands) 2013 2012 2011 SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION: Interest Paid Cash paid for income taxes Non-cash transactions associated with the acquisition or disposition of real estate: Secured debt assumed in connection with our acquisition of real estate Secured debt assumed by buyer in connection with our disposition of real estate $273,635 $294,423 $336,565 1,233 1,056 629 14,767 38,779 — 126,663 208,134 127,494 Secured, subordinate debt of the disposed legacy asset management business forgiven in connection with the disposition of real estate 8,149 15,019 — Other non-cash transactions: Issuance of common OP Units for acquisition of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships 416 4,553 168 See notes to consolidated financial statements. F-16 APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2013 Note 1 — Organization Apartment Investment and Management Company, or Aimco, is a Maryland corporation incorporated on January 10, 1994. Aimco is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust, or REIT. AIMCO Properties, L.P., or the Aimco Operating Partnership, is a Delaware limited partnership formed on May 16, 1994, to conduct our business, which is focused on the ownership, management and redevelopment of quality apartment communities located in the largest coastal and job growth markets of the United States. Aimco, through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, AIMCO-GP, Inc. and AIMCO-LP Trust, owns a majority of the ownership interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Aimco conducts all of its business and owns all of its assets through the Aimco Operating Partnership. Interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by limited partners other than Aimco are referred to as “OP Units.” OP Units include common partnership units, high performance partnership units and partnership preferred units, which we refer to as common OP Units, HPUs and preferred OP Units, respectively. We also refer to HPUs as common partnership unit equivalents. At December 31, 2013, after eliminations for units held by consolidated subsidiaries, the Aimco Operating Partnership had 153,837,804 common partnership units and equivalents outstanding. At December 31, 2013, Aimco owned 145,917,387 of the common partnership units (94.9% of the common partnership units and equivalents of the Aimco Operating Partnership) and Aimco had outstanding an equal number of shares of its Class A Common Stock, which we refer to as Common Stock. Except as the context otherwise requires, “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries, collectively. As of December 31, 2013, we owned an equity interest in 162 conventional apartment communities with 50,486 apartment homes and 74 affordable apartment communities with 10,067 apartment homes. Of these properties, we consolidated 158 conventional apartment communities with 50,344 apartment homes and 58 affordable apartment communities with 8,953 apartment homes. These conventional and affordable apartment communities generated 90% and 10%, respectively, of our proportionate property net operating income (as defined in Note 15) during the year ended December 31, 2013. Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation Aimco’s accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership, and their consolidated subsidiaries. The Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Aimco Operating Partnership and its consolidated entities. We consolidate all variable interest entities for which we are the primary beneficiary. Generally, a variable interest entity, or VIE, is a legal entity in which the equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or the equity investors lack sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consider qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: which activities most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and which party controls such activities; the amount and characteristics of our investment; the obligation or likelihood for us or other investors to provide financial support; and the similarity with and significance to our business activities and the business activities of the other investors. Significant judgments related to these determinations include estimates about the current and future fair values and performance of real estate held by these VIEs and general market conditions. F-17 As of December 31, 2013, we were the primary beneficiary of, and therefore consolidated, 63 VIEs, which owned 49 apartment communities with 7,656 apartment homes. Substantially all of these VIEs are partnerships that operate qualifying affordable housing apartment communities and which are structured to provide for the pass-through of low-income housing tax credits and deductions to their partners. Real estate with a net book value of $392.2 million collateralized $355.4 million of debt of those VIEs. Any significant amounts of assets and liabilities related to our consolidated VIEs are identified parenthetically on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The creditors of the consolidated VIEs do not have recourse to our general credit. In addition to the VIEs discussed above, at December 31, 2013, our consolidated financial statements included certain consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs that are part of the legacy asset management business we sold during 2012, which is discussed in Note 3. The assets and liabilities related to these consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs are each condensed into single line items within other assets and accrued liabilities and other, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets. Generally, we consolidate real estate partnerships and other entities that are not variable interest entities when we own, directly or indirectly, a majority voting interest in the entity or are otherwise able to control the entity. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by limited partners other than Aimco are reflected in Aimco’s accompanying balance sheets as noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership. Interests in partnerships consolidated into the Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by third parties are reflected in our accompanying balance sheets as noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships. The assets of consolidated real estate partnerships owned or controlled by the Aimco Operating Partnership generally are not available to pay creditors of Aimco or the Aimco Operating Partnership. As used herein, and except where the context otherwise requires, “partnership” refers to a limited partnership or a limited liability company and “partner” refers to a partner in a limited partnership or a member of a limited liability company. Acquisition of Real Estate Assets and Related Depreciation and Amortization We recognize at fair value the acquisition of apartment communities or interests in partnerships that own apartment communities if the transaction results in consolidation and we expense as incurred most related transaction costs. We allocate the cost of acquired apartment communities to tangible assets and identified intangible assets based on their fair values. We determine the fair value of tangible assets, such as land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, generally using internal valuation techniques that consider comparable market transactions, discounted cash flow techniques, replacement costs and other available information. We determine the fair value of identified intangible assets (or liabilities), which typically relate to in-place leases, using internal valuation techniques that consider the terms of the in-place leases, current market data for comparable leases, and our experience in leasing similar communities. The intangible assets or liabilities related to in-place leases are comprised of: 1. 2. 3. The value of the above- and below-market leases in-place. An asset or liability is recognized based on the difference between (a) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (b) our estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over the period, including estimated lease renewals for below-market leases, that the leases are expected to remain in effect. The estimated unamortized portion of avoided leasing commissions and other costs that ordinarily would be incurred to originate the in-place leases. The value associated with vacant apartment homes during the absorption period (estimates of lost rental revenue during the expected lease-up periods based on current market demand and stabilized occupancy levels). F-18 The values of the above- and below-market leases are amortized to rental revenue over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases, which include reasonably assured renewal periods. Other intangible assets related to in-place leases are amortized to depreciation and amortization over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases. We prospectively adjust the amortization period to reflect significant variances between actual lease termination activity as compared to those used to determine the historical amortization periods. Depreciation for all tangible real estate assets is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Acquired buildings and improvements are depreciated over a useful life based on the age, condition and other physical characteristics of the apartment community. At December 31, 2013, the weighted average depreciable life of our acquired buildings and improvements was approximately 30 years. As discussed below under the Impairment of Long Lived Assets heading, we may adjust depreciation of apartment communities that are expected to be disposed of or demolished prior to the end of their useful lives. Furniture, fixtures and equipment associated with acquired apartment communities are depreciated over five years. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, deferred income in our consolidated balance sheets includes below-market lease amounts totaling $16.9 million and $19.8 million, respectively, which are net of accumulated amortization of $35.9 million and $33.0 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we included amortization of below-market leases of $2.9 million, $3.8 million and $4.3 million, respectively, in rental and other property revenues in our consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2013, our below-market leases had a weighted average amortization period of 6.5 years and estimated aggregate amortization for each of the five succeeding years as follows (in thousands): Estimated amortization $2,270 $2,016 $1,757 $1,550 $1,331 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Capital Additions and Related Depreciation We capitalize costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital additions activities, including redevelopment, development and construction projects, other tangible apartment community improvements, and replacements of existing apartment community components. Included in these capitalized costs are payroll costs associated with time spent by site employees in connection with capital additions activities at the apartment community level. We characterize as “indirect costs” an allocation of certain department costs, including payroll, at the area operations and corporate levels that clearly relate to capital additions activities. We also capitalize interest, property taxes and insurance during periods in which redevelopment, development and construction projects are in progress. We commence capitalization of costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital addition activities, at the point in time when activities necessary to get apartment communities ready for their intended use are in progress. This includes when apartment communities or apartment homes are undergoing physical construction, as well as when apartment homes are held vacant in advance of planned construction, provided that other activities such as permitting, planning and design are in progress. We cease the capitalization of costs when the assets are substantially complete and ready for their intended use, which is typically when construction has been completed and apartment homes are available for occupancy. We charge to property operating expense, as incurred, costs including ordinary repairs, maintenance and resident turnover costs. We depreciate capitalized costs using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related component or improvement, which is generally 5, 15 or 30 years. All capitalized site payroll and indirect costs are allocated proportionately, based on direct costs, among capital projects and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of such projects. Certain homogeneous items that are purchased in bulk on a recurring basis, such as carpeting and appliances, are depreciated using group methods that reflect the average estimated useful life of the items in each F-19 group. Except in the case of apartment community casualties, where the net book value of the lost asset is written off in the determination of casualty gains or losses, we generally do not recognize any loss in connection with the replacement of an existing apartment community component because normal replacements are considered in determining the estimated useful lives used in connection with our composite and group depreciation methods. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, for continuing and discontinued operations, we capitalized to buildings and improvements $17.6 million, $16.6 million and $14.0 million of interest costs, respectively, and $33.2 million, $33.7 million and $29.0 million of other direct and indirect costs, respectively. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Real estate and other long-lived assets to be held and used are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an apartment community may not be recoverable, we make an assessment of its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount to our estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows, excluding interest charges, of the apartment community. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the apartment property. Based on periodic tests of recoverability of long-lived assets, for the year ended December 31, 2012, we recorded a provision for real estate impairment losses of $6.2 million related to apartment communities classified as held for use, and we recorded no such provisions during the years ended December 31, 2013 or 2011. Discontinued Operations We classify certain apartment communities and related assets and liabilities as held for sale when they meet certain criteria, as defined in GAAP. The operating results of such apartment communities as well as those communities sold during the periods presented are included in discontinued operations in both current periods and all comparable periods presented. Depreciation is not recorded on apartment communities once they have been classified as held for sale; however, depreciation expense recorded prior to classification as held for sale is included in discontinued operations. The net gain on sale and any impairment losses are presented in discontinued operations when recognized. See Note 12 for additional information regarding discontinued operations. Cash Equivalents We classify highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less as cash equivalents. Restricted Cash Restricted cash includes capital replacement reserves, completion repair reserves, bond sinking fund amounts, tax and insurance escrow accounts held by lenders and resident security deposits. Notes Receivable At December 31, 2012, our notes receivable were primarily comprised of second mortgages collateralized by apartment communities in New York City, which, as further described in Note 3, were repaid during 2013. F-20 Other Assets At December 31, 2013 and 2012, other assets was comprised of the following amounts (dollars in thousands): Deferred financing costs, net Investments in unconsolidated real estate partnerships Investments in securitization trust that holds Aimco property debt Intangible assets, net Deferred tax asset, net (Note 8) Assets related to the legacy asset management business (Note 3) Prepaid expenses, accounts receivable, deposits and other 2013 2012 $ 36,641 16,930 58,408 50,025 30,353 163,849 146,065 $ 37,312 18,753 59,145 50,322 44,828 176,756 156,662 Other assets per consolidated balance sheets $502,271 $543,778 Deferred Costs We defer lender fees and other direct costs incurred in obtaining new financing and amortize the amounts over the terms of the related loan agreements. Amortization of these costs is included in interest expense. We defer leasing commissions and other direct costs incurred in connection with successful leasing efforts and amortize the costs over the terms of the related leases. Amortization of these costs is included in depreciation and amortization. Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships We own general and limited partner interests in partnerships that either directly, or through interests in other real estate partnerships, own apartment communities. We generally account for investments in real estate partnerships that we do not consolidate under the equity method. Under the equity method, our share of the earnings or losses of the entity for the periods being presented is included in equity in earnings or losses from unconsolidated real estate partnerships, inclusive of our share of any impairments and disposition gains recognized by and related to such entities. The excess of the cost of the acquired partnership interests over the historical carrying amount of partners’ equity or deficit is ascribed generally to the fair values of land and buildings owned by the partnerships. We amortize the excess cost related to the buildings over the estimated useful lives of the buildings. Such amortization is recorded as a component of equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated real estate partnerships. Investments in Securitization Trust that Holds Aimco Property Debt We hold an investment in the first loss and mezzanine positions in a securitization trust which primarily holds certain of our property debt. These investments were initially recognized at their purchase price and the discount to the face value is being accreted into interest income over the expected term of the securities. We have designated these investments as available for sale securities and we measure these investments at fair value with changes in their fair value, other than the changes attributed to the accretion described above, recognized as an adjustment of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss within equity and partners’ capital. Refer to Note 6 for further information regarding these securities. Intangible Assets At December 31, 2013 and 2012, other assets included goodwill associated with our reportable segments of $49.0 million, and at December 31, 2012 assets held for sale included $5.5 million of goodwill allocated to F-21 apartment communities sold during 2013. We perform an annual impairment test of goodwill that compares the fair value of reporting units with their carrying amounts, including goodwill. We determined that our goodwill was not impaired in 2013, 2012 or 2011. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we allocated $5.5 million, $7.5 million and $5.1 million, respectively, of goodwill related to our reportable segments (conventional and affordable real estate operations) to the carrying amounts of the apartment communities sold or classified as held for sale. The amounts of goodwill allocated to these apartment communities were based on the relative fair values of the apartment communities sold or classified as held for sale and the retained portions of the reporting units to which the goodwill as allocated. Intangible assets also includes amounts related to in-place leases as discussed under the Acquisition of Real Estate Assets and Related Depreciation and Amortization heading. Capitalized Software Costs Purchased software and other costs related to software developed for internal use are capitalized during the application development stage and are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software, generally five years. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we capitalized software purchase and development costs totaling $3.3 million, $5.8 million and $12.6 million, respectively. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, other assets included $22.0 million and $27.5 million of net capitalized software, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we recognized amortization of capitalized software of $8.9 million, $10.0 million and $8.7 million, respectively, which is included in depreciation and amortization in our consolidated statements of operations. Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships We report the unaffiliated partners’ interests in the net assets of our consolidated real estate partnerships as noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships within consolidated equity and partners’ capital. Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships consist primarily of equity interests held by limited partners in consolidated real estate partnerships that have finite lives. We generally attribute to noncontrolling interests their share of income or loss of consolidated partnerships based on their proportionate interest in the results of operations of the partnerships, including their share of losses even if such attribution results in a deficit noncontrolling interest balance within our equity and partners’ capital accounts. The terms of the related partnership agreements generally require the partnerships to be liquidated following the sale of the underlying real estate. As the general partner in these partnerships, we ordinarily control the execution of real estate sales and other events that could lead to the liquidation, redemption or other settlement of noncontrolling interests. However, as discussed in Note 3, we continue to consolidate certain partnerships and apartment communities associated with the legacy asset management business for which the derecognition criteria associated with our sale of the portfolio have not been met. We do not control the execution of sales and other events related to the assets that will lead to the to the liquidation of these partnerships and derecognition of the associated noncontrolling interests. The aggregate carrying amount of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships totaled $233.0 million and $271.1 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, of which $35.8 million and $57.2 million, respectively, was associated with noncontrolling interests in the legacy asset management business. Changes in our ownership interest in consolidated real estate partnerships generally consist of our purchase of an additional interest in or the sale of our entire interest in a consolidated real estate partnership. The effect on our equity and partners’ capital of our purchase of additional interests in consolidated real estate partnerships during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 is shown in our consolidated statements of equity and partners’ capital and further discussed in Note 3. The effect on our equity and partners’ capital of sales of F-22 consolidated real estate or sales of our entire interest in consolidated real estate partnerships is reflected in our consolidated financial statements as sales of real estate and accordingly the effect on our equity and partners’ capital is reflected within the the amount of net income attributable to us and to noncontrolling interests. In accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 810, upon our deconsolidation of a real estate partnership following the sale of our partnership interests or liquidation of the partnership following sale of the related apartment community, we derecognize any remaining noncontrolling interest of the associated partnership previously recorded in our consolidated balance sheet. Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership Noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership consist of common OP Units, HPUs and preferred OP Units. Within Aimco’s consolidated financial statements, the Aimco Operating Partnership’s income or loss is allocated to the holders of common partnership units and equivalents based on the weighted average number of common partnership units (including those held by Aimco) and equivalents outstanding during the period. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the holders of common OP Units and equivalents had a weighted average ownership interest in the Aimco Operating Partnership of 5.2%, 5.7% and 6.6%, respectively. Holders of the preferred OP Units participate in the Aimco Operating Partnership’s income or loss only to the extent of their preferred distributions. See Note 10 for further information regarding the items comprising noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Revenue Recognition Our apartment communities have operating leases with apartment residents with terms averaging 12 months. We recognize rental revenue related to these leases, net of any concessions, on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. We recognize revenues from property management, asset management, syndication and other services when the related fees are earned and are realized or realizable. Insurance We believe that our insurance coverages insure our apartment communities adequately against the risk of loss attributable to fire, earthquake, hurricane, tornado, flood, and other perils. In addition, we have insurance coverage for substantial portions of our property, workers’ compensation, health, and general liability exposures. Losses are accrued based upon our estimates of the aggregate liability for uninsured losses incurred using certain actuarial assumptions followed in the insurance industry and based on our experience. Share-Based Compensation We recognize all share-based employee compensation, including grants of employee stock options, in the consolidated financial statements based on the grant date fair value and recognize compensation cost, net of forfeitures, ratably over the awards’ requisite service period. See Note 11 for further discussion of our share- based compensation. Tax Credit Arrangements We sponsor certain partnerships that acquire, develop and operate qualifying affordable housing apartment communities and are structured to provide for the pass-through of tax credits and deductions to their partners. The tax credits are generally realized ratably over the first ten years of the tax credit arrangement and are subject to the partnership’s compliance with applicable laws and regulations for a period of 15 years. Typically, we are the general partner with a legal ownership interest of one percent or less and unaffiliated institutional investors (which we refer to as tax credit investors or investors) acquire the limited partnership interests (at least 99%). At inception, each investor agrees to fund capital contributions to the partnerships and we receive a syndication fee from the partnerships upon the investors’ admission to the partnership. F-23 We have determined that the partnerships in these arrangements are VIEs and, where we are general partner, we are generally the primary beneficiary that is required to consolidate the partnerships. When the contractual arrangements obligate us to deliver tax benefits to the investors, and entitle us through fee arrangements to receive substantially all available cash flow from the partnerships, we account for these partnerships as wholly- owned subsidiaries, recognizing the income or loss generated by the underlying real estate based on our economic interest in the partnerships. Capital contributions received by the partnerships from tax credit investors represent, in substance, consideration that we receive in exchange for our obligation to deliver tax credits and other tax benefits to the investors. We record these contributions as deferred income in our consolidated balance sheet upon receipt, and we recognize the receipts as revenue in our consolidated statements of operations when our obligation to the investors is relieved upon delivery of the tax benefits. Income Taxes We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 1994, and intend to continue to operate in such a manner. Our current and continuing qualification as a REIT depends on our ability to meet the various requirements imposed by the Code, which are related to organizational structure, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership and certain restrictions with regard to owned assets and categories of income. If we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we will generally not be subject to United States Federal corporate income tax on our taxable income that is currently distributed to stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (at the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from an investment in a corporation. Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to United States Federal income and excise taxes in various situations, such as on our undistributed income. We also will be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income on non-arm’s length transactions between us and a TRS (described below) and on any net income from sales of apartment communities that were held for sale to customers in the ordinary course. In addition, we could also be subject to the alternative minimum tax, or AMT, on our items of tax preference. The state and local tax laws may not conform to the United States Federal income tax treatment, and we and our stockholders may be subject to state or local taxation in various state or local jurisdictions, including those in which we transact business or our stockholders reside. Any taxes imposed on us reduce our operating cash flow and net income. Certain of our operations or a portion thereof, including property management, asset management and risk management, are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, which are subsidiaries of the Aimco Operating Partnership, and each of which we refer to as a TRS. A TRS is a subsidiary C-corporation that has not elected REIT status and as such is subject to United States Federal corporate income tax. We use TRS entities to facilitate our ability to offer certain services and activities to our residents and investment partners that cannot be offered directly by a REIT. We also use TRS entities to hold investments in certain apartment communities. For our TRS entities, deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for Federal income tax purposes, and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences reverse. We reduce deferred tax assets by recording a valuation allowance when we determine based on available evidence that it is more likely than not that the assets will not be realized. We recognize the tax consequences associated with intercompany transfers between the REIT and TRS entities when the related assets are sold to third parties, impaired or otherwise disposed of for financial reporting purposes. Refer to Note 8 for further information about our income taxes. Comprehensive Income or Loss As discussed under the preceding Investments in Available for Sale Securities heading, we have investments that are measured at fair value with unrealized gains or losses recognized as an adjustment of accumulated other comprehensive loss within equity and partners’ capital. Additionally, as discussed in Note 6, we recognize F-24 changes in the fair value of our cash flow hedges as an adjustment of accumulated other comprehensive loss within equity and partners’ capital. The amounts of consolidated comprehensive income or loss for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, along with the corresponding amounts of such comprehensive income or loss attributable to Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership and to noncontrolling interests, is presented within the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income or loss. Earnings per Share and Unit Aimco calculates earnings (loss) per share based on the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock, participating securities, common stock equivalents and dilutive convertible securities outstanding during the period. The Aimco Operating Partnership calculates earnings (loss) per unit based on the weighted average number of common partnership units and equivalents, participating securities and dilutive convertible securities outstanding during the period. The Aimco Operating Partnership considers both common partnership units and HPUs, which have identical rights to distributions and undistributed earnings, to be common units for purposes of the earnings per unit computations. See Note 13 for further information regarding earnings per share and unit computations. Use of Estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts included in the financial statements and accompanying notes thereto. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Reclassifications and Adjustments Certain items included in the 2012 and 2011 financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation, including adjustments for discontinued operations. Note 3 — Significant Transactions West Harlem Property Loans In 2006, we funded $100.1 million of second mortgage loans related to 84 apartment communities containing 1,596 apartment homes and 43 commercial spaces in the West Harlem neighborhood of New York City. We concurrently entered into an agreement with the borrower under which we had the right to purchase the apartment communities and the borrower had the right to require us to purchase the communities upon achievement of certain revenue thresholds. At December 31, 2012, the aggregate carrying amount of these second mortgage loans and the purchase option totaled $110.5 million, and were included in notes receivable and other assets, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets. Midway through the year ended December 31, 2013, we purchased at par first mortgage loans secured by the same 84 apartment communities for $119.1 million, the majority of which matured on June 1, 2013. Later in 2013, in accordance with the terms agreed upon when we acquired the first mortgage loans, the borrower repaid for $229.8 million the full amounts due under the first and second mortgage loans, as well as the recognized value of our unexercised option to acquire the apartment communities. Asset Management Business Disposition On December 19, 2012, we sold the Napico portfolio, our legacy asset management business. The transaction was primarily seller-financed, and the associated notes are scheduled to be repaid over the next five years. The notes will be repaid from the operation and liquidation of the Napico portfolio and are collateralized by the buyer’s interests in the portfolio. In accordance with the provisions of GAAP applicable to sales of real estate or interests therein, for accounting purposes, we have not recognized the sale and are accounting for the transaction under the profit sharing method. Under this method, until full payment has been received for the seller-financed notes, we will continue to recognize F-25 the portfolio’s assets and liabilities, each condensed into single line items within other assets and accrued liabilities and other, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets, for all dates following the transaction. Similarly, we will continue to recognize the portfolio’s results of operations, also condensed into a single line item within our consolidated statements of operations, for periods subsequent to the transaction. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we received the first cash payment required under the seller-financed notes. At December 31, 2013, the Napico portfolio consisted of 17 partnerships that held investments in 14 apartment communities that were consolidated and 61 apartment communities that were accounted for under the equity or cost method of accounting. The portfolio’s assets and liabilities included in other assets in our consolidated balance sheets are summarized below (in thousands). Real estate, net Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash Investment in unconsolidated real estate partnerships Other assets Total assets Total indebtedness Accrued and other liabilities Total liabilities December 31, 2013 2012 $120,175 29,046 10,817 3,811 $125,065 31,558 15,987 4,146 $163,849 $176,756 $106,032 19,263 $107,562 29,422 125,295 136,984 Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Equity attributable to Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership 35,818 2,736 57,208 (17,436) Total liabilities and equity $163,849 $176,756 Summarized information regarding the Napico portfolio’s results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2013, including any expense we recognize under the profit sharing method, is shown below (in thousands). The net income (before noncontrolling interests) related to Napico is included in gain on dispositions of unconsolidated real estate and other, net, in our consolidated statement of operations. Revenues Expenses Equity in earnings or loss of unconsolidated entities, gains or losses on dispositions and other, net Net income related to legacy asset management business Income tax expense associated with legacy asset management business Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Net income of legacy asset management business attributable to Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership 2013 $ 23,711 (21,188) (748) 1,775 (639) 21,370 $ 22,506 The assets and liabilities related to consolidated apartment communities sold by the owner of this portfolio through December 31, 2013, have been classified within assets held for sale or liabilities related to assets held for sale, and the results of their operations are presented within income from discontinued operations in our consolidated statement of operations and are excluded from the summaries above. Based on our limited economic ownership in this portfolio, most of the assets and liabilities are allocated to noncontrolling interests and do not significantly affect our consolidated equity or partners’ capital. Additionally, the operating results of this portfolio generally have an insignificant effect on the amounts of income or loss F-26 attributable us, except as it relates to the consolidated partnerships within this portfolio that sell their final investments and commence dissolution, which results in the derecognition of all remaining noncontrolling interest balances associated with these partnerships. During 2013, noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships reflects a benefit of $20.6 million to Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s share of net income for the derecognition of such noncontrolling interest balances. We consolidated the majority of these entities in connection with our adoption of a new accounting principle in 2010, and at that time recognized a large cumulative effect of a change in accounting principal charge to our equity and partners’ capital. This adjustment represented the cumulative charges to earnings we would have recognized for any distributions or losses allocable to noncontrolling interests in excess of the carrying amount of the associated noncontrolling interest balances had we consolidated these entities from the period of our initial involvement. Income or loss attributable to these noncontrolling interests will continue to be recognized commensurate with the recognition of the results of operations of the portfolio. If full payment is received on the notes and we meet the requirements to recognize the sale for accounting purposes, we expect to recognize a gain attributable to Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership. Acquisitions of Apartment Communities During the year ended December 31, 2013, we acquired conventional apartment communities located in La Jolla, CA, Atlanta, GA, and Boston, MA, and during the year ended December 31, 2012, we acquired conventional apartment communities located in San Diego, CA, Manhattan, NY, and Phoenix, AZ. Summarized information regarding these acquisitions is set forth in the table below (dollars in thousands): Number of apartment homes Acquisition price Non-recourse property debt assumed (outstanding principal balance) Non-recourse property debt assumed (fair value) Total fair value allocated to real estate Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 134 $53,575 614 $126,873 12,446 14,767 55,896 38,819 43,938 130,547 During the year ended December 31, 2011, we acquired a vacant apartment community with 126 apartment homes, located in Marin County, north of San Francisco, California. We are redeveloping this apartment community and expect our total investment in this apartment community to approximate $101 million at its completion in the second half of 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2011, we also acquired noncontrolling interests (approximately 50%) in entities that own four contiguous apartment communities with 142 apartment homes located in La Jolla, California. Acquisitions of Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships As set forth in the table below (dollars in thousands), during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we acquired the remaining noncontrolling limited partner interests in certain consolidated real estate partnerships in which our affiliates serve as the general partner. Consolidated partnerships in which remaining limited partnership interests were acquired Number of apartment communities owned by partnerships Cost of limited partnership interests acquired Excess of consideration paid over the carrying amount of noncontrolling interests acquired F-27 Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2011 3 5 $17,900 11 17 $50,654 12 15 $22,305 17,170 44,777 36,260 In connection with these acquisitions, the Aimco Operating Partnership recognized the excess of the consideration paid over the carrying amounts of the noncontrolling interests acquired as an adjustment of additional paid-in capital within partners’ capital (which is included in effects of changes in ownership for consolidated entities in the Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated statements of partners’ capital). This amount is allocated between Aimco and noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership within Aimco’s consolidated statements of equity. Disposition of Interests in Unconsolidated Real Estate and Other During the year ended December 31, 2013, the amounts included in gain on dispositions of unconsolidated real estate and other in our consolidated statement of operations primarily related to the legacy asset management business. During the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, we recognized $21.9 million and $2.4 million, respectively, in net gains on disposition of interests in unconsolidated real estate. Approximately $15.7 million of the gains recognized during 2012 related to the sale of our interests in two unconsolidated real estate partnerships. The majority of the remainder of the gains recognized in 2012 and substantially all the gains recognized in 2011 related to partnership interests held through the legacy asset management business, in which we had an insignificant economic interest. Accordingly, these gains related to the legacy asset management business were attributed to noncontrolling interests and had no significant effect on the amounts of income or loss attributable to Aimco or the Aimco Operating Partnership during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. Note 4 — Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships At December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we owned general and limited partner interests in unconsolidated real estate partnerships that owned 20, 22 and 123 apartment communities, respectively. We acquired these interests through various transactions, including large portfolio acquisitions and offers to individual limited partners. At December 31, 2013, our ownership interests in these unconsolidated real estate partnerships ranged from 5% to 67%. The following table provides selected combined financial information for the unconsolidated real estate partnerships in which we had investments accounted for under the equity method as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (in thousands): Real estate, net of accumulated depreciation Total assets Non-recourse property debt and other notes payable Total liabilities Partners’ capital (deficit) Rental and other property revenues Property operating expenses Depreciation and amortization Interest expense Gain on sale and impairment losses, net Net income (loss) 2013 2012 2011 $88,014 93,242 60,660 64,859 28,383 16,268 (8,470) (3,300) (4,185) 36,212 35,909 $107,419 114,658 122,019 132,767 (18,109) 72,636 (49,331) (18,388) (21,354) (4,140) (21,108) $429,780 472,904 321,236 455,591 17,313 114,974 (75,934) (26,323) (27,108) 22,598 6,773 The decrease in the number of unconsolidated apartment communities from 2011 to 2012 was primarily attributed to the sale in December 2012 of the legacy asset management business. Based on the timing of the sale, the results of operations of the unconsolidated apartment communities in this portfolio are included in the table above for 2012 and 2011. Based on our insignificant economic ownership in the legacy asset management business, substantially all of the net equity and results of operations related to the legacy asset management business were attributed to the associated noncontrolling interests. F-28 At December 31, 2013 and 2012, our aggregate recorded investment in unconsolidated partnerships of $16.9 million and $18.7 million, respectively, exceeded our share of the partners’ capital or deficit recognized in the underlying partnerships’ financial statements by approximately $1.1 million and $6.9 million, respectively. Note 5 — Non-Recourse Property Debt and Credit Agreement Non-Recourse Property Debt We finance our apartment communities primarily using long-dated, fixed-rate borrowings, each of which is collateralized by a single apartment community and is non-recourse to us. The following table summarizes our property debt related to assets classified as held for use at December 31, 2013 and 2012 (dollars in thousands): Fixed rate property debt Variable rate property debt Total Weighted Average Interest Rate Principal Outstanding 2013 5.46% 2.92% 2013 2012 $4,107,141 13,099 $4,181,821 13,443 $4,120,240 $4,195,264 Fixed rate property debt matures at various dates through January 2055. The variable rate property debt matures January 2016. Principal and interest are generally payable monthly or in monthly interest-only payments with balloon payments due at maturity. At December 31, 2013, each of our property debt instruments related to apartment communities classified as held for use were secured by one of 186 apartment communities that had an aggregate gross book value of $7,251.1 million. The following table summarizes our property tax-exempt bond financings related to assets classified as held for use at December 31, 2013 and 2012 (dollars in thousands): Fixed rate property tax-exempt debt Variable rate property tax-exempt debt Total Weighted Average Interest Rate Principal Outstanding 2013 4.87% 1.09% 2013 2012 $ 85,634 131,911 $217,545 $ 87,220 130,599 $217,819 Fixed rate property tax-exempt debt matures at various dates through February 2061. Variable rate property tax-exempt debt matures at various dates through July 2033. Principal and interest on these bonds are generally payable in semi-annual installments with balloon payments due at maturity. Certain of our property tax-exempt bonds at December 31, 2013, are remarketed periodically by a remarketing agent to maintain a variable yield. If the remarketing agent is unable to remarket the bonds, then the remarketing agent may require us to purchase the bonds. We believe that the likelihood of this occurring is remote. At December 31, 2013, our property tax- exempt bonds related to apartment communities classified as held for use were each secured by one of 20 apartment communities that had an aggregate gross book value of $514.2 million. Our non-recourse property debt instruments contain covenants common to the type of borrowing, and at December 31, 2013, we were in compliance with all such covenants. F-29 As of December 31, 2013, the scheduled principal amortization and maturity payments for our non-recourse property debt related to apartment communities in continuing operations are as follows (in thousands): 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Thereafter Amortization Maturities Total $88,010 88,424 85,380 79,223 74,232 $ 82,192 183,317 465,321 398,320 238,253 $ 170,202 271,741 550,701 477,543 312,485 2,555,113 $4,337,785 Although the majority of our apartment communities are encumbered by property debt, as of December 31, 2013, we had seven unencumbered consolidated apartment communities, which we expect to hold beyond 2014, with an estimated fair value of approximately $380.0 million. Credit Agreement We have a Senior Secured Credit Agreement with a syndicate of financial institutions, which we refer to as the Credit Agreement. Our Credit Agreement provides for $600.0 million of revolving loan commitments. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate set forth on a pricing grid, which rate varies based on our leverage (initially either at LIBOR, plus 1.875%, or, at our option, Prime plus 0.5%). The Credit Agreement matures in September 2017, and may be extended for an additional one-year period, subject to certain conditions. As of December 31, 2013, we had $50.4 million of outstanding borrowings under our Credit Agreement, and we had the capacity to borrow $505.0 million, net of the outstanding borrowings and $44.6 million for undrawn letters of credit backed by the Credit Agreement. The interest rate on our outstanding borrowings was 3.75% at December 31, 2013. We had no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2012. The proceeds of revolving loans are generally used for working capital and other short-term purposes. Note 6 — Fair Value Measurements In accordance with GAAP, we are required to measure certain assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements at fair value. We are required to classify fair value measurements into one of three categories, based on the nature of the inputs used in the fair value measurement. Level 1 of the hierarchy includes fair value measurements based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities we can access at the measurement date. Level 2 includes fair value measurements based on inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 includes fair value measurements based on unobservable inputs. The classification of fair value measurements is subjective and GAAP requires disclosure of more detailed information regarding fair value measurements classified within the lower levels of the hierarchy. F-30 Recurring Fair Value Measurements We measure at fair value on a recurring basis our investment in the securitization trust that holds certain of our property debt, which we classify as available for sale (AFS) securities, and our interest rate swaps. Information regarding these items measured at fair value, both of which are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, is presented below (in thousands): Fair value at December 31, 2011 Investment accretion Unrealized losses included in interest expense Losses on interest rate swaps reclassified into interest expense from accumulated other comprehensive loss Unrealized gains (losses) included in equity and partners’ capital Fair value at December 31, 2012 Investment accretion Unrealized losses included in interest expense Losses on interest rate swaps reclassified into interest expense from accumulated other comprehensive loss Unrealized (losses) gains included in equity and partners’ capital Fair value at December 31, 2013 AFS Investments $51,693 3,111 — Interest Rate Swaps $(7,012) — (48) Total $44,681 3,111 (48) — 1,673 1,673 4,341 $59,145 3,451 — (2,581) 1,760 $(7,968) $51,177 — (48) 3,451 (48) — 1,678 1,678 (4,188) $58,408 1,734 (2,454) $(4,604) $53,804 Our investments classified as AFS are presented within other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. We estimate the fair value of these investments using an income and market approach with primarily observable inputs, including yields and other information regarding similar types of investments, and adjusted for certain unobservable inputs specific to these investments. We are accreting the discount to the $100.9 million face value of the investments into interest income using the effective interest method over the remaining expected term of the investments, which, as of December 31, 2013, was approximately 7.4 years. Our amortized cost basis for these investments, which represents the original cost adjusted for interest accretion less interest payments received, was $59.8 million and $56.3 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The amortized cost exceeded the fair value of these investments at December 31, 2013, primarily due to increases in market interest rates and a decrease in demand for similar investments as compared to when we purchased the investments. We currently expect to hold the investments to their maturity dates and we believe we will fully recover our basis in the investments. Accordingly, we believe the current impairment in the fair value, as compared to the amortized cost basis, of these investments is temporary and we have not recognized any of the loss in value in earnings. For our variable rate debt, we are sometimes required by limited partners in our consolidated real estate partnerships to limit our exposure to interest rate fluctuations by entering into interest rate swap agreements, which moderate our exposure to interest rate risk by effectively converting the interest on variable rate debt to a fixed rate. We estimate the fair value of interest rate swaps using an income approach with primarily observable inputs including information regarding the hedged variable cash flows and forward yield curves relating to the variable interest rates on which the hedged cash flows are based. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, we had interest rate swaps with aggregate notional amounts of $50.7 million and $51.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2013 these swaps had a weighted average remaining term of 7.0 years. We have designated these interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges. The fair value of these swaps is presented within accrued liabilities and other in our consolidated balance sheets, and we recognize any F-31 changes in the fair value as an adjustment of accumulated other comprehensive loss within equity and partners’ capital to the extent of their effectiveness. If the forward rates at December 31, 2013 remain constant, we estimate that during the next 12 months, we would reclassify into earnings approximately $1.7 million of the unrealized losses in accumulated other comprehensive loss. If market interest rates increase above the 3.43% weighted average fixed rate under these interest rate swaps we will benefit from net cash payments due to us from our counterparty to the interest rate swaps. Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements During the year ended December 31, 2012, we reduced the aggregate carrying amounts of nine assets classified as held for use or held for sale from $81.8 million to their estimated fair values of $65.8 million, resulting in impairment losses of $16.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2011, we reduced the aggregate carrying amounts of 19 assets classified as held for sale from $108.2 million to their estimated fair values of $92.3 million, resulting in impairment losses of $15.9 million. The fair values for the apartment communities we impaired during these periods were based primarily on contract prices for pending sales or expected sales values of the apartment communities. The contract prices were based in part on unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, but were also based on observable inputs that can be validated to observable external sources, such as pricing information about widely marketed apartment communities for sale. The unobservable inputs that are significant to our estimation of the fair value of real estate impaired during the periods include, among other things, information such as the property’s net operating income, or NOI, free cash flow, or FCF, which represents the property’s NOI less capital spending required to maintain the condition of the apartment community, and assumptions about NOI and FCF growth rates and exit values. An FCF internal rate of return, which represents the rate of return generated by the FCF from the apartment community and the proceeds from its eventual sale, is a common benchmark used in the real estate industry for relative comparison of real estate valuations. The projected cash flows, including the expected sales prices, on which the impairment losses were based translated to weighted average implied FCF internal rates of return of 7.39% and 7.87% for the apartment communities impaired during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Fair Value Disclosures We believe that the aggregate fair value of our cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables approximates their aggregate carrying amounts at December 31, 2013 and 2012, due to their relatively short-term nature and high probability of realization. The estimated aggregate fair value of our consolidated debt (including outstanding borrowings under our Credit Agreement and amounts reported in liabilities related to assets held for sale) was approximately $4.5 billion and $5.1 billion at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, as compared to aggregate carrying amounts of $4.4 billion and $4.7 billion, respectively. We estimate the fair value of our consolidated debt using an income and market approach, including comparison of the contractual terms to observable and unobservable inputs such as market interest rate risk spreads, contractual interest rates, remaining periods to maturity, collateral quality and loan to value ratios on similarly encumbered assets within our portfolio. We classify the fair value of our consolidated debt within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy based on the significance of certain of the unobservable inputs used to estimate their fair values. Note 7 — Commitments and Contingencies Commitments In connection with our redevelopment and capital improvement activities, we have entered into various construction related contracts with commitments totaling approximately $82.6 million, which we expect to incur F-32 during the next 12 months. Pursuant to financing arrangements on our Lincoln Place, Pacific Bay Vistas and The Preserve at Marin apartment communities, we are contractually obligated to complete the planned projects. Additionally, we enter into certain commitments for future purchases of goods and services in connection with the operations of our apartment communities. Those commitments generally have terms of one year or less and reflect expenditure levels comparable to our historical expenditures. Additionally, during September 2013, we entered into an agreement with a third-party developer to construct a 12-story apartment community in Boston, Massachusetts. Pursuant to this agreement, we expect to invest approximately $190 million over the next two and one-half years (approximately $147 million of which is committed) to build 310 luxury apartment homes and approximately 22,000 square feet of commercial space. The site is leased from the Massachusetts Department of Transportation under a 99-year ground lease for a total ground rent of $13.0 million, which we paid at the lease’s commencement. Pursuant to the lease agreement and financing related to the project, we have provided certain guarantees to complete the project. Tax Credit Arrangements We are required to manage certain consolidated real estate partnerships in compliance with various laws, regulations and contractual provisions that apply to our historic and low-income housing tax credit syndication arrangements. In some instances, noncompliance with applicable requirements could result in projected tax benefits not being realized and require a refund or reduction of investor capital contributions, which are reported as deferred income in our consolidated balance sheet, until such time as our obligation to deliver tax benefits is relieved. The remaining compliance periods for our tax credit syndication arrangements range from less than one year to 12 years. We do not anticipate that any material refunds or reductions of investor capital contributions will be required in connection with these arrangements. Legal Matters In addition to the matters described below, we are a party to various legal actions and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which are covered by our general liability insurance program, and none of which we expect to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Limited Partnerships In connection with our acquisitions of interests in real estate partnerships, we are sometimes subject to legal actions, including allegations that such activities may involve breaches of fiduciary duties to the partners of such real estate partnerships or violations of the relevant partnership agreements. We may incur costs in connection with the defense or settlement of such litigation. We believe that we comply with our fiduciary obligations and relevant partnership agreements. Although the outcome of any litigation is uncertain, we do not expect any such legal actions to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Environmental Various Federal, state and local laws subject apartment community owners or operators to liability for management, and the costs of removal or remediation, of certain potentially hazardous materials present on an apartment community, including lead-based paint, asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls, petroleum-based fuels, and other miscellaneous materials. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release or presence of such materials. The presence of, or the failure to manage or remedy properly, these materials may adversely affect occupancy at affected apartment communities and the ability to sell or finance affected apartment communities. In addition to the costs associated with investigation and remediation actions brought by government agencies, and potential fines or penalties F-33 imposed by such agencies in connection therewith, the improper management of these materials on an apartment community could result in claims by private plaintiffs for personal injury, disease, disability or other infirmities. Various laws also impose liability for the cost of removal, remediation or disposal of these materials through a licensed disposal or treatment facility. Anyone who arranges for the disposal or treatment of these materials is potentially liable under such laws for the proper operation of the disposal facility. These laws often impose liability whether or not the person arranging for the disposal ever owned or operated the disposal facility. In connection with the ownership, operation and management of apartment communities, we could potentially be responsible for environmental liabilities or costs associated with our apartment communities or communities we acquire or manage in the future. We have determined that our legal obligations to remove or remediate certain potentially hazardous materials may be conditional asset retirement obligations, as defined in GAAP. Except in limited circumstances where the asset retirement activities are expected to be performed in connection with a planned construction project or apartment community casualty, we believe that the fair value of our asset retirement obligations cannot be reasonably estimated due to significant uncertainties in the timing and manner of settlement of those obligations. Asset retirement obligations that are reasonably estimable as of December 31, 2013, are immaterial to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Operating Leases We are obligated under non-cancelable operating leases for office space and equipment. Approximate minimum annual rental payments under operating leases are as follows (in thousands): 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total Operating Lease Obligations $ 3,249 2,442 2,249 1,985 841 $10,766 Substantially all of the office space subject to the operating leases in the table above is for the use of our corporate offices and area operations. Rent expense recognized totaled $4.2 million, $4.6 million and $5.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. F-34 Note 8 — Income Taxes Deferred income taxes reflect the net effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities of the TRS entities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax liabilities and assets are as follows (in thousands): Deferred tax liabilities: Partnership differences Deferred revenue Capitalized interest Other Total deferred tax liabilities Deferred tax assets: Net operating, capital and other loss carryforwards Differences in basis of real estate Receivables Accruals and expenses Tax credit carryforwards Management contracts and other Total deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Net deferred income tax assets December 31, 2013 2012 $ 50,290 25,596 11,424 49 $ 29,745 23,139 16,157 — $ 87,359 $ 69,041 $ 62,651 35,604 440 9,272 12,905 393 $ 66,145 33,321 1,183 9,398 7,724 629 121,265 118,400 (3,553) (4,531) $ 30,353 $ 44,828 During the year ended December 31, 2013, we reduced the valuation allowance on a net basis by approximately $1.0 million, largely due to the expiration of tax credit carryforwards that had been fully reserved, with no impact on the effective tax rate. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of our unrecognized tax benefits is presented below (in thousands): Balance at January 1 Reductions as a result of a lapse of the applicable statutes Additions (reductions) based on tax positions related to prior years and current year excess benefits related to stock-based compensation Balance at December 31 2013 2012 2011 $3,536 (764) $3,917 (684) $4,071 — 99 303 (154) $2,871 $3,536 $3,917 Because the statute of limitations has not yet elapsed, our Federal income tax returns for the year ended December 31, 2009, and subsequent years and certain of our State income tax returns for the year ended December 31, 2007, and subsequent years are currently subject to examination by the IRS or other taxing authorities. Approximately $2.2 million of unrecognized benefit, if recognized, would affect the effective rate. On October 25, 2012, the IRS issued Final Partnership Administrative Adjustments with respect to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s 2006 and 2007 tax years. On January 18, 2013, AIMCO-GP, Inc., in its capacity as tax matters partner of the Aimco Operating Partnership, filed a petition challenging those adjustments in the United States Tax Court in Washington, D.C. On December 20, 2013, the parties agreed on the terms of a settlement of that litigation. The court ordered the parties to file stipulated decision documents by March 20, F-35 2014, or to file a joint status report. The settlement regarding the 2006 or 2007 proposed adjustments will not have any material effect on our unrecognized tax benefits, financial condition or results of operations. Our policy is to include any interest and penalties related to income taxes within the income tax line item in our consolidated statements of operations. In accordance with the accounting requirements for stock-based compensation, we may recognize tax benefits in connection with the exercise of stock options by employees of our TRS entities and the vesting of restricted stock awards. During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, we had cumulatively $0.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in excess tax benefits from employee stock option exercises and vested restricted stock awards. None of the excess tax benefits have yet been realized. Significant components of the income tax benefit or expense are as follows and are classified within income tax benefit in continuing operations and income from discontinued operations, net in our statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (in thousands): Current: Federal State Total current Deferred: Federal State Total deferred Total expense (benefit) Classification: Continuing operations Discontinued operations 2013 2012 2011 $ — 63 $ — 1,047 $ (109) 604 63 1,047 495 7,621 1,685 9,306 7,116 812 7,928 (143) (903) (1,046) $ 9,369 $8,975 $ (551) $ (1,959) $11,328 $ (858) $9,833 $(5,941) $ 5,390 Consolidated income or loss subject to tax consists of pretax income or loss of our TRS entities and gains or losses on certain apartment community sales that are subject to income tax under section 1374 of the Internal Revenue Code. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we had consolidated income subject to tax of $46.6 million, $19.0 million and $5.0 million, respectively. The reconciliation of income tax attributable to continuing and discontinued operations computed at the U.S. statutory rate to income tax expense (benefit) is shown below (dollars in thousands): Tax at U.S. statutory rates on consolidated income or loss subject to tax $ 16,326 35.0% $6,642 35.0% $ 1,756 35.0% 2013 2012 2011 Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent State income tax expense (benefit), net of Federal tax (benefit) expense Effect of permanent differences Tax effect of intercompany transfers of assets between the REIT and taxable REIT subsidiaries (1) Tax credits Increase in valuation allowance 1,748 (296) 3.7% 1,859 (256) (0.6)% 9.8% (1.3)% (299) (565) (6.0)% (11.3)% (4,272) (4,137) — (9.2)% (8.9)% — % 730 — — 3.8% (1,965) — — % 522 — % $ 9,369 20.0% $8,975 47.3% $ (551) (39.2)% — % 10.4% (11.1)% (1) Includes the effect of assets contributed by the Aimco Operating Partnership to TRS entities, for which deferred tax expense or benefit was recognized upon the sale or impairment of the asset by the TRS entity. F-36 Income taxes paid totaled approximately $0.6 million, $1.1 million and $1.2 million, respectively, in the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. At December 31, 2013, we had net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, of approximately $150.8 million for income tax purposes that expire in years 2027 to 2032. Subject to certain separate return limitations, we may use these NOLs to offset all or a portion of taxable income generated by our TRS entities. We utilized approximately $15.8 million of NOLs during the year ended December 31, 2013, as a result of taxable gains recognized by our TRS entities. As of December 31, 2013, we had low-income housing and historic tax credit carryforwards of approximately $13.4 million for income tax purposes that expire for the tax years 2017 to 2032. The deferred tax asset related to these credits is approximately $12.9 million. For income tax purposes, dividends paid to holders of Common Stock primarily consist of ordinary income, return of capital, capital gains, qualified dividends and unrecaptured Section 1250 gains, or a combination thereof. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, dividends per share held for the entire year were estimated to be taxable as follows: Ordinary income Capital gains Unrecaptured Section 1250 gain 2013 2012 2011 Amount Percentage Amount Percentage Amount Percentage $0.17 0.13 0.66 $0.96 17.9% $ — 0.35 13.9% 0.41 68.2% — % $ — 0.12 46.6% 0.36 53.4% — % 24.0% 76.0% 100.0% $0.76 100.0% $0.48 100.0% We designated the per share amounts above as capital gain dividends in accordance with the requirements under the Code. Additionally, we designated as 2013 capital gain dividends a like portion of preferred dividends. Note 9 — Aimco Equity Preferred Stock At December 31, 2013 and 2012, Aimco had the following classes of perpetual preferred stock outstanding (dollars in thousands): Redemption Date (1) Annual Dividend Rate Per Share (paid quarterly) Balance December 31, 2013 2012 Class Z Cumulative Preferred Stock, 4,800,000 shares authorized and 1,274,243 shares issued/outstanding Series A Community Reinvestment Act Preferred Stock, 240 shares authorized and 74 shares issued/outstanding 7/29/2016 7.00% $31,114 $31,114 6/30/2011 (2) 37,000 37,000 Preferred stock per consolidated balance sheets $68,114 $68,114 (1) All classes of preferred stock were or are redeemable at our option on and after the dates specified. (2) For the period from the date of original issuance through March 31, 2015, the dividend rate is a variable rate per annum equal to the Three-Month LIBOR Rate (as defined in the articles supplementary designating the Series A Community Reinvestment Act Perpetual Preferred Stock, or CRA Preferred Stock) plus 1.25%, calculated as of the beginning of each quarterly dividend period. The rate at December 31, 2013 and 2012 was 1.50% and 1.61%, respectively. All classes of preferred stock have a $0.01 per share par value, are pari passu with each other and are senior to our Common Stock. The holders of each class of preferred stock are generally not entitled to vote on matters submitted to stockholders. Dividends on all shares of preferred stock are subject to declaration by our Board of Directors. Our Class Z Preferred Stock and Series A Community Reinvestment Act Preferred Stock have liquidation preferences per share of $25.00 and $500,000, respectively. F-37 During the year end December 31, 2012, Aimco redeemed 24.0 million shares of preferred stock with a weighted average dividend rate of 7.86% for $600.9 million. During the year ended December 31, 2011, Aimco redeemed 0.9 million shares of preferred stock with a dividend rate of 8.00% for $21.6 million. In connection with these redemptions, the Aimco Operating Partnership redeemed from Aimco a number of Partnership Preferred Units equal to the number of shares redeemed by Aimco. In connection with these redemptions, we wrote off previously deferred issuance costs of $20.7 million and $0.8 million, respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, which is reflected as an adjustment of net income attributable to Aimco preferred stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred unitholders in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for such periods. The following table summarizes our issuances of Class Z Preferred Stock during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts): Number of shares of preferred stock issued Price to public per share Underwriting discounts, commissions and transaction costs per share Net proceeds per share Net proceeds to Aimco Issuance costs (primarily underwriting commissions) recognized as an adjustment of additional paid-in capital Years Ended December 31, 2012 2011 405,090 24.78 0.54 24.24 9,818 $ $ $ $ 869,153 24.25 $ 1.25 $ $ 23.00 $ 19,990 $ 221 $ 1,085 Aimco contributed the net proceeds from the issuances of Class Z Preferred Stock to the Aimco Operating Partnership in exchange for a number of Class Z Partnership Preferred Units equal to the number of shares issued by Aimco. Common Stock During the year ended December 31, 2012, Aimco completed two public offerings resulting in the sale of an aggregate of 22,144,200 shares of its Common Stock, generating net proceeds of $594.4 million, or net proceeds per share of $26.84. In addition, in connection with one of these offerings, the holders of near-term expiring stock options exercised 2,041,934 stock options with a weighted average exercise price of $23.01 per share for proceeds to Aimco of $47.0 million. The shares received upon exercise of the options were then sold by the stockholders as part of the offering. During the year ended December 31, 2011, Aimco sold 2,914,000 shares of its Common Stock pursuant to an At-The-Market, or ATM, offering program, generating $71.9 million of net proceeds. Aimco contributed the net proceeds from the sales and issuances of Common Stock to the Aimco Operating Partnership in exchange for a number of common partnership units equal to the number of shares sold and issued. Registration Statements Pursuant to ATM offering programs active at December 31, 2013, Aimco had the capacity to issue up to 3.5 million additional shares of its Common Stock and up to 3.5 million additional shares of its Class Z Preferred Stock. In the event of any such issuances by Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership would issue to Aimco a corresponding number of common partnership units or Class Z Partnership Preferred Units in exchange for the proceeds. Additionally, Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership have a shelf registration statement that provides for the issuance of debt and equity securities by Aimco and debt securities by the Aimco Operating Partnership. F-38 Note 10 — Partners’ Capital Partnership Preferred Units Owned by Aimco At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Aimco Operating Partnership had outstanding Partnership Preferred Units in classes and amounts similar to Aimco’s Preferred Stock discussed in Note 9. All of these classes of Partnership Preferred Units were owned by Aimco during the periods presented. All classes of Partnership Preferred Units are pari passu with each other and are senior to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common partnership units. None of the classes of Partnership Preferred Units have any voting rights, except the right to approve certain changes to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement that would adversely affect holders of such class of units. Distributions on all Partnership Preferred Units are subject to being declared by the General Partner. All classes of the Partnership Preferred Units are redeemable by the Aimco Operating Partnership only in connection with a concurrent redemption by Aimco of the corresponding classes of Aimco Preferred Stock held by unrelated parties. As discussed in Note 9, during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, Aimco completed various Preferred Stock issuances and redemptions. In connection with these issuances and redemptions, the Aimco Operating Partnership issued to Aimco or redeemed from Aimco a corresponding number of Partnership Preferred Units. Redeemable Partnership Preferred Units In addition to the Partnership Preferred Units owned by Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership has outstanding various classes of redeemable Partnership Preferred Units owned by third parties, which we refer to as Preferred OP Units. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the following classes of Preferred OP Units (stated at their redemption values, in thousands, except unit and per unit data): Class of Preferred Units Percent Per Unit 2013 2012 2013 2012 Distributions per Annum Units Issued and Outstanding Balances Class One Class Two Class Three Class Four Class Six Class Seven Total 8.75% 1.84% 7.88% 8.00% 8.50% 7.87% $8.00 $0.46 $1.97 $2.00 $2.13 $1.97 90,000 18,589 1,354,091 644,954 790,883 27,960 90,000 18,589 1,357,691 644,954 790,883 27,960 $ 8,229 465 33,852 16,124 19,772 699 $ 8,229 465 33,942 16,124 19,772 699 2,926,477 2,930,077 $79,141 $79,231 All of the remaining outstanding classes of Preferred OP Units at December 31, 2013, are redeemable at the holders’ option. The Aimco Operating Partnership, at its sole discretion, may settle such redemption requests in cash or cause Aimco to issue shares of its Common Stock in a value equal to the redemption price. In the event the Aimco Operating Partnership requires Aimco to issue shares of Common Stock to settle a redemption request, the Aimco Operating Partnership would issue to Aimco a corresponding number of common partnership units. The Aimco Operating Partnership has a redemption policy that requires cash settlement of redemption requests for the redeemable preferred OP Units, subject to limited exceptions. Accordingly, these redeemable units are classified within temporary equity in Aimco’s consolidated balance sheets and within temporary capital in the Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets, based on the expectation that the Aimco Operating Partnership will use cash to settle any redemption of these units. Subject to certain conditions, the Class Four and Class Six preferred OP Units are convertible into common OP Units. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, approximately 3,600, 131,400 and 1,600 preferred OP Units, respectively, were tendered for redemption in exchange for cash, and no preferred OP Units were tendered for redemption in exchange for shares of Aimco Common Stock. F-39 The following table presents a reconciliation of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s redeemable Partnership Preferred Units that were classified within temporary equity in Aimco’s consolidated balance sheets and temporary capital within the Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (dollars in thousands). The redeemable Partnership Preferred Units presented in this reconciliation include the redeemable Preferred OP Units as well as the CRA Preferred Units held by Aimco, which were redeemed by Aimco during 2011. Balance at January 1 Preferred distributions Redemption of preferred units Net income Balance at December 31 2013 2012 2011 $80,046 (6,423) (93) 6,423 $83,384 (6,496) (3,338) 6,496 $103,428 (6,683) (20,044) 6,683 $79,953 $80,046 $ 83,384 Common Partnership Units In the Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets, the common partnership units held by Aimco are classified within Partners’ Capital as General Partner and Special Limited Partner capital and the common OP Units are classified within Limited Partners’ capital. In Aimco’s consolidated balance sheets, the common OP Units are classified within permanent equity as common noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Common partnership units held by Aimco are not redeemable. Common OP Units are redeemable at the holders’ option, subject to certain restrictions, on the basis of one common OP Unit for either one share of Common Stock or cash equal to the fair value of a share of Common Stock at the time of redemption. Aimco has the option to deliver shares of Common Stock in exchange for all or any portion of the common OP Units tendered for redemption. When a limited partner redeems a common OP Unit for Common Stock, Limited Partners’ capital is reduced and the General Partner and Special Limited Partners’ capital is increased. The holders of the common OP Units receive distributions, prorated from the date of issuance, in an amount equivalent to the dividends paid to holders of Common Stock. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the Aimco Operating Partnership acquired the noncontrolling limited partnership interests in certain consolidated real estate partnerships in exchange for cash and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s issuance of approximately 21,500, 184,000 and 6,900 common OP Units, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, approximately 105,000, 416,000 and 237,000 common OP Units, respectively, were redeemed in exchange for cash, and no common OP Units were redeemed in exchange for shares of Common Stock. HPUs At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Aimco Operating Partnership had outstanding 2,339,950 HPUs. The holders of HPUs may redeem these units commencing after December 31, 2016, on the basis of one HPU for either one share of Common Stock or cash equal to the fair value of a share of Common Stock at the time of redemption, at Aimco’s option. The holders of HPUs receive the same amount of distributions that are paid to holders of an equivalent number of common OP Units. The HPUs are classified within permanent capital as part of Limited Partners’ capital in the Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets, and within permanent equity as part of common noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership within Aimco’s consolidated balance sheets. F-40 Repayment of Notes Receivable from Aimco As of December 31, 2010, the Aimco Operating Partnership had notes receivable from Aimco that it received in exchange for the sale of certain apartment communities to Aimco in December 2000. The notes bore interest at 5.7% per annum and had original principal amounts of $10.1 million. During the year ended December 31, 2011, Aimco repaid the then outstanding $18.5 million of outstanding principal and interest due on these notes, using its share of proceeds from a $19.7 million, or $0.15 per unit, special distribution the Aimco Operating Partnership declared and paid to holders of common partnership units and HPUs on that date. Note 11 — Share-Based Compensation We have a stock award and incentive plan to attract and retain officers, key employees and independent directors. Our plan reserves for issuance a maximum of 4.4 million shares, which may be in the form of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options and restricted stock, or other types of awards as authorized under our plan. At December 31, 2013, there were approximately 1.0 million shares available to be granted under our plan. Our plan is administered by the Compensation and Human Resources Committee of the Board of Directors. In the case of stock options, the exercise price of the options granted may not be less than the fair market value of a share of Common Stock at the date of grant. The term of the options is generally 10 years from the date of grant and the options typically vest over a period of four years from the date of grant. Restricted stock awards typically vest over a period of four years. The following table summarizes activity for our outstanding stock options for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (numbers of options in thousands): Outstanding at beginning of year Exercised Forfeited Outstanding at end of year Exercisable at end of year 2013 2012 2011 Number of Options 3,045 (44) (10) 2,991 2,991 Weighted Average Exercise Price $28.39 22.52 27.82 $28.48 $28.48 Number of Options 6,809 (2,253) (1,511) 3,045 2,841 Weighted Average Exercise Price $26.47 21.75 29.66 $28.39 $29.79 Number of Options 7,733 (203) (721) 6,809 6,146 Weighted Average Exercise Price $26.53 8.99 32.09 $26.47 $27.50 The intrinsic value of a stock option represents the amount by which the current price of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the option. Options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2013, had an aggregate intrinsic value of $3.6 million and a weighted average remaining contractual term of 3.0 years. The intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, was $0.3 million, $10.9 million and $3.0 million respectively. The following table summarizes activity for restricted stock awards for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (numbers of shares in thousands): Unvested at beginning of year Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested at end of year 2013 2012 2011 Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value 526 253 (204) — 575 $22.69 27.86 21.81 — $25.28 463 241 (178) — 526 $21.53 24.31 21.86 — $22.69 544 290 (243) (128) 463 $19.36 25.59 24.31 16.16 $21.53 F-41 The aggregate fair value of shares that vested during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was $5.7 million, $4.4 million and $6.1 million, respectively. Total compensation cost recognized for restricted stock and stock option awards was $5.9 million, $5.3 million and $5.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Of these amounts, $0.3 million, $0.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively, were capitalized. At December 31, 2013, total unvested compensation cost not yet recognized was $8.6 million. We expect to recognize this compensation over a weighted average period of approximately 1.7 years. Note 12 — Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations We report as discontinued operations apartment communities that meet the definition of a component of an entity and have been sold or meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale. We include all results of these discontinued operations, less applicable income taxes, in a separate component of income on the consolidated statements of operations under the heading “income from discontinued operations, net.” This treatment resulted in the retrospective adjustment of the 2012 and 2011 statements of operations and the 2012 balance sheets. We are currently marketing for sale certain apartment communities that are inconsistent with our long-term investment strategy. At the end of each reporting period, we evaluate whether such apartment communities meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale, including whether we expect to sell such apartment communities within 12 months. Additionally, certain apartment communities that do not meet all of the criteria to be classified as held for sale at the balance sheet date may nevertheless be sold and included in discontinued operations in the subsequent 12 months; thus the number of apartment communities that may be sold during the subsequent 12 months could exceed the number classified as held for sale. At December 31, 2013, we had no apartment communities classified as held for sale. At December 31, 2012, after adjustments to classify as held for sale apartment communities that were sold during the year ended December 31, 2013, we had 29 apartment communities with an aggregate of 6,953 apartment homes classified as held for sale. Amounts classified as held for sale in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2012, are as follows (in thousands): Real estate, net Other assets Assets held for sale Non-recourse property debt Other liabilities Liabilities related to assets held for sale December 31, 2012 $279,653 10,093 $289,746 $278,538 2,900 $281,438 During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we sold 29, 75 and 67 consolidated apartment communities with an aggregate of 6,953, 11,232 and 10,912 apartment homes, respectively. For each of the periods presented, discontinued operations includes the results of operations for the periods prior to the date of disposition for all apartment communities sold as of December 31, 2013. F-42 The following is a summary of the components of income from discontinued operations and the related amounts of income from discontinued operations attributable to Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership and noncontrolling interests for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (in thousands): Rental and other property revenues Property operating expenses Depreciation and amortization Recovery of (provision for) real estate impairment losses Operating income Interest income Interest expense Income (loss) before gain on dispositions of real estate and income tax Gain on dispositions of real estate Income tax expense Income from discontinued operations, net 2013 2012 2011 $ 62,152 (30,695) (16,372) 16 $140,634 (62,781) (41,577) (17,452) $ 226,623 (111,549) (72,099) (20,246) 15,101 343 (13,346) 2,098 212,459 (11,328) 18,824 568 (29,972) (10,580) 234,530 (9,833) 22,729 1,561 (49,030) (24,740) 108,203 (5,390) $203,229 $214,117 $ 78,073 Income from discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships (31,842) (41,633) (32,231) Income from discontinued operations attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership $171,387 $172,484 45,842 Income from discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership (9,248) (10,238) (3,147) Income from discontinued operations attributable to Aimco $162,139 $162,246 $ 42,695 Gain on dispositions of real estate is reported net of incremental direct costs incurred in connection with the transactions, including any prepayment penalties incurred upon repayment of property debt collateralized by the apartment communities being sold. Such prepayment penalties totaled $16.5 million, $16.5 million and $14.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. We classify interest expense related to property debt within discontinued operations when the related real estate asset is sold or classified as held for sale. F-43 Note 13 — Earnings (Loss) per Share/Unit Aimco The following table illustrates Aimco’s calculation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (in thousands, except per share data): Numerator: Income (loss) from continuing operations Loss (income) from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests Income attributable to preferred stockholders Income attributable to participating securities 2013 2012 2011 $ 34,596 $ (18,756) $(136,237) 10,555 (2,804) (813) (11,034) (49,888) (422) 36,455 (45,852) (222) Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Aimco common stockholders $ 41,534 $ (80,100) $(145,856) Income from discontinued operations Income from discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests $203,229 (41,090) $214,117 (51,871) $ 78,073 (35,378) Income from discontinued operations attributable to Aimco common stockholders Net income (loss) Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income attributable to preferred stockholders Net income attributable to participating securities $162,139 $162,246 $ 42,695 $237,825 (30,535) (2,804) (813) $195,361 (62,905) (49,888) (422) $ (58,164) 1,077 (45,852) (222) Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco common stockholders $203,673 $ 82,146 $(103,161) Denominator: Weighted average common shares outstanding — basic Dilutive potential common shares Weighted average common shares outstanding — diluted Earnings (loss) per common share – basic and diluted: Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Aimco common stockholders Income from discontinued operations attributable to Aimco common stockholders Net income (loss) attributable to Aimco common stockholders Dividends declared per common share 145,291 241 134,479 119,312 — — 145,532 134,479 119,312 $ 0.29 $ (0.60) $ (1.22) 1.11 1.40 0.96 $ $ 1.21 0.61 0.76 $ $ 0.36 (0.86) 0.48 $ $ F-44 The Aimco Operating Partnership The following table illustrates the Aimco Operating Partnership’s calculation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per unit for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (in thousands, except per unit data): Numerator: Income (loss) from continuing operations Loss (income) from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests Income attributable to the Partnership’s preferred unitholders Income attributable to participating securities Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders 2013 2012 2011 $ 34,596 $ (18,756) $(134,938) 19,369 (9,227) (813) (9,585) (56,384) (422) 32,488 (52,535) (222) $ 43,925 $ (85,147) $(155,207) Income from discontinued operations Income from discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests $203,229 (31,842) $214,117 (41,633) $ 78,073 (32,231) Income from discontinued operations attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders Net income (loss) Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income attributable to the Partnership’s preferred unitholders Net income attributable to participating securities $171,387 $172,484 $ 45,842 $237,825 (12,473) (9,227) (813) $195,361 (51,218) (56,384) (422) $ (56,865) 257 (52,535) (222) Net income (loss) attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders $215,312 $ 87,337 $(109,365) Denominator: Weighted average common units outstanding — basic Dilutive potential common units Weighted average common units outstanding — diluted Earnings (loss) per common unit – basic and diluted: Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders Income from discontinued operations attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders Net income (loss) attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders Distributions declared per unit 153,256 241 142,614 127,681 — — 153,497 142,614 127,681 $ $ $ 0.29 $ (0.60) $ (1.22) 1.11 1.40 0.96 $ $ 1.21 0.61 0.76 $ $ 0.36 (0.86) 0.63 Distributions declared per unit during the year ended December 31, 2011, includes a special distribution of $0.15 per unit which is discussed further in Note 10. Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership As of December 31, 2013, the common share or unit equivalents that could potentially dilute basic earnings per share or unit in future periods totaled 3.0 million. These securities represent options to purchase shares of Common Stock, which, if exercised, would result in Aimco’s issuance of additional shares and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s issuance to Aimco of additional common partnership units equal to the number of shares purchased under the options. The effect of these securities was dilutive for the year ended December 31, 2013, and accordingly has been included in the denominator for calculating diluted earnings per share and unit for this period. These securities have been excluded from the earnings (loss) per share or unit computations for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. Participating securities, consisting primarily of unvested restricted shares of Common Stock, receive dividends similar to shares of Common Stock and common partnership units and totaled 0.6 million, 0.5 million and 0.5 million at F-45 December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The effect of participating securities is included in basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share and unit computations for the periods presented above using the two-class method of allocating distributed and undistributed earnings. As discussed in Note 10, the Aimco Operating Partnership has various classes of preferred OP Units, which may be redeemed at the holders’ option. The Aimco Operating Partnership may redeem these units for cash or at its option, shares of Common Stock. As of December 31, 2013, these preferred OP Units were potentially redeemable for approximately 3.1 million shares of Common Stock (based on the period end market price), or cash at the Aimco Operating Partnership’s option. The Aimco Operating Partnership has a redemption policy that requires cash settlement of redemption requests for the preferred OP Units, subject to limited exceptions. Accordingly, we expect these securities to be excluded from earnings (loss) per share or unit computations in future periods. Note 14 — Unaudited Summarized Consolidated Quarterly Information Aimco Aimco’s summarized unaudited consolidated quarterly information for 2013 and 2012 is provided below (in thousands, except per share amounts). 2013 Total revenues Total operating expenses Operating income (Loss) income from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net Net income Net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders Earnings (loss) per common share—basic and diluted: (Loss) income from continuing operations attributable to Aimco common stockholders Net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic Weighted average common shares outstanding—diluted 2012 Total revenues Total operating expenses Operating income (Loss) income from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net Net income Net (loss) income attributable to Aimco common stockholders Loss per common share—basic and diluted: Loss from continuing operations attributable to Aimco common stockholders Net (loss) income attributable to Aimco common stockholders Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic and Quarter (1) First Second Third Fourth $ 237,504 (184,864) 52,640 (1,662) 4,495 2,833 5,050 $ $ 241,744 (183,033) 58,711 2,477 4,502 6,979 $ 10,107 $ 243,943 (179,430) 64,513 6,977 72,433 79,410 $ 66,268 $ 250,862 (177,707) 73,155 26,804 121,799 148,603 $ 122,037 $ $ (0.01) $ $ 0.03 145,169 145,169 0.01 $ $ 0.07 145,321 145,674 0.04 0.46 145,334 145,563 $ $ 0.25 0.84 145,341 145,499 Quarter (1) First Second Third Fourth $ 231,748 (199,743) 32,005 (26,294) 36,941 10,647 $ (10,609) $ $ 236,085 (190,343) 45,742 (5,670) 39,801 34,131 523 $ 242,973 (197,071) 45,902 5,369 47,966 53,335 $ 24,163 $ 247,705 (192,338) 55,367 7,839 89,409 97,248 $ 67,928 $ $ (0.30) $ (0.25) $ (0.07) $ (0.01) (0.09) $ — $ 0.17 $ 0.47 diluted 120,526 127,395 144,959 145,035 F-46 The Aimco Operating Partnership The Aimco Operating Partnership’s summarized unaudited consolidated quarterly information for 2013 and 2012 is provided below (in thousands, except per share amounts). 2013 Total revenues Total operating expenses Operating income (Loss) income from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net Net income Net income attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders Earnings (loss) per common unit—basic and diluted: (Loss) income from continuing operations attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders Net income attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders Weighted average common units outstanding—basic Weighted average common units outstanding—diluted 2012 Total revenues Total operating expenses Operating income (Loss) income from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations, net Net income Net (loss) income attributable to the Partnership’s common Quarter (1) First Second Third Fourth $ 237,504 (184,864) 52,640 (1,662) 4,495 2,833 $ 241,744 (183,033) 58,711 2,477 4,502 6,979 $ 243,943 (179,430) 64,513 6,977 72,433 79,410 $ 250,862 (177,707) 73,155 26,804 121,799 148,603 $ $ $ 5,347 $ 10,682 $ 70,064 $ 129,008 (0.01) $ 0.01 0.03 153,169 153,169 $ 0.07 153,294 153,647 $ $ 0.04 0.46 153,287 153,516 $ $ 0.25 0.84 153,276 153,434 Quarter (1) First Second Third Fourth $ 231,748 (199,743) 32,005 (26,294) 36,941 10,647 $ 236,085 (190,343) 45,742 (5,670) 39,801 34,131 $ 242,973 (197,071) 45,902 5,369 47,966 53,335 $ 247,705 (192,338) 55,367 7,839 89,409 97,248 unitholders $ (11,346) $ 578 $ 25,774 $ 72,190 Loss per common unit—basic and diluted: Loss from continuing operations attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders Net (loss) income attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders Weighted average common units outstanding—basic and $ $ (0.30) $ (0.25) $ (0.07) $ (0.01) (0.09) $ — $ 0.17 $ 0.47 diluted 128,729 135,622 152,997 153,107 (1) Certain reclassifications have been made to 2013 and 2012 quarterly amounts to conform to the full year 2013 presentation, primarily related to treatment of discontinued operations. Note 15 — Business Segments We have two reportable segments: conventional real estate operations and affordable real estate operations. Our conventional real estate operations consist of market-rate apartment communities with rents paid by the residents and included 162 apartment communities with 50,486 apartment homes at December 31, 2013. Our affordable real estate operations consisted of 74 apartment communities with 10,067 apartment homes at December 31, 2013, with rents that are generally paid, in whole or part, by a government agency. F-47 Due to the diversity of our economic ownership interests in our apartment communities, our chief executive officer, who is our operating decision maker, uses proportionate property net operating income to asses the operating performance of our apartment communities. Proportionate property net operating income reflects our share of rental and other property revenues less direct property operating expenses, including real estate taxes, for the consolidated and unconsolidated apartment communities that we manage. The following tables present the revenues, net operating income (loss) and income (loss) from continuing operations of our conventional and affordable real estate operations segments on a proportionate basis for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (in thousands): Income (loss) from continuing operations $518,180 $58,996 $23,795 $(566,375) $ 34,596 Year Ended December 31, 2013: Rental and other property revenues (2) Tax credit and asset management revenues Total revenues Property operating expenses (2) Investment management expenses Depreciation and amortization (2) General and administrative expenses Other expenses, net Total operating expenses Operating income (loss) Other items included in continuing operations Year Ended December 31, 2012: Rental and other property revenues (2) Tax credit and asset management revenues Total revenues Property operating expenses (2) Investment management expenses Depreciation and amortization (2) Provision for real estate impairment losses (2) General and administrative expenses Other expenses, net Total operating expenses Operating income (loss) Other items included in continuing operations Conventional Real Estate Operations Affordable Real Estate Operations Proportionate Adjustments (1) Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Segments $803,242 — $98,713 — $37,201 — $ 803,242 285,062 — — — — 285,062 518,180 98,713 39,717 — — — — 39,717 58,996 37,201 13,406 — — — — 13,406 23,795 75 34,822 34,897 37,487 4,341 291,910 45,708 7,403 386,849 (351,952) 249,019 — — — (214,423) (214,423) Conventional Real Estate Operations Affordable Real Estate Operations Proportionate Adjustments (1) Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Segments $761,876 — $97,135 — $57,251 — $ 761,876 274,414 — — — — — 274,414 487,462 97,135 38,932 — — — — — 38,932 58,203 57,251 23,562 — — — — — 23,562 33,689 480 41,769 42,249 37,439 12,008 325,173 6,235 49,602 12,130 442,587 (400,338) 179,016 — — — (197,772) (197,772) Consolidated $ 939,231 34,822 974,053 375,672 4,341 291,910 45,708 7,403 725,034 Consolidated $ 916,742 41,769 958,511 374,347 12,008 325,173 6,235 49,602 12,130 779,495 Income (loss) from continuing operations $487,462 $58,203 $33,689 $(598,110) $ (18,756) F-48 Year Ended December 31, 2011: Rental and other property revenues (2) Tax credit and asset management revenues Total revenues Property operating expenses (2) Investment management expenses Depreciation and amortization (2) General and administrative expenses Other expenses, net Total operating expenses Operating income (loss) Other items included in continuing operations (3) Conventional Real Estate Operations Affordable Real Estate Operations Proportionate Adjustments (1) Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Segments $724,866 — $94,007 — $55,627 — $ 724,866 263,969 — — — — 263,969 460,897 94,007 37,096 — — — — 37,096 56,911 55,627 22,140 — — — — 22,140 33,487 1,194 38,661 39,855 52,959 10,459 323,233 50,906 18,302 455,859 Consolidated $ 875,694 38,661 914,355 376,164 10,459 323,233 50,906 18,302 779,064 — — — (271,528) (271,528) (416,004) 135,291 Income (loss) from continuing operations $460,897 $56,911 $33,487 $(687,532) $(136,237) (1) Represents adjustments for the noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships’ share of the results of our consolidated apartment communities and the results of consolidated apartment communities that we do not manage, which are excluded from our measurement of segment performance but included in the related consolidated amounts, and our share of the results of operations of our unconsolidated real estate partnerships that we manage, which are included in our measurement of segment performance but excluded from the related consolidated amounts. (2) Proportionate property net operating income, our key measurement of segment profit or loss, excludes property management revenues (which are included in rental and other property revenues), property management expenses and casualty gains and losses (which are included in property operating expenses), depreciation and amortization and provision for real estate impairment losses. Accordingly, we do not allocate these amounts to our segments. In addition to the other items included in continuing operations presented in the table for the year ending December 31, 2011, the Aimco Operating Partnership recognized $1.3 million of interest income on its notes receivable from Aimco. These notes were repaid by Aimco during the three months ended December 31, 2011. (3) The assets of our reportable segments on a proportionate basis, together with the proportionate adjustments to reconcile these amounts to the consolidated assets of our segments, and the consolidated assets not allocated to our segments are as follows (in thousands): Conventional Affordable Proportionate adjustments (1) Corporate and other assets Total consolidated assets 2013 2012 $4,793,472 382,091 428,376 475,474 $4,837,236 466,678 634,858 462,608 $6,079,413 $6,401,380 (1) Represents adjustments for the noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships’ share of the assets of our consolidated apartment communities, which are excluded from our measurement of segment financial condition, and our share of the assets of our unconsolidated real estate partnerships, which are included in our measure of segment financial condition. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, capital additions related to our conventional segment totaled $365.3 million, $252.3 million and $191.6 million, respectively, and capital additions related to our affordable segment totaled $10.7 million, $19.8 million and $15.6 million, respectively. F-49 APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. SCHEDULE III: REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION December 31, 2013 (In Thousands Except Apartment Home Data) Apartment Community Name Apartment Type (1) Date Consolidated Location Year Built Apartment Homes Land Buildings and Improvements (2) Initial Cost (3) Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation December 31, 2013 Buildings and Improvements (4) Total Accumulated Depreciation (AD) Land Total Cost Net of AD Encumbrances Avenue 2247-2253 Seventh Avenue 2252-2258 Seventh Avenue 2300-2310 Seventh Avenue F - 5 0 Conventional Apartment Communities: 100 Forest Place High Rise 118-122 West 23rd Street High Rise 1582 First Avenue 173 E. 90th Street 182-188 Columbus Dec-97 Oak Park, IL Jun-12 New York, NY High Rise Mar-05 New York, NY High Rise May-04 New York, NY Avenue Mid Rise 204-206 West 133rd Street Mid Rise 2232-2240 Seventh Feb-07 Jun-07 New York, NY New York, NY 1987 1987 1900 1910 1910 1910 Mid Rise Jun-07 New York, NY 1910 Mid Rise Jun-07 New York, NY 1910 Mid Rise Jun-07 New York, NY 1910 Jun-07 Jan-04 236-238 East 88th Street 237-239 Ninth Avenue 240 West 73rd Street, LLC High Rise Mid Rise 2484 Seventh Avenue 2900 on First Apartments Mid Rise 306 East 89th Street High Rise 311 & 313 East 73rd Street Mid Rise 322-324 East 61st Street 3400 Avenue of the Arts Mid Rise 452 East 78th Street High Rise 464-466 Amsterdam & New York, NY Mid Rise High Rise New York, NY High Rise Mar-05 New York, NY New York, NY Sep-04 New York, NY Jun-07 Seattle, WA Oct-08 Jul-04 New York, NY Mar-03 New York, NY High Rise Mar-05 New York, NY Costa Mesa, CA New York, NY Mar-02 Jan-04 1910 1900 1900 1900 1921 1989 1930 1904 1900 1987 1900 New York, NY 200-210 W. 83rd Street Mid Rise High Rise New York, NY High Rise Mar-05 New York, NY Garden Garden 1910 1900 1900 Redwood City, CA 1973 1972 Nashville, TN 510 East 88th Street 514-516 East 88th Street 707 Leahy 865 Bellevue Arbours Of Hermitage, Apr-07 Jul-00 Feb-07 Jan-04 The Auburn Glen (5) Bank Lofts Bay Parc Plaza Bay Ridge at Nashua Bayberry Hill Estates Bluffs at Pacifica, The Boston Lofts Boulder Creek Broadcast Center Broadway Lofts Garden Garden High Rise High Rise Garden Garden Garden High Rise Garden Garden High Rise Hermitage, TN Jul-00 Jacksonville, FL Dec-06 Apr-01 Denver, CO Sep-04 Miami, FL Jan-03 Aug-02 Oct-06 Apr-01 Jul-94 Mar-02 Sep-12 1972 1974 1920 2000 Nashua, NH 1984 Framingham, MA 1971 1963 Pacifica, CA 1890 Denver, CO Boulder, CO 1973 Los Angeles, CA 1990 1909 San Diego, CA 234 42 17 72 32 44 24 35 35 63 43 36 200 23 135 20 34 40 770 12 72 20 36 110 326 350 251 117 471 412 424 64 158 221 279 84 $ 2,664 14,985 4,281 12,066 19,123 4,352 3,366 7,356 4,318 10,417 8,820 8,495 68,109 2,601 19,070 2,680 5,678 6,372 57,241 1,982 25,553 3,163 6,282 15,444 3,562 3,217 7,670 3,525 22,680 3,262 19,944 8,108 3,446 754 29,407 5,367 $18,815 23,459 752 4,535 $ 6,494 3,942 318 2,442 3,300 1,450 3,785 3,335 4,504 6,964 2,914 1,866 12,140 1,726 17,518 1,006 1,609 2,224 65,506 608 7,101 1,002 2,168 7,909 12,037 12,023 8,191 9,045 41,847 40,713 35,945 4,132 20,589 7,730 41,244 14,442 2,608 1,556 1,266 1,649 1,706 4,642 2,097 1,449 8,646 772 17,374 418 543 1,229 72,777 458 4,506 387 775 4,936 28,070 8,376 4,075 2,173 6,979 5,719 12,775 13,692 6,072 18,580 27,142 760 $ 2,664 14,985 4,281 12,067 19,123 4,352 3,366 7,356 4,318 10,417 8,820 8,494 68,109 2,601 19,071 2,681 5,678 6,372 57,240 1,982 25,552 3,163 6,282 15,444 3,562 3,217 7,670 3,525 22,680 3,262 19,944 8,108 3,447 755 29,407 5,367 $ 25,309 27,401 1,070 6,976 $ 27,973 42,386 5,351 19,043 $(11,077) (1,366) (452) (2,546) $ 16,896 41,020 4,899 16,497 $ 25,955 19,493 2,520 7,435 5,908 3,006 5,051 4,984 6,210 11,606 5,011 3,316 20,786 2,498 34,891 1,423 2,152 3,453 138,284 1,066 11,608 1,389 2,943 12,845 40,107 20,399 6,562 11,218 48,826 46,432 48,720 17,824 26,660 26,309 68,386 15,202 25,031 7,358 (2,075) (957) 22,956 6,401 13,471 2,963 8,417 (1,423) 6,994 12,340 (1,768) 10,572 10,528 (1,810) 8,718 22,023 13,831 11,810 88,895 5,099 53,962 4,104 7,830 9,825 195,524 3,048 37,160 4,552 9,225 28,289 43,669 23,616 14,232 14,743 71,506 49,694 68,664 25,932 30,107 27,064 97,793 20,569 (4,017) (1,737) (1,131) (6,290) (652) (5,106) (523) (1,282) (1,368) (71,918) (416) (3,634) (457) (1,170) (4,621) (23,536) (10,525) (4,201) (5,537) (12,557) (15,956) (19,082) (7,878) (12,087) (14,011) (31,926) (724) 18,006 12,094 10,679 82,605 4,447 48,856 3,581 6,548 8,457 123,606 2,632 33,526 4,095 8,055 23,668 20,133 13,091 10,031 9,206 58,949 33,738 49,582 18,054 18,020 13,053 65,867 19,845 2,972 5,483 5,125 9,362 12,000 6,155 27,704 2,472 19,337 2,055 2,512 3,780 113,022 1,456 19,679 2,396 4,097 9,601 18,154 9,398 9,271 11,601 45,252 30,740 33,252 5,963 16,948 8,771 55,083 10,194 Apartment Type (1) Date Consolidated Location Year Built Apartment Homes Apartment Community Name Buena Vista Burke Shire Commons Calhoun Beach Club Canterbury Green Canyon Terrace Casa del Mar at Baymeadows Cedar Rim Center Square Charlesbank Apartment Mid Rise Garden High Rise Garden Garden Garden Garden High Rise F - 5 1 Mid Rise Homes High Rise Chestnut Hall Chestnut Hill Village Garden Chimneys of Cradle Rock Garden Garden Colony at Kenilworth Mid Rise Columbus Avenue Creekside Garden Crescent at West Hollywood, The Mid Rise Mid Rise Elm Creek High Rise Evanston Place Mid Rise Farmingdale High Rise Flamingo Towers Garden Four Quarters Habitat Garden Foxchase Garden Georgetown Mid Rise Granada Garden Grand Pointe Garden Greens Garden Heritage Park Escondido Garden Heritage Park Livermore Heritage Village Anaheim Garden Garden Hidden Cove Garden Hidden Cove II Garden Hillcreste Hillmeade Garden Horizons West Apartments Mid Rise Hunt Club Hunter’s Chase Hunters Glen Hyde Park Tower Indian Oaks Island Club Key Towers Lakeside Lakeside at Vinings Garden Garden Garden High Rise Garden Garden High Rise Garden Mountain Latrobe Lazy Hollow Lincoln Place (5) Lodge at Chattahoochee, The Los Arboles Malibu Canyon Maple Bay Garden High Rise Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Pasadena, CA Burke, VA Jan-06 Mar-01 Dec-98 Minneapolis, MN Dec-99 Mar-02 Fort Wayne, IN Saugus, CA Oct-06 Apr-00 Oct-99 Jacksonville, FL Newcastle, WA Doylestown, PA Sep-13 Watertown, MA Philadelphia, PA Oct-06 Philadelphia, PA Apr-00 Columbia, MD Jun-04 Towson, MD Oct-99 New York, NY Sep-03 Denver, CO Jan-00 1973 1986 1928 1970 1984 1984 1980 1975 2012 1923 1963 1979 1966 1880 1974 Elmhurst, IL Evanston, IL Darien, IL Framingham, MA Framingham, MA Columbia, MD Chandler, AZ Escondido, CA Livermore, CA Anaheim, CA Escondido, CA Escondido, CA Century City, CA Mar-02 West Hollywood, CA 1985 1987 Dec-97 1990 Dec-97 1975 Oct-00 1960 Sep-97 Miami Beach, FL 1976 Jan-06 Miami, FL 1940 Dec-97 Alexandria, VA 1964 Aug-02 1958 Aug-02 1972 Dec-99 2000 Jul-94 1986 Oct-00 1988 Oct-00 1986 Oct-00 1983 Jul-98 1986 Jul-07 1989 Mar-02 1986 Nov-94 Nashville, TN 1970 Dec-06 1986 Sep-00 1985 Jan-01 Midlothian, VA 1976 Oct-99 1990 Oct-04 1986 Mar-02 1986 Oct-00 1964 Apr-01 1972 Oct-99 Plainsboro, NJ Chicago, IL Simi Valley, CA Oceanside, CA Alexandria, VA Lisle, IL Pacifica, CA Gaithersburg, MD Atlanta, GA Jan-00 Jan-03 Washington, DC Apr-05 Oct-04 Columbia, MD Venice, CA 1983 1980 1979 1951 Sandy Springs, GA 1970 Oct-99 1986 Chandler, AZ Sep-97 Mar-02 1986 Calabasas, CA Dec-99 Virginia Beach, VA 1971 92 360 332 1,988 130 144 104 350 44 315 821 198 383 59 328 130 400 189 240 1,161 336 2,113 207 72 325 324 196 167 196 334 118 315 288 78 336 320 896 155 254 592 140 568 220 175 178 696 312 232 698 414 (2) Initial Cost Land 9,693 4,867 11,708 13,659 7,508 5,039 761 582 3,399 12,338 6,469 2,040 2,403 35,527 3,189 15,765 5,910 3,232 11,763 32,239 2,379 15,496 12,351 4,577 2,714 2,303 1,055 1,039 1,832 3,043 12,849 35,862 2,872 8,887 17,859 7,935 8,778 4,731 24,523 18,027 1,526 5,840 2,111 3,459 2,429 128,332 2,335 1,662 69,834 2,597 Buildings and Improvements 6,818 23,617 73,334 73,115 6,601 10,562 5,218 4,190 11,726 14,299 49,316 8,108 18,799 9,450 12,698 10,215 30,830 25,546 15,174 39,410 17,199 96,062 13,168 4,057 16,771 713 7,565 9,170 8,541 17,616 6,530 47,216 16,070 6,377 13,149 7,915 47,259 14,927 15,801 28,654 7,050 27,937 11,862 9,103 12,181 10,439 16,370 9,504 53,438 16,141 (3) Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation 1,499 8,707 50,873 24,041 6,160 2,902 17,029 3,022 23 6,812 48,831 1,243 15,903 4,598 5,479 14,427 30,750 6,229 10,119 240,961 18,160 32,317 2,038 867 5,401 28,836 1,495 1,382 1,513 7,508 6,257 24,470 10,594 1,868 8,445 3,113 42,658 3,373 5,200 14,010 6,262 32,029 15,823 16,140 326 242,465 23,999 2,847 32,554 29,362 Buildings and Improvements 8,317 32,324 124,207 97,156 12,761 13,464 22,247 7,212 11,749 21,111 98,147 9,351 34,702 14,048 18,177 24,642 61,580 31,775 25,293 280,371 35,359 128,379 15,206 4,924 22,171 29,549 9,060 10,552 10,054 25,124 12,787 71,686 26,664 8,245 21,594 11,028 89,916 18,300 21,001 42,664 13,312 59,966 27,685 25,243 12,506 252,904 40,369 12,351 85,992 45,502 Land 9,693 4,867 11,708 13,659 7,508 5,039 761 582 3,399 12,338 6,469 2,040 2,403 35,527 3,189 15,765 5,910 3,232 11,763 32,239 2,379 15,496 12,351 4,577 2,715 2,303 1,055 1,039 1,832 3,043 12,849 35,862 2,872 8,887 17,859 7,935 8,779 4,731 24,523 18,027 1,526 5,840 2,111 3,459 2,430 44,197 2,335 1,662 69,834 2,598 December 31, 2013 (4) Total 18,010 37,191 135,915 110,815 20,269 18,503 23,008 7,794 15,148 33,449 104,616 11,391 37,105 49,575 21,366 40,407 67,490 35,007 37,056 312,610 37,738 143,875 27,557 9,501 24,886 31,852 10,115 11,591 11,886 28,167 25,636 107,548 29,536 17,132 39,453 18,963 98,695 23,031 45,524 60,691 14,838 65,806 29,796 28,702 14,936 297,101 42,704 14,013 155,826 48,100 Accumulated Depreciation (AD) Total Cost Net of AD Encumbrances (2,607) (13,704) (58,397) (54,409) (6,305) (4,092) (17,854) (3,605) (114) (10,199) (57,443) (3,382) (21,537) (7,973) (10,358) (16,813) (26,139) (14,147) (13,304) (116,869) (19,850) (64,462) (5,775) (2,449) (10,457) (17,513) (5,391) (5,920) (5,867) (12,839) (6,137) (34,664) (14,712) (3,011) (9,435) (4,729) (63,437) (4,815) (8,904) (23,271) (8,036) (38,230) (18,631) (17,149) (6,132) (3,581) (25,788) (6,212) (42,448) (29,535) 15,403 23,487 77,518 56,406 13,964 14,411 5,154 4,189 15,034 23,250 47,173 8,009 15,568 41,602 11,008 23,594 41,351 20,860 23,752 195,741 17,888 79,413 21,782 7,052 14,429 14,339 4,724 5,671 6,019 15,328 19,499 72,884 14,824 14,121 30,018 14,234 35,258 18,216 36,620 37,420 6,802 27,576 11,165 11,553 8,804 293,520 16,916 7,801 113,378 18,565 10,033 42,239 46,590 50,629 10,091 8,820 7,479 12,910 8,500 17,238 56,368 16,156 23,048 27,843 12,424 23,694 41,472 20,628 16,027 112,970 8,644 246,181 9,692 3,246 15,695 9,377 7,236 7,468 8,781 29,073 10,864 70,250 17,073 4,807 — 15,350 64,358 14,028 31,184 61,169 10,287 27,808 14,459 29,452 13,332 134,869 21,201 7,687 90,240 31,143 Apartment Type (1) Date Consolidated Location Year Built Apartment Homes Apartment Community Name Mariners Cove Meadow Creek Merrill House Monterey Grove Oak Park Village Ocean House on Prospect Pacific Bay Vistas (5) Pacifica Park Palazzo at Park La Brea, The Palazzo East at Park La Brea, The Paradise Palms Park & 12th Park Towne Place Parktown Townhouses Garden Garden High Rise Garden Garden Mid Rise Garden Garden Mid Rise Mid Rise Garden Mid Rise High Rise Garden Garden Parkway Garden Pathfinder Village Peachtree Park Garden Peak at Vinings Mountain, The Garden Garden Peakview Place Garden Peppertree F - 5 2 Pine Lake Terrace Plantation Gardens Post Ridge Preserve at Marin Ramblewood Ravensworth Towers Garden Garden Garden Mid Rise Garden High Rise Reflections Remington at Ponte Vedra Garden Sep-00 Lakes River Club,The Riverloft Riverside Rosewood Royal Crest Estates Royal Crest Estates Royal Crest Estates Royal Crest Estates Runaway Bay San Melia Savannah Trace Scotchollow Shenandoah Crossing Signal Pointe Signature Point Garden Garden High Rise High Rise Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Springwoods at Lake Ridge Garden (2) Initial Cost Land — 1,435 1,836 34,325 10,048 12,528 28,694 12,970 48,362 72,578 647 2,793 10,472 2,572 386 19,595 4,684 2,651 3,442 8,030 4,124 3,773 1,883 18,179 8,661 3,455 Buildings and Improvements 66,861 24,533 10,831 21,939 16,771 18,805 62,460 6,579 125,464 136,503 3,516 6,662 47,301 12,051 2,834 14,838 11,713 13,660 18,734 5,225 6,035 19,443 6,712 30,132 61,082 17,157 (3) Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation 7,545 5,717 6,790 3,318 6,025 455 23,061 3,452 21,929 13,319 6,452 14 126,690 13,434 3,055 9,664 12,566 18,412 985 2,393 2,216 18,613 4,587 38,133 10,060 2,566 December 31, 2013 Buildings and Improvements 74,406 30,250 17,621 25,257 22,796 19,260 85,520 10,031 147,393 149,822 9,968 6,676 173,991 25,485 5,889 24,502 24,280 32,072 19,718 7,618 8,250 38,056 11,299 68,265 71,142 19,723 (4) Total 74,406 31,685 19,457 59,582 32,844 31,788 108,514 23,001 195,755 222,400 10,615 9,469 184,463 28,057 6,275 44,097 28,963 34,723 23,161 15,648 12,375 41,829 13,182 86,444 79,803 23,178 Land — 1,435 1,836 34,325 10,048 12,528 22,994 12,970 48,362 72,578 647 2,793 10,472 2,572 386 19,595 4,683 2,651 3,443 8,030 4,125 3,773 1,883 18,179 8,661 3,455 Accumulated Depreciation (AD) Total Cost Net of AD Encumbrances (27,789) (15,049) (7,737) (6,919) (13,482) (480) (2,482) (4,280) (52,213) (50,189) (6,693) (103) (44,061) (12,418) (3,478) (8,827) (12,092) (21,784) (12,555) (3,733) (3,597) (16,587) (6,609) — (25,852) (10,593) 46,617 16,636 11,720 52,663 19,362 31,308 106,032 18,721 143,542 172,211 3,922 9,366 140,402 15,639 2,797 35,270 16,871 12,939 10,606 11,915 8,778 25,242 6,573 86,444 53,951 12,585 1,904 22,643 18,514 33,438 — 14,583 58,108 12,135 117,943 122,992 6,026 6,185 — 10,180 8,642 18,345 8,155 15,276 12,066 12,654 9,117 22,637 5,683 39,795 33,314 22,352 500 332 159 224 618 60 308 104 521 611 130 30 959 309 148 246 303 280 296 136 111 372 150 126 1,707 219 480 15,988 13,684 5,004 15,988 18,688 34,676 (9,086) 25,590 30,374 344 266 184 1,222 152 492 902 18,795 30,579 2,120 10,493 12,430 22,433 68,230 18,650 30,638 11,287 65,474 8,060 24,095 45,562 4,810 3,051 28,203 86,890 3,806 5,316 9,315 18,795 30,579 2,120 10,492 12,430 22,433 68,231 23,460 33,689 39,490 152,365 11,866 29,411 54,876 42,255 64,268 41,610 162,857 24,296 51,844 123,107 (7,819) (11,350) (15,355) (102,559) (4,720) (15,768) (32,003) 34,436 52,918 26,255 60,298 19,576 36,076 91,104 23,169 33,049 15,272 117,689 17,230 35,878 39,468 473 25,178 28,786 6,772 25,178 35,558 60,736 (17,052) 43,684 33,393 588 404 488 368 418 640 368 304 180 51,292 5,935 16,631 13,960 49,475 18,200 2,392 2,810 36,807 16,052 55,679 20,732 17,756 57,198 11,358 17,579 17,229 8,712 5,018 4,112 11,075 16,755 26,388 2,795 51,292 5,934 16,631 13,960 49,474 18,200 2,392 2,810 54,036 24,765 60,697 24,844 28,832 73,953 37,746 20,374 105,328 30,699 77,328 38,804 78,306 92,153 40,138 23,184 (22,860) (11,783) (3,999) (11,433) (11,197) (39,732) (25,480) (8,635) 82,468 18,916 73,329 27,371 67,109 52,421 14,658 14,549 58,306 20,647 31,570 24,985 46,867 64,844 17,884 8,329 5,587 7,284 3,292 5,587 10,576 16,163 (2,868) 13,295 13,406 Mar-02 Jul-94 Jan-00 Jun-08 Oct-00 Apr-13 Mar-01 Jul-06 Feb-04 San Diego, CA 1984 Boulder, CO 1968 Falls Church, 1964 VA 1999 San Jose, CA 1972 Lansing, MI La Jolla, CA 1970 San Bruno, CA 1987 Pacifica, CA 1977 Los Angeles, CA 2002 Mar-02 Oct-99 Jul-00 Mar-05 Jul-94 Jul-13 Apr-00 Oct-99 Mar-00 Jan-06 Jan-96 Jan-00 Jan-00 Mar-02 Los Angeles, CA 2005 1985 Phoenix, AZ Atlanta, GA 2012 Philadelphia, PA 1959 Deer Park, TX 1968 Willamsburg, 1971 VA 1973 Fremont, CA 1969 Atlanta, GA Atlanta, GA 1980 Englewood, CO 1975 Cypress, CA 1971 Garden Grove, CA Plantation, FL Nashville, TN Corte Madera, Aug-11 CA Dec-99 Wyoming, MI Jun-04 1964 1973 Annandale, VA 1974 Virginia Beach, VA Ponte Vedra 1986 Beach, FL Edgewater, NJ 1998 Philadelphia, PA 1910 Alexandria ,VA 1973 Camarillo, CA 1976 1972 1970 Dec-06 Apr-05 Oct-99 Apr-00 Mar-02 Aug-02 Warwick, RI Aug-02 Nashua, NH 1971 1971 1972 1987 1970 Aug-02 Marlborough, MA North Andover, 1970 MA Aug-02 1987 Lantana, FL Oct-00 1998 Phoenix, AZ Mar-12 Shaumburg, IL 1986 Mar-01 San Mateo, CA 1971 Jan-06 Sep-00 1984 Fairfax, VA Oct-99 Winter Park, FL 1969 League City, TX 1994 Nov-96 Woodbridge, VA Jul-02 1984 Apartment Community Name Apartment Type (1) Date Consolidated Location Year Built Apartment Homes Land Buildings and Improvements (2) Initial Cost (3) Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation December 31, 2013 Buildings and Improvements (4) Total Accumulated Depreciation (AD) Land Total Cost Net of AD Encumbrances Spyglass at Cedar Cove Garden Stafford Steeplechase Sterling Apartment Homes, The Garden High Rise Garden Stone Creek Club Tamarac Village Towers Of Westchester Park, The Garden Garden High Rise Jan-06 Township At Highlands Town Home Nov-96 Twin Lake Towers High Rise F - 5 3 Vantage Pointe Views at Vinings Mountain, The Villa Del Sol Village in the Woods Village of Pennbrook Mid Rise Garden Garden Garden Garden Villages of Baymeadows Garden Villas at Park La Brea, The Vista Del Lagos Waterford Village Waterways Village Waverly Apartments Wexford Village Willow Bend Windrift Windsor Crossing Windsor Park Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Woods Of Williamsburg Garden Yacht Club at Brickell Yorktown Apartments High Rise High Rise Sep-00 Oct-02 Sep-00 Oct-99 Sep-00 Apr-00 Lexington Park, MD 1985 Baltimore, MD 1889 Largo, MD 1986 Philadelphia, PA Germantown, MD Denver, CO College Park, MD Centennial, CO 1984 1979 1972 1961 1985 Oct-99 Westmont, IL 1969 Swampscott, MA Aug-02 1987 Oct-99 1983 Atlanta, GA Jan-06 Mar-02 Norwalk, CA 1972 Cypress, TX Jan-00 1983 Levittown, PA 1969 Oct-98 Jacksonville, FL Los Angeles, 2002 CA Chandler, AZ 1986 Bridgewater, 1971 MA Aug-02 Aventura, FL 1994 Jun-97 Aug-08 Brighton, MA 1970 Aug-02 Worcester, MA 1974 Mar-02 Dec-97 1972 Rolling Meadows, IL Mar-00 May-98 1969 Mar-01 Oceanside, CA 1987 Newport News, VA Woodbridge, VA Williamsburg, VA Mar-01 Jan-06 Dec-03 Miami, FL Dec-99 Lombard, IL 1976 1998 1971 1987 1978 152 96 240 537 240 564 303 161 399 96 180 120 530 722 904 250 200 588 180 103 264 328 404 156 220 125 357 364 3,241 562 3,675 8,871 13,593 4,224 5,094 4,033 16,111 55,365 9,347 23,491 15,198 22,029 1,536 3,268 4,748 610 7,476 3,463 10,240 4,860 8,630 804 29,110 4,504 7,920 6,349 2,717 24,960 9,773 18,763 10,089 5,026 4,861 15,787 38,222 33,956 48,871 4,951 28,101 11,064 11,347 17,939 15,437 17,590 131 2,110 4,279 15,970 798 31,362 3,055 3,657 32,214 18,162 2,858 4,029 4,954 30,746 6,216 8,856 8,846 6,406 38,188 984 12,136 2,465 10,256 13,191 54,761 4,909 3,334 3,145 4,413 1,808 1,165 25,531 19,610 2,944 5,040 1,305 8,198 32,723 3,241 562 3,675 8,871 7,952 8,062 21,065 11,193 8,624 24,740 (4,339) (5,261) (9,981) 6,854 3,363 14,759 9,906 4,053 — 86,111 94,982 (44,305) 50,677 72,940 13,593 4,223 15,563 32,348 29,156 36,571 (8,445) (19,640) 20,711 16,931 — 17,596 15,198 30,875 46,073 (9,871) 36,202 25,955 1,536 3,268 4,749 610 7,476 3,463 10,240 4,860 8,630 804 29,110 4,504 7,920 6,349 2,717 24,960 16,179 56,951 17,715 60,219 (9,181) (39,046) 8,534 21,173 15,443 32,241 11,072 15,821 (3,667) 12,154 5,610 17,162 7,326 26,043 51,413 17,772 14,802 29,506 61,653 (14,534) (3,799) (16,217) (28,814) 3,238 11,003 13,289 32,839 — 11,617 18,552 45,689 88,717 93,577 (56,918) 36,659 — 53,780 8,285 31,246 15,477 13,155 19,104 40,968 37,200 62,410 9,089 60,356 19,981 21,075 25,453 43,685 62,160 (21,127) (3,657) (19,908) (7,725) (3,211) (9,139) (27,326) (24,444) 41,283 5,432 40,448 12,256 17,864 16,314 16,359 37,716 23,480 11,201 38,596 3,983 12,664 11,036 18,715 42,602 131 5,054 5,185 (2,680) 2,505 — 4,279 21,010 25,289 (8,724) 16,565 18,580 798 31,363 3,055 4,962 40,411 50,885 5,760 71,774 53,940 (3,776) (11,061) (20,295) 1,984 60,713 33,645 — 49,106 31,516 Total Conventional Apartment Communities 50,344 1,923,523 3,215,827 2,327,334 1,833,694 5,537,450 7,371,144 (2,424,839) 4,946,305 3,941,913 Affordable Apartment Communities: All Hallows Arvada House Bayview Beacon Hill Biltmore Towers Butternut Creek Carriage House Garden High Rise Garden High Rise High Rise Mid Rise Mid Rise San Francisco, Jan-06 CA Nov-04 Arvada, CO 1976 1977 San Francisco, Jun-05 CA Mar-02 Hillsdale, MI Mar-02 Dayton, OH Jan-06 Dec-06 1976 1980 1980 Charlotte, MI 1980 Petersburg, VA 1885 157 88 146 198 230 100 118 1,338 405 582 1,094 1,814 505 716 29,770 3,314 15,265 7,044 6,411 3,617 2,886 20,865 2,310 17,474 6,687 13,777 3,847 3,789 1,338 405 582 1,093 1,813 505 716 50,635 5,624 32,739 13,732 20,189 7,464 6,675 51,973 6,029 33,321 14,825 22,002 7,969 7,391 (25,568) (2,186) (18,342) (5,802) (12,276) (5,299) (3,321) 26,405 3,843 14,979 9,023 9,726 2,670 4,070 23,289 4,000 11,993 6,995 10,401 4,051 1,892 (2) Initial Cost Location Year Built Apartment Homes Buildings and Improvements Land (3) Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation December 31, 2013 Buildings and Improvements (4) Total Accumulated Depreciation (AD) Total Cost Net of AD Encumbrances F - 5 4 Apartment Community Name City Line Copperwood I Apartments Copperwood II Apartments Country Club Heights Crevenna Oaks Fairwood Fountain Place Friendset Apartments Hopkins Village Hudson Gardens Ingram Square Kirkwood House La Salle La Vista Loring Towers Loring Towers Apartments Montblanc Gardens New Baltimore Newberry Park Northpoint Panorama Park Parc Chateau I Parc Chateau II Park Place Parkways, The Pavilion Pleasant Hills Plummer Village Riverwoods Round Barn Manor San Jose Apartments San Juan Del Centro Shoreview South Bay Villa St. George Villas Stonegate Apts Summit Oaks Tamarac Pines Apartments I Tamarac Pines Apartments II Terry Manor Tompkins Terrace University Square Van Nuys Apartments Verdes Del Oriente Villas of Mount Dora (5) Wah Luck House Walnut Hills Washington Square West Whitefield Place Apartment Type (1) Date Consolidated Garden Garden Mar-02 Apr-06 Newport News, VA The Woodlands, TX The Woodlands, TX 1976 1980 1981 Oct-05 Garden 1976 Mar-04 Quincy, IL Garden Burke, VA Jan-06 1979 Town Home Carmichael, CA 1979 Jan-06 Garden Connersville, IN 1980 Jan-06 Mid Rise 1979 Brooklyn, NY Jan-06 High Rise 1979 Baltimore, MD Sep-03 Mid Rise Pasadena, CA Mar-02 1983 Garden San Antonio, TX 1980 Jan-06 Garden Baltimore, MD Sep-04 1979 High Rise San Francisco, CA 1976 Oct-00 Garden Jan-06 1981 Concord, CA Garden Oct-02 Minneapolis, MN 1975 High Rise 1973 High Rise Salem, MA Sep-03 1982 Town Home Dec-03 Yauco, PR Mid Rise Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Mid Rise Garden High Rise Garden Mid Rise High Rise Garden Garden Mid Rise Garden Garden Garden Mid Rise Town Home Garden Garden Mid Rise Garden High Rise High Rise Garden Garden High Rise High Rise Mid Rise Garden New Baltimore, 1980 MI Mar-02 1995 Chicago, IL Dec-97 Chicago, IL 1921 Jan-00 Bakersfield, CA 1982 Mar-02 1973 Lithonia, GA Jan-06 1974 Lithonia, GA Jan-06 1977 St Louis, MO Jun-05 Chicago, IL 1925 Jun-04 Philadelphia, PA 1976 Mar-04 1982 Austin, TX Apr-05 1983 Mar-02 North Hills, CA 1983 Kankakee, IL Jan-06 Champaign, IL 1979 Mar-02 San Antonio, TX 1970 Sep-05 Boulder, CO 1971 Sep-05 San Francisco, CA 1976 Oct-99 Los Angeles, CA 1981 Mar-02 St. George, SC 1984 Jan-06 Indianapolis, IN 1920 Jul-09 1980 Burke, VA Jan-06 1980 Nov-04 Woodlands, TX 1980 Nov-04 Woodlands, TX Los Angeles, CA 1977 Oct-05 1974 Beacon, NY Oct-02 Philadelphia, PA 1978 Mar-05 Los Angeles, CA 1981 Mar-02 1976 San Pedro, CA Jan-10 Jan-10 Mt. Dora, FL 1979 Jan-06 Washington, DC 1982 1983 Cincinnati, OH Jan-06 Philadelphia, PA 1982 Sep-04 San Antonio, TX 1980 Apr-05 200 150 150 200 50 86 102 259 165 41 120 261 145 75 230 250 128 101 84 304 66 86 88 242 446 296 100 75 125 156 220 150 156 80 40 52 50 144 156 170 193 442 299 113 70 153 198 132 80 500 383 459 676 355 177 378 550 549 914 800 1,337 1,866 581 886 187 390 2,014 8,373 5,553 5,715 4,848 5,264 2,091 16,304 5,973 1,548 3,136 9,358 19,567 4,449 7,445 14,050 3,859 896 1,380 2,510 521 592 596 705 3,426 2,360 7,632 14,334 5,520 1,442 2,965 6,327 23,257 — 15,415 2,631 2,647 4,931 5,134 5,770 7,110 19,071 2,770 1,025 1,920 4,930 2,775 3,195 5,848 6,827 12,201 21,226 7,044 1,828 7,772 5,608 11,169 3,151 1,229 666 598 810 234 439 1,476 1,352 107 122 381 363 266 1,997 872 702 3,576 1,139 322 — 826 582 219 7,686 5,529 3,514 4,957 368 267 3,038 1,540 3,613 1,287 5,769 8,585 17,716 4,296 8,262 7,424 653 5,211 445 16,870 1,085 326 293 10,151 20,458 1,905 3,573 1,685 3,539 5,946 11,859 12,822 19,256 3,850 349 486 391 3,845 4,248 6,754 13,782 9,925 21,634 55 290 704 5,505 6,814 2,760 9,700 10,200 (4,431) 13,902 14,285 (11,949) Land 500 383 459 675 355 176 378 550 549 914 800 1,338 1,866 581 886 187 391 9,067 10,673 5,216 5,532 5,129 17,844 9,586 2,835 8,905 17,942 37,283 8,745 15,707 21,474 4,511 896 1,380 2,510 521 592 596 705 3,427 7,571 8,077 31,204 6,605 1,768 3,258 16,478 43,714 — 17,320 6,204 4,331 8,470 11,080 17,629 19,931 38,327 6,620 1,374 2,406 5,320 6,620 7,443 12,602 20,609 22,126 42,860 7,099 1,585 8,476 11,113 17,983 5,911 1,229 667 598 810 234 440 1,476 1,352 107 122 382 363 266 1,997 872 702 3,576 1,139 328 — 826 582 219 5,769 2,336 4,273 6,072 2,935 1,880 4,088 8,307 6,680 2,808 5,082 12,625 16,380 6,521 9,962 13,804 2,205 5,119 5,991 11,881 4,278 628 1,299 5,053 24,738 9,816 4,372 2,296 6,223 8,967 9,982 11,537 15,754 2,560 419 1,383 3,168 3,625 3,879 5,501 13,529 13,992 32,223 5,087 918 5,922 7,452 5,734 2,980 4,526 5,321 5,490 6,095 2,803 1,944 1,007 13,099 9,100 3,096 3,493 16,000 18,053 5,155 9,891 11,035 — 2,067 6,946 17,943 1,995 99 100 8,918 18,797 7,475 3,048 2,433 3,565 4,592 4,540 11,998 19,371 2,867 420 1,852 2,794 3,878 4,201 6,517 7,126 17,494 24,714 4,984 1,480 6,823 5,445 3,630 2,114 9,526 11,348 5,571 5,708 5,507 18,394 10,135 3,749 9,705 19,280 39,149 9,326 16,593 21,661 4,902 8,467 9,457 33,714 7,126 2,360 3,854 17,183 47,141 17,320 7,433 4,998 9,068 11,890 17,863 20,371 39,803 7,972 1,481 2,528 5,702 6,983 7,709 14,599 21,481 22,828 46,436 8,238 1,913 8,476 11,939 18,565 6,130 (5,253) (5,276) (2,636) (3,828) (1,419) (10,087) (3,455) (941) (4,623) (6,655) (22,769) (2,805) (6,631) (7,857) (2,697) (3,348) (3,466) (21,833) (2,848) (1,732) (2,555) (12,130) (22,403) (7,504) (3,061) (2,702) (2,845) (2,923) (7,881) (8,834) (24,049) (5,412) (1,062) (1,145) (2,534) (3,358) (3,830) (9,098) (7,952) (8,836) (14,213) (3,151) (995) (2,554) (4,487) (12,831) (3,150) Apartment Community Name Apartment Type (1) Date Consolidated Location Year Built Apartment Homes Land Buildings and Improvements (2) Initial Cost (3) Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Consolidation Winter Gardens Woodland Hills High Rise Mar-04 Oct-05 Garden St Louis, MO 1920 Jackson, MI 1980 Total Affordable Apartment Communities Other (6) Total 112 125 8,953 — 300 320 46,966 689 3,072 3,875 420,636 15,873 4,662 4,569 359,300 — December 31, 2013 Buildings and Improvements (4) Total Accumulated Depreciation (AD) Total Cost Net of AD Encumbrances 7,734 8,443 779,400 15,873 8,034 8,764 (2,268) (4,937) 5,766 3,827 826,375 16,562 (398,033) — 428,342 16,562 3,515 3,402 395,872 — Land 300 321 46,975 689 59,297 $1,971,178 $3,652,336 $2,686,634 $1,881,358 $6,332,723 $8,214,081 $(2,822,872) $5,391,209 $4,337,785 (1) Date we acquired the apartment property or first consolidated the partnership which owns the apartment community. (2) For 2008 and prior periods, costs to acquire the noncontrolling interest’s share of our consolidated real estate partnerships were capitalized as part of the initial cost. (3) Costs capitalized subsequent to consolidation includes costs capitalized since acquisition or first consolidation of the partnership/apartment community. (4) The aggregate cost of land and depreciable property for federal income tax purposes was approximately $3.7 billion at December 31, 2013. (5) The current carrying value of the apartment community reflects an impairment loss recognized during the current period or prior periods. (6) Other includes land parcels and development costs. F - 5 5 APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. SCHEDULE III: REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION For the Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (In Thousands) Real Estate Balance at beginning of year Additions during the year: Acquisitions Capital additions Deductions during the year: Casualty and other write-offs (1) Reclassification of real estate included in sale of asset management business (Note 3) Sales Balance at end of year Accumulated Depreciation Balance at beginning of year Additions during the year: Depreciation Deductions during the year: Casualty and other write-offs (1) Reclassification of real estate included in sale of asset management business (Note 3) Sales Balance at end of year 2013 2012 2011 $8,333,419 $8,917,137 $9,468,165 66,058 376,038 131,374 272,103 44,681 207,263 (98,489) (62,589) (192,542) — (462,945) (160,420) (764,186) — (610,430) $8,214,081 $8,333,419 $8,917,137 $2,820,765 $2,872,190 $2,934,912 288,666 353,414 382,213 (92,775) (46,869) (173,941) — (193,784) (33,394) (324,576) — (270,994) $2,822,872 $2,820,765 $2,872,190 (1) Includes the write-off of fully depreciated assets totaling $91.9 million, $38.7 million and $165.9 million, during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. F-56 

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