Apartment Investment and Management Company
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

Section 1: 10-K (10-K) Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Form 10-K (Mark One) x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 OR o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 1-13232 (Apartment Investment and Management Company) Commission File Number 0-24497 (AIMCO Properties, L.P.) Apartment Investment and Management Company AIMCO Properties, L.P. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Maryland (Apartment Investment and Management Company) Delaware (AIMCO Properties, L.P.) (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 4582 South Ulster Street, Suite 1100 Denver, Colorado (Address of principal executive offices) 84-1259577 84-1275621 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 80237 (Zip Code) (303) 757-8101 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered Class A Common Stock (Apartment Investment and Management Company) Class A Cumulative Preferred Stock (Apartment Investment and Management Company) New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None (Apartment Investment and Management Company) Partnership Common Units (AIMCO Properties, L.P.) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes x No o AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes x No o Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes o No x AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes o No x Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes x No o AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes x No o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes x No o AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes x No o Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes x No o AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes x No o Table of Contents Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “ large accelerated filer,” “ accelerated filer,” “ smaller reporting company,” and “ emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Apartment Investment and Management Company: Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Accelerated filer x o o o AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer o Accelerated filer (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company o Emerging growth company Emerging growth company o x o o If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Apartment Investment and Management Company: o AIMCO Properties, L.P.: o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes o No x AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes o No x The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock of Apartment Investment and Management Company held by non-affiliates of Apartment Investment and Management Company was approximately $6.6 billion as of June 30, 2018. As of February 15, 2019, there were 148,766,616 shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding. As of February 15, 2019, there were 158,495,487 Partnership Common Units outstanding. Portions of Apartment Investment and Management Company’s definitive proxy statement to be issued in conjunction with Apartment Investment and Management Company’s annual meeting of stockholders to be held April 30, 2019, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report. _______________________________________________________ Documents Incorporated by Reference Table of Contents EXPLANATORY NOTE This filing combines the Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, of Apartment Investment and Management Company, or Aimco, and AIMCO Properties, L.P., or the Aimco Operating Partnership. Where it is important to distinguish between the two entities, we refer to them specifically. Otherwise, references to “we,” “us” or “our” mean collectively Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership and their consolidated entities. Aimco, a Maryland corporation, is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust, or REIT. Aimco, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, is the general and special limited partner of and, as of December 31, 2018, owned a 94.3% ownership interest in the common partnership units of, the Aimco Operating Partnership. The remaining 5.7% interest is owned by limited partners. As the sole general partner of the Aimco Operating Partnership, Aimco has exclusive control of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s day-to-day management. The Aimco Operating Partnership holds all of Aimco’s assets and manages the daily operations of Aimco’s business. Pursuant to the Aimco Operating Partnership agreement, Aimco is required to contribute to the Aimco Operating Partnership any assets, which it may acquire including all proceeds from the offerings of its securities. In exchange for the contribution of these assets, Aimco receives additional interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership with similar terms (e.g., if Aimco contributes proceeds of a stock offering, Aimco receives partnership units with terms substantially similar to the stock issued by Aimco). We believe combining the periodic reports of Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership into this single report provides the following benefits: • We present our business as a whole, in the same manner our management views and operates the business; • We eliminate duplicative disclosure and provide a more streamlined and readable presentation because a substantial portion of the disclosures apply to both Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership; and • We save time and cost through the preparation of a single combined report rather than two separate reports. We operate Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership as one enterprise, the management of Aimco directs the management and operations of the Aimco Operating Partnership, and the members of the Board of Directors of Aimco are identical to those of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s general partner. We believe it is important to understand the few differences between Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership in the context of how Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership operate as a consolidated company. Aimco has no assets or liabilities other than its investment in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Also, Aimco is a corporation that issues publicly traded equity from time to time, whereas the Aimco Operating Partnership is a partnership that has no publicly traded equity. Except for the net proceeds from stock offerings by Aimco, which are contributed to the Aimco Operating Partnership in exchange for additional limited partnership interests (of a similar type and in an amount equal to the shares of stock sold in the offering), the Aimco Operating Partnership generates all remaining capital required by its business. These sources include the Aimco Operating Partnership’s working capital, net cash provided by operating activities, borrowings under its revolving credit facility, the issuance of debt and equity securities, including additional partnership units, and proceeds received from the sale of apartment communities. Equity, partners’ capital and noncontrolling interests are the main areas of difference between the consolidated financial statements of Aimco and those of the Aimco Operating Partnership. Interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership held by entities other than Aimco, which we refer to as OP Units, are classified within partners’ capital in the Aimco Operating Partnership’s financial statements and as noncontrolling interests in Aimco’s financial statements. To help investors understand the differences between Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership, this report provides separate consolidated financial statements for Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership; a single set of consolidated notes to such financial statements that includes separate discussions of each entity’s stockholders’ equity or partners’ capital, as applicable; and a combined Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section that includes discrete information related to each entity. This report also includes separate Part II, Item 9A. Controls and Procedures sections and separate Exhibits 31 and 32 certifications for Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership in order to establish that the requisite certifications have been made and that Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership are both compliant with Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and 18 U.S.C. §1350. Table of Contents APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. TABLE OF CONTENTS ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018 Item 1. 1A. 1B. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7A. 8. 9. 9A. 9B. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures PART I PART II Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information PART III Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary PART IV Page 2 7 14 14 15 15 15 18 18 43 44 44 45 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 52 Table of Contents FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements in certain circumstances. Certain information included in this Annual Report contains or may contain information that is forward-looking, within the meaning of the federal securities laws, including, without limitation, statements regarding: our ability to maintain current or meet projected occupancy, rental rate and property operating results; the effect of acquisitions, dispositions, redevelopments and developments; our ability to meet budgeted costs and timelines, and achieve budgeted rental rates related to our redevelopment and development investments; expectations regarding sales of our apartment communities and the use of proceeds thereof; and our ability to comply with debt covenants, including financial coverage ratios. Actual results may differ materially from those described in these forward-looking statements and, in addition, will be affected by a variety of risks and factors, some of which are beyond our control, including, without limitation: • Real estate and operating risks, including fluctuations in real estate values and the general economic climate in the markets in which we operate and competition for residents in such markets; national and local economic conditions, including the pace of job growth and the level of unemployment; the amount, location and quality of competitive new housing supply; the timing of acquisitions, dispositions, redevelopments and developments; and changes in operating costs, including energy costs; • • • Financing risks, including the availability and cost of capital markets’ financing; the risk that our cash flows from operations may be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest; and the risk that our earnings may not be sufficient to maintain compliance with debt covenants; Insurance risks, including the cost of insurance, natural disasters and severe weather such as hurricanes; and Legal and regulatory risks, including costs associated with prosecuting or defending claims and any adverse outcomes; the terms of governmental regulations that affect us and interpretations of those regulations; and possible environmental liabilities, including costs, fines or penalties that may be incurred due to necessary remediation of contamination of apartment communities presently or previously owned by us. In addition, our current and continuing qualification as a real estate investment trust involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and depends on our ability to meet the various requirements imposed by the Internal Revenue Code, through actual operating results, distribution levels and diversity of stock ownership. Readers should carefully review our financial statements and the notes thereto, as well as the section entitled “Risk Factors” described in Item 1A of this Annual Report and the other documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission. As used herein and except as the context otherwise requires, “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Apartment Investment and Management Company (which we refer to as Aimco), AIMCO Properties, L.P. (which we refer to as the Aimco Operating Partnership) and their consolidated entities, collectively. Certain financial and operating measures found herein and used by management are not defined under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP. These measures are defined and reconciled to the most comparable GAAP measures under the Non- GAAP Measures heading and include: Funds From Operations, Pro forma Funds From Operations, Adjusted Funds From Operations, Free Cash Flow, Net Asset Value, Economic Income, and the measures used to compute our leverage ratios. PART I Item 1. Business The Company Apartment Investment and Management Company, or Aimco, is a Maryland corporation incorporated on January 10, 1994. Aimco is a self- administered and self-managed real estate investment trust, or REIT, focused on the ownership, management, redevelopment and limited development of quality apartment communities located in some of the largest markets in the United States. 2 Table of Contents Aimco, through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, AIMCO-GP, Inc. and AIMCO-LP Trust, owns a majority of the ownership interests in AIMCO Properties, L.P., or the Aimco Operating Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership formed on May 16, 1994. Aimco conducts all of its business and owns all of its assets through the Aimco Operating Partnership. Business Overview Our business activities are defined by a commitment to our core values of integrity, respect, collaboration, performance and a focus on our customers. These values and our corporate mission, “to consistently provide quality apartment homes in a respectful environment delivered by a team of people who care,” shape our culture. In all of our interactions with residents, team members, business partners, lenders, and equity holders, we aim to be the best owner and operator of apartment communities and an outstanding corporate citizen. Our principal financial objective is to provide predictable and attractive returns to our equity holders. We measure our long- term total return using Economic Income, defined as Net Asset Value, or NAV, growth plus dividends. NAV is used by many investors because the value of company assets can be readily estimated, even for non-earning assets such as land or properties under development. NAV has the advantage of incorporating the investment decisions of thousands of real estate investors, enhancing comparability among companies that have differences in their accounting, and avoiding disparity that can result from application of GAAP to investment properties and various ownership structures. Some investors focus on multiples of Adjusted Funds From Operations, or AFFO, and Funds From Operations, FFO. Our disclosure of AFFO, a measure of current return, complements our focus on Economic Income. We also use Pro forma Funds From Operations, or Pro forma FFO, as a secondary measure of operational performance. Over the past five years, we have generated Economic Income at a compounded annual return of 11.5%. Our business plan to achieve this principal financial objective is to: • • • operate our portfolio of desirable apartment homes with a high level of focus on customer selection and customer satisfaction and in an efficient manner that produces predictable and growing Free Cash Flow; improve our portfolio of apartment communities, which is diversified both by geography and price point by selling apartment communities with lower projected Free Cash Flow internal rates of return and investing the proceeds from such sales through capital enhancements, redevelopment, limited development, and acquisitions with greater land value, higher expected rent growth, and projected Free Cash Flow internal rates of return in excess of those expected from the communities sold; use low levels of financial leverage primarily in the form of non-recourse, long-dated, fixed-rate property debt and perpetual preferred equity, a combination that reduces our refunding and re-pricing risk and provides a hedge against increases in interest rates; and • focus intentionally on a collaborative and productive culture based on respect for others and personal responsibility. Our business is organized around five areas of strategic focus: operational excellence; redevelopment; portfolio management; balance sheet; and team and culture. Our areas of strategic focus are described in more detail below. Recent accomplishments in the execution of such strategies are discussed in the Executive Overview in Item 7. Operational Excellence We own and operate a portfolio of market rate apartment communities, diversified by both geography and price point, which we refer to as our Real Estate portfolio. At December 31, 2018, our Real Estate portfolio included 134 apartment communities with 36,549 apartment homes in which we held an average ownership of approximately 99%. This portfolio was divided about two thirds by value to our “Same Store” portfolio of stabilized apartment communities and about one third by value to “Other Real Estate,” which includes recently acquired communities and communities under redevelopment or development whose long-term financial contribution is not yet stabilized. To manage our property operations efficiently and to increase the benefits from our local management expertise, we give direct responsibility for operations within each area to area operations leaders with regular oversight by senior management. To enable the area operations leaders to focus on sales and service, as well as to improve financial control and budgeting, we have dedicated area financial officers who support the operations leaders. Additionally, with the exception of routine maintenance and purchases and installation of equipment, we have specialized teams that manage capital spending related to larger and more complicated construction. We seek to improve our property operations by: employing service-oriented, well-trained team members; taking advantage of advances in technology; centralizing operational tasks where efficient to do so; standardizing business processes, operational measurements, and internal reporting; and enhancing financial controls over field operations. We focus on the following areas: 3 Table of Contents • Customer Satisfaction. Our operating culture is focused on our residents and providing them with a high level of service in a clean, safe, and respectful living environment. We regularly monitor and evaluate our performance by providing customers with numerous opportunities to grade our work. In 2018, we received 78,000 customer grades averaging 4.25 on a five-point scale. We use this customer feedback as a daily management tool. We also publish on-line these customer evaluations as important and credible information for prospective customers. We have automated certain aspects of our on-site operations to enable current and future residents to interact with us using methods that are efficient and effective for them, such as making on-line requests for service work and executing leases and lease renewals on-line. In addition, we emphasize the quality of our on-site team members through recruiting, training and retention programs, which, with continuous and real-time customer feedback, contributes to improved customer service. We believe that greater customer satisfaction leads to higher resident retention and increased occupancy rates, which in turn leads to increased revenue and reduced costs. • Resident Selection and Retention. In our apartment communities, we believe that one’s neighbors are a meaningful part of the customer experience, together with the location of the community and the physical quality of the apartment homes. Part of our property operations strategy is to focus on attracting and retaining stable, credit-worthy residents who are also good neighbors. We have explicit criteria for resident selection, which we apply to new and renewal leases, including creditworthiness and behavior in accordance with our community standards and our written “Good Neighbor Commitment.” Our focus on resident selection and retention led to 54% of expiring leases being renewed in 2018, the highest result we have yet achieved. • Revenue Management and Ancillary Services. We have a centralized revenue management system that leverages people, processes and technology to work in partnership with our local property management teams to develop rental rate pricing. We seek to increase Free Cash Flow, which we define as net operating income less Capital Replacements, by optimizing the balance between rental and occupancy rates, as well as taking into consideration costs such as preparing an apartment home for a new resident. We are focused on careful measurements of on-site operations, as we believe that timely and accurate collection of apartment community performance and resident profile data allows us to maximize Free Cash Flow through better property management and leasing decisions. We seek to maximize profit by performing timely data analysis of new and renewal pricing for each apartment home, thereby enabling us to adjust rents quickly in response to changes in supply and demand and minimize vacancy time. We also generate incremental revenue by providing or facilitating the provision of services to our residents, including, at certain apartment communities, telecommunications services, parking options, package lockers and storage space rental. • Controlling Expenses. Innovation is the foundation of our cost control efforts. Innovative activities we have undertaken include: moving administrative tasks to our shared service center, which reduces costs and allows site teams to focus on sales and service; taking advantage of economies of scale at the corporate level, through electronic procurement which reduces complexity and increases purchasing volume discounts; focusing on life cycle costs by investing in more durable, longer-lived materials, which reduce turn times and costs; and leveraging technology to enhance the customer experience through such items as website design and package lockers, which meet today’s customer preference for self-service. These and other innovations contributed to a growth rate in controllable operating expense, which we define as property expenses less taxes, insurance and utility expenses, compounding for the past decade at an annual rate of 0.1%. • Improving and Maintaining Apartment Community Quality. We believe that the physical condition and amenities of our apartment communities are important factors in our ability to maintain and increase rental rates. We invest in the maintenance and improvement of our apartment communities primarily through: Capital Enhancements, which may include kitchen and bath remodeling, energy conservation projects and investments in longer-lived materials as described above, all of which are generally lesser in scope than is a redevelopment and do not significantly disrupt property operations; Capital Improvements, which extend the useful life of an apartment community from its condition at our date of purchase; and Capital Replacements, which are capital additions made to replace the portion of an apartment community consumed during our ownership. During 2018, we invested approximately $2,890 per apartment home in Capital Enhancements, $4,670 per apartment home in Capital Improvements planned as part of our initial investment in apartment communities acquired in 2018, $270 per apartment home in Capital Improvements for apartment communities acquired prior to 2018, and $1,052 per apartment home in Capital Replacements. Redevelopment Our second line of business is the redevelopment and limited development of apartment communities. Through these activities, we expect to create value by repositioning communities within our portfolio. Over the past five years, we have spent approximately $1.0 billion on redevelopment and development, resulting in estimated value creation of approximately $400.0 million. We measure the rate and quality of financial returns by NAV creation, an important component of Economic Income, our primary measure of 4 Table of Contents long-term financial performance. We invest to earn risk-adjusted returns in excess of those expected from the apartment communities sold in paired trades to fund the redevelopment or development. We undertake a range of redevelopments, including those in which buildings or exteriors are renovated without the need to vacate apartment homes; those in which significant renovation of apartment homes may be accomplished upon lease expiration and turnover; and those in which an entire building or community is vacated. We often execute redevelopment using a phased approach, in which we renovate an apartment community in stages. Redevelopment work may include seeking entitlements from local governments, which enhance the value of our existing portfolio by increasing density, that is, the right to add apartment homes to a site. We also undertake ground-up development when warranted by risk-adjusted investment returns, either directly or in connection with the redevelopment of an existing apartment community. When warranted, we rely on the expertise and credit of a third-party developer familiar with the local market to limit our exposure to construction risk. Of these two activities, we favor redevelopment because it permits adjustment to the scope and timing of spending to align with changing market conditions and customer preferences. Portfolio Management Our portfolio management strategy involves the allocation of investment capital to enhance rent growth and increase long-term capital values through portfolio design, emphasizing land value as well as location and submarket. We target geographic diversification in our portfolio in order to reduce the volatility of our rental revenue and to reduce the risk of undue concentration in any particular market. Similarly, we seek price point diversification by owning communities that offer apartment homes at rents below those asked by competitive new building supply. Our portfolio of apartment communities is diversified across “A,” “B,” and “C+” price points, averaging “B/B+” in quality and is also diversified across several of the largest markets in the United States. Please refer to the Executive Overview heading under Item 7 for a description of our portfolio quality ratings. At December 31, 2018, our Real Estate portfolio was allocated about one-half to “A” rated properties, and about one-half to “B” and “C+” rated properties. As part of our portfolio strategy, we seek to sell up to 10% of our portfolio annually and to reinvest the proceeds from such sales in accretive uses such as capital enhancements, redevelopments, limited development and selective acquisitions with projected Free Cash Flow internal rates of return higher than expected from the communities being sold. Balance Sheet Our leverage strategy seeks to magnify financial returns while using leverage with appropriate caution. We limit risk through balance sheet structure, employing low leverage, primarily non-recourse and long-dated property debt; build financial flexibility by maintaining ample unused and available credit as well as holding properties with substantial value unencumbered by property debt; and use partners’ capital when it enhances financial returns or reduces investment risk. Our leverage includes our share of long-term, non-recourse, property debt encumbering apartment communities, outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility, and outstanding preferred equity. We target a ratio of Proportionate Debt and Preferred Equity to Adjusted EBITDA below 7.0x and we target a ratio of Adjusted EBITDA to Adjusted Interest Expense and Preferred Dividends greater than 2.5x. Our ratios as of December 31, 2018 were 7.2x and 3.4x, respectively. Our liquidity consists of cash balances and available capacity on our revolving line of credit. As of December 31, 2018, we had cash and restricted cash of $72.6 million and had capacity to borrow $632.5 million under our revolving credit facility. We manage our financial flexibility by maintaining an investment grade rating and holding apartment communities that are unencumbered by property debt. As of December 31, 2018, we held unencumbered apartment communities with an estimated fair market value of approximately $2.7 billion, up 50% from December 31, 2017. Please refer to the Executive Overview and Liquidity and Capital Resources headings under Item 7 for additional information regarding our balance sheet and liquidity. Team and Culture Our team and culture are keys to our success. Our intentional focus on a collaborative and productive culture based on respect for others and personal responsibility is reinforced by a preference for promotion from within. We focus on succession planning and talent development to produce a strong, stable team that is the enduring foundation of our success. In 2018, we were recognized 5 Table of Contents by the Denver Post as a Top Work Place for the sixth consecutive year, an accomplishment shared with only seven other companies in Colorado. Competition In attracting and retaining residents to occupy our apartment communities we compete with numerous other housing providers. Our apartment communities compete directly with other rental apartments as well as condominiums and single-family homes that are available for rent or purchase in the markets in which our apartment communities are located. Principal factors of competition include rent or price charged, attractiveness of the location and apartment community, and the quality and breadth of services. The number of competitive apartment communities relative to demand in a particular area has a material effect on our ability to lease apartment homes at our communities and on the rents we charge. In certain markets, there exists an oversupply of newly-constructed apartment homes, single-family homes, and condominiums relative to consumer demand, which affects the pricing and occupancy of our rental apartments. We also compete with other real estate investors, including other apartment REITs, pension and investment funds, partnerships and investment companies in acquiring, redeveloping, managing, obtaining financing for and disposing of apartment communities. This competition affects our ability to acquire apartment communities we want to add to our portfolio and the price that we pay in such acquisitions; our ability to finance or refinance communities in our portfolio and the cost of such financing; and our ability to dispose of communities we no longer desire to retain in our portfolio and the timing and price available to us when we seek to dispose of such communities. Taxation Aimco Aimco has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to as the Code, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 1994, and intends to continue to operate in such a manner. The Code imposes various requirements related to organizational structure, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership, and certain restrictions with regard to owned assets and categories of income that must be met in order to continue to qualify as a REIT. If Aimco continues to qualify for taxation as a REIT, Aimco will generally not be subject to United States federal corporate income tax on its taxable income that is currently distributed to stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (at the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from an investment in a corporation. Certain of Aimco’s operations or a portion thereof, including property management and risk management are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, each of which we refer to as a TRS. A TRS is a subsidiary C-corporation that has not elected REIT status and, as such, is subject to United States federal corporate income tax. We use TRS entities to facilitate our ability to offer certain services and activities to our residents and investment partners that cannot be offered directly by a REIT. We also use TRS entities to hold investments in certain apartment communities. The Aimco Operating Partnership The Aimco Operating Partnership is treated as a “pass-through” entity for United States federal income tax purposes and is not subject to United States federal income taxation. Partners in the Aimco Operating Partnership, however, are subject to tax on their allocable share of partnership income, gains, losses, deductions and credits, regardless of whether the partners receive any actual distributions of cash or other property from the Aimco Operating Partnership during the taxable year. Generally, the characterization of any particular item is determined by the Aimco Operating Partnership, rather than at the partner level, and the amount of a partner’s allocable share of such item is governed by the terms of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement. The Aimco Operating Partnership is subject to tax in certain states. Regulation General Apartment communities and their owners are subject to various laws, ordinances, and regulations, including those related to real estate broker licensing and regulations relating to recreational facilities such as swimming pools, activity centers and other common areas. Changes in laws increasing the potential liability for environmental conditions existing on apartment communities or increasing the restrictions on discharges or other conditions, as well as changes in laws affecting development, construction, and safety requirements, may result in significant unanticipated expenditures, which would adversely affect our net income and cash flows from operating activities. In addition, existing rent control laws, as well as future enactment of rent control or rent stabilization laws, or other laws regulating multifamily housing, may reduce rental revenue or increase operating costs in particular markets. 6 Table of Contents Environmental Various federal, state and local laws subject apartment community owners or operators to liability for management, and the costs of removal or remediation, of certain potentially hazardous materials that may be present at an apartment community. These materials may include lead-based paint, asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls and petroleum-based fuels. Such laws often impose liability without regard to fault or whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release or presence of such materials. In connection with the ownership, operation and management of apartment communities, we could potentially be liable for environmental liabilities or costs associated with our current apartment communities, communities we acquire or manage in the future, or communities we previously owned or operated in the past. These and other risks related to environmental matters are described in more detail in Item 1A. Risk Factors. Insurance Our primary lines of insurance coverage are property, general liability and workers’ compensation. We believe that our insurance coverages adequately insure our apartment communities against the risk of loss attributable to fire, earthquake, hurricane, tornado, flood, terrorism and other perils, and adequately insure us against other risk. Our coverage includes deductibles, retentions and limits that are customary in the industry. We have established loss prevention, loss mitigation, claims handling and litigation management procedures to manage our exposure. Employees At December 31, 2018, we had approximately 1,050 team members, of whom about 700 were at the apartment community level performing on-site functions or at our shared service center performing tasks that have been centralized there, with the balance managing corporate and area functions, including investment and debt transactions, legal, finance and accounting, information systems, human resources and other support functions. As of December 31, 2018, unions represented approximately 50 of our team members. We have never experienced a work stoppage and believe we maintain satisfactory relations with our team members. Available Information Our combined Annual Report on Form 10-K, our combined Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K filed by Aimco or the Aimco Operating Partnership and any amendments to any of those reports that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission are available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable through Aimco’s website at www.aimco.com. The information contained on Aimco’s website is not incorporated into this Annual Report. Aimco’s Common Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “AIV.” In 2018, Aimco’s chief executive officer submitted his annual corporate governance listing standards certification to the New York Stock Exchange, which certification was unqualified. Item 1A. Risk Factors The risk factors noted in this section and other factors noted throughout this Annual Report, describe certain risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement. Redevelopment, development and construction risks could affect our profitability. We are currently redeveloping certain of our apartment communities. During 2019, we expect to invest $225 million to $275 million in redevelopment and development activities. Redevelopment and development are subject to numerous risks, including the following: • we may be unable to obtain, or experience delays in obtaining, necessary zoning, occupancy or other required governmental or third-party permits and authorizations, which could result in increased costs or the delay or abandonment of opportunities; • we may incur costs that exceed our original estimates due to increased material, labor or other costs, such as litigation; • we may be unable to complete construction and lease-up of an apartment community on schedule, resulting in increased construction and financing costs and a decrease in expected rental revenues; • occupancy rates and rents at an apartment community may fail to meet our expectations for a number of reasons, including changes in market and economic conditions beyond our control and the development of competing communities; • we may be unable to obtain financing with favorable terms, or at all, which may cause us to delay or abandon an opportunity; • we may abandon opportunities that we have already begun to explore, or stop projects we have already commenced, for a number of reasons, including changes in local market conditions or increases in construction or financing costs, and, as a result, we may fail to recover costs already incurred in exploring those opportunities; • we may incur liabilities to third parties during the redevelopment or development process; 7 Table of Contents • • unexpected events or circumstances may arise during the redevelopment or development process that affect the timing of completion and the cost and profitability of the redevelopment or development; and loss of a key member of a redevelopment or development team could adversely affect our ability to deliver redevelopments and developments on time and within our budget. Failure to generate sufficient net operating income may adversely affect our liquidity, limit our ability to fund necessary capital expenditures or adversely affect our ability to pay dividends or distributions. Our ability to fund necessary capital expenditures on our apartment communities depends on, among other things, our ability to generate net operating income in excess of required debt payments. If we are unable to fund capital expenditures on our apartment communities, we may not be able to preserve the competitiveness of our communities, which could adversely affect their net operating income and long-term value. Our ability to make payments to our investors depends on our ability to generate net operating income in excess of required debt payments and capital expenditure requirements. Our net operating income and liquidity may be adversely affected by events or conditions beyond our control, including: • • • • • • • the general economic climate; an inflationary environment in which the costs to operate and maintain our communities increase at a rate greater than our ability to increase rents, which we can only do upon renewal of existing leases or at the inception of new leases; competition from other apartment communities and other housing options; local conditions, such as loss of jobs, unemployment rates or an increase in the supply of apartments, that might adversely affect apartment occupancy or rental rates; changes in governmental regulations and the related cost of compliance; changes in tax laws and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing; and changes in interest rates and the availability of financing. Competition could limit our ability to lease apartment homes or increase or maintain rents. Our apartment communities compete for residents with other housing alternatives, including other rental apartments and condominiums, and, to a lesser degree, single-family homes that are available for rent, as well as new and existing condominiums and single-family homes for sale. Competitive residential housing as well as household formation and job creation in a particular area could adversely affect our ability to lease apartment homes and to increase or maintain rental rates. Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, we may not be able to sell apartment communities when appropriate. Real estate investments are relatively illiquid and generally cannot be sold quickly. REIT tax rules also restrict our ability to sell apartment communities. Thus, we may not be able to change our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other market conditions. Our ability to dispose of apartment communities in the future will depend on prevailing economic and market conditions, including the cost and availability of financing. This could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. If we are not successful in our acquisition of apartment communities, our results of operations could be adversely affected. The selective acquisition of apartment communities is a component of our strategy. However, we may not be able to complete transactions successfully in the future. Although we seek to acquire apartment communities when such acquisitions increase our Free Cash Flow internal rate of returns and are accretive to Net Asset Value, such transactions may fail to perform in accordance with our expectations. In particular, following acquisition, the value and operational performance of an apartment community may be diminished if obsolescence or neighborhood changes occur before we are able to redevelop or sell the community. This could have an adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Our existing and future debt financing could result in foreclosure of our apartment communities, prevent us from making distributions on our equity, or otherwise adversely affect our liquidity. We are subject to the risk that our cash flow from operations will be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, and the risk that existing indebtedness may not be refinanced or that the terms of any refinancing will not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness. If we fail to make required payments of principal and interest on our non-recourse debt, our 8 Table of Contents lenders could foreclose on the apartment communities and other collateral securing such debt, which would result in the loss to us of income and asset value. As of December 31, 2018, the majority of our apartment communities were encumbered by debt. Our organizational documents do not limit the amount of debt that we may incur, and we have significant amounts of debt outstanding. Payments of principal and interest may leave us with insufficient cash resources to operate our communities or pay distributions required to be paid in order to maintain Aimco’s qualification as a REIT. Disruptions in the financial markets could affect our ability to obtain financing and the cost of available financing and could adversely affect our liquidity. Our ability to obtain financing and the cost of such financing depends on the overall condition of the United States credit markets. During periods of economic uncertainty the United States credit markets may experience significant liquidity disruptions, which may cause the spreads on debt financings to widen considerably and make obtaining financing, both non-recourse property debt and corporate borrowings such as those under our revolving credit agreement, more difficult. In particular, apartment borrowers have benefited from the historic willingness of Federal National Mortgage Association, or Fannie Mae, and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, or Freddie Mac, to make substantial amounts of loans secured by multi-family properties, even in times of economic distress. These two lenders are federally chartered and subject to federal regulation, which is subject to change, making uncertain their prospects and ability to provide liquidity in a future downturn. If our ability to obtain financing is adversely affected, we may be unable to satisfy scheduled maturities on existing financing through other sources of liquidity, which could result in lender foreclosure on the apartment communities securing such debt and loss of income and asset value, both of which would adversely affect our liquidity. Increases in interest rates would increase our interest expense and reduce our profitability. As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $420.5 million of variable-rate indebtedness outstanding. We estimate that an increase in 30-day LIBOR of 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads would reduce our net income and the amount of net income attributable to our common security holders (including Aimco common stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders) by approximately $4.2 million on an annual basis. At December 31, 2018, we had approximately $72.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, a portion of which bear interest at variable rates indexed to LIBOR-based rates, which may partially mitigate the effect of an increase in variable rates on our variable-rate indebtedness discussed above. Covenant restrictions may limit our ability to make payments to our investors. Some of our debt and other securities contain covenants that restrict our ability to make distributions or other payments to our investors unless certain financial tests or other criteria are satisfied. Our revolving credit agreement provides, among other things, that we may not make distributions to our investors during any four consecutive fiscal quarters in an aggregate amount greater than 95% of our Funds From Operations for such period, subject to certain non-cash adjustments, or such amount as may be necessary to maintain Aimco’s REIT status. Our outstanding classes of preferred stock or preferred units prohibit the payment of dividends on our Common Stock or common partnership units if we fail to pay the dividends to which the holders of the preferred stock or preferred units are entitled. The Aimco Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries may be prohibited from making distributions and other payments. All of Aimco’s apartment communities are owned, and all of Aimco’s operations are conducted, by the Aimco Operating Partnership. Further, many of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s apartment communities are owned by subsidiaries of the Aimco Operating Partnership. As a result, Aimco depends on distributions and other payments from the Aimco Operating Partnership, and the Aimco Operating Partnership depends on distributions and payments from its subsidiaries in order to satisfy our financial obligations and make payments to our investors. The ability of the Aimco Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries to make such distributions and other payments depends on their earnings and cash flows and may be subject to statutory or contractual limitations. As an equity investor in the Aimco Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries, our right to receive assets upon their liquidation or reorganization will be effectively subordinated to the claims of their creditors. To the extent that we are recognized as a creditor of such subsidiaries, our claims may still be subordinate to any security interest in or other lien on their assets and to any of their debt or other obligations that are senior to our claims. Potential liability or other expenditures associated with potential environmental contamination may be costly. Various federal, state and local laws subject apartment community owners or operators to liability for management, and the costs of removal or remediation, of certain potentially hazardous materials that may be present in the land or buildings of an apartment community. Potentially hazardous materials may include polychlorinated biphenyls, petroleum-based fuels, lead-based paint or asbestos, among other materials. Such laws often impose liability without regard to fault or whether the owner or operator 9 Table of Contents knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such materials. The presence of, or the failure to manage or remediate properly, these materials may adversely affect occupancy at such apartment communities as well as the ability to sell or finance such apartment communities. In addition, governmental agencies may bring claims for costs associated with investigation and remediation actions, damages to natural resources and for potential fines or penalties in connection with such damage or with respect to the improper management of hazardous materials. Moreover, private plaintiffs may potentially make claims for investigation and remediation costs they incur or personal injury, disease, disability or other infirmities related to the alleged presence of hazardous materials at an apartment community. In addition to potential environmental liabilities or costs associated with our current apartment communities, we may also be responsible for such liabilities or costs associated with communities we acquire or manage in the future, or apartment communities we no longer own or operate. Laws benefiting disabled persons may result in our incurrence of unanticipated expenses. Under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, or ADA, all places intended to be used by the public are required to meet certain federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. The Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, or FHAA, requires apartment communities first occupied after March 13, 1991, to comply with design and construction requirements for disabled access. For those apartment communities receiving federal funds, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 also has requirements regarding disabled access. These and other federal, state and local laws may require structural modifications to our apartment communities or changes in policy/practice, or affect renovations of the communities. Noncompliance with these laws could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants and also could result in an order to correct any non-complying feature, which could result in substantial capital expenditures. Although we believe that our apartment communities are substantially in compliance with present requirements, we may incur unanticipated expenses to comply with the ADA, the FHAA and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 in connection with the ongoing operation or redevelopment of our apartment communities. Moisture infiltration and resulting mold remediation may be costly. Although we are proactively engaged in managing moisture intrusion and preventing the presence of mold at our apartment communities, it is not unusual for periodic moisture intrusion to cause mold in isolated locations within an apartment community. We have implemented policies, procedures and training, and include a detailed moisture intrusion and mold assessment during acquisition due diligence. We believe these measures will manage mold exposure at our apartment communities and will minimize the effects that mold may have on our residents. To date, we have not incurred any material costs or liabilities relating to claims of mold exposure or to abate mold conditions. We have only limited insurance coverage for property damage claims arising from the presence of mold and for personal injury claims related to mold exposure. Although we are insured for certain risks, the cost of insurance, increased claims activity or losses resulting from casualty events may affect our operating results and financial condition. We are insured for a portion of our consolidated apartment communities’ exposure to casualty losses resulting from fire, earthquake, hurricane, tornado, flood and other perils, which insurance is subject to deductibles and self-insurance retention. We recognize casualty losses or gains based on the net book value of the affected apartment community and the amount of any related insurance proceeds. In many instances, the actual cost to repair or replace the apartment community may exceed its net book value and any insurance proceeds. We recognize the uninsured portion of losses as casualty losses in the periods in which they are incurred. In addition, we are self-insured for a portion of our exposure to third-party claims related to our employee health insurance plans, workers’ compensation coverage and general liability exposure. With respect to our exposure to claims of third parties, we establish reserves at levels that reflect our known and estimated losses. The ultimate cost of losses and the impact of unforeseen events may vary materially from recorded reserves, and variances may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. We purchase insurance to reduce our exposure to losses and limit our financial losses on large individual risks. The availability and cost of insurance are determined by market conditions outside our control. No assurance can be made that we will be able to obtain and maintain insurance at the same levels and on the same terms as we do today. If we are not able to obtain or maintain insurance in amounts we consider appropriate for our business, or if the cost of obtaining such insurance increases materially, we may have to retain a larger portion of the potential loss associated with our exposures to risks. Natural disasters and severe weather may affect our operating results and financial condition. Natural disasters such as earthquakes and severe weather such as hurricanes may result in significant damage to our apartment communities. The extent of our casualty losses and loss in operating income in connection with such events is a function of the severity of the event and the total amount of exposure in the affected area. When we have geographic concentration of exposures, a single catastrophe (such as an earthquake) or destructive weather event (such as a hurricane) affecting a region may have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We cannot accurately predict natural disasters or severe weather, or the number and type of such events that will affect us. As a result, our operating and financial results may vary significantly from one period to the next. Although we anticipate and plan for losses, there can be no assurance that our financial 10 Table of Contents results will not be adversely affected by our exposure to losses arising from natural disasters or severe weather in the future that exceed our previous experience and assumptions. We depend on our senior management. Our success depends upon the retention of our senior management, including Terry Considine, our chief executive officer. We have a succession planning and talent development process that is designed to identify potential replacements and develop our team members to provide depth in the organization and a bench of talent on which to draw. However, there are no assurances that we would be able to find qualified replacements for the individuals who make up our senior management if their services were no longer available. The loss of services of one or more members of our senior management team could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We do not currently maintain key-man life insurance for any of our employees. Aimco may fail to qualify as a REIT. If Aimco fails to qualify as a REIT, Aimco will not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to its stockholders in computing its taxable income, and will be subject to United States federal income tax at regular corporate rates. This would substantially reduce our funds available for distribution to our investors. Unless entitled to relief under certain provisions of the Code, Aimco also would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which it ceased to qualify as a REIT. In addition, Aimco’s failure to qualify as a REIT would place us in default under our revolving credit agreement. We believe that Aimco operates, and has since its taxable year ended December 31, 1994, operated, in a manner that enables it to meet the requirements for qualification as a REIT for United States federal income tax purposes. Aimco’s continued qualification as a REIT will depend on its satisfaction of certain asset, income, investment, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Aimco’s ability to satisfy the asset tests depends upon our analysis of the fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination, and for which we do not obtain independent appraisals. Aimco’s compliance with the REIT annual income and quarterly asset requirements also depends upon our ability to manage successfully the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. Moreover, the proper classification of an instrument as debt or equity for United States federal income tax purposes may be uncertain in some circumstances, which could affect the application of the REIT qualification requirements. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, will not contend that our interests in subsidiaries or other issuers constitutes a violation of the REIT requirements. Moreover, future economic, market, legal, tax or other considerations may cause Aimco to fail to qualify as a REIT, or Aimco’s Board of Directors may determine to revoke its REIT status. REIT distribution requirements limit our available cash. As a REIT, Aimco is subject to annual distribution requirements. The Aimco Operating Partnership pays distributions intended to enable Aimco to satisfy its distribution requirements. This limits the amount of cash available for other business purposes, including amounts to fund our growth. Aimco generally must distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain, in order for its distributed earnings not to be subject to United States federal corporate income tax. We intend to make distributions to Aimco’s stockholders to comply with the requirements of the Code. However, differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash could require us to sell apartment communities or borrow funds on a short-term or long-term basis to meet the 90% distribution requirement of the Code. Aimco may be subject to federal and state income taxes, in certain circumstances. Even if Aimco qualifies as a REIT, Aimco may be subject to United States federal income and excise taxes in various situations, such as on its undistributed income. Aimco could also be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income on non-arm’s length transactions between Aimco and a taxable REIT subsidiary and on any net income from sales of apartment communities that were held for sale primarily in the ordinary course. State and local tax laws may not conform to the United States federal income tax treatment, and Aimco may be subject to state or local taxation in various state or local jurisdictions in which Aimco transacts business. Any taxes imposed on Aimco would reduce our operating cash flow and net income and could negatively impact our ability to pay dividends and distributions. Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends. REITs are entitled to a United States federal tax deduction for dividends paid to their stockholders. As compared to other taxable corporations, this ability to reduce or eliminate the REIT’s taxable income by paying dividends to stockholders is a principal benefit of maintaining REIT status, generally resulting in a lower combined tax liability of the REIT and its stockholders as 11 Table of Contents compared to that of the combined tax liability of other taxable corporations and their stockholders. Notwithstanding this combined benefit, dividends payable by REITs may result in marginally higher taxes to the stockholder. C-corporations are generally required to pay United States federal income tax on earnings. After tax earnings are then available for stockholder dividends. The maximum U.S. federal tax rate applicable to income from “qualified dividends” payable to United States stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is currently 20%, plus the 3.8% investment tax surcharge. While dividends payable by REITs are generally not eligible for the qualified dividend reduced rates, stockholders that are individuals, trusts or estates may deduct 20% of the aggregate amount of ordinary dividends from REITs. This deduction is available for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026, and will generally cause the maximum tax rate for ordinary dividends from REITs to be 29.6%, plus the 3.8% investment tax surcharge. The more favorable tax rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the shares of non-REIT corporates that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including Aimco Common Stock. Changes to United States federal income tax laws could materially and adversely affect Aimco and Aimco’s stockholders. The present United States federal income tax treatment of REITs may be modified, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, judicial or administrative action at any time, which could affect the United States federal income tax treatment of an investment in Aimco Common Stock. The United States federal income tax rules dealing with REITs constantly are under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS and the United States Treasury Department, which results in statutory changes as well as frequent revisions to regulations and interpretations. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect Aimco or Aimco’s stockholders. Revisions in federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could significantly and negatively affect Aimco’s ability to qualify as a REIT and the tax considerations relevant to an investment in Aimco Common Stock, or could cause Aimco to change its investments and commitments. Government housing regulations may limit the opportunities at some of our apartment communities and failure to comply with resident qualification requirements may result in financial penalties and/or loss of benefits, such as rental revenues paid by government agencies. Additionally, the government may cease to operate or reduce funding for government housing programs which would result in a loss of benefits from those programs. We own equity interests in entities that own certain apartment communities that benefit from governmental programs intended to provide housing to people with low or moderate incomes. These programs, which are usually administered by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, or HUD, or state housing finance agencies, typically provide one or more of the following: mortgage insurance; favorable financing terms; tax-exempt interest; historic or low-income housing tax credits; or rental assistance payments to the apartment community owners. As a condition of the receipt of assistance under these programs, the apartment communities must comply with various requirements, which typically limit rents to pre-approved amounts and limit our choice of residents to those with incomes at or below certain levels. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in financial penalties or loss of benefits. We are usually required to obtain the approval of HUD in order to acquire or dispose of a significant interest in or manage a HUD-assisted apartment community. We may not always receive such approval. Limits on ownership of shares specified in Aimco’s charter may result in the loss of economic and voting rights by purchasers that violate those limits. Aimco’s charter limits ownership of Common Stock by any single stockholder (applying certain “beneficial ownership” rules under the federal securities laws) to 8.7% (or up to 12.0% upon a waiver from Aimco’s Board of Directors) of outstanding shares of Common Stock, or 15% in the case of certain pension trusts, registered investment companies and Mr. Considine (or up to 18.0% for such pension trusts or registered investment companies upon a waiver from Aimco’s Board of Directors). Aimco’s charter also limits ownership of Aimco’s Common Stock and preferred stock by any single stockholder to 8.7% of the value of the outstanding Common Stock and preferred stock, or 15% in the case of certain pension trusts, registered investment companies and Mr. Considine. The charter also prohibits anyone from buying shares of Aimco’s capital stock if the purchase would result in Aimco losing its REIT status. This could happen if a transaction results in fewer than 100 persons owning all of Aimco’s shares of capital stock or results in five or fewer persons (applying certain attribution rules of the Code) owning 50% or more of the value of all of Aimco’s shares of capital stock. If anyone acquires shares in excess of the ownership limit or in violation of the ownership requirements of the Code for REITs: • the transfer will be considered null and void; • we will not reflect the transaction on Aimco’s books; • we may institute legal action to enjoin the transaction; 12 Table of Contents • we may demand repayment of any dividends received by the affected person on those shares; • we may redeem the shares; • • the affected person will not have any voting rights for those shares; and the shares (and all voting and dividend rights of the shares) will be held in trust for the benefit of one or more charitable organizations designated by Aimco. Aimco may purchase the shares of capital stock held in trust at a price equal to the lesser of the price paid by the transferee of the shares or the then current market price. If the trust transfers any of the shares of capital stock, the affected person will receive the lesser of the price paid for the shares or the then current market price. An individual who acquires shares of capital stock that violate the above rules bears the risk that the individual: • may lose control over the power to dispose of such shares; • may not recognize profit from the sale of such shares if the market price of the shares increases; • may be required to recognize a loss from the sale of such shares if the market price decreases; and • may be required to repay to us any dividends received from us as a result of his or her ownership of the shares. Aimco’s charter may limit the ability of a third-party to acquire control of Aimco. The 8.7% and other ownership limits discussed above may have the effect of delaying or precluding acquisition by a third-party of control of Aimco without the consent of Aimco’s Board of Directors. Aimco’s charter authorizes its Board of Directors to issue up to 510,587,500 shares of capital stock. As of December 31, 2018, 500,787,260 shares were classified as Common Stock, of which 149,133,826 were outstanding, and 9,800,240 shares were classified as preferred stock, of which 5,000,000 were outstanding. Under Aimco’s charter, its Board of Directors has the authority to classify and reclassify any of Aimco’s unissued shares of capital stock into shares of capital stock with such preferences, conversion or other rights, voting power restrictions, limitations as to dividends, qualifications or terms or conditions of redemptions as the Board of Directors may determine. The authorization and issuance of a new class of capital stock could have the effect of delaying or preventing someone from taking control of Aimco, where there is a difference of opinion between the Aimco Board of Directors and others as to what is in Aimco’s stockholders’ best interests. The Maryland General Corporation Law may limit the ability of a third-party to acquire control of Aimco. As a Maryland corporation, Aimco is subject to various Maryland laws that may have the effect of discouraging offers to acquire Aimco and increasing the difficulty of consummating any such offers, where there is a difference of opinion between the Aimco Board of Directors and others as to what is in Aimco’s stockholders’ best interests. The Maryland General Corporation Law, specifically the Maryland Business Combination Act, restricts mergers and other business combination transactions between Aimco and any person who acquires, directly or indirectly, beneficial ownership of shares of Aimco’s stock representing 10% or more of the voting power without Aimco’s Board of Directors’ prior approval. Any such business combination transaction could not be completed until five years after the person acquired such voting power, and generally only with the approval of stockholders representing 80% of all votes entitled to be cast and 66-2/3% of the votes entitled to be cast, excluding the interested stockholder, or upon payment of a fair price. The Maryland General Corporation Law, specifically the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act, provides generally that a person who acquires shares of Aimco’s capital stock representing 10% or more of the voting power in electing directors will have no voting rights unless approved by a vote of two-thirds of the shares eligible to vote. Additionally, the Maryland General Corporation Law provides, among other things, that the board of directors has broad discretion in adopting stockholders’ rights plans and has the sole power to fix the record date, time and place for special meetings of the stockholders. To date, Aimco has not adopted a stockholders’ rights plan. In addition, the Maryland General Corporation Law provides that a corporation that: • • has at least three directors who are not officers or employees of the entity or related to an acquiring person; and has a class of equity securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, 13 Table of Contents may elect in its charter or bylaws or by resolution of the board of directors to be subject to all or part of a special subtitle that provides that: • • • • • the corporation will have a staggered board of directors; any director may be removed only for cause and by the vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast in the election of directors generally, even if a lesser proportion is provided in the charter or bylaws; the number of directors may only be set by the board of directors, even if the procedure is contrary to the charter or bylaws; vacancies may only be filled by the remaining directors, even if the procedure is contrary to the charter or bylaws; and the secretary of the corporation may call a special meeting of stockholders at the request of stockholders only on the written request of the stockholders entitled to cast at least a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at the meeting, even if the procedure is contrary to the charter or bylaws. To date, Aimco has not made any of the elections described above. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties Additional information about our consolidated apartment communities is contained in “Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Refer to Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information regarding property debt. Our Real Estate portfolio is diversified by both price point and geography and consists of market rate apartment communities in which we own a substantial interest. Our Real Estate portfolio includes garden style, mid-rise and high-rise apartment communities located in 17 states and the District of Columbia. Our portfolio strategy seeks predictable rent growth from a portfolio of apartment communities diversified among some of the largest markets in the United States, and that is diversified across “A,” “B” and “C+” price points, averaging “B/B+” in quality. As of December 31, 2018, our Real Estate portfolio consisted of roughly one-half “A” quality communities and one-half “B” and “C+” quality communities (as measured by gross asset value). Please refer to the Executive Overview heading under Item 7 for a description of our portfolio quality ratings. The following table sets forth information on the apartment communities in our Real Estate portfolio as of December 31, 2018: Atlanta Bay Area Boston Chicago Denver Greater New York Greater Washington, DC Los Angeles Miami Philadelphia San Diego Seattle Other markets Total Real Estate portfolio Number of Apartment Communities Number of Apartment Homes Average Economic Ownership 5 12 15 10 8 18 14 13 5 8 12 2 12 134 817 2,632 4,689 3,246 2,151 1,040 5,900 4,347 2,671 2,638 2,423 239 3,756 36,549 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 98 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 97 % 97 % 100 % 99 % 99 % At December 31, 2018, we owned an equity interest in 134 apartment communities with 36,549 apartment homes in our Real Estate portfolio. We consolidated 130 of these apartment communities with 36,407 apartment homes. These consolidated apartment communities contained, on average, 280 apartment homes, with the largest community containing 2,113 apartment homes. These apartment communities offer residents a range of amenities, including resort pools with cabanas, grills, clubhouses, spas, fitness centers, package lockers, dog parks and large open spaces. Many of the apartment homes offer features such as granite countertops, wood flooring, stainless steel appliances, fireplaces, spacious closets, washer and dryer connections, balconies and patios. 14 Table of Contents The majority of our consolidated apartment communities are encumbered by property debt. At December 31, 2018, apartment communities in our Real Estate portfolio were encumbered by, in aggregate, $3.9 billion of property debt with a weighted average interest rate of 4.18% and a weighted average maturity of 8.0 years. The apartment communities collateralizing this non-recourse property debt have an estimated aggregate fair value of $10.2 billion. At December 31, 2018, we held unencumbered apartment communities with an estimated fair value of approximately $2.7 billion. Item 3. Legal Proceedings As further discussed in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8, we are engaged in discussions with regulatory agencies regarding environmental matters at apartment communities we, or predecessor entities, previously owned. Although the outcome of these matters is uncertain, we do not expect the resolution to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. PART II Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Aimco Aimco’s Common Stock has been listed and traded on the NYSE under the symbol “AIV” since July 22, 1994. On February 15, 2019, there were 148,766,616 shares of Common Stock outstanding, held by 1,673 stockholders of record. The number of holders does not include individuals or entities who beneficially own shares but whose shares are held of record by a broker or clearing agency, but does include each such broker or clearing agency as one record holder. From time to time, Aimco may issue shares of Common Stock in exchange for OP Units, defined under The Aimco Operating Partnership heading below. Please refer to Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for further discussion of such exchanges. Aimco may also issue shares of Common Stock in exchange for limited partnership interests in consolidated real estate partnerships. During the year ended December 31, 2018, Aimco did not issue any shares of Common Stock in exchange for OP Units or limited partnership interests in consolidated real estate partnerships. The following table summarizes Aimco’s share repurchases (in thousands, except for per share data) for the three months ended December 31, 2018: Fiscal period October 1 - October 31, 2018 November 1 - November 30, 2018 December 1 - December 31, 2018 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under Plans or Programs (1) 1,708 1,828 4,683 8,219 $ $ 43.91 45.50 46.00 45.43 1,708 1,828 4,683 8,219 17,616 15,788 11,105 (1) Aimco’s Board of Directors has, from time to time, authorized Aimco to repurchase shares of its outstanding capital stock. This authorization has no expiration date. These repurchases may be made from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. 15 Table of Contents Performance Graph The following graph compares cumulative total returns for Aimco’s Common Stock, the MSCI US REIT Index, the NAREIT Apartment Index, and the Standard & Poor’s 500 Total Return Index (the “S&P 500”). The MSCI US REIT Index is published by Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc., a provider of equity indices. The NAREIT Apartment Index is published by The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT, a representative of real estate investment trusts and publicly traded real estate companies with interests in United States real estate and capital markets. The MSCI REIT Index reflects total shareholder return for a broad range of REITs and the NAREIT Apartment Index provides a more direct multifamily peer comparison of total shareholder return. The indices are weighted for all companies that fit the definitional criteria of the particular index and are calculated to exclude companies as they are acquired and to add companies to the index calculation as they become publicly traded companies. All companies that fit the definitional criteria and existed at the point in time presented are included in the index calculations. The graph assumes the investment of $100 in Aimco’s Common Stock and in each index on December 31, 2013, and that all dividends paid have been reinvested. The historical information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of future performance. Index Aimco (1) MSCI US REIT (1) NAREIT Apartment Index (2) S&P 500 (1) For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2013 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 2014 148.04 130.38 139.62 113.69 2015 164.54 133.67 162.60 115.26 2016 192.98 145.16 167.24 129.05 2017 191.69 152.52 173.46 157.22 2018 199.60 145.55 179.88 150.33 (1) Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence © 2019 (2) Source: National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts The Performance Graph will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing by Aimco under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that Aimco specifically incorporates the same by reference. 16 Table of Contents The Aimco Operating Partnership Interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by limited partners other than Aimco are referred to as OP Units. OP Units include common partnership units, which we refer to as common OP Units, as well as partnership preferred units, or preferred OP Units. There is no public market for the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common partnership units, including OP Units, and we have no intention of listing the common partnership units on any securities exchange. In addition, the Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement restricts the transferability of common partnership units, including OP Units. At February 15, 2019, there were 158,495,487 common partnership units and equivalents outstanding (148,766,616 of which were held by Aimco) that were held by 2,515 unitholders of record. The Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement generally provides that after holding common OP Units for one year, limited partners other than Aimco have the right to redeem their common OP Units for cash or, at our election, shares of Aimco Common Stock on a one-for-one basis (subject to customary antidilution adjustments). No common OP Units or preferred OP Units held by Limited Partners were redeemed for shares of Aimco Common Stock during the year ended December 31, 2018. The following table summarizes the Aimco Operating Partnership’s repurchases of common OP Units for the three months ended December 31, 2018: Fiscal period October 1 - October 31, 2018 November 1 - November 30, 2018 December 1 - December 31, 2018 Total Dividend and Distribution Payments Total Number of Units Purchased Average Price Paid per Unit 11,150 3,765 11,360 26,275 $ $ 43.96 43.47 46.45 44.97 Total Number of Units Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Units that May Yet Be Purchased Under Plans or Programs N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A As a REIT, Aimco is required to distribute annually to holders of its Common Stock at least 90% of its “real estate investment trust taxable income,” which, as defined by the Code and United States Department of Treasury regulations, is generally equivalent to net taxable ordinary income. Aimco’s Board of Directors determines and declares its dividends. In making a dividend determination, Aimco’s Board of Directors considers a variety of factors, including: REIT distribution requirements; current market conditions; liquidity needs; and other uses of cash, such as for deleveraging and accretive investment activities. Aimco’s Board of Directors targets a dividend payout ratio between 65% and 70% of Adjusted Funds From Operations. In February 2019, the Aimco’s Board of Directors declared a special dividend on the common stock that consists of $67.1 million in cash and 4.5 million shares of Class A Common Stock. The special dividend will be payable on March 22, 2019, to stockholders of record as of February 22, 2019. The special dividend amount includes the regular quarterly cash dividend, which for 2019 is expected to be $0.39 per share, which represents an increase of 3% compared to cash dividends paid during 2018. Stockholders will have the opportunity to elect to receive the special dividend in the form of all cash or all stock, subject to proration if either option is oversubscribed. Stockholders receiving such dividend and any future dividend payable in cash and shares of Aimco Common Sock will be required to include the full amount of such dividends as ordinary income to the extent of Aimco’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for United States federal income tax purposes for the year of such dividends, and may be required to pay income taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash dividends received. With respect to certain non-United States stockholders, Aimco may be required to withhold United States tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in Common Stock. The Board of Directors of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s general partner determines and declares distributions on OP Units. Aimco, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, is the general and special limited partner of and, as of December 31, 2018, owned a 94.3% ownership interest in the common partnership units of the Aimco Operating Partnership. The Aimco Operating Partnership holds all of Aimco’s assets and manages the daily operations of Aimco’s business. The distributions paid by the Aimco Operating Partnership to Aimco are used by Aimco to fund the dividends paid to its stockholders. Accordingly, the per share dividends Aimco pays to its stockholders generally equal the per unit distributions paid by the Aimco Operating Partnership to holders of its common partnership units. 17 Table of Contents In February 2019, the Board of Directors of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s general partner declared a special distribution on the common partnership units that consists of $71.5 million in cash and 4.8 million common partnership units. The special distribution will be payable on March 22, 2019, to unitholders of record as of February 22, 2019. In order to neutralize the dilutive impact of the stock issued in the special dividend, Aimco’s Board of Directors also authorized a reverse stock split in which every 1.03119 share of Class A Common Stock will be combined into one share of Class A Common Stock, effective at the close of business on February 20, 2019. The Board of Directors of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s general partner authorized a corresponding reverse unit split to be effective concurrent with the Aimco reverse stock split. As a result, total shares and total units outstanding following completion of the transactions are expected to be unchanged from the total shares and units outstanding immediately prior to the transactions. Some stockholders may have more Aimco shares and some may have fewer based on their individual elections. Our revolving credit agreement includes customary covenants, including a restriction on dividends and other restricted payments, but permits dividends and distributions during any four consecutive fiscal quarters in an aggregate amount of up to 95% of Aimco’s Funds From Operations for such period, subject to certain non-cash adjustments, or such amount as may be necessary to maintain Aimco’s REIT status. Item 6. Selected Financial Data The following selected financial data is based on audited historical financial statements of Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership. This information should be read in conjunction with such financial statements, including the notes thereto, and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included herein or in previous filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. OPERATING DATA: Total revenues Net income Net income attributable to Aimco/the Aimco Operating Partnership per common share/unit – diluted BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION: Total assets Total indebtedness Non-recourse property debt of partnerships served by Asset Management business OTHER INFORMATION: $ $ $ Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 (dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data) 972,410 $ 716,603 $ 1,005,437 347,079 $ 995,854 483,273 $ 981,310 271,983 984,363 356,111 4.21 $ 1.96 $ 2.67 $ 1.52 $ 2.06 6,190,004 $ 4,075,665 $ 6,079,040 3,861,770 $ 6,232,818 3,648,206 $ 6,118,681 3,599,648 6,068,631 3,852,885 — 227,141 236,426 249,493 255,140 Dividends/distributions declared per common share/unit $ 1.52 $ 1.44 $ 1.32 $ 1.18 $ 1.04 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Executive Overview We are focused on the ownership, management, redevelopment and limited development of quality apartment communities located in several of the largest markets in the United States. Our principal financial objective is to provide predictable and attractive returns to our equity holders. We measure our long-term total return using Economic Income, defined as Net Asset Value, or NAV, growth plus dividends. NAV is used by many investors because the value of company assets can be readily estimated, even for non-earning assets such as land or properties under development. NAV has the advantage of incorporating the investment decisions of thousands of real estate investors, enhancing comparability among companies that have differences in their accounting, avoiding disparity that can result from application of GAAP to investment properties and various ownership structures. Some investors focus on multiples of Adjusted Funds From Operations, or AFFO, and Funds From Operations, or FFO. Our disclosure of AFFO, a measure of current return, complements our focus on Economic Income. We also use Pro forma Funds From Operations, or Pro forma FFO, as a secondary measure of operational performance. Over the last five years, our Economic Income grew at a compound annual return of 11.5% 18 Table of Contents as of September 30, 2018, comprised of a 8.5% compounded annual growth in net asset value, or NAV, per share and $6.36 in cash dividends per share paid over the period. In 2018, AFFO grew by 1.9% to $2.16 per share. Our business and five areas of strategic focus are described in more detail within the Business Overview in Item 1. The results from execution of our business plan in 2018 are further described in the sections that follow. Net income attributable to common stockholders per common share increased by $2.25 for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to 2017, primarily due to gains on the sale of the Asset Management Business and lower-rated apartment communities. For the year ended December 31, 2018, our NAV per share increased by about 6%, which, with our cash dividend, provided Economic Income of 8.5%. Pro forma FFO per share increased $0.02, or 0.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to 2017 due to the following items: • $0.08 from Same Store property net operating income growth of 3.1%, driven by a 3.1% increase in revenue, offset by a 3.3% increase in expenses; • $0.16 net operating income contribution from redevelopment communities and lease-up communities; partially offset by • A reduction of $0.14 from apartment communities sold to fund our investment activities; • A reduction of $0.03 from the sale of the Asset Management business, net of the contribution from the reinvestment of the proceeds in 2018 acquisitions and repayment of debt; • A reduction of $0.05 from lower tax benefits and other items, net. The $0.02 increase in year-over-year Pro forma FFO per share plus $0.02 in lower capital replacement spending due to fewer apartment homes increased AFFO by $0.04, or 1.9% per share. Operational Excellence We own and operate a portfolio of market rate apartment communities diversified by both geography and price point, which we refer to as our Real Estate portfolio. At December 31, 2018, our Real Estate portfolio included 134 apartment communities with 36,549 apartment homes in which we held an average ownership of approximately 99%. This portfolio was divided about two-thirds by value to our “Same Store” portfolio of stabilized apartment communities and about one-third by value to “Other Real Estate,” which includes recently acquired communities and communities under redevelopment or development whose long-term financial contribution is not yet stabilized. Our property operations team produced solid results for our Real Estate portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2018. Highlights include: • Average daily occupancy of 96.5%, 50 basis points higher than the year ended 2017; • • Same Store net operating income increased 3.1% with 74.2% net operating income margin; and Same Store rent increases on renewals and new leases averaged 4.5% and 1.5%, respectively, for a weighted average increase of 3.0%. Our focus on efficient operations through productivity initiatives such as centralization of administrative tasks, optimization of economies of scale at the corporate level, and investment in more durable, longer-lived materials has helped us control operating expenses. These and other innovations contributed to limiting growth in controllable operating expense (defined as property expenses less taxes, insurance and utility expenses) compounding for the past decade at an annual rate of 0.1%. For the year ended December 31, 2018, our Real Estate portfolio provided 72% net operating income margins and 67% Free Cash Flow margins. Redevelopment Our second line of business is the redevelopment and limited development of apartment communities. Through these activities, we expect to create value by repositioning communities within our portfolio. We measure the rate and quality of financial returns by NAV creation, an important component of Economic Income, our primary measure of long-term financial performance. Over the past five years, we have spent approximately $1.0 billion on redevelopment and development, resulting in estimated value creation of approximately $400.0 million. We also undertake limited ground-up development when warranted by risk-adjusted 19 Table of Contents investment returns, either directly or in connection with the redevelopment of an existing apartment community. When warranted, we rely on the expertise and credit of a third-party developer familiar with the local market to limit our exposure to construction risk. We invest to earn risk-adjusted returns in excess of those expected from the apartment communities sold in paired trades to fund the redevelopment or development. Of these two activities, we favor redevelopment because it permits adjustment to the scope and timing of spending to align with changing market conditions and customer preferences. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we invested $175.9 million in redevelopment and development. In Boulder, Colorado, we have invested $68.9 million in the development of Parc Mosaic, a 226-unit apartment home community. The site is two miles from the new Google campus and is across the street from Ball Aerospace’s Technology Campus and Foothills Hospital. Building in Boulder is highly regulated and new supply is limited, notwithstanding higher enrollment at the University of Colorado and increased employment generally. At the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, we exercised our option to acquire approximately two acres of land adjacent to our 21 Fitzsimons apartment community, and broke ground on the development of The Fremont, a 253-apartment home community. We expect to invest approximately $87.0 million to construct the community, which is expected to be ready for occupancy in late 2020. We also commenced the next phase of redevelopment at our Flamingo community, located in Miami Beach, bringing our potential net investment to $39.7 million. This phase includes extensive redevelopment of retail, leasing, and common areas, including major enhancements to the entryway. In Center City, Philadelphia, we completed the redevelopment of Park Towne Place, and as of December 31, 2018, we had leased 95.6% of the apartment homes at the community. This multi-year redevelopment of 940 apartment homes, amenities, and common area spaces, was executed on plan and leased-up in-line with expectations with expected free cash flow returns of greater than 9%. In San Jose, California we completed the redevelopment of Saybrook Pointe, a 324-apartment home, garden-style community. Construction was completed on time and in-line with underwritten costs, and lease-up of the community finished ahead of schedule and at rates above underwriting, increasing the expected free cash flow return to greater than 14%, a 100 basis point outperformance to underwriting. As of December 31, 2018, our total estimated net investment in redevelopment and development activities is $571.2 million, with a projected weighted average net operating income yield on these investments of 6.1%, assuming untrended rents. As of December 31, 2018, $361.0 million of this total has been funded. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we leased 457 apartment homes at our redevelopment and development communities. At December 31, 2018, our exposure to lease-up at active redevelopment and development communities was approximately 366 apartment homes, of which 208 were being constructed at Parc Mosaic, and 158 were located in four other communities. Additionally, we expect to acquire One Ardmore in 2019 upon its completion as part of the Philadelphia portfolio acquisition announced in April 2018. This acquisition will increase our exposure to lease-up risk by approximately 100 apartment homes. See below under the Liquidity and Capital Resources – Redevelopment/Development heading for additional information regarding our redevelopment and development investment during the year ended December 31, 2018. Portfolio Management Our portfolio of apartment communities is diversified across “A,” “B,” and “C+” price points, averaging “B/B+” in quality and is diversified across several of the largest markets in the U.S. We measure the quality of apartment communities in our Real Estate portfolio based on average rents of our apartment homes compared to local market average rents as reported by a third-party provider of commercial real estate performance and analysis. Under this rating system, we classify as “A” quality apartment communities those earning rents greater than 125% of the local market average; as “B” quality apartment communities those earning rents between 90% and 125% of the local market average; as “C+” quality apartment communities those earning rents greater than $1,100 per month, but lower than 90% of local market average; and as “C” quality apartment communities those earning rents less than $1,100 per month and lower than 90% of local market average. We classify as “B/B+” quality a portfolio that on average earns rents between 100% and 125% of the local market average rents where the portfolio is located. Although some companies and analysts within the multifamily real estate industry use apartment community quality ratings of “A,” “B,” and “C,” some of which are tied to local market rent averages, the metrics used to classify apartment community quality as well as the period for which local market rents are calculated may vary from company to company. Accordingly, our rating system for measuring apartment community quality is neither broadly nor consistently used in the multifamily real estate industry. 20 Table of Contents As part of our portfolio strategy, we seek to sell up to 10% of our portfolio annually and to reinvest the proceeds from such sales in accretive uses such as capital enhancements, redevelopments, limited developments and selective acquisitions with projected Free Cash Flow internal rates of return higher than expected from the communities being sold. Through this disciplined approach to capital recycling, we have significantly increased the quality and expected growth rate of our portfolio. Average Revenue per Aimco apartment home (1) Portfolio Average Rents as a Percentage of Local Market Average Rents Percentage A (4Q 2018 Average Revenue per Aimco Apartment Home $2,786) Percentage B (4Q 2018 Average Revenue per Aimco Apartment Home $1,850) Percentage C+ (4Q 2018 Average Revenue per Aimco Apartment Home $1,706) Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 2015 $ 2,126 $ 113 % 51 % 33 % 16 % 1,771 111 % 51 % 32 % 17 % (1) Represents average monthly rental and other property revenues (excluding resident reimbursement of utility cost) divided by the number of occupied apartment homes as of the end of the period. The quality of our portfolio improved through value created by our redevelopment and transaction activities, contributing to the increase in average revenue per apartment home. Our average revenue per apartment home was $2,126 for the three months ended December 31, 2018, a 6.4% compounded annual growth rate compared to 2015. This increase is due to growth in Same Store revenue as well as our acquisition activities, lease- up of redevelopment and acquisition communities, and the sale of communities with average monthly revenues per apartment home lower than those of the retained portfolio. As we execute our portfolio strategy, we expect to increase average revenue per Aimco apartment home at a rate greater than market rent growth; increase Free Cash Flow margins; and maintain sufficient geographic and price point diversification to limit volatility and concentration risk. Apartment Community Acquisitions We evaluate potential acquisitions with an eye for unique and opportunistic investments, and fund acquisitions pursuant to our “paired trade” discipline. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we acquired six apartment communities. We acquired for $307.9 million four apartment communities in the Philadelphia area including 665 apartment homes and 153,000 square feet of office and retail space. We also acquired for $160.0 million Bent Tree Apartments, a 748-apartment home community in Fairfax County, Virginia, and for $29.7 million Avery Row, a 67-apartment home community in Arlington, Virginia. In addition to the four communities in Philadelphia that were acquired in 2018, we also agreed last year to purchase a fifth community, One Ardmore, upon completion of its construction in the first half of 2019. Dispositions During the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold for $590.0 million our Asset Management business and four affordable apartment communities located in the Hunters Point area of San Francisco. After payment of transaction costs and repayment of property-level debt encumbering the Hunters Point apartment communities, net proceeds to us were $512.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we also sold for $242.3 million four apartment communities with 1,334 apartment homes, which were previously included in our Real Estate segment. Net proceeds to us were $230.1 million. Two of these apartment communities were located in southern Virginia, one was located in suburban Maryland, and one was located in northern Philadelphia. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold our interests in the entities owning the La Jolla Cove property in settlement of legal actions filed in 2014 by a group of disappointed buyers who had hoped to acquire the property. We provided seller financing with a stated value of $48.6 million and received net cash proceeds of approximately $5.0 million upon the sale. In January 2019, we sold two apartment communities with 782 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $141.2 million. One community was located in Schaumberg, Illinois and the other located in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Proceeds from the 2018 and 2019 sales were used to fund accretive investments in community acquisitions, capital enhancements, redevelopments and share repurchases, representing continued execution of our paired trade strategy. This reallocation of $1.1 billion in capital increased expected Free Cash Flow internal rates of return by 420 basis points. 21 Table of Contents Balance Sheet Leverage Our leverage strategy seeks to increase financial returns while using leverage with appropriate caution. We limit risk through balance sheet structure, employing low leverage, primarily non-recourse and long-dated property debt; build financial flexibility by maintaining ample unused and available credit as well as holding properties with substantial value unencumbered by property debt; and use partners’ capital when it enhances financial returns or reduces investment risk. Our leverage includes our share of long-term, non-recourse property debt encumbering apartment communities, outstanding borrowings on the revolving credit facility and outstanding preferred equity. For additional information regarding our leverage, please see the discussion under the Liquidity and Capital Resources heading. Leverage Ratios We target the ratio of Proportionate Debt and Preferred Equity to Adjusted EBITDA to be below 7.0x and we target the ratio of Adjusted EBITDA to Adjusted Interest Expense and Preferred Dividends to be greater than 2.5x. Our leverage ratios for the three months ended December 31, 2018, are presented below: Proportionate Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Proportionate Debt and Preferred Equity to Adjusted EBITDA Adjusted EBITDA to Adjusted Interest Expense Adjusted EBITDA to Adjusted Interest Expense and Preferred Dividends 6.8x 7.2x 3.8x 3.4x Our Adjusted EBITDA has been calculated on a pro forma basis to adjust for significant items impacting the three months ended December 31, 2018 for which annualization would distort the results. Leverage ratios are elevated by 0.5x due to the use of debt to fund temporarily the Aimco common share repurchases completed during the three months ended December 31, 2018. We intend to reduce our Proportionate Debt and Preferred Equity to Adjusted EBITDA to 6.9x by the end of 2019 from earnings growth, primarily due to increasing contribution from Same Store apartment communities and reduction of debt balances due to regularly-scheduled debt amortization and apartment community sales, partially offset by the loss of earnings from communities sold. As used in the ratios above, Preferred Equity represents Aimco’s preferred stock and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred OP units. Refinancing Activity During the year ended December 31, 2018, we addressed approximately half of our property loans maturing in 2019, 2020, and 2021. We placed $867.4 million of new loans, $740.4 million of fixed-rate loans at a weighted average interest rate of 4.20% and a weighted average term of 9.3 years, and $127.0 million of variable-rate loans with rates floating at 115 basis points over 30-day LIBOR and a weighted average term of 5.1 years. This refinancing activity results in an annual interest savings of $13.0 million. Liquidity Our liquidity consists of cash balances and available capacity on our revolving line of credit. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we exercised our option to expand our revolving credit facility by $200.0 million, bringing the total borrowing capacity to $800.0 million. As of December 31, 2018, we had cash and restricted cash of $72.6 million and had the capacity to borrow up to $632.5 million on our revolving credit facility, after consideration of $7.1 million letters of credit backed by the facility. We use our credit facility primarily for working capital and other short-term purposes and to secure letters of credit. We manage our financial flexibility by maintaining an investment grade rating and holding apartment communities that are unencumbered by property debt. At December 31, 2018, we held unencumbered apartment communities with an estimated fair market value of approximately $2.7 billion, up 50% from December 31, 2017. Two credit rating agencies rate our creditworthiness, using different methodologies and ratios for assessing our credit, and both have rated our credit and outlook as BBB- (stable), an investment grade rating. Although some of the ratios they use are similar to those we use to measure our leverage, there are differences in our methods of calculation and therefore our leverage ratios disclosed above are not indicative of the ratios that may be calculated by these agencies. 22 Table of Contents Equity Capital Activities During the year ended December 31, 2018, we repurchased 8.7 million shares of common stock, of which 0.5 million settled in January 2019, all for $394.1 million, at a weighted average price of $45.33 per share, approximately a 20% discount to our published NAV per share. Approximately half of the repurchases were funded with proceeds from 2018 and January 2019 property sales at a premium to the values ascribed to these communities in our published NAV. The remaining half of repurchases are temporarily funded with borrowings on our credit facility. We expect to repay these borrowings with proceeds from the sale of communities now under contract, again at prices greater than those used in our published NAV. With the completion of these transactions, we will have increased NAV by an estimated $0.67 per share. The 2019 property sales necessary to fund our share repurchases are expected to generate taxable gains of $285 million, which is in excess of our regular quarterly dividend. Accordingly, on February 3, 2019, Aimco’s Board of Directors declared a special dividend on the common stock that consists of $67.1 million in cash and 4.5 million shares of common stock. The special dividend will be payable on March 22, 2019, to stockholders of record as of February 22, 2019. The special dividend also includes the regular quarterly cash dividend, which for 2019 is expected to be $0.39 per share, which represents an increase of 3% compared to cash dividends paid during 2018. Stockholders will have the opportunity to elect to receive the special dividend in the form of all cash or all stock, subject to proration if either option is oversubscribed. Based on Aimco’s closing share price on February 15, 2019, we estimate the aggregate value of the special dividend to be approximately $290.3 million. However, the actual value will vary depending on the price of Aimco common stock on the dividend valuation dates (March 11 and 12, 2019). In order to neutralize the dilutive impact of the stock issued in the special dividend, Aimco’s Board also authorized a reverse stock split, effective on February 20, 2019. As a result, total shares outstanding following completion of both the special dividend and the reverse stock split are expected to be unchanged from the total shares outstanding immediately prior to the transactions. Some stockholders may have more Aimco shares and some may have fewer based on their individual elections. The reverse split will facilitate comparability of Aimco per share results before and after these transactions. In aggregate, these transactions: Increase NAV per share by 1%; • • Do not affect Aimco’s regular quarterly cash dividend; • Reduce the number of Aimco shares outstanding by 6% (as a result of the share repurchases); • Minimize the aggregate tax paid by Aimco and its stockholders; • Are leverage neutral; and • Result in no change in the number of shares outstanding (as a result of the special dividend and the reverse stock split), thereby improving comparability of per share results. Team and Culture Our team and culture are keys to our success. Our intentional focus on a collaborative and productive culture based on respect for others and personal responsibility is reinforced by a preference for promotion from within based on succession planning and talent development to produce a strong, stable team that is the enduring foundation of our success. In 2018, we were recognized by the Denver Post as a Top Work Place for the sixth consecutive year, an accomplishment shared with only seven other companies in Colorado. Key Financial Indicators The key financial indicators that we use in managing our business and in evaluating our operating performance are Economic Income, our measure of long-term total return, and AFFO, our measure of current return. In addition to these indicators, we evaluate our operating performance and financial condition using: Pro forma FFO; Free Cash Flow; Same Store property net operating income; proportionate property net operating income; average revenue per effective apartment home; leverage ratios; and net leverage. 23 Table of Contents Results of Operations Because our operating results depend primarily on income from our apartment communities, the supply of and demand for apartments influences our operating results. Additionally, the level of expenses required to operate and maintain our apartment communities and the pace and price at which we redevelop, acquire and dispose of our apartment communities affect our operating results. The following discussion and analysis of the results of our operations and financial condition should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements in Item 8. Overview 2018 compared to 2017 Net income attributable to Aimco and net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership increased by $350.5 million and $370.4 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to 2017. The increase in income was primarily due to an increase in gain on dispositions of real estate, including the 2018 sale of our Asset Management business, and results of operations described more fully below, partially offset by an increase in depreciation and amortization resulting from redeveloped and developed apartment homes placed into service. 2017 compared to 2016 Net income attributable to Aimco and net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership decreased by $114.6 million and $120.0 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to 2016. The decrease in income was principally due to a decrease in gain on dispositions of real estate and an increase in depreciation and amortization resulting from redeveloped apartment homes placed into service and the completion of One Canal and the acquisition of Indigo in 2016, partially offset by improved operating results. The following paragraphs discuss these and other items affecting the results of operations of Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership in more detail. Property Operations As described under the preceding Executive Overview heading, we have a single reportable segment, Real Estate, which consists of market rate apartment communities in which we hold a substantial equity ownership interest. We use proportionate property net operating income to assess the operating performance of our Real Estate portfolio. Proportionate property net operating income reflects our share of rental and other property revenues, excluding resident utility reimbursement, less direct property operating expenses, net of resident utility reimbursement, and including real estate taxes, for consolidated apartment communities we manage. Accordingly, the results of operations of our Real Estate segment discussed below are presented on a proportionate basis and exclude the results of four apartment communities with 142 apartment homes that we neither manage nor consolidate. Beginning in 2018, our segment results below reflect utility reimbursements as a reduction of the corresponding expense. We have revised the 2017 and 2016 amounts to conform to this presentation. We do not include offsite costs associated with property management or casualty-related amounts in our assessment of segment performance. Accordingly, these items are not allocated to our segment results discussed below. Refer to Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for further discussion regarding our reportable segment, including a reconciliation of these proportionate amounts to consolidated rental and other property revenues and property operating expenses. Real Estate Proportionate Property Net Operating Income We classify apartment communities within our Real Estate segment as Same Store and Other Real Estate. Same Store communities are those that have reached a stabilized level of operations as of the beginning of a two-year comparable period and maintained it throughout the current and comparable prior year, and are not expected to be sold within 12 months. Other Real Estate includes apartment communities that do not meet the Same Store definition, including, but not limited to: redevelopment and development apartment communities, which are those currently under construction that have not achieved a stabilized level of operations and those that have been completed in recent years that have not achieved and maintained stabilized operations for both the current and comparable prior year; acquisition apartment communities, which are those we have acquired since the beginning of a two-year comparable period; and communities that we expect to sell within 12 months but do not yet meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale. 24 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2018, our Real Estate segment consisted of 93 Same Store communities with 25,905 apartment homes and 35 Other Real Estate communities with 9,720 apartment homes. From December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018, on a net basis, our Same Store portfolio increased by one community and decreased by 481 apartment homes. These changes consisted of: • • • • • • the addition of one developed apartment community with 91 apartment homes and one redeveloped apartment community with 104 apartment homes that were classified as Same Store upon maintaining stabilized operations for the entirety of the periods presented; the addition of one acquired apartment community with 115 apartment homes that was classified as Same Store because we have now owned it for the entirety of the periods presented; the addition of one apartment community with 492 apartment homes which we no longer expect to sell within 12 months; the reduction of one apartment community with 821 apartment homes sold during the period; the reduction of one apartment community with 94 apartment homes we expect to sell during 2019; and the reduction of one apartment community with 368 apartment homes classified as held for sale at December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, our Other Real Estate communities included: • • • 13 apartment communities with 6,294 apartment homes in redevelopment or development; 7 apartment communities with 1,943 apartment homes recently acquired; and 15 apartment communities with 1,483 apartment homes that do not meet the definition of Same Store because they are either subject to agreements that limit the amount by which we may increase rents or have not reached or maintained a stabilized level of occupancy as of the beginning of a two-year comparable period, often due to a casualty event. Our Real Estate segment results for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, as presented below, are based on the apartment community classifications as of December 31, 2018. (in thousands) Rental and other property revenues before utility reimbursements: Same Store communities Other Real Estate communities Total Property operating expenses, net of utility reimbursements: Same Store communities Other Real Estate communities Total Proportionate property net operating income: Same Store communities Other Real Estate communities Total Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ Change % Change $ $ 580,536 $ 273,704 854,240 563,040 $ 218,154 781,194 150,042 88,818 238,860 145,301 77,430 222,731 430,494 184,886 615,380 $ 417,739 140,724 558,463 $ 17,496 55,550 73,046 4,741 11,388 16,129 12,755 44,162 56,917 3.1 % 25.5 % 9.4 % 3.3 % 14.7 % 7.2 % 3.1 % 31.4 % 10.2 % For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017, our Real Estate segment’s proportionate property net operating income increased $56.9 million, or 10.2%. Same Store proportionate property net operating income increased by $12.8 million, or 3.1%. This increase was primarily attributable to a $17.5 million, or 3.1%, increase in rental and other property revenues due to higher average monthly revenues of $50 per Aimco apartment home comprised of increases in rental rates and a 50 basis point increase in average daily occupancy. Renewal rents, which is the rent paid by an existing resident who renewed a lease compared to the rent paid prior to renewal, were up 4.5% for the year ended December 31, 2018, and new lease rents, which is the rent paid by a new resident compared to the rent paid by the previous resident of the same apartment home, were up 1.5%, resulting in a weighted average increase of 3.0%. The increase in Same Store rental and other property revenues was partially offset by a $4.7 million, or 3.3%, increase in property operating expenses, primarily due to increases in real estate taxes and repairs and maintenance costs. During the year ended 25 Table of Contents December 31, 2018 compared to 2017, controllable operating expenses, which exclude utility costs, real estate taxes and insurance, increased by $1.5 million, or 2.0%. The proportionate property net operating income of Other Real Estate communities increased by $44.2 million, or 31.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to: • • • a $24.1 million increase in property net operating income due to the 2018 acquisition of the four Philadelphia communities, Bent Tree Apartments and Avery Row, as well as the stabilization of Indigo; an $11.0 million increase in property net operating income due to leasing activities at redevelopment and development communities, partially offset by decreases due to apartment homes taken out of service for redevelopment; and higher property net operating income of $9.1 million from other communities, primarily the effect of our increased ownership interest in the Palazzo communities from our June 2017 reacquisition of a 47% limited partner interest in the related joint venture. As of December 31, 2017, as defined by our segment performance metrics, our Real Estate portfolio consisted of 90 Same Store apartment communities with 25,197 apartment homes and 32 Other Real Estate communities with 8,845 apartment homes. As of December 31, 2017, our Other Real Estate communities included: • • • 15 apartment communities with 6,386 apartment homes in redevelopment or development; 2 apartment communities with 578 apartment homes recently acquired; and 15 apartment communities with 1,881 apartment homes that do not meet the definition of Same Store because they are either subject to agreements that limit the amount by which we may increase rents or have not reached or maintained a stabilized level of occupancy as of the beginning of a two-year comparable period, often due to a casualty event. Our Real Estate segment results for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, as presented below, are based on the apartment community classifications as of December 31, 2017, and exclude amounts related to apartment communities sold or classified as held for sale during 2018. The results of operations for these communities are reflected in the comparable periods in the tables below. (in thousands) Rental and other property revenues before utility reimbursements: Same Store communities Other Real Estate communities Total Property operating expenses, net of utility reimbursements: Same Store communities Other Real Estate communities Total Proportionate property net operating income: Same Store communities Other Real Estate communities Total Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 $ Change % Change $ $ 547,912 $ 233,282 781,194 530,619 $ 189,683 720,302 141,773 80,958 222,731 140,007 70,419 210,426 406,139 152,324 558,463 $ 390,612 119,264 509,876 $ 17,293 43,599 60,892 1,766 10,539 12,305 15,527 33,060 48,587 3.3 % 23.0 % 8.5 % 1.3 % 15.0 % 5.8 % 4.0 % 27.7 % 9.5 % For the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016, our Real Estate segment’s proportionate property net operating income increased $48.6 million, or 9.5%. Same Store proportionate property net operating income increased by $15.5 million, or 4.0%. This increase was primarily attributable to a $17.3 million, or 3.3%, increase in rental and other property revenues due to higher average revenues of approximately $59 per effective home, comprised primarily of increases in rental rates. Renewal rents, which is the rent paid by an existing resident who renewed a lease compared to the rent paid prior to renewal, were up 4.6% for the year ended December 31, 2017, and new lease rents, which is the rent paid by a new resident compared to the rent paid by the previous resident of the same apartment home, were up 0.6%, resulting in a weighted average increase of 2.5%. The increase in Same Store rental and other property revenues was partially offset by a $1.8 million, or 1.3%, increase in property operating expenses, primarily due to 26 Table of Contents increases in real estate taxes. During the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016, controllable operating expenses, which exclude utility costs, real estate taxes and insurance, decreased by $1.6 million, or 2.1%. The proportionate property net operating income of Other Real Estate communities increased by $33.1 million, or 27.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to: • • redevelopment and lease-up activities during the year ended December 31, 2017, which helped contribute to incremental property net operating income of $20.9 million compared to 2016; and higher property net operating income of $12.0 million from other communities, including the effect of our increased ownership interest in the Palazzo communities from our June 2017 reacquisition of the 47% limited partner interest in the related joint venture. Non-Segment Real Estate Operations Operating income amounts not attributed to our Real Estate segment include offsite costs associated with property management, casualty losses, and the results of apartment communities sold or held for sale, reported in consolidated amounts, which we do not allocate to our Real Estate segment for purposes of evaluating segment performance, as described in Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, casualty losses totaled $4.0 million, $8.2 million and $5.6 million, respectively. Casualty losses during the year ended December 31, 2018 included several claims, primarily due to storm and fire damage, partially offset by recovery from insurance carriers for insured losses in excess of policy limits. Casualty losses were elevated during the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to hurricane damage. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, apartment communities previously in our Real Estate portfolio that were sold or classified as held for sale generated net operating income of $22.3 million, $59.6 million and $79.7 million, respectively. Asset Management Results Prior to the July 2018 sale of our Asset Management business, we provided asset management and other services to certain consolidated partnerships owning apartment communities that qualify for low-income housing tax credits and are structured to provide for the pass-through of tax credits and tax deductions to their partners. Contribution from Asset Management in our consolidated financial statements included: fees and other amounts paid to us from the net operating income of partnerships served by our Asset Management business, less interest expense incurred on non-recourse property debt obligations of the partnerships; income associated with delivery of tax credits to the third-party investors in the partnerships; and transactional revenue and other income less asset management expenses, which included certain allocated offsite costs related to the operation of this business. For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017, contribution from Asset Management decreased $19.3 million due to its July 2018 sale. For the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016, contribution from Asset Management decreased $8.8 million due to decreases in tax credit income as the result of delivering final credits and acquiring certain partners’ interests in the partnerships, as well as transactional revenues. Depreciation and Amortization For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017, depreciation and amortization expense increased by $11.6 million primarily due to apartment homes acquired in 2018 and renovated apartment homes placed in service after their completion, partially offset by decreases associated with apartment communities sold. For the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016, depreciation and amortization expense increased by $33.1 million primarily due to renovated apartment homes placed in service after their completion, a full year of depreciation following the 2016 completion of our One Canal development and 2016 acquisition of Indigo, and other capital additions, partially offset by decreases associated with apartment communities sold. General and Administrative Expenses In recent years, we have worked toward simplifying our business, including the sale of our Asset Management Business, which allowed us to reduce overhead and other costs. This simplification and our scale reductions have allowed us to reduce our offsite 27 Table of Contents costs, which consist of general and administrative expenses, property management expenses and investment management expenses, by $6.4 million, or 8.6%, over the last three years. For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017, general and administrative expenses increased $2.6 million, primarily due to higher variable incentive compensation cost. For the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016, general and administrative expenses decreased $3.1 million, primarily due to lower personnel and related costs including incentive compensation, professional services, technology costs and other corporate costs. Other Expenses, Net Other expenses, net includes costs associated with our risk management activities, partnership administration expenses and certain non- recurring items. For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017, other expenses, net decreased by $7.4 million, primarily due to the resolution of our litigation against Airbnb, and settlement of litigation related to the challenge to the title of the La Jolla Cove property which we acquired in 2014. For the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016, other expenses, net decreased by $3.1 million. The decrease was primarily due to the 2016 recognition of estimated future environmental clean-up and abatement costs associated with the matters discussed in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8, partially offset by legal costs we incurred related to a challenge to the title of the La Jolla Cove property. Provision for Real Estate Impairment Loss We recognized no provisions for impairment losses during the years ended December 31, 2018 or 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we agreed to sell our interests in the entities owning the La Jolla Cove property in settlement of legal actions filed in 2014 by a group of disappointed buyers who had hoped to acquire the property. As a result of the settlement, we recognized in our 2017 results a gross impairment loss of $35.8 million, $25.6 million of which related to the establishment of a deferred tax liability assumed in connection with our acquisition of the business entities. The tax liability was assumed by the buyer, resulting in no economic loss to us. The remaining $10.2 million loss was offset by cash distributions paid to us during our ownership and avoided legal costs for continued litigation. On an economic basis, we agreed to sell these entities at roughly our purchase price, adjusted for retained cash distributions and avoided legal costs. Interest Income For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017, interest income increased $2.6 million, primarily due to interest earned on the seller financing notes received as consideration in the sale of the La Jolla Cove property. Interest Expense For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017, interest expense, which includes the amortization of debt issuance costs and amortization of deferred financing costs, increased by $6.0 million, or 3.1%. The increase was primarily due to debt prepayment penalties of $14.9 million incurred in connection with 2018 property-level debt refinancing activity undertaken to refinance property-level debt that was scheduled to mature in 2019, 2020, and 2021, partially offset by a decrease in mortgage interest expense for communities sold and the sale of the Asset Management business in July 2018, and lower corporate-level interest. For the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016, interest expense decreased by $1.8 million, or 0.9%. The decrease was primarily due to lower average outstanding balances on non-recourse property debt for our Real Estate apartment communities and lower interest rates, resulting in an $11.9 million reduction in interest expense. These decreases were partially offset by higher amounts outstanding on corporate borrowings (including our term loan and incremental line borrowings used to temporarily fund the reacquisition of the Palazzo limited partner interests) and a decrease in capitalized interest associated with our redevelopment and development activities. Other, Net Other, net includes our equity in the income or loss of unconsolidated real estate partnerships, and the results of operations related to the NAPICO business, which we accounted for under the profit sharing method prior to the derecognition of the final property during 2017. 28 Table of Contents For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017, other, net decreased by $7.4 million, primarily due to the derecognition of the final NAPICO property in 2017, which resulted in a gain. For the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016, other, net increased by $2.1 million, also attributed to gain recognized upon the derecognition of a NAPICO property. Gain on Dispositions of Real Estate The table below summarizes dispositions of apartment communities from our Real Estate portfolio during the years ended 2018, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in millions): Number of apartment communities sold Real Estate Gross proceeds $ Net proceeds (1) $ Gain on disposition $ 2018 December 31, 2017 2016 4 242.3 235.7 175.2 $ $ $ 5 397.0 385.3 297.9 $ $ $ 7 517.0 511.0 383.6 (1) Net proceeds are after repayment of debt, if any, net working capital settlements, payment of transaction costs and debt prepayment penalties, if applicable. The apartment communities sold from our Real Estate portfolio during 2018, 2017 and 2016 were primarily located outside of our primary markets or in lower-rated locations within our primary markets and had average revenues per apartment home significantly below those of our retained portfolio. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold for $590 million our Asset Management business and our four Hunters Point communities. Please refer to Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for further details regarding this sale. Income Tax Benefit Certain of our operations, including property management and risk management, are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRS entities. Additionally, some of our apartment communities are owned through TRS entities. Our income tax benefit calculated in accordance with GAAP includes: (a) income taxes associated with the income or loss of our TRS entities, for which the tax consequences have been realized or will be realized in future periods; (b) low income housing tax credits generated prior to the sale of our Asset Management business that offset REIT taxable income, primarily from retained capital gains; and (c) historic tax credits that offset income tax obligations of our TRS entities. Income taxes related to these items, as well as changes in valuation allowance and the establishment of incremental deferred tax items in conjunction with intercompany asset transfers (if applicable), are included in income tax benefit in our consolidated statements of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017, income tax benefit decreased by $17.8 million, from $30.8 million to $13.0 million. The decrease is primarily due to the reversal of a $19.3 million net tax benefit we recognized as a result of the December 2017 tax reform legislation in 2017 (as further discussed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8) and higher tax expense related to gains on sale of real estate for communities held through TRS entities. For the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016, income tax benefit increased by $12.0 million, from $18.8 million to $30.8 million. The increase is primarily due to lower tax expense on the gains of sale of apartment communities, higher net operating losses at the TRS entities (including the La Jolla Cove impairment loss discussed above), higher tax benefit associated with low-income housing tax credits, and the $0.5 million net tax benefit we recognized for December 2017 tax reform legislation (as further discussed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8). Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships reflects the results of our consolidated real estate partnerships allocated to the owners who are not affiliated with Aimco. The amounts of income or loss of our consolidated real estate partnerships that we allocate to owners not affiliated with Aimco include their share of property management fees, interest on notes and other amounts that we charge to these partnerships. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we allocated net income of $8.2 million, $9.1 million, and $25.3 million, respectively, to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships. The amount of net income allocated to noncontrolling interests was driven by three primary factors: the operations of the consolidated apartment communities; gains on 29 Table of Contents the sale of apartment communities with noncontrolling interest holders; and the results of operations of the NAPICO business, as further discussed below. • The amount of net income allocated to noncontrolling interests resulting from operations of the consolidated apartment communities was $0.3 million, $2.4 million and $4.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. • Gains on the sale of apartment communities allocated to noncontrolling interests totaled $7.9 million, $7.3 million and $13.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. • We derecognized the NAPICO business in two transactions, which occurred in 2017 and 2016. We allocated an $8.1 million gain on sale and a $0.6 million net loss, respectively, to the noncontrolling interest holders in connection with the 2017 and 2016 transactions. Net Income Attributable to Aimco Preferred Stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s Preferred Unitholders Net income attributable to Aimco preferred stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred unitholders decreased by $3.4 million and $2.9 million, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to 2016. These decreases were primarily due to Aimco’s redemption of its Class Z Preferred Stock in 2016. Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership In Aimco’s consolidated financial statements, noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership reflects the results of the Aimco Operating Partnership that are allocated to the OP Unit holders. Allocations to noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership fluctuate in proportion to variations in net income, as described above. For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017, net income allocated to noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership increased $20.0 million primarily due to the increase in net income, as well as an increase in the percentage allocated following the issuance of OP Units as partial consideration for the acquisition of the four Philadelphia properties, discussed further in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements. Net income allocated to noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased $5.9 million as compared to 2016 due to the decrease in net income between the periods. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions. We believe that the following critical accounting policies involve our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Capitalized Costs We capitalize costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital additions activities, including redevelopments and developments, other tangible apartment community improvements and replacements of existing apartment community components. Included in these capitalized costs are payroll costs associated with time spent by site employees in connection with the planning, execution and control of all capital additions activities at the apartment community level. We characterize as “indirect costs” an allocation of certain department costs, including payroll, at the area operations and corporate levels that clearly relate to capital additions activities. We also capitalize interest, property taxes and insurance during periods in which redevelopments and developments are in progress. We commence capitalization of costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital addition activities, at the point in time when activities necessary to get apartment communities ready for their intended use begin. These activities include when apartment communities or apartment homes are undergoing physical construction, as well as when apartment homes are held vacant in advance of planned construction, provided that other activities such as permitting, planning and design are in progress. We cease the capitalization of costs when the apartment communities or components thereof are substantially complete and ready for their intended use, which is typically when construction has been completed and apartment homes are available for occupancy. We charge costs including ordinary repairs, maintenance and resident turnover costs to property operating expense, as incurred. Refer to the discussion of investing activities within the Liquidity and Capital Resources section for a summary of costs capitalized during the periods presented. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Real estate and other long-lived assets to be held and used are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an apartment community may not be recoverable, we make an assessment of its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount to our estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows, excluding interest charges, of the apartment community. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the apartment community. 30 Table of Contents As part of our portfolio strategy, we seek to sell up to 10% of our portfolio annually and to reinvest the proceeds from such sales in accretive uses such as capital enhancements, redevelopments, occasional developments, and selective acquisitions with projected Free Cash Flow internal rates of return higher than expected from the communities being sold. As we execute this strategy, we evaluate alternatives to sell or reduce our interest in apartment communities that do not align with our long-term investment strategy, although there is no assurance that we will sell or reduce our investment in such apartment communities during the desired time frame. For any apartment communities that are sold or meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale during the next 12 months, the reduction in the estimated holding period for these apartment communities may result in impairment losses. Non-GAAP Measures Various of the key financial indicators we use in managing our business and in evaluating our financial condition and operating performance are non-GAAP measures. Key non-GAAP measures we use are defined and described below, and for those non-GAAP measures used or disclosed within this annual report, reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable financial measure computed in accordance with GAAP are provided. We measure our long-term total return using Economic Income, which is a non-GAAP financial measure and is defined and further described below under the Economic Income heading. Funds from Operations, or FFO, Pro forma FFO and Adjusted FFO, or AFFO, are non-GAAP financial measures, which are defined and further described below under the Funds From Operations, Pro forma Funds From Operations and Adjusted Funds From Operations heading. Net Asset Value, or NAV, Free Cash Flow, or FCF, as calculated for our retained portfolio, represents an apartment community’s property net operating income, or NOI, less spending for Capital Replacements, which represents our estimation of the capital additions made to replace capital assets consumed during our ownership period (further discussed under the Funds From Operations, Pro forma Funds From Operations and Adjusted Funds From Operations heading and the Liquidity and Capital Resources heading). FCF margin as calculated for apartment communities sold represents the sold apartment community’s NOI less $1,200 per apartment home of assumed annual capital replacement spending, as a percentage of the apartment community’s rental and other property revenues. Capital replacement spending represents a measure of capital asset usage during the period; therefore, we believe that FCF is useful to investors as a supplemental measure of apartment community performance because it takes into consideration costs incurred during the period to replace capital assets that have been consumed during our ownership. Economic Income Economic Income represents stockholder value creation as measured by the change in estimated NAV per share plus cash dividends per share. We believe Economic Income is important to investors as it represents a measure of the total return we have earned for our stockholders. NAV, as used in our calculation of Economic Income, is a non-GAAP measure and represents the estimated fair value of assets net of liabilities attributable to Aimco’s common stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders on a diluted basis. We believe NAV is considered useful by some investors in real estate companies because the value of company assets can be readily estimated, even for non-earning assets such as land or properties under development. NAV has the advantage of incorporating the investment decisions of thousands of real estate investors. We believe it enhances comparability among companies that have differences in their accounting. While NAV is not identical to liquidation value in that some costs and benefits are disregarded, it is often considered a floor with upside for value ascribed to the operating platform. NAV also provides an objective basis for the perceived quality and predictability of future cash flows as well as their expected growth as these are factors considered by real estate investors. Our estimated NAV per share and the quoted share price of Aimco Common Stock are not necessarily equal. Although we use Economic Income and NAV for comparability in assessing our value creation compared to other REITs, not all REITs publish these measures and those who do may not compute them in the same manner. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing these measures is comparable with that of other REITs. We report NAV on a semiannual basis, as of the end of the first and third quarters. Economic Income for 2018 was calculated using the change in NAV per share between September 30, 2017 and 2018. NAV will fluctuate over time. This NAV information should not be relied upon as representative of the amount a stockholder could expect to receive in a liquidation event, now or in the future. Certain assets are excluded as are certain liabilities, such as taxes and transaction costs associated with a liquidation. In addition, NAV is based on management’s subjective judgments, assumptions and opinions as of the date of determination. We assume no obligation to revise or update NAV to reflect subsequent or future events or circumstances. Our NAV estimate is subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, including, without limitation, those described in Item 1A. Risk Factors. 31 Table of Contents A reconciliation of NAV to Aimco’s total equity, which we believe is the most directly comparable GAAP measure, as of September 30, 2018, is provided below (in millions, except per share data): Total equity Fair value adjustment for Real Estate portfolio Less: consolidated real estate, at depreciated cost Plus: fair value of real estate (1) Stabilized portfolio fair value (2) Non-stabilized portfolio fair value (3) Total real estate at fair value Adjustment to present real estate at fair value Fair value adjustment for total indebtedness Plus: consolidated total indebtedness, net related to Real Estate portfolio Less: fair value of indebtedness related to real estate shown above (4) Adjustment to present indebtedness at fair value Adjustments to present other tangible assets, liabilities and preferred equity at fair value (5) Estimated NAV Total shares, units and dilutive share equivalents (6) Estimated NAV per weighted average common share and unit - diluted $ 2,194 $ (5,731 ) $ 10,806 2,052 12,858 3,647 (3,591 ) $ $ 7,127 56 (155 ) 9,222 166 56 (1) We compute NAV by estimating the value of our communities, using methods we believe are appropriate based on the characteristics of the communities. For purposes of estimating NAV, real estate at fair value disclosed above includes wholly owned apartment communities plus our proportionate share of communities held by non-wholly owned entities (both consolidated and unconsolidated). A reconciliation of our consolidated apartment communities to those communities included in total real estate at fair value in the table above is as follows: Consolidated apartment communities as of September 30, 2018 Plus: Unconsolidated apartment communities Apartment communities in total real estate at fair value for NAV 129 4 133 For valuation purposes at September 30, 2018, we segregated these 133 communities into the following categories: stabilized portfolio and non- stabilized portfolio. (2) As of September 30, 2018, our stabilized portfolio includes 122 communities that had reached stabilized operations and were not expected to be sold within twelve months. We value this portfolio using a direct capitalization rate method based on the annualized proportionate property NOI for the three months ended September 30, 2018, less a 2% management fee. Market property management fees range between 1.5% and 3.0% with larger, higher quality portfolios at the lower end of that range. The weighted average estimated capitalization rate as applied to the annualized property NOI was 4.96%, which we calculate on a property-by-property basis, based primarily on information published by a third-party. Community characteristics that we use to determine comparable market capitalization rates include: the market in which the community is located; infill or suburban location within the market; property quality grade; and whether the community is stabilized or value-add. We used this valuation method for approximately 84% of real estate fair value at September 30, 2018. (3) The non-stabilized portfolio includes six apartment communities under redevelopment or development at September 30, 2018. We valued these communities by discounting projected future cash flows. Key assumptions used to estimate the value of these communities include: revenues, which are based on in-place rents, projected submarket rent growth to community stabilization based on projections published by third parties and adjusted for the impacts of redevelopment; expenses, which are based on estimated operating costs adjusted for inflation and a management fee equal to 2% of projected revenue; estimated remaining costs to complete construction; and a terminal value based on current market capitalization rates plus five basis points per year from September 30, 2018 to community stabilization. Discount rates applied to estimated future cash flows of these communities ranged between 6.30% and 6.40% depending on construction and lease-up progress as of September 30, 2018. We used this valuation method for approximately 12% of the real estate fair value at September 30, 2018. The non-stabilized portfolio also included five recently acquired apartment communities valued at purchase price and certain land investments at Aimco’s carrying value that represent approximately 4% of real estate fair value at September 30, 2018. Our calculation of NAV does not include such future values as air rights, the potential for increased density, nor the potential for completion of future phases of redevelopments. (4) We calculate the fair value of indebtedness related to real estate as the carrying value of our non-recourse property debt adjusted for the mark-to-market asset on our fixed-rate property debt as of September 30, 2018, plus the outstanding balances on the revolving line of credit and term loan, which approximate their fair value as of September 30, 2018. The fair value of debt takes into account the duration of the existing property debt, as well as its loan to value ratio and debt service coverage. For purposes of estimating NAV, the fair value of debt includes our proportionate share of debt related to non-wholly owned entities (both consolidated and unconsolidated). 32 Table of Contents (5) Other tangible assets consist of cash, restricted cash, accounts receivable and other assets for which we reasonably expect to receive cash through the normal course of operations or another future event. Other tangible liabilities consist of accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other tangible liabilities we reasonably expect to settle in cash through the normal course of operations or another future event. Other tangible assets and liabilities were generally valued at their carrying amounts and reduced by the noncontrolling interests’ portion of these amounts and exclude intangible assets and liabilities reflected on our consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of our preferred stock is estimated as the closing share price on September 30, 2018, less accrued dividends. Such accrued dividends are assumed to be accounted for in the closing share price and these amounts are also included in other tangible liabilities. For purposes of this NAV calculation, no realizable value has been assigned to goodwill or other intangible assets. Deferred income, which includes below market lease liabilities, recognized in accordance with GAAP in connection with the purchase of the related apartment communities, and cash received in prior periods and required to be deferred under GAAP, is excluded from this NAV calculation. (6) Total shares, units and dilutive share equivalents represents Common Stock, OP Units, participating unvested restricted shares and the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding as of September 30, 2018. Funds From Operations, Pro forma Funds From Operations and Adjusted Funds From Operations FFO is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe, when considered with the financial statements determined in accordance with GAAP, is helpful to investors in understanding our performance because it captures features particular to real estate performance by recognizing that real estate generally appreciates over time or maintains residual value to a much greater extent than do other depreciable assets such as machinery, computers or other personal property. The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or Nareit, defines FFO as net income computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding: depreciation and amortization related to real estate; gains and losses from sales and impairment of depreciable assets and land used in our primary business; and income taxes, current or deferred, directly associated with a gain or loss on sale of real estate, and including our share of the FFO of unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. Adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures are calculated on the same basis to determine FFO. We calculate FFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders (diluted) by subtracting dividends on preferred stock and amounts allocated from FFO to participating securities. In addition to FFO, we compute Pro forma FFO and AFFO, which are also non-GAAP financial measures that we believe are helpful to investors in understanding our performance. Pro forma FFO represents FFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders (diluted), excluding preferred equity redemption-related amounts and certain other income or costs, adjusted for noncontrolling interests. Preferred equity redemption-related amounts (gains or losses) are items that periodically affect our operating results and we exclude these items from our calculation of Pro forma FFO because such amounts are not representative of our operating performance. In computing 2018 Pro forma FFO, we made a number of adjustments. We were engaged in litigation with Airbnb, which was resolved during the year. Due to the unpredictable nature of these proceedings, related amounts recognized, net of income tax effect, have been excluded from Pro forma FFO. In connection with the sale of our Asset Management business, we incurred severance costs during 2018. We exclude such costs from Pro forma FFO because we believe these costs incurred are closely related to the sale of the business. We also excluded from Pro forma FFO the tax benefit due to the release of a valuation allowance. Due to the sale of the Asset Management business, we expect to realize our deferred tax benefits. As a result, we determined the valuation allowance recorded in connection with recognizing the effect of the 2017 tax reform is no longer necessary. We excluded the effect of the establishment of the valuation allowance from Pro forma FFO and as such have excluded the benefit from its release. We have also excluded the impact of tax reform. Finally, we addressed approximately half of our property loans maturing in 2019, 2020 and 2021. In connection with this activity, we incurred debt extinguishment costs, which we have excluded from Pro forma FFO. AFFO represents Pro forma FFO reduced by Capital Replacements, which represents our estimation of the actual capital additions made to replace capital assets consumed during our ownership period. When we make capital additions at an apartment community, we evaluate whether the additions extend the useful life of an asset as compared to its condition at the time we purchased the apartment community. We classify as Capital Improvements those capital additions that meet these criteria, and we classify as Capital Replacements those that do not. AFFO is a key financial indicator we use to evaluate our operational performance and is one of the factors that we use to determine the amounts of our dividend payments. FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO should not be considered alternatives to net income, as determined in accordance with GAAP, as indications of our performance. Although we use these non-GAAP measures for comparability in assessing our performance compared to other REITs, not all REITs compute these same measures and those who do may not compute them in the same manner. Additionally, computation of AFFO is subject to our definition of Capital Replacement spending. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing these non-GAAP measures is comparable with that of other REITs. 33 Table of Contents For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, Aimco’s FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO are calculated as follows (in thousands): Net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders (1) Adjustments: Real estate depreciation and amortization, net of noncontrolling partners’ interest Gain on dispositions and other, net of noncontrolling partners’ interest Income tax adjustments related to gain on dispositions and other items (2) Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership’s share of above adjustments Amounts allocable to participating securities FFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders – diluted Adjustments, all net of common noncontrolling interests in Aimco OP and participating securities: Preferred equity redemption related amounts Tax provision (benefit) related to tax reform legislation (3) Tax benefit due to release of valuation allowance (4) Litigation, net (5) Severance costs (6) Prepayment penalties, net (7) Pro forma FFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders – diluted Capital Replacements, net of common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership and participating securities AFFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders – diluted Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted (FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO) (8) Net income attributable to Aimco per common share – diluted FFO per share – diluted Pro Forma FFO per share – diluted AFFO per share – diluted 2018 2017 2016 $ 656,597 $ 306,861 $ 417,781 368,961 (669,450 ) 27,310 14,063 402 397,883 $ — 273 (19,349 ) (8,558 ) 1,282 14,089 385,620 $ 352,109 (262,583 ) (8,265 ) (3,810 ) (81 ) 384,231 $ — (498 ) — — — — 383,733 $ 314,840 (381,131 ) 6,374 2,782 88 360,734 1,877 — — — — — 362,611 (48,493 ) 337,127 $ (51,760 ) 331,973 $ (55,289 ) 307,322 156,053 156,796 156,391 4.21 $ 2.55 $ 2.47 $ 2.16 $ 1.96 2.45 2.45 2.12 $ $ $ $ 2.67 2.31 2.32 1.97 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (1) Represents the numerator for calculating Aimco’s earnings per common share in accordance with GAAP (see Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8). (2) For the year ended December 31, 2018, income taxes related to gain on dispositions and other items includes tax on the gain on the sale of the Asset Management business, as well as tax on the gain on the sale of apartment communities during the year ended December 31, 2018. (3) In connection with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act signed into law in December 2017, we recognized income tax benefit during 2017 and adjusted the estimated impact of tax reform upon the conclusion of our analysis of the effects during 2018. We have excluded such amounts from Pro forma FFO. (4) Due to the sale of the Asset Management business, we expect to realize our deferred tax benefits. As a result, we have determined that a valuation allowance is no longer necessary. We excluded the effect of the establishment of the valuation allowance from Pro forma FFO and as such have excluded the benefit from its release. (5) During 2018, we were engaged in litigation with Airbnb, which was resolved during the year. Due to the unpredictable nature of these proceedings, related amounts recognized, net of income tax effect, have been excluded from Pro forma FFO. (6) We incurred severance costs in connection with the sale of our Asset Management business. We exclude such costs from Pro forma FFO because we believe these costs are closely related to the sale of the business. (7) In connection with 2018 refinancing activity undertaken related to property-level debt scheduled to mature in 2019, 2020 and 2021, we incurred debt extinguishment costs, net of income tax effect, which have been excluded from Pro forma FFO. (8) Represents the denominator for Aimco’s earnings per common share – diluted, calculated in accordance with GAAP. Refer to the Executive Overview for discussion of our Pro forma FFO and AFFO results for 2018, as compared to their comparable periods in 2017. 34 Table of Contents Refer to the Liquidity and Capital Resources section for further information regarding our capital investing activities, including Capital Replacements. The Aimco Operating Partnership does not separately compute or report FFO, Pro forma FFO or AFFO. However, based on Aimco’s method for allocation of such amounts to noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership, as well as limited differences between the amounts of net income attributable to Aimco’s common stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s unit holders during the periods presented, FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO amounts on a per unit basis for the Aimco Operating Partnership would be expected to be substantially the same as the corresponding per share amounts for Aimco. Leverage Ratios As discussed under the Balance Sheet and Liquidity heading, as part of our leverage strategy, we target the ratio of Proportionate Debt and Preferred Equity to Adjusted EBITDA to be below 7.0x and we target the ratio of Adjusted EBITDA to Adjusted Interest Expense and Preferred Dividends to be greater than 2.5x. We believe these ratios are important measures as they are commonly used by investors and analysts to assess the relative financial risk associated with balance sheets of companies within the same industry, and they are believed to be similar to measures used by rating agencies to assess entity credit quality. We calculate Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Interest Expense used in our leverage ratios based on the most recent three month amounts, annualized. Proportionate Debt, as used in our leverage ratios, is a non-GAAP measure and includes our share of the long-term, non-recourse property debt secured by apartment communities in the Real Estate portfolio and outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility, reduced by our share of the cash and restricted cash of our consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships owning communities in our Real Estate portfolio, and also by our investment in the subordinate tranches of a securitization trust that holds certain of our property debt, which is essentially an investment in our own non-recourse property loans. In our Proportionate Debt computation, we increase our recorded debt by unamortized debt issue costs because these amounts represent cash expended in earlier periods and do not reduce our contractual obligations, and we reduce our recorded debt by the amounts of cash and restricted cash on-hand which are primarily restricted under the terms of our property debt agreements, assuming these amounts would be used to reduce our outstanding leverage. We further reduce our recorded debt by the value of our investment in a securitization trust that holds certain of our property debt, as our payments of principal and interest associated with such property debt will ultimately repay our investments in the trust. We believe Proportionate Debt is useful to investors as it is a measure of our net exposure to debt obligations. Proportionate Debt, as used in our leverage ratios, is calculated as set forth in the table below. Preferred Equity, as used in our leverage ratios, represents the redemption amounts for Aimco’s preferred stock and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred OP Units. Preferred Equity, although perpetual in nature, is another component of our overall leverage. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure. We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides investors relevant and useful information because it allows investors to view income from our operations on an unleveraged basis, before the effects of taxes, depreciation and amortization, gains or losses on sales of and impairment losses related to real estate, and various other items described below. Adjusted EBITDA represents Aimco’s share of the consolidated amount of our net income, adjusted to exclude the effect of the following items for the reasons set forth below: • Adjusted Interest Expense, defined below, to allow investors to compare a measure of our earnings before the effects of our indebtedness with that of other companies in the real estate industry; • • • • preferred dividends, to allow investors to compare a measure of our performance before the effects of our capital structure with that of other companies in the real estate industry; income taxes, to allow investors to measure our performance independent of income taxes, which may vary significantly from other companies within our industry due to leverage and tax planning strategies, among other factors; depreciation and amortization, gains or losses on dispositions and impairment losses related to real estate, for similar reasons to those set forth in our discussion of FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO in the preceding section; and other items, including gains on dispositions of non-depreciable assets, as these are items that periodically affect our operations but that are not necessarily representative of our ability to service our debt obligations. 35 Table of Contents While Adjusted EBITDA is a relevant measure of performance and is commonly used in leverage ratios, it does not represent net income as defined by GAAP, and should not be considered as an alternative to net income in evaluating our performance. Further, our definition and computation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similar measures reported by other companies. Adjusted Interest Expense, as calculated in our leverage ratios, is a non-GAAP measure that we believe is meaningful for investors and analysts as it presents our share of current recurring interest requirements associated with leverage. Adjusted Interest Expense represents our proportionate share of interest expense on non-recourse property debt encumbering apartment communities in the Real Estate portfolio and interest expense on our term loan and revolving credit facility borrowings. We exclude from our calculation of Adjusted Interest Expense: • • • debt prepayment penalties, which are items that, from time to time, affect our operating results, but are not representative of our scheduled interest obligations; the amortization of debt issue costs, as these amounts have been expended in previous periods and are not representative of our current or prospective debt service requirements; and the income we receive on our investment in the securitization trust that holds certain of our property debt, as this income is being generated indirectly from interest we pay with respect to property debt held by the trust. Preferred Dividends represents the preferred dividends paid on Aimco’s preferred stock and the preferred distributions paid on the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred OP Units, exclusive of preferred equity redemption related amounts. We add Preferred Dividends to Adjusted Interest Expense for a more complete picture of the interest and dividend requirements of our leverage, inclusive of perpetual preferred equity. 36 Table of Contents Reconciliations of the most closely related GAAP measures to our calculations of Proportionate Debt, Preferred Equity, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Interest Expense and Preferred Dividends, as used in our leverage ratios, are as follows (in thousands): Total indebtedness associated with Real Estate portfolio Adjustments: Debt issue costs related to non-recourse property debt Debt related to assets classified as held for sale Proportionate share adjustments related to debt obligations of consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships Cash and restricted cash Proportionate share adjustments related to cash and restricted cash held by consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships Securitization trust investment and other Proportionate Debt Preferred stock Preferred OP Units Preferred Equity Proportionate Debt and Preferred Equity Net income attributable to Aimco Common Stockholders Adjustments: Adjusted Interest Expense Income tax benefit Depreciation and amortization, net of noncontrolling interest Gain on dispositions and other, inclusive of related income taxes and net of noncontrolling partners’ interests Preferred stock dividends Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership Pro forma adjustment (1) Adjusted EBITDA Annualized Adjusted EBITDA December 31, 2018 4,075,665 21,695 22,693 (9,533) (72,595) 912 (88,457) 3,950,380 125,000 101,291 226,291 4,176,671 Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 5,226 38,424 (409) 91,249 2,311 2,148 2,291 3,342 144,582 578,328 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (1) Our Adjusted EBITDA has been calculated on a pro forma basis to adjust for significant items impacting the three months ended December 31, 2018 for which annualization would distort the results. Interest expense Adjustments: Proportionate share adjustments related to interest of consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships Debt prepayment penalties and other non-interest items Amortization of debt issue costs Interest income earned on securitization trust investment Adjusted Interest Expense Preferred stock dividends Preferred OP Unit distributions Preferred Dividends Adjusted Interest Expense and Preferred Dividends Annualized Adjusted Interest Expense Annualized Adjusted Interest Expense and Preferred Dividends Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 57,441 (84) (15,531) (1,441) (1,961) 38,424 2,148 1,934 4,082 42,506 153,696 170,024 $ $ $ $ $ 37 Table of Contents Liquidity and Capital Resources Liquidity Liquidity is the ability to meet present and future financial obligations. Our primary source of liquidity is cash flow from operations. Additional sources are proceeds from sales of apartment communities, proceeds from refinancings of existing property debt, borrowings under new property debt, borrowings under our revolving credit facility and proceeds from equity offerings. Our principal uses for liquidity include normal operating activities, payments of principal and interest on outstanding property debt, capital expenditures, dividends paid to stockholders, distributions paid to noncontrolling interest partners and acquisitions of apartment communities. We use our cash and cash equivalents and our cash provided by operating activities to meet short-term liquidity needs. In the event that our cash and cash equivalents and cash provided by operating activities are not sufficient to cover our short-term liquidity needs, we have additional means, such as short-term borrowing availability and proceeds from apartment community sales and refinancings. We may use our revolving credit facility for working capital and other short-term purposes, such as funding investments on an interim basis. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements, such as debt maturities, redevelopment spending and apartment community acquisitions, through primarily non-recourse, long-term borrowings, the issuance of equity securities (including OP Units), the sale of apartment communities and cash generated from operations. As of December 31, 2018, our primary sources of liquidity were as follows: • $36.9 million in cash and cash equivalents; • $35.7 million of restricted cash, which consists primarily of escrows related to resident security deposits and reserves and escrows held by lenders for capital additions, property taxes and insurance; and • $632.5 million of available capacity to borrow under our revolving credit facility after consideration of $7.1 million of letters of credit backed by the facility. At December 31, 2018, we also held unencumbered apartment communities with an estimated fair market value of approximately $2.7 billion, up 50.0% from December 31, 2017. Leverage and Capital Resources The availability of credit and its related effect on the overall economy may affect our liquidity and future financing activities, both through changes in interest rates and access to financing. Currently, interest rates are low compared to historical levels and many lenders are active in the market. However, any adverse changes in the lending environment could negatively affect our liquidity. We believe we have mitigated much of this exposure by reducing our short and intermediate term maturity risk through refinancing such loans with long-dated, fixed-rate property debt. However, if property financing options become unavailable for our further debt needs, we may consider alternative sources of liquidity, such as reductions in capital spending or proceeds from apartment community dispositions. Two credit rating agencies rate our creditworthiness and both have rated our credit and outlook as BBB- (stable), an investment grade rating. Our investment grade rating would be useful in accessing capital through the sale of bonds in private or public transactions. However, our intention and historical practice has been to raise debt capital in the form of property-level, non-recourse, long-dated, fixed-rate, amortizing debt, the cost of which is generally less than that of recourse debt and the terms of which also provide for greater balance sheet safety. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 91.0% of our leverage consisted of property-level, non-recourse, long-dated, amortizing debt. Approximately 93.4% of our property-level debt is fixed-rate, which provides a hedge against increases in interest rates, capitalization rates and inflation. The weighted average maturity of our property-level debt was 8.0 years. Of our property-level debt, $167.5 million of our unpaid principal balances mature during 2019. On average, 7.6% of our unpaid principal balances will mature each year from 2020 through 2022. While our primary source of leverage is property-level, non-recourse, long-dated, fixed-rate, amortizing debt, we also have a credit facility with a syndicate of financial institutions. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we exercised our $200.0 million expansion option on the credit facility, increasing the total capacity to $800.0 million. As of December 31, 2018, we had $160.4 million of outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility, which represented 3.7% of our total leverage. As of December 31, 2018, our outstanding perpetual preferred equity represented approximately 5.2% of our total leverage. Our preferred securities are perpetual in nature; however, for illustrative purposes, we compute the weighted average maturity of our total leverage assuming a 40- year maturity on our preferred securities. 38 Table of Contents The combination of non-recourse property level debt, borrowings under our revolving credit facility and perpetual preferred equity that comprises our total leverage, reduces our refunding and re-pricing risk. The weighted average maturity for our total leverage described above was 9.5 years as of December 31, 2018. Under the revolving credit facility, we have agreed to maintain a Fixed Charge Coverage ratio of 1.40x, as well as other covenants customary for similar revolving credit arrangements. For the year ended December 31, 2018, our Fixed Charge Coverage ratio was 2.05x, compared to ratio of 2.01x for the year ended December 31, 2017. We expect to remain in compliance with this covenant during the next 12 months. Changes in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash The following discussion relates to changes in consolidated cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash due to operating, investing and financing activities, which are presented in our consolidated statements of cash flows in Item 8 of this report. Operating Activities For the year ended December 31, 2018, our net cash provided by operating activities was $396.4 million. Our operating cash flow is affected primarily by rental rates, occupancy levels and operating expenses related to our portfolio of apartment communities. Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018, increased by $4.3 million compared to 2017, due to improved operating results of our Same Store communities, contribution from acquired communities and increased contribution from redevelopment and lease-up communities, partially offset by a decrease in the net operating income associated with apartment communities we sold during 2018 and our sale of the Asset Management business. Investing Activities For the year ended December 31, 2018, net cash provided by investing activities of $121.8 million consisted primarily of $708.8 million in proceeds from the disposition of the Asset Management business, four apartment communities located in the Hunters Point area of San Francisco, and four other apartment communities, partially offset by the acquisitions of Bent Tree Apartments, Avery Row, four apartment communities in Philadelphia, and capital expenditures. Capital additions for our Real Estate segment totaled $338.8 million, $321.9 million and $312.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We generally fund capital additions with cash provided by operating activities and cash proceeds from sales of apartment communities. We categorize capital spending for communities in our Real Estate portfolio broadly into six primary categories: • • • • • • capital replacements, which represent capital additions made to replace the portion of acquired apartment communities consumed during our period of ownership; capital improvements, which represent capital additions made to replace the portion of acquired apartment communities consumed prior to our period of ownership; capital enhancements, which may include kitchen and bath remodeling, energy conservation projects and investments in longer-lived materials designed to reduce turnover and maintenance costs, all of which are generally lesser in scope than redevelopment additions and do not significantly disrupt property operations; redevelopment additions, which represent capital additions intended to enhance the value of the apartment community through the ability to generate higher average rental rates, and may include costs related to entitlement, which enhance the value of a community through increased density, and costs related to renovation of exteriors, common areas or apartment homes; development additions, which represent construction and related capitalized costs associated with development of apartment communities; and casualty capital additions, which represent construction and related capitalized costs incurred in connection with the restoration of an apartment community after a casualty event such as a severe snow storm, hurricane, tornado, flood or fire. We exclude the amounts of capital spending related to apartment communities sold or classified as held for sale at the end of the period from the foregoing measures. 39 Table of Contents A summary of the capital spending for these categories, along with a reconciliation of the total for these categories to the capital expenditures reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, are presented below (dollars in thousands): 2018 2017 2016 Real Estate Capital replacements Capital improvements Capital enhancements Redevelopment additions Development additions Casualty capital additions Real Estate capital additions Plus: additions related to consolidated Asset Management communities and apartment communities sold or held for sale Consolidated capital additions Plus: net change in accrued capital spending $ $ 37,472 16,055 102,910 114,756 61,185 6,425 338,803 9,914 348,717 (8,228) Capital expenditures per consolidated statement of cash flows $ 340,489 $ 34,892 16,729 91,360 156,140 14,249 8,556 321,926 32,303 354,229 3,875 358,104 $ $ 38,088 14,922 68,340 155,398 31,823 4,201 312,772 25,742 338,514 8,131 346,645 For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we capitalized $7.6 million, $7.6 million and $9.6 million of interest costs, respectively, and $36.8 million, $36.0 million and $32.9 million of other direct and indirect costs, respectively. Redevelopment/Development We execute redevelopments using a range of approaches. We prefer to limit risk by executing redevelopments using a phased approach, in which we renovate an apartment community in stages. Smaller phases provide us the flexibility to maintain current earnings while aligning the timing of the completed apartment homes with market demand. The following table summarizes ongoing redevelopments of this nature at December 31, 2018 (dollars in millions): Bay Parc Calhoun Beach Club Flamingo South Beach Palazzo West at The Grove Yorktown Other Total Location Miami, FL Minneapolis, MN Miami Beach, FL Los Angeles, CA Lombard, IL Various Apartment Homes Approved for Redevelopment Estimated/Potential Net Investment Inception-to-Date Net Investment 60 275 — 389 292 92 1,108 $ $ 24.1 28.7 39.7 24.5 25.7 12.9 155.6 $ $ 20.6 10.5 14.2 19.1 20.0 12.9 97.3 40 Table of Contents We also undertake ground-up development when warranted by risk-adjusted investment returns, either directly or in connection with the redevelopment of an existing apartment community. When smaller redevelopment phases are not possible, we may engage in redevelopment activities where an entire building or community is vacated. The following table summarizes our investments related to these developments and redevelopments at December 31, 2018 (dollars in millions): Apartment Homes Approved for Redevelopment or Development Location Estimated/Potential Net Investment Inception-to- Date Net Investment Stabilized Occupancy NOI Stabilization The Fremont (formerly Anschutz Expansion) Denver, CO (MSA) Elm Creek Townhomes Parc Mosaic Park Towne Place Total Elmhurst, IL Boulder, CO Philadelphia, PA 253 $ 58 226 940 1,477 $ 87.0 35.1 117.0 176.5 415.6 $ $ 10.6 11.3 68.9 172.9 263.7 3Q 2021 2Q 2021 4Q 2020 1Q 2019 4Q 2022 3Q 2022 1Q 2022 2Q 2020 Net investment represents the total actual or estimated investment, net of tax and other credits earned as a direct result of our redevelopment or development of the community. For phased redevelopments, potential net investment relates to the current phase of the redevelopment. Stabilized Occupancy represents the period in which we expect to achieve stabilized occupancy, generally greater than 90%. NOI Stabilization represents the period in which we expect the communities to achieve stabilized rents and operating costs, generally five quarters after occupancy stabilization. Our total estimated or potential net investment in redevelopment and development is $571.2 million with a projected weighted average net operating income yield on these investments of 6.1%, assuming untrended rents. Of this total, $361.0 million has been funded. We expect to fund the remaining redevelopment and development investment through a combination of leverage and proceeds from community sales. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we invested $175.9 million in redevelopment and development activities. In Boulder, Colorado, we have invested $68.9 million in the development of Parc Mosaic, a 226-unit apartment home community. The site is two miles from the new Google campus and is across the street from Ball Aerospace’s Technology Campus and Foothills Hospital. Building in Boulder is highly regulated and new supply is limited, notwithstanding higher enrollment at the University of Colorado and increased employment generally. At the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, we exercised our option to acquire approximately two acres of land adjacent to our 21 Fitzsimons apartment community, and broke ground on the development of The Fremont, a 253-apartment home community. We expect to invest approximately $87.0 million to construct the community, which is expected to be ready for occupancy in late 2020. We also commenced the next phase of redevelopment at our Flamingo community, located in Miami Beach, bringing our potential net new investment to $39.7 million. This phase includes extensive redevelopment of retail, leasing, and common areas, including major enhancements to the entryway. In Center City, Philadelphia, we completed the redevelopment of Park Towne Place, and as of December 31, 2018, we had leased 95.6% of the apartment homes at the community. This multi-year redevelopment of 940 apartment homes, amenities, and common area spaces, was executed on plan and leased-up in-line with expectations with expected free cash flow returns of 9.2%. In San Jose, we completed the redevelopment of Saybrook Pointe, a 324-apartment home, garden-style community. Construction was completed on-time and in-line with underwritten costs, and lease-up of the community finished ahead of schedule and at rates above underwriting, increasing the expected free cash flow return to 14.3%, a 100 basis point outperformance to underwriting. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we leased 457 apartment homes at our redevelopment and development communities. At December 31, 2018, our exposure to lease-up at active redevelopment and development communities was approximately 366 apartment homes, of which 208 were being constructed at Parc Mosaic, and 158 were located in four other communities. Additionally, we expect to acquire One Ardmore in 2019 upon its completion, as part of the Philadelphia portfolio acquisition announced in April 2018. This acquisition will increase our exposure to lease-up risk by approximately 100 apartment homes. 41 Table of Contents We expect our total development and redevelopment spending to range from $225 million to $275 million for the year ending December 31, 2019. Financing Activities For the year ended December 31, 2018, our net cash used in financing activities of $588.2 million was attributed to the items discussed below. Net borrowings on our revolving credit facility primarily relate to the timing of short-term working capital needs. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we repaid the $250.0 million term loan in full. Proceeds from non-recourse property debt borrowings during the year consisted of the closing of 14 fixed-rate, amortizing, non-recourse property loans totaling $982.4 million. On a weighted basis, the term of these loans averaged 9.4 years and their interest rates averaged 4.03%, 112 basis points more than the corresponding Treasury rate at the time of pricing. The net effect of 2018 fixed-rate property debt refinancing activities has been to lower our weighted average fixed interest rate by 42 basis points since December 31, 2017, to 4.22%. Proceeds from non-recourse property debt borrowing during the period also included the closing of four non-recourse, variable-rate property loans totaling $245.6 million. On a weighted basis, the term of these loans averaged 5 years and the loans bear interest at a weighted average rate of 30-day LIBOR plus 1.20%. The five-year terms fill a void in our laddered maturities and, taken together with the repayment of the variable-rate term loan, reduce our exposure to changing short-term interest rates to approximately 9.75% of our leverage. Principal payments on property loans during the year totaled $976.1 million, consisting of $82.4 million of scheduled principal amortization and repayments of $893.7 million. Aimco common share repurchase, and OP unit and preferred partnership unit redemptions during the year totaled $373.6 million (plus an additional $20.7 million, which settled in January 2019) and $9.9 million, respectively. Net cash used in financing activities also includes $275.3 million of dividend and distribution payments to equity holders, as further detailed in the table below. Equity and Partners’ Capital Transactions The following table presents the Aimco Operating Partnership’s distribution activity (including distributions paid to Aimco) during the year ended December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands): Cash distributions paid to holders of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Cash distributions paid by the Aimco Operating Partnership to preferred unitholders (1) Cash distributions paid by the Aimco Operating Partnership to common unitholders (2) Total cash distributions paid by the Aimco Operating Partnership (1) $8.6 million represented distributions to Aimco, and $7.7 million represented distributions paid to holders of OP Units. (2) $237.5 million represented distributions to Aimco, and $11.9 million represented distributions paid to holders of OP Units. The following table presents Aimco’s dividend activity during the year ended December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands): Cash distributions paid to holders of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Cash distributions paid to holders of OP Units (other than Aimco) Cash dividends paid by Aimco to preferred stockholders Cash dividends paid by Aimco to common stockholders Total cash dividends and distributions paid by Aimco $ $ $ $ 9,469 16,334 249,491 275,294 9,469 19,727 8,594 237,504 275,294 During the year ended December 31, 2018, we repurchased 8.2 million shares of common stock and initiated trades that settled in the month ended January 31, 2019, for an additional 0.5 million shares, all for $394.1 million, approximately a 20% discount to Aimco’s estimated NAV at the time of repurchase. The unsettled shares are included in Class A Common Stock outstanding at December 31, 2018. 42 Table of Contents Contractual Obligations This table summarizes information contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding payments due under contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands): Non-recourse property debt - Real Estate (1) Revolving credit facility borrowings (2) Interest related to long-term debt - Real Estate (3) Office space lease obligations Ground lease obligations (4) Construction obligations (5) Total Total 3,937,000 $ 160,360 1,066,558 22,874 434,056 206,957 5,827,805 $ $ $ Less than One Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years More than Five Years 246,345 $ — 167,382 2,237 2,114 164,549 582,627 $ 839,556 $ — 290,105 5,540 4,789 42,408 1,182,398 $ 741,941 $ 160,360 205,471 4,453 4,984 — 1,117,209 $ 2,109,158 — 403,600 10,644 422,169 — 2,945,571 (1) Includes scheduled principal amortization and maturity payments related to our non-recourse property debt secured by communities in our Real Estate portfolio. (2) Includes outstanding borrowings on our revolving credit facility assuming repayment at the contractual maturity date. Our revolving credit facility is subject to an annual commitment fee (0.25% of aggregate commitments), which is not included in the amounts above. (3) Includes interest related to both fixed-rate and variable-rate non-recourse property debt, and our variable-rate revolving credit facility borrowings. Interest related to variable-rate debt is estimated based on the rate effective at December 31, 2018. Refer to Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for a description of average interest rates associated with our debt. (4) These ground leases expire in years ranging from 2070 to 2117. (5) Represents estimated obligations pursuant to construction contracts related to our redevelopment, development and other capital spending. Refer to Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information regarding these obligations. In addition to the amounts presented in the table above, at December 31, 2018, we had $125.0 million (liquidation value) of Aimco’s perpetual preferred stock outstanding with an annual dividend yield of 6.9%, which we expect to, but are not obligated to, redeem during 2019, and $101.3 million (liquidation value) of redeemable preferred OP Units of the Aimco Operating Partnership outstanding with annual distribution yields ranging from 1.92% to 8.8%. The dividends and distributions that accrue on the perpetual preferred stock and redeemable preferred OP Units are cumulative and are paid quarterly. Additionally, we may enter into commitments to purchase goods and services in connection with the operations of our apartment communities. Those commitments generally have terms of one year or less and reflect expenditure levels comparable to our historical expenditures. Future Capital Needs In addition to the items set forth in “Contractual Obligations” above, we expect to fund any future acquisitions, redevelopment, development and other capital spending principally with proceeds from apartment community sales, short-term borrowings, debt and equity financing and operating cash flows. Our near-term business plan does not contemplate the issuance of equity. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Our chief market risks are refunding risk, that is the availability of property debt or other cash sources to refund maturing property debt, and re- pricing risk, that is the possibility of increases in base interest rates and credit risk spreads. We use predominantly long-dated, fixed-rate, amortizing, non-recourse property debt in order to avoid the refunding and repricing risks of short-term borrowings. We use short-term debt financing and working capital primarily to fund short-term uses and generally expect to refinance such borrowings with cash from operating activities, proceeds from apartment community sales, long-term debt or equity financings. We make limited use of derivative financial instruments and we do not use them for trading or other speculative purposes. Market Risk Associated with Loans Secured by Our Real Estate Portfolio As of December 31, 2018, on a consolidated basis, we had approximately $260.1 million of variable-rate property-level debt outstanding and $160.4 million of variable-rate borrowings under our revolving credit facility. We estimate that a change in 30-day LIBOR of 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads would reduce or increase net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders by approximately $4.2 million on an annual basis. At December 31, 2018, we had approximately $72.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, a portion of which bears interest at variable rates, which may offset somewhat a change in rates on our variable-rate debt discussed above. 43 Table of Contents We estimate the fair value of debt instruments as described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. The estimated fair value of total indebtedness was approximately $4.1 billion at December 31, 2018, inclusive of a $43.8 million mark-to-market liability. The mark-to-market liability at December 31, 2017 was $92.1 million. If market rates for consolidated fixed-rate debt in our Real Estate segment were higher by 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads, the estimated fair value of consolidated debt discussed above would decrease from $4.1 billion in the aggregate to $4.0 billion. If market rates for consolidated debt discussed above were lower by 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads, the estimated fair value of consolidated fixed- rate debt would increase from $4.1 billion in the aggregate to $4.2 billion. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The independent registered public accounting firm’s reports, consolidated financial statements and schedule listed in the “Index to Financial Statements” on page F-1 of this Annual Report are filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by this reference. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. 44 Table of Contents Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Aimco Disclosure Controls and Procedures Aimco’s management, with the participation of Aimco’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, Aimco’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, Aimco’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Aimco’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: • • • pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control- Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Based on their assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting is effective. Aimco’s independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There has been no change in Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting. 45 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Apartment Investment and Management Company Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited Apartment Investment and Management Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission “2013 framework,” (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Apartment Investment and Management Company (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying Index to Financial Statements of the Company and our report dated February 19, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Denver, Colorado February 19, 2019 /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP 46 Table of Contents The Aimco Operating Partnership Disclosure Controls and Procedures The Aimco Operating Partnership’s management, with the participation of the chief executive officer and chief financial officer of Aimco, who are the equivalent of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer, respectively, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, the chief executive officer and chief financial officer of Aimco have concluded that, as of the end of such period, the Aimco Operating Partnership’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management of the Aimco Operating Partnership is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: • • • pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Based on their assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, the Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting is effective. The Aimco Operating Partnership’s independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on the Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There has been no change in the Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting. 47 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Partners and the Board of Directors of AIMCO Properties, L.P. Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited AIMCO Properties, L.P.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission “2013 framework,” (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, AIMCO Properties, L.P. (the Partnership) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Partnership as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, partners’ capital and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying Index to Financial Statements of the Partnership and our report dated February 19, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Partnership’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Denver, Colorado February 19, 2019 /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP 48 Table of Contents Item 9B. Other Information None. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III Each member of the board of directors of Aimco also is a director of the general partner of the Aimco Operating Partnership. The officers of Aimco are also the officers of the general partner of the Aimco Operating Partnership and hold the same titles. The information required by this item for both Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership is presented jointly under the captions “Board of Directors and Executive Officers,” “Corporate Governance Matters - Code of Ethics,” “Other Matters - Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” “Corporate Governance Matters - Meetings and Committees: Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee,” “Corporate Governance Matters - Meetings and Committees: Audit Committee” and “Corporate Governance Matters - Meetings and Committees: Audit Committee Financial Expert” in the proxy statement for Aimco’s 2019 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item is presented under the captions “Compensation Discussion & Analysis,” “Compensation and Human Resources Committee Report to Stockholders,” “Summary Compensation Table,” “Grants of Plan-Based Awards in 2018,” “Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End 2018,” “Option Exercises and Stock Vested in 2018,” “Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control” and “Corporate Governance Matters - Director Compensation” in the proxy statement for Aimco’s 2019 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item, for both Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership, is presented under the captions “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans” in the proxy statement for Aimco’s 2019 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, as of February 15, 2019, Aimco, through its consolidated subsidiaries, held 93.9% of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common partnership units outstanding. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item is presented under the caption “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Corporate Governance Matters - Independence of Directors” in the proxy statement for Aimco’s 2019 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services The information required by this item is presented under the caption “Principal Accountant Fees and Services” in the proxy statement for Aimco’s 2019 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules PART IV (a)(1) (a)(2) The financial statements listed in the Index to Financial Statements on Page F-1 of this report are filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by reference. The financial statement schedule listed in the Index to Financial Statements on Page F-1 of this report is filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by reference. (a)(3) The Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference. 49 Table of Contents EXHIBIT NO. DESCRIPTION INDEX TO EXHIBITS (1) (2) 3.1 3.2 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 Charter (Exhibit 3.1 to Aimco’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018, is incorporated herein by this reference) Amended and Restated Bylaws (Exhibit 3.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 26, 2016, is incorporated herein by this reference) Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of July 29, 1994, as amended and restated as of February 28, 2007 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006, is incorporated herein by this reference) First Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of December 31, 2007 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 31, 2007, is incorporated herein by this reference) Second Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of July 30, 2009 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2009, is incorporated herein by this reference) Third Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of September 2, 2010 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated September 3, 2010, is incorporated herein by this reference) Fourth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of July 26, 2011 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated July 26, 2011, is incorporated herein by this reference) Fifth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of August 24, 2011 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated August 24, 2011, is incorporated herein by this reference) Sixth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of December 31, 2011 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 31, 2011, is incorporated herein by this reference) Seventh Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of May 13, 2014 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated May 9, 2014, is incorporated herein by this reference) Eighth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of October 31, 2014 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated November 4, 2014, is incorporated herein by this reference) Ninth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of August 16, 2016 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated August 16, 2016, is incorporated herein by this reference) Tenth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of January 31, 2017 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated January 31, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference) Second Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2017, among Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership, AIMCO/Bethesda Holdings, Inc., the lenders party thereto, KeyBank N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and a letter of credit issuer (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 30, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference) Master Indemnification Agreement, dated December 3, 2001, by and among Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership., XYZ Holdings LLC, and the other parties signatory thereto (Exhibit 10.2 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 6, 2001, is incorporated herein by this reference) Tax Indemnification and Contest Agreement, dated December 3, 2001, by and among Aimco, National Partnership Investments, Corp., and XYZ Holdings LLC and the other parties signatory thereto (Exhibit 10.3 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 6, 2001, is incorporated herein by this reference) Employment Contract executed on December 21, 2017, by and between the Aimco Operating Partnership and Terry Considine (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 21, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference)* Aimco Severance Policy (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 22, 2018, is incorporated herein by reference)* 2007 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (Appendix A to Aimco’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 20, 2007 is incorporated herein by this reference)* Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (2007 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.2 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated April 30, 2007, is incorporated herein by this reference)* 50 Table of Contents 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 21.1 23.1 23.2 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 99.1 99.2 101 Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (2007 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.3 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated April 30, 2007, is incorporated herein by this reference)* 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Appendix B to Aimco’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 20, 2007, is incorporated herein by this reference)* Aimco 2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (as amended and restated January 31, 2017) (Exhibit 10.2 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated January 31, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference)* Aimco Second Amended and Restated 2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (as amended and restated effective February 22, 2018) (Exhibit A to Aimco’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 8, 2018, is incorporated herein by reference)* Form of Performance Restricted Stock Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.24 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, is incorporated herein by this reference)* Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.25 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, is incorporated herein by this reference)* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.26 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, is incorporated herein by this reference)* Form of LTIP Unit Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.3 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated January 31, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference)* Form of Performance Vesting LTIP Unit Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.4 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated January 31, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference)* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.26 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, is incorporated herein by this reference)* Form of Performance Vesting LTIP II Unit Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.15 to Aimco’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018, is incorporated herein by this reference)* List of Subsidiaries Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Aimco Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Aimco Operating Partnership Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Operating Partnership Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Operating Partnership Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Operating Partnership Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Operating Partnership Agreement regarding disclosure of long-term debt instruments - Aimco Agreement regarding disclosure of long-term debt instruments - Aimco Operating Partnership XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language). The following materials from Aimco’s and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s combined Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, formatted in XBRL: (i) consolidated balance sheets; (ii) consolidated statements of operations; (iii) consolidated statements of comprehensive income; (iv) consolidated statements of equity and consolidated statements of partners’ capital; (v) consolidated statements of cash flows; (vi) notes to the consolidated financial statements; and (vii) financial statement schedule (3) (1) Schedule and supplemental materials to the exhibits have been omitted but will be provided to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. (2) The Commission file numbers for exhibits is 001-13232 (Aimco) and 0-24497 (the Aimco Operating Partnership), and all such exhibits remain available pursuant to the Records Control Schedule of the Securities and Exchange Commission. (3) As provided in Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, this information is furnished and not filed for purposes of Sections 11 and 12 51 Table of Contents of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 52 Table of Contents SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY By: /s/ TERRY CONSIDINE Terry Considine Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Date: February 19, 2019 AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. By: AIMCO-GP, Inc., its General Partner By: /s/ TERRY CONSIDINE Terry Considine Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Date: February 19, 2019 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of each registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. By: AIMCO-GP, Inc., its General Partner /s/ TERRY CONSIDINE Terry Considine /s/ PAUL BELDIN Paul Beldin /s/ THOMAS L. KELTNER Thomas L. Keltner /s/ J. LANDIS MARTIN J. Landis Martin /s/ ROBERT A. MILLER Robert A. Miller /s/ KATHLEEN M. NELSON Kathleen M. Nelson /s/ ANN SPERLING Ann Sperling /s/ MICHAEL A. STEIN Michael A. Stein /s/ NINA A. TRAN Nina A. Tran Title Date Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) Director Director Director Director Director Director February 19, 2019 February 19, 2019 February 19, 2019 February 19, 2019 February 19, 2019 February 19, 2019 February 19, 2019 February 19, 2019 Director February 19, 2019 53 Table of Contents APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Financial Statements: Apartment Investment and Management Company: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Partners’ Capital Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Page F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-9 F-10 F-11 F-12 F-13 F-14 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of Apartment Investment and Management Company and AIMCO Properties, L.P. F-16 Financial Statement Schedule: Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation F-41 All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto. F-1 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Shareholders and the Board of Directors Apartment Investment and Management Company Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Apartment Investment and Management Company (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying Index to Financial Statements (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 19, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Adoption of New Accounting Standard As discussed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its accounting for the income tax consequences of intercompany transfers of assets effective January 1, 2017. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1994. Denver, Colorado February 19, 2019 /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP F-2 APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (In thousands, except share data) Table of Contents ASSETS Buildings and improvements Land Total real estate Accumulated depreciation Net real estate Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Other assets Assets held for sale Assets of partnerships served by Asset Management business: Real estate, net Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Other assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Non-recourse property debt secured by Real Estate communities, net Term loan, net Revolving credit facility borrowings Total indebtedness associated with Real Estate portfolio Accrued liabilities and other Liabilities related to assets held for sale Liabilities of partnerships served by Asset Management business: Non-recourse property debt, net Accrued liabilities and other Total liabilities Preferred noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership (Note 7) Commitments and contingencies (Note 5) Equity: Perpetual Preferred Stock (Note 6) Common Stock, $0.01 par value, 500,787,260 shares authorized, 149,133,826 and 157,189,447 shares issued/outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income Distributions in excess of earnings Total Aimco equity Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership Total equity Total liabilities and equity See notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-3 2018 2017 $ 6,552,065 1,756,525 8,308,590 (2,585,115) 5,723,475 36,858 35,737 351,541 42,393 $ $ — — — — 6,190,004 3,915,305 — 160,360 4,075,665 226,230 23,177 — — 4,325,072 101,291 6,174,149 1,753,604 7,927,753 (2,522,358) 5,405,395 60,498 34,827 272,739 17,959 224,873 16,288 30,928 15,533 6,079,040 3,545,109 249,501 67,160 3,861,770 213,027 — 227,141 19,812 4,321,750 101,537 125,000 125,000 1,491 3,515,641 4,794 (1,947,507) 1,699,419 (2,967) 67,189 1,763,641 6,190,004 $ 1,572 3,900,042 3,603 (2,367,073) 1,663,144 (1,716) (5,675) 1,655,753 6,079,040 $ $ $ $ Table of Contents APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (In thousands, except per share data) 2018 2017 2016 REVENUES: Rental and other property revenues attributable to Real Estate $ Rental and other property revenues of partnerships served by Asset Management business Tax credit and transaction revenues Total revenues OPERATING EXPENSES: Property operating expenses attributable to Real Estate Property operating expenses of partnerships served by Asset Management business Depreciation and amortization General and administrative expenses Other expenses, net Provision for real estate impairment loss Total operating expenses Interest income Interest expense Gain on dispositions of real estate and the Asset Management Business Other, net Income before income tax benefit Income tax benefit (Note 9) Net income Noncontrolling interests: 922,593 42,830 6,987 972,410 307,901 20,921 377,786 46,268 3,778 — 756,654 10,914 (200,634) 677,463 77 703,576 13,027 716,603 $ $ 918,148 74,046 13,243 1,005,437 319,126 35,458 366,184 43,657 11,148 35,881 811,454 8,332 (194,615) 300,849 7,694 316,243 30,836 347,079 899,891 74,640 21,323 995,854 317,957 36,956 333,066 46,784 14,295 — 749,058 7,797 (196,389) 400,156 6,071 464,431 18,842 483,273 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships (8,220) (9,084) (25,256) Net income attributable to preferred noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership Net income attributable to common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income attributable to Aimco Net income attributable to Aimco preferred stockholders Net income attributable to participating securities Net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders Net income attributable to Aimco per common share – basic Net income attributable to Aimco per common share – diluted Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted (7,739) (7,764) (7,239) (34,417) (50,376) 666,227 (8,593) (1,037) (14,457) (31,305) 315,774 (8,594) (319) 656,597 $ 306,861 $ 4.21 $ 4.21 $ 1.96 $ 1.96 $ 155,866 156,053 156,323 156,796 (20,368) (52,863) 430,410 (11,994) (635) 417,781 2.68 2.67 156,001 156,391 $ $ $ See notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-4 Table of Contents APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (In thousands) Net income Other comprehensive gain: Realized and unrealized (losses) gains on interest rate swaps Losses on interest rate swaps reclassified into earnings from accumulated other comprehensive loss Unrealized (losses) gains on available for sale debt securities Other comprehensive gain Comprehensive income Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests Comprehensive income attributable to Aimco 2018 2017 2016 $ 716,603 $ 347,079 $ 483,273 — (173 ) 221 1,391 (131 ) 1,260 717,863 (50,445 ) 1,480 1,507 2,814 349,893 (31,527 ) $ 667,418 $ 318,366 $ 1,586 5,855 7,662 490,935 (53,474 ) 437,461 See notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-5 Table of Contents APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (In thousands) Preferred Stock Common Stock Shares Issued Shares Issued Amount 6,391 $ 159,126 156,326 $ 1,563 (1,391 ) — (34,126 ) — Amount Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Additional Paid-in Capital $ 4,064,659 $ Distributions in Excess of Earnings (2,596,917 ) $ 1,622,391 $ Total Aimco Equity (1,980 ) (34,799 ) Noncontrolling Interests 141,514 — Total Equity $ 1,763,905 (34,799 ) (6,040 ) $ — Balances at December 31, 2015 Redemption of Preferred Stock Redemption of Aimco Operating Partnership units Amortization of share-based compensation cost Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated entities Change in accumulated other comprehensive income Other, net Net income Distributions to noncontrolling interests Common Stock dividends Preferred Stock dividends Balances at December 31, 2016 Redemption of Aimco Operating Partnership units Amortization of share-based compensation cost Contributions from noncontrolling interests Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated entities Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle Change in accumulated other comprehensive income Other, net Net income Distributions to noncontrolling interests Common Stock dividends Preferred Stock dividends Balances at December 31, 2017 Repurchases of Common Stock Issuance of Aimco Operating Partnership units Redemption of Aimco Operating Partnership units Amortization of share-based compensation cost Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated entities Change in accumulated other comprehensive income Other, net Net income Distributions to noncontrolling interests Common Stock dividends Preferred Stock dividends Balances at December 31, 2018 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 31 — — 531 — — — — — 6 — — — — — — — — — — 5,000 125,000 156,888 1,569 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 18 — — — — 283 — — — — — — — 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 5,000 125,000 157,189 1,572 — (8,219 ) — (82 ) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 22 — — 142 — — — — — — 1 — — — — — — — — — — 5,000 $ 125,000 149,134 $ 1,491 — — — 1,307 — 8,610 (26,171 ) — 3,317 — — — — 4,051,722 — 8,638 — (160,586 ) — — 268 — — — — 3,900,042 (373,511 ) — — 8,074 (19,115 ) — 151 — — — — $ 3,515,641 $ — — — 7,051 — — — — — 1,011 — — — — — 2,592 — — — — — 3,603 — — — — — 1,191 — — — — — 4,794 $ — (10,819 ) (10,819 ) — — — 8,610 (26,171 ) — — 430,410 7,051 3,323 430,410 — 8,610 10,107 611 — 45,624 (16,064 ) 7,662 3,323 476,034 — (206,898 ) (10,014 ) — (206,898 ) (10,014 ) (2,385,399 ) 1,793,903 (35,974 ) (35,974 ) — — 151,063 (206,898 ) (10,014 ) 1,944,966 — — — — (11,882 ) (11,882 ) 8,638 — 613 3,401 9,251 3,401 — (160,586 ) (152,189 ) (312,775 ) (62,682 ) (62,682 ) (3,028 ) (65,710 ) — — 315,774 2,592 271 315,774 — (226,172 ) (8,594 ) — (226,172 ) (8,594 ) (2,367,073 ) 1,663,144 (373,593 ) — — — — — — — 8,074 (19,115 ) — — 666,227 1,191 152 666,227 222 — 23,541 2,814 271 339,315 (19,132 ) (19,132 ) — — (226,172 ) (8,594 ) (7,391 ) 1,655,753 — (373,593 ) 50,151 50,151 (9,639 ) (9,639 ) 1,691 9,014 69 — 42,637 9,765 (10,101 ) 1,260 152 708,864 — (238,067 ) (8,594 ) — (238,067 ) (8,594 ) (1,947,507 ) $ 1,699,419 $ (22,310 ) (22,310 ) — — 64,222 (238,067 ) (8,594 ) $ 1,763,641 See notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-6 Table of Contents APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (In thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Provision for real estate impairment loss Gain on dispositions of real estate and the Asset Management business Income tax benefit Share-based compensation expense Amortization of debt issue costs and other Other, net Changes in operating assets and operating liabilities: Accounts receivable and other assets Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other Total adjustments Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of real estate and deposits related to purchases of real estate Capital expenditures Proceeds from dispositions of real estate Purchases of corporate assets Proceeds from repayments on notes receivable Other investing activities Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from non-recourse property debt Principal repayments on non-recourse property debt (Repayment of) proceeds from term loan Net borrowings on (repayments of) revolving credit facility Payment of debt issue costs Payment of debt extinguishment costs Repurchases of Common Stock Redemptions of Preferred Stock Payment of dividends to holders of Preferred Stock Payment of dividends to holders of Common Stock Payment of distributions to noncontrolling interests Redemptions of noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership Purchases of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Other financing activities Net cash used in financing activities 2018 2017 2016 $ 716,603 $ 347,079 $ 483,273 377,786 — (677,463 ) (13,027 ) 8,550 9,023 1,065 (27,830 ) 1,681 (320,215 ) 396,388 (242,297 ) (340,489 ) 708,848 (7,718 ) 5,010 (1,508 ) 121,846 1,228,027 (976,087 ) (250,000 ) 93,200 (11,961 ) (14,241 ) (373,593 ) — (8,594 ) (237,504 ) (29,196 ) (9,885 ) (3,579 ) 5,233 (588,180 ) 366,184 35,881 (300,849 ) (30,836 ) 7,877 5,666 (7,694 ) (15,841 ) (15,395 ) 44,993 392,072 (20,372 ) (358,104 ) 401,983 (8,899 ) 430 (2,019 ) 13,019 312,434 (409,167 ) 250,000 49,230 (4,751 ) (399 ) — — (8,594 ) (225,377 ) (26,799 ) (13,546 ) (314,269 ) (2,462 ) (393,700 ) 333,066 — (400,156 ) (18,842 ) 7,629 5,060 (6,071 ) (22,294 ) (5,164 ) (106,772 ) 376,501 (290,729 ) (346,645 ) 535,513 (7,540 ) 412 9,842 (99,147 ) 417,714 (371,947 ) — (9,070 ) (7,816 ) (391 ) — (34,799 ) (10,014 ) (206,279 ) (35,706 ) (12,544 ) (13,941 ) 844 (283,949 ) (6,595 ) 137,745 131,150 NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH AT END OF PERIOD $ (69,946 ) 142,541 72,595 $ 11,391 131,150 142,541 $ See notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-7 Table of Contents APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (In thousands) SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION: Interest paid Cash paid for income taxes Non-cash transactions associated with the acquisition or disposition of real estate: Non-recourse property debt assumed by buyer in connection with the disposition of the Asset Management business Non-recourse property debt assumed in connection with the acquisition of real estate Issuance of preferred OP Units in connection with acquisition of real estate Issuance of common OP Units in connection with acquisition of real estate Other non-cash investing and financing transactions: Accrued capital expenditures (at end of period) Accrued dividends on TSR restricted stock and LTIP awards (at end of period) (Note 8) 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 199,996 11,522 $ 196,438 7,401 200,278 2,152 227,708 208,885 — 50,151 40,185 1,266 — — — — 31,719 1,720 — — 17,000 — 35,594 927 See notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-8 Table of Contents The Partners and the Board of Directors AIMCO Properties, L.P. Opinion on the Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of AIMCO Properties, L.P. (the “Partnership”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, partners’ capital, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying Index to Financial Statements (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Partnership at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 19, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Adoption of New Accounting Standard As discussed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements, the Partnership changed its accounting for the income tax consequences of intercompany transfers of assets effective January 1, 2017. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Partnership’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP We have served as the Partnership’s auditor since 1994. Denver, Colorado February 19, 2019 F-9 AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (In thousands) Table of Contents ASSETS Buildings and improvements Land Total real estate Accumulated depreciation Net real estate Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Other assets Assets held for sale Assets of partnerships served by Asset Management business: Real estate, net Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Other assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND PARTNERS’ CAPITAL Non-recourse property debt secured by Real Estate communities, net Term loan, net Revolving credit facility borrowings Total indebtedness associated with Real Estate portfolio Accrued liabilities and other Liabilities related to assets held for sale Liabilities of partnerships served by Asset Management business: Non-recourse property debt, net Accrued liabilities and other Total liabilities Redeemable preferred units (Note 7) Commitments and contingencies (Note 5) Partners’ Capital: Preferred units (Note 7) General Partner and Special Limited Partner Limited Partners Partners’ capital attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Total partners’ capital Total liabilities and partners’ capital See notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-10 2018 2017 $ $ $ $ $ 6,552,065 1,756,525 8,308,590 (2,585,115 ) 5,723,475 36,858 35,737 351,541 42,393 — — — — 6,190,004 3,915,305 — 160,360 4,075,665 226,230 23,177 — — 4,325,072 101,291 $ $ 125,000 1,574,419 67,189 1,766,608 (2,967 ) 1,763,641 6,190,004 $ 6,174,149 1,753,604 7,927,753 (2,522,358 ) 5,405,395 60,498 34,827 272,739 17,959 224,873 16,288 30,928 15,533 6,079,040 3,545,109 249,501 67,160 3,861,770 213,027 — 227,141 19,812 4,321,750 101,537 125,000 1,538,144 (5,675 ) 1,657,469 (1,716 ) 1,655,753 6,079,040 Table of Contents AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (In thousands, except per unit data) 2018 2017 2016 REVENUES: Rental and other property revenues attributable to Real Estate $ Rental and other property revenues of partnerships served by Asset Management business Tax credit and transaction revenues Total revenues OPERATING EXPENSES: Property operating expenses attributable to Real Estate Property operating expenses of partnerships served by Asset Management business Depreciation and amortization General and administrative expenses Other expenses, net Provision for real estate impairment loss Total operating expenses Interest income Interest expense Gain on dispositions of real estate and the Asset Management Business Other, net Income before income tax benefit Income tax benefit (Note 9) Net income Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership Net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred unitholders Net income attributable to participating securities Net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders Net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership per common unit – basic Net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership per common unit – diluted Weighted average common units outstanding – basic Weighted average common units outstanding – diluted 922,593 42,830 6,987 972,410 307,901 20,921 377,786 46,268 3,778 — 756,654 10,914 (200,634 ) 677,463 77 703,576 13,027 716,603 (8,220 ) 708,383 (16,332 ) (1,177 ) $ $ 918,148 74,046 13,243 1,005,437 319,126 35,458 366,184 43,657 11,148 35,881 811,454 8,332 (194,615 ) 300,849 7,694 316,243 30,836 347,079 (9,084 ) 337,995 (16,358 ) (337 ) $ $ $ 690,874 $ 321,300 $ 4.22 $ 4.21 $ 1.96 $ 1.96 $ 163,846 164,033 163,746 164,218 899,891 74,640 21,323 995,854 317,957 36,956 333,066 46,784 14,295 — 749,058 7,797 (196,389 ) 400,156 6,071 464,431 18,842 483,273 (25,256 ) 458,017 (19,233 ) (635 ) 438,149 2.68 2.67 163,761 164,151 See notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-11 Table of Contents AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (In thousands) Net income Other comprehensive gain: Realized and unrealized (losses) gains on interest rate swaps Losses on interest rate swaps reclassified into earnings from accumulated other comprehensive loss Unrealized (losses) gains on available for sale debt securities Other comprehensive gain Comprehensive income 2018 2017 2016 $ 716,603 $ 347,079 $ 483,273 — (173 ) 221 1,391 (131 ) 1,260 717,863 1,480 1,507 2,814 349,893 1,586 5,855 7,662 490,935 (25,516 ) 465,419 Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests Comprehensive income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership (8,220 ) (9,185 ) $ 709,643 $ 340,708 $ See notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-12 Table of Contents AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF PARTNERS’ CAPITAL For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (In thousands) Balances at December 31, 2015 Redemption of preferred units held by Aimco Redemption of partnership units held by non-Aimco partners Amortization of Aimco share-based compensation Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated entities Change in accumulated other comprehensive income Other, net Net income Distributions to noncontrolling interests Distributions to common unitholders Distributions to preferred unitholders Balances at December 31, 2016 Redemption of partnership units held by non-Aimco partners Amortization of Aimco share-based compensation Contributions from noncontrolling interests Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated entities Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle Change in accumulated other comprehensive income Other, net Net income Distributions to noncontrolling interests Distributions to common unitholders Distributions to preferred unitholders Balances at December 31, 2017 Repurchases of common partnership units Issuance of common partnership units Redemption of partnership units held by non-Aimco partners Amortization of Aimco share-based compensation Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated entities Change in accumulated other comprehensive income Other, net Net income Distributions to noncontrolling interests Distributions to common unitholders Distributions to preferred unitholders Balances at December 31, 2018 General Partner and Special Limited Partner Limited Partners Partners’ Capital Attributable to the Partnership Noncontrolling Interests Total Partners’ Capital $ 1,763,905 Preferred Units $ $ 159,126 (34,126 ) 1,463,265 $ (673 ) — 8,610 (26,171 ) 7,051 3,323 430,410 — (206,898 ) (10,014 ) 1,668,903 — 8,638 — (160,586 ) (62,682 ) 2,592 271 315,774 — (226,172 ) (8,594 ) 1,538,144 (373,593 ) — — 8,074 (19,115 ) 1,191 152 666,227 — (238,067 ) (8,594 ) (9,851 ) $ — (10,819 ) — 10,107 351 — 20,368 — (10,214 ) — (58 ) (11,882 ) 613 — 4,867 (3,028 ) 121 — 14,457 — (10,765 ) — (5,675 ) — 50,151 (9,639 ) 1,691 9,014 69 — 34,417 (12,839 ) — — 67,189 $ 1,612,540 $ (34,799 ) (10,819 ) 8,610 (16,064 ) 7,402 3,323 450,778 — (217,112 ) (10,014 ) 1,793,845 (11,882 ) 9,251 — (155,719 ) (65,710 ) 2,713 271 330,231 — (236,937 ) (8,594 ) 1,657,469 (373,593 ) 50,151 (9,639 ) 9,765 (10,101 ) 1,260 152 700,644 (12,839 ) (238,067 ) (8,594 ) 1,766,608 $ 151,365 — — — — 260 — 25,256 (25,760 ) — — 151,121 — — 3,401 (157,056 ) — 101 — 9,084 (8,367 ) — — (1,716 ) — — — — — — — 8,220 (9,471 ) — — (34,799 ) (10,819 ) 8,610 (16,064 ) 7,662 3,323 476,034 (25,760 ) (217,112 ) (10,014 ) 1,944,966 (11,882 ) 9,251 3,401 (312,775 ) (65,710 ) 2,814 271 339,315 (8,367 ) (236,937 ) (8,594 ) 1,655,753 (373,593 ) 50,151 (9,639 ) 9,765 (10,101 ) 1,260 152 708,864 (22,310 ) (238,067 ) $ 1,574,419 $ (8,594 ) (2,967 ) $ 1,763,641 — — — — — — — — — 125,000 — — — — — — — — — — — 125,000 — — — — — — — — — — — 125,000 $ See notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-13 Table of Contents AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (In thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Provision for real estate impairment loss Gain on dispositions of real estate and the Asset Management business Income tax benefit Share-based compensation expense Amortization of debt issue costs and other Other, net Changes in operating assets and operating liabilities: Accounts receivable and other assets Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other Total adjustments Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of real estate and deposits related to purchases of real estate Capital expenditures Proceeds from dispositions of real estate Purchases of corporate assets Proceeds from repayments on notes receivable Other investing activities Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from non-recourse property debt Principal repayments on non-recourse property debt (Repayment of) proceeds from term loan Net borrowings on (repayments of) revolving credit facility Payment of debt issue costs Payment of debt extinguishment costs Repurchases of common partnership units held by General Partner and Special Limited Partner Redemption of preferred units from Aimco Payment of distributions to preferred units Payment of distributions to General Partner and Special Limited Partner Payment of distributions to Limited Partners Payment of distributions to noncontrolling interests Redemption of common and preferred units Purchases of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships Other financing activities Net cash used in financing activities 2018 2017 2016 $ 716,603 $ 347,079 $ 483,273 377,786 — (677,463 ) (13,027 ) 8,550 9,023 1,065 (27,830 ) 1,681 (320,215 ) 396,388 (242,297 ) (340,489 ) 708,848 (7,718 ) 5,010 (1,508 ) 121,846 1,228,027 (976,087 ) (250,000 ) 93,200 (11,961 ) (14,241 ) (373,593 ) — (16,334 ) (237,504 ) (11,987 ) (9,469 ) (9,885 ) (3,579 ) 5,233 (588,180 ) 366,184 35,881 (300,849 ) (30,836 ) 7,877 5,666 (7,694 ) (15,841 ) (15,395 ) 44,993 392,072 (20,372 ) (358,104 ) 401,983 (8,899 ) 430 (2,019 ) 13,019 312,434 (409,167 ) 250,000 49,230 (4,751 ) (399 ) — — (16,358 ) (225,377 ) (10,668 ) (8,367 ) (13,546 ) (314,269 ) (2,462 ) (393,700 ) 333,066 — (400,156 ) (18,842 ) 7,629 5,060 (6,071 ) (22,294 ) (5,164 ) (106,772 ) 376,501 (290,729 ) (346,645 ) 535,513 (7,540 ) 412 9,842 (99,147 ) 417,714 (371,947 ) — (9,070 ) (7,816 ) (391 ) — (34,799 ) (17,253 ) (206,279 ) (10,214 ) (18,253 ) (12,544 ) (13,941 ) 844 (283,949 ) (6,595 ) 137,745 131,150 NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH AT END OF PERIOD $ (69,946 ) 142,541 72,595 $ 11,391 131,150 142,541 $ See notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-14 Table of Contents AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (In thousands) SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION: Interest paid Cash paid for income taxes Non-cash transactions associated with the acquisition or disposition of real estate: Non-recourse property debt assumed by buyer in connection with the disposition of the Asset Management business Non-recourse property debt assumed in connection with the acquisition of real estate Issuance of preferred OP Units in connection with acquisition of real estate Issuance of common OP Units in connection with acquisition of real estate Other non-cash investing and financing transactions: Accrued capital expenditures (at end of period) Accrued dividends on TSR restricted stock and LTIP awards (at end of period) (Note 8) 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 199,996 11,522 $ 196,438 7,401 200,278 2,152 227,708 208,885 — 50,151 40,185 2,217 — — — — 31,719 1,818 — — 17,000 — 35,594 927 See notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-15 Table of Contents Note 1 — Organization APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2018 Apartment Investment and Management Company, or Aimco, is a Maryland corporation incorporated on January 10, 1994. Aimco is a self- administered and self-managed real estate investment trust, or REIT. AIMCO Properties, L.P., or the Aimco Operating Partnership, is a Delaware limited partnership formed on May 16, 1994, to conduct our business, which is focused on the ownership, management, redevelopment and limited development of quality apartment communities located in several of the largest markets in the United States. Aimco, through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, AIMCO-GP, Inc. and AIMCO-LP Trust, owns a majority of the ownership interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Aimco conducts all of its business and owns all of its assets through the Aimco Operating Partnership. Interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by limited partners other than Aimco are referred to as OP Units. OP Units include common partnership units, which we refer to as common OP Units, as well as partnership preferred units, which we refer to as preferred OP Units. As of December 31, 2018, after eliminations for units held by consolidated subsidiaries, the Aimco Operating Partnership had 158,140,169 common partnership units outstanding. As of December 31, 2018, Aimco owned 149,133,826 of the common partnership units (94.3% of the common partnership units) of the Aimco Operating Partnership and Aimco had outstanding an equal number of shares of its Class A Common Stock, which we refer to as Common Stock. Except as the context otherwise requires, “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries, collectively. As of December 31, 2018, we owned an equity interest in 134 apartment communities with 36,549 apartment homes in our Real Estate portfolio. Our Real Estate portfolio, is diversified by both price point and geography and consists of market rate apartment communities in which we own a substantial interest. We consolidated 130 of these apartment communities with 36,407 apartment homes and these communities comprise our reportable segment. Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation Aimco’s accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries. The Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Aimco Operating Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries (see Note 13). All significant intercompany balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by limited partners other than Aimco are reflected in Aimco’s accompanying consolidated balance sheets as noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership. Interests in partnerships consolidated by the Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by third parties are reflected in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets as noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships. The assets of real estate partnerships consolidated by the Aimco Operating Partnership must first be used to settle the liabilities of such consolidated real estate partnerships. These consolidated real estate partnerships’ creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of the Aimco Operating Partnership. As used herein, and except where the context otherwise requires, “partnership” refers to a limited partnership or a limited liability company and “partner” refers to a partner in a limited partnership or a member of a limited liability company. Acquisition of Real Estate and Related Depreciation and Amortization We generally recognize the acquisition of apartment communities or interests in partnerships that own apartment communities at our cost. The related transaction costs are included in the cost of the acquired apartment community. We allocate the cost of apartment communities acquired based on the relative fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We determine the fair value of tangible assets, such as land, buildings, furniture, fixtures and equipment, using valuation techniques that consider comparable market transactions, replacement costs and other available information. We determine the fair value of identified intangible assets or liabilities, which typically relate to in-place leases, using valuation techniques that consider the terms of the in-place leases, current market data for comparable leases and our experience in leasing similar communities. The intangible assets or liabilities related to in-place leases are comprised of: (a) the value of the above- and below-market leases in-place, measured over the period, including probable lease renewals for below-market leases, that the leases are F-16 Table of Contents expected to remain in effect; (b) the estimated unamortized portion of avoided leasing commissions and other costs that ordinarily would be incurred to originate the in-place leases; and (c) the value associated with leased apartment homes during an estimated absorption period, which estimates rental revenue that would not have been earned had leased apartment homes been vacant at the time of acquisition, assuming lease-up periods based on market demand and stabilized occupancy levels. Depreciation for all tangible assets is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Acquired buildings and improvements are depreciated over a useful life based on the age, condition and other physical characteristics of the apartment community. At December 31, 2018, the weighted average depreciable life of our buildings and improvements was approximately 28 years. Furniture, fixtures and equipment associated with apartment communities are depreciated over five years. The above- and below-market lease intangibles are amortized to rental revenue over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases, which include reasonably assured renewal periods. Other intangible assets related to in-place leases are amortized to depreciation and amortization over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, deferred income in our consolidated balance sheets included below-market lease amounts totaling $18.7 million and $9.1 million, respectively, which are net of accumulated amortization of $36.7 million and $34.4 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we included amortization of below-market leases of $2.3 million, $1.3 million and $1.7 million, respectively, in rental and other property revenues in our consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2018, our below-market leases had a weighted average amortization period of 6.3 years and estimated aggregate amortization for each of the five succeeding years as follows (in thousands): Estimated Amortization 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 $1,986 1,741 1,668 1,621 1,571 Capital Additions and Related Depreciation We capitalize costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital additions activities, including redevelopments, developments, other tangible apartment community improvements and replacements of existing apartment community components. Included in these capitalized costs are payroll costs associated with time spent by site employees in connection with capital additions activities at the apartment community level. We characterize as “indirect costs” an allocation of certain department costs, including payroll, at the area operations and corporate levels that clearly relate to capital additions activities. We also capitalize interest, property taxes and insurance during periods in which redevelopments, developments and construction projects are in progress. We begin capitalization of costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital addition activities, upon commencement of activities necessary to ready apartment communities for their intended use. These activities include when apartment communities or apartment homes are undergoing physical construction, as well as when apartment homes are held vacant in advance of planned construction, provided that other activities such as permitting, planning and design are in progress. We cease the capitalization of costs when the apartment communities are substantially complete and ready for their intended use, which is typically when construction has been substantially completed and apartment homes are available for occupancy. Costs, including ordinary repairs, maintenance and resident turnover costs, are charged to property operating expense as incurred. We depreciate capitalized costs using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related improvement, which is generally 5, 15 or 30 years. All capitalized site payroll costs and indirect costs are allocated to capital additions proportionately based on direct costs, and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of such capital additions. Certain homogeneous items that are purchased in bulk on a recurring basis, such as carpeting and appliances, are depreciated using group methods that reflect the average estimated useful life of the items in each group. Except in the case of apartment community casualties, where the net book value of the lost asset is written off in the determination of casualty gains or losses, we generally do not recognize any loss in connection with the replacement of an existing apartment community component because normal replacements are considered in determining the estimated useful lives used in connection with our composite and group depreciation methods. F-17 Table of Contents For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we capitalized to buildings and improvements $7.6 million, $7.6 million and $9.6 million of interest costs, respectively, and $36.8 million, $36.0 million and $32.9 million of other direct and indirect costs, respectively. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Real estate and other long-lived assets to be held and used are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an apartment community may not be recoverable, we make an assessment of its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount to our estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows, excluding interest charges, of the apartment community. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the apartment community. Cash Equivalents We classify highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less as cash equivalents. We maintain cash equivalents in financial institutions in excess of insured limits. We have not experienced any losses in these accounts in the past and believe that we are not exposed to significant credit risk because our accounts are deposited with major financial institutions. Restricted Cash Restricted cash includes capital replacement reserves, completion repair reserves, bond sinking fund amounts, tax and insurance escrow accounts held by lenders and resident security deposits. Other Assets At December 31, 2018 and 2017, other assets was comprised of the following amounts (dollars in thousands): Investments in securitization trust that holds Aimco property debt Deferred tax asset, net (Note 9) Intangible assets, net Prepaid expenses, real estate taxes and insurance Software, equipment and leasehold improvements Investments in unconsolidated real estate partnerships Accounts and notes receivable, net Deferred costs, deposits and other Total other assets 2018 2017 $ $ 83,587 67,060 43,424 25,657 18,309 12,650 55,630 45,224 351,541 $ $ 82,794 32,227 38,701 25,144 20,048 12,636 17,035 44,154 272,739 The table above excludes other assets of partnerships served by our Asset Management business at December 31, 2017, as they are presented separately on our consolidated balance sheet. Investments in Securitization Trust that holds Aimco Property Debt We hold investments in a securitization trust that primarily holds certain of our property debt. These investments were initially recognized at their purchase price and the discount to the face value is being accreted into interest income over the expected term of the securities. We have designated these investments as available for sale, or AFS, debt securities and we measure these investments at fair value with changes in their fair value, other than the changes attributed to the accretion described above, recognized as an adjustment of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss within equity and partners’ capital. Refer to Note 11 for further information regarding these debt securities. Intangible Assets At December 31, 2018 and 2017, other assets included goodwill associated with our reportable segment of $37.8 million. We perform an annual impairment test of goodwill by evaluating qualitative factors to determine the likelihood that goodwill may be impaired. We primarily consider the fair value of our real estate portfolio and the fair value of our debt relative to their carrying values. As a result of the qualitative analysis, we do not believe our goodwill is impaired as of the date of our annual test. F-18 Table of Contents Capitalized Software Costs, Equipment and Leasehold Improvements Purchased software and other costs related to software purchased or developed for internal use are capitalized during the application development stage and are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software, generally three to five years. Purchased equipment is recognized at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset, which is generally five years. Leasehold improvements are also recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the asset’s estimated useful life or the term of the related lease. Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Partnerships We own general and limited partner interests in partnerships that either directly, or through interests in other real estate partnerships, own apartment communities. We generally account for investments in real estate partnerships that we do not consolidate under the equity method. Under the equity method, we recognize our share of the earnings or losses of the entity for the periods presented, inclusive of our share of any impairments and disposition gains recognized by and related to such entities, and we present such amounts within other, net in our consolidated statements of operations. The excess of the cost of the acquired partnership interests over the historical carrying amount of partners’ equity or deficit is generally ascribed to the fair values of land and buildings owned by the partnerships. We amortize the excess cost related to the buildings over the related estimated useful lives. Such amortization is recorded as an adjustment of the amounts of earnings or losses we recognize from such unconsolidated real estate partnerships. Deferred Costs We defer, as debt issue costs, lender fees and other direct costs incurred in obtaining new financing and amortize the amounts over the terms of the related loan agreements. In connection with the modification of existing financing arrangements, we defer lender fees and amortize these costs and any unamortized debt issue costs over the term of the modified loan agreement. Debt issue costs associated with our revolving credit facility are included in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Debt issue costs associated with non-recourse property debt and our term loan are presented as a direct deduction from the related liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. When financing arrangements are repaid or otherwise extinguished prior to maturity, unamortized debt issue costs are written off, additionally, any lender fees or other costs incurred in connection with the extinguishment are recognized. Amortization and write-off of debt issue costs and other extinguishment costs are included in interest expense on our consolidated statements of operations. We defer leasing commissions and other direct costs incurred in connection with successful leasing efforts and amortize the costs over the terms of the related leases. Beginning in 2019, in connection with our adoption of the new accounting standard for leases, which is further discussed under the Recent Accounting Pronouncements heading below, such costs will be deferred when they are incremental and would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained. Amortization of these costs is included in depreciation and amortization. Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships We report the unaffiliated partners’ interests in the net assets of our consolidated real estate partnerships as noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships within consolidated equity and partners’ capital. Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships consist primarily of equity interests held by limited partners in consolidated real estate partnerships that have finite lives. We generally attribute to noncontrolling interests their share of income or loss of consolidated partnerships based on their proportionate interest in the results of operations of the partnerships, including their share of losses even if such attribution results in a deficit noncontrolling interest balance within our equity and partners’ capital accounts. The terms of the related partnership agreements generally require the partnerships to be liquidated following the sale of the underlying real estate. As the general partner in these partnerships, we ordinarily control the execution of real estate sales and other events that could lead to the liquidation, redemption or other settlement of noncontrolling interests. Changes in our ownership interest in consolidated real estate partnerships generally consist of our purchase of an additional interest in or the sale of our entire interest in a consolidated real estate partnership. The effect on our equity and partners’ capital of our purchase of additional interests in consolidated real estate partnerships during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, is shown in our consolidated statements of equity and partners’ capital. The effect on our equity and partners’ capital of sales of consolidated real estate or sales of our entire interest in consolidated real estate partnerships is reflected in our consolidated financial statements as gains on disposition of real estate and accordingly the effect on our equity and partners’ capital is reflected within the amount of net income allocated to us and to noncontrolling interests. Upon our deconsolidation of a real estate partnership following the sale of our partnership interests or liquidation of the partnership following sale of the related apartment community, F-19 Table of Contents we derecognize any remaining noncontrolling interest of the associated partnership previously recorded in our consolidated balance sheets. Noncontrolling Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership Noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership consist of common OP Units and preferred OP Units. Holders of preferred OP Units participate in the Aimco Operating Partnership’s income or loss only to the extent of their preferred distributions. Within Aimco’s consolidated financial statements, after provision for Preferred OP Unit distributions, the Aimco Operating Partnership’s income or loss is allocated to the holders of common partnership units based on the weighted average number of common partnership units (including those held by Aimco) outstanding during the period. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the holders of common OP Units had a weighted average ownership interest in the Aimco Operating Partnership of 4.9%, 4.5% and 4.7%, respectively. See Note 7 for further information regarding the items comprising noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Revenue from Leases Our apartment communities have operating leases with apartment residents with terms averaging 13 months. We recognize rental revenue related to these leases, net of any concessions, on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Our operating leases with residents also provide that the resident reimburse us for certain costs, primarily the resident’s share of utilities expenses, incurred by the apartment community. These reimbursements are variable payments pursuant to the related lease and recognized as income when the utility expense is incurred. Reimbursement and related expense are presented on a gross basis in our consolidated statements of operations, with the reimbursement included in rental and other property revenues on our consolidated statements of operations. Asset Management Business Prior to the July 2018 sale of our Asset Management business, we provided asset management and other services to certain consolidated partnerships owning apartment communities that qualify for low-income housing tax credits and are structured to provide for the pass-through of tax credits and tax deductions to their partners. We recognized income from asset management and other services when the related fees were earned and realized or realizable. The tax credits were generally realized ratably over the first ten years of the tax credit arrangement and are subject to the partnership’s compliance with applicable laws and regulations for a period of 15 years. We held nominal ownership positions in these partnerships, generally less than one percent, and sold these interests to an unrelated third party in July 2018. In our role, we provided asset management and other services to these partnerships and we received fees and other payments in return. Capital contributions received by the partnerships from tax credit investors represented, in substance, consideration that we received in exchange for our obligation to deliver tax credits and other tax benefits to the investors. We recorded these contributions as deferred income in our consolidated balance sheets upon receipt, and we recognized these amounts as revenue in our consolidated statements of operations when our obligation to the investors is relieved upon delivery of the tax benefits. This obligation transferred to the buyer along with our interest in the partnerships. Prior to the sale of our interests in the partnerships, we consolidated the low-income housing tax credit partnerships in which we were the sole general partner, because we were the sole decision maker of the partnerships. When the contractual arrangements obligated us to deliver tax benefits to the investors, and entitled us through fee arrangements to receive substantially all available cash flow from the partnerships, we recognized the income or loss generated by the underlying real estate based on our economic interest in the partnerships’ current period results, which was approximately 100% and represented the allocation of cash available for distribution we would receive from a hypothetical liquidation at the book value of the partnership’s net assets. Our economic interests generally differed from our legal interests. Upon the sale of our interests in these partnerships, we deconsolidated these partnerships and removed the obligation to deliver future tax credits and benefits, represented by the remaining deferred income as a component of our gain on the sale of the business. Insurance We believe our insurance coverages insure our apartment communities adequately against the risk of loss attributable to fire, earthquake, hurricane, tornado, flood and other perils. In addition, we have third-party insurance coverage (after self-insured retentions) that defray the costs of large workers’ compensation, health and general liability exposures. We accrue losses based upon our estimates of the aggregate liability for uninsured losses incurred using certain actuarial assumptions followed in the insurance industry and based on our experience. F-20 Table of Contents Share-Based Compensation We issue various forms of share-based compensation, including stock options and restricted stock awards with service conditions and/or market conditions. We recognize share-based employee compensation based on the fair value on the grant date and recognize compensation cost over the awards’ requisite service periods. We reduce compensation cost related to forfeited awards in the period of forfeiture. See Note 8 for further discussion of our share-based compensation. Income Taxes Aimco has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 1994, and it intends to continue to operate in such a manner. Aimco’s current and continuing qualification as a REIT depends on its ability to meet the various requirements imposed by the Internal Revenue Code, which are related to organizational structure, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership and certain restrictions with regard to owned assets and categories of income. If Aimco qualifies for taxation as a REIT, it will generally not be subject to United States federal corporate income tax on its taxable income that is currently distributed to stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (at the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from an investment in a corporation. Even if Aimco qualifies as a REIT, it may be subject to United States federal income and excise taxes in various situations, such as on our undistributed income. Aimco also will be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income on non-arm’s length transactions between it and a TRS (described below) and on any net income from sales of apartment communities that were held for sale in the ordinary course. The state and local tax laws may not conform to the United States federal income tax treatment, and Aimco may be subject to state or local taxation in various state or local jurisdictions, including those in which we transact business. Any taxes imposed on us reduce our operating cash flow and net income. Certain of our operations or a portion thereof, including property management and risk management, are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, which are subsidiaries of the Aimco Operating Partnership, and each of which we refer to as a TRS. A TRS is a subsidiary C- corporation that has not elected REIT status and as such is subject to United States federal corporate income tax. We use TRS entities to facilitate our ability to offer certain services and activities to our residents and investment partners that cannot be offered directly by a REIT. We also use TRS entities to hold investments in certain apartment communities. For our TRS entities, deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for United States federal income tax purposes, and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences reverse. We reduce deferred tax assets by recording a valuation allowance when we determine, based on available evidence, that it is more likely than not that the assets will not be realized. We recognize the tax consequences associated with intercompany transfers between the Aimco Operating Partnership and TRS entities when such transactions occur. Refer to Note 9 for further information about our income taxes. Comprehensive Income or Loss As discussed under the preceding Investments in Securitization Trust that holds Aimco Property Debt heading, we have investments in debt securities that are measured at fair value with unrealized gains or losses recognized as an adjustment of accumulated other comprehensive loss within equity and partners’ capital. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized changes in the fair value of our cash flow hedges as an adjustment of accumulated other comprehensive loss within equity and partners’ capital until the July 2018 sale of the Asset Management business. The amounts of consolidated comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, along with the corresponding amounts of such comprehensive income attributable to Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership and to noncontrolling interests, are presented within the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Earnings per Share and Unit Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership calculate earnings per share and unit based on the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock or common partnership units, participating securities, common stock or common unit equivalents and dilutive convertible securities outstanding during the period. The Aimco Operating Partnership considers both common partnership units and equivalents, which have identical rights to distributions and undistributed earnings, to be common units for purposes of the earnings per unit computations. See Note 10 for further information regarding earnings per share and unit computations. Use of Estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts included in the financial statements and accompanying notes thereto. Actual results could differ from those estimates. F-21 Table of Contents Reclassifications Certain items included in the 2017 and 2016 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. We have also reclassified certain items on our consolidated statements of operations to comply with the SEC disclosure amendments summarized below. Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Current Year Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted a new standard issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, that affects accounting for revenue. Under this new standard, revenue is generally recognized when an entity has transferred control of goods or services to a customer for an amount reflecting the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled for such exchange. The new revenue standard also introduced new guidance for accounting for other income, including how we measure gains or losses on the sale of real estate. We adopted the new standard using the modified retrospective transition method effective January 1, 2018, with no effect on our results of operations or financial position. Effective January 1, 2018, we also adopted new standards issued by the FASB that affect the presentation and disclosure of the statements of cash flows. We are now required to present combined inflows and outflows of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the consolidated statement of cash flows. Previously our consolidated statements of cash flows presented transfers between restricted and unrestricted cash accounts as operating, financing and investing cash activities depending on the required or intended purpose for the restricted funds. The new guidance also requires debt prepayment and other extinguishment-related payments to be classified as financing activities. We previously classified such payments as operating activities. We have revised our consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 to conform to this presentation, and the effect of the revisions to net cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities as previously reported are summarized in the following table (in thousands): 2017 2016 As Previously Reported Adjustments As Revised As Previously Reported Adjustments As Revised Net cash provided by operating activities $ Net cash used in investing activities Net cash used in financing activities $ 394,139 14,704 (393,301 ) (2,067 ) $ (1,685 ) (399 ) $ 392,072 13,019 (393,700 ) $ 377,724 (97,773 ) (269,496 ) (1,223 ) $ (1,374 ) (14,453 ) 376,501 (99,147 ) (283,949 ) In 2018, the Securities Exchange Commission, or SEC, amended its rules to eliminate, modify, or integrate into other SEC requirements certain disclosure rules. The amendments are intended to simplify compliance without significantly changing the total mix of information provided to investors and were generally effective on November 5, 2018. The amendments remove the SEC rule that requires REITs to present gain or loss on the sale of real estate, net of income tax, in the statement of operations. Consistent with the SEC’s historical requirements, we previously presented gain or loss on dispositions of real estate below continuing operations and net of tax. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we present gain on dispositions of real estate as a component of income before income taxes in our consolidated statements of operations and we have revised the 2017 and 2016 comparative periods to conform to this presentation as follows: Income tax benefit Gain on dispositions of real estate 2017 2016 As Previously Reported 32,126 299,559 Adjustments As Revised (1,290) 1,290 30,836 300,849 As Previously Reported 25,208 393,790 Adjustments As Revised (6,366) 6,366 18,842 400,156 Additionally, SEC rules previously required changes in equity subsequent to the prior year-end as either a separate financial statement or in the notes to interim financial statements. For interim periods in 2018, we presented changes in equity within a footnote to our interim condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with the SEC rule. The amendments create a requirement to report changes in equity and dividends per share in interim periods on a comparative basis for both quarter-to-date and year-to-date periods presented. This disclosure is required for interim financial statements beginning in 2019; therefore, we will present comparative interim statements of stockholders equity beginning in our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ending March 31, 2019. F-22 Table of Contents Recent Accounting Pronouncements The FASB issued a new standard on lease accounting, which is effective for us on January 1, 2019. Under the new lease standard, lessor accounting will be largely unchanged and lessees will be required to recognize a lease liability and related right of use asset for all leases with terms longer than 12 months, with such leases classified as either operating or finance. The standard may be adopted utilizing multiple practical expedients, and we plan to adopt the standard using all practical expedients that aid in calculating the value of the lease liability and related right of use asset on the date of adoption, as well as the prospective practical expedient that allows lessors to combine lease and nonlease components where the timing and pattern of transfer are the same. We do not anticipate significant changes in the timing of income recognition from our leases with residents. However, in circumstances where we are a lessee, in primarily a limited population of ground leases and leases for corporate office space, we will be required to recognize lease liabilities and related right of use assets on our consolidated balance sheets. We anticipate recording lease liabilities and related right of use assets in amounts less than 1.5% of total assets as of December 31, 2018. Additionally, our adoption of the standard will affect the manner in which we recognize costs incurred to obtain resident leases. Through December 31, 2018, we deferred certain costs based on the percentage of successful leases relative to all leasing candidates. Under the new standard, only costs that are contingent upon a signed lease may be deferred. We do not anticipate recording significant cumulative catch up adjustments in connection with our adoption of this standard. Note 3 — Significant Transactions Acquisitions of Apartment Communities During the year ended December 31, 2018, we acquired apartment communities located in Arlington, Virginia, Fairfax County, Virginia and in the Center City and University City areas of Philadelphia. Summarized information regarding these acquisitions is set forth in the table below (dollars in thousands): Number of apartment communities Number of apartment homes Purchase price (1) Capitalized transaction costs Total fair value allocated to land Total fair value allocated to building and improvements Total fair value allocated to intangible assets Total fair value allocated to intangible liabilities $ 2018 6 1,480 483,066 7,591 69,177 424,718 9,700 12,938 (1) The gross purchase price of the Philadelphia portfolio consisted of $34.4 million in cash, $208.9 million of assumed property-level debt and the issuance of 1.2 million OP Units. In accordance with GAAP, the OP Units were valued at $41.08 per unit, the closing price of Aimco’s common share on May 1, 2018, the purchase date. Dispositions of Apartment Communities and Assets Held for Sale During the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold for $590.0 million our Asset Management business and our four affordable apartment communities located in the Hunters Point area of San Francisco. The sale resulted in a gain of $500.3 million and net cash proceeds of $512.2 million, after payment of transaction costs and repayment of property-level debt encumbering the Hunters Point apartment communities. In addition to the Hunters Point apartment communities, we sold the following apartment communities from our Real Estate portfolio during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands): Real Estate portfolio: Apartment communities sold Apartment homes sold Gain on dispositions of real estate 2018 2017 2016 4 1,334 175,213 $ 5 2,291 297,730 $ 7 3,045 383,647 $ F-23 Table of Contents The apartment communities sold from our Real Estate portfolio during 2018, 2017 and 2016 were predominantly located outside of our primary markets or in lower-rated locations within our primary markets and had average revenues per apartment home significantly below those of our retained portfolio. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold our interests in the entities owning the La Jolla Cove property in settlement of legal actions filed in 2014 by a group of disappointed buyers who had hoped to acquire the property. We provided seller financing with a stated value of $48.6 million and received net cash proceeds of approximately $5.0 million in the sale. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the consolidated partnerships served by our Asset Management business sold a total of three apartment communities for gross proceeds of $10.9 million and $27.5 million, respectively, and resulting in gains on dispositions of $2.6 million and $16.5 million, respectively. In addition to the apartment communities we sold during the periods presented, from time to time we may be marketing for sale certain apartment communities that are inconsistent with our long-term investment strategy. At the end of each reporting period, we evaluate whether such communities meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale. As of December 31, 2018, we had two apartment communities with 782 apartment homes in our Real Estate portfolio that were classified as held for sale. In January 2019, we sold the apartment communities for a gain on disposition of $87.5 million, net of tax, and gross proceeds of $141.2 million, resulting in $114.9 million of net proceeds to Aimco. Note 4 — Non-Recourse Property Debt and Credit Agreement Non-Recourse Property Debt (Real Estate Portfolio) We finance apartment communities in our Real Estate portfolio primarily using property-level, non-recourse, long-dated, fixed-rate, amortizing debt. The following table summarizes non-recourse property debt related to assets classified as held for use at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands): Fixed-rate property debt Variable-rate property debt Debt issue costs, net of accumulated amortization Non-recourse property debt, net 2018 2017 $ $ $ 3,676,882 260,118 (21,695 ) 3,915,305 $ 3,480,378 82,663 (17,932 ) 3,545,109 Fixed-rate property debt matures at various dates through January 2055, and has interest rates that range from 2.73% to 7.14%, with a weighted average interest rate of 4.22%. Principal and interest on fixed-rate debt are generally payable monthly or in monthly interest-only payments with balloon payments due at maturity. At December 31, 2018, each of the fixed-rate loans payable related to apartment communities classified as held for use were secured by one of 82 apartment communities that had an aggregate net book value of $4.2 billion. Variable-rate property debt matures at various dates through July 2033, and had interest rates that ranged from 3.55% to 3.67%, as of December 31, 2018, with a weighted average interest rate of 3.61% at December 31, 2018. Principal and interest on variable-rate debt are generally payable in semi-annual installments with balloon payments due at maturity. As of December 31, 2018, our variable-rate property debt related to apartment communities classified as held for use were each secured by eight apartment communities that had an aggregate net book value of $239.5 million. These non-recourse property debt instruments contain covenants common to the type of borrowing, and at December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with all such covenants. F-24 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2018, the scheduled principal amortization and maturity payments for the non-recourse property debt related to apartment communities classified as held for use were as follows (in thousands): 2019 2020 2021 (1) 2022 2023 Thereafter Total $ Amortization Maturities 77,791 $ 79,592 69,995 64,991 55,450 $ 168,554 78,930 611,039 283,629 337,871 2,109,158 3,937,000 (1) Pursuant to the terms of our loan agreements, we may prepay in 2020 $246.5 million of loans maturing in 2021, without penalty. Credit Facility We have a credit facility with a syndicate of financial institutions. Our credit facility provides for $800.0 million of revolving loan commitments. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had $160.4 million and $67.2 million, respectively, of outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility. The interest rate on our outstanding borrowings was 3.93% and 3.26% at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, after outstanding borrowings and $7.1 million of undrawn letters of credit backed by the Credit Agreement, our available borrowing capacity was $632.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we repaid the $250.0 million term loan in full. Borrowings against the revolving loan commitments bear interest at a rate set forth on a pricing grid, which rate varies based on our credit rating as assigned by specified rating agencies (LIBOR plus 1.20%, or, at our option, a base rate plus 0.20% at December 31, 2018). The credit facility matures on January 22, 2022. The credit facility provides that we may make distributions to our investors during any four consecutive quarters in an aggregate amount that does not exceed the greater of 95% of our Funds From Operations for such period, subject to certain non-cash adjustments, or such amount as may be necessary to maintain Aimco’s REIT status. Note 5 — Commitments and Contingencies Commitments In connection with our redevelopment, development and capital improvement activities, we have entered into various construction-related contracts and we have made commitments to complete redevelopment of certain apartment communities, pursuant to financing or other arrangements. As of December 31, 2018, our commitments related to these capital activities totaled approximately $207.0 million, most of which we expect to incur during the next 12 months. We enter into certain commitments for future purchases of goods and services in connection with the operations of our apartment communities. Those commitments generally have terms of one year or less and reflect expenditure levels comparable to our historical expenditures. Legal Matters In addition to the matters described below, we are a party to various legal actions and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which are covered by our general liability insurance program, and none of which we expect to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Environmental Various federal, state and local laws subject apartment community owners or operators to liability for management, and the costs of removal or remediation, of certain potentially hazardous materials that may be present in the land or buildings of an apartment community. Such laws often impose liability without regard to fault or whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such materials. The presence of, or the failure to manage or remediate properly, these materials may adversely affect occupancy at such apartment communities as well as the ability to sell or finance such apartment communities. In addition, governmental agencies may bring claims for costs associated with investigation and remediation actions. Moreover, private plaintiffs may potentially make claims for investigation and remediation costs they incur or for personal injury, disease, disability or other infirmities related to the alleged presence of hazardous materials. In addition to potential environmental liabilities F-25 Table of Contents or costs associated with our current apartment communities, we may also be responsible for such liabilities or costs associated with communities we acquire or manage in the future, or apartment communities we no longer own or operate. We are engaged in discussions with the Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, and the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, or IDEM, regarding contaminated groundwater in a residential area near an Indiana apartment community that has not been owned by us since 2008. The contamination allegedly derives from a dry cleaner that operated on our former property, prior to our ownership. We undertook a voluntary remediation of the dry cleaner contamination under IDEM’s oversight. In 2016, EPA listed our former community and a number of residential communities in the vicinity on the National Priorities List, or NPL (i.e. as a Superfund site). In May 2018, we prevailed on our federal judicial appeal vacating the Superfund listing. We continue to work with EPA and IDEM to identify options for clean-up of the site. Although the outcome of these processes are uncertain, we do not expect their resolution to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. We also have been contacted by regulators and the current owner of a property in Lake Tahoe, California, regarding environmental issues allegedly stemming from the historic operation of a dry cleaner. An entity owned by us was the former general partner of a now-dissolved partnership that previously owned a site that was used for dry cleaning. That entity and the current property owner have been remediating the dry cleaner site since 2009, under the oversight of the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board, or Lahontan. In May 2017, Lahontan issued a final cleanup and abatement order that names four potentially-responsible parties, acknowledges that there may be additional responsible parties, and requires the named parties to perform additional groundwater investigation and corrective actions with respect to onsite and offsite contamination. We are appealing the final order while simultaneously complying with it. Although the outcome of this process is uncertain, we do not expect its resolution to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. We have determined that our legal obligations to remove or remediate certain potentially hazardous materials may be conditional asset retirement obligations, as defined in GAAP. Except in limited circumstances where the asset retirement activities are expected to be performed in connection with a planned construction project or apartment community casualty, we believe that the fair value of our asset retirement obligations cannot be reasonably estimated due to significant uncertainties in the timing and manner of settlement of those obligations. Asset retirement obligations that are reasonably estimable as of December 31, 2018, are immaterial to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Operating Leases We are obligated under non-cancelable operating leases for office space. We are also obligated under non-cancelable operating leases for the ground under certain of our apartment communities with remaining terms ranging from 52 years to 99 years. Minimum annual rental payments under operating leases are as follows (in thousands): 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total Office Lease Obligations Ground Lease Obligations Total Operating Lease Obligations $ $ 2,237 2,821 2,719 2,582 1,871 10,644 22,874 $ $ 2,114 2,350 2,439 2,492 2,492 422,169 434,056 $ $ 4,351 5,171 5,158 5,074 4,363 432,813 456,930 Substantially all of the office space subject to the operating leases in the table above is for the use of our corporate offices and area operations. Rent expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis and totaled $2.8 million, $3.0 million and $3.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Rent expense recognized for the ground leases totaled $2.3 million, $1.8 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and is included within interest expense in the accompanying statements of operations. F-26 Table of Contents Note 6 — Aimco Equity Preferred Stock At December 31, 2018 and 2017, Aimco had a single class of perpetual preferred stock outstanding, its Class A Cumulative Preferred Stock, with 5,000,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding and with a balance of $125.0 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Aimco’s Class A Preferred Stock has a $0.01 per share par value, is senior to Aimco’s Common Stock, has a liquidation preference per share of $25.00 and is redeemable at our option on or after May 17, 2019. The holders of Preferred Stock are generally not entitled to vote on matters submitted to stockholders. Dividends at an annual rate of 6.88% are subject to declaration by Aimco’s Board of Directors and accrue if not declared. During the year ended December 31, 2016, Aimco redeemed all of the outstanding shares of its Class Z Cumulative Preferred Stock at a redemption value of $34.8 million. We reflected the $0.7 million excess of the redemption value over the carrying amount and $1.3 million of previously deferred issuance costs as an adjustment of net income attributable to preferred stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2016. In connection with the redemption of Aimco preferred stock, the Aimco Operating Partnership redeemed from Aimco a number of Partnership Preferred Units equal to the number of shares redeemed or repurchased by Aimco. Common Stock During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, Aimco declared dividends per common share of $1.52, $1.44 and $1.32, respectively. On February 3, 2019, Aimco’s Board of Directors authorized a reverse stock split, in which every 1.03119 Aimco common share will be combined into one Aimco common share, effective at the close of business on February 20, 2019. On the same date, the Board of Directors also declared a special dividend on the Aimco common stock that consists of $67.1 million in cash and 4.5 million shares of Aimco common stock. The special dividend will be payable on March 22, 2019, to stockholders of record as of February 22, 2019. The special dividend amount includes the regular quarterly cash dividend, which for 2019 is expected to be $0.39 per share. Stockholders will have the opportunity to elect to receive the special dividend in the form of all cash or all stock, subject to proration if either option is oversubscribed. The reverse split was authorized in order to neutralize the dilutive impact of the stock issued in the special dividend. As a result, total shares outstanding following completion of both the special dividend and the reverse stock split are expected to be unchanged from the total shares outstanding immediately prior to the transactions. Some stockholders may have more Aimco shares and some may have fewer based on their individual elections. Pro forma Earnings per Share (unaudited) In financial statements issued after the effective date of the reverse stock split, we are required to retroactively recognize the reverse stock split in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share. The shares issued in connection with the special dividend will be included in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share on a prospective basis, and are therefore not included in the pro forma amounts disclosed below. If the reverse stock split had been effective prior to issuance of these financial statements, basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding and earnings per share for the years ending December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 would have been (shares in thousands): Weighted average shares, basic Weighted average shares, diluted Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share Registration Statements 2018 2017 2016 151,152 151,334 4.34 4.34 $ $ 151,595 152,060 2.02 $ 2.02 $ 151,282 151,669 2.76 2.75 $ $ Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership have a shelf registration statement that provides for the issuance of equity and debt securities by Aimco and debt securities by the Aimco Operating Partnership. F-27 Table of Contents Note 7 — Partners’ Capital Partnership Preferred Units Owned by Aimco At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Aimco Operating Partnership had outstanding preferred units in classes and amounts similar to Aimco’s Preferred Stock described in Note 6, or Partnership Preferred Units. All of these Partnership Preferred Units were owned by Aimco during the periods presented. The Partnership Preferred Units are senior to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common partnership units. The Partnership Preferred Units do not have voting rights, except the right to approve certain changes to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement that would adversely affect holders of such class of units. Distributions on Partnership Preferred Units are subject to being declared by the General Partner. The Partnership Preferred Units are redeemable by the Aimco Operating Partnership only in connection with a concurrent redemption by Aimco of the corresponding Aimco Preferred Stock held by unrelated parties. As discussed in Note 6, during the year ended December 31, 2016, Aimco redeemed its Class Z Cumulative Preferred Stock. In connection with this redemption, the Aimco Operating Partnership redeemed from Aimco a corresponding number of Partnership Preferred Units. Redeemable Preferred OP Units In addition to the Partnership Preferred Units owned by Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership has outstanding various classes of redeemable Partnership Preferred Units owned by third parties, which we refer to as preferred OP Units. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Aimco Operating Partnership had the following classes of preferred OP Units (stated at their redemption values, in thousands, except unit and per unit data): Class of Preferred Units Percent Per Unit 2018 2017 2018 2017 Distributions per Annum Units Issued and Outstanding Redemption Values Class One Class Two Class Three Class Four Class Six Class Seven Class Nine Class Ten Total 8.75 % $ 1.92 % $ 7.88 % $ 8.00 % $ 8.50 % $ 7.87 % $ 6.00 % $ 6.00 % $ 8.00 0.48 1.97 2.00 2.13 1.97 1.50 1.50 90,000 14,240 1,338,524 644,954 773,693 27,960 243,112 680,000 3,812,483 90,000 $ 17,750 1,338,524 644,954 780,036 27,960 243,112 680,000 3,822,336 $ 8,229 $ 356 33,463 16,124 19,342 699 6,078 17,000 101,291 $ 8,229 444 33,462 16,124 19,501 699 6,078 17,000 101,537 Each class of preferred OP Units is currently redeemable at the holders’ option. The Aimco Operating Partnership, at its sole discretion, may settle such redemption requests in cash or cause Aimco to issue shares of its Common Stock with a value equal to the redemption price. In the event the Aimco Operating Partnership requires Aimco to issue shares of Common Stock to settle a redemption request, the Aimco Operating Partnership would issue to Aimco a corresponding number of common partnership units. The Aimco Operating Partnership has a redemption policy that requires cash settlement of redemption requests for the preferred OP Units, subject to limited exceptions. Subject to certain conditions, the Class Four and Class Six preferred OP Units may be converted into common OP Units. These redeemable units are classified within temporary equity in Aimco’s consolidated balance sheets and within temporary capital in the Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, approximately 10,000, 67,000 and 69,000 preferred OP Units, respectively, were redeemed in exchange for cash, and no preferred OP Units were redeemed in exchange for shares of Aimco Common Stock. The Class Ten preferred OP Units were issued as partial consideration for an acquisition during the year ended December 31, 2016. F-28 Table of Contents The following table presents a reconciliation of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred OP Units during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): Balance at January 1 Preferred distributions Redemption of preferred units and other Issuance of preferred units Net income Balance at December 31 Common Partnership Units 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 101,537 $ (7,740 ) (246 ) — 7,740 101,291 $ 103,201 $ (7,764 ) (1,664 ) — 7,764 101,537 $ 87,926 (7,239 ) (1,725 ) 17,000 7,239 103,201 In the Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets, the common partnership units held by Aimco are classified within Partners’ Capital as General Partner and Special Limited Partner capital and the common OP Units are classified within Limited Partners’ capital. In Aimco’s consolidated balance sheets, the common OP Units are classified within permanent equity as common noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Common partnership units held by Aimco are not redeemable whereas common OP Units are redeemable at the holders’ option, subject to certain restrictions, on the basis of one common OP Unit for either one share of Common Stock or cash equal to the fair value of a share of Common Stock at the time of redemption. Aimco has the option to deliver shares of Common Stock in exchange for all or any portion of the common OP Units tendered for redemption. When a limited partner redeems a common OP Unit for Common Stock, Limited Partners’ capital is reduced and the General Partner and Special Limited Partners’ capital is increased. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, approximately 224,000, 268,000 and 248,000 common OP Units, respectively, were redeemed in exchange for cash, and no common OP Units were redeemed in exchange for shares of Common Stock. The holders of the common OP Units receive distributions, prorated from the date of issuance, in an amount equivalent to the dividends paid to holders of Common Stock. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Aimco Operating Partnership declared distributions per common unit of $1.52, $1.44 and $1.32, respectively On February 3, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s general partner authorized a reverse unit split in which every 1.03119 common partnership units will be combined into one common partnership unit. The reverse split is effective at the close of business on February 20, 2019, and corresponds to a similar split effected by Aimco with respect to its common shares at the same time. On the same date, the Board of Directors also declared a special distribution to the holders of Aimco Operating Partnership common partnership units that consists of $71.5 million in cash and 4.8 million common partnership units. The special distribution will be payable on March 22, 2019, to unitholders of record as of February 22, 2019. The special distribution also corresponds to a similar special dividend paid at the same time to holders of Aimco common shares. The reverse split was authorized in order to neutralize the dilutive impact of the units issued in the special distribution. As a result, total common partnership units outstanding following completion of both the special distribution and the reverse unit split are expected to be unchanged from the total common partnership units outstanding immediately prior to the transactions. Pro forma Earnings per Common Unit (Unaudited) In financial statements issued after the effective date of the reverse unit split, we are required to retroactively recognize the reverse unit split in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per unit. The units issued in connection with the special distribution will be included in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per unit on a prospective basis, and are therefore not included in the pro forma amounts disclosed below. If the reverse unit split had been effective prior to issuance of these financial statements, basic and diluted weighted average units outstanding and earnings per unit for the years ending December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 would have been (units in thousands): Weighted average units, basic Weighted average units, diluted Basic earnings per unit Diluted earnings per unit 2018 2017 2016 158,890 159,073 4.35 4.34 $ $ 158,793 159,257 2.02 $ 2.02 $ 158,808 159,194 2.76 2.75 $ $ F-29 Table of Contents Note 8 — Share-Based Compensation We have a stock award and incentive program to attract and retain officers and independent directors. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 4.7 million shares were available for issuance under our Amended and Restated 2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan, or the 2015 Plan. The total number of shares available for issuance under this plan may be increased by an additional 0.3 million shares to the extent of any forfeiture, cancellation, exchange, surrender, termination or expiration of an award outstanding under our 2007 Stock Award and Incentive Plan. Awards under the 2015 Plan may be in the form of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options and restricted stock, or other types of awards as authorized under the plan. Our plans are administered by the Compensation and Human Resources Committee of Aimco’s Board of Directors. In the case of stock options, the exercise price of the options granted may not be less than the fair market value of a share of Common Stock at the date of grant. Total compensation cost recognized for stock based awards was $9.7 million, $9.3 million and $8.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Of these amounts, $1.2 million, $1.4 million and $1.0 million, respectively, were capitalized. At December 31, 2018, total unvested compensation cost not yet recognized was $11.0 million. We expect to recognize this compensation over a weighted average period of approximately 1.6 years. We have granted five different types of awards that are outstanding as of December 31, 2018. We have outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards that are subject to time-based vesting and require continuous employment, typically over a period of four years from the grant date, and we refer to these awards as Time-Based Stock Options and Time-Based Restricted Stock, respectively. We also have outstanding stock options, restricted stock awards and two forms of long-term incentive partnership units, or LTIP units, that vest conditioned on Aimco’s total shareholder return, or TSR, relative to the NAREIT Apartment Index (60% weighting) and the MSCI US REIT Index (40% weighting) over a forward- looking performance period of three years. We refer to these awards as TSR Stock Options, TSR Restricted Stock, TSR LTIP I units, and TSR LTIP II units. Vested LTIP II units may be converted at the holders option to LTIP Units for a strike price over a term of ten years. Earned TSR-based awards, if any, will vest 50% on each of the third anniversary and fourth anniversary of the grant date, based on continued employment. The term of Time-Based Stock Options and TSR Stock Options is generally ten years from the date of grant. We recognize compensation cost associated with Time-Based awards ratably over the requisite service periods, which are typically four years. We recognize compensation cost related to the TSR-based awards, which have graded vesting periods, over the requisite service period for each separate vesting tranche of the award, commencing on the grant date. The value of the TSR-based awards take into consideration the probability that the market condition will be achieved; therefore previously recorded compensation cost is not adjusted in the event that the market condition is not achieved and awards do not vest. Stock Options During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we granted TSR Stock Options. The following table summarizes activity for our outstanding stock options, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (options in thousands): 2018 2017 2016 Number of Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Number of Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Number of Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Outstanding at beginning of year Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding at end of year Exercisable at end of year 648 $ — (2 ) — 646 $ 186 $ 40.08 — 28.33 — 40.12 38.18 $ 675 184 (211 ) — 648 128 $ $ 29.55 44.07 9.90 — 40.08 37.59 $ 1,394 216 (934 ) (1 ) 675 280 $ $ 30.85 38.73 33.61 29.11 29.55 16.38 The intrinsic value of a stock option represents the amount by which the current price of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the option. As of December 31, 2018, options outstanding had an aggregate intrinsic value of $2.5 million and a weighted average remaining contractual term of 7.0 years. Options exercisable at December 31, 2018, had an aggregate intrinsic value of $1.1 million and a weighted average remaining contractual term of 5.9 years. The intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, was $32 thousand, $7.1 million and $11.1 million, respectively. F-30 Table of Contents The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended 2017 and 2016 was $11.39 and $9.94 per option, respectively. Time-Based Restricted Stock Awards The following table summarizes activity for Time-Based Restricted Stock awards for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (shares in thousands): 2018 2017 2016 Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value 160 $ 51 (86 ) 125 $ 37.63 40.01 34.42 40.82 $ 249 45 (134 ) 160 $ 33.61 44.07 32.35 37.63 $ 339 91 (181 ) 249 $ 29.96 40.03 29.99 33.61 Unvested at beginning of year Granted Vested Unvested at end of year The aggregate fair value of shares that vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $8.4 million, $6.0 million and $7.0 million, respectively. TSR Restricted Stock Awards The following table summarizes activity for TSR Restricted Stock awards for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (shares in thousands): 2018 2017 2016 Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Number of Shares Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value 253 $ 45 (123 ) 175 $ 40.70 41.71 39.72 41.65 214 $ 39 — 253 $ 39.66 46.39 — 40.70 123 $ 91 — 214 $ 39.72 39.59 — 39.66 Unvested at beginning of year Granted Vested Unvested at end of year TSR LTIP I Units The following table summarizes activity for TSR LTIP I units for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (units in thousands): Unvested at beginning of year Granted Unvested at end of year 2018 2017 Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Number of Units Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Number of Units 45 $ 48 93 $ 46.21 41.48 43.78 — $ 45 45 $ — 46.21 46.21 F-31 Table of Contents TSR LTIP II Units The following table summarizes activity for TSR LTIP II units for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (numbers of units in thousands): Unvested at beginning of year Granted Unvested at end of year Determination of Grant-Date Fair Value of Awards 2018 Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Number of Units — $ 243 243 $ — 41.84 41.84 We estimated the fair value of TSR-based awards granted in 2018, 2017 and 2016 using a Monte Carlo model using the assumptions set forth in the table below. The risk-free interest rate reflects the annualized yield of a zero coupon U.S. Treasury security with a term equal to the expected term of the option. The expected dividend yield reflects expectations regarding cash dividend amounts per share paid on Aimco’s Common Stock during the expected term of the awards. Expected volatility reflects an average of the historical volatility of Aimco’s Common Stock during the historical period commensurate with the expected term of the options that ended on the date of grant, and the implied volatility is calculated from observed call option contracts closest to the expected term. The derived vesting period of TSR Restricted Stock and TSR LTIP I units was determined based on the graded vesting terms. The expected term of the TSR-options and TSR LTIP II units was based on historical option exercises and post-vesting terminations. The midpoints of our valuation assumptions for the 2018, 2017 and 2016 grants were as follows: Grant date market value of a common share Risk-free interest rate Dividend yield Expected volatility Derived vesting period of TSR Restricted Stock and TSR LTIP I units Weighted average expected term of TSR Stock Options and LTIP II units 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 40.95 2.32 % 3.52 % 18.02 % $ 44.07 1.57 % 3.27 % 21.33 % 38.73 1.15 % 3.41 % 21.24 % 3.4 years 5.6 years 3.4 years 5.8 years 3.4 years 5.8 years The grant date fair value for the Time-Based Restricted Stock awards reflects the closing price of a share of Aimco common stock on the grant date. F-32 Table of Contents Note 9 — Income Taxes Deferred income taxes reflect the net effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities of the TRS entities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax liabilities and assets are as follows (in thousands): Deferred tax liabilities: Real estate and real estate partnership basis differences Deferred tax assets: Net operating, capital and other loss carryforwards Accruals and expenses Tax credit carryforwards Management contracts and other Total deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Net deferred tax assets December 31, 2018 2017 12,058 $ 32,032 $ $ $ 7,022 7,432 67,530 2,064 84,048 (4,930 ) 9,523 6,575 73,450 200 89,748 (25,489 ) 32,227 $ 67,060 $ In December 2017, the U.S. Congress passed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the 2017 Act, which is effective for years beginning with 2018. The 2017 Act provided for a reduction in the federal income tax rate. In accordance with GAAP, we revalued our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017. We finalized our accounting for the tax effects of enactment of the 2017 Act during the year ended December 31, 2018, resulting in our recognition of a cumulative net tax benefit of $15.6 million over the two years. At December 31, 2018, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, for which the deferred tax asset was approximately $7.0 million, before a valuation allowance of $4.9 million. The NOLs expire in years 2019 to 2034. Subject to certain separate return limitations, we may use these NOLs to offset a portion of state taxable income generated by our TRS entities. As of December 31, 2018, we had low-income housing and rehabilitation tax credit carryforwards and corresponding deferred tax assets of approximately $67.5 million for income tax purposes that expire in years 2034 to 2038. In light of the lower federal tax rate under the 2017 Act, our TRS entities must generate more taxable income in future years to utilize tax credit carryforwards, which are recorded as deferred tax assets. As a result, during the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized a partial valuation allowance of $15.4 million against the deferred tax assets associated with low-income housing and rehabilitation tax credit carryforwards. Due to the sale of our Asset Management business, discussed further in Note 3, during the year ended December 31, 2018, we reversed the remaining valuation allowance recognized in 2017 against our deferred tax benefits that we now expect to utilize. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of our unrecognized tax benefits is presented below (in thousands): Balance at January 1 Additions (reductions) based on tax positions related to prior years Balance at December 31 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 2,476 $ 142 2,618 $ 2,286 190 2,476 $ $ 2,897 (611 ) 2,286 Because the statute of limitations has not yet elapsed, our United States federal income tax returns for the year ended December 31, 2014 and subsequent years and certain of our State income tax returns for the year ended December 31, 2014 and subsequent years are currently subject to examination by the IRS or other taxing authorities. If recognized, the unrecognized benefit would affect the effective rate. In 2014, the IRS initiated an audit of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s 2011 and 2012 tax years. This audit remains in process as of December 31, 2018. We do not believe the audit will have any material effect on our unrecognized tax benefits, financial condition or results of operations. Our policy is to include any interest and penalties related to income taxes within the income tax line item in our consolidated statements of operations. F-33 Table of Contents In accordance with the accounting requirements for stock-based compensation, we may recognize tax benefits in connection with the exercise of stock options by employees of our TRS entities and the vesting of restricted stock awards. We recognize the tax effects related to stock based compensation through earnings in the period the compensation was recognized. Significant components of the income tax benefit or expense are as follows and are classified within income tax benefit in income before gain on dispositions and gain on dispositions of real estate, net of tax, in our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): Current: Federal State Total current Deferred: Federal State Revaluation of deferred taxes due to change in tax rate Total deferred Total benefit 2018 2017 2016 $ 11,269 $ 10,537 21,806 (938 ) $ 525 (413 ) 5,038 2,916 7,954 (29,243 ) (5,590 ) — (34,833 ) (10,908 ) (3,621 ) (15,894 ) (30,423 ) $ (13,027 ) $ (30,836 ) $ (26,173 ) (623 ) — (26,796 ) (18,842 ) Consolidated income or loss subject to tax consists of pretax income or loss of our TRS entities and income and gains retained by the REIT. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we had consolidated net income subject to tax of $158.6 million, net loss subject to tax of $55.6 million and net income subject to tax of $109.3 million, respectively. The reconciliation of income tax attributable to operations computed at the United States statutory rate to income tax benefit is shown below (dollars in thousands): Tax provision (benefit) at United States statutory rates on consolidated income or loss subject to tax State income tax expense, net of federal tax (benefit) expense Establishment of deferred tax asset related to partnership basis difference (1) Effect of permanent differences Tax effect of intercompany transactions (2) Tax credits Tax reform revaluation (3) (Decrease) increase in valuation allowance (4) Other Total income tax benefit 2018 2017 2016 Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent $ 33,296 12,252 21.0 % $ 7.7 % (19,459 ) (1,769 ) 35.0 % $ 3.2 % 38,257 7,152 — 302 (33,250 ) (6,897 ) 288 (20,434 ) 1,416 (13,027 ) $ — % 0.2 % (21.0 )% (4.4 )% 0.2 % (12.9 )% 0.9 % (8.3 )% $ (3,501 ) (1,629 ) — (9,607 ) (15,894 ) 21,023 — (30,836 ) 6.3 % 2.9 % — % 17.3 % 28.6 % (37.8 )% — % 55.5 % $ — (132 ) (47,369 ) (16,750 ) — — — (18,842 ) 35.0 % 6.5 % — % (0.1 )% (43.3 )% (15.3 )% — % — % — % (17.2 )% (1) 2017 includes the establishment of a deferred tax asset related to partnership basis difference when it became apparent that it would reverse in the foreseeable future. This deferred tax asset was fully reserved in the valuation allowance described below as of December 31, 2017. (2) 2016 includes the effect of intercompany asset transfers between the Aimco Operating Partnership and TRS entities, for which tax was deferred and recognized as the assets affected GAAP income or loss, for example, through depreciation, impairment, or upon the sale of the asset to a third-party. Effective January 1, 2017, we adopted a new accounting standard applicable to intercompany asset transfers. As a result, the accumulated unrecognized deferred tax expense associated with historical intercompany transfers was recognized as a cumulative effect adjustment through retained earnings at that time. 2018 includes the tax benefit to establish the initial deferred tax asset from the intercompany transfer of a portion of the Asset Management business between the Aimco Operating Partnership and TRS entities. (3) Reflects revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities using the TRS entities’ lower effective tax rates resulting from the 2017 Act. Accounting for the tax effects of enactment of the 2017 Act was finalized during the year ended December 31, 2018. F-34 Table of Contents (4) 2017 includes a $15.4 million valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets associated with rehabilitation tax credits due to the lower federal tax rate under the 2017 Act. This valuation allowance was reversed in 2018 as a result of the sale of our Asset Management business. Income taxes paid totaled approximately $11.5 million, $7.4 million and $2.2 million in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. For income tax purposes, dividends paid to holders of Common Stock primarily consist of ordinary income, capital gains, qualified dividends and unrecaptured Section 1250 gains, or a combination thereof. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, dividends per share held for the entire year were estimated to be taxable as follows: Ordinary income Capital gains Qualified dividends Unrecaptured Section 1250 gain Note 10 — Earnings per Share/Unit 2018 2017 2016 Amount Percentage Amount Percentage Amount Percentage $ $ 0.51 0.93 — 0.08 1.52 33.4% $ 61.2% —% 5.4% 100.0% $ 0.75 0.51 0.02 0.16 1.44 51.5% $ 35.7% 1.6% 11.2% 100.0% $ 0.45 0.47 0.13 0.27 1.32 34.2% 35.4% 9.9% 20.5% 100.0% Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership calculate basic earnings per common share and basic earnings per common unit based on the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock and common partnership units and participating securities outstanding, and calculate diluted earnings per share and diluted earnings per unit taking into consideration dilutive common stock and common partnership unit equivalents and dilutive convertible securities outstanding during the period. Our common stock equivalents and common partnership unit equivalents include options to purchase shares of Common Stock, which, if exercised, would result in Aimco’s issuance of additional shares and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s issuance to Aimco of additional common partnership units equal to the number of shares purchased under the options. These equivalents also include unvested TSR Restricted Stock awards that do not meet the definition of participating securities, which would result in the issuance of additional common shares and common partnership units equal to the number of shares that vest. The dilutive effect of these securities was 0.2 million shares or units, 0.5 million shares or units, and 0.4 million shares or units, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Securities with dilutive effect are included in the denominator for calculating diluted earnings per share and unit during these periods. There were 0.3 million potential shares and 0.3 million potential units not dilutive and excluded from the denominator for calculating diluted earnings per share and per unit, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018. There were 0.2 million potential shares and 0.2 million potential units not dilutive and excluded from the denominator for calculating diluted earnings per share and per unit, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. Our Time-Based Restricted Stock awards receive dividends similar to shares of Common Stock and common partnership units prior to vesting and our TSR LTIP I units and TSR LTIP II units receive distributions based on specified percentages of the distributions paid to common partnership units prior to vesting and conversion. These dividends and distributions are not forfeited in the event the awards do not vest. Therefore, the unvested restricted shares and units related to these awards are participating securities. The effect of participating securities is included in basic and diluted earnings per share and unit computations using the two-class method of allocating distributed and undistributed earnings when the two-class method is more dilutive than the treasury stock method. At December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, there were 0.3 million, 0.2 million and 0.2 million shares of unvested participating restricted securities, respectively. At December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, there were 0.6 million, 0.3 million and 0.2 million units of unvested participating restricted securities, respectively. As discussed in Note 7, the Aimco Operating Partnership has various classes of preferred OP Units, which may be redeemed at the holders’ option. The Aimco Operating Partnership may redeem these units for cash, or at its option, shares of Common Stock. As of December 31, 2018, these preferred OP Units were potentially redeemable for approximately 2.3 million shares of Common Stock (based on the period end market price), or cash. The Aimco Operating Partnership has a redemption policy that requires cash settlement of redemption requests for the preferred OP Units, subject to limited exceptions. Accordingly, we have excluded these securities from earnings per share and unit computations for the periods presented above, and we expect to exclude them in future periods. F-35 Table of Contents Note 11 — Fair Value Measurements Recurring Fair Value Measurements We measure at fair value on a recurring basis our investment in the securitization trust that holds certain of our property debt, which we classify as AFS debt securities. These investments are presented within other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. We hold several positions in the securitization trust that pay interest currently and we also hold the first loss position in the securitization trust, which accrues interest over the term of the investment. These investments were acquired at a discount to face value and we are accreting the discount to the $100.9 million face value of the investments through interest income using the effective interest method over the remaining expected term of the investments, which as of December 31, 2018, was approximately 2.4 years. Our amortized cost basis for these investments, which represents the original cost adjusted for interest accretion less interest payments received, was $83.6 million and $77.7 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We estimated the fair value of these investments to be $88.5 million and $82.8 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our investments in AFS debt securities are classified within Level 2 of the GAAP fair value hierarchy. We estimate the fair value of these investments using an income and market approach with primarily observable inputs, including yields and other information regarding similar types of investments, and adjusted for certain unobservable inputs specific to these investments. The fair value of the positions that pay interest currently typically moves in an inverse relationship with movements in interest rates. The fair value of the first loss position is primarily correlated to collateral quality and demand for similar subordinate commercial mortgage-backed securities. Fair Value Disclosures We believe that the carrying values of the consolidated amounts of cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables approximates their fair value at December 31, 2018 and 2017, due to their relatively short-term nature and high probability of realization. The carrying amount of seller financing notes receivable approximated their estimated fair value at December 31, 2018. The carrying amount of the total indebtedness associated with our Real Estate portfolio approximated its estimated fair value at December 31, 2018 and 2017. We estimate the fair value of our seller financing notes and our consolidated debt using an income and market approach, including comparison of the contractual terms to observable and unobservable inputs such as market interest rate risk spreads, contractual interest rates, remaining periods to maturity, collateral quality and loan to value ratios on similarly encumbered apartment communities within our portfolio. We classify the fair value of debt and seller financing notes within Level 3 of the GAAP valuation hierarchy based on the significance of certain of the unobservable inputs used to estimate its fair value. Note 12 — Business Segments Our chief executive officer, who is our chief operating decision maker, uses proportionate property net operating income to assess the operating performance of our apartment communities. Proportionate property net operating income is defined as our share of rental and other property revenue less our share of property operating expenses, including real estate taxes, for consolidated apartment communities we own and manage. Beginning in 2018, we exclude from rental and other property revenues the amount of utilities cost reimbursed by residents and reflect such amount as a reduction of the related utility expense within property operating expenses in our evaluation of segment results. In our consolidated statements of operation, utility reimbursements are included in rental and other property revenues, in accordance with GAAP. The 2017 and 2016 tables below have been revised to conform to this presentation. Apartment communities are classified as either part of our Real Estate portfolio or, prior to the sale in July 2018, those owned through partnerships served by our Asset Management business. As of December 31, 2018, for segment performance evaluation, our Real Estate segment included 130 consolidated apartment communities with 36,407 apartment homes and excluded four apartment communities with 142 apartment homes that we neither manage nor consolidate. Prior to the July 2018 sale of our Asset Management business, we consolidated certain partnerships in which we held nominal positions. These partnerships own low-income housing tax credit apartment communities. Neither the results of operations nor the assets of these partnerships and apartment communities were quantitatively material during our period of ownership; therefore, we have one reportable segment, Real Estate. The following tables present the revenues, net operating income and income before gain on dispositions of our Real Estate segment on a proportionate basis and excluding amounts related to apartment communities sold or classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2018 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): F-36 Table of Contents Real Estate Proportionate and Other Adjustments (1) Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Reportable Segment (2) Consolidated Year Ended December 31, 2018: Rental and other property revenues attributable to Real Estate $ 854,240 $ 34,282 $ 34,071 $ 922,593 Rental and other property revenues of partnerships served by Asset Management business Tax credit and transaction revenues Total revenues Property operating expenses attributable to Real Estate Property operating expenses of partnerships served by Asset Management business Other operating expenses not allocated to reportable segment (3) Total operating expenses Proportionate property net operating income Other items included in income before income tax benefit (4) — — 854,240 238,860 — — 238,860 615,380 — Income before income tax benefit $ 615,380 $ — — 34,282 32,169 — — 32,169 — — 2,113 $ 42,830 6,987 83,888 36,872 42,830 6,987 972,410 307,901 20,921 20,921 427,832 485,625 — 487,820 86,083 $ 427,832 756,654 — 487,820 703,576 Real Estate Proportionate and Other Adjustments (1) Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Reportable Segment (2) Consolidated Year Ended December 31, 2017: Rental and other property revenues attributable to Real Estate $ 781,194 $ 43,043 $ 93,911 $ 918,148 Rental and other property revenues of partnerships served by Asset Management business Tax credit and transaction revenues Total revenues Property operating expenses attributable to Real Estate Property operating expenses of partnerships served by Asset Management business Other operating expenses not allocated to reportable segment (3) Total operating expenses Proportionate property net operating income Other items included in income before income tax benefit (4) — — 781,194 222,731 — — 222,731 558,463 — Income before income tax benefit $ 558,463 $ — — 43,043 32,432 — — 32,432 — — 10,611 $ 74,046 13,243 181,200 63,963 74,046 13,243 1,005,437 319,126 35,458 35,458 456,870 556,291 — 122,260 (252,831) $ 456,870 811,454 — 122,260 316,243 F-37 Table of Contents Real Estate Proportionate and Other Adjustments (1) Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Reportable Segment (2) Consolidated Year Ended December 31, 2016: Rental and other property revenues attributable to Real Estate $ 720,302 $ 55,257 $ 124,332 $ 899,891 Rental and other property revenues of partnerships served by Asset Management business Tax credit and transaction revenues Total revenues Property operating expenses attributable to Real Estate Property operating expenses of partnerships served by Asset Management business Other operating expenses not allocated to reportable segment (3) Total operating expenses Proportionate property net operating income Other items included in income before income tax benefit (4) — — 720,302 210,426 — — 210,426 509,876 — Income before income tax benefit $ 509,876 $ — — 55,257 35,468 — — 35,468 — — 19,789 $ 74,640 21,323 220,295 72,063 74,640 21,323 995,854 317,957 36,956 36,956 394,145 503,164 — 217,635 (65,234) $ 394,145 749,058 — 217,635 464,431 (1) Represents adjustments for the noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships’ share of the results of consolidated apartment communities in our Real Estate segment, which are included in the related consolidated amounts, but excluded from proportionate property net operating income for our segment evaluation. Also includes the reclassification of utility reimbursements from revenues to property operating expenses for the purpose of evaluating segment results. Utility reimbursements are included in rental and other property revenues in our consolidated statements of operations prepared in accordance with GAAP. (2) Includes the operating results of apartment communities sold during the periods shown or held for sale at the end of the period, if any, and the operating results of apartment communities owned by consolidated partnerships served by our Asset Management business prior to its sale in July 2018. Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Reportable Segment also includes property management expenses and casualty gains and losses, which are included in consolidated property operating expenses and are not part of our segment performance measure. (3) Other operating expenses not allocated to reportable segment consists of depreciation and amortization, general and administrative expenses and other operating expenses including provision for real estate impairment loss, which are not included in our measure of segment performance. (4) Other items included in income before income tax benefit primarily consists of gain on dispositions of real estate and interest expense. The assets of our reportable segment and the consolidated assets not allocated to our segment are as follows (in thousands): Real Estate Corporate and other assets (1) Total consolidated assets December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ 5,849,638 340,366 6,190,004 $ $ 5,346,390 732,650 6,079,040 (1) Includes the assets not allocated to our reportable segment, primarily corporate assets, and assets of apartment communities and the Asset Management business, which were sold or classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2018. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, capital additions related to our Real Estate segment totaled $338.8 million, $321.9 million and $312.8 million, respectively. Note 13 — Variable Interest Entities Generally, a variable interest entity, or VIE, is a legal entity in which the equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or the equity investors lack sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. A limited partnership is considered a VIE when the majority of the limited partners unrelated to the general partner possess neither the right to remove the general partner without cause, nor certain rights to participate in the decisions that most significantly affect the financial results of the partnership. In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consider qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: which activities most F-38 Table of Contents significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and which party controls such activities; the amount and characteristics of our investment; the obligation or likelihood for us or other investors to provide financial support; and the similarity with and significance to our business activities and the business activities of the other investors. Significant judgments related to these determinations include estimates about the current and future fair values and performance of real estate held by these VIEs and general market conditions. Aimco consolidates the Aimco Operating Partnership, which is a VIE for which Aimco is the primary beneficiary. Aimco, through the Aimco Operating Partnership, consolidates all VIEs for which it is the primary beneficiary. All of the VIEs we consolidate own interests in one or more apartment communities. VIEs that own apartment communities we classify as part of our Real Estate segment are typically structured to generate a return for their partners through the operation and ultimate sale of the communities. We are the primary beneficiary in the limited partnerships in which we are the sole decision maker and have a substantial economic interest. As described in Note 3, we sold our Asset Management business in July 2018, including the nominal ownership interest we held in partnerships served by this business. Real Estate portfolio: VIEs with interests in apartment communities Apartment communities owned by VIEs Apartment homes in communities owned by VIEs Consolidated partnerships served by the Asset Management business: VIEs with interests in apartment communities Apartment communities owned by VIEs Apartment homes in communities owned by VIEs December 31, 2018 2017 9 9 3,592 — — — 14 14 4,321 49 37 5,893 Assets of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated VIEs must first be used to settle the liabilities of such consolidated VIEs. These consolidated VIEs’ creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of the Aimco Operating Partnership. Assets and liabilities of VIEs are summarized in the table below (in thousands): Real Estate portfolio: Assets Net real estate Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Liabilities Non-recourse property debt Accrued liabilities and other Consolidated partnerships served by the Asset Management business: Assets Real estate, net Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Liabilities Non-recourse property debt Accrued liabilities and other F-39 December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ 488,127 15,416 4,461 322,685 13,576 — — — — — 529,898 16,111 4,798 412,205 10,623 215,580 15,931 30,107 220,356 20,241 Table of Contents Note 14 — Unaudited Summarized Consolidated Quarterly Information Aimco Aimco’s summarized unaudited consolidated quarterly information for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, is provided below (in thousands, except per share amounts): 2018 Total revenues Net income Net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders Net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders per common share - basic Net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders per common share - diluted 2017 Total revenues Net income Net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders Net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders per common share - basic Net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders per common share - diluted The Aimco Operating Partnership Quarter First Second Third Fourth $ 247,720 95,690 81,525 250,187 $ 7,156 2,817 $ 242,481 603,917 567,029 232,022 9,840 5,226 0.52 $ 0.02 $ 3.62 $ 0.52 $ 0.02 $ 3.61 $ 0.03 0.03 Quarter First Second Third Fourth $ 246,481 17,155 11,491 249,092 $ 21,591 15,843 $ 254,635 22,144 17,430 255,229 286,189 262,097 0.07 $ 0.10 $ 0.11 $ 0.07 $ 0.10 $ 0.11 $ 1.68 1.67 $ $ $ $ $ $ The Aimco Operating Partnership’s summarized unaudited consolidated quarterly information for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, is provided below (in thousands, except per unit amounts): 2018 Total revenues Net income Net income attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders Net income attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders per common unit - basic Net income attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders per common unit - diluted 2017 Total revenues Net income Net income attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders Net income attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders per common unit - basic Net income attributable to the Partnership’s common unitholders per common unit - diluted F-40 Quarter First Second Third Fourth $ 247,720 95,690 85,274 250,187 $ 7,156 2,949 $ 242,481 603,917 597,100 232,022 9,840 5,551 0.52 $ 0.02 $ 3.62 $ 0.52 $ 0.02 $ 3.61 $ 0.03 0.03 Quarter First Second Third Fourth $ 246,481 17,155 12,047 249,092 $ 21,591 16,627 $ 254,635 22,144 18,246 255,229 286,189 274,380 0.07 $ 0.10 $ 0.11 $ 0.07 $ 0.10 $ 0.11 $ 1.68 1.67 $ $ $ $ $ $ Table of Contents APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. SCHEDULE III: REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION December 31, 2018 (In Thousands Except Apartment Home Data) (1) Initial Cost Apartment Date Year Apartment Buildings and (2) Cost Capitalized Subsequent to December 31, 2018 Buildings and (3) Accumulated Total Cost (4) Apartment Community Name Type Consolidated Location Built Homes Land Improvements Consolidation Land Improvements Total Depreciation (AD) Net of AD Encumbrances Real Estate Segment: 100 Forest Place High Rise Dec 1997 Oak Park, IL 118-122 West 23rd Street High Rise Jun 2012 New York, NY 173 E. 90th Street High Rise May 2004 New York, NY 182-188 Columbus Avenue Mid Rise Feb 2007 New York, NY 1045 on the Park Apartments Homes Mid Rise Jul 2013 Atlanta, GA 1582 First Avenue High Rise Mar 2005 New York, NY 21 Fitzsimons Mid Rise Aug 2014 Aurora, CO 234 East 88th Street Mid Rise Jan 2014 New York, NY 236-238 East 88th Street High Rise Jan 2004 New York, NY 237-239 Ninth Avenue High Rise Mar 2005 New York, NY 240 West 73rd Street, LLC High Rise Sep 2004 New York, NY 2900 on First Apartments Mid Rise Oct 2008 Seattle, WA 306 East 89th Street High Rise Jul 2004 New York, NY 311 & 313 East 73rd Street Mid Rise Mar 2003 New York, NY 322-324 East 61st Street High Rise Mar 2005 New York, NY 1987 1987 1910 1910 2012 1900 2008 1900 1900 1900 1900 1989 1930 1904 1900 3400 Avenue of the Arts Mid Rise Mar 2002 Costa Mesa, CA 1987 452 East 78th Street High Rise Jan 2004 New York, NY 1900 464-466 Amsterdam & 200- 210 W. 83rd Street Mid Rise Feb 2007 New York, NY 510 East 88th Street High Rise Jan 2004 New York, NY 514-516 East 88th Street High Rise Mar 2005 New York, NY 518 East 88th Street Mid Rise Jan 2014 New York, NY 707 Leahy Garden Apr 2007 Redwood City, CA 1910 1900 1900 1900 1973 777 South Broad Street Mid Rise May 2018 Philadelphia, PA 2010 865 Bellevue Avery Row Axiom Bank Lofts Garden Jul 2000 Nashville, TN Mid Rise Dec 2018 Arlington, VA 1972 2013 Mid Rise Apr 2015 Cambridge, MA 2015 High Rise Apr 2001 Denver, CO Bay Parc Plaza High Rise Sep 2004 Miami, FL Bay Ridge at Nashua Garden Jan 2003 Nashua, NH Bayberry Hill Estates Garden Aug 2002 Framingham, MA 1971 Bent Tree Apartments Garden Feb 2018 Centreville, VA 1986 Bluffs at Pacifica, The Garden Oct 2006 Pacifica, CA Boston Lofts Boulder Creek High Rise Apr 2001 Denver, CO Garden Jul 1994 Boulder, CO 1963 1890 1973 Broadcast Center Garden Mar 2002 Los Angeles, CA 1990 Broadway Lofts High Rise Sep 2012 San Diego, CA Burke Shire Commons Garden Mar 2001 Burke, VA 1909 1986 1920 2000 1984 234 $ 2,664 $ 42 72 32 14,985 12,066 19,123 18,815 $ 23,459 4,535 3,300 10,553 $ 2,664 $ 6,752 14,985 8,068 12,066 5,513 19,123 29,368 $ 32,032 $ 30,211 12,603 8,813 45,196 24,669 27,936 6,662 752 104,720 4,449 2,914 1,866 12,140 17,518 1,006 1,609 2,224 65,506 608 7,101 1,002 2,168 4,315 7,909 67,512 12,037 21,348 63,612 9,045 41,847 40,713 35,945 113,695 4,132 20,589 7,730 41,244 14,442 23,617 30 17 600 20 43 36 200 135 20 34 40 770 12 71 20 36 20 110 146 326 67 115 125 474 412 424 748 64 158 221 279 84 360 2,793 4,281 12,864 2,448 8,820 8,495 68,109 19,070 2,680 5,678 6,372 57,241 1,982 25,553 3,163 6,282 2,233 15,444 6,986 3,562 8,140 — 3,525 22,680 3,262 19,944 46,975 8,108 3,446 754 29,407 5,367 4,867 F-41 692 499 2,793 4,281 20,379 12,864 2,448 807 8,820 2,681 3,092 8,495 11,905 68,109 33,542 19,070 2,680 1,098 5,678 520 1,512 6,372 80,349 57,241 1,982 548 7,354 1,251 10,147 5,532 125,099 137,963 7,704 14,415 13,453 92,154 70,130 4,784 7,807 10,108 145,855 203,096 3,138 5,256 5,595 4,958 24,045 51,060 2,104 2,129 3,736 1,156 6,070 25,553 3,163 622 6,282 1,593 2,233 606 7,406 15,444 6,986 829 3,562 23,538 8,140 — — 2,444 5,539 3,525 34,053 22,680 3,262 16,739 21,847 19,944 7,493 46,975 8,108 17,804 3,446 5,694 20,628 754 28,683 29,407 5,367 6,126 4,867 17,678 13,171 1,624 3,761 4,921 38,724 4,787 10,043 7,154 30,759 15,315 75,327 68,341 39,137 35,575 29,488 21,348 66,056 66,056 18,109 14,584 98,580 75,900 60,714 57,452 57,792 77,736 121,188 168,163 30,044 21,936 29,729 26,283 29,112 28,358 99,334 69,927 25,935 20,568 46,162 41,295 (15,640 ) $ 16,392 $ (9,121 ) 36,075 20,939 23,968 8,724 4,954 118,373 6,550 12,485 10,683 82,336 44,576 3,896 6,320 8,278 116,173 2,652 32,693 4,145 8,424 6,017 23,795 73,812 15,744 29,488 57,136 10,646 76,095 37,976 50,107 163,832 19,048 15,815 9,410 69,679 21,331 21,425 (3,730 ) (3,968 ) (1,423 ) (578 ) (19,590 ) (1,154 ) (1,930 ) (2,770 ) (9,818 ) (25,554 ) (888 ) (1,487 ) (1,830 ) (86,923 ) (486 ) (6,031 ) (642 ) (1,619 ) (1,137 ) (6,964 ) (1,515 ) (23,393 ) — (8,920 ) (7,463 ) (22,485 ) (22,738 ) (27,629 ) (4,331 ) (10,996 ) (13,914 ) (19,702 ) (29,655 ) (4,604 ) (24,737 ) 35,048 17,457 — 13,925 5,627 2,273 90,000 3,223 10,875 5,553 — 13,915 1,854 3,904 3,410 145,752 2,542 20,520 2,724 3,696 2,792 8,737 57,627 — — 32,978 10,476 42,434 51,450 — — — 15,303 38,500 — 11,531 57,860 Table of Contents (1) Initial Cost Apartment Date Year Apartment Buildings and (2) Cost Capitalized Subsequent to December 31, 2018 Buildings and (3) Accumulated Total Cost (4) Apartment Community Name Type Consolidated Location Built Homes Land Improvements Consolidation Land Improvements Total Depreciation (AD) Net of AD Encumbrances Calhoun Beach Club High Rise Dec 1998 Minneapolis, MN 1928 Canyon Terrace Garden Mar 2002 Saugus, CA 1984 Cedar Rim Garden Apr 2000 Newcastle, WA 1980 Charlesbank Apartment Homes Mid Rise Sep 2013 Watertown, MA 2012 Chestnut Hall High Rise Oct 2006 Philadelphia, PA 1923 Chimneys of Cradle Rock Garden Jun 2004 Columbia, MD Columbus Avenue Mid Rise Sep 2003 New York, NY Creekside Garden Jan 2000 Denver, CO Crescent at West Hollywood, The Mid Rise Mar 2002 West Hollywood, CA Elm Creek Evanston Place Farmingdale Mid Rise Dec 1997 Elmhurst, IL High Rise Dec 1997 Evanston, IL Mid Rise Oct 2000 Darien, IL 1979 1880 1974 1985 1987 1990 1975 Flamingo Towers High Rise Sep 1997 Miami Beach, FL 1960 Four Quarters Habitat Garden Jan 2006 Miami, FL 1976 Foxchase Georgetown Garden Dec 1997 Alexandria, VA 1940 Garden Aug 2002 Framingham, MA 1964 Georgetown II Mid Rise Aug 2002 Framingham, MA 1958 Heritage Park Escondido Garden Oct 2000 Escondido, CA Heritage Park Livermore Garden Oct 2000 Livermore, CA Heritage Village Anaheim Garden Oct 2000 Anaheim, CA Hidden Cove Hidden Cove II Hillcreste Hillmeade Garden Jul 1998 Escondido, CA Garden Jul 2007 Escondido, CA Garden Mar 2002 Century City, CA 1989 Garden Nov 1994 Nashville, TN Horizons West Apartments Mid Rise Dec 2006 Pacifica, CA Hunt Club Garden Sep 2000 Gaithersburg, MD 1986 Hyde Park Tower High Rise Oct 2004 Chicago, IL 1990 Indian Oaks Garden Mar 2002 Simi Valley, CA 1986 Indigo Island Club Key Towers Lakeside Latrobe High Rise Aug 2016 Redwood City, CA Garden Oct 2000 Oceanside, CA 2016 1986 High Rise Apr 2001 Alexandria, VA 1964 Garden Oct 1999 Lisle, IL 1972 High Rise Jan 2003 Washington, DC 1980 Laurel Crossing Garden Jan 2006 San Mateo, CA Lincoln Place (5) Garden Oct 2004 Venice, CA 1971 1951 Locust on the Park High Rise May 2018 Philadelphia, PA 1911 Lodge at Chattahoochee, The Garden Oct 1999 Sandy Springs, GA 1986 1988 1986 1983 1986 1986 1970 Malibu Canyon Mariners Cove Meadow Creek Merrill House Mezzo Garden Mar 2002 Calabasas, CA Garden Mar 2002 San Diego, CA Garden Jul 1994 Boulder, CO High Rise Jan 2000 Falls Church, VA 1964 High Rise Mar 2015 Atlanta, GA Monterey Grove Garden Jun 2008 San Jose, CA Ocean House on Prospect Mid Rise Apr 2013 La Jolla, CA One Canal High Rise Sep 2013 Boston, MA Pacific Bay Vistas (5) Garden Mar 2001 San Bruno, CA Pacifica Park Garden Jul 2006 Pacifica, CA 1970 1986 1984 1968 2008 1999 1970 2016 1987 1977 73,334 6,601 5,218 11,726 14,299 8,108 9,450 12,698 10,215 30,830 25,546 15,174 48,808 17,199 96,062 13,168 4,057 7,565 10,209 8,541 17,616 6,530 47,216 16,070 6,377 13,149 14,927 15,801 296,116 28,654 7,050 27,937 9,103 17,756 10,439 53,823 16,370 53,438 66,861 24,533 10,831 34,178 21,939 18,805 15,873 62,460 6,579 332 130 104 44 315 198 59 328 130 400 190 240 1,324 336 2,113 207 72 196 167 196 334 118 315 288 78 336 155 254 463 592 140 568 175 418 795 152 312 698 500 332 159 94 224 53 310 308 104 11,708 7,508 761 3,399 12,338 2,040 35,527 3,189 15,765 5,910 3,232 11,763 32,427 2,379 15,496 12,351 4,577 1,055 — 1,832 3,043 12,849 35,862 2,872 8,887 17,859 4,731 24,523 26,932 18,027 1,526 5,840 3,459 49,474 128,332 5,292 2,335 69,834 — 1,435 1,836 4,292 34,325 12,528 — 28,694 12,970 F-42 64,948 11,708 7,508 6,525 761 13,032 3,399 821 12,074 12,338 1,116 2,040 9,117 35,527 3,189 7,450 8,411 15,765 5,910 31,950 16,214 3,232 11,173 11,763 339,187 32,427 2,379 30,286 52,254 15,496 3,996 12,351 4,577 2,118 1,055 2,572 — 1,850 1,832 2,084 10,802 3,043 5,260 12,849 13,194 35,862 2,872 20,200 1,634 8,887 14,154 17,859 12,334 4,731 11,246 24,523 1,771 26,932 18,740 18,027 1,526 7,781 5,840 22,408 12,715 3,459 14,166 49,474 337,267 44,197 5,292 2,474 16,809 2,335 37,919 69,834 — 13,317 1,435 9,602 1,836 7,657 1,250 4,292 8,674 34,325 15,089 12,528 179,912 — 39,067 23,354 7,879 12,970 138,282 149,990 20,634 13,126 19,011 18,250 15,946 12,547 38,711 26,373 11,264 9,224 54,094 18,567 23,337 20,148 34,391 18,626 68,690 62,780 44,992 41,760 26,347 38,110 387,995 420,422 49,864 47,485 148,316 163,812 29,515 17,164 10,752 6,175 11,192 10,137 12,059 12,059 12,457 10,625 31,461 28,418 24,639 11,790 96,272 60,410 39,142 36,270 16,898 8,011 45,162 27,303 31,992 27,261 51,570 27,047 297,887 324,819 65,421 47,394 16,357 14,831 56,185 50,345 25,277 21,818 31,922 81,396 347,706 391,903 61,589 56,297 33,179 35,514 91,357 161,191 80,178 80,178 35,570 34,135 20,324 18,488 39,720 35,428 64,938 30,613 33,894 46,422 195,785 195,785 101,527 124,881 27,428 14,458 (79,547) (6,960) (13,153) (2,404) (12,144) (4,206) (10,600) (13,072) (12,166) (32,993) (19,152) (13,618) (174,249) (27,112) (85,298) (8,281) (3,483) (6,993) (8,176) (6,999) (16,205) (5,263) (27,374) (21,006) (3,689) (16,083) (9,569) (13,180) (24,707) (30,320) (11,892) (33,582) (11,916) (15,757) (121,677) (1,183) (22,375) (45,222) (39,035) (19,285) (10,492) (5,484) (12,039) (6,592) (20,623) (35,131) (6,565) 70,443 13,674 5,858 13,542 26,567 7,058 43,494 10,265 22,225 35,697 25,840 24,492 246,173 22,752 78,514 21,234 7,269 4,199 3,883 5,458 15,256 19,376 68,898 18,136 13,209 29,079 22,423 38,390 300,112 35,101 4,465 22,603 13,361 65,639 270,226 60,406 13,139 115,969 41,143 16,285 9,832 34,236 52,899 39,830 175,162 89,750 20,863 — — — 7,718 36,653 — 25,205 11,325 40,000 51,341 — 13,106 103,152 51,603 223,626 14,697 — 6,129 6,353 7,441 51,840 20,160 63,479 27,321 — — 12,620 27,596 138,430 94,967 — 25,090 26,758 — 187,723 35,728 — 105,367 — — — 23,496 — 12,745 110,310 67,826 28,613 Table of Contents (1) Initial Cost Apartment Date Year Apartment Buildings and (2) Cost Capitalized Subsequent to December 31, 2018 Buildings and (3) Accumulated Total Cost (4) Apartment Community Name Type Consolidated Location Built Homes Land Improvements Consolidation Land Improvements Total Depreciation (AD) Net of AD Encumbrances 45,176 48,362 170,640 219,002 (80,075 ) 138,927 168,654 Palazzo at Park La Brea, The Mid Rise Feb 2004 Los Angeles, CA 2002 Palazzo East at Park La Brea, The Mid Rise Mar 2005 Los Angeles, CA 2005 Parc Mosaic Garden Dec 2014 Boulder, CO 1970 Park Towne Place High Rise Apr 2000 Philadelphia, PA 1959 Pathfinder Village Garden Jan 2006 Fremont, CA Peachtree Park Garden Jan 1996 Atlanta, GA 1973 1969 Plantation Gardens Garden Oct 1999 Plantation, FL 1971 Post Ridge Garden Jul 2000 Nashville, TN 1972 Preserve at Marin Mid Rise Aug 2011 Corte Madera, CA 1964 Ravensworth Towers High Rise Jun 2004 Annandale, VA 1974 River Club,The Garden Apr 2005 Edgewater, NJ 1998 Riverloft Rosewood High Rise Oct 1999 Philadelphia, PA 1910 Garden Mar 2002 Camarillo, CA 1976 Royal Crest Estates Garden Aug 2002 Warwick, RI Royal Crest Estates Garden Aug 2002 Nashua, NH Royal Crest Estates Garden Aug 2002 Royal Crest Estates Garden Aug 2002 Marlborough, MA North Andover, MA Saybrook Point Garden Dec 2014 San Jose, CA Shenandoah Crossing Garden Sep 2000 Fairfax, VA 1972 1970 1970 1970 1995 1984 SouthStar Lofts High Rise May 2018 Philadelphia, PA 2014 Springwoods at Lake Ridge Garden Jul 2002 Woodbridge, VA 1984 St. George Villas Garden Jan 2006 St. George, SC 1984 Sterling Apartment Homes, The Garden Oct 1999 Philadelphia, PA 1961 Stone Creek Club Garden Sep 2000 Germantown, MD 1984 The Left Bank Mid Rise May 2018 Philadelphia, PA 1929 Timbers at Long Reach Apartment Homes Garden Apr 2005 Columbia, MD 1979 Towers Of Westchester Park, The High Rise Jan 2006 College Park, MD 1972 Township At Highlands Town Home Nov 1996 Centennial, CO 1985 Tremont Mid Rise Dec 2014 Atlanta, GA 2009 Twin Lake Towers High Rise Oct 1999 Westmont, IL 1969 Vantage Pointe Mid Rise Aug 2002 Swampscott, MA Villa Del Sol Garden Mar 2002 Norwalk, CA 1987 1972 Villas at Park La Brea, The Garden Mar 2002 Los Angeles, CA 2002 Villas of Pasadena Mid Rise Jan 2006 Pasadena, CA 1973 Vivo High Rise Jun 2016 Cambridge, MA 2015 Waterford Village Garden Aug 2002 Bridgewater, MA Waterways Village Garden Jun 1997 Aventura, FL 1971 1994 Waverly Apartments Garden Aug 2008 Brighton, MA 1970 Wexford Village Garden Aug 2002 Worcester, MA 1974 Willow Bend Windrift Garden May 1998 Rolling Meadows, IL 1969 Garden Mar 2001 Oceanside, CA 1987 521 611 226 940 246 303 372 150 126 219 266 184 152 492 902 473 588 324 640 85 180 40 534 240 282 178 303 161 78 399 96 120 250 92 91 588 180 103 264 328 404 48,362 72,578 15,300 10,472 19,595 4,684 3,773 1,883 18,179 3,455 30,579 2,120 12,430 22,433 68,230 25,178 51,292 32,842 18,200 1,780 5,587 107 8,871 13,593 — 2,430 15,198 1,536 5,274 3,268 4,748 7,476 8,630 9,693 6,450 29,110 4,504 7,920 6,349 2,717 24,960 125,464 136,503 — 47,301 14,838 11,713 19,443 6,712 30,132 17,157 30,638 11,286 8,060 24,095 45,562 28,786 36,808 84,457 57,198 37,428 7,284 1,025 9,347 130,893 12,181 22,029 9,773 18,011 18,763 10,089 4,861 48,871 6,818 35,974 28,101 11,064 11,347 17,939 15,437 17,590 19,328 53,638 345,748 18,457 14,045 25,655 4,537 84,629 4,490 7,475 35,086 5,754 5,512 15,751 72,578 15,300 10,472 19,595 4,684 3,773 1,883 18,179 3,455 30,579 2,120 12,430 22,433 68,230 155,831 53,638 393,049 33,295 25,758 45,098 11,249 114,761 21,647 38,113 46,372 13,814 29,607 61,313 228,409 68,938 403,521 52,890 30,442 48,871 13,132 132,940 25,102 68,692 48,492 26,244 52,040 129,543 (72,709 ) — (119,350 ) (14,518 ) (16,449 ) (27,273 ) (7,401 ) (26,039 ) (14,617 ) (17,293 ) (23,386 ) (6,984 ) (20,050 ) (41,440 ) 155,700 68,938 284,171 38,372 13,993 21,598 5,731 106,901 10,485 51,399 25,106 19,260 31,990 88,103 13,490 25,178 42,276 67,454 (26,610 ) 40,844 27,916 25,729 25,345 402 3,642 410 8,078 3,053 1,705 51,292 32,842 18,200 1,780 5,587 107 8,871 13,593 — 2,430 64,724 110,186 82,543 37,830 10,926 1,435 116,016 143,028 100,743 39,610 16,513 1,542 (36,132 ) (14,179 ) (58,302 ) (836 ) (4,606 ) (1,256 ) 79,884 128,849 42,441 38,774 11,907 286 17,425 133,946 31,018 133,946 (12,553 ) (2,879 ) 18,465 131,067 13,886 16,316 (8,182 ) 13,936 15,198 35,965 51,163 (18,825 ) 9,280 2,746 37,904 2,314 4,553 16,008 4,493 5,590 8,222 15,205 6,299 4,245 19,609 21,487 1,536 5,274 3,268 4,748 7,476 8,630 9,693 6,450 29,110 4,504 7,920 6,349 2,717 24,960 19,053 20,757 56,667 12,403 9,414 64,879 11,311 41,564 36,323 26,269 17,646 22,184 35,046 39,077 20,589 26,031 59,935 17,151 16,890 73,509 21,004 48,014 65,433 30,773 25,566 28,533 37,763 64,037 (12,181 ) (3,110 ) (43,106 ) (5,294 ) (5,216 ) (30,510 ) (4,397 ) (8,694 ) (26,540 ) (12,394 ) (6,323 ) (12,980 ) (23,492 ) (23,762 ) 8,134 32,338 8,408 22,921 16,829 11,857 11,674 42,999 16,607 39,320 38,893 18,379 19,243 15,553 14,271 40,275 Windsor Park Garden Mar 2001 Woodbridge, VA Yacht Club at Brickell High Rise Dec 2003 Miami, FL Yorktown Apartments High Rise Dec 1999 Lombard, IL Other (6) Total Real Estate Segment 1987 1998 1971 220 357 364 — 4,279 31,362 3,055 5,135 35,625 1,846,000 15,970 32,214 18,162 — 3,494,014 6,217 16,715 52,436 20,914 4,279 31,362 3,055 5,135 3,058,051 1,756,525 22,187 48,929 70,598 20,914 6,552,065 26,466 80,291 73,653 26,049 8,308,590 F-43 (17,513 ) (29,697 ) (13,378 ) 13,088 62,778 43,956 26,049 (2,585,115 ) 5,723,475 — 196,109 — 200,000 55,000 27,800 — — 36,260 20,342 60,000 7,680 — — 71,957 — — 62,329 58,565 30,197 — 314 — 82,532 — 23,232 13,557 — 44,906 2,746 10,582 53,868 — 20,310 35,269 13,168 11,515 — 33,175 — — 44,219 38,280 — 3,937,000 55,365 120,426 175,791 184,662 (82,367 ) 102,295 144,030 Table of Contents (1) Initial Cost Apartment Date Year Apartment Buildings and (2) Cost Capitalized Subsequent to December 31, 2018 Buildings and (3) Accumulated Total Cost (4) Apartment Community Name Type Consolidated Location Built Homes Land Improvements Consolidation Land Improvements Total Depreciation (AD) Net of AD Encumbrances (1) Date we acquired the apartment community or first consolidated the partnership that owns the apartment community. (2) Includes costs capitalized since acquisition or date of initial consolidation of the partnership/apartment community. (3) The aggregate cost of land and depreciable property for federal income tax purposes was approximately $4.0 billion at December 31, 2018. (4) Encumbrances are presented before reduction for debt issuance costs. (5) The current carrying value of the apartment community reflects an impairment loss recognized during prior periods. (6) Other includes land parcels and certain non-residential properties held for future development. F-44 Table of Contents APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. SCHEDULE III: REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (In Thousands) Real Estate Segment Real Estate balance at beginning of year Additions during the year: Acquisitions Capital additions Deductions during the year: Casualty and other write-offs (1) Impairment of real estate Amounts related to assets held for sale Sales Real Estate balance at end of year Accumulated Depreciation balance at beginning of year Additions during the year: Depreciation Deductions during the year: Casualty and other write-offs (1) Amounts related to assets held for sale Sales 2018 2017 2016 $ 7,927,753 $ 7,931,117 $ 7,744,894 501,009 344,501 (58,152 ) — (83,905 ) (322,616 ) 16,687 345,974 (106,590 ) (35,881 ) (38,208 ) (185,346 ) 333,174 329,697 (170,744 ) — — (305,904 ) 8,308,590 $ 7,927,753 $ 7,931,117 2,522,358 $ 2,421,357 $ 2,488,448 339,883 320,870 287,661 (57,067 ) (41,717 ) (178,342 ) (106,521 ) (20,383 ) (92,965 ) (169,098 ) — (185,654 ) $ $ Accumulated depreciation balance at end of year $ 2,585,115 $ 2,522,358 $ 2,421,357 Asset Management Business Real Estate balance at beginning of year Additions during the year: Capital additions Deductions during the year: Casualty and other write-offs (2) Amounts related to assets held for sale Sales Real Estate balance at end of year Accumulated Depreciation balance at beginning of year Additions during the year: Depreciation Deductions during the year: Casualty and other write-offs (2) Amounts related to assets held for sale Sales $ 551,124 $ 555,049 $ 562,589 $ $ 4,226 8,255 8,909 6,603 — (561,953 ) (1,711 ) — (10,469 ) — $ 551,124 $ (2,116 ) (2,801 ) (11,532 ) 555,049 326,251 $ 309,401 $ 289,574 14,325 24,090 24,704 6,704 — (347,280 ) (2,480 ) — (4,760 ) (68 ) (1,525 ) (3,284 ) Accumulated depreciation balance at end of year $ — $ 326,251 $ 309,401 (1) Includes the write-off of fully depreciated assets totaling $54.5 million, $106.4 million and $167.9 million, during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. (2) Includes the write-off of fully depreciated assets totaling $6.7 million and $1.8 million, during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. (Back To Top) F-45 Section 2: EX-21.1 (EXHIBIT 21.1) APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES ENTITY NAME APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO-GP, INC. AIMCO-LP TRUST APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY and AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. AIMCO/BETHESDA HOLDINGS, INC. AIC REIT PROPERTIES LLC AIMCO 1582 FIRST AVENUE, LLC AIMCO 159 FIRST STREET, LLC AIMCO 173 EAST 90TH STREET, LLC AIMCO 182-188 COLUMBUS AVENUE, LLC AIMCO 21 FITZSIMONS LICENSE, LLC AIMCO 21 FITZSIMONS, LLC AIMCO 234 EAST 88TH ST, LLC AIMCO 237 NINTH AVENUE, LLC AIMCO 240 WEST 73RD STREET CO-OWNER, LLC AIMCO 240 WEST 73RD STREET, LLC AIMCO 270 THIRD STREET, LLC AIMCO 306 EAST 89TH STREET, LLC AIMCO 311/313 EAST 73RD STREET, LLC AIMCO 3131 WALNUT STREET MEMBER I, LLC AIMCO 3131 WALNUT STREET MEMBER II, LLC AIMCO 3131 WALNUT STREET, LLC AIMCO 322 EAST 61ST STREET, LLC AIMCO 452 EAST 78TH STREET PROPERTY, LLC AIMCO 464-466 AMSTERDAM 200-210 WEST 83RD STREET, LLC AIMCO 510 EAST 88TH STREET PROPERTY, LLC AIMCO 514 EAST 88TH STREET, LLC AIMCO 518 EAST 88TH ST, LLC AIMCO 777 SOUTH BROAD MEMBER, LLC AIMCO 777 SOUTH BROAD, LLC AIMCO 88TH STREET/SECOND AVENUE PROPERTIES, LLC AIMCO ANGELES GP, LLC AIMCO AVERY ROW NET LESSEE, LLC AIMCO BALAYE APARTMENTS I, LLC AIMCO BENT TREE, LLC AIMCO BOSTON LOFTS, L.P. AIMCO BRIAR RIDGE GP, LLC AIMCO BRIAR RIDGE, L.P. AIMCO BROADWAY LOFTS GP, LLC AIMCO BROADWAY LOFTS, L.P. AIMCO BUENA VISTA APARTMENTS GP, LLC AIMCO BUENA VISTA APARTMENTS, L.P. AIMCO BURKSHIRE COMMONS GP, LLC Exhibit 21.1 STATE CODE MD DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE AIMCO CALHOUN CLUB, L.L.C. DE APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES Exhibit 21.1 ENTITY NAME AIMCO CALHOUN, INC. AIMCO CALHOUN, L.L.C. AIMCO CANYON TERRACE GP, LLC AIMCO CANYON TERRACE, L.P. AIMCO CHANTILLY GP, LLC AIMCO CHESTNUT HALL GP, LLC AIMCO CHESTNUT HALL LIMITED PARTNERSHIP AIMCO CLEARING ACCOUNT, LLC AIMCO COLUMBUS AVE., LLC AIMCO EASTPOINTE, LLC AIMCO ELM CREEK TOWNHOMES TWO, LLC AIMCO ELM CREEK, L.P. AIMCO ESPLANADE AVENUE APARTMENTS, LLC AIMCO FITZSIMONS 3A LESSEE, LLC AIMCO FITZSIMONS 3A LESSOR, LLC AIMCO FITZSIMONS 3A, LLC AIMCO FLAMINGO HEALTH CLUB, LLC AIMCO FOXCHASE GP, LLC AIMCO FOXCHASE, L.P. AIMCO FRAMINGHAM, LLC AIMCO GARDENS GP LLC AIMCO GP LA, L.P. AIMCO GRANADA, L.L.C. AIMCO HILLMEADE, LLC AIMCO HOLDINGS I, LLC AIMCO HOLDINGS II, LLC AIMCO HOLDINGS QRS, INC. AIMCO HOLDINGS, L.P. AIMCO HORIZONS WEST APARTMENTS, LLC AIMCO HYDE PARK TOWER, L.L.C. AIMCO INDIGO GP, LLC AIMCO INDIGO, L.P. AIMCO IPLP, L.P. AIMCO KEY TOWERS, L.P. AIMCO LA QRS, INC. AIMCO LEAHY SQUARE APARTMENTS, LLC AIMCO LOCUST ON THE PARK MEMBER I, LLC AIMCO LOCUST ON THE PARK MEMBER II, LLC AIMCO LOCUST ON THE PARK, LLC AIMCO LP LA, LP AIMCO MADERA VISTA, LLC AIMCO MALIBU CANYON, LLC AIMCO MAPLE BAY, L.L.C. AIMCO MERRILL HOUSE, L.L.C. AIMCO MEZZO, LLC AIMCO MILAN, LLC STATE CODE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES Exhibit 21.1 ENTITY NAME AIMCO MONTEREY GROVE APARTMENTS TIC 2, LLC AIMCO MONTEREY GROVE APARTMENTS, LLC AIMCO N.P. LOFTS, L.P. AIMCO NORTH ANDOVER, L.L.C. AIMCO ONE CANAL, LLC AIMCO OPPORTUNITY FUND 3A, LP AIMCO OPPORTUNITY ZONE 3A BUSINESS, LP AIMCO PACIFICA GP, LLC AIMCO PACIFICA PARK, L.P. AIMCO PALAZZO ACQUISITION, LLC AIMCO PARK AND 12TH, LLC AIMCO PARK LA BREA HOLDINGS, LLC AIMCO PARK LA BREA SERVICES, LLC AIMCO PARK LA BREA, INC. AIMCO PATHFINDER VILLAGE APARTMENTS GP, LLC AIMCO PATHFINDER VILLAGE APARTMENTS, L.P. AIMCO PLEASANT STREET, LLC AIMCO PROPERTIES FINANCE CORP. AIMCO PROPERTIES FINANCE PARTNERSHIP, L.P. AIMCO PROPERTIES, LLC AIMCO PROSPECT 400 GP, LLC AIMCO PROSPECT 400, L.P. AIMCO QRS GP, LLC AIMCO RIVER CLUB, LLC AIMCO ROBIN DRIVE GP, LLC AIMCO ROBIN DRIVE, L.P. AIMCO ROYAL CREST - NASHUA, L.L.C. AIMCO SAN BRUNO APARTMENTS PARTNERS, L.P. AIMCO SCHAUMBURG-OXFORD, LLC AIMCO SCOTCHOLLOW APARTMENTS GP, LLC AIMCO SCOTCHOLLOW APARTMENTS, L.P. AIMCO SELECT PROPERTIES, L.P. AIMCO SERVICE COMPANY, LLC AIMCO SOUTHSTAR LOFTS MEMBER I, LLC AIMCO SOUTHSTAR LOFTS MEMBER II, LLC AIMCO SOUTHSTAR LOFTS, LLC AIMCO SUBSIDIARY REIT I, LLC AIMCO SUNSET ESCONDIDO, L.L.C. AIMCO TOWNSHIP AT HIGHLANDS APARTMENTS, LLC AIMCO TREMONT, LLC AIMCO VANTAGE POINTE, L.L.C. AIMCO VENEZIA, LLC AIMCO VILLA DEL SOL, L.P. AIMCO WARWICK, L.L.C. AIMCO WATERWAYS VILLAGE, LLC AIMCO WAVERLY, LLC STATE CODE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE MD DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES Exhibit 21.1 ENTITY NAME AIMCO WESTCHESTER PARK, LLC AIMCO WEXFORD VILLAGE II, L.L.C. AIMCO WEXFORD VILLAGE, L.L.C. AIMCO YACHT CLUB AT BRICKELL, LLC AIMCO YORKTOWN, L.P. AIMCO/BETHESDA EMPLOYEE, L.L.C. AIMCO/BLUFFS, L.L.C. AIMCO/BRANDYWINE, L.P. AIMCO/FARMINGDALE, L.L.C. AIMCO/IPT, INC. AIMCO/LAKE RIDGE, L.L.C. AIMCO/LEXINGTON, L.L.C. AIMCO/NASHUA, L.L.C. AIMCO/NHP PROPERTIES, INC. AIMCO/PARK TOWNE PLACE ASSOCIATES GP, LLC AIMCO/RAVENSWORTH ASSOCIATES GP, LLC AIMCO/SOUTHRIDGE, L.L.C. AIMCO/SWAP, L.L.C. AIMCO/WESTRIDGE, L.L.C. AMBASSADOR APARTMENTS, L.P. AMBASSADOR IX, INC. AMBASSADOR IX, L.P. AMREAL CORPORATION ANGELES INCOME PROPERTIES 6, LP ANGELES PARTNERS XII, LP ANGELES REALTY CORPORATION II AP XII TWIN LAKE TOWERS, LLC BAY PARC PLAZA APARTMENTS, L.P. BAYBERRY HILL, L.L.C. BRIARCLIFFE-OXFORD ASSOCIATES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP BROAD RIVER PROPERTIES, L.L.C. BROOKWOOD LIMITED PARTNERSHIP BURKSHIRE COMMONS APARTMENTS PARTNERS, L.P. CALMARK HERITAGE PARK II LIMITED PARTNERSHIP CALMARK INVESTORS, LTD., A CALIFORNIA LIMITED PARTNERSHIP CAMARILLO-ROSEWOOD ASSOCIATES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP CCIP PLANTATION GARDENS, L.L.C. CCIP STERLING, L.L.C. CCIP STERLING, L.P. CCP IV ASSOCIATES, LTD. CCP IV KNOLLWOOD, LLC CCP/IV RESIDENTIAL GP, L.L.C. CEDAR RIM APARTMENTS, LLC CHANTILLY PARTNERS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP CHURCH STREET ASSOCIATES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP STATE CODE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE SC DE DE CA DE DE DE MI DE IL DE CA CA CA DE DE PA TX DE SC DE VA IL APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES Exhibit 21.1 ENTITY NAME CONCAP EQUITIES, INC. CONGRESS REALTY COMPANIES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP CONGRESS REALTY CORP. CONSOLIDATED CAPITAL INSTITUTIONAL PROPERTIES, LP CONSOLIDATED CAPITAL PROPERTIES IV, LP COOPER RIVER PROPERTIES, L.L.C. CPF CREEKSIDE, LLC CRC CONGRESS REALTY CORP. FARMINGDALE-OXFORD ASSOCIATES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP FLAMINGO SOUTH ACQUISITIONS, LLC FOUR QUARTERS HABITAT APARTMENTS ASSOCIATES, LTD. FOX CAPITAL MANAGEMENT CORPORATION FOX PARTNERS FOX REALTY INVESTORS GEORGETOWN 20Y APARTMENTS, L.L.C. GP REAL ESTATE SERVICES II INC. GP-OP PROPERTY MANAGEMENT, LLC HC/OAC, L.L.C. HERITAGE PARK II INC. HERITAGE PARK INVESTORS, INC. HUNT CLUB PARTNERS, L.L.C. IPLP ACQUISITION I LLC ISTC CORPORATION JAMES-OXFORD LIMITED PARTNERSHIP LA BROADCAST CENTER GP LLC LA BROADCAST CENTER QRS INC. LA CRESCENT GARDENS GP LLC LA CRESCENT GARDENS LP LA CRESCENT GARDENS QRS INC. LA HILLCRESTE APARTMENTS LLC LA INDIAN OAKS GP LLC LA INDIAN OAKS LP LA LAKES GP LLC LA LAKES LP LA LAKES QRS INC. LA MALIBU CANYON GP LLC LA MALIBU CANYON LP LA MALIBU CANYON QRS INC. LA PARK LA BREA A LLC LA PARK LA BREA B LLC LA PARK LA BREA C LLC LA PARK LA BREA LLC LAC PROPERTIES GP II LIMITED PARTNERSHIP LAC PROPERTIES GP III LIMITED PARTNERSHIP LAC PROPERTIES OPERATING PARTNERSHIP, L.P. LAC PROPERTIES QRS II INC. STATE CODE DE MA MA DE DE DE DE MA IL DE FL CA CA CA DE DE DE MD DE CA MD DE DE MD DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES Exhibit 21.1 ENTITY NAME LAC PROPERTIES QRS III INC. LAKE RIDGE-OXFORD ASSOCIATES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP LAKERIDGE-ISLAND CLUB APARTMENTS PARTNERS, L.P. LAZY HOLLOW PARTNERS LEXINGTON-OXFORD ASSOCIATES L.P. LINCOLN MARINERS ASSOCIATES LIMITED LINCOLN PROPERTY COMPANY NO. 409, LTD. MADISON RIVER PROPERTIES, L.L.C. MAERIL, INC. MAYER BEVERLY PARK LIMITED PARTNERSHIP MCZ/CENTRUM FLAMINGO II, L.L.C. MCZ/CENTRUM FLAMINGO III, L.L.C. MONROE CORPORATION MONROE-OXFORD ASSOCIATES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP MORTON TOWERS APARTMENTS, L.P. MORTON TOWERS HEALTH CLUB, LLC NASHUA-OXFORD-BAY ASSOCIATES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP NATIONAL BOSTON LOFTS ASSOCIATES, LLLP NATIONAL CORPORATION FOR HOUSING PARTNERSHIPS NATIONAL PROPERTY INVESTORS III, LP NHP A&R SERVICES, LLC NHP PARTNERS TWO LIMITED PARTNERSHIP NHP-HG FOUR, INC. NHPMN MANAGEMENT, L.P. NHPMN MANAGEMENT, LLC NHPMN-GP, INC. NP BANK LOFTS ASSOCIATES, L.P. NPI EQUITY INVESTMENTS II, INC. NPI EQUITY INVESTMENTS, INC. OAC INVESTMENT, INC. OAC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP OAMCO VII, L.L.C. OAMCO XI, L.L.C. OAMCO XIX, L.L.C. OAMCO XIX, L.P. OAMCO XVI, L.L.C. OAMCO XXIII, L.L.C. OP PROPERTY MANAGEMENT, L.P. OP PROPERTY MANAGEMENT, LLC OXFORD APARTMENT COMPANY, INC. OXFORD ASSOCIATES '82 LIMITED PARTNERSHIP OXFORD ASSOCIATES '84 LIMITED PARTNERSHIP OXFORD ASSOCIATES '85 LIMITED PARTNERSHIP OXFORD EQUITIES CORPORATION OXFORD EQUITIES CORPORATION III OXFORD HOLDING CORPORATION STATE CODE DE MD DE CA IN CA CA DE DE CA DE DE MD MD DE DE MD CO DC DE VA DE VA DE DE DE CO FL FL MD MD DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE MD IN MD MD IN DE MD APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P. LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES Exhibit 21.1 ENTITY NAME OXFORD INVESTMENT CORPORATION OXFORD INVESTMENT II CORPORATION OXFORD MANAGERS I LIMITED PARTNERSHIP OXFORD PARTNERS X, L.L.C. OXFORD REALTY FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. OXFORD-COLUMBIA ASSOCIATES, A MARYLAND LIMITED PARTNERSHIP PARK LA BREA ACQUISITION, LLC PARK TOWNE PLACE ASSOCIATES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP POST RIDGE ASSOCIATES, LTD., LIMITED PARTNERSHIP RAVENSWORTH ASSOCIATES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP RAVENSWORTH ASSOCIATES, LLC REEDY RIVER PROPERTIES, L.L.C. RESCORP DEVELOPMENT, INC. RI-15 GP, LLC RI-15 LIMITED PARTNERSHIP RIVER LOFT APARTMENTS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP RIVER LOFT ASSOCIATES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP RIVERCREST APARTMENTS, L.P. ROYAL CREST ESTATES (MARLBORO), L.L.C. SOUTHRIDGE-OXFORD LIMITED PARTNERSHIP ST. GEORGE VILLAS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP THE NATIONAL HOUSING PARTNERSHIP THE OAK PARK PARTNERSHIP LIMITED PARTNERSHIP TUJUNGA GARDENS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP WATERFORD VILLAGE, L.L.C. WATERS LANDING PARTNERS, L.L.C. WESTRIDGE-OXFORD LIMITED PARTNERSHIP WILLIAMSBURG LIMITED PARTNERSHIP WL/OAC, L.L.C. ZIMCO XI L.L.C. ZIMCO XVIII L.L.C. ZIMCO/CHANTILLY CORPORATION ZIMCO/MONROE CORPORATION XI (Back To Top) Section 3: EX-23.1 (EXHIBIT 23.1) STATE CODE MD MD MD MD MD MD DE DE TN DE DE DE IL DE DC PA MA SC DE MD SC DC IL CA DE MD MD IL MD MD MD MD MD CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements listed below of Apartment Investment and Management Company and in the related Prospectuses of our reports dated February 19, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements and the financial statement schedule of Apartment Investment and Management Company, and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Apartment Investment and Management Company, included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2018. Exhibit 23.1 Form S-3 (No. 333-08997) Form S-3 (No. 333-4546) Form S-8 (No. 333-14481) Form S-4 (No. 333-49075) Form S-4 (No. 333-60663) Form S-3 (No. 333-75109) Form S-3 (No. 333-77257) Form S-3 (No. 333-92743) Form S-4 (No. 333-51154) Form S-3 (No. 333-71002) Form S-3 (No. 333-61409) Form S-3 (No. 333-113977) Form S-3 (No. 333-101735) Form S-4 (No. 333-90588) Form S-8 (No. 333-142467) Form S-4 (No. 333-169353) Form S-4 (No. 333-169871) Form S-4 (No. 333-175842) Form S-4 (No. 333-175846) Form S-4 (No. 333-175850) Form S-4 (No. 333-66207) Form S-8 (No. 333-207828) Form S-3 (No. 333-17431) Form S-3 (No. 333-36531) Form S-8 (No. 333-4550) Form S-8 (No. 333-36803) Form S-3 (No. 333-47201) Form S-8 (No. 333-70409) Form S-4 (No. 333-60355) Form S-3 (No. 333-77067) Form S-3 (No. 333-31718) Form S-3 (No. 333-52808) Form S-3 (No. 333-73162) Form S-3 (No. 333-71452) Form S-4 (No. 333-39357) Form S-3 (No. 333-130735) Form S-4 (No. 333-136801) Form S-3 (No. 333-150342) Form S-4 (No. 333-169869) Form S-4 (No. 333-169872) Form S-4 (No. 333-175843) Form S-4 (No. 333-175847) Form S-4 (No. 333-186965) Form S-8 (No. 333-225037) /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP Form S-3ASR (No. 333-217456) Form S-3 (No. 333-828) Form S-3 (No. 333-20755) Form S-3 (No. 333-36537) Form S-8 (No. 333-4548) Form S-8 (No. 333-41719) Form S-8 (No. 333-57617) Form S-3 (No. 333-69121) Form S-8 (No. 333-75349) Form S-3 (No. 333-81689) Form S-3 (No. 333-50742) Form S-3 (No. 333-64460) Form S-3 (No. 333-26415) Form S-3 (No. 333-85844) Form S-3 (No. 333-86200) Form S-4 (No. 333-90590) Form S-8 (No. 333-142466) Form S-4 (No. 333-169870) Form S-4 (No. 333-169873) Form S-4 (No. 333-175848) Form S-4 (No. 333-175853) Form S-8 (No. 333-207826) Denver, Colorado February 19, 2019 (Back To Top) Section 4: EX-23.2 (EXHIBIT 23.2) CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Exhibit 23.2 We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements listed below of AIMCO Properties, L.P. and in the related Prospectuses of our reports dated February 19, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements and the financial statement schedule of AIMCO Properties, L.P., and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of AIMCO Properties, L.P., included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2018. Form S-3ASR No. 333-217456-01 Form S-4 No. 333-60355-01 Form S-4 No. 333-90588-01 Form S-4 No. 333-90590-01 Form S-4 No. 333-136801-01 Form S-4 No. 333-169353-01 Form S-4 No. 333-169869-01 Form S-4 No. 333-169870-01 Form S-4 No. 333-169871-01 Form S-4 No. 333-169872-01 Form S-4 No. 333-169873-01 Form S-4 No. 333-175842-01 Form S-4 No. 333-175843-01 Form S-4 No. 333-175846-01 Form S-4 No. 333-175847-01 Form S-4 No. 333-175848-01 Form S-4 No. 333-175849-01 Form S-4 No. 333-175850-01 Form S-4 No. 333-175853-01 Form S-4 No. 333-186965-01 Form S-8 No. 333-225037 Denver, Colorado February 19, 2019 (Back To Top) /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP Section 5: EX-31.1 (EXHIBIT 31.1) Exhibit 31.1 CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER CERTIFICATION I, Terry Considine, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Apartment Investment and Management Company; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 19, 2019 (Back To Top) Section 6: EX-31.2 (EXHIBIT 31.2) /s/ Terry Considine Terry Considine Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31.2 CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER CERTIFICATION I, Paul Beldin, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Apartment Investment and Management Company; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 19, 2019 /s/ Paul Beldin Paul Beldin Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Back To Top) Section 7: EX-31.3 (EXHIBIT 31.3) CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER CERTIFICATION Exhibit 31.3 I, Terry Considine, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of AIMCO Properties, L.P.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 19, 2019 /s/ Terry Considine Terry Considine Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Back To Top) Section 8: EX-31.4 (EXHIBIT 31.4) CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER CERTIFICATION Exhibit 31.4 I, Paul Beldin, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of AIMCO Properties, L.P.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 19, 2019 /s/ Paul Beldin Paul Beldin Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Back To Top) Section 9: EX-32.1 (EXHIBIT 32.1) Certification of CEO Pursuant to Exhibit 32.1 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 In connection with the annual report of Apartment Investment and Management Company (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Terry Considine Terry Considine Chairman and Chief Executive Officer February 19, 2019 (Back To Top) Section 10: EX-32.2 (EXHIBIT 32.2) Certification of CFO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Exhibit 32.2 In connection with the annual report of Apartment Investment and Management Company (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Partnership. /s/ Paul Beldin Paul Beldin Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 19, 2019 (Back To Top) Section 11: EX-32.3 (EXHIBIT 32.3) Certification of CEO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Exhibit 32.3 Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 In connection with the annual report of AIMCO Properties, L.P. (the “Partnership”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Terry Considine, as Chief Executive Officer of the Partnership hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Terry Considine Terry Considine Chairman and Chief Executive Officer February 19, 2019 (Back To Top) Section 12: EX-32.4 (EXHIBIT 32.4) Certification of CFO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Exhibit 32.4 In connection with the annual report of AIMCO Properties, L.P. (the “Partnership”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Paul Beldin, as Chief Financial Officer of the Partnership hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Paul Beldin Paul Beldin Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 19, 2019 (Back To Top) Section 13: EX-99.1 (EXHIBIT 99.1) Agreement Regarding Disclosure of Long-Term Debt Instruments Exhibit 99.1 In reliance upon Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K, Apartment Investment and Management Company, a Maryland corporation (the "Company"), has not filed as an exhibit to its annual report on Form 10-K for the annual period ended December 31, 2018, any instrument with respect to long-term debt not being registered where the total amount of securities authorized thereunder does not exceed ten percent of the total assets of the Company and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. Pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K, the Company hereby agrees to furnish a copy of any such agreement to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. By: /s/ Paul Beldin Paul Beldin Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 19, 2019 (Back To Top) Section 14: EX-99.2 (EXHIBIT 99.2) Agreement Regarding Disclosure of Long-Term Debt Instruments Exhibit 99.2 In reliance upon Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K, AIMCO Properties, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (the "Partnership"), has not filed as an exhibit to its annual report on Form 10-K for the annual period ended December 31, 2018, any instrument with respect to long-term debt not being registered where the total amount of securities authorized thereunder does not exceed ten percent of the total assets of the Partnership and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. Pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K, the Partnership hereby agrees to furnish a copy of any such agreement to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. By: /s/ Paul Beldin Paul Beldin Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 19, 2019 (Back To Top) 

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