Aptorum Group Limited Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F ☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR ☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of event requiring this shell company report For the transition period from __________ to __________ Commission file number: [ ] APTORUM GROUP LIMITED(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter) N/A(Translation of Registrant’s Name into English) Cayman Islands(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) Ian Huen, Chief Executive OfficerAptorum Group Limited17/F Guangdong Investment Tower, 148 Connaught Road Central, Hong KongTel: +(852) 2117 6611Fax: (852) 2850 7286(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which RegisteredClass A Ordinary shares, par value $1.00 NASDAQ Global Market Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None(Title of Class) Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None(Title of Class) Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report. Class A Ordinary Shares: 6,537,269Class B Ordinary Shares: 22,437,754 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filingrequirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. Seedefinition of “large accelerated filer,” accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer☐Accelerated filer☐Non-accelerated filer☒Emerging growth company☒ If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected notto use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of theExchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: U.S. GAAP ☒ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ Other ☐ *If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected tofollow. Item 17 ¨ Item 18 ¨ If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTIONii PART I1 ITEM 1.IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS1 ITEM 2.OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE1 ITEM 3.KEY INFORMATION1 ITEM 4.INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY36 ITEM 4A.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS71 ITEM 5.OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS71 ITEM 6.DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES84 ITEM 7.MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS96 ITEM 8.FINANCIAL INFORMATION98 ITEM 9.THE OFFER AND LISTING99 ITEM 10.ADDITIONAL INFORMATION99 ITEM 11.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK105 ITEM 12.DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES106 PART II106 ITEM 13.DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES106 ITEM 14.MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS106 ITEM 15.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES106 ITEM 16A.AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT107 ITEM 16B.CODE OF ETHICS107 ITEM 16C.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES107 ITEM 16D.EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES108 ITEM 16E.PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS108 ITEM 16F.CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT108 ITEM 16G.CORPORATE GOVERNANCE108 ITEM 16H.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE108 PART III108 ITEM 17.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS108 ITEM 18.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS108 ITEM 19.EXHIBITS108 iTable of Contents INTRODUCTION Unless the context otherwise requires, in this annual report on Form 20-F references to: ●“Acticule” refers to Acticule Life Sciences Limited, an 80% owned subsidiary of Aptorum Group. ●“Aeneas” refers to AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Aeneas Group Limited, which is an indirect wholly-ownedsubsidiary of Jurchen Investment Corporation through Aeneas Limited. Because Mr. Huen, our CEO, holds 100% equity interest in JurchenInvestment Corporation, we refer Aeneas as a fellow subsidiary of Aptorum Group. ●“AGL” refers to Aeneas Group Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Aeneas Limited and we refer AGL as a fellow subsidiary of AptorumGroup. ●“AL” refers to Aeneas Limited, an entity wholly-owned by Jurchen Investment Corporation and we refer AL as a fellow subsidiary of AptorumGroup. ●“AML” refers to Aptorum Medical Limited, a 94% owned subsidiary of Aptorum Group. ●“AML Clinic” refers to an outpatient medical clinic operated by AML under the name of Talem Medical. ●“APD” refers to Aptorum Pharmaceutical Development Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Aptorum Group. ●“Aptorum Group,” “Company,” “we,” “Group” and “us” refer to Aptorum Group Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company with limitedliability whose principal place of business is in Hong Kong. ●“Aptorum Non-Therapeutics Group” refers to the Company’s non-therapeutics segment that encompasses: (i) the development of surgicalrobotics and medical devices, which is operated through Signate Life Sciences Limited and (ii) AML Clinic. ●“Aptorum Therapeutics Group” refers to the Company’s therapeutics segment that is operated through its wholly-owned subsidiary, AptorumTherapeutics Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability, whose principal place of business is in Hong Kong and itsindirect subsidiary companies, whose principal places of business are in Hong Kong. ●“Bond” refers to a $15,000,000 convertible bond the Company issued to Peace Range (as hereinafter defined) in the Bond Offering. ●“Bond Offering” refers to the Company’s private offering of the Bond that closed on April 25, 2018. ●“Boustead” refers to Boustead Securities, LLC. ●“cGCP” refers to Current Good Clinical Practice as adopted by the applicable regulatory authority. ●“cGLP” refers to Current Good Laboratory Practice as adopted by the applicable regulatory authority. ●“cGMP” refers to Current Good Manufacturing Practice as adopted by the applicable regulatory authority. ●“China Renaissance” refers to China Renaissance Securities (HK) Limited. ●“Class A Ordinary Shares” refers to the Company’s Class A Ordinary Shares, par value $1.00 per share. ●“CMC” refers to chemical, manufacturing and control. ●“Covar” refers to Covar Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, a contract research organization engaged by the Company. iiTable of Contents ●“CROs” refers to contract research organizations. ●“EMA” refers to the European Medicines Agency. ●“EMEA” refers to Europe, the Middle East and Africa. ●“EPO” refers to the European Patent Organization or the European Patent Office operated by it. ●“European Patent” refers to patents issuable by the EPO. ●“Exchange Act” refers to the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. ●“FDA” refers to U.S. Food and Drug Administration. ●“FDCA” refers to the U.S. Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. ●“Fiscal year” refers to the period from January 31 of each calendar year to December 31 of the following calendar year. ●“HKD” refers to Hong Kong Dollars. ●“Hong Kong” or “H.K.” refers to Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. ●“Hong Kong Doctors” refers to the doctors in Hong Kong under the employment of AML Clinic. ●“IND” refers to Investigational New Drugs. ●“IP” refers to intellectual property. ●“IPO” or “Offering” means the initial public offering by the Company of 761,419 Class A Ordinary Shares consummated on December 17,2018. ●“Jurchen” refers to Jurchen Investment Corporation, a company wholly-owned by our CEO, Ian Huen, and a holding company of AptorumGroup. ●“Lead Projects” refers to three of the Company’s therapeutic projects ALS-1, ALS-4 and NLS-1. ●“Major Patent Jurisdictions” refers to the United States, member states of the European Patent Organization and the People’s Republic of China. ●“Nativus” refers to Nativus Life Sciences Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Aptorum Group. ●“NMPA” refers to China’s National Medical Products Administration and its predecessor, the China Food and Drug Administration. ●“NDA” refers to a New Drug Application issued by the FDA. ●“PRC” and “China” refer to the People’s Republic of China. ●“Restructure” refers to the Company’s change from an investment fund with management shares and non-voting participating redeemablepreference shares to a holding company with operating subsidiaries, effective as of March 1, 2017. ●“Registration Statement” refers to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227198) for the sale of up to 3,493,969Class A Ordinary Shares (including Class A Ordinary Shares underlying certain warrants and a bond, as fully described therein) which initiallyfiled on September 5, 2018 and became effective on December 3, 2018. ●“R&D” refers to research and development. ●“R&D Center” refers to an in-house pharmaceutical development center operated by APD. iiiTable of Contents ●“Securities Exchange Commission,” “SEC,” “Commission” or similar terms refer to the Securities Exchange Commission. ●“Sarbanes-Oxley Act” refers to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. ●“Securities Act” refers to the Securities Act of 1933. ●“Series A Notes” refers to Series A convertible notes, at a purchase price of $10,000 per note, sold in the Series A Note Offering. ●“Series A Note Investors” refers to the investors who purchased Series A Notes. ●“Series A Note Offering” refers to the private offering of Series A Notes, pursuant to Regulation S or Regulation D, as promulgated under theSecurities Act that closed on May 15, 2018. ●“Shares” or “Ordinary Share” are our Ordinary Shares, par value $1.00 per share. ●“Signate” refers to Signate Life Sciences Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Aptorum Group. ●“UK” refers to the United Kingdom. ●“Underwriter Warrants” refers to warrants issued to the underwriters of the IPO. ●“United States,” “U.S.” and “US” refer to the United States of America. ●“Videns” refers to Videns Incorporation Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Aptorum Group. ●“US$,” “U.S. dollars,” or “dollars” are to the legal currency of the United States. Discrepancies in any table between the amounts identified as total amounts and the sum of the amounts listed therein are due to rounding. This annual report on Form 20-F includes our audited consolidated balance sheets (successor basis) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the relatedconsolidated statements (successor basis) of operations and comprehensive loss, equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the periodMarch 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, the statements (predecessor basis) of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows for the period January 1,2017 through February 28, 2017, and the related notes to financial statements. Our operations and equity are funded in U.S. dollars and we currently incur the majority of our expenses in U.S. dollars or in H.K. dollars. H.K. dollaris currently pegged to the U.S. dollar; however, we cannot guarantee that such peg will continue to be in place in the future. Our exposure to foreignexchange risk primarily relates to the limited cash denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of each entity and limited revenue contractsdominated in H.K. dollars in certain PRC operating entities. We do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and havenot hedged exposures denominated in foreign currencies or any other derivative financial instruments. ivTable of Contents Part I Item 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS Not Applicable. Item 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE Not Applicable. Item 3. KEY INFORMATION A. Selected Financial Data The following summary consolidated balance sheets (successor basis) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, consolidated statements of operations andcomprehensive loss (successor basis) for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, as well as thestatement of operations (predecessor basis) for the period January 1, 2017 through February 28, 2017, have been derived from our audited financialstatements included elsewhere in this annual report. You should not view our historical results as an indicator of our future performance. The following table presents our summary consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss (successor basis) for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017. 1Table of Contents Selected Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Successor Basis)(In U.S. Dollars, except number of shares) Year EndedDecember 31,2018 March 1,2017through December 31,2017 Revenue: Healthcare service income $383,450 $- Expenses: Cost of healthcare service (318,011) - Research and development expenses (3,101,432) (2,560,323)General and administrative fees (4,919,626) (1,480,093)Legal and professional fees (1,811,770) (1,395,490)Other operating expenses (560,709) (257,177)Total expenses (10,711,548) (5,693,083)Other (loss) income: Gain on investments in marketable securities, net 501,522 3,912,500 Loss on investments in derivatives, net (974,444) (827,501)Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities 124,726 - Interest (expense) income, net (4,458,191) 44,269 Dividend income - 2,308 Total other (loss) income, net (4,806,387) 3,131,576 Net loss (15,134,485) (2,561,507)Less: net loss attributable to non-controlling interests (302,762) (14,045) Net loss attributable to Aptorum Group Limited $(14,831,723) $(2,547,462) Net loss per share – basic and diluted* $(0.53) $(0.09)Weighted-average shares outstanding – basic and diluted 27,909,788 26,963,435 Net loss $(15,134,485) $(2,561,507) Other comprehensive loss Unrealized loss on investments in available-for-sale securities (1,122,251) (367,782)Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations 5,345 - Other comprehensive loss (1,116,906) (367,782) Comprehensive loss (16,251,391) (2,929,289)Less: comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interests (302,762) (14,045) Comprehensive loss attributable to the shareholders of Aptorum Group Limited $(15,948,629) $(2,915,244) *The shares and per share data are presented at a weighted average basis to reflect the nominal share issuance. 2Table of Contents The following table presents our summary statements of operations (predecessor basis) for the period January 1, 2017 through February 28, 2017. Selected Statement of Operations (Predecessor Basis)(In U.S. Dollars) January 1,2017throughFebruary 28,2017 Investment income: Interest income $3,011 Total investment income 3,011 Expenses General and administrative fees 17,516 Management fees 108,958 Legal and professional fees 98,646 Other operating expenses 1,907 Total expenses 227,027 Net investment loss $(224,016) Realized and unrealized losses Net realized losses on investments in unaffiliated issuers $(15,327)Net change in unrealized depreciation on investments (386,741)Net realized and unrealized losses (402,068) Net decrease in net assets resulting from operations $(626,084) The following table presents our summary consolidated balance sheets (successor basis) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. As of December 31,2018 As of December 31,2017 Cash and restricted cash $26,107,238 $16,725,807 Total current assets 28,722,941 20,283,399 Total assets 45,074,640 31,559,982 Total current liabilities 12,184,865 1,330,734 Total liabilities 12,328,738 1,330,734 Total equity attributable to the shareholders of Aptorum Group Limited 33,114,435 30,243,293 Non-controlling interests (368,533) (14,045)Total equity 32,745,902 30,229,248 Total liabilities and equity $45,074,640 $31,559,982 3Table of Contents Exchange Rate Information Our operations and equity are funded in U.S. dollars and we currently incur the majority of our expenses in U.S. dollars or in H.K. dollars. H.K. dollaris currently pegged to the U.S. dollar; however, we cannot guarantee that such peg will continue to be in place in the future. If we are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk as our results of operations, cash flows maybe subject to fluctuations in foreign currencyexchange rates. For example, if a significant portion of our clinical trial activities may be conducted outside of the United States, and associated costs may beincurred in the local currency of the country in which the trial is being conducted, which costs could be subject to fluctuations in currency exchange rates.We currently do not engage in hedging transactions to protect against uncertainty in future exchange rates between particular foreign currencies and the U.S.dollar. A decline in the value of the U.S. dollar against currencies in countries in which we conduct clinical trials could have a negative impact on ourresearch and development costs. Foreign currency fluctuations are unpredictable and may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations andcash flows. The following table sets forth information concerning exchange rates between the H.K. dollar and the United States dollar for the periods indicated. PeriodEndedDecember 31, (1) Average(2) 2016 7.7534 7.7618 2017 7.8128 7.7950 2018 7.8305 7.8376 2019 (through April 5, 2019) 7.8497 7.8489 January, 2018 7.8210 7.8190 February, 2018 7.8262 7.8222 March, 2018 7.8484 7.8413 April, 2018 7.8479 7.8482 May, 2018 7.8439 7.8487 June, 2018 7.8463 7.8471 July, 2018 7.8484 7.8477 August, 2018 7.8486 7.8492 September, 2018 7.8259 7.8364 October, 2018 7.8393 7.8375 November, 2018 7.8244 7.8286 December, 2018 7.8305 7.8194 January, 2019 7.8463 7.8411 February, 2019 7.8496 7.8477 March, 2019 7.8498 7.8492 April, 2019 (through April 5, 2019) 7.8497 7.8495 (1)The exchange rates reflect the noon buying rate in effect in New York City for cable transfers of H.K dollar. (2)Annual averages are calculated from month-end rates. Monthly averages are calculated using the average of the daily rates during the relevant period. B. Capitalization and Indebtedness Not applicable. C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds Not applicable. D. Risk Factors 4Table of Contents Risks Related to the Preclinical and Clinical Development of Our Drug Candidates We currently do not generate revenue from product sales and may never become profitable; unless we can raise more capital through additionalfinancings, of which there can be no guarantee, our principal source of revenue will be from AML Clinic, which may not be substantial. Our ability to generate revenue and become profitable depends upon our ability to successfully complete the development of, and obtain thenecessary regulatory approvals for, the drug candidates in our Lead Projects and any future drug candidates we may develop, as we do not currently have anydrugs that are available for commercial sale. We expect to continue to incur losses before commercialization of our drug candidates and any future drugcandidates. None of our drug candidates has been approved for marketing in the U.S., Europe, the PRC or any other jurisdictions and may never receive suchapproval. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability is dependent on our ability to complete the development of our drug candidates and anyfuture drug candidates we develop in our portfolio, obtain necessary regulatory approvals, and have our drugs products under development manufactured andsuccessfully marketed, of which there can be no guarantee. Although AML Clinic commenced operations in June 2018 and we expect to receive somerevenue from such operations, even at full capacity, AML Clinic may not bring enough revenue to support our operation and R&D. Thus, we may not be ableto generate a profit until our drug candidates become profitable. Even if we receive regulatory approval and marketing authorization for one or more of our drug candidates or one or more of any future drugcandidates for commercial sale, a potential product may not generate revenue at all unless we are successful in: ●developing a sustainable and scalable manufacturing process for our drug candidates and any approved products, including establishing andmaintaining commercially viable supply relationships with third parties; ●launching and commercializing drug candidates following regulatory approvals and marketing authorizations, either directly or with acollaborator or distributor; ●obtaining market acceptance of our drug candidates as viable treatment options; ●addressing any competing technological and market developments; ●negotiating and maintaining favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing or other arrangement into which we may enter to commercializedrug candidates for which we have obtained required approvals and marketing authorizations; and ●maintaining, protecting and expanding our portfolio of IP rights, including patents, trade secrets and know-how. In addition, our ability to achieve and maintain profitability depends on timing and the amount of expenses we will incur. Our expenses couldincrease materially if we are required by the FDA, CFDA, EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities to perform studies in addition to those that wecurrently have anticipated. Even if our drug candidates are approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with thecommercial launch of these products. Our ability to become and remain profitable depends on our ability to generate revenue. Even if we are able to generate revenues from AML Clinicor the sale or sublicense of any products we may develop or license, we may not become profitable on a sustainable basis or at all. Our failure to become andremain profitable would decrease the value of our Company and adversely affect the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares, which could impair ourability to raise capital, expand our business or continue our operations. AML Clinic’s operations may be our principal source of revenue for the foreseeable future and most likely, without additional financing, such revenue willnot be sufficient for us to carry out all of our plans. As stated above, we have not generated any revenue and do not foresee generating any revenue from our drug candidates in the near future. Effectiveas of March 2018, we leased the property in Central, Hong Kong that is the home to AML Clinic, which commenced operations in June 2018. 5Table of Contents Until our therapeutic candidates produce revenue, our principal source of revenue shall be from AML Clinic, but we cannot guarantee that it willprovide the expected revenue, and even if expected revenue is realized, it will not be sufficient by itself to fund our other operations. We believe thatavailable cash, together with the efforts from management plans and actions described elsewhere in this report, should enable the Company to meet presentlyanticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months after the date that the financial statements are issued and the Company has prepared the consolidatedfinancial statements on a going concern basis. However, the Company continues to have ongoing obligations and it expects that it will require additionalcapital in order to execute its longer-term development plan. If the Company encounters unforeseen circumstances that place constraints on its capitalresources, management will be required to take various measures to conserve liquidity, which could include, but not necessarily be limited to, deferring someof its research and seeking to dispose of marketable securities. Management cannot provide any assurance that the Company will raise additional capital ifneeded. We depend substantially on the success of the drug candidates being researched as our current Lead Projects, which are in the preclinical stage ofdevelopment. The preclinical development, IND-enabling, and clinical trials of our drug candidates may not be successful. If we are unable to license orsublicense, sell or otherwise commercialize our drug candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed. Our business and the ability to generate revenue related to product sales, if ever achieved, will depend on the successful development, regulatoryapproval and licensing or sublicensing or other commercialization of our drug candidates or any other drug candidates we may develop. We have invested asignificant amount of financial resources in the development of our drug candidates and we expect to invest in other drug candidates. The success of our drugcandidates and any other potential drug candidates will depend on many factors, including but not limited to: ●successful enrollment in, and completion of, studies in animals and clinical trials; ●other parties’ ability in conducting our clinical trials safely, efficiently and according to the agreed protocol; ●receipt of regulatory approvals from the FDA, NMPA, EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities for our drug candidates; ●our ability to establish commercial manufacturing capabilities by making arrangements with third-party manufacturers; ●reliance on other parties to conduct our clinical trials swiftly and effectively; ●launch of commercial sales of our drug candidates, if and when approved; ●obtaining and maintaining patents, trade secrets and other IP protection and regulatory exclusivity, as well as protecting our rights in our ownIP; ●ensuring that we do not infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate patents, trade secrets or other IP rights of other parties; ●obtaining acceptance of our drug candidates by doctors and patients; ●obtaining reimbursement from third-party payors for our drug candidates, if and when approved; ●our ability to compete with other drug candidates and drugs; and ●maintenance of an acceptable safety profile for our drug candidates following regulatory approval, if and when received. We may not achieve regulatory approval and commercialization in a timely manner or at all. Significant delays in obtaining approval for and/or tosuccessfully commercialize our drug candidates would materially harm our business and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenues and cash flows tocontinue our operations. We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional drug candidates. Due to our limited resources and access to capital, we mustcontinue to prioritize development of certain drug candidates; such decisions may prove to be wrong and may adversely affect our business. Although we intend to explore other therapeutic opportunities in addition to the drug candidates that we are currently developing, we may fail toidentify other drug candidates for a number of reasons. For example, our research methodology may be unsuccessful in identifying potential drug candidatesor those we identify may be shown to have harmful side effects or other undesirable characteristics that make them unmarketable or unlikely to receiveregulatory approval. 6Table of Contents Research programs to pursue the development of our drug candidates for additional indications and to identify new drug candidates and diseasetargets require substantial technical, financial and human resources whether or not we ultimately are successful. Our research programs may initially showpromise in identifying potential indications and/or drug candidates, yet fail to yield results for clinical development for a number of reasons, including butnot limited to: ●the research methodology used may not be successful in identifying potential indications and/or drug candidates; ●potential drug candidates may, after further study, be shown to have harmful adverse effects or other characteristics that indicate they areunlikely to be effective drugs; or ●it may take greater human and financial resources to identify additional therapeutic opportunities for our drug candidates or to develop suitablepotential drug candidates through internal research programs than we will possess, thereby limiting our ability to diversify and expand our drugportfolio. Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we have chosen to focus at present on our three Lead Projects, which may ultimatelyprove to be unsuccessful. As a result of this focus, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other drug candidates, or for other indications thatlater prove to have greater commercial potential or a greater likelihood of success. Even if we determine to pursue alternative therapeutic or diagnostic drugcandidates, these other drug candidates or other potential programs may ultimately prove to be unsuccessful. In short, our resource allocation decisions maycause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will ever be able to develop suitable potential drug candidates through internal research programs.This could materially adversely affect our future growth and prospects. If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected. While we have not commenced any clinical trials and do not expect to start our first clinical trials until at least 2020 or 2021, assuming we obtainapproval to do so from at least one regulatory authority, of which there can be no assurance, timely completion of clinical trials in accordance with theirprotocols depends, among other things, on our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who meet the trial criteria and remain in the trial until itsconclusion. We may experience difficulties enrolling and retaining appropriate patients in our clinical trials for a variety of reasons, including but not limitedto: ●the size and nature of the patient population; ●patient eligibility criteria defined in the clinical protocol; ●the size of study population required for statistical analysis of the trial’s primary endpoints; ●the proximity of patients to trial sites; ●the design of the trial and changes to the design of the trial; ●our ability to recruit clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience; ●competing clinical trials for similar therapies or other new therapeutics exist and will reduce the number and types of patients available to us; ●clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages and side effects of the drug candidate being studied in relation to otheravailable therapies, including any new drugs or treatments that may be approved for the indications we are investigating; 7Table of Contents ●our ability to obtain and maintain patient consents; ●patients enrolled in clinical trials may not complete a clinical trial; and ●the availability of approved therapies that are similar to our drug candidates. Even if we are able to enroll a sufficient number of patients in our clinical trials, delays in patient enrollment may result in increased costs or mayaffect the timing or outcome of the planned clinical trials, which could prevent completion of these trials and adversely affect our ability to advance thedevelopment of our drug candidates. Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process and could fail at any stage of the process. We have limited experience in conductingclinical trials and results of earlier studies and trials may not be reproduced in future clinical trials. For our drug candidates, clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, while failure can occur at any time during the clinicaltrial process. The results of studies in animals and early clinical trials of our drug candidates may not predict the results of later-stage clinical trials. Drugcandidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through studies in animals andinitial clinical trials. In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety and/or efficacy results between different trials of the same drug candidatedue to numerous factors, including changes in trial procedures set forth in protocols, differences in the size and type of the patient populations (includinggenetic differences), patient adherence to the dosing regimen and the patient dropout rate. Results in later trials may also differ from earlier trials due to alarger number of clinical trial sites and additional countries and languages involved in such trials. In addition, the design of a clinical trial can determinewhether its results will support approval of a drug candidate, and flaws in the design of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is welladvanced and significant expense has been incurred. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lackof demonstrated efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. Clinical trials of potential products often reveal that itis not practical or feasible to continue development efforts. Furthermore, if the trials we conduct fail to meet their primary statistical and clinical endpoints,they will not support the approval from the FDA, NMPA, EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities for our drug candidates. If this occurs, we wouldneed to replace the failed study with new trials, which would require significant additional expense, cause substantial delays in commercialization andmaterially adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. (See “We are subject to risks related to the carrying out andoutcome of clinical trials of medical devices”) If clinical trials of our drug candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA, NMPA, EMA or other comparable regulatoryauthorities, or do not otherwise produce positive results, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable tocomplete, the development and commercialization of our drug candidates. Before applying for and obtaining regulatory approval for the sale of any of our drug candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical trials todemonstrate the safety and efficacy of our drug candidates in humans. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years tocomplete and may fail. A failure of one or more of our clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing and successful interim results of a clinical trial do notnecessarily predict successful final results. We and our CROs are required to comply with current Good Clinical Practices (“cGCP”) requirements, which are regulations and guidelinesenforced by the FDA, NMPA, EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities for all drugs in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce thesecGCP through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. Compliance with cGCP can be costly and if we or any of our CROsfail to comply with applicable cGCP, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA, NMPA, EMA or comparableregulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. 8Table of Contents We may experience numerous unexpected events during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive regulatoryapproval or commercialize our drug candidates, including but not limited to: ●regulators, institutional review boards (“IRBs”) or ethics committees may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial orconduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site; ●clinical trials of our drug candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conductadditional clinical trials or abandon drug development programs; ●the number of patients required for clinical trials of our drug candidates may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment may be insufficient orslower than we anticipate or patients may drop out at a higher rate than we anticipate; ●our contractors and investigators may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner,or at all; ●we might have to suspend or terminate clinical trials of our drug candidates for various reasons, including a lack of clinical response or adetermination that participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks; ●regulators, IRBs or ethics committees may require that we or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons,including non-compliance with regulatory requirements; ●the cost of clinical trials of our drug candidates may be greater than we anticipate; ●the supply or quality of our drug candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our drug candidates may be insufficient orinadequate; and ●our drug candidates may cause adverse events, have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, causing us, our investigators, orregulators to suspend or terminate the trials. If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our drug candidates beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we areunable to successfully complete clinical trials of our drug candidates or other testing, if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestlypositive or if they raise safety concerns, we may: ●be delayed in obtaining regulatory approval for our drug candidates; ●not obtain regulatory approval at all; ●obtain approval for indications that are not as broad as intended; ●have a drug removed from the market after obtaining regulatory approval; ●be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements; ●be subject to restrictions on how a drug is distributed or used; or ●be unable to obtain reimbursement for use of a drug. Delays in testing or approvals may result in increases in our drug development costs. We do not know whether any clinical trials will begin asplanned, will need to be restructured, or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results. Moreover, thesetrials may be delayed or proceed less quickly than intended. Delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our drug candidatedevelopment and approval process, and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues and we may not have sufficient funding tocomplete the testing and approval process. Any of these events may significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects, lead to the denial ofregulatory approval of our drug candidates or allow our competitors to bring drugs to market before we do, impairing our ability to commercialize our drugsif and when approved. Significant clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we have the exclusive right to commercialize our drug candidates orallow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, impair our ability to commercialize our drug candidates and may harm our business andresults of operations. 9Table of Contents We may in the future conduct clinical trials for our drug candidates in sites outside the U.S. and the FDA may not accept data from trials conducted insuch locations. We may in the future conduct certain of our clinical trials outside the U.S. Although the FDA may accept data from clinical trials conducted outsidethe U.S. for our New Drug Application (“NDA”), acceptance of this data is subject to certain conditions imposed by the FDA. There can be no assurance theFDA will accept data from any of the clinical trials we conduct outside the U.S. If the FDA does not accept the data from any of our clinical trials conductedoutside the U.S., it would likely result in the need for additional clinical trials in the U.S., which would be costly and time-consuming and could delay orprevent the commercialization of any of our drug candidates. Risks Related to Obtaining Regulatory Approval for Our Drug Candidates The regulatory approval processes of the FDA, NMPA, EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities are lengthy, time-consuming and inherentlyunpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our current drug candidates or any future drug candidates we maydevelop, our business will be substantially harmed. We cannot commercialize drug candidates without first obtaining regulatory approval to market each drug from the FDA, NMPA, EMA orcomparable regulatory authorities. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any drug candidate for a target indication, we mustdemonstrate in studies in animals and well-controlled clinical trials, and, with respect to approval in the United States and other regulatory agencies, to thesatisfaction of the FDA, NMPA, EMA or comparable regulatory authorities, that the drug candidate is safe and effective for use for that target indication andthat the manufacturing facilities, processes and controls are adequate. The time required to obtain approval from the FDA, NMPA, EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities is unpredictable but typically takesmany years following the commencement of studies in animals and clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion ofthe regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval can differ among regulatory authoritiesand may change during the course of the development of a drug candidate. We have not obtained regulatory approval for any drug candidate. It is possiblethat neither our existing drug candidates nor any drug candidates we may discover or acquire for development in the future will ever obtain regulatoryapproval. Even if we obtain regulatory approval in one jurisdiction, we may not obtain it in other jurisdictions. Our drug candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval from any of the FDA, NMPA, EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities formany reasons, including but not limited to: ●disagreement with regulators regarding the design or implementation of our clinical trials; ●failure to demonstrate that a drug candidate is safe and effective or safe, pure and potent for its proposed indication; ●failure of clinical trial results to meet the level of statistical significance required for approval; ●failure to demonstrate that a drug candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks; ●disagreement with regulators regarding our interpretation of data from studies in animals or clinical trials; ●insufficiency of data collected from clinical trials of our drug candidates to support the submission and filing of a New Drug Application(“NDA”), or other submission or to obtain marketing approval; ●the FDA, NMPA, EMA or a comparable regulatory authority’s finding of deficiencies related to the manufacturing processes or facilities ofthird-party manufacturers with whom we contract for clinical and commercial supplies; and ●changes in approval policies or regulations that render our preclinical studies and clinical data insufficient for approval. Any of the FDA, NMPA, EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities may require more information, including additional preclinical studies orclinical data, to support approval, which may delay or prevent approval and our commercialization plans, or we may decide to abandon the developmentprogram. If we were to obtain approval, regulatory authorities may approve any of our drug candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request.Regulatory authorities also may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or may approve a drug candidate witha label that is not desirable for the successful commercialization of that drug candidate. In addition, if our drug candidate produces undesirable side effects orinvolves other safety issues, the FDA may require the establishment of a Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy (“REMS”), or NMPA, EMA or other comparableregulatory authorities may require the establishment of a similar strategy. Such a strategy may, for instance, restrict distribution of our drug candidates,require patient or physician education, or impose other burdensome implementation requirements on us. 10Table of Contents Regulatory approval may be substantially delayed or may not be obtained for one or all of our drug candidates if regulatory authorities require additionaltime or studies to assess the safety or efficacy of our drug candidates. We currently do not have any drug candidates that have gained approval for sale by the FDA, NMPA or EMA or other regulatory authorities in anyother country, and we cannot guarantee that we will ever have marketable drugs. Our business is substantially dependent on our ability to complete thedevelopment of, obtain marketing approval for and successfully commercialize drug candidates in a timely manner. We cannot commercialize drugcandidates without first obtaining marketing approval from the FDA, NMPA, EMA and comparable regulatory authorities. In the U.S., we hope to file INDsfor the drug candidates from our Lead Projects and, subject to the approval of IND, Phase 1 clinical trials in humans. Even if we are permitted to commencesuch clinical trials, they may not be successful and regulators may not agree with our conclusions regarding the data generated by our clinical trials. We may be unable to complete development of our drug candidates or initiate or complete development of any future drug candidates we maydevelop on our projected schedule. While we believe that our existing cash will likely enable us to complete the preclinical development of at least one ofour current Lead Projects, even assuming we can complete such preclinical studies for any drug candidate by 2021, the full clinical development,manufacturing and launch of that drug candidate, will take significant additional time and likely require funding beyond the existing cash. In addition, ifregulatory authorities require additional time or studies to assess the safety or efficacy of our drug candidates, we may not have or be able to obtain adequatefunding to complete the necessary steps for approval for our drug candidates or any future drug candidates. Preclinical studies in animals and clinical trials in humans to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our drug candidates are time-consuming,expensive and take several years or more to complete. Delays in preclinical or clinical trials, regulatory approvals or rejections of applications for regulatoryapproval in the U.S., Europe, the PRC or other markets may result from many factors, including but not limited to: ●our inability to obtain sufficient funds required to conduct or continue a trial, including lack of funding due to unforeseen costs or otherbusiness decisions; ●regulatory reports for additional analysts, reports, data, preclinical studies and clinical trials; ●failure to reach agreement with, or inability to comply with conditions imposed by the FDA, NMPA, EMA or other regulators regarding thescope or design of our clinical trials; ●regulatory questions regarding interpretations of data and results and the emergence of new information regarding our drug candidates or otherproducts; ●delay or failure in obtaining authorization to commence a clinical trial or inability to comply with conditions imposed by a regulatory authorityregarding the scope or design of a clinical trial; ●withdrawal of clinical trial sites from our clinical trials as a result of changing standards of care or the ineligibility of a site to participate in ourclinical trials; ●unfavorable or inconclusive results of clinical trials and supportive non-clinical studies, including unfavorable results regarding effectivenessof drug candidates during clinical trials; ●difficulty in maintaining contact with patients during or after treatment, resulting in incomplete data; ●our inability to obtain approval from IRBs or ethics committees to conduct clinical trials at their respective sites; ●our inability to enroll and retain a sufficient number of patients who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria in a clinical trial; 11Table of Contents ●our inability to conduct a clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols; ●clinical sites and investigators deviating from trial protocol, failing to conduct the trial in accordance with regulatory requirements,withdrawing from or dropping out of a trial, or becoming ineligible to participate in a trial; ●failure of our clinical trial managers to satisfy their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines; ● manufacturing issues, including problems with manufacturing or timely obtaining from third parties sufficient quantities of a drug candidate foruse in a clinical trial; ●ambiguous or negative interim results, or results that are inconsistent with earlier results; ●feedback from the FDA, NMPA, EMA, an IRB, data safety monitoring boards, or comparable entities, or results from earlier stage or concurrentstudies in animals and clinical trials, regarding our drug candidates, including which might require modification of a trial protocol; ●unacceptable risk-benefit profile or unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects; and ●a decision by the FDA, NMPA, EMA, an IRB, comparable entities, or the Company, or recommendation by a data safety monitoring board orcomparable regulatory entity, to suspend or terminate clinical trials at any time for safety issues or for any other reason. Changes in regulatory requirements and guidance may also occur, and we may need to amend clinical trial protocols submitted to applicableregulatory authorities to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit clinical trial protocols to IRBs or ethics committees for re-examination, which may increase the costs or time required to complete a clinical trial. If we experience delays in the completion of, or the termination of, a clinical trial, of any of our drug candidates, the commercial prospects of ourdrug candidates will be harmed, and our ability to generate product sales revenues from any of those drug candidates will be delayed. In addition, any delayin completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our drug candidate development and approval process, and jeopardize our ability tocommence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly. In addition,many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatoryapproval of our drug candidates. If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other studies with respect to any of our drug candidates beyond those that we initiallycontemplated, if we are unable to successfully complete our clinical trials or other studies or if the results of these studies are not positive or are onlymodestly positive, we may be delayed in obtaining regulatory approval for that drug candidate, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval at all or wemay obtain approval for indications that are not as broad as intended. Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing orapprovals, and we may not have sufficient funding to complete the testing and approval process. Significant clinical trial delays could allow our competitorsto bring their products to market before we do and impair our ability to commercialize our drugs, if and when approved. If any of this occurs, our business willbe materially harmed. Our drug candidates may cause undesirable adverse events or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit thecommercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following any regulatory approval. Undesirable adverse events caused by our drug candidates or any future drug candidates we may develop could cause us or regulatory authorities tointerrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA, NMPA, EMA orother comparable regulatory authorities. Results of our potential clinical trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity or prevalence of adverse effects.In such event, our trials could be suspended or terminated and the FDA, NMPA, EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities could order us to ceasefurther development of, or deny approval of, our drug candidates for any or all target indications. Drug-related adverse events could also affect patientrecruitment or the ability of enrolled subjects to complete the trial, could result in potential product liability claims and may harm our reputation, business,financial condition and business prospects significantly. 12Table of Contents Additionally, if any of our current or future drug candidates receives regulatory approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effectscaused by such drugs, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including but not limited to: ●suspending the marketing of the drug; ●having regulatory authorities withdraw approvals of the drug; ●adding warnings on the label; ●developing a REMS for the drug or, if a REMS is already in place, incorporating additional requirements under the REMS, or to develop asimilar strategy as required by a comparable regulatory authority; ●conducting post-market studies; ●being sued and held liable for harm caused to subjects or patients; and ●damage to our reputation. Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular drug candidate, if approved, and couldsignificantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects. Even if we receive regulatory approval for our drug candidates, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review,which may result in significant additional expense and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experienceunanticipated problems with our drug candidates. If our drug candidates or any future drug candidates we develop are approved, they will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements formanufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping, conduct of post-marketing studies, and submission of safety,efficacy, and other post-market information, including both federal and state requirements in the United States and requirements of comparable regulatoryauthorities outside of the United States. Manufacturers and manufacturers’ facilities are required to comply with extensive requirements from the FDA, NMPA, EMA and comparableregulatory authorities, including, in the United States, ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to cGMP regulations. As such,our contract manufacturers will be subject to continual review and inspections to assess compliance with cGMP and adherence to commitments made in anyNDA, other marketing application, and previous responses to inspection observations. Accordingly, we and others with whom we work must continue toexpend time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production and quality control. Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our drug candidates may be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the drugmay be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing, including Phase 4 clinical trials andsurveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the drug candidate. The regulatory authorities may also require risk management plans or programs as acondition of approval of our drug candidates (such as REMS of the FDA and risk-management plan of the EMA), which could entail requirements for long-term patient follow-up, a medication guide, physician communication plans or additional elements to ensure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods,patient registries and other risk minimization tools. In addition, if the FDA, NMPA, EMA or a comparable regulatory authority approves our drug candidates,we will have to comply with requirements including, for example, submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, aswell as continued compliance with cGCP and cGMP, for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. The FDA may impose consent decrees or withdraw approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or ifproblems occur after the drug reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our drug candidates, including adverse events ofunanticipated severity or frequency, or with our third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, mayresult in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical studies to assess new safety risks; orimposition of distribution restrictions or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things: ●restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of our drug candidates, withdrawal of the product from the market, or voluntary or mandatoryproduct recalls; 13Table of Contents ●fines, untitled or warning letters, or holds on clinical trials; ●refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us or suspension or revocation of licenseapprovals; ●product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of our drug candidates; and ●injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Companies may promote drugsonly for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label and may not promote drugs for any off-label use, such as usesthat are not described in the product’s labeling and that differ from those approved by the regulatory authorities. However, physicians may prescribe drugproducts for off-label uses and such off-label uses are common across some medical specialties. Thus, they may, unbeknownst to us, use our product for an“off label” indication for a specific treatment recipient. The FDA, NMPA, EMA and other regulatory authorities actively enforce the laws and regulationsprohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and if we are found to be out of compliance with the requirements and restrictions imposed on us under thoselaws and restrictions, we may be subject to significant liability, including civil and administrative remedies as well as criminal sanctions, and the off-labeluse of our products may increase the risk of product liability claims. In addition, management’s attention could be diverted from our business operations andour reputation could be damaged. The policies of the FDA, NMPA, EMA and other regulatory authorities may change and we cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent ofgovernment regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adaptto changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose anyregulatory approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability. We may be subject to government regulations for dietary supplements The Company may develop some of the molecules under development in formulations intended as dietary supplements. The FDA regulates dietarysupplements and drugs under different regulatory schemes, and the Company’s dietary supplement formulations will also be subject to other governmentregulation, including regulation by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and HumanServices, state and local governments and the foreign equivalents of the FDA and these other agencies. For example, the FDA regulates the research, development, preclinical and clinical testing, safety, effectiveness, record keeping, reporting, labeling,storage processing, formulation, safety, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, advertising and distribution import and export of pharmaceutical products undervarious regulatory provisions. If any dietary supplements we develop are tested or marketed abroad, they will also be subject to extensive regulation byforeign governments, whether or not we have obtained FDA approval for a given product and its uses. Such foreign regulation may be equally or moredemanding than corresponding U.S. regulation. In addition, the regulatory policies of the agencies in the U.S. or other countries may change and additional government regulations may be issuedthat could prevent, limit, or delay regulatory approval of our dietary supplement candidates, or impose more stringent product labeling and post-marketingtesting and other requirements.Risks Related to Commercialization of Our Drug Candidates Even if any of our drug candidates receive regulatory approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-partypayors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success. After we complete clinical trials and receive regulatory approval for any of our drug candidates, which may not happen for some time, we recognizethat such candidate(s) may ultimately fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medicalcommunity. We may not be able to achieve or maintain market acceptance of our products over time if new products or technology are introduced that aremore favorably received than our products, are more cost effective or render our drug obsolete. We will face competition with respect to our drug candidatesfrom other pharmaceutical companies developing products in the same disease/therapeutic area and specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companiesworldwide. Many of the companies against which we may be competing have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research anddevelopment, manufacturing, animal testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approval for drugs than we do.Physicians, patients and third-party payors may prefer other novel products to ours, which means that we may not generate significant sales revenues for thatproduct and that product may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of our drug candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will dependon a number of factors, including but not limited to: ●clinical indications for which our drug candidates are approved; 14Table of Contents ●physicians, hospitals, and patients considering our drug candidates as a safe and effective treatment; ●the potential and perceived advantages of our drug candidates over alternative treatments; ●the prevalence and severity of any side effects; ●product labeling or product insert requirements of the FDA, NMPA, EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities; ●limitations or warnings contained in the labeling approved by the FDA, NMPA, EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities; ●the timing of market introduction of our drug candidates as well as competitive drugs; ●the cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments and their relative benefits; ●the availability of adequate coverage, reimbursement and pricing by third-party payors and government authorities; ●lack of experience and financial and other limitations on our ability to create and sustain effective sales and marketing efforts or ineffectivenessof our sales and marketing partners; and ●changes in legislative and regulatory requirements that could prevent or delay regulatory approval of our drug candidates, restrict or regulatepost-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell any drug candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval. Risks Related to Our IP A significant portion of our IP portfolio currently includes pending patent applications that have not yet been issued as granted patents and if the pendingpatent applications covering our product candidates fail to be issued, our business will be adversely affected. If we or our licensors are unable to obtainand maintain patent protection for our technology and drugs, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and drugs similar or identicalto ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and drugs may be adversely affected. Our success depends largely on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection and other forms of IP rights for the composition of matter,method of use and/or method of manufacture for each of our drug candidates. Failure to obtain, maintain protection, enforce or extend adequate patent andother IP rights could materially adversely affect our ability to develop and market one or more of our drug candidates. We also rely on trade secrets and know-how to develop and maintain our proprietary and IP position for each of our drug candidates. Any failure to protect our trade secrets and know-how withrespect to any specific drug and device candidate could adversely affect the market potential of that potential product. As of the date of this report, the Company has, through its licenses, obtained rights to patents and patent applications covering some or all its drugand device candidates that have been filed in major jurisdictions such as the United States, member states of the European Patent Organization (the “EPO”)and the PRC (collectively, “Major Patent Jurisdictions”), as well as in other countries. As of the date hereof, we are the exclusive licensee of 12 U.S. patentsand 6 pending U.S. non-provisional applications, as well as corresponding patents and patent applications internationally. In addition, we are the exclusivelicensee of 3 international patent applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (the “PCT”) which we have filed and/or plan to file nationally in memberstates of the EPO, PRC and other jurisdictions before the expiration of the time limits for entry of national stage application. Moreover, we are the owner of 2U.S. provisional patent applications. To the extent we do not seek or obtain patent protection in a particular jurisdiction, we may not have commercialincentive to seek marketing authorization in such jurisdiction. Nonetheless, other parties might enter those markets with generic versions or copies of ourproducts and received regulatory approval without having significantly invested in their own research and development costs compared to the Company’sinvestment. For more information about our IP portfolio, please refer to the Intellectual Property section below. 15Table of Contents With respect to issued patents in certain jurisdictions, for example in the U.S. and under the EPO, we may be entitled to obtain a patent termextension to extend the patent expiration date provided we meet the applicable requirements for obtaining such patent term extensions. We have sought tosupport our proprietary position by working with our licensors in filing patent applications in the names of the licensors in the United States and through thePCT, related to the Lead Projects and certain other drug candidates. In the future, we intend to file patent applications on supplemental or improvement IPderived from the licensed technologies, where those IP would be solely or jointly owned by the Company pursuant to the terms of respective licenseagreements. Filing patents covering multiple technologies in multiple countries is time-consuming and expensive, and we may not have the resources fileand prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of ourresearch and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. We cannot be certain that patents will be issued or granted with respect to patent applications that are currently pending, or that issued or grantedpatents will not later be found to be invalid or unenforceable. The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies is generally uncertain because it involves complex legal and factualconsiderations. The standards applied by the EPO, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, and foreign patent offices in granting patents are notalways applied uniformly or predictably. For example, there is no uniform worldwide policy regarding patentable subject matter or the scope of claimsallowable in biotechnology and pharmaceutical patents. Consequently, patents may not issue from our pending patent applications and even if they do issue,such patents may not issue in a form that effectively prevents others from commercializing competing products. As such, we do not know the degree of futureprotection that we will have on our proprietary products and technology. Additionally, the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged inthe courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Even if patents do successfully issue and even if such patents cover our drug candidates, otherparties may initiate, for patents filed before March 16, 2013 (i.e., the enactment of the America Invents Act), interference or re-examination proceedings, forpatents filed on or after March 16, 2013, post-grant review, inter partes review, nullification or derivation proceedings, in court or before patent offices, orsimilar proceedings challenging the validity, enforceability or scope of such patents, which may result in the patent claims being narrowed or invalidated.Successful defense of its patents can constitute a material factor in a company’s expenses. According to an August 2017 article published by BloombergNews (https://www.bna.com/cost-patent-infringement-n73014463011/), depending on the value at stake, the American Intellectual Property LawAssociation’s “2017 Report of the Economic Survey” reported the average cost of a patent litigation in 2017 to be $1.7 million. In addition, the fact that the Company has exclusive rights to prevent others from using a patented invention does not necessarily mean that theCompany itself will have the unrestricted right to use that invention. Other parties may obtain ownership or licenses to patents or other IP rights that coverthe manufacture, use or sale of our current or future products (or elements thereof). This may enable such other parties to enforce their patents or IP rightsagainst us, and may, as a result, affect the commercialization of our products or exploitation of our own technology. We endeavor to identify early patentsand patent applications which may block development of a product or technology and minimize this risk by conducting prior art searches before and duringthe projects. However, relevant documents may be overlooked, yet-to-be published or missed, which may in turn impact on the freedom to commercialize therelevant asset. In such cases, we may not be in a position to develop or commercialize products or drug candidates unless we successfully pursue litigation tonullify or invalidate the other IP rights concerned, or enter into a license agreement with the IP right holder, if available on commercially reasonable terms. 16Table of Contents If we are unable to obtain and maintain the appropriate scope for our patents, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and drugssimilar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and drugs may be adversely affected. We may not obtain sufficient claim scope in those patents to prevent another party from competing successfully with our drug and devicecandidates. Even if our patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, preventcompetitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our patents bydeveloping similar or alternative technology or drug and device candidates in a non-infringing manner. The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to itsscope, validity or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges mayresult in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop or prevent us from stopping others from usingor commercializing similar or identical technology and drug and device candidates, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and drugand device candidates. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new drug and device candidates, patentsprotecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us withsufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing drug and device candidates similar or identical to ours. Further, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our and our current or future licensors’ or collaboration partners’ patentrights are highly uncertain. Our and our licensors’ pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect ourtechnology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. We may not be able to protect and enforce our IP rights throughout the world. Our commercial success will depend, in part, on our ability to maintain IP protection for our drug candidates in which we seek to develop andcommercialize. While we rely primarily upon a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets and other contractual obligations to protect the IP related toour brands, products and other proprietary technologies, these legal means may afford only limited protection. Filing and prosecuting patents on drug candidates and defending the validity of the same (if challenged) in all countries throughout the world couldbe prohibitively expensive for us, and our IP rights in countries outside the Major Patent Jurisdictions can be less extensive than those in the Major PatentJurisdictions. In addition, the laws of some countries in the rest of the world such as India do not protect IP rights to the same extent as laws in the MajorPatent Jurisdictions. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent other parties from practicing our inventions in the rest of the world. Competitors may useour technology in jurisdictions where we have not or not yet obtained patent protection to develop their own drugs and further, may export otherwiseinfringing drugs to non-U.S. jurisdictions where we have patent protection. Our, our licensors’ or collaboration partners’ patent applications cannot be enforced against other parties practicing the technology claimed in suchapplications unless and until a patent issues from such applications, and then only to the extent the issued claims cover the technology. In addition, patentsand other IP rights also will not protect our technology, drug candidates if another party, including our competitors, design around our protected technology,drug candidates without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating our patents or other IP rights. Moreover, currently and as our R&D continues to progress, some of our patents and patent applications are or may be co-owned with another party.Some of our licenses already provide that future-developed technologies (and any resulting patents) will be co-owned with the licensors and other patents fortechnologies we may acquire or develop with other parties may also be jointly owned. If we are unable to obtain an exclusive license to any such co-owners’interest in such patents or patent applications, such co-owners may be able to license their rights to other persons, including our competitors, and ourcompetitors could market competing products and technology, and we will be unable to transfer or grant exclusive rights to potential purchasers ordevelopment partners of such co-owned technologies. In addition, we may need the cooperation of any such co-owners of our patents in order to enforce suchpatents against other parties, and such cooperation may not be provided to us. Any of the foregoing could limit the revenue we might generate from ourpatents or patent applications and thus have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, andprospects. Because patent applications are confidential for a period of time after filing, and some remain so until issued, we cannot be certain that we or ourlicensors or collaborators were or will be the first to file any patent application related to a drug or device candidate. Furthermore, in the United States, ifpatent applications of other parties have an effective filing date before March 16, 2013, an interference proceeding can be initiated by such other party todetermine who was the first to invent any of the subject matter covered by the patent claims of our applications. If patent applications of other parties have aneffective filing date on or after March 16, 2013, in the United States a derivation proceeding can be initiated by such other parties to determine whether ourinvention was derived from theirs. Even where we have a valid and enforceable patent, we may not be able to exclude others from practicing our invention where the other party canshow that they used the invention in commerce before our filing date or the other party benefits from a compulsory license. In addition, we may be subject toother challenges regarding our exclusive ownership of our IP. If another party were successful in challenging our exclusive ownership of any of our IP, wemay lose our right to use such IP, such other party may be able to license such IP to other parties, including our competitors, and our competitors couldmarket competing products and technology. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financialconditions, results of operations, and prospects. 17Table of Contents Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending IP rights in jurisdictions outside Major Patent Jurisdictions.The legal systems of some countries do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other IP, which could make it difficult in those jurisdictions forus to stop the infringement or misappropriation of our patents or other IP rights, or the marketing of competing drugs in violation of our proprietary rightsgenerally. To date, we have not sought to enforce any issued patents in any jurisdictions. Proceedings to enforce our patent and other IP rights in anyjurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Furthermore, such proceedings could put our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly, could put our patentapplications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke other parties to assert claims of infringement or misappropriation against us. We may not prevail in anylawsuits that we initiate in jurisdictions where opposition proceedings are available and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not becommercially meaningful. The requirements for patentability may differ in certain countries, particularly developing countries. Certain countries in Europe,the PRC, and developing countries including India, have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to otherparties. In those countries, we and our licensors may have limited remedies if patents are infringed or if we or our licensors are compelled to grant a license toanother party, which could materially diminish the value of those patents. This could limit our potential revenue opportunities. Accordingly, our efforts toenforce our IP rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the IP that we develop. We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our IP, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful. Our patent rights relatingto our drug and device candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court or before the USPTO or comparable non-U.S. authority. Competitors may infringe our patent rights or misappropriate or otherwise violate our IP rights. To counter infringement or unauthorized use,litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce or defend our IP rights, to protect our trade secrets or determine the validity and scope of our own IP rightsor the proprietary rights of others. This can be expensive and time-consuming. Any claim that we assert against perceived infringers could also provoke theseparties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their IP rights. Many of our current and potential competitors have the ability to dedicatesubstantially greater resources to enforce and/or defend their IP rights than we can. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent otherparties from infringing upon or misappropriating our IP. Litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of management resources, which couldharm our business and financial results. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that patent rights or other IP rights owned by us areinvalid or unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patent rights or other IP rights donot cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put our patent, as well as any patents that may issue in the futurefrom our pending patent applications, at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Furthermore, because of the substantialamount of discovery required in connection with IP litigation, there is risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosureduring this type of litigation. If we initiate legal proceedings against another party to enforce our patent, or any patents that may be issued in the future from our patentapplications, that relates to one of our drug and device candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that such patent rights are invalid or unenforceable. Inpatent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace, and there are numerous groundsupon which another party can assert invalidity or unenforceability of a patent. Parties may also raise similar claims before administrative bodies in the UnitedStates or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. Such mechanisms include ex parte re-examination, inter partes review, post-grant review, derivationand equivalent proceedings in non-U.S. jurisdictions, such as opposition proceedings. Such proceedings could result in revocation or amendment to ourpatents in such a way that they no longer cover and protect our drug and device candidates. With respect to the validity of our patents, for example, there maybe invalidating prior art of which we, our patent counsel, and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legalassertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our drug and device candidates. Such aloss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business. We may not be able to prevent misappropriation of our trade secrets or confidential information, particularly in countries where the laws may notprotect those rights as fully as in the United States. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with IP litigation,there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. 18Table of Contents We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our patents and other IP. Although we are not currently experiencing any claims challenging the inventorship of our patents or ownership of our IP, we may in the future besubject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other parties have an interest in our patents or other IP as inventors or co-inventors. For example, wemay have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our drug and device candidatesand who have not clearly contracted to transfer or assign any rights they may have to the Company. In addition, for our licensed patents, although a majorityof our licensors have procured assignment forms and records from inventors to affirm their ownership in the licensed IP, another party or former employee orcollaborator of our licensors not named in the patents may challenge the inventorship of claim an ownership interest in one or more of our or our licensors’patents. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition topaying monetary damages, we may lose rights such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, our patent rights or other IP. Such an outcome could have amaterial adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be adistraction to management and other employees. If we are sued for infringing IP rights of other parties, such litigation could be costly and time-consuming and could prevent or delay us from developingor commercializing our drug candidates, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business. Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement of the patents and other IP rights of other parties. There is a substantialamount of litigation involving patent and other IP rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Numerous issued patents, provisional patentsand pending patent applications, which are owned by other parties, exist in the fields in which we are developing drug candidates. As the biotechnology andpharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our drug candidates may give rise to claims of infringement of the patentrights of others. Other parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be other patents of which we arecurrently unaware with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our drugcandidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications or provisional patents which maylater result in issued patents that our drug candidates may infringe. In addition, other parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of ourtechnology infringes upon these patents. If any other patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing process of any of ourdrug candidates, any molecules formed during the manufacturing process or any final drug itself, the holders of any such patents may be able to prevent usfrom commercializing such drug candidate unless we obtain a license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire or they are finally determinedto be held invalid or unenforceable. Similarly, if any other patent were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations,processes for manufacture or methods of use, including combination therapy or patient selection methods, the holders of any such patent may be able toblock our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable drug candidate unless we obtain a license, limit our uses, or until such patent expires, or isfinally determined to be held invalid or unenforceable. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Other parties who bring successful claims against us for infringement of their IP rights may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which couldprevent us from developing and commercializing one or more of our drug candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merits, would involvesubstantial litigation expense and be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement ormisappropriation against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees in the case of willful infringement, obtainone or more licenses from other parties, pay royalties or redesign our infringing drug candidates, which may be impossible or require substantial time andmonetary expenditure. In the event of an adverse result in any such litigation, or even in the absence of litigation, we may need to obtain licenses from otherparties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our drug candidates. Any required license may not be available at all, or may not be availableon commercially reasonable terms. In the event that we are unable to obtain such a license, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize one ormore of our drug candidates, which could harm our business significantly. We may also elect to enter into license agreements in order to settle patentinfringement claims or resolve disputes prior to litigation, and any such license agreements may require us to pay royalties and other fees that couldsignificantly reduce our profitability for any product related to that patent and thus harm our business. 19Table of Contents Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to IP claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distractour technical personnel, management personnel, or both from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results ofhearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have asubstantial adverse effect on the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating lossesand reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial orother resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation orproceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patentlitigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace. There may be patent applications pending of which we are not aware, but which cover similar products to the ones we are attempting to license or develop,which may result in lost time and money, as well as litigation. It is possible that we have failed to identify relevant outstanding patents or applications. For example, U.S. applications filed before November 29,2000 and certain U.S. applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents are issued. Patentapplications filed in the United States after November 29, 2000 and generally filed elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filingfor which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering ourproducts could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications which have been published can, subject tocertain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our products or the use of our products. Holders of any such unanticipated patents or patentapplications may actively bring infringement claims against us, with the same potential litigation consequences as alluded to elsewhere in this annual report.Any of these events could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business. Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment, and otherrequirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with theserequirements. Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and other patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of thepatent. The USPTO and various non-U.S. governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment, andother similar provisions during the patent application process. Although an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by othermeans in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patentapplication, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment orlapse of a patent or patent application include failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees, and failure to properlysubmit documents requesting an extension of time. In any such event, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverseeffect on our business. The terms of our patents may not be sufficient to effectively protect our drug and device candidates and business. In most countries in which we file, including the United States, the term of an issued patent is generally 20 years from the earliest claimed filing dateof a non-provisional patent application in the applicable country. Although various extensions may be available, the life of a patent and the protection itaffords is limited. For example, depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of the FDA regulatory approval for our drug candidates, one or more of ourU.S. patents, if issued, might be eligible for limited patent term restoration under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984,referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent term extension of up to five years as compensation forpatent term lost during drug development and the FDA regulatory review process. Patent term extensions, however, cannot extend the remaining term of apatent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of drug approval by the FDA, and only one patent can be extended for a particular drug. The application forpatent term extension is subject to approval by the USPTO, in conjunction with the FDA. We may not be granted an extension because of, for example,failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements.Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain a patent termextension for a given patent or the term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we will have the right to exclusively marketour drug will be that of the originally issued patents themselves. 20Table of Contents Even if patents covering one of our drug candidates are obtained, thereby giving us a period of exclusivity for manufacturing and marketing thatdrug, we will not be able to assert such patent rights upon the expiration of the issued patents against potential competitors who may begin marketing genericcopies of our medications, and our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. Changes in patent law in the United States could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our drug and devicecandidates. The United States has recently enacted and is currently implementing wide-ranging patent reform legislation. Recent U.S. Supreme Court rulingshave narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition toincreasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value ofpatents once obtained, if any. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents inthe United States could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents, or to enforce our existing patents and patents thatwe might obtain in the future. For example, in a recent case, Assoc. for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., the U.S. Supreme Court held thatcertain claims to naturally-occurring substances are not patentable. Although we do not believe that any of the patents owned or licensed by us will be foundinvalid based on this decision, future decisions by the courts, the U.S. Congress or the USPTO may impact the value of our patent rights. There could besimilar changes in the laws of foreign jurisdictions that may impact the value of our patent rights or our other IP rights. In addition, recent patent reform legislation in the U.S., including the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, could increasethose uncertainties and costs. The America Invents Act was signed into law on September 16, 2011, and many of the substantive changes became effective onMarch 16, 2013. The America Invents Act reforms U.S. patent law in part by changing the U.S. patent system from a “first to invent” system to a “firstinventor to file” system, expanding the definition of prior art, and developing a post-grant review system, thus changing the U.S. patent law in a way that mayweaken our ability to obtain patent protection in the U.S. for those applications filed after March 16, 2013. Further, the America Invents Act created newprocedures to challenge the validity of issued patents in the U.S., including post-grant review and inter partes review proceedings, which some other partieshave been using to cause the cancellation of selected or all claims of issued patents of competitors. For a patent with an effective filing date of March 16,2013 or later, a petition for post-grant review can be filed by another party in a nine-month window from issuance of the patent. A petition for interpartes review can be filed immediately following the issuance of a patent if the patent has an effective filing date prior to March 16, 2013. A petition for interpartes review can be filed after the nine-month-period for filing a post-grant review petition has expired for a patent with an effective filing date of March 16,2013 or later. Post-grant review proceedings can be brought on any ground of invalidity, whereas inter partes review proceedings can only raise an invaliditychallenge based on published prior art and patents. These adversarial actions at the USPTO review patent claims without the presumption of validity affordedto U.S. patents in lawsuits in U.S. federal courts, and use a lower burden of proof than used in litigation in U.S. federal courts. Therefore, it is generallyconsidered easier for a competitor or other party to have a U.S. patent invalidated in a USPTO post-grant review or inter partes review proceeding thaninvalidated in a litigation in a U.S. federal court. If any of our patents are challenged by another party in such a USPTO proceeding, there is no guarantee thatwe or our licensors or collaborators will be successful in defending the patent, which would result in our loss of the challenged patent right. If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed. In addition to our issued patents, provisional patent, and pending patent applications, we expect to rely on trade secrets, including unpatentedknow-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position and protect our drug and device candidates. We seek toprotect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties that have access to them, such as ouremployees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other parties. Wealso enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. However, any of these parties may breachsuch agreements and disclose our proprietary information, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that aparty illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. If trade secretswhich are material to our business were to be obtained by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed. 21Table of Contents We may be subject to claims that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subjectto claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed IP, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s formeremployer. In addition, while we typically require our employees, consultants and contractors who may be involved in the development of IP to executeagreements assigning such IP to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops IP that we regard as ourown, which may result in claims by or against us related to the ownership of such IP. We are not aware of any threatened or pending claims that any of ourprojects involve misappropriated IP or other proprietary information, but in the future litigation may be necessary to defend against such claims. If we fail indefending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable IP rights. Even if we are successful in defending against suchclaims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. We may be unable to execute on the optimal development plan for one or more of our existing product candidates if we are unable to obtain or maintainnecessary rights for some aspect of the developing technology through acquisitions or licenses. Our existing programs currently use or may in the future use additional technologies subject to proprietary rights held by others, such as particularcompositions or methods of manufacture, treatment or use. The licensing and acquisition of IP rights is a competitive area, and more established companiesmay pursue strategies to license or acquire such IP rights that we may consider necessary or useful. These established companies may have a competitiveadvantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater capabilities in clinical development and commercialization. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license oracquire IP rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment. If we are unable to successfully obtain or maintain licenses orother rights from other parties to use IP of those parties, our business, financial condition and prospects for growth could suffer. If we fail to comply with our obligations in the agreements under which we license IP rights from other parties or otherwise experience disruptions to ourbusiness relationships with our licensors, we could be required to pay monetary damages or could lose license rights that are important to our business. Many of our projects (including our Lead Projects) are based on IP which we have licensed from other parties. (See “Item 4. Information on theCompany – B. Business Overview – Intellectual Property”) Certain of these license agreements impose diligence, development or commercializationobligations on us, such as obligations to pay royalties on net product sales of our drug and device candidates once commercialized by us, to pay a percentageof sublicensing revenues if the licensed product is sublicensed, to make other specified milestone and/or annual payments relating to our drug candidates orto pay license maintenance and other fees, as well as obligations to pursue commercialization with due diligence. Specifically, a number of our licenseagreements also require us to meet development timelines in order to maintain the related license(s). In spite of our efforts, our licensors might conclude thatwe have materially breached our obligations under such license agreements and might therefore seek to terminate the license agreements. If one of ourlicensors, despite our efforts, were to be successful in terminating its agreement with us, we would not be able to continue to develop, manufacture or marketany drug candidate under that license agreements, and we could face claims for monetary damages or other penalties under that agreement. Such anoccurrence would diminish or eliminate the value of that project to our Company, even if we are able to negotiate new or reinstated agreements, which mayhave less favorable terms. Depending on the importance of the IP and the related project, any such development could have a material adverse effect on ourcompetitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, disputes may arise regarding intellectual property subject to a licensing agreement, including: ●the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues; ●the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement; ●the sublicensing of patent and other rights under our collaborative development relationships; ●our diligence obligations under the license agreement and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations; 22Table of Contents ●the inventorship and ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensorsand us and our partners; and ●the priority of invention of patented technology. In addition, the agreements under which we currently license intellectual property or technology from other parties are complex, and certainprovisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise couldnarrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial orother obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which (depending on the importance of the IP and the related project) could have a material adverseeffect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed preventor impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangement for a project on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully developand commercialize the affected drug or device candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results ofoperations, and prospects. We may not have complete control of the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain patents, licensed by us from otherparties. The Company has in-licensed, and expects in the future to in-license patents owned or controlled by others for our use as part of our developmentplans. We also may out-license or sublicense patents which we own or control in collaborations with others for development and commercialization of ourproducts. In either case, the continuing right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, coveringtechnology under development is a matter for negotiation and we may not always be the party that obtains such control, in which case we will be reliant onour licensors, collaboration partners or sublicensees for determining strategies with respect to those patents. For our existing licenses, while we have anunderstanding with most of the licensors who maintain control over patent prosecution and we have jointly appointed and engaged patent agents nominatedby us under one or more of our licenses, we cannot guarantee that such licensors or collaborators will always accept prosecution strategies proposed by usand/or our patent agents. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of ourbusiness. If our current or future licensors or collaboration partners fail to establish, maintain or protect such patents and other IP rights, such rights may bereduced or eliminated. If our licensors or joint development partners are not fully cooperative or disagree with us as to the prosecution, maintenance orenforcement of any patent rights, such patent rights could be compromised. Risks Related to Our Reliance on Unrelated Parties We rely on unrelated parties to conduct discovery and further improvement of our innovations and licensed technologies, as well as our preclinical studiesand clinical trials. If these unrelated parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtainregulatory approval for or commercialize our drug candidates, and our business could be substantially harmed. We have relied upon and plan to continue to rely upon CROs and collaborating institutions to monitor and manage data for our ongoing preclinicalstudies and programs. We rely on these parties for execution of preclinical studies and clinical trials, and control only certain aspects of their activities.Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, and regulatoryrequirements and scientific standards, and our reliance on the CROs and collaborating institutions does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. IfCROs, collaborating institutions or clinical investigators do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines,development of our product candidates could be delayed and our business could be adversely affected. In addition, our CROs and collaborating institutions, are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including thosegoverning laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and waste. In the event of contamination orinjury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we might be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. Wecould also be subject to civil or criminal fines and penalties, and significant associated costs. 23Table of Contents If the Company obtains approval of an IND for one of our drug candidates and moves into human clinical trials requiring significantly larger quantities ofthe candidate to be tested, we expect to rely on unrelated parties to manufacture supplies of that candidate. If those unrelated parties fail to provide uswith sufficient quantities of clinical supply on that candidate or fail to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices, or fail to maintain required cGMPlicenses, we may not be able to manufacture that candidate in sufficient quantities to conduct the necessary human trials. Should the failure by the CROoccur in anticipation of or after marketing approval of that candidate, we may be unable to generate as much revenue as rapidly (and such revenue maynot be as profitable) as we had anticipated. The manufacture of many drug products, particularly in commercial quantities, can be complex and may require significant expertise and capitalinvestment, particularly if the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls are required. If we obtain approval of an IND for anyof our drug candidates, of which there can be no assurance, we intend to contract with outside contractors to manufacture clinical supplies and process ourdrug candidates. We have not yet had our drug candidates to be manufactured or processed on a commercial scale and may not be able to do so for any of ourdrug candidates. As we expect to engage contract manufacturers, the Company will be exposed to the following risks: ●we might be unable to identify manufacturers on acceptable terms or at all because the FDA, NMPA, EMA or other comparable regulatoryauthorities must approve any manufacturers we determine to use and any potential manufacturer may be unable to satisfy federal, state orinternational regulatory standards; ●although we would be choosing manufacturers with the type of experience most suitable for our drug candidates, it is possible that our contractmanufacturers may not be able to execute unique manufacturing procedures and other logistical support requirements we have developed andthey might require a significant amount of support from us to implement and maintain the infrastructure and processes required to manufactureour particular drug candidates; ●our contract manufacturers might be unable to reproduce the quantity and quality of the drugs we need to meet our clinical and commercialneeds within the time frames when we require those drugs; ●our contract manufacturers may breach their contracts with us, including by not performing as agreed or not devoting sufficient resources to ourdrug candidates, or they may not remain in the contract manufacturing business for the time required to supply our clinical trials or tosuccessfully produce, store and distribute our products; ●even if initially accepted by regulatory authorities, a manufacturer remains subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by regulatoryauthorities to ensure strict compliance with cGMP and other government regulations, and our contract manufacturers may fail to comply withthese regulations and requirements, resulting in rescission of cGMP licenses and our inability to continue using their services, requiring us tofind a replacement manufacturer; ●depending on the terms of our agreement with a manufacturer, we may not own, or may have to share, the IP rights to any improvements madeby the manufacturer in the manufacturing process for our drug candidates; and ●our contract manufacturers may have unacceptable or inconsistent product quality success rates and yields. Each of these risks could delay or prevent the completion of our clinical trials or the approval of any of our drug candidates by the FDA, NMPA,EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities, result in higher costs or adversely impact commercialization of our drug candidates. We are also responsible for quality control by our manufacturers. We intend to rely on those unrelated-party manufactures to perform certain qualityassurance tests on our drug candidates prior to delivery to patients. If these tests are not appropriately done and test data are not reliable, patients could be putat risk of serious harm and the FDA, NMPA, EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities could place significant restrictions on our Company untildeficiencies are remedied. Manufacturers of drug products often encounter difficulties in production, particularly in scaling up or out, validating the production process, andassuring high reliability of the manufacturing process (including the absence of contamination). These problems include logistics and shipping, difficultieswith production costs and yields, quality control, including stability of the product, product testing, operator error, availability of qualified personnel, as wellas compliance with strictly enforced federal, state and non-U.S. regulations. Furthermore, if contaminants are discovered in our supply of our drug candidatesor in the manufacturing facilities, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy thecontamination. It is possible that stability failures or other issues relating to the manufacture of our drug candidates may occur in the future. Additionally, ourmanufacturers may experience manufacturing difficulties due to resource constraints, or as a result of labor disputes or unstable political environments. If ourmanufacturers were to encounter any of these difficulties, or otherwise fail to comply with their contractual obligations, our ability to provide our drugcandidate to patients in clinical trials would be jeopardized. Any delay or interruption in the manufacturing of clinical trial supplies could delay thecompletion of clinical trials, increase the costs associated with maintaining clinical trial programs and, depending upon the period of delay, require us tobegin new clinical trials with additional costs or terminate clinical trials completely. 24Table of Contents Review of changes in the manufacturing process of our drug candidates could cause delays resulting from the need for additional regulatory approvals. Changes in a process or procedure for manufacturing one of our drug candidates, including a change in the location where the drug candidate ismanufactured or a change of a contract manufacturer, could require prior review by the FDA, NMPA, EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities andapproval of the manufacturing process and procedures in accordance with the FDA, NMPA or EMA’s regulations, or comparable requirements. This reviewmay be costly and time-consuming and could delay or prevent the launch of a product. The new facility will also be subject to pre-approval inspection. Inaddition, we would have to demonstrate that the product made at the new facility is equivalent to the product made at the former facility by physical andchemical methods, which are costly and time-consuming. It is also possible that the FDA, NMPA, EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities mayrequire clinical testing as a way to prove equivalency, which would result in additional costs and delay. Risks Related to AML Clinic Failure to comply with all laws and regulations applicable to the business of AML Clinic could have a material, adverse impact on the Company’sbusiness. Operation of AML Clinic subjects the Company to a variety of Hong Kong laws and regulations specific to companies and professionals in thebusiness of delivering medical care. We and our employees will be subject to licensing and professional qualifications that do not apply to our otherbusinesses. Breach of any of these laws, regulations or licensing requirements could subject the Company to significant fines and other penalties andpossibly damage the Company’s reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business. Risks Related to Our Device Candidates We are subject to risks related to obtaining regulatory approval for device candidates. The Company’s device candidates (including those being developed under SLS-1), are likely to be regulated as medical devices. Medical devicesare subject to extensive regulations, supervised by regulatory authorities around the world, including the FDA, NMPA and applicable national authorities inrelevant European countries. The regulatory framework related to medical devices covers research, development, design, manufacturing, safety, reporting,testing, labeling, packaging, storage, installation, servicing, marketing, sales and distribution. The Company is and may also be, in addition to theseindustry-specific regulations, subject to numerous other ongoing regulatory obligations, such as data protection, environmental, health and safety laws andrestrictions. The costs of compliance with applicable regulations, requirements or guidelines could be substantial. Furthermore, the regulatory environmenthas generally become more stringent and extensive over time. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in sanctions including fines, injunctions,civil penalties, denial of applications for marketing approval of the Company’s products, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation,seizures or recalls of products, operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of production and criminal prosecutions, any of which couldsignificantly increase the Company’s costs, delay the development and commercialization of its device candidates. We are subject to risks related to the carrying out and outcome of clinical trials of medical devices. The Company may sponsor studies on human participants in clinical studies of its device candidates. Such clinical studies are performed to supportregulatory approvals for market access or to generate evidence relating to clinical benefits and cost benefits of using such device candidates. Clinical studiesare costly and time consuming and associated with risks such as finding trial sites, recruitment of suitable patients, the actual cost per patient exceedingbudget and inadequacies in the execution of the trials. There is also a risk of delays in the performance of clinical studies, which can occur for a variety ofreasons. For example, delays in obtaining regulatory approval to commence a trial, reaching agreements on acceptable terms with prospective contractresearch organizations and clinical investigational sites, obtaining institutional review board approval at each site, difficulties in patient enrolment, patientsfailing to complete a trial or return for follow-up, adding new sites or obtaining sufficient supplies of products or clinical sites dropping out of a trial. Ifdelays persist, there is a risk that studies eventually are suspended or terminated if the delays occur due to circumstances that a sponsor of a clinical trial hasdifficulties controlling, or is unable to control, or if the measures required for conducting the studies further are deemed too costly or extensive in relation tothe scopes and goals of the studies. 25Table of Contents There are many factors which may affect patient enrollment. Amongst these are the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity ofpatients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical study and competing clinical studies. Furthermore, clinicians’ andpatients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the product being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new products that maybe approved for the indications the company is investigating. Clinical studies may also be suspended or terminated if participating subjects are exposed tounacceptable health risks or undesired side-effects. Furthermore, there is a risk that clinical studies may not demonstrate the required clinical benefit for the prospective indication the trial is aimed at.Failure in premarketing clinical studies could lead to market clearance or approvals not being obtained which could delay or jeopardize the Company’sability to develop, market and sell the device candidates being studied. At any stage of the development, the Company may discontinue device candidatebased on review of available preclinical and clinical data, the estimated costs of continued development, market considerations and other factors.Furthermore, with respect to the clinical studies of device candidates conducted by CROs and others, the Company may have less control over their timing oroutcome. Risks Related to Our Industry, Business and Operation If we do not comply with laws regulating the protection of the environment and health and human safety, our business could be adversely affected. Our research, development and clinic operations involve the use of hazardous materials, chemicals and various radioactive compounds/radiationand AML Clinic may create medical waste and radiation. Our R&D Center may maintain quantities of various flammable and toxic chemicals in our facilitiesthat are required for our research, development and manufacturing activities. We are subject to local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture,storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials and of medical waste at the jurisdictions where we operate our clinic and research facilities, whichare currently limited to Hong Kong. We believe our procedures for storing, handling and disposing of these materials comply with the relevant guidelinesand laws of the jurisdictions in which our facilities are located. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materialscomply with the standards mandated by applicable regulations, the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be eliminated. If anaccident occurs, we could be held liable for resulting damages, which could be substantial. We are also subject to numerous environmental, health andworkplace safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures, exposure to blood-borne pathogens and the handling ofbiohazardous materials and medical waste. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resultingfrom the use of these materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance forenvironmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological, hazardous or radioactivematerials. Additional federal, state and local laws and regulations affecting our operations may be adopted in the future. We may incur substantial costs tocomply with, and substantial fines or penalties, if we violate any of these laws or regulations. Our future success depends on our ability to retain our Chief Executive Officer, our scientific and clinical advisors, and other key executives and to attract,retain and motivate qualified personnel. We are highly dependent on Ian Huen, our Chief Executive Officer, as well as, other principal members of our management teams, scientific teams aswell as scientific and clinical advisors. Although we have formal employment agreements, which we refer to as appointment letters, with all of our executiveofficers, these agreements do not prevent our executives from terminating their employment with us at any time, subject to applicable notice periods.Nevertheless, the loss of the services of any of these persons could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives. To induce valuable employees to remain at our Company, in addition to salary and cash incentives, we plan to provide share incentive grants thatvest over time. The value to employees of these equity grants that vest over time may be significantly affected by movements in the price of our Class AOrdinary Shares that are beyond our control, and may at any time be insufficient to counteract more lucrative offers from other companies. Although we haveappointment letters with our key employees, any of our employees could resign at any time, with 1-month to 3-months prior written notice or with paymentin lieu of notice. 26Table of Contents Recruiting and retaining qualified officers, scientific, clinical, sales and marketing personnel or consultants will also be critical to our success. Inaddition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our discovery and preclinical studiesdevelopment and commercialization strategy. The loss of the services of our executive officers or other key employees and consultants could impede theachievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives and seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Furthermore, replacing executive officers and key employees or consultants may be difficult and may take an extended period of time, because ofthe limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required to successfully develop, gain regulatory approval of andcommercialize drug and device candidates. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate thesekey personnel or consultants on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similarpersonnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. Our consultants andadvisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limittheir availability to us. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high quality personnel, our ability to pursue our growth strategy will be limited. We will need to increase the size and capabilities of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing our growth. As of the date of this annual report, we have 41 employees, including 39 full-time employees and 2 part-time employees. Of these, 13 are engaged infull-time research and development and laboratory operations, 20 are engaged in general and administrative functions, 6 are full-time employees engaged inthe clinic operation and 2 part-time employees are engaged in sponsored research and development, laboratory operations and legal clerical support. As ofthe date of annual report, 40 of our employees are located in Hong Kong and 1 of our employees is located in the UK. In addition, we have engaged and maycontinue to engage 24 independent contracted consultants and advisors to assist us with our operations. As our development and commercialization plansand strategies develop, and as we have transitioned into operating as a public company, we will need to establish and maintain effective disclosure andfinancial controls and make changes in our corporate governance practices. We will need to add a significant number of additional managerial, operational,sales, marketing, financial and other personnel with the appropriate public company experience and technical knowledge and we may not successfully recruitand maintain such personnel. Future growth will impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including: ●identifying, recruiting, integrating, maintaining and motivating additional employees; ●managing our internal development efforts effectively, including clinical, the FDA or other comparable regulatory authority review process forour drug and device candidates, while complying with our contractual obligations to contractors and others; and ●improving our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our drug candidates will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage ourfuture growth, and our management may also have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from day-to-day activities in order to devote asubstantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We currently rely, and for the foreseeable future will continue to rely, in substantial part on certain independent organizations, advisors andconsultants for significant input in selecting and evaluating new products to pursue. These independent organizations, advisors and consultants may notcontinue to be available to us on a timely basis when needed, and in such case, we may not have the ability to find qualified replacements. In addition, if weare unable to effectively manage our outsourced activities, or if the quality or accuracy of the services provided by consultants is compromised for anyreason, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval of our drug candidates or otherwiseadvance our business. Furthermore, we may not be able to manage our existing consultants or find other competent outside contractors and consultants oneconomically reasonable terms, if at all. If we are not able to effectively expand our organization by hiring new employees and expanding our groups of consultants and contractors, we maynot be able to successfully implement the tasks necessary to further develop and commercialize our drug and device candidates and, accordingly, may notachieve our research, development and commercialization goals. 27Table of Contents We intend to seek additional collaborations, strategic alliances or acquisitions or enter into royalty-seeking or sublicensing arrangements in the future,but we may not realize the benefits of these arrangements. We intend to form or seek strategic alliances, create joint ventures or collaborations, acquire complimentary products, IP rights, technology orbusinesses or enter into additional licensing arrangements with unrelated parties that we determine may complement or augment our development andcommercialization efforts with respect to our drug and device candidates. Any of these relationships may require us to incur non-recurring and other charges,increase our near and long-term expenditures, issue securities that dilute our existing shareholders, or disrupt our management and business. We will face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners and the negotiation process is likely to be time-consuming, costly andcomplex. Moreover, we may not be successful in our efforts to establish a strategic partnership or another alternative arrangement for any of our drug anddevice candidates because their state of development may be deemed to be too early for collaborative effort and others may not view our drug and devicecandidates as having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety and efficacy. If and when we enter into an agreement with a collaboration partner orsublicensee for development and commercialization of a drug or device candidate, we can expect to relinquish some or all of the control over the futuresuccess of that drug and device candidate to the unrelated-party. Further, even if we enter into a collaboration involving any of our drug and device candidates, the arrangement will be subject to numerous risks,which may include the following: ●the collaborators will likely have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to a collaboration; ●the collaborator may ultimately choose not pursue development and commercialization of our drug candidates or may elect not to continue orrenew development or commercialization programs, based on clinical trial results, changes in their strategic focus due to the acquisition ofcompetitive drugs, availability of funding, or other external factors, such as a business combination that diverts resources or creates competingpriorities; ●the collaborator may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial, stop a clinical trial, abandon a drug or devicecandidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials, or require a new formulation of a drug or device candidate for clinical testing; ●the collaborator could independently develop, or develop with unrelated parties, drugs that compete directly or indirectly with our drugs ordrug and device candidates; ●the collaborator with marketing and distribution rights to one or more drugs may not commit sufficient resources to their marketing anddistribution; ●the collaborator may not properly maintain or defend our IP rights or may use our IP or proprietary information in a way that gives rise to actualor threatened litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our IP or proprietary information or expose us to potential liability; ●disputes may arise between us and the collaborator that cause the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of ourdrug and device candidates, or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources; ●the collaboration may be terminated and, if terminated, may result the Company needing additional capital to pursue further development orcommercialization of the applicable drug and device candidates; ●the collaborator may own or co-own IP covering our drugs that results from our collaborating with them, and in such cases, we would not havethe exclusive right to commercialize such IP; ●the collaboration may result in increased operating expenses or the assumption of indebtedness or contingent liabilities; and ●the collaboration arrangement may result in the loss of key personnel and uncertainties in our ability to maintain key business relationships. 28Table of Contents As a result, if we enter into collaboration agreements and strategic partnerships or license our drugs, we may not be able to realize the benefit of suchtransactions, which could delay our timelines or otherwise adversely affect our business. Following a strategic transaction or license, we may not achieve therevenue or specific net income that justifies such transaction. If we are unable to reach agreements with a suitable collaborator on a timely basis, onacceptable terms, or at all, we may have to curtail the development of a drug or device candidate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more ofour other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expendituresand undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we fail to enter into collaborations, we may seek to fund and undertake development or commercialization activities on our own, but we may nothave sufficient funds or expertise to undertake the necessary development and commercialization activities. In such a case, we may not be able to furtherdevelop our drug and device candidates or bring them to market and generate product sales revenue, which would harm our business prospects, financialcondition and results of operations. Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, includingnon-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements. We are exposed to the risk of fraud, misconduct or other illegal activity by our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercialpartners and vendors. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and negligent conduct that fails to: comply with the laws of the FDAand other similar non-U.S. regulatory authorities; provide true, complete and accurate information to the FDA and other similar non-U.S. regulatoryauthorities; comply with manufacturing standards we have established; comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws in the United States and similar non-U.S. fraudulent misconduct laws; or report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. If we obtain the FDA approvalfor any of our drug and device candidates and begin commercializing those drugs in the United States, our potential exposure under U.S. laws will increasesignificantly and our costs associated with compliance with such laws are also likely to increase. These laws may impact, among other things, our currentactivities with principal investigators of our sponsored researches and research patients and our use of information obtained in the course of patientrecruitment for clinical trials, as well as proposed and future sales, marketing and education programs. In particular, the promotion, sales and marketing ofhealthcare items and services, as well as certain business arrangements in the healthcare industry, are subject to extensive laws designed to prevent fraud,kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing andpromotion, structuring and commission(s), certain customer incentive programs and other business arrangements generally. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent thisactivity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses, or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions orlawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defendingourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or othersanctions. Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submitunder the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periodsspecified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures, or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, canprovide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simpleerror or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by anunauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occurand not be detected, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capitalmarkets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. Additionally, ineffective internal controlover financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchangeon which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our financial statements from prior periods. 29Table of Contents If we fail to establish and maintain proper internal financial reporting controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements or comply withapplicable regulations could be impaired. Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we are required to file a report by our management on our internal control over financialreporting, including an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. However,while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued byour independent registered public accounting firm and due to a transition period established by rules of the SEC for newly public companies, we are notrequired to include a report of management’s assessment regarding internal control over financial reporting in this annual report. The presence of materialweaknesses in internal control over financial reporting could result in financial statement errors which, in turn, could lead to errors in our financial reportsand/or delays in our financial reporting, which could require us to restate our operating results. In connection with the audit of our financial statements for theperiod January 1, 2017 through February 28, 2017, the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2018, we and ourindependent registered public accounting firm identified one material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in the standardsestablished by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board of the United States, as of December 31, 2018. The material weakness identified was thelack of dedicated resources to take responsibility for the finance and accounting functions and the preparation of financial statements in compliance withgenerally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. We have already taken some steps and have continued to implement measures to remediate the material weakness identified, including but notlimited to providing trainings to staff, changing to a new and well-established accounting system, and continuing to monitor the internal control overfinancial reporting. However, we cannot assure you that we will not identify additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in the future. Due to the material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting, we conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting areineffective and therefore investors may lose confidence in our operating results, the price of the Class A Ordinary Shares could decline and we may be subjectto litigation or regulatory enforcement actions. In addition, if we are unable to meet the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Class AOrdinary Shares may not be able to remain listed on the NASDAQ Global Market. We may market our products, if approved, globally; if we do, we will be subject to the risk of doing business internationally. We operate and expect to operate in various countries, and we may not be able to market our products in, or develop new products successfully for,these markets. We may also encounter other risks of doing business internationally including but not limited to: ●unexpected changes in, or impositions of, legislative or regulatory requirements; ●efforts to develop an international sales, marketing and distribution organization may increase our expenses, divert our management’s attentionfrom the acquisition or development of drug candidates or cause us to forgo profitable licensing opportunities in these geographies; ●the occurrence of economic weakness, including inflation or political instability; ●the effects of applicable non-U.S. tax structures and potentially adverse tax consequences; ●differences in protection of our IP rights including patent rights of other parties; ●the burden of complying with a variety of foreign laws including difficulties in effective enforcement of contractual provisions; ●delays resulting from difficulty in obtaining export licenses, tariffs and other barriers and restrictions, potentially longer payment cycles, greaterdifficulty in accounts receivable collection and potentially adverse tax treatment; and ●production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad. 30Table of Contents In addition, we are subject to general geopolitical risks in foreign countries where we operate, such as political and economic instability andchanges in diplomatic and trade relationships, which could affect, among other things, customers’ inventory levels and consumer purchasing, which couldcause our results to fluctuate and our net sales to decline. The occurrence of any one or more of these risks of doing business internationally, individually orin the aggregate, could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. If we engage in future acquisitions or strategic partnerships, this may increase our capital requirements, dilute our shareholders, cause us to incur debt orassume contingent liabilities, and subject us to other risks. We may evaluate various acquisitions and strategic partnerships, including licensing or acquiring complementary products, IP rights, technology orbusinesses. Any potential acquisition or strategic partnership may entail numerous risks, including, but not limited to: ●increase in operating expenses and cash requirements; ●the assumption of additional indebtedness or contingent liabilities; ●the issuance of our equity securities; ●assimilation of operations, IP and products of an acquired company, including difficulties associated with integrating new personnel; ●the diversion of our management’s attention from our existing product programs and initiatives in pursuing such a strategic merger oracquisition; ●retention of key employees, the loss of key personnel, and uncertainties in our ability to maintain key business relationships; ●risks and uncertainties associated with the other party to such a transaction, including the prospects of that party and their existing drugs or drugand device candidates and regulatory approvals; and ●our inability to generate revenue from acquired technology and/or products sufficient to meet our objectives in undertaking the acquisition oreven to offset the associated acquisition and maintenance costs. In addition, if we undertake acquisitions, we may issue dilutive securities, assume or incur debt obligations, incur large one-time expenses andacquire intangible assets that could result in significant future amortization expense. Moreover, we may not be able to locate suitable acquisitionopportunities and this inability could impair our ability to grow or obtain access to technology or products that may be important to the development of ourbusiness. If we fail to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), or other anti-bribery laws, our reputation may be harmed and we could besubject to penalties and significant expenses that have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are subject to the FCPA. The FCPA generally prohibits us from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining orretaining business. We are also subject to the anti-bribery laws of other jurisdictions, particularly the PRC. As our business expands, the applicability of theFCPA and other anti-bribery laws to our operations will increase. Our procedures and controls to monitor anti-bribery compliance may fail to protect us fromreckless or criminal acts committed by our employees or agents. If we, due to either our own deliberate or inadvertent acts or those of others, fail to complywith applicable anti-bribery laws, our reputation could be harmed and we could incur criminal or civil penalties, other sanctions and/or significant expenses,which could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. 31Table of Contents If we commence clinical trials of one of our drug or device candidates, and product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantialliabilities and the commercialization of such drug or device candidates may be affected. If any of our drug or device candidates enter clinical trials, we will face an inherent risk of product liability suits and will face an even greater risk ifwe obtain approval to commercialize any drugs. For example, we may be sued if our drug candidates cause or are perceived to cause injury or are found to beotherwise unsuitable during clinical testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects inmanufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the drug, negligence, strict liability or a breach of warranties. Claims could also beasserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilitiesor be required to limit commercialization of our drug candidates. Even successful defense would require significant financial and management resources.Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in: ●decreased demand for our drugs; ●injury to our reputation; ●withdrawal of clinical trial participants and inability to continue clinical trials; ●initiation of investigations by regulators; ●costs to defend the related litigation; ●a diversion of management’s time and our resources; ●substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients; ●product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions; ●loss of revenue; ●exhaustion of any available insurance and our capital resources; ●the inability to commercialize any drug candidate; and ●a decline in the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. We shall seek to obtain the appropriate insurance once our candidates are ready for clinical trial. However, our inability to obtain sufficient productliability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of drugs wedevelop, alone or with collaborators. We currently do not have in place product liability insurance and although we plan to have in place such insurance asand when the products are ready for commercialization, as well as insurance covering clinical trials, the amount of such insurance coverage may not beadequate, we may be unable to maintain such insurance, or we may not be able to obtain additional or replacement insurance at a reasonable cost, if at all.Our insurance policies may also have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. We may have topay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we maynot have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts. Even if our agreements with any future corporate collaborators entitle us toindemnification against losses, such indemnification may not be available or adequate should any claim arise. Additionally, we may be sued if the products that we commercialize, market or sell cause or are perceived to cause injury or are found to beotherwise unsuitable, and may result in: ●decreased demand for those products; ●damage to our reputation; ●costs incurred related to product recalls; ●limiting our opportunities to enter into future commercial partnership; and ●a decline in the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. 32Table of Contents Our insurance coverage may be inadequate to protect us against losses. We currently maintain property insurance for our office premises (including one unit of server and accessories). We hold employer’s liabilityinsurance generally covering death or work-related injury of employees; we maintain “Office Care Plan Insurance” for those persons working in our officesand “Medical Plan” for our employee. We hold public liability insurance covering certain incidents involving unrelated parties that occur on or in thepremises of the Company. We do have directors and officers liability insurance. We also do not have key-man life insurance on any of our senior managementor key personnel, or business interruption insurance. Our insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover any claim for product liability, damage to our fixedassets or employee injuries. If any claims for damage are brought against us, or if we experience any business disruption, litigation or natural disaster, wemight incur substantial costs and diversion of resources. Fluctuations in exchange rates could result in foreign currency exchange losses Our operations and equity are funded in U.S. dollars and we currently incur the majority of our expenses in U.S. dollars or in H.K. dollars. H.K. dollaris currently pegged to the U.S. dollar; however, we cannot guarantee that such peg will continue to be in place in the future. Our exposure to foreignexchange risk primarily relates to the limited cash denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of each entity and limited revenue contractsdominated in H.K. dollars in certain PRC operating entities. We do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and havenot hedged exposures denominated in foreign currencies or any other derivative financial instruments. If we are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk as our results of operations, cash flows maybe subject to fluctuations in foreign currencyexchange rates. For example, if a significant portion of our clinical trial activities may be conducted outside of the United States, and associated costs may beincurred in the local currency of the country in which the trial is being conducted, which costs could be subject to fluctuations in currency exchange rates.We currently do not engage in hedging transactions to protect against uncertainty in future exchange rates between particular foreign currencies and the U.S.dollar. A decline in the value of the U.S. dollar against currencies in countries in which we conduct clinical trials could have a negative impact on ourresearch and development costs. Foreign currency fluctuations are unpredictable and may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations andcash flows. Our investments are subject to risks that could result in losses. We had unrestricted cash of $12.01 million and $16.25 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We may invest our cash in a varietyof financial instruments. All of these investments are subject to credit, liquidity, market and interest rate risk. Such risks, including the failure or severefinancial distress of the financial institutions that hold our cash, cash equivalents and investments, may result in a loss of liquidity, impairment to ourinvestments, realization of substantial future losses, or a complete loss of the investments in the long-term, which may have a material adverse effect on ourbusiness, results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. While we believe our cash position does not expose us to excessive risk, future investmentsmay be subject to adverse changes in market value. We are exposed to risks associated with our computer hardware, network security and data storage. Similar to all other computer network users, our computer network system is vulnerable to attack of computer virus, worms, trojan horses, hackers orother similar computer network disruptive problems. Any failure in safeguarding our computer network system from these disruptive problems may causebreakdown of our computer network system and leakage of confidential information of the Company. Any failure in the protection of our computer networksystem from external threat may disrupt our operation and may damage our reputation for any breach of confidentiality to our customers, which in turn mayadversely affect our business operation and performance. In the event that our confidential information is stolen and misused, we may become exposed topotential risks of losses from litigation and possible liability. In addition, we are highly dependent on our IT infrastructure to store research data and information and manage our business operations. We do notbackup all data on a real-time basis and the effectiveness of our business operations may be materially affected by any failure in our IT infrastructure. If ourcommunications and IT systems do not function properly, or if there is any partial or complete failure of our systems, we could suffer financial losses,business disruption or damage to our reputation. 33Table of Contents Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. Our operations, and those of our research institution collaborators, CROs, suppliers and other contractors and consultants, could be subject toearthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, damage from computer viruses, material computer system failures, water shortages, floods,hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions. In addition, wepartially rely on our research institution collaborators for conducting research and development of our drug candidates, and they may be affected bygovernment shutdowns or withdrawn funding. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financialcondition and increase our costs and expenses. We rely on contract manufacturers to produce and process our drug candidates. Our ability to obtain clinicalsupplies of our drug candidates could be disrupted if the operations of these suppliers are affected by a man-made or natural disaster or other businessinterruption. A large portion of our contract manufacturer’s operations is located in a single facility. Damage or extended periods of interruption to ourcorporate or our contract manufacturer’s development or research facilities due to fire, natural disaster, power loss, communications failure, unauthorizedentry or other events could cause us to cease or delay development of some or all of our drug candidates. Although we do not currently conduct any business in the PRC, we may in the future; in doing so we would be exposed to various risks related to doingbusiness in the PRC. Although we currently do not conduct any business in the PRC, we are the exclusive licensee to certain PRC patents directed to our drug candidatessuch as ALS-1, NLS-1, NLS-2 and SPLS-1, and we intend to file application for certain products in the PRC. The pharmaceutical industry in the PRC issubject to comprehensive government regulation and supervision, encompassing the approval, registration, manufacturing, packaging, licensing andmarketing of new drugs. (See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Regulations”). In recent years, the regulatory framework in thePRC regarding the pharmaceutical industry has undergone significant changes, and we expect that it will continue to undergo significant changes. Any suchchanges or amendments may result in increased compliance costs on our business or cause delays in or prevent the successful development orcommercialization of our drug candidates in the PRC and reduce the current benefits that we believe are available to us from developing and manufacturingdrugs in the PRC. Chinese authorities have become increasingly vigilant in enforcing laws in the pharmaceutical industry and any failure by us or ourpartners to maintain compliance with applicable laws and regulations or obtain and maintain required licenses and permits may result in the suspension ortermination of our business activities in the PRC. We believe our strategy and approach is aligned with the PRC government’s policies, but we cannot ensurethat our strategy and approach will continue to be aligned. If in the future, we commence business or operation in the PRC, changes in the political and economic policies of the PRC government maymaterially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and may result in our inability to sustain our growth and expansionstrategies. Once we start doing business in the PRC, our financial condition and results of operation in the PRC could be materially and adversely affected bygovernment control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us, and consequently have a material adverse effect on ourbusinesses, financial condition and results of operations. The SEC could take the position that we are an “investment company” subject to the extensive requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940. Sucha characterization and the associated compliance requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results ofoperations. Our business had historically included passive healthcare related investments in early stage companies primarily in the United States. Although weare in the process of liquidating those securities that remain in our portfolio, we still hold some such investments and these are included as assets of ourCompany on a consolidated basis. As part of the Restructure, we resolved to exit such portfolio investments over an appropriate timeframe and focus ourresources on our current business. Since the date of the Restructure, we have not held ourselves out as an investment company and we do not believe we arean “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940. If the SEC or a court, however, were to disagree with us, we could be required toregister as an investment company. This would subject us to disclosure and accounting rules geared toward investment companies, rather than operatingcompanies, which may limit our ability to borrow money, issue options, issue multiple classes of stock and debt, and engage in transactions with affiliates,and may require us to undertake significant costs and expenses to meet the disclosure and regulatory requirements to which we would be subject as aregistered investment company. 34Table of Contents If we are classified as a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes, United States holders of our Class A Ordinary Sharesmay be subject to adverse United States federal income tax consequences. A non-U.S. corporation will be a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, for such year, if either ●At least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income; or ●The average percentage of our assets (determined at the end of each quarter) during such year which produce passive income or which are heldfor the production of passive income is at least 50%. Passive income generally includes dividends, interests, rents and royalties (other than rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade orbusiness) and gains from the disposition of passive assets. A separate determination must be made after the close of each taxable year as to whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC for that year. For purposesof the PFIC analysis, in general, a non-U.S. corporation is deemed to own its pro rata share of the gross income and assets of any entity in which it isconsidered to own at least 25% of the equity by value. Based on the current and anticipated value of our assets, we believe we were a PFIC for U.S. federalincome tax purposes for our taxable year ending December 31, 2017, and we may be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our current taxable yearending December 31, 2018. In determining whether we are a PFIC, cash is considered by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) to be a passive asset. During our taxable yearending December 31, 2018, we believe that the amount of restricted and unrestricted cash we had on hand was greater than 50% of our total assets. Thecomposition of our assets during the current taxable year may cause us to continue to be classified as a PFIC. The determination of whether we will be a PFICfor our current taxable year or a future year may depend in part upon how quickly we spend our liquid assets, and on the value of our goodwill and otherunbooked intangibles not reflected on our balance sheet, which may depend upon the market value of our Class A Ordinary Shares from time to time. Further,while we will endeavor to use a classification methodology and valuation approach that is reasonable, the IRS may challenge our classification or valuationof our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles for purposes of determining whether we are a PFIC in the current or one or more future taxable years. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder owns our Class A Ordinary Shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income taxconsequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. As discussed under “Taxation – Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders – PassiveForeign Investment Company Rules”, a U.S. Holder may be able to make certain tax elections that would lessen the adverse impact of PFIC status; however,in order to make such elections the U.S. holder will usually have to have been provided information about the company by us, and there is no assurance thatthe company will provide such information. For a more detailed discussion of the application of the PFIC rules to us and the consequences to U.S. holders if we were determined to be a PFIC.(See “Item 10. Additional Information – E. Taxation – Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders – Passive Foreign InvestmentCompany Rules”) Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure Our CEO has control over key decision making as a result of his control of a majority of our voting shares. Our Founder, CEO, and our Executive Director, Mr. Ian Huen, and his affiliates, over which he is deemed to have control and/or have substantialinfluence, has voting rights with respect to an aggregate of 17,846,077 ordinary shares, on an as converted basis (1,784,608 Class A Ordinary Shares and16,061,469 Class B Ordinary Shares), representing approximately 70% of the voting power of our outstanding ordinary shares. As a result, Mr. Huen has theability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election of directors and any merger, consolidation, or saleof all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, Mr. Huen has the ability to control the management and affairs of our company as a result of his position asour CEO and his ability to control the election of our directors. Additionally, in the event that Mr. Huen controls our company at the time of his death,control may be transferred to a person or entity that he designates as his successor. As a board member and officer, Mr. Huen owes a fiduciary duty to ourshareholders and must act in good faith in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of our shareholders. As a shareholder, even a controllingshareholder, Mr. Huen is entitled to vote his shares, and shares over which he has voting control as a result of voting agreements, in his own interests, whichmay not always be in the interests of our stockholders generally. 35Table of Contents The dual class structure of our ordinary shares has the effect of concentrating voting control with our CEO, directors and their affiliates. Each Class B Ordinary Share has ten votes per share and each Class A Ordinary Share has one vote per share. Shareholders who hold shares ofClass B Ordinary Shares, including our executive officers and their affiliates who hold such shares, hold approximately 97 % of the voting power of ouroutstanding ordinary shares as of the date of this report. Because of the ten-to-one voting ratio between our Class B and Class A Ordinary Shares, the holdersof our Class B Ordinary Shares collectively will continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our ordinary share and therefore be able tocontrol all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval so long as the shares of Class B Ordinary Shares represent at least 9.1% of all outstanding sharesof our Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters for theforeseeable future. Future transfers by holders of Class B Ordinary Shares will generally result in those shares converting to Class A Ordinary Shares, subject to limitedexceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. The conversion of Class B Ordinary Shares to Class A Ordinary Shares will have theeffect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B Ordinary Shares who retain their shares in the long term. If, for example,Mr. Huen retains a significant portion of his holdings of Class B Ordinary Share for an extended period of time, he could, in the future, continue to control amajority of the combined voting power of our Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares. As a “controlled company” under the rules of the NASDAQ Global Market, we may choose to exempt our company from certain corporate governancerequirements that could have an adverse effect on our public shareholders. Our directors and officers beneficially own a majority of the voting power of our outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares. Under the Rule 4350(c) of theNASDAQ Global Market, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlledcompany” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that a majority of our directors beindependent, as defined in the NASDAQ Global Market Rules, and the requirement that our compensation and nominating and corporate governancecommittees consist entirely of independent directors. Although we do not intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemption under the Nasdaq listingrules, we could elect to rely on this exemption in the future. If we elect to rely on the “controlled company” exemption, a majority of the members of ourboard of directors might not be independent directors and our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees might not consist entirelyof independent directors. Accordingly, during any time while we remain a controlled company relying on the exemption and during any transition periodfollowing a time when we are no longer a controlled company, you would not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that aresubject to all of the NASDAQ Global Market corporate governance requirements. Our status as a controlled company could cause our Class A Ordinary Shareto look less attractive to certain investors or otherwise harm our trading price. Item 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY A. History and Development of the Company Aptorum was incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands on September 13, 2010. Our share capital is $100,000,000.00 divided into60,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares with a nominal or par value of $1.00 each and 40,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares with a nominal or par value of $1.00each. APTUS CAPITAL LIMITED, which has since been renamed to AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED and which we refer to herein as Aeneas, was alwaysunder the direct ownership of Jurchen and not under the ownership chain of Aptorum Group. However, Aptus Asia Financial Holdings Limited (“AAFH”),which has since been renamed to Aeneas Group Limited, was transferred out of the Aptorum Group on November 10, 2017 to be held directly by JurchenInvestment Corporation and that subsequently, APTUS CAPITAL LIMITED was then transferred to be under AAFH. On May 4, 2017, Mr. Huen transferred all of the ordinary shares in the Company he owned (in the amount of 22,307,596) to Jurchen, a companyincorporated in the British Virgin Islands and wholly-owned by Mr. Huen. On October 13, 2017, as part of the Conversions (as defined below) the ordinaryshares held by Jurchen were redesignated as 2,230,760 Class A Ordinary Shares and 20,076,836 Class B Ordinary Shares. On February 21 and March 1, 2017, the Company’s board of directors and shareholders resolved to restructure the Company from an investmentfund with management shares and non-voting participating redeemable preference shares to a holding company with operating subsidiaries, respectively (the“Restructuring Plan”). 36Table of Contents According to the Restructuring Plan, the 256,571.12 issued participating shares with par value of $0.01 (“Participating Shares”) were redeemed and4,743,418.88 unissued Participating Shares were cancelled; following such redemption and cancellation, we no longer have any Participating Sharesauthorized or issued. Additionally, the Company authorized a class of securities consisting of 100,000,000 ordinary shares, par value $1.00 per share(“Ordinary Shares”) and issued 25,657,110 Ordinary Shares to our original investors. During the period March 1, 2017 through October 13, 2017, an aggregate of 2,207,025 Ordinary Shares were issued at a price of approximately$3.90 per share in a private placement we described as a “Series A” offering. Each investor of the Series A offering, in addition to a subscription agreement,signed a shareholder agreement, which set forth the basic governance terms of the Company, as well as our capital structure. The shareholders agreement wasterminated in October 2017. On October 13, 2017, ordinary resolutions were passed at an extraordinary general meeting of the Company approving (the “Conversions”): (i)converting 72,135,865 of authorized but unissued Ordinary Shares into 54,573,620 authorized but unissued Class A ordinary shares, par value of $1.00 pershare (“Class A Ordinary Shares”) and 17,562,245 authorized but unissued Class B ordinary shares, par value of $1.00 per share (“Class B Ordinary Shares”),respectively; (ii) converting 24,930,839 Ordinary Shares held by three shareholders into an aggregate of 2,493,085 Class A Ordinary Shares and 22,437,754Class B Ordinary Shares; and (iii) converting 2,933,296 Ordinary Shares held by 24 shareholders into an aggregate 2,933,296 Class A Ordinary Shares.Following these issuances, we had 27 shareholders of record. On October 19, 2017, we changed our name from APTUS Holdings Limited to our current name, Aptorum Group Limited. On March 23, 2018, Jurchen transferred 446,152 Class A Ordinary Shares and 4,015,367 Class B Ordinary Shares to CGY Investments Limited, acompany incorporated in Hong Kong and which we deem Mr. Darren Lui controls and/or of which he has substantial influence on the disposition rights andvoting rights of such shares. Following this transfer, Jurchen owns approximately 33% and 72% of our Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares,respectively. On December 17, 2018, the Company consummated its IPO of 761,419 Class A Ordinary Shares. The Registration Statement was declared effectiveby the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on December 3, 2018 (the “Effective Date”). The shares were sold at a price of $15.80 per share, generatinggross proceeds to the Company of approximately $12,030,420. Immediately following the consummation of the IPO and automatic conversion of the Notesand Bonds, there were an aggregate of 6,537,269 Class A Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding. The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of the date of this annual report: 37Table of Contents Emerging Growth Company Status We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”), and we are eligible to takeadvantage of certain exemptions from various reporting and financial disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies, that are notemerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, (1) presenting only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of relatedmanagement’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations in this annual report, (2) not being required to comply with the auditorattestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (3) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodicreports and proxy statements, and (4) exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholderapproval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We intend to take advantage of these exemptions. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition periodprovided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. As a result, an emerging growth company candelay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We could remain an emerging growth company for up to five years, or until the earliest of (1) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annualgross revenues exceed $1.07 billion, (2) the date that we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which wouldoccur if the market value of our Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completedsecond fiscal quarter and we have been publicly reporting for at least 12 months, or (3) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the preceding three-year period. Foreign Private Issuer Status We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange. As such, we are exempt from certain provisions applicable toUnited States domestic public companies. For example: ●we are not required to provide as many Exchange Act reports, or as frequently, as a domestic public company; ●for interim reporting, we are permitted to comply solely with our home country requirements, which are less rigorous than the rules that apply todomestic public companies; ●we are not required to provide the same level of disclosure on certain issues, such as executive compensation; ●we are exempt from provisions of Regulation FD aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information; ●we are not required to comply with the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respectof a security registered under the Exchange Act; and ●we are not required to comply with Section 16 of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and tradingactivities and establishing insider liability for profits realized from any “short-swing” trading transaction. B. Business Overview Overview We are a Hong Kong based pharmaceutical company currently in the preclinical stage, dedicated to developing and commercializing a broad rangeof therapeutic and diagnostic technologies to tackle unmet medical needs. We have obtained exclusive licenses for our technologies. In addition, we are alsodeveloping certain proprietary technologies as product candidates. We are pursuing therapeutic and diagnostic projects (including projects seeking to useextracts or derivatives from natural substances to treat diseases) in neurology, infectious diseases, gastroenterology, oncology and other disease areas. Wealso have projects focused on surgical robotics. (See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Lead Projects and Other Projects underDevelopment – Lead Projects”) Also, we opened a medical clinic, AML Clinic, in June 2018. 38Table of Contents Although none of our drug or device candidates has yet been approved for testing in humans, our goal is to develop a broad range of early stagenovel therapeutics and diagnostics across a wide range of disease/therapeutic areas. Key components of our strategy for achieving this goal include: (fordetails of our strategy, See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Our Strategy”) ●Developing therapeutic and diagnostic innovations across a wide range of disease/therapeutic areas; ●Selectively expanding our portfolio with potential products that may be able to attain orphan drug designation and/or satisfy current unmetmedical needs; ●Collaborating with leading academic institutions and CROs; ●Expanding our in-house pharmaceutical development center; ●Leveraging our management’s expertise, experience and commercial networks; ●Strategically developing opportunities in Hong Kong to promote access to the PRC market; and ●Obtaining and leveraging government grants to fund project development. We have devoted a portion of the proceeds from our IPO, to three therapeutic projects (“Lead Projects”). The drug candidates being advanced as theLead Projects are ALS-1, ALS-4 and NLS-1, described in further detail below. If the results of the remaining preclinical studies of these drug candidates arepositive, we expect to be able to submit by 2020 or 2021 an Investigational New Drug Application (“IND”) for at least one of these candidates to the U.S.Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) or an equivalent application to the regulatory authorities in one or more other jurisdictions such as the China Foodand Drug Administration (“NMPA”) and/or the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”). Acceptance of these applications by the relevant regulatory authoritywould enable the Company to begin testing that drug candidate in humans in that jurisdiction. Our ability to obtain any approval of such applications isentirely dependent upon the results of our preclinical studies, none of which have yet been completed. Our current business consists of “therapeutics” and “non-therapeutics” segments. However, our focus is on the therapeutics segments. Because of therisks, costs and extended development time required for successful drug development, we have determined to pursue projects within our non-therapeuticssegments, such as AML Clinic, to provide some interim revenue and medical robots that may be brought to market and generate revenue more quickly. Therapeutics Segment. In our therapeutics segment (“Aptorum Therapeutics Group”), we are currently seeking to develop various drug molecules(including projects seeking to use extracts or derivatives from natural substances to treat diseases) and certain technologies for the treatment (“therapeutics”)and diagnosis (“diagnostics”) of human disease conditions in neurology, infectious diseases, gastroenterology, oncology and other disease areas. In addition,we are seeking to identify additional prospects which may qualify for potential orphan drug designation (e.g., rare types of cancer) or which address othercurrent unmet medical needs. Aptorum Therapeutics Group is operated through Aptorum’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Aptorum Therapeutics Limited, aCayman Islands exempted company with limited liability, whose principal place of business is in Hong Kong and its indirect subsidiary companies (who wesometimes refer to herein as project companies), whose principal places of business are also in Hong Kong. Non-Therapeutics Segment. The non-therapeutics segment (“Aptorum Non-Therapeutics Group”) encompasses two businesses: (i) the developmentof surgical robotics and medical devices and (ii) AML Clinic. The development of surgical robotics and medical devices business is operated through SignateLife Sciences Limited, a subsidiary of Aptorum Therapeutics Limited. The outpatient clinic is operated through our subsidiary, Aptorum Medical Limited.Effective as of March 2018, we leased office space in Central, Hong Kong as the home to AML Clinic. AML Clinic commenced operations under the name ofTalem Medical in June 2018. The estimated general administrative expenses and other operating expenses of the AML Clinic is expected to be no more thanUSD120,000 per month. The clinic is expected to reach operating profit in 18 months from the clinic reaching its full operating capacity upon (i) thesuccessful recruitment of a minimum of six full time physicians (AML Clinic currently has one full time physician and three part time physicians) and (ii)establishing steady patients flow via brand development. (See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Lead Projects and OtherProjects under Development – Other Projects under Development – Aptorum Medical Limited - AML Clinic”) 39Table of Contents The Company has already obtained opportunities resulting in our existing licensing agreements from various contractual relationships that we haveentered into, including service/consulting agreements with some of the world’s leading specialists and clinicians in our areas of interest, with academicinstitutions and organizations, and with CROs. We anticipate that these relationships will generate additional licensing opportunities in the future. Inaddition, we have established and are continuing to expand our in-house research facilities (collectively, the “R&D Center”) to develop some of our drug anddevice candidates internally and to collaborate with third-party researchers. Prior to March 2017, the Company had pursued passive healthcare related investments in early stage companies primarily in the United States.However, we have since ceased pursuing further passive investment operations and intend to exit all such portfolio investments over an appropriatetimeframe to focus resources on our current business. Our Strategy Although we plan to continue the development and improvement of a broad range of novel therapeutics and diagnostics across a wide range ofdisease/therapeutic areas, over the next 24-36 months we plan to concentrate on development of our Lead Projects, while also allocating some resources todevelop SLS-1 and maintaining our AML Clinic. We believe that execution of this strategy will position the Company to catalyze the development and improvement of a broad range of early-stagednovel therapeutics and diagnostics across a wide range of disease/therapeutic areas. Failure to achieve positive results in at least one of the programs for aLead Project could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s prospects and business. To achieve this goal, we are implementing the following strategies: ●Developing therapeutic and diagnostic innovations across a wide range of disease/therapeutic areas. We are currently developing drug anddevice candidates in several disease/therapeutic areas. We believe that by diversifying our research efforts, it would increase the likelihood thatat least one of our projects will achieve clinical success and therefore add value to the Company. As of date of this Annual Report, we haveobtained 12 exclusively licensed technologies across the areas of neurology, infectious diseases, gastroenterology, oncology, surgical roboticsand natural health. Our initial focus will be on developing our Lead Projects, but intend to continue developing our other current projects andseeking new licensing opportunities where we determine that the market potential justifies the additional commitment of our limited resources. ●Selectively expanding our portfolio with potential products that may be able to attain orphan drug designation and/or satisfy currentunmet medical needs. We have selected innovations for development which we believe are of superior scientific quality, whilst taking intoaccount the potential market size and demand for same, for example, taking into consideration whether the relevant product can satisfysignificant unmet medical needs. In particular, Aptorum Group Limited has established a Scientific Advisory Board, which helped us to selectour current projects and which we expect will provide input from a scientific perspective towards any future opportunities for acquiring orlicensing life science innovations. We intend to continue expanding our line of projects under development, and subject to our financial andother resource limitations, exploring acquisitions or licenses of additional products which may be able to attain orphan drug designations (e.g.,rare types of cancer) or satisfy significant unmet medical needs and that show strong preclinical and/or early clinical data to provide promisingopportunities for clinical and commercial success. ●Collaborating with leading academic institutions and CROs. In building and developing our product portfolio, we believe that accessingexternal innovation, expertise and technology through collaboration with leading academic institutions and CROs is a vital and cost-efficientstrategy. We have established strong relationships with leading academic institutions around the world and expect to continue to strengthen ourcollaborations by, for example, seeking to provide their affiliated Principal Investigators resources through sponsorship to conduct furtherresearch in specialty fields of interest and association with personnel connected to our current project companies, in exchange for obtaining forthe Company the first right to negotiate for an exclusive license to any resulting innovations. In addition, we have entered and will continue toactively source arrangements with pharmaceutical companies, in most cases in roles as contract research organizations, to streamline thedevelopment of our projects. This may include outsourcing part of the preclinical, clinical studies and clinical supplies manufacturing toexternally accredited cGLP, cGMP and cGCP standard contract research organizations or laboratories in order to attain the required studies forsubmission to the regulatory authorities as part of the clinical development plan. (See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. BusinessOverview – Arrangements with Other Parties”) 40Table of Contents ●Expanding our in-house pharmaceutical development center. We believe collaborations between the R&D Center operated by APD and thescientists engaged in work for our project companies will enhance clinical and commercial potential of the projects. In addition, APD will assistthe project companies by engaging external pharmaceutical companies and/or contract research organizations to outsource any part of thepreclinical or clinical development work that cannot be performed by the R&D Center in order to obtain the resources necessary for ourdevelopment process. ●Leveraging our management’s expertise, experience and commercial networks. We believe the combination of our management’s expertiseand experience, with their academic and commercial networks make us an effective platform for advancing healthcare innovations towardsclinical studies and commercialization in key global markets. We have assembled a management team with global experience and an extensiverecord of accomplishments in medical research, consulting and financing, and identification and acquisition of pharmaceutical andbiopharmaceutical drug and device candidates. Our Head of Research and Development also has extensive experiences in drug development.We also employ key management personnel with banking and financial experience, which enhances our capability to establish the mostefficient financial structure for the development of our programs. ●Strategically developing opportunities in Hong Kong to provide access to the PRC market. The PRC is the world’s second largest healthcaremarket (https://seekingalpha.com/article/4038677-opportunities-chinas-healthcare-market) and we plan to market our products there in thefuture as part of our overall growth strategy. In October 2017, the PRC government announced that the country is planning to accept trial datagathered overseas to speed up drug approvals (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-pharmaceuticals/china-to-accept-overseas-trial-data-in-bid-to-speed-up-drug-approvals-idUSKBN1CE080 and http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?id=26778&lib=law), which is a potentialboon for foreign pharmaceutical companies. We believe strategically locating our principal businesses in Hong Kong, as a SpecialAdministrative Region of the PRC, may provide us distinctive advantages in accessing the PRC healthcare market. Two of our keycollaborators, The University of Hong Kong (the “HKU”) and the Chinese University of Hong Kong (the “CUHK”) have received clinical drugtrial accreditation by the NMPA for their clinical trial units/centers (http://www.crmo.med.cuhk.edu.hk/en-us/cfdaaccreditation.aspx andhttps://www.ctc.hku.hk/assurance_cfda.php). ●Obtaining and leveraging government grants to fund project development. The Hong Kong government pays close attention to thedevelopment of the biotechnology sector in Hong Kong and provides support and funding. We intend to aggressively seek government supportfrom Hong Kong for our product development and to facilitate the development of some of our projects. Arrangements with Other Parties As mentioned above, part of our business model includes collaborating with research entities such as academic institutions and CROs, as well ashighly regarded experts in their respective fields. We engage these entities and researchers either for purposes of exploring new innovations or advancingpreclinical studies of our existing licensed drug candidates. Although the financial cost of these arrangements does not represent a material expense to theCompany, the relationships we can access through, specifically, sponsored research arrangements (“SRAs”) with academic institutions and organizations canprovide significant value for our business; for example, we may decide whether to continue development of certain early-staged projects and/or out-license aproject based on the data and results from research governed by SRAs. However, as of the date of this annual report, we do not consider the particulars of anyof our SRAs to be material to the success of our current business plans. Our drug discovery programs are based upon licenses from universities and are mainly conducted in universities via SRAs. As for the developmentof our drug candidates, our R&D Center conducts part of the CMC work. However, since our current facilities are not cGMP, cGLP or cGCP qualified, we willhave to rely on CROs to conduct that type of work, if and when our drug candidates reach the level of development that requires such qualification. Lead Projects and Other Projects under Development We are actively operating and managing the development of our drug and device candidates through various subsidiaries. Each candidate is beingresearched in a subsidiary with a medical/scientific area of focus related to the drug and device candidate in development. We refer to these as our “ProjectCompanies” and their products or areas of focus as either our Lead Projects (i.e., ALS-1, ALS-4 and NLS-1) or Other Projects under Development (as definedbelow). The selection of a drug and device candidate is based on our estimate of the market potential for that candidate, the scientific expertise required todevelop it, and our overall corporate strategy, including our ability to commit personnel and future investment to that candidate. 41Table of Contents To pursue a number of our current projects, our Project Companies have entered into standard license agreements with various university andlicensing entities customized to the nature of each project. These license agreements largely contain the same terms, as is typically seen in license agreementsfor an early-stage life science invention; such terms include a worldwide license with licensed field comprising indications in the intended treatment areas,having upfront payments, certain royalty rates, sublicensing royalties, as well as provisions for payments upon occurrence of development and/or regulatorymilestones. Under the license agreements, the Project Company must also adhere to certain diligence obligations and may or may not be required to obtainprior consent from the licensor to sublicense the invention. The license terms of our Lead Projects are discussed in detail below. Generally speaking, pharmaceutical development consists of preclinical and clinical phases. Our immediate efforts would be on the preclinicalphase which can further sub-divided into the following stages: Target Identification & Selection: The target is the naturally existing cellular or modular structure that appears to have an important role in aparticular disease pathway and will be targeted by the drug that will subsequently be developed. Target validation techniques for different disease areas canbe very different but typically include from in vitro and in silico methods through to the use of whole animal models. Lead Discovery: Following “Target Identification & Selection,” compound screening assays are developed as part of the Lead Discovery. ‘Lead’molecules can mean slightly different things to different researches or companies, but in this Annual Report, we refer to Lead Discovery as the process ofidentifying one or more small molecules with the desired activity against the identified targets. Leads can be identified through one or more approaches,which can depend on the target and what, if any, previous knowledge exists. Lead Optimization: In this stage of the drug discovery process, the aim is to produce a preclinical drug candidate by maintaining the desired andfavorable properties in the lead compounds, while repairing or reducing deficiencies in their structures. For example, to optimize the chemical structures toimprove, among others, efficacy, reduce toxicity, improve metabolism, absorption and pharmacokinetic properties. IND-Enabling Studies: Includes all the essential studies such as GLP toxicology studies, pharmacology and efficacy, pharmacokinetics, in vitrometabolism, CMC studies, and the data of which are used for IND submission. 42Table of Contents 43Table of Contents Another subsidiary, Aptorum Medical Limited (“AML”),1 is our vehicle for developing our business of delivering medical services in the form ofAML Clinic. We anticipate allocating approximately 20% of our resources to develop projects other than our Lead Projects (such other projects being referred toherein as “Other Projects under Development”), with a strong focus on SLS-1 and AML Clinic. As a device candidate, SLS-1 may not need to undergo thesame regulatory approval process as a drug candidate and therefore we may be able to bring it to market sooner. AML Clinic is expected to provide us with amodest amount of revenue. Even if SLS-1 achieves commercial sales, of which there can be no assurance, revenue from these products alone will not besufficient for us to carry out all of our plans, but it will assist with name recognition and supplement our income while we develop our Lead Projects. Lead Projects ALS-1: Small molecule intended for the treatment of viral infections caused by Influenza virus A Professor Richard Kao (Inventor of ALS-1, Founder and Principal Investigator of Acticule) was the first to identify NP as an effective drug target(Nature Biotechnology. 28:600-605). We are exploring ALS-1 as a potential treatment for viral infections caused by Influenza virus A (“IVA”). Two widely prescribed antiviral drug classes for the treatment of influenza are neuraminidase inhibitors (“NI”) and M2 protein inhibitors. Zanamiviris a second-generation neuraminidase inhibitor for the treatment of both Influenza A and B in adults and children (5 years old and above). Oseltamivir is athird-generation neuraminidase inhibitor for the treatment of Influenza A and B in individuals older than 1 year of age. Amantadine and rimantadine are M2membrane protein inhibitors that block the M2 ion channel activity of Influenza A but have no effect on Influenza B. Given the widespread resistance to M2inhibitors, amantadine and rimantadine are no longer recommended for the treatment of Influenza A. It is our hypothesis that Influenza A NP is an essential protein for the proliferation of the influenza virus. ALS-1 targets NP and triggers theaggregation of NP and this prevents the aggregated NP from entering the nucleus. In a paper published by the inventor, Prof. Richard Kao, in NatureBiotechnology (28 (6): 600, 2010), ALS-1 inhibited infection of MDCK cells by the Influenza A/WSN/33, H3N2 (clinical isolate) and Vietnam/1194/04(H5N1) viruses with an IC50 (IC50 is defined as the concentration of a drug which inhibits half of the maximal response of a biochemical process. In this case,inhibition of the growth of PFU = plaque-forming units is the response) of 0.069 ± 0.003 μM, 0.16 ± 0.01 μM and 0.33 ± 0.04 μM in plaque reduction assay(PRA), respectively (Figure 1A). In this study, oseltamivir (sold under the brand name Tamiflu®) was also included as a control. In this cell culture, ALS-1outperformed oseltamivir with a lower IC50 (Figure 1A). ALS-1 inhibited viral growth even when added within 6 hours after infection of the MDCK cells withthe virus (Figure 1B), indicating that the antiviral activities of ALS-1 arise from post-entry and post-nuclear events, suggesting that multiple processesinvolving NP may be affected, although only the nuclear import process of NP can be readily observed. In the treatment-free control group, all mice died 7 days after inoculation. After treating with ALS-1, 50% of the mice receiving two doses of ALS-1(100 μl of 2.3 mg/ml ALS-1) per day for 7 days survived for more than 21 days. Three mice were sacrificed from each treated and untreated group on the 6thday after infection and their lungs tested for live virus by a plaque reduction assay. About a 10x reduction of viral load in the lungs of the ALS-1-treated micewas observed compared to the untreated control group. The animal study results suggest that ALS-1 has the potential to be developed into a useful anti-influenza therapeutic. 1 Clark Cheng, our Chief Medical Officer and an Executive Director, owns 6% of Aptorum Medical Limited as of the date of this annual report. 44Table of Contents ALS-1 is designed to target a broad range of NP variants, a novel therapeutic target. Compared with the currently marketed antiviral drugs for whichthe viruses have acquired extensive resistance, ALS-1 acts on a completely different therapeutic target. ALS-1 is currently undergoing Lead Optimization tooptimize its drug-like properties. Figure 1A Figure 1B Figure 1A: ALS-1 is shown to cause a greater reduction in the number of infectious virus particles of human H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1 Influenzaviruses. MDCK cells were infected with different strains of virus and antiviral activities of different treatments were determined by plaque reduction assay(PRA). Oseltamivir (curve in red) was included for comparisons of in vitro efficacies. The PRA assay was conducted in triplicate and repeated twice forconfirmation. PFU = plaque-forming units, a measure of number of infectious virus particles Nucleozin = ALS-1 (Adapted from Nature Biotechnology (28 (6):600, 2010). Figure 1B: Efficacies of ALS-1 added at various time points. The experiments were carried out in triplicate and repeated twice for confirmation. Themean value is shown with s.d.; PFU = plaque-forming units, a measure of number of infectious virus particulates (Adapted from Nature Biotechnology (28 (6):600,2010)). Patent License On October 18, 2017, the Company’s subsidiary, Acticule, entered into an exclusive license agreement with Versitech Limited, the licensing entityof HKU, for the rights to ALS-1. Subsequently on June 7, 2018, the parties entered into a first amendment to the license agreement. Under the exclusive license agreement, we were granted an exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable license to develop, make, have made, use, sell,offer for sale and import products that are covered by the licensed patents (as described below). The territory of the license is worldwide and the field of thelicense is for treatment or prevention of viral infections including influenza. We paid an upfront fee upon entering into the license agreement. We are required to pay less than 10% of the net sales of the licensed products soldby us or our affiliates as royalties, as well as a low teens percentage of sublicense royalties that we receive from our sublicensees, if any. In addition, weagreed to pay to the licensor aggregate regulatory milestones of up to US$1 million subject to the following achievements: submission of investigationalnew drug application; completion of phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials; and submission of new drug application; grant of regulatory approval. We also agreed topay to the licensor aggregate sales milestones of up to US$7.8 million subject to the following achievement: first commercial sale; and annual net salesexceeding US$100 million in one jurisdiction. 45Table of Contents Pursuant to the license agreement, Acticule became the exclusive licensee of 1 U.S. patent, 1 European Patent, 1 PRC patent and 1 German patent.The claimed invention is described as: “Antiviral Compounds and Methods of Making and Using Thereof.” Acticule has the right to grant sublicenses under the license agreement without prior approval from Versitech Limited and to assign the agreement toany successor to the business related to the license. In the event that Acticule makes an improvement to the licensed technologies, so long as theimprovement does not incorporate any licensed patents, Acticule will be the owner of such improvement, subject to a non-exclusive royalty-free licensebeing granted back to Versitech Limited for academic and research purposes only. The exclusive license agreement shall be in effect until the expiration of all licensed patents (please refer to the patent expiration dates under “Item4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Intellectual Property”). Acticule may terminate the license at any time with 6-month written noticein advance. Either party may terminate the agreement upon a material breach by other party. ALS-4: Small molecule for the treatment of bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(“MRSA”) Just as certain strains of viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (“HIV”) and influenza have developed resistance to drugs developed totreat them, certain bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have become “superbugs”, havingdeveloped resistance to many, if not all, of the existing drugs available to treat them, rendering those treatments ineffective in many instances. MRSA is onesuch bacterium, a gram-positive bacterium that is genetically different from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA cancause a variety of problems ranging from skin infections and sepsis to pneumonia and bloodstream infections. It is estimated that about one out of every threepeople (33%) carry Staphylococcus aureus in their nose, usually without any illness; about two in a hundred (2%) carry MRSA (source:https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/tracking/index.html). Both adults and children may carry MRSA. Most MRSA infections occur in people who have been in hospital or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers (source:https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336), which is known as Healthcare-Associated MRSA (“HA-MRSA”).HA-MRSA infections are typically associated with invasive procedures or devices, such as surgeries, intravenous tubing or artificial joints. Another type ofMRSA infection, known as Community-Associated MRSA (“CA-MRSA”), has occurred in wider community among healthy people. It often begins as apainful skin boil and spreads by skin-to-skin contact. About 85% of serious, invasive MRSA infections are healthcare associated infections(https://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/2007/r071016.htm). The incidence of CA-MRSA varies according to population and geographic location. In the U.S.,more than 94,000 people develop serious MRSA infection and about 19,000 patients die as a result each year(https://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/2007/r071016.htm). According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”), Staphylococcus aureus,including MRSA, caused about 11% of healthcare-associated infections in 2011 (source: http://www.healthcommunities.com/mrsa-infection/incidence.shtml). Each year in the U.S., around one out of every twenty-five hospitalized patients contracts at least one infection in the hospital (NEngl J Med. 2014, 27;370(13):1198-208). In the U.S., there were over 80,000 invasive MRSA infections and 11,285 related deaths in 2011 (source:https://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/28/us/mrsa-fast-facts/index.html). Indeed, severe MRSA infections most commonly occur during or soon after inpatientmedical care. More than 290,000 hospitalized patients are infected with Staphylococcus aureus and of these staphylococcal infections, approximately126,000 are related to MRSA (source: http://www.healthcommunities.com/mrsa-infection/incidence.shtml). ALS-4 is a small drug molecule which appears to target the products produced by bacterial genes that facilitate the successful colonization andsurvival of the bacterium in the body or that cause damage to the body’s systems. These products of bacterial genes are referred to as “virulence expression.”Targeting bacterial virulence is an alternative approach to antimicrobial therapy that offers promising opportunities to overcome the emergence andincreasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Professor Richard Kao from The University of Hong Kong (who is also the Founder and Principal Investigator of Acticule and Inventor of ALS-2,ALS-3 and ALS-4) initiated a high throughput approach for screening compounds which are active against virulence expression, which resulted in thediscovery of ALS-2, ALS-3 and ALS-4. 46Table of Contents ALS-4 targets an enzyme essential for Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) survival in vivo. This enzyme is involved in the production ofStaphyloxanthin, a carotenoid pigment produced by Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA, and is responsible for the characteristic golden color. Thispigment has proven to be an important factor in promoting bacterial invasion as well as rendering the bacteria resistant to attack from reactive oxygen species(ROS) and neutrophils. In other words, pigmented bacteria have increased resistance to the host’s immune defenses. ALS-4 may have particular value if it canbe shown to be an effective therapy in situations where a Staphylococcus aureus infection is resistant to available antibiotics (i.e., where the pathogen isMRSA). In a recent study by the inventor, Prof. Richard Kao, ALS-4 demonstrates potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus pigment formation in vitro,as indicated in Figure 2, with an IC50 (IC50 is defined as the concentration of a drug which inhibits half of the maximal response of a biochemical process. Inthis case, inhibition of the formation of the golden pigment is the response) equal to 20 nM. Figure 2 Figure 2: In vitro pigment inhibition by compound ALS-4.(A) Inhibition of wild-type (WT) Staphylococcus aureus pigmentation in the presence of increasing concentrations of ALS-4.(B) Pigment inhibition by ALS-4; the IC50 for pigment formation is roughly 300 nM.All data represent mean values ± SD.NP16 = ALS-4This assay was conducted in triplicate and repeated twice for confirmation(Adapted from mBio (8(5): e01224, 2017)) 47Table of Contents By employing a systemic Staphylococcus aureus mouse infection model, the treatment (1mM of ALS-4 twice daily) and control groups (vehicle)were compared. In both acute treatment and delayed treatment groups, the bacterial counts in the kidneys of mice treated with compound ALS-4 weresignificantly lower than those of the no treatment group. Figure 3 Figure 3: ALS-4 is observed to reduce bacterial load in mice CFU = Colony Forming Unit, a unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria in a sampleALS-4 is currently undergoing Lead Optimization to optimize its drug-like properties. Patent License On October 18, 2017, the Company’s subsidiary, Acticule, entered into an exclusive license agreement with Versitech Limited, the licensing entityof HKU, for ALS-4. Subsequently on June 7, 2018, the parties entered into a first amendment to the exclusive license agreement. On January 11, 2019, Acticule and Versitech Limited entered into a second license agreement for ALS-4, where Acticule exclusively licensed theintellectual property rights on certain HKU-owned improvements to the original licensed invention. 48Table of Contents Under the exclusive license agreements, we were granted an exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable licenses to develop, make, have made, use,sell, offer for sale and import products that are covered by the licensed patents (as described below). The territory of the licenses is worldwide and the field ofthe licenses is for treatment or prevention of bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA and bacterial virulence. We paid an upfront fee upon entering into the license agreements. We are required to pay less than 10% of the net sales of the licensed products soldby us or our affiliates as royalties, as well as a low teens percentage of sublicense royalties that we receive from our sublicensees, if any. In addition, weagreed to pay to the licensor aggregate regulatory milestones of up to US$1 million subject to the following achievements: submission of investigationalnew drug application; completion of phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials; and submission of new drug application; grant of regulatory approval. We also agreed topay to the licensor aggregate sales milestones of up to US$7.8 million subject to the following achievement: first commercial sale; and annual net salesexceeding US$100 million in one jurisdiction. Pursuant to the license agreements, Acticule became the exclusive licensee of 2 pending U.S. non-provisional patent applications and 2 PCTapplications. With respect to the PCT applications, we plan to enter national phase in member states of the EPO, in PRC and other jurisdictions before thedeadline on January 23, 2021. The claimed inventions are described as: “Compounds Affecting Pigment Production and Methods for Treatment of BacterialDiseases.” Acticule has the right to grant sublicenses to third parties under the license agreements without prior approval from Versitech Limited and to assignthe agreements to any successor to the business related to the licenses. In the event that Acticule makes an improvement to the licensed technologies, so longas the improvement does not incorporate any licensed patents, Acticule will be the owner to such improvement, subject to a non-exclusive royalty-freelicense being granted back to Versitech Limited for academic and research purposes only. The exclusive license agreements shall be in effect until the expiration of all licensed patents (please refer to the patent expiration dates under “Item4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Intellectual Property”). Acticule may terminate the licenses at any time with 6-month written noticein advance. Either party may terminate the agreements upon a material breach by other party. NLS-1: A Derivative of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (“Pro-EGCG”) for the treatment of Endometriosis NLS-1, a drug molecule derived from natural products (green tea), is currently under development for the treatment of endometriosis, a disease inwhich the tissue that normally lines the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus. It can grow on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, bowels, or bladder. Rarely,it grows in other parts of the body. Many studies have assessed the applications of EGCG, a naturally occurring molecule extracted from green tea, for thetreatment of endometriosis in vitro and in animal models (Hum Reprod. 2014 29(8):1677; Hum Reprod. 2013 28(1):178; Fertil Steril. 2011 96(4):1021). Forexample, in a mouse model, Ricci et al (Hum Reprod. 2013 28(1):178) demonstrated that EGCG brought a statistically significant reduction in the meannumber and the volume of established lesions compared with the control group without treatment. The treatment diminished cell proliferation in astatistically significant manner, reduced vascular density and increased apoptosis within the lesions. EGCG induced reduction in human EEC proliferationand increased apoptosis in primary cultures. Matsuzaki and Darcha (Hum Reprod. 2014 29(8):1677) also showed that EGCG prevented the progression offibrosis in endometriosis in an animal model. However, the attractiveness of epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a drug candidate has been diminished by its chemical and metabolic instability (HumReprod. 2014 29(8):1677; Angiogenesis. 2013 16(1):59). The Company’s drug candidate, NLS-1 or EGCG octaacetate, is supposed to overcome thesechallenges. NLS-1 is an EGCG derivative synthesized by acetylation of the reactive hydroxyl groups, which appears to prevent generation of reactivephenoxide anions and radicals for dimerization and metabolism, thereby overcoming the chemical and metabolic instability of EGCG. Despite different hypotheses proposed for the pathogenesis of endometriosis, it is widely accepted that endometriosis is an angiogenesis-dependentdisorder, and that angiogenesis plays an essential role in the growth and survival of endometriotic lesions. Endometriotic lesions require new vesselformation to deliver oxygen and nutrients that are essential to the development and progression of endometriosis. Dense vascularization is a typicalpathological feature of endometriosis. Numerous peritoneal blood vessels can be observed around the endometriotic lesions during laparoscopy, and ectopicendometrium is highly vascularized under histological examination. Researchers have confirmed in animal models that angiogenesis occurs inendometriosis, by demonstrating the development of adjacent blood vessels from the surrounding vasculature into the endometriotic implants. Anti-angiogenesis therapy offers a potential novel treatment of endometriosis. 49Table of Contents In a paper published by the inventors in Angiogenesis (16:59, 2013), NLS-1 brought a statistically significantly reduction in the lesion size andweight compared with EGCG and the control without any treatment in an experimental endometriosis mouse model (Student t-test, p < 0.05) (Figure 4A &B). In addition, the inhibition by NLS-1 in all of the angiogenesis parameters was statistically significantly greater than that by EGCG (Student t-test, p <0.05) (Figure 5A & B). In addition, NLS-1 significantly (Student t-test, p < 0.05) reduces the lesion size in both prevention and treatment group comparedwith both saline and EGCG groups (Figure 6). Moreover, NLS-1 also had better bioavailability and greater antioxidation and anti-angiogenesis capacitiescompared with EGCG. In addition, regarding a safety study in mice, no signs of stress to NLS-1 administration were observed during the treatment period. No significantweight change was observed over the course of the experiment. Histological examination revealed no obvious reproductive effects on ovarian follicles andendometrial glands under NLS-1 treatments (Figure 7). Also, vascularization of the ovaries and the uterus was not affected in the NLS-1 treatment group. Figure 4 Figure 4A & BNLS-1 (Pro-EGCG) limits the development of experimental endometriosis in mice. Upper panels show the endometrial implants developed in theright ventral abdominal wall under laparotomy. Arrows indicate the greatest length and perpendicular width of the lesions for lesion size calculation.Lower panels show the sandwich structures of outer skin and subcutaneous layers (s), middle endometriotic lesions with endometrial glands (g) andendometrial cyst-like structures (c), and inner abdominal muscle and peritoneum (m). Scale bars: 0.5 mm. b Bar charts of the lesion size and weightin different groups and representative lesion pictures are shown. Mean ± SEM, student’s t test, *P < 0.05 compared with saline group; P < 0.05compared with EGCG group.The sample size was 4 (N=4) for each group.(Adapted from Angiogenesis (16:59, 2013)) 50Table of Contents Figure 5 Figure 5A & BNLS-1 inhibits the angiogenesis of experimental endometriosis in mice. Upper panels: Microvessels in the endometriotic implants were perfusedwith FITC-Dextran and captured by Cellvizio (white colour) (N=8). Middle panels: Microvessel architectures surrounding the lesions and within thelesions were perfused with microfil contrast medium and captured by lCT (yellow dots) (N=4). Lower panels: Microvessels in the endometrioticlesions were determined by specific antimouse antibodies CD31 for endothelial cells in red, aSMA for smooth muscles in green, and DAPI for nucleiin blue (N=4). New microvessels are CD31-positively and aSMA-negatively stained (closed arrows), old microvessels are CD31-positively andaSMA-positively stained (opened arrows). g: endometrial glands; c: endometrial cyst-like structures; m: abdominal muscle. Representative imagesin different groups are shown. Scale bars: 10 lm. b Bar charts of the lesion microvessel parameters in different groups are presented. Mean ± - SEM,student’s t test, *P < 0.05 compared with saline group; P < 0.05 compared with EGCG group. (Adapted from Angiogenesis (16:59, 2013)). Inaddition, NLS-1 significantly (p < 0.05) reduces the lesion size in both prevention and treatment group compared with both saline and EGCGgroups.51Table of Contents Figure 6 Figure 6: NLS-1 reduces the lesion size in both prevention and treatment groups Figure 7 52Table of Contents Figure 7NLS-1 does not cause any weight loss in mice (Upper figure in the left)NLS-1 does not reduce any estrogen and progesterone level in mice (Lower figures in the left) NLS-1 preserves normal ovarian follicles andendometrial glands. Ovarian follicles and endometrial glands were determined by H&E staining and microvessels in ovarian and endometrial stromawere determined by anti-mouse CD34 immunostaining in ovaries (upper panels in the right) and uterus (lower panels in the right). Representativeimages in different groups are shown. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.N=8 was conducted for each group.(Adapted from Angiogenesis (16:59, 2013)). As a follow-up study in an animal model of endometriosis, orally administered NLS-1 reduced the lesion size significantly better than oral EGCG(p<0.05-0.001 at week 3- 8, ANOVA) and other hormone-based therapy such as intramuscular GnRH analog (p<0.05 at week 4-8, ANOVA) and othersynthetic anti-angiogenesis agents such as intraperitoneal PTK787 (p<0.05-0.01 at week 4-8, ANOVA), as reflected in Figure 8. Figure 8 Figure 8Comparison of the efficacy of different treatment in an experimental endometriosis model The current approved treatment for endometriosis is hormonal therapy, which can cause severe undesirable side effects. At present, there are only afew non-hormonal therapeutics with different mechanisms than NLS-1 that are under preclinical or clinical development, such as: 1)BAY 1128688, which is a non-hormonal approach developed by Bayer HealthCare for endometriosis and which entered Phase 2 study in Spainin 2017 (https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800041929); and, 2)Small molecules co-developed by Bayer and Evotec that have entered Phase 1 studies (Source:https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180417006820/en/Evotec-Bayer-Advance-Endometriosis-Programme-Phase-Clinical). NLS-1 is under active development for the treatment of endometriosis. It is currently at the Lead Optimization stage to optimize its drug-likeproperties. 53Table of Contents Patent License On July 3, 2017, the Company’s subsidiary, Aptorum Therapeutics Limited, entered into an exclusive license agreement with PolyU Technologyand Consultancy Limited, The Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning/McGill University, Wayne State University, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Centerand Research Institute Inc. and CUHK (all representing the licensors) for NLS-1. We paid an upfront fee upon entering into the license agreement. We are required to pay less than 10% of the net sales of the licensed products soldby us or our affiliates as royalties, as well as a percentage of sublicense royalties that do not exceed 30% from what we receive from our sublicensees, if any.In addition, we agreed to pay the licensor aggregate regulatory and development milestones of up to HK$41.9 million (approximately US$5.37 million) forthe first drug product subject to the following achievements: submission of investigational new drug application; commencement of phase 1, 2 and 3 clinicaltrials; submission of new drug application; and grant of first, second and third regulatory approval among the FDA, EMA and NMPA. We also agreed to paythe licensor aggregate sales milestones of up to HK$80 million (approximately US$10.26 million) subject to the following achievements: first commercialsale; and annual net sales exceeding US$100 million in one jurisdiction. Further, for each of the second and third drug products, we agreed to pay aggregate regulatory development milestones of up to HK$9 million(approximately US$1.15 million) and aggregate sales milestone of up to HK$40 million (approximately US$5.13 million) subject to achievement of similarmilestones for the first drug product. We have also agreed to pay certain one-time payments for non-drug product upon the commercialization and marketlaunch of such non-drug product. In addition, following the filing of the IND, the Company has to pay an immaterial annual fee to the licensors. Pursuant to the license agreement, Aptorum Therapeutics Limited became the exclusive licensee of 6 U.S. patents, 1 European Patent, 1 PRC patent,1 Indian patent and 1 Japanese patent, as well as 1 pending US patent application, 1 pending PRC patent application and 1 pending Hong Kong patentapplication. Two technologies are claimed in the patents: “Epigallocatechin Gallate Derivatives for Inhibiting Proteasome,” which is jointly owned by PolyUTechnology and Consultancy Limited, The Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning/McGill University, Wayne State University and H. LeeMoffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Inc. and “Pro-EGCG for Use in the Treatment of Endometriosis,” which is jointly owned by PolyU Technologyand Consultancy Limited and CUHK. The licensors have nominated PolyU Technology and Consultancy Limited to represent them and take the lead innegotiating and managing the license. Aptorum Therapeutics Limited has the right to grant sublicenses under the license agreement with prior consent from the licensors, and suchapproval shall not be unreasonably withheld. In the event that Aptorum Therapeutics Limited develops any improvements or new development, suchlicensee inventions are to be jointly owned by the licensors and Aptorum Therapeutics Limited, so that both owners will have the right to use any suchinventions for any purpose. In such a case, the Company expects to negotiate a separate agreement with the licensors governing the terms on which thelicensors may use such inventions. In addition, Aptorum Therapeutics Limited also committed to providing HK$3 million (US$384,615) of research funding before July 3, 2020 tosponsor research carried out by the three principal individual inventors upon their request with respect to further R&D on the licensed technologies. Theresearch funding shall be in the form of matching funds provided by the Innovation Technology Fund (“ITF”). The ITF is administered by the Innovation andTechnology Commission of the Government of Hong Kong and encompasses a scheme where the Hong Kong government offers matching grant for jointresearches to foster collaboration between private companies and public research institutions. If an ITF application is approved, the Hong Kong governmentwill provide a grant that matches the contribution by the private company in the research projects. Since the ITF funding is merit-based and there is noguarantee that an ITF application will be granted, Aptorum Therapeutics’ obligation to contribute to the research fund under the agreement will becontingent on the successful application of ITF scheme granting HK$3 million fund that matches our proposed contribution. In the event that an ITFapplication related to NLS-1 is not successful, the parties have agreed to negotiate for and agree to enter into new funding terms to support the ongoingresearch. As of today, the inventors have not filed such ITF application. During the term of the license agreement and for two years thereafter, Aptorum Therapeutics Limited undertakes not to develop or commercializeany product that directly competes with any marketed product that is covered by the licensed technology. The exclusive license agreement shall be in effect until the later of (1) the expiry of the term of the last to expire licensed patent set forth in theagreement, (2) final disposition of the last of the pending patent application set forth in the agreement, and (3) ten years following the first commercial sale ofthe product. Please refer to the patent expiration dates under “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Intellectual Property” forinformation regarding (1) and (2). Either party may terminate the agreement upon a material breach by or insolvency of the other party. Further, the Licensorsmay terminate the agreement if the licensee commits any act or omission that could tarnish the reputation of any licensors. 54Table of Contents Statistical Significance The term statistical significance is to define the probability that a measured difference between two groups (e.g. two treatment groups, treatmentversus control groups) is the result of a real difference in the tested variations and not the result of chance. It means that the result of a test does not appearrandomly or by chance, but because of a specific change that is tested, so it can be attributed to a specific cause. The confidence level indicates to what percentage the test results will not commit a type 1 error, the false positive. A false positive occurs when achange in the result is due to randomness (or other noise) and not the change in variations. At a 95% confidence level (p = 0.05), there is a 5% chance that thetest results are due to a type 1 error. 95% has become the standard and usually be the minimum confidence level for the tests. To make the test more stringent,a 99% confidence level (p = 0.01) is also commonly employed, which means that there is a 1% chance that the test results are due to a type 1 error. In other words, a p value represents the confidence level. For example, if the p-value for a test is < 0.05, it means that there is less than 5% chance thedifference between two groups is due to random error or by chance. If the p-value is < 0.01, it means that there is less than 1% chance the difference betweentwo groups is due to random error or by chance. We employed statistical testing to compare different treatment groups in animal studies simply for proof of concept and to aid internal decisionmaking for further development. We do not intend to use this standard for any regulatory submission. The US FDA or other regulatory agencies may notnecessarily employ the same statistical standard to assess the efficacy in clinical trials, the results of which would be submitted for regulatoryapproval. Although a p-value of 0.05 has become the standard, the US FDA or other regulatory agencies may also individualize their efficacy standard fordifferent clinical programs based on the indications, the purpose of a clinical trial, among others. FDA Application Status As of the date of this annual report, we have not submitted any applications for investigational new drugs (“IND”) to the US Food and DrugAdministration (“FDA”). By 2020 or 2021, we expect to be in a position to submit at least one application for one of our drug candidates to commence trialsin humans (INDs to the FDA or an equivalent application to the regulatory authorities in another jurisdiction such as the China’s National Medical ProductsAdministration (the “NMPA”) or the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”)). However, there can be no assurance we will be able to make any suchapplication by such time. Should we be delayed in making such filing or should such filing not be approved, our business will be adversely affected. Other Projects under Development The following provides additional detail regarding Other Projects under Development. Prior filings we have made with the SEC disclose that wewere developing the drug candidate VLS-3. We have discontinued the development of such candidate because the expected result could not be generated, sowe decided to focus our capital and efforts on our other candidates. VLS-1: Curcumin-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (“Curcumin-MNP”) for MRI (“magnetic resonance imaging”) imaging ofamyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (“AD”) VLS-1 is an MRI contrast agent, which the Company believes may enable superior imaging for identifying amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer’sdisease. VLS-1 differs from other existing contrast agents for amyloid imaging, such as Amyvid (Eli Lilly), Vizamyl (GE Healthcare) and Neuraceq (PiramalHealthcare), in the following respects: 1) utilization of a natural compound, curcumin, with a known high amyloid beta binding affinity and proven safety; 2)a nanoparticle-based system to enhance delivery efficiency to the brain; and 3) the combination of curcumin with iron oxide, known to be an effective MRIcontrast agent. VLS-1 is currently at the Lead Discovery stage. VLS-2: mTOR-independent transcription factor EB activator (“MITA”) as autophagy activator for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases Autophagy is an endogenous cellular mechanism for clearing multiple pathological protein aggregates including tau, the presence of which isbelieved to account for neurodegeneration in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. mTOR is part of a biological pathway that is a central regulator ofmammalian metabolism and physiology. Inhibition of mTOR activity is associated with various side effects, such as immunosuppression. Many othermolecules that activate autophagy also inhibit mTOR activity. VLS-2 is a small drug molecule that appears to activate autophagy without inhibiting mTORfunction. VLS-2 is currently at the Lead Discovery stage. 55Table of Contents VLS-4: Other contrast agents for MRI diagnostics In addition to VLS-1, the Company is actively developing a new class of MRI contrast agents for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Thedesign of these agents takes into consideration the physicochemical properties that need to be optimized for best imaging performance, and the novel agentsare currently undergoing rigorous evaluation. VLS-4 is currently at the Lead Discovery stage. ALS-2: Small molecule for the treatment of bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA ALS-2 is a next generation small molecule targeting bacterial virulence for the treatment of bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureusincluding MRSA. In a recent paper published by the inventor, Professor Richard Kao from The University of Hong Kong (also the Founder and PrincipalInvestigator of Acticule), in PNAS (115(310: 8003, 2018), ALS-2 suppresses the expression of multiple virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureussimultaneously. In a lethal infection mouse model, compared with the vehicle group, ALS-2 protected against Staphylococcus aureus for all the mice in thegroup, with significant differences between the treatment and control groups [P = 0.0057, by log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test]. ALS-2 is currently at the Lead Optimization stage to optimize its drug-like properties. ALS-3: Small molecule acting synergistically with certain existing antibiotics ALS-3 is a novel small molecule that is at present under investigation to combine with certain classes of existing antibiotics to overcome drugresistance. We are exploring ALS-3 for the treatment of bacterial infections including MRSA. ALS-3 is currently at the Lead Optimization stage to optimizeits drug-like properties. NLS-2: An extract from Chinese Yam for relief of menopausal symptoms NLS-2 is an extract isolated from Chinese Yam, Dioscorea opposita Thunb. In development for the treatment of menopausal syndrome, we expectNLS-2 is to be formulated into an oral dosage form or nasal spray for administration. Each therapy cycle is expected to last for 3 months. Menopausalsyndrome refers to the symptoms experienced by women during menopause, such as hot flashes, mood disorders, night sweats, depression, nervous tensionand insomnia that are related to estrogen deficiency. Our research suggests that NLS-2 stimulates estradiol biosynthesis in rat ovarian granulosa cells; inducesestradiol and progesterone secretion in aged rats by upregulating expressions of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor and ovarian aromatase; counteracts theprogression of osteoporosis and augments bone mineral density; and improves cognitive functioning by upregulating protein expressions of brain-derivedneurotrophic factor and TrkB receptors in the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, NLS-2 does not appear to stimulate the proliferation of breast cancer and ovariancancer cells, which suggests that it could be a more efficacious and safer alternative to hormone replacement therapy (Sci Rep. 2015 5:10179). NLS-2 iscurrently at the Lead Discovery stage. We are also evaluating whether the yam extract is suited for production as dietary supplement. NLS-3: Extract from garlic for the treatment of and protection against retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury NLS-3 is based on S-Allyl L-Cysteine (“SAC”), an active organosulfur compound in aged garlic extract which has been reported to possessantioxidative activity. In macrophages and endothelium, it has been shown that SAC possesses potent antioxidative effects involving the scavenging ofsuperoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide. Central/branch retinal artery/vein occlusion, glaucoma and, possibly, age related maculardegeneration (“AMD”) are conditions associated with retinal ischemia. All these diseases may lead to severe complications or after-effects. Furthermore, afterretinal ischemia/reperfusion (“I/R”), large amounts of reactive oxygen species (“ROS”) are produced, which attack nearby cells and cause tissue damage.Therefore, management of retinal ischemia is vital and NLS-3 is being developed for the treatment of and protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury.NLS-3 is currently at the Lead Discovery stage. SPLS-1: A quinoline derivate for liver cancer treatment SPLS-1, a novel quinoline derivative from Ephedra pachyclada, is at present under active investigation for the treatment of liver cancer. It iscurrently at the Lead Discovery stage. 56Table of Contents SLS-1: Robotic Catheter Platform for Intra-operative MRI-guided Cardiac Catheterization SLS-1 is our robotic catheter platform for MRI-guided cardiovascular intervention for the treatment of arrhythmia. The platform consists of amagnetic resonance imaging-guided (“MRI-guided”) robotic electrophysiology (“EP”) catheter system, an MR-based positional tracking unit, and anavigation interface. This platform has the potential to offer a major step toward achievement of several clinical goals: (i) enhancing catheter manipulationand lesion ablation, which we believe will decrease the chance of arrhythmia recurrence; (ii) improving the safety of catheter navigation, thereby decreasingthe rates of undesired or inadvertent tissue damage; and (iii) enhancing catheter control, thus facilitating shorter learning curves for surgeons and bettertreatment in more complex patient cases. Should such goals be demonstrated, patient outcomes should be improved, compensating for the cost of using MRIand reducing the overall expenditure. To date, a product prototype has been developed. Lab-based experiments have been conducted to verify the performance of the robot towards animage-guided pulmonary vein isolation (“PVI”) task. The MR-based tracking unit has also been developed and validated in MRI scanners. The next step is totest the robotic catheterization using a dynamic heart phantom simulated with the pulsatile liquid flow. Preclinical trials can then be conducted with all thecomponents ready. Radiofrequency ablation will be conducted in a live porcine model, prepared with arrhythmia. If all the results are positive, we willapproach the US FDA or other regulatory agencies to apply for conducting clinical trials on the equipment. SLS-1 is currently in Lab-based Phantom Trial and it will follow the regulatory pathway for approval as indicated in the table in Page 43. Aptorum Medical Limited - AML Clinic Incorporated in August 2017, Aptorum Medical Limited is a Hong Kong-based company incorporated in Cayman Islands focused on deliveringpremium healthcare and clinic services. AML can draw on the expertise of many of the region’s most experienced medical practitioners, and is committed toproviding a comprehensive cross-functional facility for healthcare professionals to practice evidence-based medicine and offer high-quality medical servicesto their patients. We also intend that AML will offer to conduct clinical trials of both the Company’s and third parties’ new drug and device products. Effective as of March 2018, we leased office space in Central, Hong Kong, the commercial and financial heart of Hong Kong, as the home to AMLClinic. We operate the AML Clinic under the name of Talem Medical. AML Clinic commenced operation in June 2018. The recently renovated medical center is staffed by our group of medical professionals and offers state-of-the-art facilities. Initially we expect tofocus our expertise on treatment of chronic diseases resulting from modern sedentary lifestyles and an aging population. Competition Our industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant change. While we believe that our development and commercializationexperience, scientific knowledge and industry relationships provide us with competitive advantages, we face competition from pharmaceutical andbiotechnology companies, including specialty pharmaceutical companies, and generic drug companies, academic institutions, government agencies andresearch institutions. There are a number of large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market and sell drugs or are pursuing the development ofdrugs and devices for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases for which we are developing products or technology. Moreover, a number of additional drugsare currently in clinical trials and may become competitors if and when they receive regulatory approval. Many of our competitors have longer operating histories, better name recognition, stronger management capabilities, better supplier relationships, alarger technical staff and sales force and greater financial, technical or marketing resources than we do. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical andbiotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Our commercial opportunitycould be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop or market products or other novel therapies that are more effective, safer or less costly than ourcurrent drug candidates, or any future drug candidates we may develop, or obtain regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtainapproval for our current drug candidates or any such future drug candidates. Our success will be based in part on our ability to identify, develop and managea portfolio of drug and device candidates that are safer and more effective than competing products. 57Table of Contents Inflation Inflation affects us by generally increasing our cost of labor and research and development costs, the way it does to all labor and research costs.However, we do not anticipate that inflation will materially affect our business in the foreseeable future. Seasonality We believe our operation and sales do not experience seasonality. Employees As of the date of this annual report, we have 41 employees, including 39 full-time employees and 2 part-time employees. Of these, 13 are engaged infull-time research and development and laboratory operations, 20 are engaged in general and administrative functions, 6 are full-time employees engaged inthe clinic operation and 2 part-time employees are engaged in sponsored research and development, laboratory operations and legal clerical support. As ofthe date of this annual report, 40 of our employees are located in Hong Kong and 1 of our employees is located in the UK. In addition, we have engaged andmay continue to engage 24 independent contracted consultants and advisors to assist us with our operations. None of our employees are represented by alabor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We have never experienced any employment related work stoppages, and we consider ourrelations with our employees to be good. Intellectual Property The technologies underlying our various research and development projects are the subject of various patents and patent applications claiming, incertain instances, composition of matter and, in other instances, methods of use. Prosecution, maintenance and enforcement of these patents, as well as thoseon any future protectable technologies we may acquire, are and will continue to be an important part of our strategy to develop and commercialize novelmedicines and medical devices, as described in more detail below. Through entering into license agreements with their owners, we have obtained exclusiverights to these patents, applications and related know-how in the U.S. and certain other countries to develop, manufacture and commercialize the productsusing or incorporating the protected inventions that are described in this annual report and that are expected to contribute significant value to our business.The technologies protected by these patents may also for the basis for the development of other products. In addition to licensed intellectual property, our in-house science team has been actively developing our own proprietary intellectual property. Nopatent applications have yet been filed in the Company’s own name for the Lead Projects. We have, however, filed 2 U.S. provisional patent applications fortwo proprietary projects, including the U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/729,998 directed to a metal-based probes for in-vivo non-invasive detection ofamyloid plaques (VLS-4), which was filed on September 11, 2018, allowing us to secure an earlier filing date for the underlying invention; the other U.S.provisional patent application was for VLS-3, which as discussed elsewhere in this annual report, we have discontinued developing and therefore allowed theprovisional application to expire. We have also filed a number of provisional applications to establish earlier filing dates for certain of our other ongoingresearches, the specifics of which are currently proprietary and confidential. The U.S. patent system permits the filing of provisional and non-provisional patent applications (i.e., a regular patent application). A non-provisional patent application is examined by the USPTO, and can mature into a patent once the USPTO determines that the claimed invention meets thestandards for patentability. On the other hand, a provisional patent application is not examined for patentability, and automatically expires 12 months afterits filing date. As a result, a provisional patent application cannot mature into a patent. Provisional applications are often used, among other things, to establish an earlier filing date for a subsequent non-provisional patent application.The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. The effective filing date of a non-provisional patent application is used by the USPTO to determine what information is prior art when it considersthe patentability of a claimed invention. If certain requirements are satisfied, a non-provisional patent application can claim the benefit of the filing date ofan earlier filed provisional patent application. As a result, the filing date accorded by the provisional patent application may supersede information thatotherwise could preclude the patentability of an invention. A provisional patent application is not eligible to become an issued patent unless, among other things, we file a non-provisional patent applicationwithin 12 months of the filing date of the provisional patent application. If we do not timely file a non-provisional patent application claiming priority tosaid provisional application, we may lose our priority date with respect to our provisional patent applications. Further, if any (self or by others) publication ofthe invention is made after such priority date, and if we do not file a non-provisional application claiming priority to said provisional application, ourinvention may become unpatentable. Moreover, we cannot predict whether such future patent applications will result in the issuance of patents that effectively protect any of our productcandidates or will effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive products. 58Table of Contents We do not expect to incur material expenses in the prosecution of the provisional applications or other licensed patent applications. We expect tofund the patent costs from our cash and restricted cash. The value of our drug and device products will depend significantly on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection forthose products, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets and operate without infringing the valid and enforceable patents and proprietary rights ofother parties. As of the date of this report, in addition to the 2 provisional patent applications discussed above, we are the exclusive licensee of 12 U.S. patents and6 pending U.S. non-provisional applications, as well as corresponding patents and patent applications internationally. In addition, we are the exclusivelicensee of 3 international patent applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (the “PCT”) which we have filed and/or plan to file nationally in memberstates of the EPO, PRC and other jurisdictions before the expiration of the time limits for entry of national stage application. The following table sets forth alist related to our Lead Projects of our patent rights under the exclusive licenses as of the date of this annual report: ProjectCompany/ Projectname LicenseAgreement Licensor(s) Licensee Licensed / IP Rights Patent Expiration DatesActicule /ALS-1 Exclusive PatentLicenseAgreement,dated October18, 2017 FirstAmendment toExclusiveLicenseAgreement,dated June 7,2018 VersitechLimited ActiculeLifeSciencesLimited Exclusive licensee: 1 U.S. patent (US9212177), 1 EuropeanPatent (EP2462138B1), 1 PRC patent (CN102596946B), 1German patent (DE60 2010 019 171.0) The licensed IP rights include granted patents in theU.S., Switzerland, Germany, Great Britain and PRC. The U.S. patent will expire in 2031; the European Patentin 2030; the PRC patent in 2030 and the German patentin 2030. Acticule /ALS-4 Exclusive PatentLicenseAgreement,dated October18, 2017 FirstAmendment toExclusiveLicenseAgreement,dated June 7,2018 Exclusive PatentLicenseAgreementdated January11, 2019 VersitechLimited ActiculeLifeSciencesLimited Exclusive licensee: 2 pending U.S. applications (16/041,836and US 16/041,838), and 2 pending PCT applications(PCT/IB2018/055458, PCT/IB2018/055459)2 The licensed IP rights include pending patentapplications in the U.S. and under the PCT. Any patent based on the application, if granted, willhave a 20-year patent term from 2018. Nativus /NLS-1 1) ExclusiveLicenseAgreement,dated July 3,2017 2) Addendumto LicenseAgreement,dated February9, 2018 1) PolyUTechnologyandConsultancyCompanyLimited 2) McGillUniversity 3) WayneStateUniversity 4) H. LeeMoffitt CancerCenter andResearchInstitute Inc. 5) TheChineseUniversity ofHong Kong AptorumTherapeuticsLimited Exclusive licensee: 6 U.S. patents (US9713603, US7544816,US8193377, US8710248, US9169230, US10188629), 1European Patent (EP1778663), 1 PRC patent(CN101072764B), 1 Indian patent (IN263365) and 1 Japanesepatent (JP5265915), as well as 1 pending U.S. application(US16/259,620), 1 pending PRC application(CN104703596A), and 1 pending Hong Kong application(HK15111955.3) The licensed IP rights include granted patents in theU.S., Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, Spain, PRC,India and Japan, as well as pending patent applicationsin the U.S., PRC and Hong Kong. We cannot predictwhether such future patent applications will result in theissuance of patents that effectively protect the candidate. The U.S., European and PRC patents covering thecompound will expire in 2025; the indication U.S.patent will not expire until 2033. 2 We intend to file national stage applications in at least PRC and before the EPO prior to the 30-month entry deadline of the PCT application falling onJanuary 2021. 59Table of Contents Because of the extensive time required for clinical development and regulatory review of a drug we may develop, it is possible that, before any ofour drug and device candidates can be commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization,thereby reducing any advantage of any such patent. If appropriate, the Company may seek to extend the period during which it has exclusive rights to aproduct by pursuing patent term extensions and marketing exclusivity periods that are available from the regulatory authorities of certain countries(including the United States) and the EPO. Even though the Company has certain patent rights, the ability to obtain and maintain protection of biotechnology and pharmaceutical productsand processes such as those we intend to develop and commercialize involves complex legal and factual questions. No consistent policy regarding thebreadth of claims allowed in such patents has emerged to date in the U.S. The scope of patent protection outside the United States is even more uncertain.Changes in the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries have diminished (and may further diminish) our abilityto protect our inventions and enforce our IP rights and, more generally, could affect the value of IP. While we have already secured rights to a number of issued patents directed to our drug candidates, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that mayissue from the pending patent applications and provisional patents that we have licensed or that we have filed. Substantial scientific and commercial researchhas been conducted for many years in the areas in which we have focused our development efforts, which has resulted in other parties having a number ofissued patents, provisional patents and pending patent applications relating to such areas. The patent examiner in any particular jurisdiction may take theview that prior issued patents and prior publications render our patent claims “obvious” and therefore unpatentable or require us to reduce the scope of theclaims for which we are seeking patent protection. In addition, patent applications in the United States and elsewhere generally are not available to the public until at least 18 months from the prioritydate, and the publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature frequently occurs substantially later than the date on which the underlyingdiscoveries were made. Therefore, patent applications relating to drugs and devices similar to our drug and device candidates may have already been filed,which (if they result in issued patents) could restrict or prohibit our ability to commercialize our drug and device candidates. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other IP rights. Our ability toprevent competition for our drug and device candidates and technologies will depend on our success in obtaining patents containing substantial andenforceable claims for those candidates and enforcing those claims once granted. With respect to any applications which have not yet resulted in issuedpatents, there can be no assurance that meaningful claims will be obtained. Even issued patents may be challenged or invalidated. If others have prepared andfiled patent applications in the United States that also claim technology to which we have filed patent applications or otherwise wish to challenge ourpatents, we may have to participate in interferences, post-grant reviews, inter parties reviews, derivation or other proceedings in the USPTO and other patentoffices to determine issues such as priority of claimed invention or validity of such patent applications as well as our own patent applications and issuedpatents. Patents may also be circumvented, and our competitors may be able to independently develop and commercialize similar drugs or mimic ourtechnology, business model or strategy without infringing our patents. The rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with proprietaryprotection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar technology. We may rely, in some limited circumstances, on unpatented trade secrets and know-how to protect aspects of our technology. However, it ischallenging to monitor and prevent the disclosure of trade secrets. We seek to protect our proprietary trade secrets and know-how, in part, by entering intoconfidentiality agreements with consultants, scientific advisors and contractors and invention assignment agreements with our employees. We also seek topreserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic securityof our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may bebreached, giving our competitors knowledge of our trade secrets and know-how, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach, in which caseour business could be adversely affected. Our trade secrets will not prevent our competitors from independently discovering or developing the same know-how. Although our agreements with our consultants, contractors or collaborators require them to provide us only original work product and prohibit themfrom incorporating or using IP owned by others in their work for us, if they breach these obligations, disputes may arise as to the rights in any know-how orinventions that arise from their work. Our commercial success will also depend in part on not infringing the proprietary rights of other parties. Although we seek to review the patentlandscape relevant to our technologies on an ongoing basis, we may become aware of a new patent which has been issued to others with claims covering orrelated to aspects of one of our drug or device candidate. The issuance of such a patent could require us to alter our development plans for that candidate,redesign the candidate, obtain a license from the patent holder or cease development. Our inability to obtain a license to proprietary rights that we mayrequire to develop or commercialize any of our drug and device candidates would have a material adverse impact on us. Trademarks As of the date of this annual report, we have a total of 21 trademark registrations covering the trade names and logos of Aptorum and oursubsidiaries, including but not limited to “APTORUM THERAPEUTICS,” “VIDENS LIFE SCIENCES,” “ACTICULE LIFE SCIENCES,” “TALEM,” “Talemin Chinese characters,” in jurisdictions Hong Kong, EU and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, we are in the process of applying for registration of trademarksin jurisdictions including the U.S. and PRC. We also own certain unregistered trademark rights or have submitted applications for trademarks for our and our subsidiaries’ trade names and logos. 60Table of Contents All other trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies appearing in this annual report are the property of their respective holders.Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in annual report are referred to without the ® and ™ symbols, but such references should not beconstrued as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend our useor display of other companies’ trademarks and trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. Legal Proceedings From time to time, we are subject to legal proceedings, investigations and claims incidental to the conduct of our business. We are not currently aparty to any legal proceeding or investigation which, in the opinion of our management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financialcondition or results of operations. Regulations Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local level and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, theresearch and clinical development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising,distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing, pricing, export and import of drug and device products (“Regulated Products”), such asthose we are developing. Generally, before a new Regulated Product can be marketed, considerable data demonstrating its quality, safety and efficacy mustbe obtained, organized to address the requirements of and in the format specific to each regulatory authority, submitted for review and approved by theregulatory authority. This process is very lengthy and expensive, and success is uncertain. Regulated Products are also subject to other federal, state and local statutes and regulations in the United States and other countries, as applicable.The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulationsrequire the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable regulatory requirements at any time during theproduct development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions couldinclude, among other actions, the regulatory authority’s refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, clinical holds, untitled orwarning letters, voluntary product recalls or withdrawals from the market, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution,injunctions, disbarment, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement, or civil or criminal penalties. Any such administrative or judicialenforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us. As the Company’s principal place of business is in Hong Kong, and because AML Clinic is located there, the Company is subject to various HongKong laws and regulation covering its business activities there, described in further detail below. Also, the Company anticipates that, if it obtains marketingapproval for any of its drug and device candidates, it intends to focus its marketing and sales efforts primarily in three regions: the United States, Europe andPRC. The regulatory framework for each of these regions is described below. U.S. Drug Development Process The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and maintaining compliance with appropriate federal, state and local statutes and regulations requiresthe expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the productdevelopment process, approval process, or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions or lead to voluntary productrecalls. Administrative or judicial sanctions could include the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold,untitled or warning letters, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts,restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties. The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generallyinvolves the following: ●completion of non-clinical laboratory tests, preclinical studies according to cGLP and manufacturing of clinical supplies according to cGMP; ●submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin; ●approval by an independent IRB, at each clinical site before each trial may be initiated; ●performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials according to cGCP, to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposedproduct for its intended use; ●preparation and submission to the FDA of an NDA, for a drug; 61Table of Contents ●satisfactory completion of an FDA advisory committee review, if applicable; ●satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the product, or components thereof, areproduced to assess compliance with cGMP; and ●payment of user fees and the FDA review and approval of the NDA. Devices are subject to different forms of testing and approval, but (except for certain laboratory-developed diagnostic tests) still require satisfactionof various FDA requirements in order to be brought to market. As of the date of this annual report, the device candidate currently under development is SLS-1. We do not currently have a commercialization timeline for SLS-1 and cannot assure you that SLS-1 will ever be ready for commercialization. The testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources and we cannot be certain that any approvals for our drugcandidates, or any future drug candidates we may develop, will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Once a drug candidate is identified for development, it enters the non-clinical testing stage. Non-clinical tests include laboratory evaluations ofproduct chemistry, toxicity, formulation and stability, as well as preclinical studies. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the non-clinical tests, togetherwith manufacturing information, analytical data and any available clinical data or literature, to the FDA as part of the IND prior to commencing any testing inhumans. An IND sponsor must also include a protocol detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selectionand exclusion criteria, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated if the initial clinical trial lends itself to anefficacy evaluation. Some non-clinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receiptby the FDA, unless the FDA raises concerns or questions related to a proposed clinical trial and places the trial on a clinical hold within that 30-day timeperiod. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. Clinical holds also may beimposed by the FDA at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns or non-compliance, and may be imposed on all products within acertain class of products. The FDA also can impose partial clinical holds, for example, prohibiting the initiation of clinical trials for certain duration or forcertain doses. All clinical trials must be conducted under the supervision of one or more qualified investigators in accordance with cGCP regulations. Theseregulations include the requirement that all research subjects provide informed consent in writing before their participation in any clinical trial. Further, anIRB representing each institution participating in a clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at thatinstitution, and the IRB must conduct continuing review and reapprove the study at least annually. An IRB is responsible for protecting the rights of clinicaltrial subjects and considers, among other things, whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trial are minimized and are reasonable inrelation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the information regarding the clinical trial and the consent form that must be provided to each clinicaltrial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. Each new clinical protocol and any amendments to theprotocol must be submitted to the FDA for review, and to the IRBs for approval. Protocol detail, among other things, includes the objectives of the clinicaltrial, testing procedures, sublease selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety. Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined: ●Phase 1. Phase 1 includes the initial introduction of an investigational new drug into humans. These studies are closely monitored and may beconducted in patients, but are usually conducted in healthy volunteer subjects. These studies are designed to determine the metabolic andpharmacologic actions of the drug in humans, the side effects associated with increasing doses, and, if possible, to gain early evidence oneffectiveness. During Phase 1, sufficient information about the drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects should be obtained topermit the design of well-controlled, scientifically valid, Phase 2 studies. Phase 1 studies also evaluate drug metabolism, structure-activityrelationships, and the mechanism of action in humans. These studies also determine which investigational drugs are used as research tools toexplore biological phenomena or disease processes. The total number of subjects included in Phase 1 studies varies with the drug, but isgenerally in the range of twenty to eighty. 62Table of Contents ●Phase 2. Phase 2 includes the early controlled clinical studies conducted to obtain some preliminary data on the effectiveness of the drug for aparticular indication or indications in patients with the disease or condition. This phase of testing also helps determine the common short-termside effects and risks associated with the drug. Phase 2 studies are typically well-controlled, closely monitored, and conducted in a relativelysmall number of patients, usually involving several hundred people. ●Phase 3. Phase 3 studies are expanded controlled and uncontrolled trials. They are performed after preliminary evidence suggestingeffectiveness of the drug has been obtained in Phase 2, and are intended to gather the additional information about effectiveness and safety thatis needed to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug. Phase 3 studies are designed to provide an adequate basis forextrapolating the results to the general population and transmitting that information in the physician labeling. Phase 3 studies usually includeseveral hundred to several thousand people. Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and safety reports must be submitted to theFDA and clinical investigators within 15 calendar days for serious and unexpected suspected adverse events, any clinically important increase in the rate of aserious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator’s brochure, or any findings from other studies or animal or in vitro testingthat suggest a significant risk in humans exposed to the drug candidate. Additionally, a sponsor must notify the FDA of any unexpected fatal or life-threatening suspected adverse reaction no later than 7 calendar days after the sponsor’s receipt of the information. There is no assurance that Phase 1, Phase 2and Phase 3 testing can be completed successfully within any specified period, or at all. The FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial atany time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRBcan suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or ifthe product has been associated with unexpected serious harm to subjects. Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional preclinical studies and must also develop additional information about thechemistry and physical characteristics of the product and finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMPrequirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product drug and, among other things, themanufacturer must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must beselected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product drug does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelflife. The results of product development, non-clinical studies and clinical trials, together with other detailed information regarding the manufacturingprocess, analytical tests conducted on the product, proposed labeling and other relevant information, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA requestingapproval to market the new drug. The FDA reviews all NDAs submitted within 60 days of submission to ensure that they are sufficiently complete forsubstantive review before it accepts them for filing. If the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. The approval process is lengthy and difficult and the FDA may refuse to approve an NDA if the applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied or mayrequire additional clinical data or other data and information. Even if such data and information are submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDAdoes not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive, and the FDA may interpret data differently than weinterpret the same data. The FDA will issue a complete response letter if the agency decides not to approve the NDA in its present form. The completeresponse letter usually describes all of the specific deficiencies that the FDA identified in the NDA that must be satisfactorily addressed before it can beapproved. The deficiencies identified may be minor, for example, requiring labeling changes, or major, for example, requiring additional clinical trials.Additionally, the complete response letter may include recommended actions that the applicant might take to place the application in a condition forapproval. If a complete response letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the NDA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, orwithdraw the application or request an opportunity for a hearing. If after such review a product receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific diseases and dosages or theindications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. Further, the FDA may require that certaincontraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling. Any products for which we receive the FDA approval would be subject tocontinuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the product, providingthe FDA with updated safety and efficacy information, product sampling and distribution requirements, complying with certain electronic records andsignature requirements and complying with the FDA promotion and advertising requirements. In addition, the FDA may require post-approval studies,including Phase 4 clinical trials, to further assess a product’s safety and effectiveness after NDA approval and may require testing and surveillance programsto monitor the safety of approved products that have been commercialized. The FDA also may conclude that an NDA may only be approved with a RiskEvaluation and Mitigation Strategy designed to mitigate risks through, for example, a medication guide, physician communication plan, or other elements toassure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. 63Table of Contents Post-Approval Requirements Any products for which we receive the FDA approval are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the product, providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information, product samplingand distribution requirements, complying with certain electronic records and signature requirements and complying with the FDA promotion and advertisingrequirements. The FDA strictly regulates labeling, advertising, promotion and other types of information on products that are placed on the market. Productsmay be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. Further, manufacturers must continue tocomply with cGMP requirements, which are extensive and require considerable time, resources and ongoing investment to ensure compliance. In addition,changes to the manufacturing process generally require prior the FDA approval before being implemented and other types of changes to the approvedproduct, such as adding new indications and additional labeling claims, are also subject to further the FDA review and approval. The FDA may withdraw a product approval if compliance with regulatory requirements is not maintained or if problems occur after the productreaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product may result in restrictions on the product’s marketing or even completewithdrawal of the product from the market. Further, the failure to maintain compliance with regulatory requirements may result in administrative or judicialactions, such as fines, untitled or warning letters, holds on clinical trials, product seizures, product detention or refusal to permit the import or export ofproducts, refusal to approve pending applications or supplements, restrictions on marketing or manufacturing, injunctions or consent decrees, or civil orcriminal penalties, or may lead to voluntary product recalls. Patent Term Restoration and Marketing Exclusivity Because drug approval can take an extended period of time, there may be limited remaining life for the patents covering the approved drug, meaningthat the company has limited time to use the patents to protect the sponsor’s exclusive rights to make, use and sell that drug. In such a case, U.S. patents maybe eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Act. The Hatch-Waxman Act permits a patent restoration term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product developmentand the FDA regulatory review process. However, patent term restoration cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from theproduct’s approval date. In addition, the FDCA provides a five-year period of non-patent marketing exclusivity within the United States to the first applicant to gainapproval of an NDA for a new chemical entity. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing thesame active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the action of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept forreview an abbreviated new drug application (“ANDA”) or a 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company for another version of such drug where theapplicant does not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. In the future, if appropriate, we intend to apply for restorations of patent term and/or marketing exclusivity for some of our products; however, therecan be no assurance that any such extension or exclusivity will be granted to us. Disclosure of Clinical Trial Information Sponsors of clinical trials of the FDA-regulated products, including drugs are required to register and disclose certain clinical trial information,which is publicly available at www.clinicaltrials.gov. Information related to the product, patient population, phase of investigation, study sites andinvestigators, and other aspects of the clinical trial is then made public as part of the registration. Sponsors are also obligated to disclose the results of theirclinical trials after completion. Disclosure of the results of these trials can be delayed until the new product or new indication being studied has beenapproved. Competitors may use this publicly available information to gain knowledge regarding the progress of development programs. 64Table of Contents Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement Much of the revenue generated by new Regulated Products depends on the willingness of third-party payors to reimburse the price of the product.Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any products for which we may obtain regulatory approval. In the United States,sales of any products for which we may receive regulatory approval for commercial sale will depend in part on the availability of coverage andreimbursement from third-party payors. Third-party payors include government authorities, managed care providers, private health insurers and otherorganizations. The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting thereimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, or formulary,which is not required to include all of the FDA-approved products for a particular indication. Moreover, a payor’s decision to provide coverage for a productdoes not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Adequate third-party reimbursement may not be available to enable us to maintainprice levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our investment in product development. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price and examining the medical necessity and cost- effectiveness of medical products andservices, in addition to their safety and efficacy. To obtain coverage and reimbursement for any product that might be approved for sale, we may need toconduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of any products, in addition to the costsrequired to obtain regulatory approvals. Our product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost-effective. If third-party payors do notconsider a product to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover the product after approval as a benefit under their plans or,if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow a company to sell its products at a profit. The U.S. government and state legislatures have shown significant interest in implementing cost containment programs to limit the growth ofgovernment-paid health care costs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products for brandedprescription drugs. Adoption of government controls and measures, and tightening of restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures,could limit payments for pharmaceuticals. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorablecoverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future. Unfavorable coverage or reimbursement policies regarding any of theCompany’s products would have a material adverse impact on the value of that product. Other Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements If we obtain regulatory approval of our products, we may be subject to various federal and state laws targeting fraud and abuse in the healthcareindustry. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing and education programs. In addition, we may be subject to patientprivacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. Patient Protection and the Affordable Care Act The Affordable Care Act, enacted in March 2010, includes measures that have or will significantly change the way health care is financed in theUnited States by both governmental and private insurers. Among the provisions of the Affordable Care Act of greatest importance to the pharmaceuticalindustry are the following: ●The Medicaid Drug Rebate Program requires pharmaceutical manufacturers to enter into and have in effect a national rebate agreement with theSecretary of the Department of Health and Human Services as a condition for states to receive federal matching funds for the manufacturer’soutpatient drugs furnished to Medicaid patients. The Affordable Care Act increased pharmaceutical manufacturers’ rebate liability on mostbranded prescription drugs from 15.1% of the average manufacturer price to 23.1% of the average manufacturer price, added a new rebatecalculation for line extensions of solid oral dosage forms of branded products, and modified the statutory definition of average manufacturerprice. The Affordable Care Act also expanded the universe of Medicaid utilization subject to drug rebates by requiring pharmaceuticalmanufacturers to pay rebates on Medicaid managed care utilization and expanding the population potentially eligible for Medicaid drugbenefits. ●In order for a pharmaceutical product to receive federal reimbursement under the Medicare Part B and Medicaid programs or to be sold directlyto U.S. government agencies, the manufacturer must extend discounts to entities eligible to participate in the 340B drug pricing program. TheAffordable Care Act expanded the types of entities eligible to receive discounted 340B pricing. ●The Affordable Care Act imposed a requirement on manufacturers of branded drugs to provide a 50% discount off the negotiated price ofbranded drugs dispensed to Medicare Part D patients in the coverage gap (i.e., the “donut hole”). 65Table of Contents ●The Affordable Care Act imposed an annual, non-deductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs,apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs, although this fee does not apply tosales of certain products approved exclusively for orphan indications. In addition to these provisions, the Affordable Care Act established a number of bodies whose work may have a future impact on the market forcertain pharmaceutical products. These include the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, established to oversee, identify priorities in, and conductcomparative clinical effectiveness research, the Independent Payment Advisory Board, which has authority to recommend certain changes to the Medicareprogram to reduce expenditures by the program, and the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation within the Centers for Medicare and MedicaidServices, to test innovative payment and service delivery models to lower Medicare and Medicaid spending. These and other laws may result in additional reductions in healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on customers for ourproduct candidates, if we gain approval for any of them. Although we cannot predict the full effect on our business of the implementation of existinglegislation or the enactment of additional legislation pursuant to healthcare and other legislative reform, we believe that legislation or regulations that wouldreduce reimbursement for, or restrict coverage of, our products could adversely affect how much or under what circumstances healthcare providers will use ourproduct candidates if we gain approval for any of them. U.S. Medical Device Regulatory Approval Process Medical Devices are subject to different forms of testing and approval, and require satisfaction of various FDA requirements including the Food,Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) in order to be brought to market. The two primary types of FDA marketing authorization applicable to a medical device are premarket notification, also called 510(k) clearance, andpremarket approval. The type of marketing authorization is generally linked to the classification of the device. The FDA classifies medical devices into oneof three classes — Class I, Class II or Class III — based on the degree of risk the FDA determines to be associated with a device and the level of regulatorycontrol deemed necessary to ensure the device’s safety and effectiveness. Devices requiring fewer controls because they are deemed to pose lower risk areplaced in Class I or II. Class I devices are deemed to pose the least risk and are subject only to general controls applicable to all devices, such as requirementsfor device labeling, premarket notification, and adherence to the FDA’s Good Manufacturing Practices. Class II devices are intermediate risk devices that aresubject to general controls and may also be subject to special controls such as performance standards, product-specific guidance documents, special labelingrequirements, patient registries, or post-market surveillance. Class III devices are those for which insufficient information exists to assure safety andeffectiveness solely through general controls or if the device is a life-sustaining, life-supporting or a device of substantial importance in preventingimpairment of human health, or which presents a potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury and special controls are not adequate to assure safety andeffectiveness. Most Class I devices and some Class II devices are exempted by regulation from the 510(k) clearance requirement and can be marketed without priorauthorization from the FDA. Most Class II devices (and certain Class I devices that are not exempt) are eligible for marketing through the 510(k) clearancepathway. By contrast, devices placed in Class III generally require premarket approval or 510(k) de novo clearance prior to commercial marketing. Thepremarket approval process is more stringent, time-consuming, and expensive than the 510(k) clearance process. However, the 510(k) clearance process hasalso become increasingly stringent and expensive. 510(k) Clearance Pathway. When a 510(k) clearance is required, a premarket notification must be submitted to the FDA demonstrating that aproposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a previously cleared and legally marketed 510(k) device or a device that was in commercial distributionbefore May 28, 1976 for which the FDA has not yet called for the submission of a premarket approval application, which is commonly known as the“predicate device.” A device is substantially equivalent if, with respect to the predicate device, it has the same intended use and has either (i) the sametechnological characteristics or (ii) different technological characteristics and the information submitted demonstrates that the device is as safe and effectiveas a legally marked device and does not raise different questions of safety or effectiveness. By law, the FDA is required to clear or deny a 510(k) premarketnotification within 90 days of submission of the application. As a practical matter, clearance often takes significantly longer. The FDA may require furtherinformation, including clinical data, to make a determination regarding substantial equivalence. If the FDA determines that the device, or its intended use, isnot substantially equivalent to a previously-cleared device or use, the FDA will issue a not substantially equivalent decision. This means the device cannotbe cleared through the 510k process and will require marketing authorization through the premarket approval pathway. 66Table of Contents Premarket Approval Pathway. A premarket approval application must be submitted to the FDA if the device cannot be cleared through the 510(k)process. The premarket approval application process is much more demanding than the 510(k) premarket notification process and requires the payment ofsignificant user fees. A premarket approval application must be supported by valid scientific evidence, which typically requires extensive data, including butnot limited to technical, preclinical, clinical trials, manufacturing and labeling to demonstrate to the FDA’s satisfaction reasonable evidence of safety andeffectiveness of the device. The FDA has 45 days from its receipt of a premarket approval application to determine whether the application will be acceptedfor filing based on the FDA’s threshold determination that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. After the FDA determines that theapplication is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review, the FDA will accept the application and begin its in-depth review. The FDA has 180 daysto review an “accepted” premarket approval application, although this process typically takes significantly longer and may require several years to complete.During this review period, the FDA may request additional information or clarification of the information already provided. Also, an advisory panel ofexperts from outside the FDA may be convened to review and evaluate the application and provide recommendations to the FDA as to the approvability ofthe device. In addition, the FDA will conduct a preapproval inspection of the manufacturing facility to ensure compliance with quality system regulations.The FDA may delay, limit or deny approval of a premarket approval application for many reasons, including: ●failure of the applicant to demonstrate that there is reasonable assurance that the medical device is safe or effective under the conditions of useprescribed, recommended or suggested in the proposed labeling; ●insufficient data from the preclinical studies and clinical trials; ●the manufacturing processes, methods, controls or facilities used for the manufacture, processing, packing or installation of the device do notmeet applicable requirements. If the FDA evaluations of both the premarket approval application and the manufacturing facilities are favorable,the FDA will either issue an approval order or an approvable letter, which usually contains a number of conditions that must be met in order tosecure final approval of the premarket approval application. If the FDA’s evaluation of the premarket approval application or manufacturingfacilities is not favorable, the FDA will deny approval of the premarket approval application or issue a not approvable letter. A not approvableletter will outline the deficiencies in the application and, where practical, will identify what is necessary to make the premarket approvalapplication. The FDA may also determine that additional clinical trials are necessary, in which case the premarket approval application may bedelayed for several months or years while the trials are conducted and then the data submitted in an amendment to the premarket approvalapplication. Once granted, a premarket approval application may be withdrawn by the FDA if compliance with post approval requirements,conditions of approval or other regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing. Clinical Trials. Clinical trials are almost always required to support premarket approval and are sometimes required for 510(k) clearance. In theUnited States, these trials generally require submission of an application for an Investigational Device Exemption, or IDE, to the FDA. The IDE applicationmust be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory testing results, showing it is safe to test the device in humans and that the testingprotocol is scientifically sound. The FDA must approve the IDE in advance of trials for a specific number of patients unless the product is deemed a non-significant risk device eligible for more abbreviated IDE requirements or the clinical investigation is exempt from the IDE regulations. Clinical trials forsignificant risk devices may not begin until the IDE application is approved by the FDA and the appropriate institutional review boards, or IRBs, at theclinical trial sites. The applicant, the FDA or the IRB at each site at which a clinical trial is being performed may suspend a clinical trial at any time forvarious reasons, including a belief that the risks to study subjects outweigh the benefits. Even if a trial is completed, the results of clinical testing may notdemonstrate the safety and efficacy of the device, may be equivocal or may otherwise not be sufficient to obtain approval or clearance of the product. Both the 510(k) and premarket approval processes can be expensive and lengthy and require the payment of significant fees, unless an exemptionapplies. The FDA’s 510(k) clearance process usually takes from approximately three to 12 months, but may take longer. The process of obtaining a premarketapproval is much more costly and uncertain than the 510(k) clearance process and generally takes from approximately one to five years, or longer, from thetime the application is submitted to the FDA until an approval is obtained. The process of obtaining regulatory clearances or approvals to market a medicaldevice can be costly and time consuming, and the applicant may not be able to obtain these clearances or approvals on a timely basis, if at all. 67Table of Contents As of the date of this annual report, our sole device candidate currently under development is SLS-1, which is a cardiovascular robotic surgicalcatheter conventionally classified as a cardiovascular steerable catheter. We do not currently have a commercialization timeline for SLS-1 and cannot assureyou that SLS-1 will ever be ready for commercialization. If we are ready to seek regulatory approval for the SLS-1 device in the U.S., we expect that the FDAwill classify it as a Class II non-exempted device requiring premarket clearance under Section 510(k) of the FDCA. If our device cannot clear through the510(k) process, we will need to obtain marketing authorization through the premarket approval pathway, which will be more costly, lengthy and uncertain. European Union Regulation Regulation in the European Union The process governing approval of medicinal products in the EU generally follows the same lines as in the United States. It entails satisfactorycompletion of pharmaceutical development, non-clinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of themedicinal product for each proposed indication. It also requires the submission to relevant competent authorities for clinical trials authorization and to theEuropean Medicines Authority, or EMA, for a marketing authorization application, or MAA, and granting of a marketing authorization by these authoritiesbefore the product can be marketed and sold in the EU. Clinical Trial Approval Pursuant to the currently applicable Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC and the Directive 2005/28/EC on cGCP, a system for the approval ofclinical trials in the EU (the equivalent of the IND process in the United States) has been implemented through national legislation of the EU member states.Under this system, an applicant must obtain approval from the competent national authority of an EU member state in which the clinical trial is to beconducted or in multiple EU member states if the clinical trial is to be conducted in a number of EU member states. Furthermore, the applicant may only starta clinical trial at a specific study site after the independent ethics committee has issued a favorable opinion. The clinical trial application, or CTA, must beaccompanied by an investigational medicinal product dossier with supporting information prescribed by Directive 2001/20/EC and Directive 2005/28/ECand corresponding national laws of the EU member states and further detailed in applicable guidance documents. In April 2014, the EU adopted a new Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014, which is set to replace the current Clinical Trials Directive2001/20/EC. It is expected that the new Clinical Trials Regulation will apply in 2019. It will overhaul the current system of approvals for clinical trials in theEU. Specifically, the new regulation, which will be directly applicable in all EU member states, aims at simplifying and streamlining the approval of clinicaltrials in the EU. For instance, the new Clinical Trials Regulation provides for a streamlined application procedure using a single entry point and strictlydefined deadlines for the assessment of clinical trial applications. Marketing Authorization To obtain a marketing authorization for a product under the EU regulatory system (the equivalent of the NDA process in the United States), anapplicant must submit an MAA, either under a centralized procedure administered by the EMA or one of the procedures administered by competentauthorities in EU member states (decentralized procedure, national procedure, or mutual recognition procedure). A marketing authorization may be grantedonly to an applicant established in the EU. Regulation (EC) No. 1901/2006 provides that prior to obtaining a marketing authorization in the EU, an applicantmust demonstrate compliance with all measures included in an EMA-approved Pediatric Investigation Plan, or PIP, covering all subsets of the pediatricpopulation, unless the EMA has granted a product-specific waiver, class waiver, or a deferral for one or more of the measures included in the PIP. The centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization by the European Commission that is valid for all EU memberstates. Pursuant to Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004, the centralized procedure is compulsory for specific products, including for medicines produced by certainbiotechnological processes, products designated as orphan medicinal products, advanced therapy products and products with a new active substanceindicated for the treatment of certain diseases, including products for the treatment of cancer. For products with a new active substance indicated for thetreatment of other diseases and products that are highly innovative or for which a centralized process is in the interest of patients, the centralized proceduremay be optional. 68Table of Contents Under the centralized procedure, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or the CHMP, established by the EMA is responsible forconducting the assessment of a product to define its risk/benefit profile. Under the centralized procedure, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of anMAA is 210 days, excluding clock stops when additional information or written or oral explanation is to be provided by the applicant in response toquestions of the CHMP. Accelerated evaluation may be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, when a medicinal product is of major interest from thepoint of view of public health and, in particular, from the viewpoint of therapeutic innovation. If the CHMP accepts such a request, the time limit of 210 days will be reduced to 150 days, but it is possible that the CHMP may revert to thestandard time limit for the centralized procedure if it determines that it is no longer appropriate to conduct an accelerated assessment. Periods of Authorization and Renewals A marketing authorization is valid for five years, in principle, and it may be renewed after five years on the basis of a reevaluation of the risk benefitbalance by the EMA or by the competent authority of the authorizing Member State. To that end, the marketing authorization holder must provide the EMAor the competent authority with a consolidated version of the file in respect of quality, safety and efficacy, including all variations introduced since themarketing authorization was granted, at least six months before the marketing authorization ceases to be valid. Once renewed, the marketing authorization isvalid for an unlimited period, unless the European Commission or the competent authority decides, on justified grounds relating to pharmacovigilance, toproceed with one additional five-year renewal period. Any authorization that is not followed by the placement of the drug on the EU market (in the case ofthe centralized procedure) or on the market of the authorizing Member State within three years after authorization ceases to be valid. Regulatory Requirements after Marketing Authorization Following approval, the holder of the marketing authorization is required to comply with a range of requirements applicable to the manufacturing,marketing, promotion and sale of the medicinal product. These include compliance with the EU’s stringent pharmacovigilance or safety reporting rules,pursuant to which post-authorization studies and additional monitoring obligations can be imposed. In addition, the manufacturing of authorized products,for which a separate manufacturer’s license is mandatory, must also be conducted in strict compliance with the EMA’s cGMP requirements and comparablerequirements of other regulatory bodies in the EU, which mandate the methods, facilities and controls used in manufacturing, processing and packing ofdrugs to assure their safety and identity. Finally, the marketing and promotion of authorized products, including industry-sponsored continuing medicaleducation and advertising directed toward the prescribers of drugs and/or the general public, are strictly regulated in the EU under Directive 2001/83EC, asamended. Orphan Drug Designation and Exclusivity Regulation (EC) No. 141/2000 and Regulation (EC) No. 847/2000 provide that a product can be designated as an orphan drug by the EuropeanCommission if its sponsor can establish: that the product is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of (1) a life-threatening or chronicallydebilitating condition affecting not more than five in ten thousand persons in the EU when the application is made, or (2) a life-threatening, seriouslydebilitating or serious and chronic condition in the EU and that without incentives it is unlikely that the marketing of the drug in the EU would generatesufficient return to justify the necessary investment. For either of these conditions, the applicant must demonstrate that there exists no satisfactory method ofdiagnosis, prevention, or treatment of the condition in question that has been authorized in the EU or, if such method exists, the drug has to be of significantbenefit compared to products available for the condition. An orphan drug designation provides a number of benefits, including fee reductions, regulatory assistance and the possibility to apply for acentralized EU marketing authorization. Marketing authorization for an orphan drug leads to a ten-year period of market exclusivity. During this marketexclusivity period, neither the EMA nor the European Commission or the EU member states can accept an application or grant a marketing authorization fora “similar medicinal product.” A “similar medicinal product” is defined as a medicinal product containing a similar active substance or substances ascontained in an authorized orphan medicinal product, and which is intended for the same therapeutic indication. The market exclusivity period for theauthorized therapeutic indication may, however, be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is established that the product no longer meets thecriteria for orphan drug designation because, for example, the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify market exclusivity. 69Table of Contents As in the United States, there is a separate regulatory framework for approval of medical devices. If the Company determines to commercialize SLS-1or another medical device, it will become subject to all of the requirements for approval required by those regulations. PRC Regulation In order to protect our potential market in the PRC, we have obtained an exclusive license of certain PRC patents directed to certain of the drugcandidates that we are developing and are currently seeking approval of additional patent and other IP filings in the PRC. We do not otherwise conductbusiness in the PRC. Seeking IP approval in the PRC subjects us to some of the rules and practices of the PRC government. Since the Company intendseventually to market its products in the PRC, at least some of our drug candidates may become subject to regulatory approval and marketing authorization inthe PRC. Hong Kong Regulation The operations of AML Clinic in Hong Kong are subject to certain general laws and regulations in relation to clinic medical professionals, tradedescription and safety of consumer goods, medical advertisement and importation, exportation, dealing in and sale of pharmaceutical products and drugs. Medical Clinics Ordinance The Medical Clinics Ordinance provides for the registration, control and inspection of medical clinics. It requires a medical clinic to be registered,with name and address and other prescribed particulars. “Medical clinic” means any premises used or intended to be used for the medical diagnosis ortreatment of persons suffering from, or believed to be suffering from, any disease, injury or disability of mind or body, with specific exceptions, includingprivate consulting rooms used exclusively by registered medical practitioners in the course of their practice on their own account and not bearing any title ordescription which includes the word “clinic” or “polyclinic” in the English language. The application of registration may be refused if: (i)the income derived or to be derived from the establishment or operation of the clinic is not, or will not be, applied solely towards the promotionof the objects of the clinic; or (ii)any portion of such income, except payment of remuneration to employed registered medical practitioners, nurses and menial servants, will bepaid by way of dividend, bonus or otherwise howsoever by way of profit to the applicant himself, or to any persons properly so employed, or toany other persons howsoever. We do not believe that the Medical Clinic Ordinance is applicable to the business of our Company and its subsidiaries, having considered, amongothers, the following: (iii)the legislative intent behind the Medical Clinics Ordinance was to provide for registration of non-profit making clinics; (iv)the Food and Health Bureau of Hong Kong published a consultation document, “Regulation of Private Healthcare Facilities” in 2014 whichspecifically states that the Medical Clinics Ordinance and the Code of Practice For Clinics Registered Under The Medical Clinics Ordinance(Chapter 343 of the Laws of Hong Kong) set out the regulatory framework for non-profit-making medical clinics and that other privatehealthcare facilities, such as ambulatory medical centers and clinics operated by medical groups or individual medical practitioners, are notsubject to direct statutory control beyond the regulation of an individual’s professional practice; and (v)our business is one which makes and intends to continue making profit as a listed entity. The payment of bonuses to some of our Hong KongDoctors is clearly a reflection of the profit-making nature of our business. Hence, we do not believe that AML Clinic is required to be registered under the Medical Clinics Ordinance. 70Table of Contents Waste Disposal Ordinance The Waste Disposal Ordinance (Chapter 354 of the Laws of Hong Kong) (“WDO”) and the Waste Disposal (Clinical Waste) (General) Regulation(Chapter 354O of the Laws of Hong Kong) (the “WDR”) provide for, among others, the control and regulation of the production, storage, collection anddisposal of clinical waste. Under the WDO, clinical waste means waste consisting of any substance, matter or thing generated in connection with: ●a dental, medical, nursing or veterinary practice; ●any other practice, or establishment (howsoever described), that provides medical care and services for the sick, injured, infirm or those whorequire medical treatment; ●dental, medical, nursing, veterinary, pathological or pharmaceutical research; or ●a dental, medical, veterinary or pathological laboratory practice, and which consists wholly or partly of any of the materials specified in one or more of the groups listed below: ●used or contaminated sharps; ●laboratory waste; ●human and animal tissues; ●infectious materials; ●dressings; and ●such other wastes as specified by the Director of the Environmental Protection Department (“EPD”) of Hong Kong. Given the medical services provided by AML Clinic and the research works in our R&D Center may produce used or contaminated sharps such assyringes and needles as well as dressings, we are subject to WDO, WDR and the Code of Practice. Rest of the World Regulation For other countries in the world, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, medical product licensing, pricing and reimbursementvary from country to country. In all cases if clinical trials are required, they must be conducted in accordance with cGCP requirements and the applicableregulatory requirements and the ethical principles having their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki. If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspension or withdrawal ofregulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution. C. Our Structure See “Item 4. Information on the Company – A. History and Development of the Company.” Item 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS Not applicable. Item 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon and should be read in conjunction with our consolidatedfinancial statements and their related notes included in this annual report. This report contains forward-looking statements. See “Item 5. Operating andFinancial Review and Prospects— G. Safe Harbor.” In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the information provided under the caption“Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” in this annual report. We caution you that our businesses and financial performance are subject to substantialrisks and uncertainties. For purposes of Item 5, reference to the “Group” means Aptorum Group Limited and all of its subsidiaries. 71Table of Contents A. Operating Results Overview We are a Hong Kong based pharmaceutical company currently in the preclinical stage, dedicated to developing and commercializing a broad rangeof therapeutic and diagnostic technologies to tackle unmet medical needs. We have obtained exclusive licenses for our technologies. In addition, we are alsodeveloping certain proprietary technologies as product candidates. We are pursuing therapeutic and diagnostic projects (including projects seeking to useextracts or derivatives from natural substances to treat diseases) in neurology, infectious diseases, gastroenterology, oncology and other disease areas. Wealso have projects focused on surgical robotics. (See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Lead Projects and Other Projects underDevelopment”) Also, we opened a medical clinic, AML Clinic, in June 2018. Although none of our drug or device candidates has yet been approved for testing in humans, our goal is to develop a broad range of early stagenovel therapeutics and diagnostics across a wide range of disease/therapeutic areas. Key components of our strategy for achieving this goal include: (fordetails of our strategy, See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Our Strategy”) ●Developing therapeutic and diagnostic innovations across a wide range of disease/therapeutic areas; ●Selectively expanding our portfolio with potential products that may be able to attain orphan drug designation and/or satisfy current unmetmedical needs; ●Collaborating with leading academic institutions and CROs; ●Expanding our in-house pharmaceutical development center; ●Leveraging our management’s expertise, experience and commercial networks; ●Strategically developing opportunities in Hong Kong to promote access to the PRC market; and ●Obtaining and leveraging government grants to fund project development. We have begun to devote a significant percentage of our resources, including a substantial portion of the proceeds to three therapeutic projects(“Lead Projects”). The drug candidates being advanced as the Lead Projects are ALS-1, ALS-4 and NLS-1, described in further detail below. If the results ofthe remaining preclinical studies of these drug candidates are positive, we expect to be able to submit by 2020 or 2021 an Investigational New DrugApplication (“IND”) for at least one of these candidates to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) or an equivalent application to the regulatoryauthorities in one or more other jurisdictions such as the China’s National Medical Products Administration (“NMPA”) and/or the European MedicinesAgency (“EMA”). Acceptance of these applications by the relevant regulatory authority would enable the Company to begin testing that drug candidate inhumans in that jurisdiction. Our ability to obtain any approval of such applications is entirely dependent upon the results of our preclinical studies, none ofwhich have yet been completed. Our current business consists of “therapeutics” and “non-therapeutics” segments. However, our focus is on the therapeutics segments. Because of therisks, costs and extended development time required for successful drug development, we have determined to pursue projects within our non-therapeuticssegments, such as AML Clinic, to provide some interim revenue and medical robots that may be brought to market and generate revenue more quickly. Therapeutics Segment. In our therapeutics segment (“Aptorum Therapeutics Group”), we are currently seeking to develop various drug molecules(including projects seeking to use extracts or derivatives from natural substances to treat diseases) and certain technologies for the treatment (“therapeutics”)and diagnosis (“diagnostics”) of human disease conditions in neurology, infectious diseases, gastroenterology, oncology and other disease areas. In addition,we are seeking to identify additional prospects which may qualify for potential orphan drug designation (e.g., rare types of cancer) or which address othercurrent unmet medical needs. Aptorum Therapeutics Group is operated through Aptorum’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Aptorum Therapeutics Limited, aCayman Islands exempted company with limited liability, whose principal place of business is in Hong Kong and its indirect subsidiary companies (who wesometimes refer to herein as project companies), whose principal places of business are also in Hong Kong. 72Table of Contents Non-Therapeutics Segment. The non-therapeutics segment (“Aptorum Non-Therapeutics Group”) encompasses two businesses: (i) the developmentof surgical robotics and medical devices and (ii) AML Clinic. The development of surgical robotics and medical devices business is operated through SignateLife Sciences Limited, a subsidiary of Aptorum Therapeutics Limited. The outpatient clinic is operated through our subsidiary, Aptorum Medical Limited.Effective as of March 2018, we leased office space in Central, Hong Kong as the home to our medical clinic (“AML Clinic”). AML Clinic commencedoperations under the name of Talem Medical in June 2018. The estimated general administrative expenses and other operating expenses of AML Clinic isexpected to be no more than USD120,000 per month. The clinic is expected to reach operating profit in 18 months from the clinic reaching its full operatingcapacity upon (i) the successful recruitment of a minimum of six full time physicians (AML Clinic currently has one full time physician and three part timephysicians) and (ii) establishing steady patients flow via brand development. (See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – LeadProjects and Other Projects under Development – Other Projects under Development – Aptorum Medical Limited - AML Clinic”) The Company has already obtained opportunities resulting in our existing licensing agreements from various contractual relationships that we haveentered into, including service/consulting agreements with some of the world’s leading specialists and clinicians in our areas of interest, with academicinstitutions and organizations, and with contract research organizations (“CROs”). We anticipate that these relationships will generate additional licensingopportunities in the future. In addition, we have established and are continuing to expand our in-house research facilities (collectively, the “R&D Center”) todevelop some of our drug and device candidates internally and to collaborate with third-party researchers. Prior to March 2017, the Company had pursued passive healthcare related investments in early stage companies primarily in the United States.However, we have since ceased pursuing further passive investment operations and intend to exit all such portfolio investments over an appropriatetimeframe to focus resources on our current business. The Bond Offering On April 6, 2018, we entered into a subscription agreement (the “Bond Subscription Agreement”) with Peace Range Limited (“Peace Range”), acompany incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands and wholly-owned special purpose vehicle of Adamas Ping An Opportunities Fund L.P.Adamas Ping An Opportunities Fund L.P. is the third fund from Adamas Asset Management (HK) Limited (“Adamas”) and the first fund from the joint venturebetween Adamas and Yun Sheng Capital Company Limited, a subsidiary of Ping An Insurance (Group) Company of China, Limited and is advised by PingAn Capital Company Limited. Pursuant to the Bond Subscription Agreement, we issued Peace Range a $15,000,000 convertible bond (the “Bond” and the“Bond Offering”), minus a structuring fee equal to 2% of the principal amount of the Bond, on April 25, 2018. We also agreed to pay certain expenses, up toan aggregate limit of $250,000, incurred by Peace Range in connection with the Bond Offering. The closing of the transaction contemplated by the BondSubscription Agreement and the issuance of the Bond are subject to standard closing conditions, which may be satisfied or waived by the impacted party.The Bond earns interest at the rate of 8% per annum, payable semi-annually. The payment of the Bond is guaranteed by our holding company, JurchenInvestment Corporation (“Jurchen”), a company wholly-owned by our CEO, Ian Huen (See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions –Share Transfer: Change in direct substantial shareholders of the Company”), pursuant to a deed of guarantee (the “Guarantee”). In addition, the repayment ofthe principal of the Bond and interest payables is secured by a fund we set aside in a debt service reserve account, with the funds in the debt service reserveaccount to be released in an amount pro rata to the principal amount of the Bond being converted. The Bond shall mature on the twelfth calendar monthfollowing the issuance date, or with prior written consent of the holders of the Bond, the business day falling six calendar months thereafter. 10% of theprincipal amount of the Bond automatically converted into our Class A Ordinary Shares following the IPO; the rest of the Bond is convertible at the option ofthe holder commencing on the closing of the IPO until the earlier of the date falling 12 calendar months after the maturity of the Bond and the date falling 12calendar months after the closing of the IPO. We closed the Bond Offering on April 25, 2018 and issued a Bond to Peace Range pursuant to the BondSubscription Agreement. Pursuant to the aforementioned conversion rights, we issued an aggregate of 119,217 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares to the Bondholder after the IPO closed. Following the IPO and pursuant to the terms of the related agreements, the shares Jurchen previously submitted to be held inescrow to guarantee the payment of the Bond were released to Jurchen and the related share charge agreement and escrow agreement were terminated. One of the underwriters in the IPO also served as a placement agent for the Bond Offering and received (i) a cash success fee of $600,000 and (ii)warrants to purchase 67,790 Class A Ordinary Shares, at an exercise price of $12.17 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Bond PA Warrants”). The Bond PAWarrants are exercisable on a cashless basis. China Renaissance Securities (HK) Limited (“China Renaissance”) also served as a placement agent for the BondOffering; for such services, China Renaissance received a cash success fee of $150,000. Prior to the commencement the IPO, Boustead assigned all suchsecurities to a non-affiliate; the assignment is non-recourse. 73Table of Contents The Series A Note Offering On May 15, 2018, we closed a private financing with certain investors (the “Series A Note Investors”) who purchased an aggregate of approximately$1,600,400 Series A convertible notes, at a purchase price of $10,000 per note (the “Series A Notes”), pursuant to a note purchase agreement. Some of theSeries A Note Investors are either affiliates of the Company or “related persons” as such term is defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K (See “Item 7. MajorShareholders and Related Party Transactions”). We refer to this private placement transaction as the “Series A Note Offering.” The Series A Note Investorsentered into a lock-up agreement, pursuant to which they agreed not to sell or otherwise transfer or dispose the Series A Notes or the Class A Ordinary Sharesunderlying the Series A Notes during the six-month period commencing on the date our Class A Ordinary Shares commence trading on NASDAQ GlobalMarket. The Series A Notes automatically converted into Class A Ordinary Shares at the closing of the IPO at a conversion price equal to a 56% discount tothe actual price per Class A Ordinary Share (“Conversion Price”). Accordingly, the Series A Notes converted into, and we issued an aggregate of 230,252shares of Class A Ordinary Shares after the IPO closed. One of the underwriters in the IPO also served as a placement agent for the Series A Note Offering and received: (i) a cash success fee of $68,516 and(ii) warrants to purchase 12,663 Class A Ordinary Shares, at an exercise price of $6.95 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Series A Note PA Warrants”). TheSeries A Note PA Warrants are also exercisable on a cashless basis, at the holder’s discretion. Critical Accounting Policies, Estimates and Assumptions Basis of presentation The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Before March 1, 2017, the Company was an investment companyunder U.S. GAAP for the purposes of financial reporting. U.S. GAAP for an investment company requires investments to be recorded at estimated fair valueand the unrealized gains and/or losses in an investment’s fair value are recognized on a current basis in the statements of operations. In addition, theCompany did not consolidate its subsidiaries, since they were operating companies and not investment companies. Such entities were fair valued inaccordance with ASC Topic 946 (“ASC 946”) and ASC Topic 820 (“ASC 820”). As of March 1, 2017, after the change of business purpose, legal form and substantive activities, the Company’s status changed to an operatingcompany from an investment company since it no longer met the criteria to qualify as an investment company under the ASC 946. The Companydiscontinued applying the guidance in ASC 946 and began to account for the change in status prospectively by accounting for its investments in accordancewith other U.S. GAAP topics. The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significantintercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Principles of consolidation The consolidated financial statements of the Group are presented on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and include theaccounts of the Company, its direct and indirect wholly and majority owned subsidiaries and a variable interest entity. All material intercompany balancesand transactions have been eliminated in preparation of the consolidated financial statements. Non-controlling interests represent the equity interest that isnot owned by the Group. Use of estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements on successor basis in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimatesand assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financialstatements and the reported amounts of increases and decreases in net assets from operations as well as income and expenses during the reporting period.Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Group’s consolidated financial statements include valuing equity securities, fair value of investments insecurities, convertible debts and finance lease, the useful lives of intangible assets and equipment, impairment of long-lived assets, and collectability ofreceivables. Actual results could differ from those estimates. 74Table of Contents Foreign currency translation and transaction USD is the reporting currency. The functional currency of subsidiaries in the Cayman Islands is USD, the functional currency of subsidiaries in HongKong is Hong Kong Dollars (“HKD”), the functional currency of a subsidiary in Macao is Macanese Pataca (“MOP”) and the functional currency of asubsidiary in the United Kingdom is Great British Pound (“GBP”). An entity’s functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment inwhich it operates, normally that is the currency of the environment in which it primarily generates and expends cash. The management considered variousindicators, such as cash flows, market expenses, financing and inter-company transactions and arrangements in determining the Group’s functional currency. In the consolidated financial statements, the financial information of the Company and its subsidiaries, which use HKD, MOP and GBP as theirfunctional currency, has been translated into USD. Assets and liabilities are translated from each subsidiary’s functional currency at the exchange rates on thebalance sheet date, equity amounts are translated at historical exchange rates, and revenues, expenses, gains, and losses are translated using the average ratefor the year. Translation adjustments are reported as cumulative translation adjustments and are shown as a separate component of other comprehensiveincome or loss in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Fair value measurement Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between marketparticipants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fairvalue, the Group considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact its business, and it considers assumptions that marketparticipants would use when pricing the asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, a three-tier fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs utilized in measuring fair value as follows: ●Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. ●Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for theasset or liability such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in marketswith insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model-derived valuations in which significant inputs are observableor can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. ●Level 3 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to themeasurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Impairment of long-lived assets The Group reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an assetmay no longer be recoverable. When these events occur, the Group measures impairment by comparing the carrying value of the long-lived assets to theestimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscountedcash flow is less than the carrying amount of the assets, the Group would recognize an impairment loss, which is the excess of carrying amount over the fairvalue of the assets, using the expected future discounted cash flows. Convertible debts The Group determines the appropriate accounting treatment of its convertible debts in accordance with the terms in relation to the conversionfeature, call and put option, beneficial conversion feature (“BCF”) and settlement feature. After considering the impact of such features, the Group concludesthat, as of December 31, 2017, the convertible debts contained a contingent beneficial conversion, which shall not be recognized in earnings until thecontingency is resolved, and therefore accounts for such instrument as a liability in its entirety. Convertible debts were subsequently measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method. Amortized cost is calculated by takinginto account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the effective interest rate. The effective interest rateamortization is included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. 75Table of Contents Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the effectiveinterest rate. The effective interest rate amortization is included in finance costs in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Management concluded that the contingency was effectively resolved when the completion of initial public offering (“IPO”) on December 17, 2018so that part of the convertible debts were converted automatically accordingly. As at December 17, 2018, the contingency was resolved. The BCFderecognized upon automatic conversion was recorded as interest expense with a corresponding increase to additional paid-in capital. The remaining BCFwas recorded as debt discount, which was amortized through the maturity of the convertible debts, with a corresponding increase to additional paid-incapital. Revenue recognition Dividend income is recorded on the ex-dividend date, and interest income is recorded on an accrual basis. The Company recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of the healthcare services is rendered, the services price is fixed or determinable andcollectability of the receivable is reasonably assured. Income taxes The Group accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income taxes are determined based ondifferences between the financial carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Income taxes are provided for in accordance with thelaws of the relevant taxing authorities. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that these items will either expire before the Group is able torealize their benefits, or that future deductibility is uncertain. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to theamount expected to be realized. RESULTS OF OPERATION (SUCCESSOR BASIS) Explanatory Note After the Restructure, the results of operations and cash flows of the Group for period beginning March 1, 2017 and subsequent balance sheet datesare referred to herein as “Successor” consolidated financial information. Financial statements and information are presented for the year ended December 31, 2018 (Successor) and the ten months ended December 31, 2017(Successor), which may not be comparable with amounts shown in each year/period. The following table summarizes our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Year Ended December 31,2018 March 1,2017throughDecember 31, 2017 Revenue Healthcare service income $383,450 $- Operating expenses Cost of healthcare service (318,011) - Research and development expenses (3,101,432) (2,560,323)General and administrative fees (4,919,626) (1,480,093)Legal and professional fees (1,811,770) (1,395,490)Other operating expenses (560,709) (257,177)Total expenses (10,711,548) (5,693,083) Other (loss) income Gain on investments in marketable securities, net 501,522 3,912,500 Loss on investments in derivatives, net (974,444) (827,501)Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities 124,726 - Interest (expense) income, net (4,458,191) 44,269 Dividend income - 2,308 Total other (loss) income, net (4,806,387) 3,131,576 Net loss (15,134,485) (2,561,507) 76Table of Contents Revenue Healthcare service income was $383,450 for the year ended December 31, 2018, which related to the service income derived from the AML clinic.We had no healthcare service income for the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Research and development expenses Research and development expenses comprised of costs incurred related to research and development activities, including payroll expenses to ourresearch and development staff, sponsored research programs with various universities and research institutions and costs in acquiring IP rights which did notmeet the criteria of capitalization under the U.S. GAAP. We currently do not maintain a system to keep track of costs spent by each project, however, we arecurrently developing a system based on actual consumption and Company’s estimation in allocating various general costs. The following table sets forth asummary of our research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. The increasein research and development expenses was mainly due to our increased headcount in the Group to support the research operation. Year EndedDecember 31,2018 March 1,2017through December 31, 2017 Research and Development Expenses: Payroll expenses $1,363,740 $95,078 Sponsored research 796,943 1,327,247 Amortization and depreciation 437,453 58,903 Consultation 298,315 92,129 General R&D expense 174,981 186,910 Research grant 30,000 800,056 Total Research and Development Expenses 3,101,432 2,560,323 General and administrative fees The following table sets forth a summary of our general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1,2017 to December 31, 2017. The increase in general and administration fees was mainly due to the increased headcount in the Group to support the businessdevelopment. Year EndedDecember 31,2018 March 1,2017through December 31, 2017 General and Administrative Fees: Administrative fees $448,718 $640,932 Payroll expenses 2,510,331 306,967 Rent and rates 681,502 49,518 Travelling expenses 414,696 175,671 Amortization and depreciation 244,839 344 Insurance 199,698 23,412 Recruitment expenses 50,476 125,535 Other expenses 369,366 157,714 Total General and Administrative Fees 4,919,626 1,480,093 77Table of Contents Management fees/Administrative fees AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED, formerly known as APTUS CAPITAL LIMITED, a related company of the Group/Company, provided managementand administrative services to the Group and incurred pre-determined management fees. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017to December 31, 2017, the administrative fees of $448,718 and $640,932, respectively, has been reclassified to general and administrative fees due to theRestructure and since the Company has become a pharmaceutical company, so the management fees are no longer determined by net asset value since then. Legal and professional fees For the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017, the legal and professional fees were $1,811,770 and$1,395,490, respectively. The increase in legal and professional fees was mainly due to the preparation of IPO and business expansion. Other operating expenses The following table sets forth a summary of our other operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 toDecember 31, 2017. The increase in other operating expenses was mainly due to more corporate events held to promote the Company and businessexpansion. Year EndedDecember 31,2018 March 1,2017through December 31,2017 Other Operating Expenses: Event and meeting expenses $385,483 $83,288 Commission expenses 1,517 55,726 Other expenses 173,709 118,163 Total Other Operating Expenses 560,709 257,177 Other (loss) income The following table sets forth a summary of our other (loss) income for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 toDecember 31, 2017. Year EndedDecember 31,2018 March 1, 2017through December 31, 2017 Other (loss) income: Gain on investments in marketable securities, net $501,522 $3,912,500 Loss on investments in derivatives, net (974,444) (827,501)Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities 124,726 - Interest (expense) income, net (4,458,191) 44,269 Dividend income - 2,308 Total other (loss) income (4,806,387) 3,131,576 Net loss attributable to Aptorum Group Limited For the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017, net loss attributable to Aptorum Group Limited(excluding net loss attributable to non-controlling interests) was $14,831,723 and $2,547,462, respectively. 78Table of Contents RESULTS OF OPERATION (PREDECESSOR BASIS) Explanatory Note Before March 1, 2017, Aptorum Group Limited was incorporated as an exempted open-ended investment company with limited liability in theCayman Islands, which would own and oversee the management, operations and investments of its subsidiaries. On February 21, 2017, a special resolutionwas passed at a directors’ meeting, and on March 1, 2017, a resolution also was passed at a shareholders’ meeting. According to which, the Company changedfrom an investment fund with management shares and non-voting participating redeemable preference shares to a holding company with operatingsubsidiaries (the “Restructure”). After the Restructure, the Company has become a Hong Kong based pharmaceutical company currently in the preclinicalstage. The results of operations and cash flows of the Company for the periods ended on or prior to February 28, 2017, and its financial position as of balancesheet date on or prior to February 28, 2017 are referred to as “Predecessor” financial information. Financial statements and information are presented for the two months ended February 28, 2017 (Predecessor). General and administrative fees For the period January 1, 2017 to February 28, 2017, the general and administrative fees were $17,516 which are miscellaneous expenses. Management fees AENEAS CAPTIAL LIMITED, formerly known as APTUS CAPITAL LIMITED, a related company of the Group/Company, provided managementand administrative services to the Group and incurred pre-determined management fees. For the period January 1, 2017 to February 28, 2017, AENEASCAPITAL LIMITED was entitled to receive a management fee which was equal to 2.5% per annum of the net asset value of the Company. Legal and professional fees For the period January 1, 2017 to February 28, 2017, the legal and professional fees were $98,646. Other operating expenses For the period January 1, 2017 to February 28, 2017, other operating expenses were $1,907. Other income The Company met the assessment of an investment company under the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) Accounting StandardsCodification Topic 946 (“ASC 946”) and was an investment company under U.S. GAAP for the purposes of financial reporting for the period January 1, 2017to February 28, 2017, which the interest income was $3,011. Realized and unrealized losses on investments Realized and unrealized losses on investments mainly consist of net realized loss on investments in unaffiliated issuers and net unrealizeddepreciation on investments in unaffiliated issuers. For the period January 1, 2017 to February 28, 2017, the realized and unrealized losses were $402,068. Net decrease in net assets resulting from operations For the period January 1, 2017 to February 28, 2017, the net decrease in net assets resulting from operations was $626,084. 79Table of Contents LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES The Company reported a net loss of $15,134,485 and net operation cash outflow of $10,035,531 for the year ended December 31, 2018,respectively. In addition, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $17,379,185 as of December 31, 2018. The Company’s operating results for futureperiods are subject to numerous uncertainties and it is uncertain if the Company will be able to reduce or eliminate its net losses for the foreseeable future. Ifmanagement is not able to generate significant revenues from its product candidates currently in development, the Company may not be able to achieveprofitability. The Company’s principal sources of liquidity have been cash and marketable securities. As of the date of issuance of the consolidated financialstatements, the Company has approximately $7 million of unrestricted cash. In addition, based upon the current market price of the Company’s marketablesecurities, it anticipates it can liquidate such marketable securities for greater than its carrying amount, if necessary. In addition, the Company will need tomaintain its operating costs at a level which will not exceed such aforementioned sources of funds in order to continue as a going concern for a period withinone year after the issuance of its consolidated financial statements. The Company believes that available cash, together with the efforts from aforementioned management plan and actions, should enable the Companyto meet presently anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months after the date that the financial statements are issued and the Company has preparedthe consolidated financial statements on a going concern basis. However, the Company continues to have ongoing obligations and it expects that it willrequire additional capital in order to execute its longer-term development plan. If the Company encounters unforeseen circumstances that place constraintson its capital resources, management will be required to take various measures to conserve liquidity, which could include, but not necessarily be limited to,deferring some of its research and seeking to dispose of marketable securities. Management cannot provide any assurance that the Company will raiseadditional capital if needed. CONDENSED SUMMARY OF OUR CASH FLOWS (SUCCESSOR BASIS) Year EndedDecember 31,2018 March 1,2017throughDecember 31,2017 Net cash used in operating activities $(10,035,531) $(5,782,695)Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (6,061,987) 12,802,718 Net use provided by financing activities 25,478,949 9,082,001 Net increase in cash and restricted cash 9,381,431 16,102,024 Operating activities Net cash used in operating activities amounted to $10.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. During the year, the Group had net loss of$15.1 million. Meanwhile, the Group had interest expense and accretion of convertible debts of $4.6 million. Net cash used in operating activities amounted to $5.8 million for the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. During the period, the Group hadnet loss of $2.6 million. Meanwhile, the Group had gain on investments in marketable securities of $3.9 million, loss on investments in derivatives of $0.8million and an increase of other receivables and prepayments of $0.3 million. Investing activities Net cash used in investing activities amounted to $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. During the year, the Group had purchases ofproperty, plant and equipment of $5.6 million and purchases of intangible assets of $0.4 million. Net cash provided by investing activities amounted to $12.8 million for the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. During the period, theGroup had proceeds from sales of investment securities of $16.0 million, purchases of intangible assets of $1.0 million and purchases of equipment of $2.1million. 80Table of Contents Financing activities Net cash provided by financing activities amounted to $25.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. During the year, the Group hadproceeds from issuance of convertible debts of $16.1 million, proceeds from issuance of shares of $11.1 million, payments of debt issuance costs of $1.1million and payments of initial public offering costs of $0.5 million. Net cash provided by financing activities amounted to $9.1 million for the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. During the period, theGroup had proceeds from issuance of shares of $8.6 million and proceeds from issuance of convertible debts of $0.5 million. CONDENSED SUMMARY OF OUR CASH FLOWS (PREDECESSOR BASIS) Operating activities Net cash used in operating activities amounted to $0.3 million for the period January 1, 2017 to February 28, 2017. During the period, the Companyhad net decrease in net assets resulting from operations of $0.6 million and unrealized depreciation on investments of $0.4 million. Investing activities No cash flow from investing activities for the period January 1, 2017 to February 28, 2017. Financing activities Net cash flow from financing activities was nil for the period January 1, 2017 to February 28, 2017. CAPITAL EXPENDITURES Our capital expenditures were $6.0 million and 3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 to December 31,2017, respectively. We did not incur capital expenditures for the period January 1, 2017 to February 28, 2017. These capital expenditures were incurredprimarily for investments in facilities, leasehold improvements, equipment and technology. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts withCustomers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which was subsequently modified in August 2015 by ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers:Deferral of the Effective Date. This guidance will be effective for fiscal years (and interim reporting periods within those years) beginning after December 15,2017. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that companies should recognize revenue when the transfer of promised goods or services to customers occurs inan amount that reflects what the company expects to receive. It requires additional disclosures to describe the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty ofrevenue and cash flows from contracts with customers. In 2016, the FASB issued additional ASUs that clarify the implementation guidance on principalversus agent considerations (ASU 2016-08), on identifying performance obligations and licensing (ASU 2016-10), and on narrow-scope improvements andpractical expedients (ASU 2016-12) as well as on the revenue recognition criteria and other technical corrections (ASU 2016-20). In 2017, the FASB issuedAccounting Standards Update (ASU) 2017-05, Other Income—Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20), which wasoriginally issued in ASU 2014-09. The amendments in this Update require that an entity to initially measure a retained non-controlling interest in anonfinancial asset at fair value consistent with a how a retained non-controlling interest in a business is measured. Under Topic 606, an entity recognizes revenue when the consultation service was completed, the control of the medicine was delivered to thepatients and the appointment of the laboratory test was made, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange forthose goods or services. It also impacts certain other areas, such as the accounting for costs to obtain or fulfill a contract. The standard also requires disclosureof the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The Group is an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2010 (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act,emerging growth companies (“EGCs”) can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act untilsuch time as those standards apply to private companies. Management has adopted this standard effective January 1, 2018 using the modified-retrospectiveapproach, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of initial application. The Company also estimatesthere will not be a material impact to the beginning balance of retained earnings. 81Table of Contents In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments—Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets andFinancial Liabilities (ASU 2016-01), which requires equity investments to be measured at fair value through net income. Equity investments that areaccounted for under the equity method are not impacted. ASU 2016-01 provides that equity investments without readily determinable fair values can bevalued at cost minus impairment using a simplified impairment assessment that utilizes qualitative assessments. ASU 2016-01 requires separate presentationof the financial assets and liabilities by category and form. ASU 2016-01 should be applied prospectively and will be effective for fiscal years beginning afterDecember 15, 2017, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. As an EGC, the Company chose to extent the adoption of the update for one year. TheGroup adopted the new standard on January 1, 2019. The most significant impact to the consolidated financial statements relates to the recognition andmeasurement of equity investments at fair value in the consolidated statements of operations. The management has elected to use the measurementalternative, defined as cost, less impairments, adjusted by observable price changes. The management anticipates that the adoption of ASU 2016-01 willincrease the volatility of the other income (expense), net, as a result of the remeasurement of the equity securities upon the occurrence of observable pricechanges and impairments. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”), which requires a lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a leaseliability for operating leases, initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments, in the balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 also requires a lessee torecognize a single lease cost, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term, generally on a straight-line basis. This new guidance iseffective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential effects ofadopting the provisions of ASU 2016-02 on its consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,which amends ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. This ASU modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements by removing, modifying, oradding certain disclosures. The effective date is the first quarter of fiscal year 2021, with early adoption permitted for the removed disclosures and delayedadoption until fiscal year 2021 permitted for the new disclosures. The removed and modified disclosures will be adopted on a retrospective basis and the newdisclosures will be adopted on a prospective basis. The adoption will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements. The Group does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect onthe consolidated financial position, statements of operations and cash flows. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT As of December 31, 2018, the Company has obtained 11 exclusively licensed technologies in neurology, infectious diseases, gastroenterology,oncology, surgical robotics and natural health and is in the process of developing two “in-house” projects in the neurology area. For the year endedDecember 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017, the Group incurred $3,101,432 and $2,560,323, respectively, on research anddevelopment expenses. We did not incur research and development expenses for the period January 1, 2017 to February 28, 2017. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS As at December 31, 2018, the Company did not have any off-balance sheet debt, nor do we have any transactions, arrangements or relationships withany special purpose entities. F. Contractual Obligations The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018. Payment Due by Period Total One tothree years Three tofive years US$ US$ US$ Operating lease commitments 1,700,271 1,625,097 75,174 82Table of Contents Operating lease commitments We have several operating leases, primarily for offices. Our principal executive offices are located in Hong Kong; we also have offices in Londonand Jersey City. Payments under operating leases are expensed on a straight-line basis over the periods of the respective leases, and the terms of the leases donot contain rent escalation, contingent rent, and renewal or purchase options. The aggregate future minimum payment under these non-cancelable operatingleases are summarizes in the table above. CONTINGENT PAYMENT OBLIGATIONS We have entered into agreements with unrelated parties for purchasing office and laboratory equipment. As of December 31, 2018, we had non-cancellable purchase commitments of $487,930. The Group has additional contingency payment obligations under each of the license agreements, such as milestone payments, royalties, researchand development funding, if certain condition or milestone is met. Milestone payments are to be made upon achievements of certain conditions, such as Investigational New Drugs (“IND”) filing or U.S. Food andDrug Administration (“FDA”) approval, first commercial sale of the licensed products, or other achievements. The aggregate amount of the milestonepayments that the Group are required to pay up to different achievements of conditions and milestones for all the license agreements signed as of December31, 2018 are below: Amount Drug molecules: up to the conditions and milestones of Preclinical to IND filing $372,564 From entering phase 1 to before first commercial sale 24,216,410 First commercial sale 15,656,410 Net sales amount more than certain threshold in a year 75,769,231 Subtotal 116,014,615 Surgical robotics and medical devices: up to the conditions and milestones of Before FDA approval 270,000 FDA approval obtained 200,000 Subtotal 470,000 Total $116,484,615 For the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, the Group incurred $30,000 and $nil milestonepayments, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, the Group did not incur anyroyalties or research and development funding, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, no other milestone payments had been triggered under any of theexisting license agreements. G. Safe Harbor This annual report contains forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currentlyavailable to us. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance orachievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. 83Table of Contents You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,”“plan,” “believe,” “potential,” “continue,” “is/are likely to” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on ourcurrent expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations,business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements relating to: ●our goals and strategies; ●our future business development, financial conditions and results of operations; ●our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our products once available; ●our expectations regarding our development and commercialization of our therapeutics; ●competition in our industry; and ●relevant government policies and regulations relating to our industry. You should thoroughly read this annual report and the documents that we refer to in this annual report with the understanding that our actual resultsin the future may be materially different from or worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.Other sections of this annual report include additional factors which could adversely affect our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate inan evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors anduncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual resultsto differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Important risks and factors that could cause our actual results to be materiallydifferent from our expectations are generally set forth in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report. The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which these statements are made inthis annual report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events orotherwise, after the date of this annual report. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Item 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES A. Directors and Senior Management Below is a list of our directors, senior management and any employees upon whose work we are dependent as of the date of this annual report, and abrief account of the business experience of each of them. The business address for the directors and officers of Aptorum Group Limited is 17th floor,Guangdong Investment Tower, 148 Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong. Name Age PositionExecutive Officers Ian Huen 39 Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Executive DirectorDarren Lui 38 President, Chief Business Officer and Executive DirectorClark Cheng 39 Chief Medical Officer and Executive DirectorSabrina Khan 37 Chief Financial OfficerThomas Lee Wai Yip 46 Head of Research and DevelopmentAngel Siu Yan Ng 38 Chief Operating OfficerNon-Management Directors Charles Bathurst 63 Independent Non-Executive Director and Chair of Audit CommitteeMirko Scherer 50 Independent Non-Executive DirectorJustin Wu 49 Independent Non-Executive Director and Chair of Compensation CommitteeDouglas Arner 49 Independent Non-Executive Director and Chair of Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee 84Table of Contents Executive Officers MR. IAN HUEN, Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director Mr. Ian Huen is the Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director of Aptorum Group Limited. Mr. Huen is also Co-Founder of a HongKong company, AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED, a licensed corporation regulated by the Hong Kong Securities & Futures Commission as a Type 9 AssetManager, since 2005. He has over 15 years of global asset management experience and previously covered the U.S. healthcare sector as an equity researchanalyst at Janus Henderson Group plc (formerly known as Janus Capital). Mr. Huen was the financial advisor in the sale of Seng Heng Bank Limited (Macau)to Industrial and Commercial Bank of China in 2007 and was appointed as the vice president of the Board of General Meeting in Industrial and CommercialBank of China (Macau) Capital Limited in March 2007 for a term of 12 years until March 2019. As a trustee board member of the Dr. Stanley Ho Medical Development Foundation, Mr. Huen facilitates advisory, development funding, access toresearch resources across Asia and continues to establish relationships with leading academic institutions to propel innovations in healthcare. Mr. Huen graduated from Princeton University with an A.B. degree in Economics in June 2001, earned a MA in Comparative and Public Historyfrom CUHK in June 2016. Mr. Huen is also a Chartered Financial Analyst (“CFA”). MR. DARREN LUI, President, Chief Business Officer and Executive Director Mr. Darren Lui is the President, Chief Business Officer and Executive Director of Aptorum Group Limited. Mr. Lui is also an Executive Director andCo-Founder of AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED, a licensed corporation regulated by the Hong Kong Securities & Futures Commission as a Type 9 AssetManager. Mr. Lui was previously the founder, director and responsible officer of Varengold Capital Securities Limited and Varengold Capital AssetManagement Limited in Hong Kong, with subsidiaries operating brokerage, asset management, and investment businesses in Asia established since January2015. Prior to this, he was a Director within the Fixed Income Group of Barclays Capital, where he spent over nine years from September 2005 to February2014 developing and establishing their London, Singapore and New York structuring teams. From September 2002 to August 2005 he was qualified as aChartered Accountant with Ernst & Young LLP (London), specializing in capital markets advisory. Mr. Lui graduated with First-Class Honors from Imperial College, London with a BSc degree in Biochemistry in June 2002. He is a CharteredAccountant (ICAS), a CFA, and an Associate of Chartered Institute of Securities & Investments (UK). DR. CLARK CHENG, Chief Medical Officer and Executive Director, Aptorum Group LimitedExecutive Director, Aptorum Medical Limited Dr. Clark Cheng is the Chief Medical Officer and Executive Director of Aptorum Group Limited; he is also an executive director of AML. Prior tothis appointment, Dr. Cheng served as the Operations Director since 2009 of Raffles Medical Group, and the company’s Deputy General Manager since 2011,representing an expanded role in the region. During his employment with Raffles Medical Group, he practiced as a full-time medical administrator tooverlook Raffles Medical Hong Kong operations and supported its development in the PRC. Dr. Cheng received his medical training at the University College London, UK, in 2005 and completed his foundation year training at The RoyalFree Hospital in 2007. Pursuing his career in surgery, he obtained his membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 2009 and commencedhis training in Orthopaedics where he practiced as Specialist Registrar at the National University Hospital, Singapore, with special interest in Traumatologyof the lower limbs. In 2011, he also obtained his Master in Business & Administration with distinction from Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa,US. Dr. Cheng is an active member of the Singapore Chamber of Commerce, and appears regularly as a guest speaker for The Open University of HongKong, The Airport Authority Hong Kong and other corporate events. 85Table of Contents MISS SABRINA KHAN, Chief Financial Officer Miss Sabrina Khan is the Chief Financial Officer of Aptorum Group Limited. She leads the Company’s financial strategy and operations, as well asInvestor Relations. She has extensive experience working at KPMG (Hong Kong) and Ernst & Young LLP (Hong Kong). She was recently the regionalfinancial controller in Asia for St. James’s Place Wealth Management (Hong Kong), which St. James’s Place Wealth Management Group (LON: STJ) is aFTSE100 company with £95.6 billion of client funds under management. Prior to that, she served as the senior finance manager of Neo Derm Group, a leadingmedical aesthetic group in Asia, in charge of its finance-related matters and expansion in the PRC. From August 2009 to May 2013, she served as the seniorfinance manager of Global Cord Blood Corporation (formerly known as China Cord Blood Corporation (NYSE: CO)), which was a subsidiary of GoldenMeditech Holdings Limited (HK: 801), where she played an important role with the NYSE listing filings, investor relations and post IPO reporting. Duringher employment with Global Cord Blood Corporation, she was actively involved in the issuance of convertible bonds to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts andvarious merger and acquisition projects, facilitated and liaised with investment banks on due diligence, deal structuring, and also involved in commercialnegotiation with respect to major contract terms. Miss Khan qualified as certified public accountant and graduated with a BBA (Hons) in Accounting & Finance at The University of Hong Kong in2003. She was qualified as an Advanced China Certified Taxation Consultant in 2015. DR. THOMAS LEE WAI YIP, Head of Research and Development Dr. Thomas Lee, 46, served as Chief Executive Officer and Chief Scientific Officer of Aptorum Therapeutics Limited, a wholly-owned therapeuticssubsidiary of Aptorum Group Limited from January 2018 to February 2019. Prior to that, Dr. Lee served as an Assistant Professor in the School of Pharmacy,Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong from August 2013 to January 2018. Dr. Lee’s key area of research involves drug delivery withspecialties including: formulation development of poorly soluble compounds, oral delivery, Nanotechnology, and similar fields. Prior to academia, Dr. Lee accumulated big-pharma experience from the decade he spent at two multinational pharmaceutical companies in the U.S.From November 2008 to July 2013, Dr. Lee worked at Celgene Corporation as a Senior Scientist of the Formulations Research & Development. From June2003 to November 2008, Dr. Lee worked at Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, as a Principal Scientist. Dr. Lee graduated with B.Pharm. (Hons) Degree from The Chinese University of Hong Kong in December 1995, and received his Ph.D. inPharmaceutical Sciences (Drug Delivery) from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the U.S in May 2003. DR. ANGEL SIU YAN NG, Chief Operating Officer Dr. Angel Ng, 38, served as the Chief Operating Officer (“COO”) of Aptorum Therapeutics Limited, a wholly-owned therapeutics subsidiary ofAptorum Group Limited from September 2017 to February 2019. During this time, Dr. Ng led Aptorum Therapeutics Limited and its subsidiaries’ operationsand business strategies. Dr. Ng has extensive experience in project management with Innovation and Technology government funds and academicinstitutions. Since September 2016, Dr. Ng works as a Research Officer cum Project Manager at The University of Hong Kong (“HKU”) in project management forvarious research projects including government funded project of novel medical device. During this time, Dr. Ng led the research team towards cadaveric trialfor a novel soft robotics medical device and coordinated all research related agreements. During December 2014 to September 2015, Dr. Ng served as ProjectManager at Hong Kong Science & Technology Parks Corporation (“HKSTP”), where she worked on technology transfer and commercialization for researchand development projects through partnerships between local universities and the worldwide network and expertise of the Oxford University commercialarm. Dr. Ng also worked for The Chinese University of Hong Kong (“CUHK”) as Project Manager from September 2007 to January 2009. She managed aHK$60M government funded R & D project with a team of specialists in CUHK where she kept close liaison with industry and government authorities. Dr.Ng was in the precision chemical machining industry from 2003 to 2007, where she managed the manufacturing team and business operations in PRC. Dr. Ng serves as a Director of Tecford Trading & Technology Company Limited since December 2017. Dr. Ng graduated with a B.Sc (Hons) fromDepartment of Chemistry at HKU in December 2002, received her M.Sc in Composite Materials from Imperial College London in November 2003 andobtained her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from HKU in December 2015. Independent Non-Executive Directors MR. CHARLES BATHURST Mr. Bathurst is an Independent Non-Executive Director of Aptorum Group Limited. He has over 40 years’ experience of management and seniorexecutive roles primarily in financial services. In 2011, he set up his own independent consultancy service, Summerhill Advisors Limited, advising onmanagement structure, business development, financial reporting, internal audit controls and compliance to both emerging and multinational companies.Today he holds Non-Executive and Advisory board positions on fast-growing companies in healthcare, technology and financial services. 86Table of Contents Prior to establishing Summerhill, he served as a Director for J.O. Hambro Investment Management from September 2008 to August 2011, where heoversaw the restructuring and commercialization a range of in-house investment funds. He was appointed to the management board and supervised reportingteams including Business development, accounting teams, regulatory reporting teams and internal controls. From April 2004 to March 2008, Mr. Bathurst served in multiple roles at Old Mutual Asset Managers (UK), including being a member of the seniormanagement team and head of international sales. Duties included business development, launching new investment funds, recruitment, establishing andsupervision of regulatory and financial reporting teams, as well as ensuring compliance with funds’ regulatory requirements and corporate governancestandards. Prior to this, Mr. Bathurst was an advisor to Lion Capital Advisors Limited from April 2003 to March 2004, and from June 2002 to March 2003business development reporting to the board of management of LCF Rothschild Asset Management Limited. From April 1995 to March 2002, Mr. Bathurst joined a newly formed alternative investment management team at Credit Agricole AssetManagement, establishing the London Branch as the Managing Director in 1998. He was responsible for the recruitment and development strategy formarketing, sales, investment, financial reporting, compliance and regulatory controls and investor relations. Between the period of September 1989 and December 1994, Mr. Bathurst worked for GNI, the largest futures and options execution and clearingbroker on the London International Financial futures Exchange, where he focused on marketing to European and Middle East financial institutions. In 1991,he joined a new management team to launch a series of specialist investment funds while serving as the Head of Sales and Product Development. Mr. Bathurst graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in November 1974 and commissioned into the British Army serving in the UKand Germany. DR. MIRKO SCHERER Dr. Mirko Scherer is an Independent Non-Executive Director of Aptorum Group Limited. Dr. Scherer has been serving as the Chief Executive Officerat CoFeS China (formerly known as “TVM Capital China”) in Hong Kong since March 2015. CoFeS China focuses on cross-border activities in the lifescience industry between China and the West. CoFeS China acts as a bridge between China and the West, assisting Chinese investors and pharmaceuticalcompanies accessing western innovations, while collaborating with innovative life science companies from the West to enter the fast-growing China market. Dr. Mirko Scherer has served on the Board of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange from 2005 to 2007 and has been a board member of the StichtingPreferente Aandelen QIAGEN since 2004. From August 2016 through July 2018, Dr. Scherer served as a Non-Executive board member of Quantapore Inc. andfrom April 2015 through September 2017, he was a director of China BioPharma Capital I, (GP). Dr. Scherer is an experienced biotechnology executive and has led numerous financing M&A and licensing transactions, in both public and privatemarkets, in Europe and the U.S. for over 20 years. He consulted MPM Capital for the period between July 2012 and December 2014. Dr. Scherer was also a co-founder and partner of KI Kapital from November 2008 to February 2014, a company which was specialized in providing consultation in life scienceindustry. Prior to working in the venture capital industry, Dr. Scherer co-founded GPC Biotech (Munich and Princeton, NJ) and served as the Chief FinancialOfficer from October 1997 to December 2007. GPC Biotech engaged in numerous pharmaceutical alliances with companies such as Sanofi Aventis,Boehringer Ingelheim, Altana (now part of Takeda), Yakult, and Pharmion (now part of Celgene). Over the past 20 years, Dr. Scherer has established anextensive network in the U.S., European, and China’s biotechnology and venture capital industry. Prior to his time at GPC Biotech, Dr. Scherer worked as aconsultant from May 1993 to June 1994 at the Boston Consulting Group. Dr. Scherer earned a Doctorate in Finance from the European Business School in Oestrich-Winkel/Germany in 1998, a MBA from Harvard BusinessSchool in June 1996, and a degree in Business Administration from the University of Mannheim/Germany in February 1993. 87Table of Contents DR. JUSTIN WU Dr. Justin Wu is an Independent Non-Executive Director of Aptorum Group Limited. He also has been serving as the Chief Operating Officer ofCUHK Medical Centre since August 2018. He served as the Associate Dean (Development) of the Faculty of Medicine at CUHK from July 2014 to June 2018and the Associate Dean (Clinical) of the Faculty of Medicine at CUHK from December 2012 to July 2014, and has been serving a Professor in the Departmentof Medicine and Therapeutics since 2009, also the Director of the S. H. Ho Center for Digestive Health, a research center specializing in functionalgastrointestinal diseases, reflux and motility disorders, and digestive endoscopy. Active in research publications and assessments, Dr. Wu served as theInternational Associate Editor of American Journal of Gastroenterology (“AJG”), and Managing Editor of Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology(“JGH”). He is also the Secretary General of the Asian Neurogastroenterology and Motility Association (“ANMA”), and Secretary General of the Asia PacificAssociation of Gastroenterology (“APAGE”). Dr. Wu has won a number of awards including the Emerging Leader in Gastroenterology Award by the JGH Foundation, and the Vice Chancellor’sExemplary Teaching Award at CUHK. Aside from his expertise in gastroenterology, Dr. Wu has an extensive interest in the development of IntegrativeMedicine in Hong Kong. He is the Founding Director of the Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, working closely with the School of ChineseMedicine to develop an integrative model at an international level. The institute aims at maximizing the strength of Western and Chinese medicine toprovide a safe and effective integrative treatment to patients. Dr. Wu served as a consultant and an advisory board member for Takeda Pharmaceutical, AstraZeneca, Menarini, Reckitt Benckiser and AbbottLaboratory. He earned his Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Degree (1993), and his Doctor of Medicine Degree (2000) from CUHK.Additionally, he attained Fellowships of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and London in 2007 and 2012 respectively, Fellowship of the HongKong College of Physicians in 2002, Fellowship of the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine in 2002, and has been an American GastroenterologicalAssociation Fellow since 2012. PROFESSOR DOUGLAS ARNER Professor Douglas W. Arner is an Independent Non-Executive Director of Aptorum Group Limited. He is the Kerry Holdings Professor in Law at theUniversity of Hong Kong and one of the world’s leading experts on financial regulation, particularly the intersection between law, finance and technology.At HKU, he is Faculty Director of the Faculty of Law’s LLM in Compliance and Regulation, LLM in Corporate and Financial Law and Law, Innovation,Technology and Entrepreneurship (LITE) Programmes. He is a Senior Visiting Fellow of Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, and an ExecutiveCommittee Member of the Asia Pacific Structured Finance Association. He led the development of the world’s largest massive open online course (MOOC):Introduction to FinTech, launched on edX in May 2018, now with over 35,000 learners spanning every country in the world. From 2006 to 2011, he was theDirector of HKU’s Asian Institute of International Financial Law, which he co-founded in 1999, and from 2012 to 2018, he led a major research project onHong Kong’s future as a leading international financial center. He was an inaugural member of the Hong Kong Financial Services Development Council, ofwhich he was a member from 2013-2019. Douglas served as Head of the HKU Department of Law from 2011 to 2014 and as Co-Director of the DukeUniversity-HKU Asia-America Institute in Transnational Law from 2005 to 2016. He has published fifteen books and more than 150 articles, chapters andreports on international financial law and regulation, including most recently Reconceptualising Global Finance and its Regulation (Cambridge 2016) (withRoss Buckley and Emilios Avgouleas). The RegTech Book (forthcoming 2019, with Janos Barberis and Ross Buckley). His recent papers are available onSSRN at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=524849, where he is among the top 150 authors in the world by total downloads. Douglas has served as a consultant with, among others, the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, APEC, Alliance for Financial Inclusion, andEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and has lectured, co-organized conferences and seminars and been involved with financial sectorreform projects around the world. He has been a visiting professor or fellow at Duke, Harvard, the Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research, IDC Herzliya,McGill, Melbourne, National University of Singapore, University of New South Wales, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, and Zurich, amongothers. Since March 1, 2018, Professor Arner is the Senior Regulatory & Strategic Advisor of AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED, a licensed corporation regulatedby the Hong Kong Securities & Futures Commission as a Type 9 Asset Manager. He holds a BA from Drury College (where he studied literature, economics and political science) in 1992, a JD (cum laude) from Southern MethodistUniversity in 1995, an LLM (with distinction) in banking and finance law from the University of London (Queen Mary College) in 1996, and a PhD from theUniversity of London in 2005. 88Table of Contents B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers The following table sets forth all cash compensation paid by us, as well as certain other compensation paid or accrued, in fiscal 2018 to each of thefollowing named executive officers. The total amount was $1.2 million in 2018. This amount does not include business travel, relocation, professional andbusiness association dues and expenses reimbursed to such persons, and other benefits commonly reimbursed or paid by companies in our industry.No options were awarded in 2018. Name andPrincipal Position Fiscal Year Salary($)(1) Bonus($) OptionAwards($) Non-EquityIncentivePlanCompensation($) Change in Pension ValueandNonqualified Deferred CompensationEarnings($) All OtherCompensation($) Total($) Ian Huen(2) 2018 276,923 23,077 2,308 302,308 (CEO) Darren Lui(3) 2018 230,769 19,231 2,308 252,308 (CBO,President) Clark Cheng(4) 2018 261,636 - - - 2,308 526(7) 264,470 (CMO) Keith Chan(5) 2018 120,000(8) - - - - - 120,000 (CSO) Sabrina Khan(6) 2018 180,769 105,502 - - 2,308 - 288,579 (CFO) (1)The Appointment Letters provide salaries in HKD; for purposes of this table, we used a conversion ratio of HKD7.80 to USD1.00 to determine the salaryin USD. (2)Mr. Huen is the founder and was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer of Aptorum Group on October 1, 2017. Before that, he was a director of theCompany. (3)Mr. Lui was appointed as the Chief Business Officer and President of Aptorum Group on October 1, 2017. (4)Dr. Cheng was appointed as the Chief Medical Officer of Aptorum Group on January 2, 2018. (5)Dr. Chan served as the Company’s Chief Scientific Officer from August 18, 2017 until March 31, 2019. As of April 1, 2019, Dr. Chan serves us as amember of our Scientific Advisory Board. (6)Miss. Khan was appointed as the Chief Financial Officer of Aptorum Group on October 16, 2017; as per an addendum to her appointment letter that weentered into with Miss Khan on April 24, 2018, her monthly salary increased to HKD122,500 as of April 1, 2018. (7)Pursuant to his appointment letter, Dr. Cheng also received a share bonus of 526 ordinary shares of AML, representing 5% of AML’s issued andoutstanding ordinary shares (the “Share Bonus”). Based on the Company’s financial position and Dr. Cheng’s performance, on each anniversary of Dr.Cheng’s employment commencement date, the Share Bonus is eligible to increase by 1% of AML’s then issued and outstanding ordinary share count peryear up to a maximum additional amount of 5% of AML’s then issued and outstanding ordinary share count by the 5th anniversary from his employmentcommencement date. As of the date of this annual report, Dr. Cheng received a total of 638 ordinary shares of AML, representing 6% of AML’s issuedand outstanding ordinary shares; during fiscal 2018, Dr. Cheng received 526 ordinary shares of AML, the cash value of which is USD526. (8)As described elsewhere in this annual report, we were party to a consulting agreement dated August 18, 2017 with GloboAsia, LLC, for which Dr. Chanserves as the Director of International Affairs. All fees payable to Dr. Chan for services provided to us as Chief Scientific Officer were paid to GloboAsia,LLC, pursuant to the consulting agreement and appointment letter with Dr. Chan. Following Dr. Chan’s resignation in March 2019, the consultingagreement was terminated effective as of March 31, 2019. (See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions – ConsultingArrangements”) 89Table of Contents Effective as of January 1, 2019, the base salary of Mr. Huen, Mr. Lui and Dr. Cheng shall increase by 4%. The Board believes this increase is in line with themarket average salary payable to persons in similar positions at similarly situated companies and general inflation. The Board also determined to issue Dr.Cheng a discretionary cash bonus equal to one-month of his base salary. Dr. Lee has entered into an employment agreement, effective April 1, 2019 which amended his original agreement with the Company to reflect his newposition as of Head of R&D. Other than his compensation, which shall now be USD241,121 per annum, all other terms of the original agreement remain thesame. Dr. Ng entered into an employment agreement effective April 1, 2019 which amended her original agreement with the Company to reflect her new position asof COO; other than her compensation, which shall now be USD103,338 per annum, all other terms of her original agreement remain the same. Compensation of Directors The following table sets forth information for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 regarding the compensation of our directors who at December31, 2018, were not also named executive officers. No options were awarded in 2018. Name FeesEarned orPaid inCash($) StockAwards($) OptionAwards($) Non-EquityIncentivePlanCompensation($) Non-qualifiedDeferredCompensationEarnings($) All OtherCompensation($) Total($) Charles Bathurst (1) 47,880(2) - - - - - 47,880 Mirko Scherer (3) 30,000 - - - - - 30,000 Justin Wu (4) 30,000 - - - - - 30,000 Douglas Arner(5) 25,000 - - - - - 25,000 (1)Mr. Bathurst was appointed as one of our directors as of October 2017 and pursuant to his appointment letter, is entitled to receive $47,880 annually forhis combined services as a director and a committee member. (2)Mr. Bathurst’s appointment Letter provides his salary in GBP. For purposes of this table, we used a conversion ratio of GBP0.75 to USD1.00 to determinehis salary in USD; however, the ultimate amount paid is based on the actual rate as of the relevant pay day at the end of each month. (3)Dr. Scherer was appointed as one of our directors as of October 2017 and pursuant to his appointment letter, is entitled to receive $30,000 annually forhis services as a director. (4)Dr. Wu was appointed as one of our directors as of October 2017 and pursuant to his appointment letter, is entitled to receive $30,000 annually for hiscombined services as a director and a committee member. (5)Professor Arner’s appointment as one of our directors became effective as of April 1, 2018. Pursuant to his appointment letter, Professor Arner is entitledto receive $30,000 annually for his combined services as a director and a committee member; he also received a signing bonus of $2,500. 2017 Share Option Plan On October 13, 2017, we adopted the 2017 Share Option Plan (the “Option Plan”). Under the Option Plan, up to an aggregate of 5,500,000 Class AOrdinary Shares (subject to subsequent adjustments described more fully below) may be issued pursuant to awards under the Option Plan. Subsequentadjustments include that on each January 1, starting with January 1, 2020, an additional number of shares equal to the lesser of (A) 2% of the outstandingnumber of Class A Ordinary Shares (on a fully diluted basis) on the immediate preceding December 31, and (B) such lower number of Class A Ordinary Sharesas may be determined by the board of directors, subject in all cases to adjustments as provided in Section 10 of the Option Plan. Awards will be madepursuant to agreements and may be subject to vesting and other restrictions as determined by the board of directors. 90Table of Contents We adopted the Option Plan to provide additional incentives to selected directors, officers, employees and consultants, and enable our Company toobtain and retain the services of these individuals. The Option Plan will enable us to grant options, restricted shares or other awards to our directors,employees and consultants. Awards will be made pursuant to agreements and may be subject to vesting and other restrictions as determined by the board ofdirectors. As of the date of this report, we have granted options that can be exercised for an aggregate of 215,795 Class A Ordinary Shares. These options wereall granted on March 15, 2019. One-half of each option grant vests on January 1, 2020 and the other half vests on January 1, 2021. The exercise price is$12.91 per share, which was based on the closing price of the shares traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange on the trading day preceding the grant date. C. Board Practices Board of Directors Our Board of Directors currently consists of seven members, all of whom were elected pursuant to our current Memorandum and Articles. Ournominating and governance committee and board of directors will consider a broad range of factors relating to the qualifications and background ofnominees, which may include diversity and is not limited to race, gender or national origin. We have no formal policy regarding board diversity. Ournominating and governance committee’s and board of directors’ priority in selecting board members is identification of persons who will further the interestsof our shareholders through his or her established record of professional accomplishment, the ability to contribute positively to the collaborative cultureamong board members, knowledge of our business, understanding of the competitive landscape and professional and personal experiences and expertiserelevant to our growth strategy. Committees of the Board of Directors Our Board of Directors has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee, eachof which operates pursuant to a separate charter adopted by our Board of Directors. The composition and functioning of all of our committees will complywith all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the NASDAQ Global Marketand SEC rules and regulations. Our Board of Directors may establish other committees from time to time. Audit Committee Charles Bathurst, Douglas Arner and Justin Wu currently serve on the audit committee, which is chaired by Charles Bathurst. Our Board of Directorshas determined that each member of the audit committee is “independent” for audit committee purposes as that term is defined in the rules of the SEC and theapplicable rules of the NASDAQ Global Market. The audit committee’s responsibilities include: ●selecting and appointing our independent registered public accounting firm, and approving the audit and permitted non-audit services to beprovided by our independent registered public accounting firm; ●evaluating the performance and independence of our independent registered public accounting firm; ●monitoring the integrity of our financial statements and our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements as they relate to our financialstatements or accounting matters; ●reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures; ●establishing procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of accounting-related complaints and concerns; ●reviewing and discussing with the independent registered public accounting firm the results of our year-end audit, and recommending to ourBoard of Directors, based upon such review and discussions, whether our financial statements shall be included in our Annual Report on Form20-F; ●reviewing all related party transactions for potential conflict of interest situations and approving all such transactions; and ●reviewing the type and presentation of information to be included in our earnings press releases, as well as financial information and earningsguidance provided by us to analysts and rating agencies. 91Table of Contents Audit Committee Financial Expert We have one financial expert as of the date of this report. Our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Charles Bathurst, Chair of our auditcommittee, qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in the SEC rules and satisfies the financial sophistication requirements of TheNASDAQ Global Market. Compensation Committee Charles Bathurst, Douglas Arner and Justin Wu currently serve on the compensation committee, which is chaired by Justin Wu. Our Board ofDirectors has determined that each member of the compensation committee is “independent” as that term is defined in the applicable rules of the NASDAQGlobal Market. The compensation committee’s responsibilities include: ●reviewing the goals and objectives of our executive compensation plans, as well as our executive compensation plans in light of such goals andobjectives; ●evaluating the performance of our executive officers in light of the goals and objectives of our executive compensation plans andrecommending to our Board of Directors with respect to the compensation of our executive officers; ●reviewing the goals and objectives of our general compensation plans and other employee benefit plans as well as our general compensationplans and other employee benefit plans in light of such goals and objectives; ●retaining and approving the compensation of any compensation advisors; ●reviewing all equity-compensation plans to be submitted for shareholder approval under the NASDAQ listing rules, and reviewing andapproving all equity-compensation plans that are exempt from such shareholder approval requirement; ●evaluating the appropriate level of compensation for board and board committee service by non-employee directors; and ●reviewing and approving description of executive compensation included in our Annual Report on Form 20-F. Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Charles Bathurst, Douglas Arner and Justin Wu currently serve on the nominating and corporate governance committee, which is chaired byProfessor Arner. Our Board of Directors has determined that each member of the nominating and corporate governance committee is “independent” as thatterm is defined in the applicable rules of the NASDAQ Global Market. The nominating and corporate governance committee’s responsibilities include: ●assisting our Board of Directors in identifying prospective director nominees and recommending nominees for election by the shareholders orappointment by our Board of Directors; ●advising the board of directors periodically with respect to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well asour compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to our Board of Directors on all matters of corporategovernance and on any corrective action to be taken; ●overseeing the evaluation of our Board of Directors; and ●recommending members for each board committee of our Board of Directors. 92Table of Contents Scientific Advisory Board We recently restructured the Scientific Assessment Committee into a newly formed Scientific Advisory Board. The Scientific Advisory Board shallhelp the Company sharpen its focus on innovation and technological advancements and address critical scientific challenges in our research anddevelopment; it will provide overall advise on the scientific development of the company. As of the date of this annual report, we only have one member ofthe Board – Dr. Keith Chan, but anticipate adding more members in the near future. Family Relationships There is no family relationship among any of our directors or executive officers. Duties of Directors Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a duty to act honestly, in good faith and bona fide with a view to our best interests. Our directors alsohave a duty to exercise the care, diligence and skills that a reasonably diligent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty ofcare to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our Memorandum and Articles. We have the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors isbreached. The functions and powers of our Board of Directors include, among others: ●appointing officers and determining the term of office of the officers; ●authorizing the payment of donations to religious, charitable, public or other bodies, clubs, funds or associations as deemed advisable; ●exercising the borrowing powers of the company and mortgaging the property of the company; ●executing checks, promissory notes and other negotiable instruments on behalf of the company; and ●maintaining or registering a register of mortgages, charges or other encumbrances of the company. Terms of Directors and Officers There is no Cayman Islands law requirement that a director must hold office for a certain term and stand for re-election unless the resolutionsappointing the director impose a term on the appointment. The Memorandum and Articles provide that our directors will be elected annually to serve a termof one year, or until his or her earlier resignation or removal. We do not have any age limit requirements relating to our director’s term of office. Our Memorandum and Articles also provide that our directors may be removed by the directors or ordinary resolution of the shareholders, and thatany vacancy on our Board of Directors, including a vacancy resulting from an enlargement of our Board of Directors (which shall not exceed any maximumnumber stated therein), may be filled by ordinary resolution or by vote of a majority of our directors then in office. Employment Agreements We have entered into agreements with our executive officers. Each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period, which will berenewed upon both parties’ agreement. We may terminate the employment for cause, at any time, without notice or remuneration, for certain acts of theexecutive officer, including but not limited to the commitments of any serious or persistent breach or non-observance of the terms and conditions of theemployment, conviction of a criminal offense, willful disobedience of a lawful and reasonable order, fraud or dishonesty, receipt of bribery, or severe neglectof his or her duties. Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the employment agreement expires, in strict confidence and not to use or disclose toany person, corporation or other entity without written consent, any confidential information. Each executive officer has also agreed to assign to our groupall his or her all inventions, improvements, designs, original works of authorship, formulas, processes, compositions of matter, computer software programs,databases, mask works, concepts and trade secrets. 93Table of Contents D. Employees As of the date of this annual report, we have 41 employees, including 39 full-time employees and 2 part-time employees. Of these, 13 are engaged infull-time research and development and laboratory operations, 20 are engaged in general and administrative functions, 6 are full-time employees engaged inthe clinic operation and 2 part-time employees are engaged in sponsored research and development, laboratory operations and legal clerical support. As ofthe date of this annual report, 40 of our employees are located in Hong Kong and 1 of our employees is located in the UK. In addition, we have engaged andmay continue to engage 24 independent contracted consultants and advisors to assist us with our operations. None of our employees are represented by alabor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We have never experienced any employment related work stoppages, and we consider ourrelations with our employees to be good. E. Share Ownership The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership, within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act, ofour Ordinary Shares as of April 15, 2019. ●each of our directors and executive officers who beneficially own our Ordinary Shares; and ●each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5.0% of our Ordinary Shares. Beneficial ownership includes voting or investment power with respect to the securities. Except as indicated below, and subject to applicablecommunity property laws, the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all Ordinary Shares shown as beneficiallyowned by them. Percentage of beneficial ownership of each listed person is based on 6,537,269 Class A Ordinary Shares and 22,437,754 Class B OrdinaryShares outstanding as of April 15, 2019. Information with respect to beneficial ownership has been furnished by each director, officer or beneficial owner of 5% or more of our OrdinaryShares. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally requires that such person have voting or investment powerwith respect to securities. In computing the number of Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by a person listed below and the percentage ownership of suchperson, Ordinary Shares underlying options, warrants or convertible securities held by each such person that are exercisable or convertible within 60 days ofthe date of this annual report are deemed outstanding, but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Except asotherwise indicated in the footnotes to this table, or as required by applicable community property laws, all persons listed have sole voting and investmentpower for all Ordinary Shares shown as beneficially owned by them. As of the date of the annual report, we have 4 shareholders of record holding beneficialownership of 5% or more, none of which are located in the United States. Unless otherwise indicated, the business address of each of the individuals is 17th Floor, Guangdong Investment Tower, 148 Connaught RoadCentral, Hong Kong. Name and Address of Beneficial Owner Class A OrdinaryShares Beneficially Owned Class B OrdinaryShares Beneficially Owned Percentage ofTotal Class A andClass B Ordinary Shares(1) Percentage of Total Voting Power(2) Ian Huen(3) 1,784,608 16,061,469 61.59% 70.33%Darren Lui(4) 286,244 2,460,732 9.48% 10.78%Clark Cheng(5) - - - - Sabrina Khan(6) * - * * Thomas Lee Wai Yip(7) * - * * Angel Ng Siu Yan(8) * - * * Charles Bathurst(9) - - - - Mirko Scherer(10) - - - - Justin Wu(11) 206,560 - 0.71% 0.09%Douglas Arner(12) - - - - All directors and executive officers as a group (10 persons) 2,277,412 18,522,201 71.78% 81.20%5% Beneficial Owner Jurchen Investment Corporation(3) 1,784,608 16,061,469 61.59% 70.33%Sui Fong Isabel Huen Ng(3) 211,986 1,907,870 7.32% 8.35%CGY Investments Limited(13) 471,809 4,015,367 15.49% 17.59% *Less than 1%. 94Table of Contents (1)For each person and group included in this column, percentage ownership is calculated by dividing the number of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class BOrdinary Shares beneficially owned by such person or group, including shares that such person or group has the right to acquire within 60 days afterApril 15, 2019, by the sum of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares, and the number of Class A Ordinary Shares that such person orgroup has the right to acquire beneficial ownership within 60 days after April 15, 2019. Following the IPO, each Class B Ordinary Share can beconverted at any time on a one-for-one basis into Class A Ordinary Shares at the discretion of the holder (2)For each person and group included in this column, percentage of total voting power represents voting power based on both Class A Ordinary Sharesand Class B Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by such person or group with respect to all of our outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares and Class BOrdinary Shares as one single class. Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares are entitled to one vote per share and holders of Class B Ordinary Shares areentitled to ten votes per share on all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote. (3)Includes 1,784,608 Class A Ordinary Shares and 16,061,469 Class B Ordinary Shares held by Jurchen Investment Corporation, a company wholly-owned by Mr. Huen. Mr. Huen maintains sole voting control over the shares held by Jurchen, the principal office address of which is at 17th Floor,Guangdong Investment Tower, 148 Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong. Does not include 20,107 Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise ofoutstanding options issued on March 15, 2019 to Mr. Huen pursuant to the Option Plan, since such options have not vested and will not be exercisablewithin 60 days of April 15, 2019. (4)Includes (i) 50,339 Class A Ordinary Shares and 453,048 Class B Ordinary Shares held by DSF Investment Holdings Limited, which is wholly-owned byMr. Lui and located at Flat A2, 11th Floor, Wing Hang Insurance Building, 11 Wing Kut Street, Hong Kong and (ii) 235,905 Class A Ordinary Sharesand 2,007,684 Class B Ordinary Shares held by CGY Investments Limited, which is 50% held by Seng Fun Yee (Mr. Lui’s spouse), 25% held by MandyLui (Mr. Lui’s sister) and 25% held by Adrian Lui (Mr. Lui’s brother). Mr. Lui controls and/or has substantial influence on the disposition and votingrights of the shares held by his spouse, but no such control over the shares held by his sister or brother. Does not include 20,107 Class A OrdinaryShares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options issued on March 15, 2019 to Mr. Lui pursuant to the Option Plan, since such options have notvested and will not be exercisable within 60 days of April 15, 2019. (5)Dr. Cheng does not directly own any Company shares; however, pursuant to his appointment letter, Dr. Cheng received a stock bonus of 6% of AptorumMedical Limited’s ordinary shares as of the date of this annual report. Does not include 20,107 Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise ofoutstanding options issued on March 15, 2019 to Dr. Cheng pursuant to the Option Plan, since such options have not vested and will not be exercisablewithin 60 days of April 15, 2019. (6)Does not include 9,498 Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options issued on March 15, 2019 to Ms. Khan pursuant to theOption Plan, since such options have not vested and will not be exercisable within 60 days of April 15, 2019. (7)Does not include 20,107 Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options issued on March 15, 2019 to Mr. Lee pursuant to theOption Plan, since such options have not vested and will not be exercisable within 60 days of April 15, 2019. (8)Does not include 1,551 Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options issued on March 15, 2019 to Ms. Ng pursuant to theOption Plan, since such options have not vested and will not be exercisable within 60 days of April 15, 2019. (9)Does not include 2,011 Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options issued on March 15, 2019 to Mr. Bathurst pursuant to theOption Plan, since such options have not vested and will not be exercisable within 60 days of April 15, 2019. (10)Does not include 2,011 Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options issued on March 15, 2019 to Mr. Scherer pursuant to theOption Plan, since such options have not vested and will not be exercisable within 60 days of April 15, 2019. (11)Includes (i) 129,589 Class A Ordinary Shares held by Chi Ling Lily Heung, the wife of Dr. Wu and (ii) 76,971 Class A Ordinary Shares held by Dr.Wu. Does not include 2,011 Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options issued on March 15, 2019 to Dr. Wu pursuant to theOption Plan, since such options have not vested and will not be exercisable within 60 days of April 15, 2019. (12)Does not include 2,011 Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options issued on March 15, 2019 to Dr. Arner pursuant to theOption Plan, since such options have not vested and will not be exercisable within 60 days of April 15, 2019. (13)CGY Investments Limited is 50% held by Seng Fun Yee (Mr. Lui’s spouse), 25% held by Mandy Lui (Mr. Lui’s sister) and 25% held by Adrian Lui (Mr.Lui’s brother). Mr. Lui controls and/or has substantial influence on the disposition and voting rights of the shares held by his spouse, but no suchcontrol over the shares held by his sister or brother. 95Table of Contents Item 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS A. Major Shareholders Please refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.” B. Related Party Transactions Sales and Purchases of Securities Share Issuances KHE Holdings Limited, which is owned by Dr. Kenny Yu’s family, purchased $200,000 Series A Notes in our private Note offering, which closed onMay 15, 2018; such notes automatically converted into 28,776 Class A Ordinary Shares upon the closing of the IPO. A total of 5,504 shares were purchased in the IPO by related persons. Share Transfer: Change in direct substantial shareholders of the Company On May 4, 2017, Mr. Huen transferred all of the ordinary shares in the Company he owned (in the amount of 22,307,596) to Jurchen, a companyincorporated in the British Virgin Islands and wholly-owned by Mr. Huen. On October 13, 2017, the ordinary shares held by Jurchen were redesignated as2,230,760 Class A Ordinary Shares and 20,076,836 Class B Ordinary Shares. On March 23, 2018, Jurchen transferred 446,152 Class A Ordinary Shares and 4,015,367 Class B Ordinary Shares to CGY Investments Limited, acompany incorporated in Hong Kong and which we deem Mr. Darren Lui controls and/or of which he has substantial influence on the disposition rights andvoting rights of such shares. Following this transfer, Jurchen owns approximately 33% and 72% of our Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares,respectively. Consulting Arrangements GloboAsia, LLC - We entered into a consulting agreement with GloboAsia effective as of August 18, 2017 (the “2017 GA Agreement”); GloboAsiais not associated or affiliated with any FINRA members. However, the 2017 GA Agreement was terminated when Dr. Chan resigned from his position as ourChief Scientific Officer in March 2019. Dr. Chan serves as the Director of International Affairs of GloboAsia. Effective as of April 1, 2019, GloboAsia, through Dr. Chan, shall serve as a member on our Scientific Advisory Board. To formalize such service weentered into that certain consulting agreement with GloboAsia dated March 13, 2019 (the “2019 GA Agreement”. Pursuant to the 2019 GA Agreement,GloboAsia provides advisory and management services to us and as a member of the Scientific Advisory Board, they provide advice to us regarding researchand development, the scientific merit of licenses or products and other related scientific issues. We agreed to pay GloboAsia an hourly rate of USD300 forwork actually performed. The initial term of 2019 GA Agreement is until December 31, 2020 and shall thereafter be automatically renewed for successive oneyear terms, unless earlier terminated by either party upon three months’ notice prior to the end of the then applicable term; either party may also terminate theagreement upon 2 months written notice and the Company may terminate the agreement if Dr. Chan is no longer with GloboAsia or if GloboAsia commitsany act of fraud or dishonesty. 96Table of Contents Aeneas a. We entered into a Management Agreement with Aeneas in October 2010, as amended (the “Management Agreement”). Our CEO, Mr. Huen is thesole beneficial owner and one of the executive directors of Aeneas, which is a Hong Kong incorporated licensed corporation regulated by the Securities &Futures Commission for asset management activities. Prior to the Restructure, Aeneas was the Company’s asset manager. Pursuant to the ManagementAgreement, we were to pay Aeneas certain management fees and performance fees. In February 2017, as part of the Restructure, the Management Agreementwas terminated and no further fees were payable pursuant thereto. Prior to termination, we paid Aeneas an aggregate of $4.8 million pursuant to the terms ofthe Management Agreement. b. In March 2017, we entered into a new Management Agreement with Aeneas (the “2017 Agreement”), pursuant to which Aeneas will providecertain management and administrative functions, as well as investment functions related to the Company, IP acquisitions and other investor relationsservices (the “Services”). In consideration for the Services, we agreed to pay Aeneas HK$500,000 per month (approximately US$64,103 per month), payableon the last day of each month. The 2017 Agreement was terminated in July 2018. Prior to the termination, we paid Aeneas an aggregate of $1.1 millionpursuant to the terms of the 2017 Agreement. Aeneas is wholly-owned by Aeneas Group Limited (“AGL”), which in turn is wholly-owned by Aeneas Limited (“AL”). AL is wholly-owned byJurchen, which is wholly-owned by Mr. Huen, our CEO. Mr. Huen and Mr. Lui both serve as the executive directors of Aeneas and Professor Arner, one of ourdirectors, is a Senior Regulatory and Strategic Advisor for Aeneas. Under his agreement with AGL dated March 12, 2018, Professor Arner shall, among otherservices, advise the board of AGL with its management, execution of business, and regulatory initiatives of AGL and AL, assist AGL with access to expertnetworks as appropriate and required. Professor Arner’s compensation thereunder is HK$240,000 per year (approximately US$30,800 per year) and ProfessorArner is entitled to participate in AGL’s share option plans. In addition, AGL was one of the selected dealers for our IPO. Lease Our lease for our office at Guangdong Investment Tower is a Sub-Tenancy Agreement between Jurchen Investment Corporation and AptusManagement Limited, which is one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Series A Note Offering On May 15, 2018, we closed a private financing with certain investors (the “Series A Note Investors”) who purchased an aggregate of $1,600,400Series A convertible notes, at a purchase price of $10,000 per note (the “Series A Notes”), pursuant to a note purchase agreement. Some of the Series A NoteInvestors are either affiliates of the Company or “related persons,” as such term is defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K (See “Item 7. Major Shareholders andRelated Party Transactions”). We refer to this private placement transaction as the “Series A Note Offering.” The Series A Note Investors entered into a lock-up agreement, pursuant to which they agreed not to sell or otherwise transfer or dispose the Series A Notes or the Class A Ordinary Shares underlying theSeries A Notes during the six-month period commencing on the date our Class A Ordinary Shares commence trading on NASDAQ Global Market. The SeriesA Notes automatically converted into 230,252 Class A Ordinary Shares at the closing of the Offering and at the commencement of trading our Class AOrdinary Shares on NASDAQ Global Market at a conversion price equal to a 56% discount to the actual price per Class A Ordinary Share (“ConversionPrice”). Accordingly, the Series A Notes converted into, and we issued an aggregate of 230,252 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares after the IPO closed. 97Table of Contents One of the underwriters in the IPO also served as a placement agent for the Series A Note Offering and received: (i) a cash success fee of $68,516 and(ii) warrants to purchase 12,663 Class A Ordinary Shares, at an exercise price of $6.95 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Series A Note PA Warrants”). TheSeries A Note PA Warrants are also exercisable on a cashless basis, at the holder’s discretion. The issuance and sale of Series A Notes, and the underlying Class A Ordinary Shares to the Series A Note Investors in the Series A Note Offering weremade in reliance on an exemption from registration contained in either Regulation D or Regulation S of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the“Securities Act”). The securities sold in the Series A Note Offering are not registered by the registration statement and have not been registered under theSecurities Act, and may be offered or sold only pursuant to an effective registration statement or pursuant to an available exemption from the registrationrequirements of the Securities Act. However, the Series A Note Investors have piggyback registration rights with respect to the Class A Ordinary Sharesunderlying the Series A Notes that entitle the Series A Note Investors to request their securities be included in a future Securities Act registration statement,after our IPO, subject to certain exceptions and conditions. However, we decided to include the Class A Ordinary Shares underlying the Series A Notes in theregistration statement for our IPO. The Bond Offering As described above in Item 5A. Operating Results, on April 6, 2018, we entered into the Bond Subscription Agreement with Peace Range. As of thedate of this Report, Peace Range owns 0.41% of our voting shares. Employment Agreements See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — C. Board Practices — Employment Agreements”. C. Interests of Experts and Counsel Not applicable. Item 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report. Legal Proceedings From time to time, we are subject to legal proceedings, investigations and claims incidental to the conduct of our business. We are not currently aparty to any legal proceeding or investigation which, in the opinion of our management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financialcondition or results of operations. Dividend Policy We have never declared or paid cash dividends to our shareholders, and we do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We intendto reinvest any earnings in developing and expanding our business. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be at the discretion of ourBoard of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions,capital requirements, business prospects, our strategic goals and plans to expand our business, applicable law and other factors that our Board of Directorsmay deem relevant. Under Cayman Islands law, dividends may be declared and paid only out of funds legally available therefor, namely out of either profit or our sharepremium account, and provided further that a dividend may not be paid if this would result in our Company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due inthe ordinary course of business. 98Table of Contents B. Significant Changes Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidatedfinancial statements included in this annual report. Item 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING A. Offering and Listing Details. The Registration Statement became effective on December 3, 2018. Our Class A Ordinary Shares are currently listed on NASDAQ Global Marketunder the symbol “APM”. B. Plan of Distribution Not applicable. C. Markets Our Class A Ordinary Shares are currently listed on NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “APM”. D. Selling Shareholders Not applicable. E. Dilution Not applicable. F. Expenses of the Issue Not applicable. Item 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION A. Share Capital Not applicable. B. Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association The description of our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association is incorporated by reference from the RegistrationStatement. Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association were filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registration Statement and are herebyincorporated by reference into this annual report. C. Material Contracts We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Informationon the Company” or elsewhere in this annual report. D. Exchange Controls There are no governmental laws, decrees, regulations or other legislation in the Cayman Islands or Hong Kong that may affect the import or export ofcapital, including the availability of cash and cash equivalents for use by us, or that may affect the remittance of dividends, interest, or other payments by usto non-resident holders of our ordinary shares, other than withholding tax requirements. There is no limitation imposed by Cayman Islands law, Hong Konglaw or our articles of association on the right of non-residents to hold or vote shares. 99Table of Contents E. Taxation Cayman Islands Tax Considerations The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is notaxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islandsexcept for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within, the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islandsis not party to any double tax treaties which are applicable to any payments made by or to our Company. There are no exchange control regulations orcurrency restrictions in the Cayman Islands. Payments of dividends and capital in respect of our Class A Ordinary Shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and nowithholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of our Class A Ordinary Shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal ofour Class A Ordinary Shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax. No stamp duty is payable in respect of the issue of our Class A Ordinary Shares or on an instrument of transfer in respect of our Class A OrdinaryShares except on instruments executed in, or brought within, the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders The following is a description of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (as defined below) of purchasing, owning anddisposing of Class A Ordinary Shares. It is not a comprehensive description of all U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to a particularperson’s decision to acquire Class A Ordinary Shares. This discussion applies only to a U.S. Holder that holds a Class A Ordinary Share as a capital asset forU.S. federal income tax purposes (generally, property held for investment). In addition, it does not describe all of the tax consequences that may be relevantin light of a U.S. Holder’s particular circumstances, including state and local tax consequences, non-U.S. tax consequences, federal estate or gift taxconsequences, alternative minimum tax consequences, the potential application of the provisions of the Code known as the Medicare Contribution Tax, andtax consequences applicable to U.S. Holders subject to special rules, such as: ●banks and other financial institutions; ●insurance companies; ●dealers or traders in securities who use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting; ●persons holding Class A Ordinary Shares as part of a hedging transaction, “straddle,” wash sale, conversion transaction or integrated transactionor persons entering into a constructive sale with respect to the Class A Ordinary Shares; ●persons whose “functional currency” for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar; ●tax exempt entities, including “individual retirement accounts” and “Roth IRAs”; ●former citizens or long-term residents of the United States; ●entities or arrangements classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes; ●regulated investment companies or real estate investment trusts; ●persons who acquired our Class A Ordinary Shares pursuant to the exercise of an employee share option or otherwise as compensation; ●persons that own or are deemed to own ten percent or more of our shares; and ●persons holding Class A Ordinary Shares in connection with a trade or business conducted outside the United States. 100Table of Contents If an entity or arrangement that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds Class A Ordinary Shares, the U.S. federalincome tax treatment of such partnership and each partner thereof will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership.Partnerships holding Class A Ordinary Shares and partners in such partnerships are encouraged to consult their tax advisors as to the particular U.S. federalincome tax consequences of purchasing, holding and disposing of Class A Ordinary Shares. The discussion is based on the Code, the Treasury Regulations issued thereunder, and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, all as ineffect on the date hereof and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, or to different interpretation. Such change could materiallyand adversely affect the tax consequences described below. For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a holder who, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is a beneficial owner of Class A OrdinaryShares and that is: (1)an individual citizen or resident of the United States; (2)a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state therein or theDistrict of Columbia; (3)an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or (4)a trust, (i) if a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and one or more “U.S. persons”(within the meaning of the Code) have the authority to control all of its substantial decisions, or (ii) if a valid election is in effect for the trust tobe treated as a U.S. person. U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult their tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of purchasing,owning and disposing of Class A Ordinary Shares in their particular circumstances. Taxation of Distributions Subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” a U.S. Holder will be required to include in gross income asdividend income the gross amount of any distributions paid on Class A Ordinary Shares (including any amount of taxes withheld), other than certain prorata distributions of Class A Ordinary Shares, to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federalincome tax principles). Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits would be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to theextent of the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Class A Ordinary Shares and thereafter as a gain from the sale of the Class A Ordinary Shares. However,because we do not calculate our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, we expect that distributions generally will be reported to U.S.Holders as dividends. In case of a U.S. Holder that is a corporation, dividends paid on the Class A Ordinary Shares will be subject to regular corporate rates and will not beeligible for the “dividends received” deduction generally allowed to corporate shareholders with respect to dividends received from U.S. corporations. Dividends received by an individual, trust or estate will be subject to taxation at standard tax rates. A reduced income tax rate applies to dividendspaid by a “qualified foreign corporations” (if certain holding period requirements and other conditions are met). A non-U.S. corporation generally will beconsidered to be a qualified foreign corporation (i) if it is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States which includes anexchange of information program or (ii) with respect to any dividend it pays on stock which is readily tradable on an established securities market in theUnited States. US. Treasury Department guidance indicates that our Class A Ordinary Shares, which is listed on the NASDAQ Global Market is readilytradable on an established securities market in the United States. There can be no assurance, however, that our Class A Ordinary Shares will be consideredreadily tradable on an established securities market in later years. Non-corporate U.S. Holders will not be eligible for reduced rates of taxation on any dividends received from us if we are a PFIC in the taxable year inwhich such dividends are paid or in the preceding taxable year (See “Item 10. Additional Information – E. Taxation – Material U.S. Federal Income TaxConsiderations for U.S. Holders – Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules” below). A U.S. Holder may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit in respect of any foreign withholding taxesimposed on dividends received on the Class A Ordinary Shares. A U.S. Holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign income tax withheldmay instead claim a deduction for U.S. federal income tax purposes in respect of such withholding, but only for a year in which such investor elects to do sofor all creditable foreign income taxes. For purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit limitation, dividends paid by us will, depending on thecircumstances of the U.S. Holder, be either general or passive income. 101Table of Contents While we do not expect to pay dividends in the near future, in the event any dividends are paid and if a dividend is paid in non-U.S. currency, itmust be included in a U.S. Holder’s income as a U.S. dollar amount based on the exchange rate in effect on the date such dividend is actually orconstructively received, regardless of whether the dividend is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted to U.S. dollars on the date ofreceipt, a U.S. Holder generally will not recognize a foreign currency gain or loss. If the non-U.S. currency is converted into U.S. dollars on a later date,however, the U.S. Holder must include in income any gain or loss resulting from any exchange rate fluctuations. Such gain or loss will generally be ordinaryincome or loss and will be from sources within the United States for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisorsregarding the tax consequences to them if we pay dividends in non-U.S. currency. Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Shares Subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” gain or loss realized on the sale or other taxable disposition ofClass A Ordinary Shares will be capital gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder held the Class A Ordinary Shares for morethan one year. The amount of the gain or loss will equal the difference between the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Class A Ordinary Shares disposed of and theamount realized on the disposition. Long-term capital gain of a non-corporate U.S. Holder is generally taxed at preferential rates. This gain or loss willgenerally be U.S.-source gain or loss for foreign tax credit purposes. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. U.S. Holders are urged toconsult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax is imposed on the disposition of Class A Ordinary Shares, including the availabilityof the foreign tax credit under an investor’s own particular circumstances. A U.S. Holder that receives non-U.S. currency on the disposition of the Class A Ordinary Shares will realize an amount equal to the U.S. dollar valueof the foreign currency received on the date of disposition (or in the case of cash basis and electing accrual basis taxpayers, the settlement date) whether ornot converted into U.S. dollars at that time. Very generally, the U.S. Holder will recognize currency gain or loss if the U.S. dollar value of the currencyreceived on the settlement date differs from the amount realized with respect to the Class A Ordinary Shares. Any currency gain or loss on the settlement dateor on any subsequent disposition of the foreign currency generally will be U.S.-source ordinary income or loss. Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules Special U.S. federal income tax rules apply to a U.S. Holder that holds stock in a foreign corporation classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income taxpurposes. In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year in which, after applying certain look-through rules, either: ●at least 75% of its gross income for such taxable year is passive income (e.g., dividends, interest, capital gains and rents derived other than in theactive conduct of a rental business); or ●at least 50% of its gross assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are heldfor the production of passive income. We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other corporation inwhich we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the equity. A separate determination must be made after the close of each taxable year as to whether we are a PFIC for that year. As a result, our PFIC status maychange. In particular, the total value of our assets generally will be calculated using the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares, which may fluctuateconsiderably. Fluctuations in the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may result in our being a PFIC for any taxable year. Due to the amount of restricted and unrestricted cash that we had on hand during our year ending December 31, 2018, we believe that we wereclassified as a PFIC for that tax year. Depending on the future composition and value of our assets, we may be classified as a PFIC for 2019, as well, and forfuture years. If we were to be classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder would be subject to different taxation rules depending on whether the U.S. Holder (i) takes noaction, (ii) makes an election to treat us as a “Qualified Electing Fund” (a “QEF election”) or (iii) if permitted, makes a “mark-to-market” election with respectto our Class A Ordinary Shares. A U.S. Holder of our Class A Ordinary Shares will also be required under applicable Treasury Regulations to file an annualinformation return (Form 8621) containing information regarding our company. Additional explanations of the PFIC rules are set forth below: this material iscomplex and may affect different U.S. Holders differently. Accordingly, U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors about the consequences of ourcompany being classified as a PFIC and about what steps, if any, they might take to lessen the tax impact of our PFIC status on them. 102Table of Contents A U.S. Holder who does not make a timely QEF or mark-to-market election (a “Non-Electing Holder”), as discussed below, will be subject to specialtax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” that you receive and any gain you realize from a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of Class AOrdinary Shares. Distributions you receive in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions you received during the shorter ofthe three preceding taxable years or your holding period for the Class A Ordinary Shares will be treated as an excess distribution. Under these special taxrules: ●the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over your holding period for the Class A Ordinary Shares; ●the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we became a PFIC, will be treatedas ordinary income; and ●the amount allocated to each other year will be subject to the highest tax rate in effect for that year and the interest charge generally applicableto underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such year. It should be noted that, until such time as we make a distribution, there are no tax consequences to Non-Electing Holders. However, if we ever didmake a distribution it would in all likelihood be an excess distribution (because we would not have previously made any distributions to holders of Class AOrdinary Shares). At that point, and for all subsequent distributions, the rules described above would apply to Non-Electing Holders. The tax liability foramounts allocated to years prior to the year of disposition or “excess distribution” cannot be offset by any net operating losses for such years, and gains (butnot losses) realized on the sale of the Class A Ordinary Shares cannot be treated as capital, even if you hold the Ordinary Shares as capital assets. Certain elections may be available that would result in alternative treatments. The adverse consequences of owning stock in a PFIC could bemitigated if a U.S. Holder makes a valid QEF election (a U.S. Holder which we refer to as an “Electing Holder”) which, among other things, would require theElecting Holder to include currently in income its pro rata share of the PFIC’s net capital gain and ordinary earnings, if any, for our taxable year that endswith or within the taxable year of the Electing Holder, regardless of whether or not the Electing Holder actually received distributions from us. When anElecting Holder makes a QEF election, its adjusted tax basis in our Class A Ordinary Shares is increased to reflect taxed but undistributed earnings andprofits. Distributions of earnings and profits that had been previously taxed will result in a corresponding reduction in the adjusted tax basis in our Class AOrdinary Shares and will not be taxed again once distributed. An Electing Holder would generally recognize capital gain or loss on the sale, exchange orother disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares. A U.S. Holder can make a QEF election with respect to any year that we are a PFIC by filing IRS Form 8621 with its U.S. federal income tax return.This election must be made by the deadline (including extensions) for filing the U.S. Holder’s federal tax return for the year in question. U.S. Holders shoulddiscuss their election alternatives with their own tax advisors. Once an election is made, the Electing Holder is subject to the QEF rules for as long as we are aPFIC. It should be noted that in order to make a QEF election a U.S. Holder needs information from us concerning our PFIC status and our financial resultsfor the year. We cannot assure our U.S. Holders that we will provide such information. As an alternative to making a QEF election, a U.S. Holder may make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to our Class A Ordinary Sharesprovided our Class A Ordinary Shares are treated as “marketable stock.” The Class A Ordinary Shares generally will be treated as marketable stock if they areregularly traded on a “qualified exchange or other market” (within the meaning of applicable Treasury Regulations) on at least 15 days during each calendarquarter (other than in de minimis amounts). If a U.S. Holder makes an effective mark-to-market election, for each taxable year that we are a PFIC, the U.S. Holder will include as ordinary incomethe excess of the fair market value of its Class A Ordinary Shares at the end of the year over its adjusted tax basis in the Class A Ordinary Shares. You will beentitled to deduct as an ordinary loss in each such year the excess of your adjusted tax basis in the Class A Ordinary Shares over their fair market value at theend of the year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. A U.S. Holder’s adjustedtax basis in the Class A Ordinary Shares will be increased by the amount of any income inclusion and decreased by the amount of any deductions under themark-to-market rules. In addition, upon the sale or other disposition of your Class A Ordinary Shares in a year that we are PFIC, any gain will be treated asordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the mark-to-market election. 103Table of Contents If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election, it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxableyears unless the Class A Ordinary Shares are no longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market, or the IRS consents to the revocation of theelection. You are urged to consult your tax advisor about the availability of the mark-to-market election, and whether making the election would beadvisable in your particular circumstances. Information Reporting and Backup Withholding Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries generallyare subject to information reporting, and may be subject to backup withholding, unless (i) the U.S. Holder is a corporation or other exempt recipient or (ii) inthe case of backup withholding, the U.S. Holder provides a correct taxpayer identification number and certifies that it is not subject to backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. Holder will be allowed as a creditagainst the holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle it to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS. Information with Respect to Foreign Financial Assets Certain U.S. Holders may be required to report information relating to the Class A Ordinary Shares, subject to certain exceptions (including anexception for Class A Ordinary Shares held in accounts maintained by certain U.S. financial institutions). U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisorsregarding their reporting obligations with respect to their purchase, ownership and disposition of the Class A Ordinary Shares. F. Dividends and Paying Agents Not applicable. G. Statement by Experts Not applicable. H. Documents on Display We have previously filed the Registration Statement with the SEC. We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to filereports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year.Copies of reports and other information, when so filed, may be inspected without charge and may be obtained at prescribed rates at the public referencefacilities maintained by the SEC at Judiciary Plaza, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information regarding theWashington, D.C. Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a web site at http://www.sec.gov that containsreports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. Asa foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules of the Exchange Act prescribing, among other things, the furnishing and content of proxy statements toshareholders, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisionscontained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. I. Subsidiary Information For a listing of our subsidiaries, see “Item 4. Information on the Company — A. History and Development of the Company.” 104Table of Contents Item 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK For purposes of Item 11, reference to the “Group” means Aptorum Group Limited and all of its subsidiaries. Foreign Exchange Risk Currency risk is the risk that the value of financial assets or liabilities will fluctuate due to changes in foreign exchange rates. Currency risk sensitivity analysis At December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Group has no significant foreign currency risk because its business is principally conducted inHong Kong and most of the transactions are denominated in Hong Kong dollar. Since the Hong Kong dollar is pegged to the United States dollar, the Group’sexposure to foreign currency risk in respect of the balances denominated in Hong Kong dollars is considered to be minimal. Credit Risk Credit risk is the risk that an issuer or counterparty will be unable or unwilling to meet a commitment (including the payment of amounts arisingfrom derivative contracts) in full when due, that the issuer or counterparty have entered into with the Company. Financial assets which potentially subject the Group to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of bank deposits and balances, assets heldwith the Custodian/Prime Broker, derivatives where the brokers are the counterparty and the Group’s debt securities investments. The Custodian/Prime Broker provides the clearing and depository operations for the Group’s security transactions. The Custodian/Prime Broker alsoprovides loans and financing to the Group and assets held by the Custodian/Prime Brokers will be charged as a continuing security for the payment anddischarge of all liabilities of the Group. The Group is also exposed to credit risk on the cash held with the Custodian/Prime Broker amounting to $112,746 and $122,127, respectively, as ofDecember 31, 2018 and 2017. The credit rating ascribed by Standard and Poor’s to Credit Suisse as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was A, respectively. Furthermore, the Group takes on exposure to credit risk on cash and restricted cash balances held with HSBC, DBS Bank Ltd, Hong Kong Branch,Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macao) Limited, Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited and Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group for the purposes ofpayments of Group expenses. All transactions in listed securities are settled or paid for upon delivery using approved and reputable brokers. The risk of default is consideredminimal, as delivery of securities sold is only made when the broker has received payment. Payment is made on a purchase when the securities have beenreceived by the broker. The trade will fail if either party fails to meet its obligation. The Group limits its exposure to credit risk by transacting all of itssecurities and contractual commitment activities with broker-dealers, banks and regulated exchanges with high credit ratings and that the Group considers tobe well established. Liquidity Risk Liquidity risk is the risk that the Group will encounter difficulty in raising funds to meet commitments associated with financial assets andliabilities. Liquidity risk may result from an inability to sell a financial asset quickly at an amount close to its fair value. The Group invests in private equities which are generally unquoted and not readily marketable. The Group manages its liquidity risk by settinginvestment limits on unlisted securities that cannot be readily disposed of. Investment of the Group’s assets in unquoted securities may restrict the ability ofthe Group to dispose of its investment at a price and time it wishes to do so. Interest Rate Risk Interest rate risk arises from the possibility that changes in interest rates will affect future cash flows or the fair values of financial instruments. 105Table of Contents Interest rate risk sensitivity analysis The Group’s cash held with the Cash Custodian and the Custodian are exposed to interest rate risk. However, Management considers the risk to beminimal as they are short-term with terms less than one month. Inflation Risk In recent years, inflation has not had a material impact on our results of operations. Item 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES With the exception of Items 12.D.3 and 12.D.4, this Item 12 is not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F. As to Items 12.D.3 and 12.D.4, thisItem 12 is not applicable, as the Company does not have any American Depositary Shares. Part II Item 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES None. Item 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS See “Item 10. Additional Information” for a description of the rights of securities holders, which remain unchanged. Use of Proceeds The following “Use of Proceeds” information relates to the Registration Statement (File No. 333-227198), which was initially filed on September 5,2018 and which became effective on December 3, 2018, in relation to our initial public offering of 761,419 Class A Ordinary Shares, at an initial offeringprice of $15.8 per share, and the issuance to the underwriter in the initial public offering of warrants to purchase up to 38,071 Class A Ordinary Shares. Ourinitial public offering closed in December 17, 2018, for which Boustead Securities LLC, China Renaissance Securities (HK) Limited and AMTD GlobalMarkets Limited served as underwriters. We received gross proceeds of approximately $12.0 million from our initial public offering. As of April 15, 2019 in addition to our expenses relatingto our IPO, we have begun to devote a significant percentage of our resources, including a substantial portion of the proceeds to our three lead/therapeuticprojects. Item 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES (a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, we carriedout an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, which is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of December 31,2018. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of December31, 2018 we were not effective at the reasonable assurance level due to the material weakness described below. Internal Control over Financial Reporting In connection with the audit of our financial statements for the period January 1, 2017 through February 28, 2017, the period March 1, 2017 throughDecember 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2018, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified one material weakness inour internal control over financial reporting, as defined in the standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board of the UnitedStates, as of December 31, 2018. The material weakness identified was the lack of dedicated resources to take responsibility for the finance and accountingfunctions and the preparation of financial statements in compliance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. 106Table of Contents We have already taken some steps and have continued to implement measures to remediate the material weakness identified, including but notlimited to providing trainings to staff, changing to a new and well-established accounting system, and continue to monitor the internal control over financialreporting. However, we cannot assure you that we will not identify additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in the future. See “Item 3. KeyInformation—D. Risk Factors— Risks Related to Our Industry, Business and Operation — If we fail to establish and maintain proper internal financialreporting controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.” Notwithstanding there are material weaknesses identified as described above, we believe that our consolidated financial statements contained in thisannual report on Form 20-F fairly present our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the years covered thereby in all material respects. (b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm This annual report on Form 20-F does not include a report of management’s assessment regarding internal control over financial reporting or anattestation report of the company’s registered public accounting firm due to a transition period established by rules of the SEC for newly public companies. We also did not include an attestation report of the company’s registered public accounting firm in this annual report on Form 20-F due to rules ofthe SEC where domestic and foreign registrants that are non-accelerated filers, which we are, and “emerging growth companies” which we also are, are notrequired to provide the auditor attestation report. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Other than those disclosed above, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered bythis annual report on Form 20-F that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 16. [Reserved] Item 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT We have one financial expert as of the date of this report. Our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Charles Bathurst, Chair of our auditcommittee, qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in the SEC rules and satisfies the financial sophistication requirements of TheNASDAQ Global Market. Item 16B. CODE OF ETHICS The Company’s Code of Ethics became effective on the effective date of the Registration Statement. The Code of Ethics is incorporated by referenceto exhibit 14.1 of the Registration Statement. Item 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by ourprincipal external auditors, for the periods indicated. For the years endedDecember 31, 2018 2017 (In thousand) Audit fee US$263 US$210 Audit-related fees - - Tax fees - - All other fees - - Total US$263 US$210 “Audit-related fees” are the aggregate fees billed for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit and arenot reported under audit fees. These fees primarily include accounting consultations regarding the accounting treatment of matters that occur in the regularcourse of business, implications of new accounting pronouncements and other accounting issues that occur from time to time. “Tax fees” include fees for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for tax compliance and tax adviceon actual or contemplated transactions. “Other fees” include fees for services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm with respect to government incentives andother matters. The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by our independent auditor including audit services,audit-related services, tax services and other services. 107Table of Contents Item 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES Not applicable. Item 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS Not applicable. Item 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT Not applicable. Item 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees” for more information. Item 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE Not applicable. Part III Item 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18. Item 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The consolidated financial statements of Aptorum Group Limited, and its subsidiaries are included at the end of this annual report. Item 19. EXHIBITS EXHIBIT INDEX Exhibit No. Description1.1 Second Amended and Restated Articles of Association *2.1 Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares*2.2 Form of Underwriter’s Warrant+++4.1 Form of Underwriting Agreement+++4.2 Appointment Letter between the Company and Ian Huen (Founder, Chief Executive Officer & Executive Director), dated September 25, 2017*4.3 Employment Letter between the Company and Sabrina Khan (Chief Financial Officer), dated September 1, 2017 *4.4 Addendum to Employment Letter between Company and Sabrina Khan (Chief Financial Officer) dated April 24, 2018 *4.5 Appointment Letter between the Company and Darren Lui (Chief Business Officer, President & Director), dated September 25, 2017 *4.6 Employment Letter between the Company and Clark Cheng (Chief Medical Officer & Director), dated August 31, 2017 *4.7 Addendum to Appointment Letter between the Company and Clark Cheng (Chief Medical Officer & Director), dated September 25, 2017 *4.8 Second Addendum to Appointment Letter between the Company and Clark Cheng (Chief Medical Officer & Director), dated October 30,2017 *4.9 Third Addendum to Appointment Letter between the Company and Clark Cheng (Chief Medical Officer & Director), dated January 2, 2018*4.10 Appointment letter between the Company and Keith Chan (former Chief scientific officer) (Terminated March 13, 2019)* 108Table of Contents 4.11 Appointment Letter between the Company and Charles Bathurst (Independent Non-Executive Director), dated September 24, 2017 *4.12 Appointment Letter between the Company and Mirko Scherer (Independent Non-Executive Director), dated September 24, 2017 *4.13 Employment Agreement between the Company and Justin Wu (Independent Non-Executive Director), dated September 18, 2017 *4.14 Employment Agreement between the Company and Douglas Arner (Independent Non-Executive Director), dated February 13, 2018 *4.15 Management Agreement between the Company and Guardian Capital Management Limited, dated March 1, 2017 *4.16 Consulting Agreement between the Company and GloboAsia, LLC (includes provisions for the appointment of Keith Chan as ChiefScientific Officer) dated August 18, 2017 * (Terminated March 13, 2019)4.17 Management Agreement between the Company and APTUS CAPITAL LIMITED, dated October 26, 2010 *4.18 First Addendum to the Management Agreement between the Company and APTUS CAPITAL LIMITED, dated February 10, 2012 *4.19 Second Addendum to the Management Agreement between the Company and APTUS CAPITAL LIMITED, December 9, 2016 *4.20 Subscription Agreement between the Company and Peace Range Limited, dated April 6, 2018 *4.21 Share Charge Agreement between the Company, Jurchen Investment Corporation and Peace Range Limited, dated April 25, 2018 *(Terminated March 12, 2019)4.22 Deed of Guarantee of Jurchen Investment Corporation, acknowledged by Peace Range Limited, dated April 25, 2018 *4.23 Charge Account Agreement between the Company and Peace Range Limited, dated April 25, 2018 *4.24 Bond Certificate between the Company and Peace Range Limited, dated April 25, 2018 *4.25 Escrow Agreement between the Company and Peace Range Limited, dated April 25, 2018* (Terminated February 22, 2019)4.26 2017 Share Option Plan *4.27 Form of Securities Purchase Agreement for the Series A Convertible Promissory Notes, dated May 15, 2018 *4.28 Lock-up Agreement for Series A Convertible Promissory Notes, dated May 15, 2018 *4.29 Service Agreement Between Covar Pharmaceuticals Incorporated and Videns Incorporation Limited*4.30 Appointment Letter and Addendum to Service Agreement with Covar Pharmaceuticals Incorporated and Dr. Kwok Chow dated December 15,2017*4.31 Appointment Letter and Addendum to Service Agreement with Covar Pharmaceuticals Incorporated and Mr. Austin Feedman dated December26, 2017* 4.32 Consulting Agreement between the Company and GloboAsia, LLC (includes provisions for the appointment of Keith Chan as member of theScientific Advisory Board) dated March 13, 2019**4.33 Exclusive License agreement for NLS-1 dated July 3, 2017#*4.34 Addendum to License Agreement for NLS-1 dated February 9, 2018*4.35 Exclusive License agreement for NLS-1 dated July 3, 2017#*4.36 Addendum to License Agreement for NLS-1 dated February 9, 2018*4.37 Exclusive License agreement for NLS-1 dated July 3, 2017#*4.38 Addendum to License Agreement for NLS-1 dated February 9, 2018* 4.39 Exclusive Patent License Agreement for ALS-4 dated January 11, 2019****4.40 Employment Agreement with Dr. Lee dated March 13, 2019++4.41 Employment Agreement with Dr. Ng, dated March 13, 2019++8.1 List of Subsidiaries*12.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)**12.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)**13.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002***99.1 Code of Business Ethics * #Portions of the exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment under Rule 24b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, asamended, and the agreement with the omitted portions has been separately filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.****Filed with this annual report on Form 20-F. Portions of the exhibit have been omitted in reliance on the confidential treatment provisions availablepursuant to revised paragraph 4(a) of Instructions as to Exhibits of Form 20-F.***Furnished with this annual report on Form 20-F**Filed with this annual report on Form 20-F*Incorporated by reference to our Registration Statement Filed on Form F-1 on September 5, 2018+++Incorporated by reference to our Registration Statement Filed on Form F-1 on November 15, 2018++Incorporated by reference to our Current Report on Form 6-K filed on April 1, 2019 109Table of Contents SIGNATURES The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersignedto sign this annual report on its behalf. Aptorum Group Limited Date: April 15, 2019By:/s/ Ian Huen Ian Huen Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board of Directors (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Sabrina Khan Sabrina Khan Chief Financial Officer Principal Accounting and Financial Officer 110Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDFinancial Statements Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmF-2Consolidated Balance Sheets (Successor Basis) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017F-3Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Successor Basis) for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March1, 2017 through December 31, 2017F-4Statement of Operations (Predecessor Basis) for the period January 1, 2017 through February 28, 2017F-5Consolidated Statements of Equity (Successor Basis) for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31,2017F-6Statement of Changes in Net Assets (Predecessor Basis) for the period January 1, 2017 through February 28, 2017F-7Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Successor Basis) for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 throughDecember 31, 2017F-8Statement of Cash Flows (Predecessor Basis) for period January 1, 2017 through February 28, 2017F-9Notes to Consolidated Financial StatementsF-10 F-1Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and Board of Directors ofAptorum Group Limited Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets (successor basis) of Aptorum Group Limited (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and2017, the related consolidated statements (successor basis) of operations and comprehensive loss, equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31,2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, and the statements (predecessor basis) of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows forthe period January 1, 2017 through February 28, 2017, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, thefinancial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of itsoperations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018, the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017 and the period January 1, 2017through February 28, 2017, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financialstatements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”)and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations ofthe Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonableassurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, norwere we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding ofinternal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control overfinancial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, andperforming procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures inthe financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well asevaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017. New York, New YorkApril 15, 2019 NEW YORK OFFICE ● 7 Penn Plaza ● Suite 830 ● New York, New York ● 10001Phone 646.442.4845 ● Fax 646.349.5200 ● www.marcumbp.com F-2Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDCONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (SUCCESSOR BASIS)December 31, 2018 and 2017(Stated in U.S. Dollars) December 31,2018 December 31,2017 ASSETS Current assets: Cash $12,006,624 $16,245,807 Restricted cash 14,100,614 480,000 Accounts receivable 2,827 - Inventories 30,642 - Marketable securities, at fair value 1,014,338 1,972,648 Investments in derivatives 115,721 1,095,122 Amounts due from related parties 169,051 - Due from brokers 818,968 179,492 Other receivables and prepayments 464,156 310,330 Total current assets 28,722,941 20,283,399 Property, plant and equipment, net 4,260,602 346,587 Non-marketable investments 7,094,712 7,394,713 Intangible assets, net 1,409,540 1,472,707 Amounts due from related parties 50,000 304,820 Long-term deposits 3,417,178 1,757,756 Other non-current asset 119,667 - Total Assets $45,074,640 $31,559,982 LIABILITIES AND EQUITY LIABILITIES Current liabilities: Amounts due to related parties $33,417 $197,386 Accounts payable and accrued expenses 1,247,147 653,348 Finance lease payable, current portion 43,877 - Warrant liabilities 753,118 - Convertible debts 10,107,306 480,000 Total current liabilities 12,184,865 1,330,734 Finance lease payable, non-current portion 143,873 - Total Liabilities $12,328,738 $1,330,734 Commitments and contingencies - - EQUITY Class A Ordinary Shares ($1.00 par value; 60,000,000 shares authorized, 6,537,269 shares issued and outstanding atDecember 31, 2018 and 5,426,381 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017, respectively) $6,537,269 $5,426,381 Class B Ordinary Shares ($1.00 par value; 40,000,000 shares authorized, 22,437,754 shares issued and outstanding as atDecember 31, 2018 and 2017) 22,437,754 22,437,754 Additional paid-in capital 23,003,285 5,294,402 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (1,484,688) (367,782)Accumulated deficit (17,379,185) (2,547,462)Total equity attributable to the shareholders of Aptorum Group Limited 33,114,435 30,243,293 Non-controlling interests (368,533) (14,045)Total equity 32,745,902 30,229,248 Total Liabilities and Equity $45,074,640 $31,559,982 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.F-3Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS(SUCCESSOR BASIS)For Year Ended December 31, 2018 and the Period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Year EndedDecember 31,2018 March 1,2017through December 31,2017 Revenue Healthcare service income $383,450 $- Operating expenses Cost of healthcare service (318,011) - Research and development expenses (3,101,432) (2,560,323)General and administrative fees (4,919,626) (1,480,093)Legal and professional fees (1,811,770) (1,395,490)Other operating expenses (560,709) (257,177)Total expenses (10,711,548) (5,693,083) Other (loss) income Gain on investments in marketable securities, net 501,522 3,912,500 Loss on investments in derivatives, net (974,444) (827,501)Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities 124,726 - Interest (expense) income, net (4,458,191) 44,269 Dividend income - 2,308 Total other (loss) income, net (4,806,387) 3,131,576 Net loss (15,134,485) (2,561,507)Less: net loss attributable to non-controlling interests (302,762) (14,045) Net loss attributable to Aptorum Group Limited $(14,831,723) $(2,547,462) Net loss per share – basic and diluted $(0.53) $(0.09)Weighted-average shares outstanding – basic and diluted 27,909,788 26,963,435 Net loss $(15,134,485) $(2,561,507) Other Comprehensive loss Unrealized loss on investments in available-for-sale securities (1,122,251) (367,782)Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations 5,345 - Other Comprehensive loss (1,116,906) (367,782) Comprehensive loss (16,251,391) (2,929,289)Less: comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interests (302,762) (14,045) Comprehensive loss attributable to the shareholders of Aptorum Group Limited (15,948,629) (2,915,244) See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-4Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDSTATEMENT OF OPERATIONS (PREDECESSOR BASIS)For the Period January 1, 2017 through February 28, 2017(Stated in U.S. Dollars) January 1,2017throughFebruary 28,2017 Investment income Dividend income from unaffiliated issuers $- Interest income 3,011 Total investment income 3,011 Expenses General and administrative fees 17,516 Management fees 108,958 Legal and professional fees 98,646 Other operating expenses 1,907 Total expenses 227,027 Net investment loss $(224,016) Realized and unrealized losses Net realized losses on investments in unaffiliated issuers $(15,327)Net change in unrealized depreciation on investments Aptorum Therapeutics - related party (98,434)Unaffiliated issuers (288,307)Net realized and unrealized losses (402,068) Net decrease in net assets resulting from operations $(626,084) See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-5Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (SUCCESSOR BASIS)For Year Ended December 31, 2018 and the Period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Net assets to allocate to equity at February 28, 2017 $24,488,662 Ordinary shares Class A OrdinaryShares Class B OrdinaryShares AdditionalPaid-inCapital Accumulateddeficit Accumulatedothercomprehensiveloss Non-controllinginterests Total Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Balance, March1, 2017 25,657,110 $25,657,110 - $- - $- $(1,168,448) $- $- $- $24,488,662 Proceeds fromissuance ofshares 2,207,025 2,207,025 - - - - 6,394,976 - - - 8,602,001 Converted fromordinary shares (27,864,135) (27,864,135) 5,426,381 5,426,381 22,437,754 22,437,754 - - - - - Unrealized losson investmentsin available-for-sale securities - - - - - - - - (367,782) - (367,782)Gain on disposalof entity undercommon control - - - - - - 67,874 - - - 67,874 Net loss - - - - - - - (2,547,462) - (14,045) (2,561,507) Balance,December 31,2017 - $- 5,426,381 $5,426,381 22,437,754 $22,437,754 $5,294,402 $(2,547,462) $(367,782) $(14,045) $30,229,248 Issuance of initialpublic offeringof ordinaryshares onDecember 17,2018 at $15.8per share, net ofunderwritingdiscount andofferingexpenses - - 761,419 761,419 - - 9,536,631 - - - 10,298,050 Proceeds fromnon-controllinginterest - - - - - - 51,727 - - (51,726) 1 Converted fromconvertible debts - - 349,469 349,469 - - 2,683,839 - - - 3,033,308 Unrealized losson investmentsin available-for-sale securities - - - - - - - - (1,122,251) - (1,122,251)Exchangedifference ontranslation offoreignoperation - - - - - - - - 5,345 - 5,345 Beneficialconversionfeature - - - - - - 5,436,686 - - - 5,436,686 Net loss - - - - - - - (14,831,723) - (302,762) (15,134,485) Balance,December 31,2018 - $- 6,537,269 $6,537,269 22,437,754 $22,437,754 $23,003,285 $(17,379,185) $(1,484,688) $(368,533) $32,745,902 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.F-6Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDSTATEMENT OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS (PREDECESSOR BASIS)For the Period January 1, 2017 through February 28, 2017(Stated in U.S. Dollars) January 1,2017throughFebruary 28,2017 Operations Net investment losses $(224,016)Net realized losses (15,327)Net change in unrealized depreciation (386,741)Net decrease in net assets resulting from operations (626,084) Distributions to shareholders Equalization payable 9,663 Return of capital (9,663)Total distributions - Total decrease in net assets (626,084) Net assets Beginning of period 25,114,746 End of period $24,488,662 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-7Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (SUCCESSOR BASIS)For Year Ended December 31, 2018 and the Period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Year EndedDecember 31,2018 March 1,2017throughDecember 31,2017 Cash flows from operating activities Net loss $(15,134,485) $(2,561,507)Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities Amortization and depreciation 682,292 58,903 Gain on investments in marketable securities, net (501,522) (3,912,500)Loss on investments in derivatives, net 974,444 827,501 Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities (124,726) - Interest income (108,512) - Interest expense and accretion of convertible debts 4,559,714 - Accretion of capital lease obligation 6,989 - Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable (2,827) - Inventories (30,642) - Other receivables and prepayments (45,911) (303,925)Other non-current asset (179,500) - Long-term deposits (111,951) (20,092)Due from brokers 751 (54,158)Due from related parties (79,204) - Due to related parties 1,004 - Accounts payable and accrued expenses 58,555 183,083 Net cash used in operating activities (10,035,531) (5,782,695)Cash flows from investing activities Advances to/payments received from related parties - (186,898)Purchases of intangible assets (417,794) (968,730)Purchases of property, plant and equipment (5,646,505) (2,090,721)Proceeds from sales of investment securities 2,312 16,049,067 Disbursement of a loan to a third party (3,000,000) - Repayment of a loan from a third party 3,000,000 - Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (6,061,987) 12,802,718 Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from issuance of convertible debts 16,120,400 480,000 Proceeds from issuance of shares 11,054,319 8,602,001 Payments of initial public offering costs (538,122) - Payments for debt issuance costs (1,099,316) - Payment of finance lease obligations (58,332) - Net cash provided by financing activities 25,478,949 9,082,001 Net increase in cash and restricted cash 9,381,431 16,102,024 Cash and restricted cash – Beginning of period 16,725,807 623,783 Cash and restricted cash – End of period 26,107,238 $16,725,807 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information Interest paid $606,989 $- Income taxes paid $- $- Proceeds in broker accounts $640,227 $- Non-cash investing and financing activities: Net settlement of related party balances $164,973 $- Equipment acquired through finance lease $239,093 $- Conversion of convertible debts $3,033,308 $- Reconciliation of cash and restricted cash Cash $12,006,624 $16,245,807 Restricted cash 14,100,614 480,000 Total cash and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows $26,107,238 $16,725,807 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-8Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDSTATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (PREDECESSOR BASIS)For the Period January 1, 2017 through February 28, 2017(Stated in U.S. Dollars) January 1,2017throughFebruary 28,2017 Cash flows from operating activities Net decrease in net assets resulting from operations $(626,084)Adjustments to reconcile net decrease in net assets resulting from operations to net cash used in operating activities: Net change in unrealized depreciation on investments 386,741 Net realized loss on sales of investments in unaffiliated issuers 15,327 Proceeds from sales of investment securities 28,425 Increase in interest receivable (5,099)Increase in due from brokers (28,438)Decrease in other receivable and prepayments 2,520 Increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses 13,778 Decrease in management fees payable - related party (58,830)Net cash used in operating activities (271,660) Net decrease in cash (271,660) Cash - Beginning of period 301,643 Cash - End of period $29,983 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information Interest paid $- Income taxes paid $- See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. F-9Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) 1. ORGANIZATION The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements the Aptorum Group Limited (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries. The Company andits subsidiaries are hereinafter collectively referred to as the “Group”. The Company, formerly known as APTUS Holdings Limited and STRIKER ASIA OPPORTUNITIES FUND CORPORATION, is a company incorporated onSeptember 13, 2010 under the laws of the Cayman Islands with limited liability. Before March 1, 2017, the Company was incorporated as an exempted open-ended investment company with limited liability in the Cayman Islands, whichwould own and oversee the management, operations and investments of its subsidiaries. The Company was managed by AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED,formerly known as APTUS CAPITAL LIMITED or Guardian Capital Management Limited (the “Manager”), with its objective to generate long-term capitalappreciation by acquiring, holding and/or investing in, by itself or through one or more of its subsidiaries or other investment vehicles, a wide range ofinvestments, assets and/or rights, with a focus on the healthcare industry. Since March 1, 2017, the Manager enters into a new Management Agreement withthe Company to manage certain investment and reinvestment. On February 21, 2017, a special resolution was passed at the directors’ meeting and on March 1, 2017, a resolution was passed at the shareholders’ meeting.According to which, the Company changed from an investment fund with management shares and non-voting participating redeemable preference shares to aholding company with operating subsidiaries (the “Restructure”). On March 3, 2017, an ordinary resolution passed at the extraordinary general meeting of the Company and approved by the Cayman Islands GovernmentGeneral Registry changed the name of the Company from STRIKER ASIA OPPORTUNITIES FUND CORPORATION to APTUS Holdings Limited. On October 13, 2017, a special resolution passed at the extraordinary general meeting of the Company, and on October 19, 2017 it was approved by theCayman Islands Government General Registry changing the name of the Company from APTUS Holdings Limited to Aptorum Group Limited. After the Restructure as on March 1, 2017, the Company has become a Hong Kong based pharmaceutical company currently in the preclinical stage. TheCompany researches and develops life science and biopharmaceutical products within its wholly-owned subsidiary, Aptorum Therapeutics Limited, formerlyknown as APTUS Therapeutics Limited (“Aptorum Therapeutics”) and its indirect subsidiary companies (collectively, “Aptorum Therapeutics Group”). F-10Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Below summarizes the list of the subsidiaries consolidated as of December 31, 2018: Name Incorporationdate Ownership Place ofincorporation Principle activities Aptorum Therapeutics Limited June 30, 2016 100% CaymanIslands Research and development of life scienceand biopharmaceutical products APTUS MANAGEMENT LIMITED May 16, 2017 100% Hong Kong Provision of management services to itsholding company and fellow subsidiaries Aptus Therapeutics (Hong Kong) Limited June 30, 2016 100% Hong Kong Research and development of life scienceand biopharmaceutical products APTUS BIOTECHNOLOGY (MACAO) LIMITED June 6, 2016 99% Macao Inactive Videns Incorporation Limited (Formerly named Videns BiosciencesLimited and VIDENS CORPORATION) March 2, 2017 100% CaymanIslands Research and development of life scienceand biopharmaceutical products mTOR (Hong Kong) Limited November 4,2016 90% Hong Kong Research and development of life scienceand biopharmaceutical products Videns Incorporation (Hong Kong) Limited July 3, 2017 100% Hong Kong Inactive Nativus Life Sciences Limited July 7, 2017 100% CaymanIslands Research and development of life scienceand biopharmaceutical products Scipio Life Sciences Limited July 19, 2017 100% CaymanIslands Research and development of life scienceand biopharmaceutical products Claves Life Sciences Limited August 2,2017 100% CaymanIslands Research and development of life scienceand biopharmaceutical products Nativus Life Sciences (Hong Kong) Limited August 8,2017 100% Hong Kong Inactive Scipio Life Sciences (Hong Kong) Limited August 10,2017 100% Hong Kong InactiveSignate Life Sciences (Hong Kong) Limited August 10,2017 100% Hong Kong InactiveClaves Life Sciences (Hong Kong) Limited August 22,2017 100% Hong Kong InactiveAptorum Pharmaceutical Development Limited August 28,2017 100% CaymanIslands Research and development of life science andbiopharmaceutical productsAptorum Medical Limited August 28,2017 95% CaymanIslands Provision of medical clinic servicesSignate Life Sciences Limited August 28,2017 100% CaymanIslands Research and development of life science andbiopharmaceutical productsActicule Life Sciences Limited June 30, 2017 80% CaymanIslands Research and development of life science andbiopharmaceutical productsActicule Life Sciences (Hong Kong) Limited July 27, 2017 100% Hong Kong InactiveForum Property Holding Limited March 6, 2018 100% CaymanIslands InactiveAPTORUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED March 26,2018 100% UnitedKingdom InactiveLanither Life Sciences Limited April 4, 2018 80% CaymanIslands InactiveLanither Life Sciences (Hong Kong) Limited May 25, 2018 100% Hong Kong Inactive Initial public offering On December 17, 2018, the Group completed an initial public offering (the “IPO” or “Offering”) with new issuance of 761,419 ordinary shares at $15.80 fortotal offering size of approximately $12.0 million before deducting commissions and expenses. The net proceeds from the IPO was approximately $10.3million, net off underwriting discount approximately $1.2 million, including warrant issued $0.2 million, and offering costs approximately $0.5 million. Theordinary shares began trading on the NASDAQ Global Market on December 17, 2018 under the ticker symbol “APM”. F-11Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Deferred offering costs Deferred offering costs consist principally of legal, printing and registration costs in connection with the Group’s IPO. Such costs are deferred until theclosing of the Offering, at which time the deferred costs are offset against the offering proceeds. Deferred offering costs as of December 31, 2018 and 2017amounted to $nil on the consolidated balance sheets. At the completion of the IPO, US$1,732,229 offering costs was charged to additional paid-in capital. 2. LIQUIDITY The Company reported a net loss of $15,134,485 and net operation cash outflow of $10,035,531 for the year ended December 31, 2018, respectively. Inaddition, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $17,379,185 as of December 31, 2018. The Company’s operating results for future periods are subjectto numerous uncertainties and it is uncertain if the Company will be able to reduce or eliminate its net losses for the foreseeable future. If management is notable to generate significant revenues from its product candidates currently in development, the Company may not be able to achieve profitability. The Company’s principal sources of liquidity have been cash and marketable securities. As of the date of issuance of the consolidated financial statements,the Company has approximately $7 million of unrestricted cash. In addition, based upon the current market price of the Company’s marketable securities, itanticipates it can liquidate such marketable securities for greater than its carrying amount, if necessary. In addition, the Company will need to maintain itsoperating costs at a level which will not exceed such aforementioned sources of funds in order to continue as a going concern for a period within one yearafter the issuance of its consolidated financial statements. The Company believes that available cash, together with the efforts from aforementioned management plan and actions, should enable the Company to meetpresently anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months after the date that the financial statements are issued and the Company has prepared theconsolidated financial statements on a going concern basis. However, the Company continues to have ongoing obligations and it expects that it will requireadditional capital in order to execute its longer-term development plan. If the Company encounters unforeseen circumstances that place constraints on itscapital resources, management will be required to take various measures to conserve liquidity, which could include, but not necessarily be limited to,deferring some of its research and seeking to dispose of marketable securities. Management cannot provide any assurance that the Company will raiseadditional capital if needed. F-12Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) 3. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of presentation The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Before March 1, 2017, the Company was an investment company underU.S. GAAP for the purposes of financial reporting. U.S. GAAP for an investment company requires investments to be recorded at estimated fair value and theunrealized gains and/or losses in an investment’s fair value are recognized on a current basis in the statements of operations. In addition, the Company didnot consolidate its subsidiaries, since they were operating companies and not investment companies. Such entities were fair valued in accordance with ASCTopic 946 (“ASC 946”) and ASC Topic 820 (“ASC 820”). As of March 1, 2017, after the change of business purpose, legal form and substantive activities, the Company’s status changed to an operating company froman investment company since it no longer met the criteria to qualify as an investment company under the ASC 946. The Company discontinued applying theguidance in ASC 946 and began to account for the change in status prospectively by accounting for its investments in accordance with other U.S. GAAPtopics. This change in status and the accounting policies affect the comparability of the financial statements. As such, for the period January 1, 2017 throughFebruary 28, 2017, statements of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows have been presented on the predecessor basis of accounting as aninvestment company, and on the basis of accounting as an operating company since March 1, 2017. The consolidated balance sheets as of December 31,2018 and 2017 have been presented on the successor basis. Principles of consolidation The consolidated financial statements of the Group are presented on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and include the accountsof the Company, its direct and indirect wholly and majority owned subsidiaries and a variable interest entity. All material intercompany balances andtransactions have been eliminated in preparation of the consolidated financial statements. Non-controlling interests represent the equity interest that is notowned by the Group. Use of estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements on successor basis in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates andassumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statementsand the reported amounts of increases and decreases in net assets from operations as well as income and expenses during the reporting period. Significantaccounting estimates reflected in the Group’s consolidated financial statements include valuation of warrants, fair value of investments in securities,convertible debts and finance lease, the useful lives of intangible assets and property, plant and equipment, impairment of long-lived assets, valuationallowance for deferred tax assets, and collectability of receivables. Actual results could differ from those estimates. F-13Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Foreign currency translation and transaction USD is the reporting currency. The functional currency of subsidiaries in the Cayman Islands is USD, the functional currency of subsidiaries in Hong Kong isHong Kong Dollars (“HKD”), the functional currency of a subsidiary in Macao is Macanese Pataca (“MOP”) and the functional currency of a subsidiary in theUnited Kingdom is Great British Pound (“GBP”). An entity’s functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates,normally that is the currency of the environment in which it primarily generates and expends cash. The management considered various indicators, such ascash flows, market expenses, financing and inter-company transactions and arrangements in determining the Group’s functional currency. In the consolidated financial statements, the financial information of the Company and its subsidiaries, which use HKD, MOP and GBP as their functionalcurrency, has been translated into USD. Assets and liabilities are translated from each subsidiary’s functional currency at the exchange rates on the balancesheet dates, equity amounts are translated at historical exchange rates, and revenues, expenses, gains, and losses are translated using the average exchangerates for the year. Translation adjustments are reported as cumulative translation adjustments and are shown as a separate component of other comprehensiveincome or loss in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Cash Cash consists of cash on hand and bank deposits and cash denominated in foreign currencies, which is unrestricted as to withdrawal and use. Restricted Cash Restricted cash relates to cash deposited into the escrow account from investors for the purpose of the subscription of convertible debts. Inventories Inventories are stated at lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the weighted average method. Where there is evidence that the utility of inventories, in their disposal in the ordinary course of business, will be less than cost, whether due to physicaldeterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other causes, the inventories are written down to net realizable value. Accounts receivable Accounts receivable are stated at the original amount less an allowance for doubtful receivables, if any, based on a review of all outstanding amounts atperiod end. An allowance is also made when there is objective evidence that the Group will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the originalterms of the receivables. The Group analyzes the aging of the customer accounts, historical and current economic trends and the age of the receivables whenevaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts. Marketable Securities Marketable Securities are accounted for as trading securities or available-for-sale securities based on the trading purpose, which are measured at fair value.Gains or losses from changes in fair value of trading securities are recorded through earnings. Gains or losses from changes in the fair value of available-for-sale securities are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, until the investment is sold or otherwise disposed of, or until the investment isdetermined to be other-than-temporarily impaired, at which time the cumulative gain or loss previously reported in equity is included in income. The specificidentification method is used to determine the realized gain or loss on investments sold or otherwise disposed. F-14Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) The Group measures the investments in marketable securities at fair value based on quoted market prices. Gains from the marketable securities amounting to$501,522 and $3,912,500, respectively, were recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. The Group recognized the unrealized loss on investments in available-for-sale securitiesamounting to $1,122,251 and $367,782, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Group disposed the available-for-sale securities with sales proceeds of $637,582 received and recognized a gainof $501,522 in the consolidated statements of operations. During the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017, the Group disposed the trading securities and available-for-sale securities, with sales proceeds of$15,738,517 and $310,550 received, and recognized a gain of $3,917,046 and a loss of $4,546 on the consolidated statements of operations. Investments in derivatives Investments in derivatives consisted of warrants, which are measured at fair value, with gains or losses from changes in fair value recorded through earnings.The fair value of these warrants have been determined using the Black-Scholes pricing mode. The Black-Scholes pricing model provides for assumptionsregarding volatility, call and put features and risk-free interest rates within the total period to maturity. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017, the Group disposed of warrants with proceeds of $4,957 and $nilreceived, respectively. Loss on the warrants amounted to $974,444 and $827,501, respectively, was recognized in the consolidated statements of operationsfor the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Non-marketable investments Non-marketable investments are comprising of investments in non-redeemable preferred shares of privately-held companies accounted for under the costmethod and are not required to be consolidated under the variable interest or voting models. Non-marketable investments are classified as non-current assetson the consolidated balance sheets as those investments do not have stated contractual maturity dates. Non-marketable equity investments are measured atpurchase cost with appropriate consideration given to impairment. The Group periodically review the equity investments for impairment. The Group considers impairment indicators such as negative changes in industry andmarket conditions, financial performance, business prospects, and other relevant events and factors. If any impairment is considered other-than-temporary, thefair value of the securities is below the carrying amount, the Group will write down the securities to fair value. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Groupbelieves no impairment charge is necessary. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, investments accounted for under the cost method had a carrying value of $7,094,712 and $7,394,713 respectively. Fair value measurement Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between marketparticipants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fairvalue, the Group considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact its business, and it considers assumptions that marketparticipants would use when pricing the asset or liability. F-15Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) As a basis for considering such assumptions, a three-tier fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs utilized in measuring fair value as follows: ●Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. ●Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for theasset or liability such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in marketswith insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model-derived valuations in which significant inputs are observableor can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. ●Level 3 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to themeasurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The hierarchy requires the Group to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Afinancial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.The Group has estimated the fair value amounts of its financial instruments using the available market information and valuation methodologies consideredto be appropriate and has determined that the carrying value of the Group’s cash, restricted cash, due from brokers, other receivables and prepayments,amounts due from/to related parties, and accounts payable and accrued expenses as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these assets and liabilities. Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost represents the purchase price of the asset and other costs incurred to bringthe asset into its existing use. Maintenance, repairs and betterments, including replacement of minor items, are charged to expense; major additions tophysical properties are capitalized. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment is provided using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives: Building 29 yearsComputer equipment 3 yearsFurniture, fixture, and office and medical equipment 5 yearsLeasehold improvements Shorter of the remaining lease terms or 5 yearsLaboratory equipment 5 yearsMotor vehicle 5 years Upon sale or disposal, the applicable amounts of asset cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and the net amount less proceedsfrom disposal is charged or credited to income. Other non-current asset Other non-current asset represents laboratory supplies that can be used for more than one year. Cost represents the purchase price of the supplies. Amortization of other non-current asset is provided using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. The amortization expenses for the yearended December 31, 2018 is $59,833. F-16Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Intangible assets Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstancesindicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are impaired if their estimated fair values are less thantheir carrying values. Finite-lived intangible assets are initially recorded at fair value when acquired, in which the finite intangible assets are amortized over their estimated usefullife, which is the period over which the assets are expected to contribute directly or indirectly to the future cash flows of the Group. These intangible assetsare tested for impairment at the time of a triggering event, if one were to occur. Finite-lived intangible assets may be impaired when the estimatedundiscounted future cash flows generated from the assets are less than their carrying amounts.The Group may rely on a qualitative assessment when performing its intangible asset impairment test. Otherwise, the impairment evaluation is performed atthe lowest level of identifiable cash flows independent of other assets. The Group’s intangible assets mainly consist of computer software, exclusive rights in prepaid patented and unpatented licenses. The prepaid patentedlicenses are for clinical purpose or further development into other products. Prepaid unpatented license is for further development, once the associatedresearch and development efforts are completed, the prepaid unpatented license will be reclassified as a finite-lived asset and is amortized over its useful life.The estimated useful life of the exclusive rights in using patents is generally the remaining patent life from the acquisition date to expiration date under thelaw, which is 17 to 20 years, the Group will reassess the remaining patent life on annual basis, and the Group will assess the intangible assets for impairmentwhenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may no longer be recoverable. Impairment of long-lived assets The Group reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may nolonger be recoverable. When these events occur, the Group measures impairment by comparing the carrying value of the long-lived assets to the estimatedundiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flowis less than the carrying amount of the assets, the Group would recognize an impairment loss, which is the excess of carrying amount over the fair value of theassets, using the expected future discounted cash flows. Convertible debts The Group determines the appropriate accounting treatment of its convertible debts in accordance with the terms in relation to the conversion feature, calland put option, beneficial conversion feature (“BCF”) and settlement feature. After considering the impact of such features, the Group concludes that, as ofDecember 31, 2017, the convertible debts contained a contingent beneficial conversion, which shall not be recognized in earnings until the contingency isresolved, and therefore accounts for such instrument as a liability in its entirety. Convertible debts were subsequently measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into accountany discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the effective interest rate. The effective interest rate amortization isincluded in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the effective interestrate. The effective interest rate amortization is included in finance costs in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. F-17Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Management concluded that the contingency was effectively resolved upon the completion of the IPO on December 17, 2018 so that part of the convertibledebts were converted automatically accordingly. The BCF derecognized upon automatic conversion was recorded as interest expense with a correspondingincrease to additional paid-in capital. The remaining BCF was recorded as debt discount, which was amortized through the maturity of the convertible debts,with a corresponding increase to additional paid-in capital. Finance lease Leases that transfer substantially all the rewards and risks of ownership of assets to the Group, other than legal title, are accounted for as finance leases. At theinception of a finance lease, the cost of the leased asset is capitalized at the present value of the minimum lease payments and recorded together with theobligation, excluding the interest element, to reflect the purchase and financing. Assets held under capitalized finance leases are included in property, plantand equipment, and depreciated over the shorter of the lease terms and the estimated useful lives of the assets. The interest expenses of such leases arecharged to the consolidated statements of operations so as to provide a constant periodic rate of charge over the lease terms. Warrant liabilities For warrants that are not indexed to the Group’s shares, the Group records the fair value of the issued warrants as liabilities at each balance sheet date andrecords changes in the estimated fair value as a non-cash gain or loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The warrantliabilities are recognized in the consolidated balance sheets at the fair value (level 3). The fair value of these warrants have been determined using the Black-Scholes pricing mode. The Black-Scholes pricing model provides for assumptions regarding volatility, call and put features and risk-free interest rates withinthe total period to maturity. Revenue recognition Dividend income is recorded on the ex-dividend date, and interest income is recorded on an accrual basis. Healthcare service income is recognized when persuasive evidence of the services is rendered, the services price is fixed or determinable and collectability ofthe receivable is reasonably assured. Cost of healthcare service Cost of healthcare service rendered represents cost in relation to the medical services provided including the cost of pharmaceutical supplies and medicine. Research and development expenses Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses are comprised of costs incurred in performing research anddevelopment activities, including amortization of the patent license, depreciation of laboratory equipment, external costs of outside vendors engaged toconduct preclinical development activities and trials. F-18Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Income taxes The Group accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income taxes are determined based on differencesbetween the financial carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of therelevant taxing authorities. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that these items will either expire before the Group is able to realize theirbenefits, or that future deductibility is uncertain. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expectedto be realized. Uncertain tax positions The Group accounts for uncertainty in income taxes using a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is toevaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will besustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amountthat is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized and recorded asnecessary in the provision for income taxes. The Group recognizes interest on non-payment of income taxes and penalties associated with tax positions whena tax position does not meet more likely than not thresholds be sustained under examination. The tax returns of the Group’s Hong Kong subsidiaries andvariable interest entity (“VIE”) are subject to examination by the relevant tax authorities. According to the Hong Kong Inland Revenue Department, thestatute of limitation is six years if any company chargeable with tax has not been assessed or has been assessed at less than the proper amount, the statute oflimitation is extended to ten years if the underpayment of taxes is due to fraud or willful evasion. According to United Kingdom’s policy, trading losses areavailable to be carried forward indefinitely. The Group did not have any material interest or penalties associated with tax positions for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, and did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions as ofDecember 31, 2018 and 2017. The Group does not believe that its assessment regarding unrecognized tax benefits will materially change over the nexttwelve months. Comprehensive income or loss U.S. GAAP generally requires that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income or loss. Although certain changes in assets andliabilities are reported as separate components of the equity section of the consolidated balance sheets, such items, along with net income, are components ofcomprehensive income or loss. The components of other comprehensive income or loss consist of unrealized gain or loss on available-for-sale short-terminvestments and exchange differences on translation of foreign operations. Loss per share Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstandingduring the period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue ordinary shares were exercisedor converted into ordinary shares. Potential dilutive securities are excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share in loss periods as their effect wouldbe anti-dilutive. F-19Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Recently issued accounting standards In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts withCustomers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which was subsequently modified in August 2015 by ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers:Deferral of the Effective Date. This guidance will be effective for fiscal years (and interim reporting periods within those years) beginning after December 15,2017. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that companies should recognize revenue when the transfer of promised goods or services to customers occurs inan amount that reflects what the company expects to receive. It requires additional disclosures to describe the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty ofrevenue and cash flows from contracts with customers. In 2016, the FASB issued additional ASUs that clarify the implementation guidance on principalversus agent considerations (ASU 2016-08), on identifying performance obligations and licensing (ASU 2016-10), and on narrow-scope improvements andpractical expedients (ASU 2016-12) as well as on the revenue recognition criteria and other technical corrections (ASU 2016-20). In 2017, the FASB issuedAccounting Standards Update (ASU) 2017-05, Other Income—Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20), which wasoriginally issued in ASU 2014-09. The amendments in this Update require that an entity to initially measure a retained non-controlling interest in anonfinancial asset at fair value consistent with a how a retained non-controlling interest in a business is measured. Under Topic 606, an entity recognizes revenue when the consultation service was completed, the control of the medicine was delivered to the patients andthe appointment of the laboratory test was made, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goodsor services. It also impacts certain other areas, such as the accounting for costs to obtain or fulfill a contract. The standard also requires disclosure of thenature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The Group is an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2010 (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerginggrowth companies (“EGCs”) can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time asthose standards apply to private companies. Management has adopted this standard effective January 1, 2019 using the modified-retrospective approach, inwhich case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of initial application. The Group also estimates there will not be amaterial impact to the beginning balance of retained earnings. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments—Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and FinancialLiabilities (ASU 2016-01), which requires equity investments to be measured at fair value through net income. Equity investments that are accounted forunder the equity method are not impacted. ASU 2016-01 provides that equity investments without readily determinable fair values can be valued at costminus impairment using a simplified impairment assessment that utilizes qualitative assessments. ASU 2016-01 requires separate presentation of the financialassets and liabilities by category and form. ASU 2016-01 should be applied prospectively and will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15,2017, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. As an EGC, the Group chose to delay the adoption of the update for one year. The Group adopted thenew standard on January 1, 2019. The most significant impact to the consolidated financial statements relates to the recognition and measurement of equityinvestments at fair value in the consolidated statements of operations. The management has elected to use the measurement alternative, defined as cost, lessimpairments, adjusted by observable price changes. The management anticipates that the adoption of ASU 2016-01 will increase the volatility of the other(loss) income, net, as a result of the remeasurement of the equity securities upon the occurrence of observable price changes and impairments. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”), which requires a lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability foroperating leases, initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments, in the balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 also requires a lessee to recognize asingle lease cost, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term, generally on a straight-line basis. This new guidance is effective forfiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Group is currently evaluating the potential effects of adopting theprovisions of ASU 2016-02 on its consolidated financial statements. F-20Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, whichamends ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. This ASU modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements by removing, modifying, or addingcertain disclosures. The effective date is the first quarter of fiscal year 2021, with early adoption permitted for the removed disclosures and delayed adoptionuntil fiscal year 2021 permitted for the new disclosures. The removed and modified disclosures will be adopted on a retrospective basis and the newdisclosures will be adopted on a prospective basis. The adoption will not have a material effect on the Group’s financial statements. The Group does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on theconsolidated financial position, statements of operations and cash flows. 4. CHANGE IN STATUS Prior to the March 1, 2017 change in status as an investment company, the Company recorded its investments at fair value and recorded the changes in thefair value as unrealized gain or loss. In addition, the Company recorded its direct and indirect wholly and majority owned subsidiaries at fair value since theywere operating companies not providing services to the Company and not investment companies. Upon the effective date of the change in status, the fair value accounting as an investment company was no longer applicable to the Company, rather theCompany began presenting such subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. The investments in unaffiliated issuers are measured at fair value or cost, lessimpairment. The Company’s initial carrying value of the net assets of the investments in subsidiaries was the fair value on the effective date of the change instatus determined as follows: Fair value of subsidiaries as of the effective date of the change in status on March 1, 2017 $757,647 Total net assets of the combined properties Intangible assets, net $194,146 Cash 593,800 Prepayments 256 An amount due to a related party (28,717) Accounts payable and accrued expenses (207,692) 551,793 Increase to the initial carrying value of the net assets on the effective date of the change in status on March 1, 2017 $205,854 5. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITY On July 28, 2017, the Group, through one of its subsidiaries, Aptorum Therapeutics Limited, entered into a convertible loan agreement (the “Agreement”)with Acticule Life Sciences Limited (“Acticule”), at interest rate of 0% but no amount or maturity limits. Acticule was incorporated by an individual on June 30, 2017, with paid-in capital of $1. Acticule mainly engaged in research and development of lifescience and biopharmaceutical products. From July 28, 2017 to December 22, 2017, Acticule has drawn down the loan in aggregate amount of $1,000,000.Other than that, Acticule has not obtained any financial support for its business operation. After evaluation of the design of Acticule as the basis for determining its variability in applying the variable interest entity model, the Group believes thatActicule was a VIE, and the Group is the primary beneficiary, due to the Group has the power to ultimately direct the activities and significantly affect itseconomic performance, as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefit from Acticule that could potentially be significant to Acticule.Therefore, the financial statement of Acticule was consolidated by the Group since the first loan drawn down to Acticule on July 28, 2017. F-21Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) On December 22, 2017, Acticule accepted the election made by the Group to convert the entire loan of $1,000,000 into shares in Acticule. After theconversion, the Group held approximately 100% equity interest of Acticule, which ceased to be a VIE but consolidated by the Group under the votinginterest entity model thereafter. From July 28, 2017 to December 22, 2017, Acticule was consolidated under the VIE model, and its operating expense and net loss are listed below: July 28,2017throughDecember 22,2017 Total expense $559,850 Net loss $559,850 6. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT The following table provides the assets and liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Current Assets Marketable securities – Available-for-sale securities Common stocks $813,728 $200,610 $- $1,014,338 Investments in derivatives Warrants - - 115,721 115,721 Total assets at fair value $813,728 $200,610 $115,721 $1,130,059 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Current Assets Marketable securities – Available-for-sale securities Common stocks $- $1,972,648 $- $1,972,648 Investments in derivatives Warrants 24,182 - 1,070,940 1,095,122 Total assets at fair value $24,182 $1,972,648 $1,070,940 $3,067,770 The following is a reconciliation of Level 3 assets during the year ended December 31, 2018: Warrants Balance at January 1, 2018 $1,070,940 Change in unrealized depreciation (955,219)Balance at December 31, 2018 $115,721 Net change in unrealized depreciation relating to investments still held at December 31, 2018 (955,219) F-22Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) The following is a reconciliation of Level 3 assets for the period February 28, 2017 through December 31, 2017: AptorumTherapeutics–related party CommonStocks PreferredStocks Warrants ConvertibleNotes Total Balance at February 28, 2017 $757,647 $7,920,000 $4,314,998 $1,907,470 $3,082,020 $17,982,135 Transfer out of Level 3 due to change instatus – consolidated subsidiary (a) (757,647) - - - - (757,647)Transfer out of fair value leveling sincerecorded as cost method (b) - (7,920,000) (4,314,998) - - (12,234,998)Balance at March 1, 2017 $- $- $- $1,907,470 $3,082,020 $4,989,490 Reclassification between differentinvestment type (c) - - 3,079,715 - (3,079,715) - Transfer out of fair value leveling sincerecorded as cost method (c) - - (3,079,715) - - (3,079,715)Change in unrealized depreciation - - - (836,530) (2,305) (838,835)Balance at December 31, 2017 $- $- $- $1,070,940 $- $1,070,940 Net change in unrealized depreciationrelating to investments still held atDecember 31, 2017 - - - (836,530) - (836,530) a.Upon the effective date of the change in status, March 1, 2017, the subsidiaries were no longer recognized at fair value and were instead consolidatedwhen preparing the financial statements. b.The equity investments of common stock and preferred stock were non-marketable investments under cost method upon change in status. Subsequently,Athenex Inc. was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange on June 14, 2017 and common stock with an amount of $7,920,000 has been transferred tocommon stock in Level 1 with amount of $7,920,000, which was subsequently sold in December 2017 with a gain from the marketable securities of$3,722,234 recognized. c.On March 9, 2017, the convertible promissory notes (including its accrued interest, totally $520,822) of Centrexion Therapeutics Corporation wasconverted into preferred stock (Series C) of the same company. On May 25, 2017, the convertible promissory notes (including its accrued interest,totaling $2,558,893) of Alzheon Inc., was converted into preferred stock (Series B) of the same company. The preferred stocks are considered non-marketable investments and were therefore reclassified out of the fair value hierarchy to be reported under cost method. F-23Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) The following table presents the quantitative information about the Group’s Level 3 fair value measurements of investment as of December 31, 2018 and2017, which utilized significant unobservable internally-developed inputs: December 31,2018 Valuation technique Unobservable input Range(weighted average) Sensitivity of fairvalue to input Warrants Black-Scholes Model Estimated time to exitHistorical Volatility 12-30 months 73% - 188% 10% increase (decrease) in volatilitywould result in increase (decrease) in fairvalue by $19,691 December 31,2017 Valuation technique Unobservable input Range(weighted average) Sensitivity of fairvalue to input Warrants Black-Scholes Model Estimated time to exitHistorical Volatility 24-42 months 97% - 136% 10% increase (decrease) in volatilitywould result in increase (decrease) in fairvalue by $122,664 Warrants As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the volume of the Group’s derivative activities based on their notional amount and number of contracts, categorized byprimary underlying risk, are as follows: Long Exposure December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Primary underlying risk NotionalAmounts Number ofContracts NotionalAmounts Number ofContracts Equity Price Warrants $218,270 2,257,682 $ 2,261,530 2,338,290 The following table identifies the fair value amounts of derivative instruments included in the consolidated balance sheets as derivative contracts,categorized by primary underlying risk, at December 31, 2018 and 2017. The following table also identifies the net gain and loss amounts included in theconsolidated statement of operations as net unrealized gain from derivative contracts, categorized by primary underlying risk, for the year ended December31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017: Year ended December 31, 2018 Primary underlying risk Derivative assets Derivative liabilities Realized loss Unrealized loss Equity Price Warrants $115,721 $- $(19,225) $(955,219) March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017 Primary underlying risk Derivative assets Derivative liabilities Realized loss Unrealized loss Equity Price Warrants $1,095,122 $- $(7,094) $(820,407) F-24Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) 7. OTHER RECEIVABLES AND PREPAYMENTS Other receivables and prepayments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of: December 31,2018 December 31,2017 Prepaid insurance $147,864 $107,842 Prepaid service fee 75,224 91,002 Rental deposits 8,576 61,333 Prepaid rental expenses 46,948 11,910 Prepaid research and development expenses 41,614 - Other receivables 109,435 16,186 Others 34,495 22,057 $464,156 $310,330 8. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET Property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of: December 31,2018 December 31,2017 Building $1,488,396 $- Computer equipment 64,911 14,057 Furniture, fixture, and office and medical equipment 262,819 - Leasehold improvements 664,713 - Laboratory equipment 2,045,034 339,000 Motor vehicle 239,093 - 4,764,966 353,057 Less: accumulated depreciation 504,364 6,470 Property, plant and equipment, net $4,260,602 $346,587 Depreciation expenses for property, plant and equipment amounted to $497,908 and $6,470 for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1,2017 through December 31, 2017, respectively. F-25Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) 9. INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET December 31,2018 December 31,2017 Gross carrying amount Prepaid unpatented license $200,000 $200,000 Prepaid patented licenses 1,322,820 1,322,820 Computer software 61,384 2,320 1,584,204 1,525,140 Less: accumulated amortization Prepaid patented licenses 155,026 52,433 Computer software 19,638 - 174,664 52,433 Intangible assets, net Prepaid unpatented license 200,000 200,000 Prepaid patented licenses 1,167,794 1,270,387 Computer software 41,746 2,320 Intangible assets, net $1,409,540 $1,472,707 As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Group has capitalized seven of the exclusive licenses which includes seven patented and one unpatentedtechnologies in the areas of neurology, infectious diseases, gastroenterology, oncology, surgical robotics and natural health. Pursuant to the licenseagreements, the Group paid upfront payments and became the exclusive licensee to prosecute certain patents developed or licensed under the applicableagreements. The Group recognized the prepaid unpatented license to reflect the fair value of the subsidiaries as of the date of the change in status from an investmentcompany. The Group capitalizes the prepaid patented license for the exclusive rights with completed filing of patents in certain jurisdictions (e.g., the UnitedStates of America and Europe) and alternative future uses. Prepaid unpatented license is indefinite-lived intangible assets which are tested for impairment annually. Prepaid patented licenses and computer software arefinite-lived intangible assets which are amortized over their estimated useful life. Amortization expenses for finite-lived intangible assets amounted to$124,551 and $52,433 for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, respectively. The Group wrote offthe cost and the related amortization of $2,320 after the expiration of the computer software for the year ended December 31, 2018. The Group expects amortization expense related to its finite-lived intangible assets for the next five years and thereafter to be as follows as of December 31,2018: For the years ending December 31, Amount 2019 $133,095 2020 111,588 2021 104,842 2022 102,593 2023 102,593 Thereafter 654,829 Total $1,209,540 F-26Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) 10. LONG-TERM DEPOSITS Long-term deposits as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of: December 31,2018 December 31,2017 Rental deposits $132,043 $20,092 Prepayments for equipment 3,285,135 1,737,664 $3,417,178 $1,757,756 11. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES Accounts payable and accrued expenses as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of: December 31,2018 December 31,2017 License agreements payable $- $356,410 Healthcare consultation service payable 40,139 - Professional fees payable 178,117 154,429 Research and development expenses payable 398,899 104,013 Interest payable 223,802 - Payables for leasehold improvement and equipment 73,864 - Salary payable 183,065 - Deferred rent 58,810 - Others 90,451 38,496 $1,247,147 $653,348 12. INCOME TAXES The Company and its subsidiaries file tax returns separately. Income taxes Cayman Islands: under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company and its subsidiaries in the Cayman Islands are not subject to taxes on theirincome and capital gains. Hong Kong: in accordance with the relevant tax laws and regulations of Hong Kong, a company registered in Hong Kong is subject to income taxes withinHong Kong at the applicable tax rate on taxable income. In March 2018, the Hong Kong Government introduced a two-tiered profit tax rate regime byenacting the Inland Revenue (Amendment) (No.3) Ordinance 2018 (the “Ordinance”). Under the two-tiered profits tax rate regime, the first $2 million ofassessable profits of qualifying corporations is taxed at 8.25% and the remaining assessable profits at 16.5%. The Ordinance is effective from the year ofassessment 2018-2019. According to the policy, if no election has been made, the whole of the taxpaying entity’s assessable profits will be chargeable toProfits Tax at the rate of 16.5% or 15%, as applicable. Because the preferential tax treatment is not elected by the Group, all the subsidiaries registered inHong Kong are subject to income tax at a rate of 16.5%. The subsidiaries registered in Hong Kong did not have assessable profits that were derived HongKong during the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017. Therefore, no Hong Kong profit tax has beenprovided for in the periods presented. Macao: Taxpayers in Macao are divided into Group A and Group B, Group A taxpayers are companies that have maintained proper accounting books andrecords, with capital of MOP1,000,000 and above or average assessed annual taxable profits in the past three years of more than MOP500,000, those who donot meet the criteria of Group A taxpayers are assigned to Group B. Group B taxpayers are assessed by the Macao Finance Bureau on a deemed profit basis,and Group B taxpayers are unable to carry forward tax losses. The capital of the subsidiary in Macao is MOP100,000 and it is assigned to Group B taxpayer.The tax loss of subsidiary in Macao cannot be utilized. F-27Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) United Kingdom: in accordance with the relevant tax laws and regulations of United Kingdom, a company registered in the United Kingdom is subject toincome taxes within United Kingdom at the applicable tax rate on taxable income. All the United Kingdom subsidiaries that are not entitled to any taxholiday were subject to income tax at a rate of 19%. The subsidiary in United Kingdom did not have assessable profits that were derived United Kingdomduring the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017. Therefore, no United Kingdom profit tax has beenprovided for in the periods presented. The components of the provision for income taxes expenses are: Year endedDecember 31,2018 March 1,2017throughDecember 31,2017 Current $- $- Deferred - - Total income taxes expense $- $- The reconciliation of income taxes expenses computed at the Hong Kong statutory tax rate applicable to income tax expense is as follows: Year endedDecember 31,2018 March 1,2017throughDecember 31, 2017 Net loss before tax $(15,134,485) $(2,561,507) Provision for income taxes at Hong Kong statutory income tax rate (16.5%) (2,497,190) (422,649)Impact of different tax rates in other jurisdictions (3,066) - Non-taxable income (95,018) - Non-deductible expenses 540,893 - Prior year tax effect - (576,970)Change in valuation allowance 2,054,381 999,619 Effective income tax expense $- $- F-28Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Deferred tax asset, net Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities reflect the tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities forfinancial reporting purpose and the tax bases used for income tax purpose. The following represents the tax effect of each major type of temporary difference. December 31,2018 December 31,2017 Deferred tax asset: Tax loss carry forward $3,499,428 $1,249,900 Deferred tax liability: Depreciation and amortization (445,428) (250,281)Net deferred tax assets before valuation allowance 3,054,000 999,619 Valuation allowance (3,054,000) (999,619)Deferred tax asset, net $- $- As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Group had net operating loss carry-forwards of $21,191,279 and $7,575,154, respectively, including its Hong Kongand United Kingdom operations, which are available to reduce future taxable income; and all of these losses can be carried forward indefinitely. Valuation allowance was provided against deferred tax assets in entities where it was determined, it was more likely than not that the benefits of the deferredtax assets will not be realized. The Group had deferred tax assets which consisted of tax loss carry forward, which can be carried forward to offset futuretaxable income. The Group maintains a full valuation allowance on its net deferred tax assets. The management determines it is more likely than not that allof its deferred tax assets will not be utilized. The valuation allowance increased by $2,054,381 and $999,619, respectively, for the year ended December 31,2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017. During the preparation of the Group’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, the Group made adjustments to the previously issuedconsolidated financial statements included in Form F-1 filed with the SEC related to: 1) deferred tax assets and valuation allowance; and 2) deferred taxliabilities, due to that the Cayman Islands subsidiaries which are registered as non-Hong Kong companies in Hong Kong may subject to income taxes withinHong Kong at the applicable tax rate on taxable income. The Company evaluated the materiality of this adjustment and concluded that its impact was notmaterial on its financial statements taken as a whole and did not affect the March 1, 2017 and December 31, 2017 balance sheets, statements of operations,stockholder’s equity and cash flows for the periods ended March 1, 2017 and December 31, 2017. The Company elected to adjust the balances in thefollowing tables. The reconciliation of income taxes expenses computed at the Hong Kong statutory tax rate applicable to income tax expense is as follows: March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017 As previouslyreported Adjustments As adjusted (audited) Net loss before tax (2,561,507) - (2,561,507) Provision for income taxes at Hong Kong statutory income tax rate (16.5%) (422,649) - (422,649)Previous year tax effect - (576,970) (576,970)Impact of different tax rates in other jurisdictions 393,217 (393,217) - Changes in valuation allowance 29,432 970,187 999,619 Effective income tax expense - - - F-29Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Deferred tax asset, net December 31, 2017 As previouslyreported Adjustments As adjusted (audited) Deferred tax asset: Tax loss carry forward 29,432 1,220,468 1,249,900 Deferred tax liability Depreciation and amortization - (250,281) (250,281)Net deferred tax assets before valuation allowance 29,432 970,187 999,619 Valuation allowance (29,432) (970,187) (999,619) Deferred tax asset, net - - - 13. RELATED PARTY BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS The following is a list of a director and related parties to which the Group has transactions with: (a)Ian Huen, the Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director of the Group;(b)AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED, an entity controlled by Darren Lui, the Executive Director of the Group;(c)Aeneas Limited, formerly known as Aptus Financial Holdings Limited, an entity controlled by Ian Huen;(d)Aeneas Group Limited, formerly known as Aptus Asia Financial Holdings Limited, an entity controlled by Ian Huen.(e)Aeneas Management Limited, an entity controlled by Ian Huen.(f)Jurchen Investment Corporation, the holding company and an entity controlled by Ian Huen.(g)Clark Cheng, the Executive Director of the Group(h)Sabrina Khan, the Chief Financial Officer of the Group Amounts due from related parties Amounts due from related parties consisted of the following as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: December 31,2018 December 31,2017 Current AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED $169,051 $- Non-current AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED - 106,942 Aeneas Limited - 190,427 Aeneas Group Limited - 7,451 Jurchen Investment Corporation 50,000 - Total $50,000 $304,820 F-30Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Amounts due to related parties Amounts due to related parties consisted of the following as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: December 31,2018 December 31,2017 AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED $- $197,386 Ian Huen 2,545 - Clark Cheng 8,893 - Sabrina Khan 21,979 - Total $33,417 $197,386 Related party transactions Related party transactions consisted of the following for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017: Year endedDecember 31,2018 March 1,2017throughDecember 31,2017 A borrowing from a related party (Note 1) - Ian Huen $- $6,410 Payments on behalf of the Group (Note 2) - AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED $- $64,038 - Aeneas Management Limited $156,961 $- Expense reimbursement (Note 2) - AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED $7,331 $66,881 - Aeneas Management Limited $156,961 $- Payments on behalf of related parties (Note 3) - AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED $22,934 $109,025 - Aeneas Limited $- $132,074 - Aeneas Group Limited $- $1,853 Repayments from related parties (Note 3) - AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED $132,128 $- - Aeneas Limited $190,427 $- - Aeneas Group Limited $7,451 - Management and administrative fees (Note 4) - AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED $448,718 $640,932 Settlement of Management fees (Note 4) - AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED $705,128 $- Rental expense (Note 5) - Jurchen Investment Corporation $207,841 $- Settlement of rental expense (Note 5) - Jurchen Investment Corporation $207,841 $- Payment for rental deposit (Note 5) - Jurchen Investment Corporation $50,000 $- Note 1: The non-interest-bearing loan was borrowed from management for operation purpose and the loan was due on demand. F-31Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Note 2: AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED has paid the audit fee and legal fee on behalf of the Group and received the expense reimbursement. Some of theamounts were repaid during the periods. The balances were non-interest bearing. Aeneas Management Limited has paid the operation fee on behalf of the Group and received the expense reimbursement. The balances were non-interestbearing. Note 3: The Group has paid the expenses on behalf of AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED, Aeneas Limited and Aeneas Group Limited, and the balances were non-interest bearing. There was no further payment on behalf transactions since April 2018. Note 4: AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED provides certain management and administrative services to the Group. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and theperiod March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED was entitled to receive a fixed amount of administrative fees ofHKD500,000 (approximately $64,103) per calendar month. On July 31, 2018, the agreement was mutually agreed to be terminated. Note 5: Jurchen Investment Corporation entered into a sub-tenancy agreement with a subsidiary of the Group for the rental arrangement of an office in HongKong. For the period February 1, 2018 through January 31, 2021, Jurchen Investment Corporation was entitled to receive a fixed amount of rental fee ofHK$130,000 (approximately USD16,667) per calendar month. On November 11, 2017, the Group sold 100% of the ownership of Aeneas Limited and its subsidiary, Aeneas Group Limited, to Jurchen InvestmentCorporation for cash proceeds of $1. The Group recognized a gain on disposal of entity under common control of $67,874, net of net liabilities of AeneasLimited and its subsidiary of $67,874 in consolidated statement of equity. On April 3, 2018, Aptorum Medical Limited issued 526 shares to Clark Cheng, decreasing the equity interest of the Company from 100% to 95%. In April 2018, the Group, AENEAS CAPITAL LIMITED, Aeneas Management Limited and Aeneas Group Limited entered into a net settlement agreement tooffset the amounts due from related parties against the amounts due to related parties. Thereby, the Group is released from obligation for a total amount of$164,973, netting off receivables of total amount of $197,878 and collected remaining balance of $32,905. F-32Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) 14. CONVERTIBLE DEBTS Convertible promissory notes As of December 31, 2017, the Group issued an aggregated amounted of $480,000 of convertible promissory notes (the “Notes”). The Notes will be redeemedby the Group on the earlier of (i) the twelve months anniversary of the issuance date; and (ii) the date that the Group redeems the Notes if it has notconsummated the IPO within twelve months of the issuance date. Interest on the Notes is accrued at a rate of 1% per annum and shall be compoundedannually. The Notes are convertible into the Class A Ordinary Shares of the Company at a price of 56% discount to the actual price per Class A OrdinaryShare to be issued in the IPO at the time that the Group consummates an initial closing of the IPO. The Group concludes that the convertible debts containeda contingent beneficial conversion, which shall not be recognized in earnings until the contingency is resolved. One of the underwriters in this Offering, Boustead, also served as a placement agent for the Notes and received (i) a cash success fee of $68,516 and (ii)warrants to purchase 12,663 Class A Ordinary Shares, at an exercise price of $6.95 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Series A Note PA Warrants”). TheBond PA Warrants are exercisable on a cashless basis. For the year ended December 31, 2018, $130,935 was recorded as expense for the warrants after thecompletion of the performance obligation, which is the success of IPO. In 2018, the Group has additionally issued $1,120,400 of convertible promissory notes under the same terms above and $1,600,400 of convertiblepromissory notes were issued accumulatively, and an unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts of $22,935 was remaining before the IPO. For the yearended December 31, 2018, the interest accretion and the contractual interest coupon of the Notes was $26,380 and $8,802, respectively. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 470-20-30-8, the Group should record a charge equal to the lower amount of either i) theIntrinsic Value of the BCF or ii) the proceeds realized upon the issuance of the Notes. The Group completed its IPO on December 17, 2018. Pursuant to theterms of the Notes, all of the outstanding principal amount of the Notes was automatically converted into 230,252 Class A Ordinary Shares. The intrinsicvalue of the BCF was determined to be $1,600,400. The Group concluded that the contingency was effectively resolved upon the automatic conversion, andrecorded a one-time charge to interest expense of $1,600,400 with a corresponding increase to additional paid-in capital. Convertible bonds On April 6, 2018, the Group has entered into a subscription agreement (the “Bond Subscription Agreement”) with Peace Range Limited (“Peace Range”).Pursuant to the Bond Subscription Agreement, the Group issued Peace Range a $15,000,000 convertible bond (the “Bond” and the “Bond Offering”), minusa structuring fee equal to 2% of the principal amount of the Bond, on April 25, 2018. The Group also agreed to pay certain expenses, up to an aggregate limitof $250,000, incurred by Peace Range in connection with the Bond Offering. The Bond earns interest at the rate of 8% per annum, payable semi-annually.The payment of the Bond is guaranteed by the holding company, Jurchen Investment Corporation. In addition, the repayment of the principal of the Bondand interest payables is secured by a fund the Group set aside in a debt service reserve account, with the funds in the debt service reserve account to bereleased in an amount pro rata to the principal amount of the Bond being converted. The Bond shall mature on the twelfth calendar month following theissuance date, or with prior written consent of the holders of the Bond, the business day falling six calendar months thereafter. 10% of the principal amount ofthe Bond shall be automatically converted into our Class A Ordinary Shares upon the closing of the IPO and the rest of the Bond is convertible at the optionof the holder commencing on the closing of the IPO until the earlier of the date falling 12 calendar months after the maturity of the Bond and the date falling12 calendar months after the closing of the IPO, at a price offered at the IPO with a discount ranging from 19% to 22% depending on the date of the IPOoccurred. The Group closed the Bond Offering on April 25, 2018 and issued a Bond to Peace Range pursuant to the Bond Subscription Agreement. Thecontingent beneficial conversion is contained in convertible bonds, which shall not be recognized in earnings until the contingency event, initial closing ofthe IPO, is resolved. The Group has determined that the conversion feature embedded in the convertible loan should not be bifurcated, and therefore,accounted as a liability in its entirety before the IPO. F-33Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) One of the underwriters in this Offering, Boustead, also served as a placement agent for the Bond Offering and received (i) a cash success fee of $600,000 and(ii) warrants to purchase 67,790 Class A Ordinary Shares, at an exercise price of $12.17 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Bond PA Warrants”). The BondPA Warrants are exercisable on a cashless basis. For the year ended December 31, 2018, $528,762 was recorded as expense for the warrants after thecompletion of the performance obligation, which is the success of IPO. China Renaissance also served as a placement agent for the Bond Offering; for suchservices, China Renaissance received a cash success fee of $150,000. The Group completed its IPO on December 17, 2018. Pursuant to the terms of the Bond, 10% of the outstanding principal amount of the Bond wasautomatically converted into 119,217 Class A Ordinary Shares. Upon the automatic conversion, the contingency was effectively resolved, and the value ofthe 10% of the BCF of $383,629 was recorded as additional interest expense with a corresponding increase to additional paid-in capital. The remaining BCFof $3,452,657 was recorded as debt discount, which was amortized through the maturity of the convertible debts, with a corresponding increase to additionalpaid-in capital. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the interest accretion of the BCF was $374,707. As of December 31, 2018, the remaining principal amount of the Bond was $13,500,000 and the remaining unamortized debt issuance costs and discountswas $314,744. The aggregate effective interest rate on the Bond is approximately 16.65% per annum. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the interestaccretion and the contractual interest coupon of the Bond was $691,099 and $815,000, respectively. The following lists the components of the ending balance of convertible debts as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively: December 31,2018 December 31,2017 Gross convertible debts $13,500,000 $480,000 Less: Discount on issuance cost 314,744 - Discount on BCF 3,077,950 - Convertible debts, net $10,107,306 $480,000 15. FINANCE LEASE On May 14, 2018, the Group leased a vehicle for its operation with a lease term of 54 months, and the lease was classified as a finance lease. The followinglists the components of the net present value of capital leases obligation: December 31,2018 Gross capital lease obligation $210,891 Less: Discount on capital lease obligation 23,141 187,750 Less: Current portion of capital lease obligation 43,877 Net present value of capital lease obligation, net of current portion $143,873 The present value of the net minimum payments on capital lease as of December 31, 2018 is as follows: 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total Minimum lease payments $53,844 $53,845 $53,845 $49,357 $210,891 Less: Amortization of discount 9,967 7,290 4,449 1,435 23,141 Capital lease obligation $43,877 $46,555 $49,396 $47,922 $187,750 F-34Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) 16. ORDINARY SHARES According to the Restructuring Plan, the ten management shares of par value of $0.01 have been cancelled, and the 256,571 issued participating shares of parvalue of $0.01 have been compulsorily redeemed and 4,743,419 unissued participating shares of par value of $0.01 each have been cancelled. Meanwhile,the Company has an authorized share capital consisting of 100,000,000 ordinary shares (the “Ordinary Shares”), par value $1.00 per share, and 25,657,110shares was issued to the original investors. During the period March 1, 2017 through October 13, 2017, 2,207,025 of the Company’s Ordinary Shares were issued at a price of $3.90 per share. On October 13, 2017, a resolution was passed at a general meeting of the Company that: (i) 72,135,865 of authorized but unissued Ordinary Shares of theCompany were replaced with 54,573,620 Class A ordinary shares (the “Class A Ordinary Shares”) of par value of $1.00 per share and 17,562,245 Class Bordinary shares (the “Class B Ordinary Shares”) of par value of $1.00 per share, respectively; (ii) 24,930,839 issued Ordinary Shares, which were issued tothree shareholders, were converted into 2,493,085 Class A Ordinary Shares of par value of $1.00 per share and 22,437,754 Class B Ordinary Shares of parvalue of $1.00 per share; and (iii) 2,933,296 issued Ordinary Shares, which were issued to 24 shareholders, were converted into 2,933,296 Class A OrdinaryShares of par value of $1.00 per share. On December 17, 2018, the Group consummated its IPO of 761,419 Class A Ordinary Shares. The shares were sold at a price of $15.80 per share, generatinggross proceeds to the Group of approximately $12,030,420. At the completion of the IPO, $1,732,229 offering costs was charged to additional paid-in capital.Following the consummation of the IPO and automatic conversion of the Notes and the Bonds (see Note 14), there were an aggregate of 6,537,269 Class AOrdinary Shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018. Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares have the same rights except for the following: (i) each Class A Ordinary Share is entitled toone vote while each Class B Ordinary Share is entitled to ten votes; and (ii) each Class B Ordinary Share is convertible into one Class A Ordinary Share at anytime while Class A Ordinary Shares are not convertible under any circumstances. Share option plan A total of 5,500,000 Class A Ordinary Shares (subject to subsequent adjustments described more fully below) may be issued pursuant to awards under the2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Share Option Plan”). Subsequent adjustments include that on each January 1, starting with January 1, 2020, anadditional number of shares equal to the lesser of (i) 2% of the outstanding number of Class A Ordinary Shares (on a fully diluted basis) on the immediatepreceding December 31, and (ii) such lower number of Class A Ordinary Shares as may be determined by the board of directors, subject in all cases toadjustments as provided in Section 10 of the 2017 Share Option Plan. Awards will be made pursuant to agreements and may be subject to vesting and otherrestrictions as determined by the board of directors. As of December 31, 2018, 5,500,000 shares were available for future grant under the 2017 Share OptionPlan. 17. NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST As of December 31, 2018, non-controlling interest related to the 1% equity interest in APTUS BIOTECHNOLOGY (MACAO) LIMITED, 10% equity interestin mTOR (Hong Kong) Limited, 5% equity interest in Aptorum Medical Limited, 20% equity interest in Acticule, and 20% equity interest in the LanitherLife Sciences Limited in the consolidated balance sheets was deficit of $368,533 in total. As of December 31, 2017, non-controlling interest related to the 1% equity interest in APTUS BIOTECHNOLOGY (MACAO) LIMITED and 10% equityinterest in mTOR (Hong Kong) Limited in the consolidated balance sheets was deficit of $14,045 in total. 18. WARRANTS On November 30, 2018 and December 17, 2018, the Company entered into several agreements with underwriter. In return for the underwriter’s services, theCompany issued an aggregate of 80,453 and 38,071 warrants to purchase the same number of the Company’s ordinary shares, for the convertible debts andthe IPO, respectively. The shares were fully vested upon the IPO completion date and the fair value of the warrants was $659,697 and $218,147, respectively,which was calculated using the Black-Scholes pricing model, with the following weighted-average assumptions. December 31,2018 As of the date ofissuance Expected volatility 58.18% 65.70%Risk-free interest rate 2.820%-2.822% 2.820%-2.822% Expected term from grant date (in years) 2.43 2.50 Dividend rate - - Fair value $4.60-9.48 $5.73-10.34 Expected Volatility The expected volatility used for the year ended December 31, 2018 is based upon the Company’s peer group trading history. F-35Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Risk-Free Interest Rate The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on U.S. Treasury instruments with a term consistent with the contractual term of the warrants issued for the yearended December 31, 2018. Expected Term The expected term of the warrants issued during the year ended December 31, 2018, represents the remaining contractual term of the warrants. Dividend Yield The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends and does not plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and therefore, used anexpected dividend yield of zero in the valuation model. The movement of the warrants for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as following: Warrants WeightedAverageExercise Price WeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm in Years Outstanding, January 1, 2018 - $- - Granted 118,524 $13.79 2.50 Outstanding, December 31, 2018 118,524 $13.79 2.43 The Group analyzed the warrants issued in the IPO and the convertible debts in accordance with ASC Topic 815 “Derivatives and Hedging”. In accordancewith ASC Topic 815, the Group determined that the warrants should not be considered index to its own stock, as the strike price of the warrants is dominatedin a currency (USD) other than the primary economy environment currency of the Group (HKD). As a result, the warrants does not meet the scope exception ofASC Topic 815, therefore, should be accounted for as derivative liabilities and measure at fair value with changes in fair value be recorded in earnings ineach reporting period. F-36Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) 19. NET LOSS PER SHARE The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share: Year endedDecember 31,2018 March 1,2017throughDecember 31,2017 Numerator: Net loss attributable to Aptorum Group Limited $(14,831,723) $(2,547,462)Denominator: Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 27,909,788 26,963,435 Basic and diluted loss per share $(0.53) $(0.09) Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstandingduring the period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue ordinary shares were exercisedor converted into ordinary shares. Potential dilutive securities are excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share in loss periods as their effect wouldbe anti-dilutive. 20. PRINCIPAL RISK MARKET RISK Market risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market variables such as interestrate, foreign exchange rates and equity prices. The maximum risk resulting from financial instruments equals their fair value. (a) Interest rate risk Interest rate risk arises from the possibility that changes in interest rates will affect future cash flows or the fair values of financial instruments. Interest rate risk sensitivity analysis The Group’s cash held with the Cash Custodian and the Custodian are exposed to interest rate risk. However, Management considers the risk to be minimal asthey are short-term with terms less than one month. (b) Currency risk Currency risk is the risk that the value of financial assets or liabilities will fluctuate due to changes in foreign exchange rates. Currency risk sensitivity analysis At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Group has no significant foreign currency risk because its business is principally conducted in Hong Kong and most ofthe transactions are denominated in Hong Kong dollar. Since the Hong Kong dollar is pegged to the United States dollar, the Group’s exposure to foreigncurrency risk in respect of the balances denominated in Hong Kong dollars is considered to be minimal. F-37Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) (c) Equity price risk Equity price risk is the risk of unfavorable changes in the fair values of equities or equity-linked derivatives as the result of changes in the levels of equityindices and the value of individual shares. The Group has been exposed to price risk on all of its equities investments and equities-linked derivatives. Management’s best estimate of the effect on net assets and profit due to a reasonably possible change of relevant benchmarks, with all other variables heldconstant is as follows. In practice, the actual trading results may differ from the sensitivity analysis below and the difference could be material. LIQUIDITY RISK Liquidity risk is the risk that the Group will encounter difficulty in raising funds to meet commitments associated with financial assets and liabilities.Liquidity risk may result from an inability to sell a financial asset quickly at an amount close to its fair value. The Group invests in private equities which are generally unquoted and not readily marketable. The Group manages its liquidity risk by setting investmentlimits on unlisted securities that cannot be readily disposed of. Investment of the Group’s assets in unquoted securities may restrict the ability of the Group todispose of its investment at a price and time it wishes to do so. CREDIT RISK Financial assets which potentially subject the Group to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of bank deposits and balances, and assets held withthe Custodian/Prime Broker. The Custodian/Prime Broker provides the clearing and depository operations for the Group’s security transactions. The Custodian/Prime Broker also providesloans and financing to the Group and assets held by the Custodian/Prime Brokers will be charged as a continuing security for the payment and discharge ofall liabilities of the Group. The Group is exposed to credit risk on the cash held with the Custodian/Prime Broker amounting to $112,746 and $122,127, respectively, as of December 31,2018 and 2017. The credit rating ascribed by Standard and Poor’s to Credit Suisse as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was A. Furthermore, the Group takes on exposure to credit risk on cash and restricted cash balances held with HSBC, DBS Bank Ltd, Hong Kong Branch, Industrialand Commercial Bank of China (Macao) Limited, Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited and Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group for the purposes of payments ofGroup expenses. All transactions in listed securities are settled or paid for upon delivery using approved and reputable brokers. The risk of default is considered minimal, asdelivery of securities sold is only made when the broker has received payment. Payment is made on a purchase when the securities have been received by thebroker. The trade will fail if either party fails to meet its obligation. The Group limits its exposure to credit risk by transacting all of its securities andcontractual commitment activities with broker-dealers, banks and regulated exchanges with high credit ratings and that the Group considers to be wellestablished. F-38Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) CONCENTRATION RISK The table below analyses the Group’s concentration of equity price risk by country and region, and industry: December 31,2018 December 31,2017 Country and Region United States of America $8,224,771 $10,462,483 Total $8,224,771 $10,462,483 Industry Pharmaceutical and biotechnology $8,224,285 $10,443,175 Healthcare 486 19,308 Total $8,224,771 $10,462,483 INVESTMENTS IN DERIVATIVES RISK Warrants Since warrants have a limited life, as the expiration date of a warrant approaches, the time value of a warrant will decline. In addition, if the stock underlyingthe warrant declines in price, the intrinsic value of an “in the money” warrant will decline. Further, if the price of the stock underlying the warrant does notexceed the strike price of the warrant on the expiration date, the warrant will expire worthless. As a result, there is the potential for the Group to lose its entireinvestment in a warrant. The Group is exposed to counterparty risk from the potential failure of an issuer to settle its exercised warrants. The maximum risk ofloss from counterparty risk to the Group is the fair value of the contracts and the purchase price of the warrants. 21. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Lease Commitments The total future minimum lease payments under the non-cancellable operating leases with respect to the offices and the laboratory as of December 31, 2018are as follows: For the years ending December 31, Amount 2019 $600,978 2020 626,277 2021 397,842 2022 75,174 2023 and thereafter - Total $1,700,271 Rental expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017 were $591,546, and $49,518, respectively. Contingent Payment Obligations The Group has entered into agreements with independent third parties for purchasing office and laboratory equipment. As of December 31, 2018, the Grouphad non-cancellable purchase commitments of $487,930. The Group has additional contingency payment obligations under each of the license agreements, such as milestone payments, royalties, research anddevelopment funding, if certain condition or milestone is met. F-39Table of Contents APTORUM GROUP LIMITEDNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Stated in U.S. Dollars) Milestone payments are to be made upon achievements of certain conditions, such as Investigational New Drugs (“IND”) filing or U.S. Food and DrugAdministration (“FDA”) approval, first commercial sale of the licensed products, or other achievements. The aggregate amount of the milestone paymentsthat the Group are required to pay up to different achievements of conditions and milestones for all the license agreements signed as of December 31, 2018are below: Amount Drug molecules: up to the conditions and milestones of Preclinical to IND filing $372,564 From entering phase 1 to before first commercial sale 24,216,410 First commercial sale 15,656,410 Net sales amount more than certain threshold in a year 75,769,231 Subtotal 116,014,615 Surgical robotics and medical devices: up to the conditions and milestones of Before FDA approval 270,000 FDA approval obtained 200,000 Subtotal 470,000 Total $116,484,615 For the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, the Group incurred $30,000 and $nil milestone payments,respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period March 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, the Group did not incur any royalties orresearch and development funding, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, no other milestone payments had been triggered under any of the existing licenseagreements. 22. SEGMENT REPORTING The Group’s chief operating decision maker, the Chief Executive Officer, reviews the consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resourcesand accessing performance of the Group as a whole and hence, the Group has only one reportable segment. The Group does not distinguish between marketsor segments for the purpose of internal reporting. The Group’s long-lived assets are substantially all located in Hong Kong and substantially all of theGroup’s expense is derived from within Hong Kong. Therefore, no geographical segments are presented. 23. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS The Group has evaluated subsequent events through the date of issuance of the consolidated financial statements, and except for the following events withmaterial financial impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements, no other subsequent event is identified that would have required adjustment ordisclosure in the consolidated financial statements. On March 15, 2019, the Company granted 215,795 share options to employees, external consultants and advisors of the Group in accordance to the 2017Share Option Plan with an exercise price of $12.91. On March 29, 2019, Aptorum Medical Limited issued 112 shares to a director of the Company, decreasing the equity interest of the Company from 95% to94%. F-40 Exhibit 4.32 March 13, 2019 GloboAsia LLC11427 Potomac Oaks DriveRockville, MD 20850USAAttention: Dr. Keith Chan Consultancy Agreement We are pleased and welcome the acceptance of GloboAsia LLC (“GloboAsia”), with its business address at 11427 Potomac Oaks Drive Rockville, MD20850, USA to enter into this Consultancy Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Aptorum Group Limited (“Company” or “we”) which are incorporated withlimited liabilities under the laws of Cayman Islands, with its business address at 17/F Guangdong Investment Tower, 148 Connaught Road Central, HongKong. The following seeks to illustrate the context of the Agreement and the services to be rendered by GloboAsia for the Company, and the terms and conditionsas set out herewith. 1.The Company Aptorum focuses on the licensing of, and acquisition of early stage preclinical assets with the intention to engage in drug research, development,and commercialization purposes. Assets are acquired via open and public platforms such as the technology transfer offices of accredited universitiesand academic institutions. 2.Scope of Services (a)GloboAsia agrees to enter into this Agreement to provide certain consultancy, advisory, and management services to the Company throughcorrespondence and man-hours as represented by Dr. Keith Chan (“Consultant”) (together with GloboAsia, “you”). (b)Pursuant to this Agreement, the Consultant is to be enlisted as a member of our newly formed Scientific Advisory Board (“Advisory Board”) of theCompany. (c)As Consultant is not an Executive Director on the Board of Directors for the Company, he ultimately does not have legal nor professional authorityto dictate the commercial decisions of the Company. (d)As a member of our Advisory Board, Consultant is expected to provide, at and upon the Company’s request, the following services (“Services”): (i)advise the management on developing its scientific concept and strategic planning, in building national as well as internationalcollaboration; Page 1 of 6 17/F Guangdong Investment Tower, 148 Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong 香港干諾道中148號粵海投資大廈17樓T: (852) 2117 6611 • F: (852) 2850 7286 • www.aptorumgroup.com (ii)provide strategic advice and make recommendations to the management regarding current and planned research and developmentprograms; (iii)advise the management regarding the scientific merit of technology or products involved in-licensing and acquisition opportunities; and (iv)provide strategic advice to the management regarding emerging science and technology issues and trends. (v)be responsive to the Company’s needs and interests, whereby deliverables to Company should be provided in good faith so that effort andquality is commensurable to fees provided to GloboAsia, with details described more fully below; (vi)observe and comply with all statutory rules, and regulations where applicable as governed by the laws of his residence and that ofGloboAsia’s incorporation; (vii)provide training, guidance, steering, and access of expert networks to us where appropriate and required; (viii)participate in meetings from time to time to discuss issues concerning regulatory activities undertaken by us; (ix)perform his duties to a standard commensurate with the functions of his role and his knowledge, skills and experience; (x)conduct any other related services as directed by us from time to time. (e)Also, Consultant shall not: (i)be responsible for our management and supervision; (ii)be required or expected to attend to our day-to-day business; his time commitment to the Company is not expected in the form of day-to-day office hours or responsibilities; nor (iii)have any legal nor professional authority to dictate our commercial decisions. (f)Consultant shall devote his attention and skill to our interests and affairs in the performance of his duties, and in the exercise of such powers, complywith all and any lawful directions and instructions from time to time made or given to him by us according to the best of his skills and ability, andcomply with all resolutions and regulations from time to time passed or made by our board of directors. (g)Consultant shall faithfully and diligently perform his duties with due care and skill, and exercise only such powers as are consistent with his dutiesin relation to us, and use his best endeavors to protect, promote and act in our best interest. (h)Consultant shall at all time keep the Company promptly and fully informed of his performance of the duties. Page 2 of 6 17/F Guangdong Investment Tower, 148 Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong 香港干諾道中148號粵海投資大廈17樓T: (852) 2117 6611 • F: (852) 2850 7286 • www.aptorumgroup.com 3.Date of Commencement GloboAsia shall commence its services to the Company on April 1, 2019 (the “Effective Date”). 4.CompensationThe Company shall pay GloboAsia an hourly rate of US$300 for Services actually performed by rendered by Consultant in his role as a member ofthe Advisory Board. GloboAsia shall submit an invoice to the Company on a monthly basis, reasonably detailing time expended and a descriptionof the nature of the Services rendered. The Company shall pay the hourly fees to GloboAsia for such Services within 30 days of submission of aninvoice. 5.Expenses GloboAsia is entitled to apply for reimbursement to expense outlays from time to time, deriving from expenses such as traveling and transportationcosts, accommodation cost, and other expenses where reasonably incurred in relation to your representative(s) rendering said services for theCompany and its affiliates in accordance to duties and tasks described in Section 2, however, that any reimbursable expenses shall be pre-approvedby us in writing. 6.Confidential Information (a)You agree not to use any Confidential Information (as defined below) disclosed to you by us for your own use or for any purpose other than to carryout discussions concerning, and the undertaking of your duties hereunder. You agree to take all reasonable measures to protect the secrecy of andavoid disclosure or use of our Confidential Information in order to prevent it from falling into the public domain or the possession of persons otherthan our agents or persons to whom we consent to such disclosure. Upon our request, any materials or documents that have been furnished by us toyou in connection with your duties hereunder shall be promptly returned by you to us. Page 3 of 6 17/F Guangdong Investment Tower, 148 Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong 香港干諾道中148號粵海投資大廈17樓T: (852) 2117 6611 • F: (852) 2850 7286 • www.aptorumgroup.com (b)“Confidential Information” means any information, technical data or know-how (whether disclosed before or after the date of this Agreement),including, but not limited to, information relating to business and product or service plans, financial projections, customer lists, business forecasts,sales and merchandising, human resources, patents, patent applications, computer object or source code, research, inventions, processes, designs,drawings, engineering, marketing or finance to be confidential or proprietary or which information would, under the circumstances, appear to areasonable person to be confidential or proprietary. Confidential Information does not include information, technical data or know-how that: (i)is in the possession of you at the time of disclosure, as shown by your files and records immediately prior to the time of disclosure; or (ii)becomes part of the public knowledge or literature, not as a direct or indirect result of any improper inaction or action of you.Notwithstanding the foregoing, you may disclose Confidential Information with our prior written approval or pursuant to the order orrequirement of a court, administrative agency or other governmental bodies. 7.Insider Trading You recognize that in the course of Consultant ’s duties hereunder, you may receive from the Company or others information that may be considered“material, nonpublic information” concerning a public company that is subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of1934, as amended. You agree NOT to: (a) purchase or sell, directly or indirectly, any securities of any company while in possession of relevantmaterial, nonpublic information relating to such company received from the Company or others in connection herewith; (b) provide Company withinformation with respect to any public company that may be considered material, nonpublic information without the prior written consent of theCompany; or (c) communicate any material, nonpublic information to any other person in which it is reasonably foreseeable that such person islikely to (i) purchase or sell securities of any company with respect to which such information relates, or (ii) otherwise directly or indirectly benefitfrom such information. Without limiting any of the confidentiality and insider trading obligations included in this Agreement, you and youraffiliated parties shall not discuss any information concerning Company obtained by Consultant in the course of performing the Services with anyfinancial, securities or industry analyst or with the media without the written agreement of Company. 8.Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (a)Consultant ’s personal data may be used, held and/or stored (by whatever means) for (i) our promotion and marketing; (ii) making disclosurerequired by laws, rules and regulations; (iii) facilitating task distribution within us; (iv) compiling statistical information and employee profiles; (v)establishing benefit entitlements; and (vi) any incidental purposes relating to the above, and any other purpose which Consultant may from time totime agree. (b)Subject to the terms and conditions contained herein, by accepting the engagement, Consultant authorizes the Company to disclose his name,likeness, biography and this engagement in the Company’ corporate filings, website and other publications. Page 4 of 6 17/F Guangdong Investment Tower, 148 Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong 香港干諾道中148號粵海投資大廈17樓T: (852) 2117 6611 • F: (852) 2850 7286 • www.aptorumgroup.com (c)Personal data held by us relating to Consultant will generally be kept confidential but we may make all enquiries as it considers necessary toconfirm the accuracy of the personal data. In particular, we may disclose, obtain, transfer (whether within or outside Hong Kong) Consultant ’spersonal data to, from or with (i) any regulatory or government bodies; (ii) any other persons or institutions in connection with our business,insurers, clients and potential investors; and (iii) any other person to which the Company considers such disclosure, obtaining or transfer to benecessary or desirable for the purposes set out above. 9.Term and Termination (a)This appointment of Globo Asia and Consultant shall commence from the Effective Date and expire on 31 December 2020 (“Term”), subject tosatisfactory performance on an annual basis as determined by the Company. Thereafter, this Term shall be automatically renewed for successive one (1) year terms thereafter until and unless either you or the Company issue(s)a written notice at least three (3) month before the end of the initial or any renewed Term. Notwithstanding the above, the terms and conditions of this Agreement shall remain in effect until expiration of the Term, unless it is terminatedprior to expiration subsequent to the following circumstances: (i)by you after giving the Company no less than two (2) months’ notice in writing; (ii)by the Company after giving you two (2) months’ notice in writing; or (iii)by the Company without notice or compensation in the event of any dishonesty, fraud, gross negligence, willful default or refusal to carryout any lawful order or instructions, or the repeated breach of any rules or regulations of the Company, or those as governed by the laws ofyour residence or incorporation by Globo Asia or its representative(s); and/or (iv)by the Company without notice or compensation in the event that Consultant is no longer a member of Globo Asia or able to perform thescope of services assigned to him as a member of the Advisory Board. 10.Governing Law Unless otherwise provided in this Agreement, the terms and conditions herein shall be governed and interpreted by the laws of Hong Kong SAR. 11.Independent Contractor You hereby declare and confirms that the relationship with us will be that of an independent contractor and not that of an employee. You shall not be eligiblefor any employee benefits. We shall not be responsible for any tax liabilities against you or deriving from the Total Benefits, and any income or benefitsunder this Agreement whether arising in or outside the Territory and wherever such tax liabilities are imposed. You will have no authority to enter intocontracts that bind us or create obligations on the part of us without our prior written authorization. Page 5 of 6 17/F Guangdong Investment Tower, 148 Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong 香港干諾道中148號粵海投資大廈17樓T: (852) 2117 6611 • F: (852) 2850 7286 • www.aptorumgroup.com Please signify your acceptance of the above terms and conditions by signing and returning to us the enclosed duplicate copy of this Agreement. Yours faithfully, FOR AND ON BEHALF OF APTORUM GROUP LIMITED Name: Ian Huen Position: Executive Director & CEO Accepted and agreed by: Accepted and agreed by: ON BEHALF OF GLOBOASIA LLC DR. KEITH CHAN Name: Dr. Keith Chan Date:Position: Date: Page 6 of 6 17/F Guangdong Investment Tower, 148 Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong 香港干諾道中148號粵海投資大廈17樓T: (852) 2117 6611 • F: (852) 2850 7286 • www.aptorumgroup.com Exhibit 4.39 CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT, MARKED BY [***], HAS BEEN OMITTED BECAUSEAPTORUM GROUP LIMITED HAS DETERMINED THE INFORMATION (I) IS NOT MATERIAL AND (II) WOULD LIKELY CAUSECOMPETITIVE HARM TO APTORUM GROUP LIMITED IF PUBLICLY DISCLOSED. VERSITECH LIMITED and ACTICULE LIFE SCIENCES LIMITED EXCLUSIVE PATENT LICENSE AGREEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS R E C I T A L S11. DEFINITIONS22. GRANT OF RIGHTS53. LICENSEE DILIGENCE OBLIGATIONS84. ROYALTIES AND PAYMENT TERMS95. REPORTS AND RECORDS126. IMPROVEMENT137. PATENT PROSECUTION148. INFRINGEMENTS159. INDEMNIFICATION AND INSURANCE1610. REPRESENTATIONS AND COVENANTS1711. ASSIGNMENT1812. GENERAL COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS1813. TERMINATION1914. DISPUTE RESOLUTION2015. GOVERNING LAW2016. MISCELLANEOUS21SCHEDULE 124SCHEDULE 225 ii THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT (“AGREEMENT”) is made the day of 2019 (“EFFECTIVE DATE”) BETWEEN: (1)VERSITECH LIMITED, a company incorporated and existing under the laws of Hong Kong with its office at Room 405A, Cyberport 4, 100Cyberport Road, Hong Kong (“LICENSOR”); and (2)ACTICULE LIFE SCIENCES LIMITED, with incorporation number CB-324541, a company incorporated and existing under the laws of theCayman Islands, with its registered office at Floor 4, Willow House, Cricket Square, Grand Cayman KY1-9010, Cayman Islands with its businessaddress at Floor 17, Guangdong Investment Tower, 148 Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong (“LICENSEE”). (“LICENSOR” and “LICENSEE” shall be hereinafter referred to separately by a “PARTY” or jointly by “PARTIES”). R E C I T A L S (A)WHEREAS, LICENSOR and LICENSEE entered into the PREVIOUS LICENSE AGREEMENT on October 18, 2017. (B)WHEREAS, the University of Hong Kong (“HKU”) has been making subsequent developments after October 18, 2017 to the subject matter of thePREVIOUS LICENSED PATENT, which is the LICENSED PATENT under this Agreement. (C)WHEREAS, LICENSOR is the wholly-owned subsidiary of the HKU and the technology transfer company of HKU; to facilitate thecommercialization of LICENSED PATENT, HKU has assigned all its rights, title and interest in and to LICENSED PATENT. (D)WHEREAS, LICENSOR has the right to grant licenses under such LICENSED PATENT. (E)WHEREAS, LICENSOR desires to have the LICENSED PATENT developed and commercialized to benefit the public and is willing to grant alicense thereunder. (F)WHEREAS, LICENSEE has represented to LICENSOR, to induce LICENSOR to enter into this Agreement, that LICENSEE shall commit itself to useCOMMERCIALLY REASONABLE EFFORTS to exploit the LICENSED PATENT so that public utilization shall eventually result therefrom. (G)WHEREAS, LICENSEE desires to obtain a license under the LICENSED PATENT upon the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth. NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: 1. DEFINITIONS. 1.1DEFINITIONS. All capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meaning set forth in the Agreement. 1.2“APPLICABLE LAWS” shall mean applicable laws, rules and regulations, including any rules, regulations, guidelines or other requirements of theREGULATORY AUTHORITIES (as defined below), that may be in effect from time to time, including but not limited to those of the FDA, the cGMPand FDA Act, if applicable. 1.3“AFFILIATE” shall mean, with respect to a PARTY, means any legal entity (such as a corporation, partnership, or limited liability company) that iscontrolled by such PARTY. For the purposes of this definition, the term “control” means (i) beneficial ownership of more than fifty percent (50%) ofthe voting securities of a corporation or other business organization with voting securities or (ii) a more than fifty percent (50%) interest in the netassets or profits of a partnership or other business organization without voting securities. 1.4“CMC” means chemistry, manufacturing, and controls activities related to LICENSED PRODUCT. 1.5“COMMERCIALLY REASONABLE EFFORTS” shall mean, with respect to a PARTY, those commercially reasonable efforts by that PARTY similarto the efforts that PARTY, in good faith, would make in similar circumstances for its own operations without procrastination, taking intoconsideration safety and efficacy, costs, the market potential of the product, the stage of its development or product life, the clinical setting in whichit is expected to be used, competitiveness of the marketplace, regulatory environment, the patent or other proprietary position of the product, andother conditions then prevailing. It is understood that a PARTYs COMMERCIALLY REASONABLE EFFORTS will not in any event require thatParty to take any action that would be reasonably likely to result in a breach of any other provision of this Agreement, or that the PARTY in goodfaith believes may violate any APPLICABLE LAWS or any order, permit, direction or license of any court or governmental authority havingappropriate jurisdiction over the PARTY and subject matter. 1.6“CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION” shall mean all proprietary materials or other information (whether or not patentable) regarding a PARTY’stechnology, products, business information or objectives, including CMC, manufacturing and marketing information, and clinical data, that isidentified as proprietary or confidential by the disclosing PARTY or that would be reasonably understood to be the type of materials or informationthat should be treated as proprietary or confidential. The terms and conditions of this Agreement, the transactions described herein, and thePARTIES’ rights or obligations hereunder shall be considered Confidential Information of both PARTIES. 1.7“EFFECTIVE DATE” shall mean the date of this Agreement. 1.8“EXCLUSIVE PERIOD” shall mean the period of time set forth in Clause 2.2. 2 1.9“FDA” shall mean the United States Food and Drug Administration or any successor agency. 1.10“FDA Act” shall mean the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended from time to time, and the regulations promulgated thereunder. 1.11“FIELD” shall mean any and all human and non-human therapeutic uses, prescription and over-the-counter medications and preventives, for thetreatment or prevention of staphylococcal infections, including MRSA, and bacterial virulence. 1.12“HONG KONG” shall mean the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 1.13“IMPROVEMENT” shall mean any development or modification in the FIELD related to the LICENSED PATENT or part thereof, or relating to theproduction and/or exploitation thereof, whether or not patented or patentable, that is conceived, reduced to practice, discovered, developed orotherwise made at any time during the TERM of this Agreement. 1.14“IND” shall mean (a) an Investigational New Drug Application (as defined in 21 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 312.3) that is required to be filedwith the FDA before beginning clinical testing of a product in human subjects, or any successor application or procedure or (b) any counterpart of aU.S. Investigational New Drug Application that is required in any other country or region in the TERRITORY before beginning clinical testing of aproduct in human subjects in such country or region. 1.15“LICENSED PRODUCT” shall mean any product that, in whole or in part: (i)absent THE LICENSE granted hereunder, would infringe one or more claims of the LICENSED PATENT in the country of sale; or (ii)is manufactured by using any method that, absent THE LICENSE granted, would infringe one or more claims of the LICENSED PATENT. 1.16“LICENSED PATENT” shall mean: (i)The United States and foreign patents, patent applications, and provisional applications listed in Schedule 1, and all applications andpatents claiming priority thereto or common priority therewith and any resulting patents therefrom; and (ii)any divisions, reissues, reexaminations, renewals, continuations, continuations-in-part and extensions of the patent applications or patentunder Clause 1.16(i) above including their relevant international equivalents thereof and any patens that result therefrom. 1.17“NDA” shall mean New Drug Application to market the LICENSED PRODUCT in the TERRITORY or similar application submitted to the FDA, orits foreign equivalent submitted to any REGULATORY AUTHORITY in the TERRITORY, and all supplements and amendments thereto. 3 1.18“NET SALES” shall mean the invoiced price of LICENSED PRODUCT sold by LICENSEE and/ or its AFFILIATES to independent third parties inarm’s length transactions exclusively for money or, where the sale is not at arm’s length, the price that would have been so invoiced if it had been atarm’s length, after deduction of:- (i)normal trade discounts actually granted and credits actually given to the returned goods; (ii)costs of packaging, freight and its corresponding insurance; and (iii)import expenses and other relevant tax, duties or similar government levies actually paid on LICENSED PRODUCT. The calculation of NET SALES is set out in Schedule 2. No deductions shall be made for commissions paid to individuals whether they be with independent sales agencies or regularly employed byLICENSEE and on its payroll, or for cost of collections. NET SALES shall occur on the date of billing for a LICENSED PRODUCT. If a LICENSEDPRODUCT is distributed at a discounted price that is substantially lower than the customary price charged by LICENSEE, or distributed for non-cash consideration (whether or not at a discount), NET SALES shall be calculated based on the non-discounted amount of LICENSED PRODUCTcharged to an independent third party during the same REPORTING PERIOD or, in the absence of such sales, on the fair market value of LICENSEDPRODUCT. Non-monetary consideration shall NOT be accepted by LICENSEE for any LICENSED PRODUCT without the prior written consent of LICENSOR. 1.19“NON-COMMERCIAL RESEARCH, TEACHING, AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES” shall mean use of LICENSED PATENT for academic researchor other not-for-profit scholarly purposes which are undertaken at a nonprofit or governmental institution that does not use the LICENSED PATENTin the production or manufacture of products for sale or the performance of services for a fee. 1.20“PREVIOUS LICENSE AGREEMENT” shall mean the exclusive license agreement dated October 18, 2017 (HKU Ref. No. IP662; Acticule Ref. No.ALS-4) and a First Amendment to Exclusive Patent License Agreement dated June 7, 2018 entered into between LICENSOR and LICENSEE. 1.21“PREVIOUS LICENSED PATENT” shall have the same meaning as “Licensed Patent” under the PREVIOUS LICENSE AGREEMENT.Notwithstanding the above, PREVIOUS LICENSED PATENT does not include LICENSED PATENT hereunder. 1.22“REGULATORY APPROVAL” shall mean approval by corresponding REGULATORY AUTHORITY, including but not limited to FDA, to marketLICENSED PRODUCT in the FIELD in the TERRITORY. 4 1.23“REGULATORY AUTHORITY” shall mean any applicable supra-national, federal, national, regional, state, provincial or local regulatory agencies,departments, bureaus, commissions, councils or other government entities regulating or otherwise exercising authority with respect to thedistribution, importation, exportation, manufacture, production, use, storage, transport, or clinical testing, pricing or sale of LICENSED PRODUCTin the FIELD in the TERRITORY, including the FDA or any counterpart of the FDA outside the United States . 1.24“REPORTING PERIOD” shall begin on the first day of each calendar year and end on the last day of such calendar year and (i) the first REPORTINGPERIOD shall mean the period from the EFFECTIVE DATE to the last day of the next following calendar year; and (ii) the last REPORTINGPERIOD shall mean the period from the first day of the calendar year to which this Agreement is terminated to the termination date of thisAgreement. 1.25“SUBLICENSEES” shall mean any non-AFFILIATE sublicensees of the rights granted by LICENSEE under Clause 2.3. 1.26“SUBLICENSE INCOME” shall mean all considerations that LICENSEE or an AFFILIATE receives from SUBLICENSEES in consideration of thesublicense of the rights granted by LICENSEE and AFFILIATES under Clause 2.3, including without limitation license fees, milestone payments,license maintenance fees, and other payments. 1.27“TERM” shall mean the term of this Agreement, which shall commence on the EFFECTIVE DATE and shall remain in effect until the expiration ofall issued patents and filed patent application within the LICENSED PATENT unless earlier terminated in accordance with the provisions of thisAgreement. 1.28“TERRITORY” shall mean worldwide. 1.29“US DOLLARS” shall mean the United States Dollars, the lawful currency of the United States of America. 1.30“VALID CLAIM” shall mean a claim of an unexpired issued patent or pending patent application falling within LICENSED PATENT, which claimshall not have been withdrawn, cancelled, disclaimed, or held invalid by a court, tribunal, arbitrator, or governmental agency of competentjurisdiction in a final or unappealed or unappealable decision. 2. GRANT OF RIGHTS. 2.1License Grants. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, LICENSOR hereby grants to LICENSEE and its AFFILIATES for the TERMan exclusive and royalty-bearing license (“THE LICENSE”), with the right to grant sublicenses pursuant to Clause 2.3, under the LICENSEDPATENT in the FIELD to develop, make, have made, use, sell, offer for sell, and import LICENSED PRODUCT in the FIELD in the TERRITORYduring the TERM of this Agreement. 5 2.2Exclusivity. In order to establish an exclusive period for LICENSEE, LICENSOR agrees that it shall not grant any other license under LICENSEDPATENT in the FIELD to develop, make, have made, use, sell, offer for sell, and import LICENSED PRODUCT in the FIELD in the TERRITORYduring the period of time commencing on the EFFECTIVE DATE and terminating with the first occurrence of: (a)the end of the TERM; or (b)the expiration of all the LICENSED PATENT; or (c)all LICENSED PATENTS are finally and irrevocably invalidated by a court or government agency with competent jurisdiction(“EXCLUSIVE PERIOD”). Upon expiration of the EXCLUSIVE PERIOD, THE LICENSE granted hereunder shall become nonexclusive and shall extend to the end of theTERM (if any), unless sooner terminated as provided in this Agreement. 2.3Sublicenses. During the EXCLUSIVE PERIOD, LICENSEE and/ or its AFFILIATES shall have the right to grant sublicenses, without the right tofurther sublicense, to any non-Affiliates sublicensees (“SUBLICENSEES”) under THE LICENSE subject to a sublicensing agreement. Anysublicensing agreements shall be consistent with and subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, any such sublicense shall oblige theSUBLICENSEES to comply with all the terms of this Agreement (except those provisions which, by their clear meaning, are not applicable to aSUBLICENSEES) and that LICENSEE will remain liable to LICENSOR for all material acts and omissions of any such SUBLICENSEES. THELICENSE granted under this Agreement and any sublicensing agreements do not include rights to trade names of LICENSOR. LICENSEE shallpromptly furnish LICENSOR with notice of any sublicense granted pursuant to this Clause 2.3, and provide a copy of the executed sublicenseagreement (which may be redacted for financial terms). 2.4Retained Rights. (a)LICENSOR. LICENSOR retains the right to use the LICENSED PATENT solely for NON-COMMERCIAL RESEARCH, TEACHING, ANDEDUCATIONAL PURPOSES in the FIELD in the TERRITORY. (b)Academic and Not-For-Profit Research Institutes. LICENSOR retains the right to grant licenses to academic and not-for-profit researchinstitutes to practice under the LICENSED PATENT solely for NON-COMMERCIAL RESEARCH, TEACHING, AND EDUCATIONALPURPOSES in the FIELD in the TERRITORY. 2.5No Additional Rights. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to confer any rights upon LICENSEE by implication, estoppel, or otherwise asto any technology or patent rights of LICENSOR or any other entity other than the LICENSED PATENT, regardless of whether such technology orpatent rights shall be dominant or subordinate to any LICENSED PATENT. 6 2.6Confidentiality obligations. Each PARTY (“RECEIVING PARTY”) shall: (a)maintain as secret and confidential all CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION of the other PARTY (“DISCLOSING PARTY”) in the course of orin anticipation of this Agreement and to respect the DISCLOSING PARTY’s rights therein; (b)use the CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION of the other PARTY only to the extent necessary for the purposes of, or as contemplated orpermitted by, this Agreement; (c)protect the other PARTY’S CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION using not less than the same standard of care with which the RECEIVINGPARTY treats its own CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION, and at all times using at least reasonable care; and (d)not at any time disclose any CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION of the other PARTY to persons other than those listed under Clause 2.8 witha need to know, except where permitted by this Agreement and subject to a written undertakings of confidentiality at least as restrictive asClauses 2.6 and 2.7, and only to the extent that such disclosure is reasonably necessary for the purposes of, or as contemplated or permittedby, this Agreement. 2.7Exceptions to obligations. The provisions of Clause 2.6 shall not apply to any CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION which the RECEIVING PARTYcan demonstrate by reasonable written evidence: (a)was, prior to its receipt by the RECEIVING PARTY from the DISCLOSING PARTY, known by the RECEIVING PARTY and at its freedisposal; or (b)is subsequently disclosed to the RECEIVING PARTY without any obligations of confidence by a third party owing to the DISCLOSINGPARTY; or (c)is or becomes generally available to the public through no breach or default of this Agreement by RECEIVING PARTY or its agents,employees, AFFILIATES or SUBLICENSEES; or (d)is independently developed as established by the RECEIVING PARTY without use of the DISCLOSING PARTY’s CONFIDENTIALINFORMATION as proven by the contemporaneous written records of the RECEIVING PARTY; or (e)the RECEIVING PARTY is required to disclose to the courts of any competent jurisdiction, or to any government regulatory agency orfinancial authority, provided that the RECEIVING PARTY shall: (i)inform the DISCLOSING PARTY as soon as is reasonably practicable, and 7 (ii)at the DISCLOSING PARTY’s request and cost seek to persuade the court, agency or authority to have the information treated in aconfidential manner, where this is possible under the court, agency or authority’s procedures; or (f)the RECEIVING PARTY is obligated by applicable law to disclose provided that the RECEIVING PARTY shall inform the DISCLOSINGPARTY before such disclosure; or (g)in the case of information disclosed by LICENSOR to LICENSEE, is disclosed to actual or potential customers for LICENSED PRODUCT inso far as such disclosure is reasonably necessary to promote the sale or use of LICENSED PRODUCT. 2.8Disclosure to employees. The RECEIVING PARTY shall procure that all of its employees, contractors, affiliates, any appointed agents and/ordistributors pursuant to this Agreement (if any) who have access to any of the DISCLOSING PARTY’s information to which Clause 2.6 applies, shallbe made aware of and subject to these obligations and shall have entered into written undertakings of confidentiality at least as restrictive as Clauses2.6 and 2.7 and which apply to the DISCLOSING PARTY’s information. 3. LICENSEE DILIGENCE OBLIGATIONS. 3.1Diligence Requirements. LICENSEE shall use its COMMERCIALLY REASONABLE EFFORTS to develop LICENSED PRODUCT for commercialuse as soon as practicable, and to continue active, diligent marketing efforts for LICENSED PRODUCT throughout the TERM of this Agreement.During the continuance of the EXCLUSIVE PERIOD, LICENSEE shall make its best efforts to raise no less than [***] of fund in 10 years from theEFFECTIVE DATE for fulfilling the DILIGENCE REQUIREMENT (as defined below) including no less than [***] prior to the pre-clinical studiesand such [***] shall be used for the pre-clinical studies. LICENSEE shall, or shall cause its AFFILIATES and SUBLICENSEES to, useCOMMERCIALLY REASONABLE EFFORTS to develop LICENSED PRODUCT, to obtain any REGULATORY APPROVALS and to introduceLICENSED PRODUCT in the FIELD in the TERRITORY. Specifically, LICENSEE shall, or shall cause its AFFILIATES and SUBLICENSEES to,conduct the followings (“***”): (a)[***] (b)[***]. (c)[***]. (d)[***]. (e)[***]. 8 LICENSEE shall furnish LICENSOR with a written report annually on the progress of its efforts to develop and commercialize LICENSEDPRODUCT in according to Clause 3 hereto. If LICENSEE intentionally delays or has failed to perform its diligence obligations under this Clause 3.1 and does not provide any reasonableremedy within one (1) month from a written notice issued by LICENSOR, LICENSOR may treat such delay or failure as a material breach inaccordance with Clause 13.6(b). 3.2Notwithstanding the above, LICENSEE shall be deemed to have satisfied its DILIGENCE REQUIREMENT hereunder so long as it has satisfied withthe “Diligence Requirement” under the PREVIOUS LICENSE AGREEMENT. In the event that LICENSEE has exercised COMMERCIALLYREASONABLE EFFORTS to develop LICENSED PRODUCT but could not meet the DILIGENCE REQUIREMENT, LICENSEE shall requestLICENSOR for extension of time for meeting the DILIGENCE REQUIREMENT, and such request shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed. 4. ROYALTIES AND PAYMENT TERMS. 4.1Consideration for Grant of Rights. 4.1.1Patent Cost Reimbursement. LICENSEE shall reimburse LICENSOR for all its actual expenses incurred in connection with filing,prosecuting and maintaining the LICENSED PATENT as set forth in Clause 7.2 within thirty (30) days from the date of receiving anoriginal signed invoice. These payments are non-refundable. 4.1.2Upfront Fee. LICENSEE shall pay to LICENSOR an upfront fee [***] within thirty (30) days from the date of receiving an original signedinvoice after the EFFECTIVE DATE. Such UPFRONT FEE is non-refundable. 4.1.3Royalties. Subject to Clauses 4.1.4 and 4.1.5, LICENSEE shall pay to LICENSOR a royalty (“ROYALTY”) equal to [***] of NET SALES ofLICENSED PRODUCT in the TERRITORY by LICENSEE or its AFFILIATES. For the avoidance of doubt and subject to the SublicenseRoyalty as set forth in Clause 4.1.6, income generated from NET SALES of LICENSED PRODUCT does not include income generated fromSUBLICENSE INCOME. ROYALTY shall be payable for each REPORTING PERIOD and shall be due to LICENSOR within sixty (60) days of the end of eachREPORTING PERIOD. ROYALTY shall only be payable once with respect to the same unit of LICENSED PRODUCT. Such ROYALTY shall be paid, on a LICENSED PRODUCT-by-LICENSED PRODUCT and country-by-country basis. 9 4.1.4Royalty Stacking. On a LICENSED PRODUCT-by-LICENSED PRODUCT and country-by-country basis, if LICENSEE is required to pay toLICENSOR both “Royalty” under the PREVIOUS LICENSE AGREEMENT and ROYALTY hereunder (such LICENSED PRODUCT ishereinafter referred to “ROYALTY-STACKED PRODUCT”), the aggregate royalties payable to LICENSOR in that given jurisdiction forsuch ROYALTY-STACKED PRODUCT shall equal to [***] of NET SALES. Pursuant to the above, the ROYALTY payable under thisAgreement for ROYALTY-STACKED PRODUCT shall be adjusted to an amount equal to [***] of NET SALES offset by the “Royalty”payable under the PREVIOUS LICENSE AGREEMENT. 4.1.5Royalty of Combination Products. (a)In the event LICENSED PRODUCT is sold in combination with other licensed products or patents that exclude the PREVIOUSLICENSE AGREEMENT, the NET SALES of such LICENSED PRODUCT used for determining the ROYALTY due to LICENSORshall be calculated by [***]. (b)In the event a ROYALTY-STACKED PRODUCT is sold in combination with other licensed products or patents such ROYALTY-STACKED PRODUCT is hereinafter referred to (“COMBINED AND ROYALTY-STACKED PRODUCT”), the NET SALES of suchLICENSED PRODUCT used for determining the ROYALTY due to LICENSOR shall be calculated by [***]. Notwithstanding theforegoing, the aggregate royalties payable to LICENSOR in that given jurisdiction for such ROYALTY-STACKED PRODUCTshall equal to [***] of NET SALES. Pursuant to the above, the ROYALTY payable under this Agreement for COMBINED ANDROYALTY-STACKED PRODUCT shall be adjusted to an amount equal to [***] of NET SALES offset by the “Royalty” payableunder the PREVIOUS LICENSE AGREEMENT. 4.1.6Sublicense Royalty. LICENSEE shall pay LICENSOR a total of [***] of total SUBLICENSE INCOME. Such amount shall be payable foreach REPORTING PERIOD and shall be due to LICENSOR within sixty (60) days of the end of each REPORTING PERIOD. 4.1.7Sublicense Royalty of Combination Products. For ROYALTY-STACKED PRODUCT, in the event that LICENSEE is also subject to“Sublicense Income” under the PREVIOUS LICENSE AGREEMENT in a given REPORTING PERIOD, the SUBLICENSE INCOMEpayable under this Agreement shall be offset by the “Sublicense Income” made to the LICENSOR by the LICENSEE under the PREVIOUSLICENSE AGREEMENT in the same REPORTING PERIOD. 10 4.1.8Milestone Payment. LICENSEE shall pay to LICENSOR the following milestone payment on the events set forth below within 30 days afterthe achievement of the corresponding milestones by LICENSEE or its AFFILIATES or SUBLICENSEES: [***][***] [***][***] [***][***] [***][***] [***][***] [***][***] [***][***] [***][***] provided that, in the event that a milestone has been achieved under the PREVIOUS LICENSE AGREEMENT and that the LICENSEE haspaid a “Milestone Payment” thereunder, the corresponding milestone payment under this Agreement shall be waived by the LICENSOR.These Milestone Payments are nonrefundable. 4.2Payments. (a)Method of Payment. All payments under this Agreement shall be made payable to “Versitech Limited” and be wired to the bank account ofLICENSOR as follows: [***] LICENSEE shall notify LICENSOR within seven (7) days after LICENSEE has made the relevant payments and provide LICENSOR withcopies of the corresponding bank remittance receipts when available. Payment receipts shall be sent to the address identified in Clause 16.2. Each payment should reference this Agreement and identify theobligation under this Agreement that the payment satisfies. (b)Payments in US Dollars. All payments due under this Agreement shall be payable in US DOLLARS, subject to (d) below. Such paymentsshall be without deduction of exchange, collection, or other charges, and, specifically, without deduction of withholding or similar taxes orother government imposed fees or taxes, except as permitted in the definition of NET SALES. Conversion of foreign currency to USDOLLARS shall be made at the conversion rate routinely used in Hong Kong as reported by the Hongkong and Shanghai BankingCorporation Limited on the last working day of the calendar year of the applicable REPORTING PERIOD. The average of the bid and theask rate shall be used as the conversion rate if both rates are available. 11 (c)Late Payments. Any payments by LICENSEE that are not paid on or before the date such payments are due under this Agreement shall bearinterest, to the extent permitted by law, at two percentage points above the Prime Rate of interest as announced by the Hong Kong &Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited on the date payment is due or the next working day if the payment due date is a bank holiday. (d)Blocked Currency. In each country where the local currency is blocked and cannot be removed from the country, royalties accrued in thatcountry will be paid to LICENSOR in the country in local currency by deposit in a local bank designated by LICENSOR, unless thePARTIES otherwise agree. 5. REPORTS AND RECORDS. 5.1Frequency of Reports. (a)Before First Commercial Sale. Prior to the first commercial sale of any LICENSED PRODUCT, LICENSEE shall deliver reports toLICENSOR annually, within sixty (60) days of the end of each calendar year, containing information concerning the immediatelypreceding calendar year on the diligent efforts of LICENSEE, its AFFILIATES or SUBLICENSEES to develop LICENSED PRODUCT asstipulated in Clause 3.1. (b)Upon First Commercial Sale of a LICENSED PRODUCT. LICENSEE shall report to LICENSOR the date of first commercial sale of aLICENSED PRODUCT within sixty (60) days of occurrence in each country. (c)After First Commercial Sale. After the first commercial sale of a LICENSED PRODUCT, LICENSEE shall deliver reports to LICENSORwithin sixty (60) days of the end of each REPORTING PERIOD, containing information concerning the immediately precedingREPORTING PERIOD, as further described in Clause 5.2. 5.2Content of Reports and Payments. Each report delivered by LICENSEE to LICENSOR pursuant to Clause 5.1(c) shall contain at least the followinginformation for the immediately preceding REPORTING PERIOD: (a)the number and description of each LICENSED PRODUCT sold, leased or distributed by LICENSEE, its AFFILIATES and SUBLICENSEESto independent third parties in each country, and, if applicable, the number of LICENSED PRODUCT used by LICENSEE, its AFFILIATESand SUBLICENSEES in the provision of services in each country; (b)the gross price charged by LICENSEE, its AFFILIATES and SUBLICENSEES for each LICENSED PRODUCT and, if applicable, the grossprice charged for each LICENSED PRODUCT used to provide services in each country; 12 (c)calculation of NET SALES for the applicable REPORTING PERIOD in each country, including a listing of applicable deductions; (d)total ROYALTY payable on NET SALES in US DOLLARS, together with the exchange rates used for conversion; (e)the amount of SUBLICENSE INCOME received by LICENSEE and its AFFILIATES from each SUBLICENSEE and the amount due toLICENSOR and its AFFILIATES from such SUBLICENSE INCOME, including an itemized breakdown of the sources of income comprisingthe SUBLICENSE INCOME; and (f)the number of sublicenses entered into for the LICENSED PATENT and LICENSED PRODUCT. All the reports shall be verified and duly signed by Managing Director or the authorized person of LICENSEE. If no amounts are due to LICENSORfor any REPORTING PERIOD, the report shall so state. 5.3Financial Statements. On or before the ninetieth (90th) day following the close of LICENSEE’s fiscal year, LICENSEE shall provide LICENSORwith (i) a statement setting out the information required by Clause 5.2 for the preceding fiscal year, certified by LICENSEE’s treasurer or chieffinancial officer or by an independent auditor and (ii) an updated Certificate of Good Standing issued by the Registrar of Corporate Affairs of thejurisdiction of incorporation. 5.4Records. LICENSEE shall maintain, and shall cause its AFFILIATES and SUBLICENSEES to maintain, complete and accurate records relating to therights and obligations under this Agreement and any amounts payable to LICENSOR in relation to this Agreement, which records shall containsufficient information to permit LICENSOR to confirm the accuracy of any reports delivered to LICENSOR and compliance in other respects withthis Agreement. The relevant PARTY shall retain such records for at least five (5) years following the end of the calendar year to which they pertain,during which time LICENSOR, or LICENSOR’s appointed agents, shall have the right, at LICENSOR’s expense, to inspect such records duringnormal business hours by prior appointment to verify any reports and payments made or compliance in other respects under this Agreement. In theevent that the aforesaid inspection is carried out by an independent auditor and any audit performed under this Clause reveals an underpayment inexcess of five percent (5%), LICENSEE shall bear the full reasonable cost of such audit and shall remit any shortfall due to LICENSOR within thirty(30) days of receiving notice thereof from LICENSOR. 6. IMPROVEMENT. 6.1If LICENSEE solely makes an IMPROVEMENT, LICENSEE shall immediately inform LICENSOR thereof. LICENSEE shall have the right to usesuch IMPROVEMENT. LICENSOR shall be entitled to use such IMPROVEMENT for academic and research purposes only. 13 6.2Provided that such IMPROVEMENT made by LICENSEE do not incorporate or contain, in part or in whole, the LICENSED PATENT, LICENSEEshall own such IMPROVEMENT and shall be free to register any intellectual property rights for such IMPROVEMENT and to license theseIMPROVEMENT to third parties. 7. PATENT PROSECUTION. 7.1Responsibility for LICENSED PATENT. During the continuance of the EXCLUSIVE PERIOD, LICENSOR shall prepare, file, prosecute, andmaintain all of the LICENSED PATENT and in countries as may be designated by LICENSEE in written notice to LICENSOR within a reasonabletime in advance of the required filing dates. LICENSOR shall use reasonable efforts to seek prompt issuance of the LICENSED PATENT during theTERM of this Agreement. LICENSOR and LICENSEE will discuss and decide on the strategy with regard to the filing, prosecution and maintenanceof the LICENSED PATENTS. LICENSEE shall have reasonable opportunities to advise LICENSOR and shall cooperate with LICENSOR in suchfiling, prosecution and maintenance of the LICENSED PATENT in the TERRITORY. 7.2Payment of Expenses. Payment of all fees and costs incurred on or after the EFFECTIVE DATE of this Agreement under Clause 7.1, includingattorneys’ fees, relating to the filing, prosecution and maintenance of the LICENSED PATENT that have not already been reimbursed by LICENSEEshall be the responsibility of LICENSEE. LICENSEE shall reimburse LICENSOR for all fees and costs, including attorney’s fees, relating to thefiling, prosecution and maintenance of the LICENSED PATENT incurred prior to the EFFECTIVE DATE and such amount is [ *** ] as of theEFFECTIVE DATE based on relevant receipts or invoices. LICENSEE shall reimburse all amounts due pursuant to this Clause within thirty (30) daysafter the EFFECTIVE DATE; late payments shall accrue interest pursuant to Clause 4.2(c). These payments are non-refundable. LICENSEE shall alsobe responsible for payment of all such expenses incurred on or after the EFFECTIVE DATE (“Patent Cost”) and shall reimburse LICENSOR withsuch amount within thirty (30) days from the date of receiving an original invoice from LICENSOR. In all instances, LICENSOR shall pay the feesprescribed for large entities to the United States Patent and Trademark Office. 7.3Discontinue of Payment of Expenses. In the event LICENSEE elects not to continue the LICENSE under and the payment for the Patent Cost on any,but not all, of the patents, patent applications, and provisional applications listed in Schedule 1 (“Suspended Patent License”), LICENSEE shallprovide a written notice (“Notice of Payment Suspension”) to LICENSOR, in which case the LICENSE granted to LICENSEE on the SuspendedPatent License shall end sixty (60) days after the date of receipt of such Notice of Payment Suspension (the “End Date”). In no event shall the Noticeof Payment Suspension release LICENSEE from the obligation to pay any outstanding amount and/or invoices that became due on or before the dateof the End Date. For the avoidance of doubt, upon the END DATE, LICENSOR shall have full rights under the Suspended Patent License, includingbut not limited to file, prosecute, and maintain such Suspended Patent License, and to grant license under such Suspended Patent License to anythird party. 14 8. INFRINGEMENT. 8.1Notification of Infringement. Each PARTY agrees to provide written notice to the other PARTY promptly after becoming aware of any infringementof the LICENSED PATENT. 8.2Right to Prosecute Infringements. (a)LICENSEE’s Right to Prosecute. So long as LICENSEE remains the exclusive licensee of the LICENSED PATENT in the FIELD in theTERRITORY, LICENSEE, to the extent permitted by law, shall have the first right and option but not the obligation, at its own expense, toprosecute any third party infringement of, or seek a declaratory judgment to confirm or rectify LICENSOR’s and/or LICENSEE’s rights andinterests in, the LICENSED PATENT in the FIELD in the TERRITORY, subject to Clauses 8.4 and 8.5. If required by law or advised by thelegal counsel representing LICENSEE in the action, LICENSOR shall permit any action under this Clause to be brought in its name,including being joined as a party-plaintiff, provided that LICENSEE shall hold LICENSOR harmless from, and indemnify LICENSORagainst, any costs, expenses, or liability that LICENSOR incurs in connection with such action. Prior to commencing any such action, LICENSEE shall consult with LICENSOR and shall consider the views of LICENSOR regarding theadvisability of the proposed action and its effect on the public interest. LICENSEE shall not enter into any settlement, consent judgment, orother voluntary final disposition of any infringement action under this Clause without the prior written consent of LICENSOR, whichconsent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed. (b)LICENSOR’s Right to Prosecute. In the event that LICENSEE is unsuccessful in persuading the alleged infringer to desist or fails to haveinitiated an infringement action, then LICENSOR shall have the right, at their sole discretion, to prosecute such infringement under theirsole control and at their sole expense, and any recovery obtained shall belong to LICENSOR. 8.3Declaratory Judgment Actions. In the event that a declaratory judgment action is brought against LICENSOR or LICENSEE by a third party alleginginvalidity, unenforceability, or non-infringement of the LICENSED PATENT or that any of the LICENSED PATENT has infringed the rights of thethird party, LICENSOR and LICENSEE shall jointly determine within twenty (20) days after commencement of such action which of them is to takeover the sole defense of the action at their own expense, subject to Clauses 8.4 and 8.5 in the case of defense by LICENSEE. If LICENSOR does notexercise this right, LICENSEE may take over the sole defense of the action at LICENSEE’s sole expense, subject to Clauses 8.4 and 8.5. 15 8.4Award. Any award received by LICENSEE from the action under Clauses 8.2 or 8.3, including but not limited to award of costs and/ordamages/compensation, shall first be applied to reimburse all costs and expenses incurred by LICENSEE and LICENSOR in such action. If suchaward is not sufficient to cover the costs and expenses incurred by LICENSEE and LICENSOR in such action, LICENSEE may offset a total of fiftypercent (50%) of any expenses incurred under Clauses 8.2 and 8.3 against any payments due to LICENSOR under Clause 4, provided that in noevent shall such payments under Clause 4, when aggregated with any other offsets and credits allowed under this Agreement, be reduced by morethan fifty percent (50%) in any REPORTING PERIOD. In the event that such award is more than sufficient to cover the costs and expenses incurredby LICENSEE and LICENSOR in the action, the surplus shall be applied to cover the loss of profits suffered by LICENSEE due to the infringementunder Clauses 8.2 or 8.3 (“Loss of Profits Compensation”). Upon receipt of Loss of Profits Compensation, LICENSEE shall pay to LICENSOR areasonable approximation, based upon the amount of Loss of Profits Compensation, as ROYALTY. Any remaining balance of the award afterdeducting all costs and expenses incurred by LICENSEE in the action as well as Loss of Profits Compensation shall be shared equally betweenLICENSOR and LICENSEE. 8.5Cooperation. Each PARTY agrees to cooperate in any action under this Clause which is controlled by the other PARTY 8.6Right to Sublicense. So long as LICENSEE remains the exclusive licensee of the LICENSED PATENT in the FIELD in the TERRITORY, LICENSEEshall have the sole right to sublicense any alleged infringer in the FIELD in the TERRITORY for future use of the LICENSED PATENT inaccordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement relating to sublicenses. Any upfront fees as part of such sublicense shall be [***]. 9. INDEMNIFICATION AND INSURANCE. 9.1Indemnification. (a)Indemnity. LICENSEE shall indemnify, defend, and hold harmless LICENSOR, The University of Hong Kong and their trustees, officers,faculty, students, employees, and agents and their respective successors, heirs and assigns (the “Indemnitees”), against any liability,damage, loss, or expense (including reasonable attorneys fees and expenses) incurred by or imposed upon any of the Indemnitees inconnection with any claims, suits, actions, demands or judgments arising out of any theory of liability (including without limitation actionsin the form of tort, warranty, or strict liability and regardless of whether such action has any factual basis) concerning any product, process,or service that is made, used, sold, imported, or performed pursuant to any right or license granted under this Agreement. 16 (b)Procedures. The Indemnitees agree to provide LICENSEE with prompt written notice of any claim, suit, action, demand, or judgment forwhich indemnification is sought under this Agreement. LICENSEE agrees, at its own expense, to provide attorneys reasonably acceptableto LICENSOR to defend against any such claim. The Indemnitees shall cooperate fully with LICENSEE in such defense and will permitLICENSEE to conduct and control such defense and the disposition of such claim, suit, or action (including all decisions relative tolitigation, appeal, and settlement); provided, however, that any Indemnitee shall have the right to retain its own counsel (to be elected byLICENSEE), at the expense of LICENSEE, if representation of such Indemnitee by the counsel retained by LICENSEE would beinappropriate because of actual or potential differences in the interests of such Indemnitee and any other PARTY represented by suchcounsel. LICENSEE agrees to keep LICENSOR informed of the progress in the defense and disposition of such claim and to consult withLICENSOR with regard to any proposed settlement. 9.2Insurance. LICENSEE shall obtain and carry in full force and effect commercial general liability insurance, including product liability and errors andomissions insurance which shall protect LICENSEE and Indemnitees with respect to events covered by Clause 9.1(a) above. 9.3EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT OTHERWISE EXPRESSLY SET FORTH IN THIS AGREEMENT, LICENSOR MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS ORWARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED PATENT, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATIONWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGEMENT, VALIDITY OF LICENSED PATENTCLAIMS, WHETHER ISSUED OR PENDING, AND THE ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, WHETHER OR NOT DISCOVERABLE.Specifically, and not to limit the foregoing, LICENSOR makes no warranty or representation (i) regarding the validity or scope of the LICENSEDPATENT, and (ii) that the exploitation of the LICENSED PATENT or any LICENSED PRODUCT will not infringe any patents or other intellectualproperty rights of LICENSOR or of a third party. IN NO EVENT SHALL LICENSOR, THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG, THEIR TRUSTEES, DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES ANDAFFILIATES BE LIABLE FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING ECONOMIC DAMAGES ORINJURY TO PROPERTY AND LOST PROFITS, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER LICENSOR SHALL BE ADVISED, SHALL HAVE OTHER REASONTO KNOW, OR IN FACT SHALL KNOW OF THE POSSIBILITY OF THE FOREGOING. 10. REPRESENTATIONS AND COVENANTS. 10.1Each PARTY represents and warrants that it has the authority and right to enter into and perform this Agreement and grant the rights embodiedherein and is not aware of any legal impediment that could inhibit its ability to perform its obligations under this Agreement. 10.2LICENSOR has no knowledge of any litigation or proceeding pending or, threatened concerning the validity or enforceability of any LICENSEDPATENT. 10.3This Agreement is signed by a duly authorized official of the LICENSOR and LICENSOR is the sole and exclusive owner of the entire andunencumbered right, title and interest in and to each of the LICENSED PATENT. 17 11. ASSIGNMENT. This Agreement is personal to LICENSEE and no rights or obligations may be assigned by LICENSEE without the prior written consent of LICENSOR,except that LICENSEE may, subject to prior consent of LICENSOR, assign this Agreement and the rights, obligations, and interests of as such PARTYhereunder to any purchaser of all of its assets or all of its assets to which this Agreement relates or to any successor corporation resulting from any merger orconsolidation of such PARTY with or into such corporation. Any attempted assignment in violation of this Clause shall be null, void and of no effect. ThisAgreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of all permitted successors-in-interest and assigns. 12. GENERAL COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS. 12.1Compliance with Laws. LICENSEE shall use reasonable commercial efforts to comply with all commercially material local, state, federal, andinternational laws and regulations relating to the development, manufacture, use, and sale of LICENSED PRODUCT. 12.2Non-Use of Names. LICENSEE and its AFFILIATES and SUBLICENSEES shall not use the name of “Versitech,” “The University of Hong Kong” orany variation, adaptation, or abbreviation thereof, or of any of their trustees, officers, faculties, students, employees, or agents, or any trademark orlogo owned by LICENSOR or “The University of Hong Kong” or any terms of this Agreement in any promotional material or other publicannouncement or disclosure without the prior written consent of LICENSOR. The foregoing notwithstanding, without the consent of LICENSOR,LICENSEE may state that it is licensed by LICENSOR under one or more of the patents and/or patent applications comprising the LICENSEDPATENT. 12.3Export Control. LICENSEE and its AFFILIATES and SUBLICENSEES shall comply with all applicable laws and regulations controlling the exportof certain commodities and technical data when dealing with LICENSED PRODUCT. Among other things, these laws and regulations prohibit orrequire a license for the export of certain types of commodities and technical data to specified countries. LICENSEE hereby gives written assurancethat it will comply with, and will cause its AFFILIATES and SUBLICENSEES to comply with, all applicable export control laws and regulationswhen dealing with LICENSED PRODUCT, that it bears sole responsibility for any violation of such laws and regulations by itself or its AFFILIATESor SUBLICENSEES, and that it will indemnify, defend, and hold LICENSOR harmless (in accordance with Clause 9.1) for the consequences of anysuch violation. 12.4Marking of LICENSED PRODUCT. To the extent commercially feasible and consistent with prevailing business practices, LICENSEE shall mark,and shall cause its AFFILIATES and SUBLICENSEES to mark, all LICENSED PRODUCT that are manufactured or sold under this Agreement withthe number of each issued patent under the LICENSED PATENT that applies to such LICENSED PRODUCT. 18 13. TERMINATION. 13.1Term. This Agreement shall be in effect during the TERM. 13.2Voluntary Termination by LICENSEE. LICENSEE shall have the right to terminate this Agreement any time by written notice at least six (6) monthsin advance and fully settle all payments due to LICENSOR on or before the effective date of termination. In no event shall the termination of theAgreement release LICENSEE from the obligation to pay any amounts that became due on or before the effective date of termination. 13.3Cessation of Business. If LICENSEE ceases to carry on its business related to this Agreement, liquidates or dissolves, LICENSOR shall have the rightto terminate this Agreement immediately upon written notice to LICENSEE. 13.4Termination for Insolvency. To the extent permitted by law, each PARTY shall have the right to terminate this Agreement immediately upon noticeto the other PARTY, if such other PARTY files for protection under bankruptcy laws, makes an assignment for the benefit of creditors, appoints orsuffers appointment of a receiver or trustee over its property, files a petition under any bankruptcy or insolvency act, has any such petition filedagainst it (which petition not dismissed within ninety days following such filing) or is unable to pay its debts as they become due. 13.5Legal Challenge on LICENSED PATENT. LICENSOR may terminate this Agreement by giving written notice to LICENSEE (such notice to takeeffect forthwith or as stated in the notice) if LICENSEE commences legal proceedings, or assists any third party to commence legal proceedings, tochallenge the validity or ownership of the LICENSED PATENT. 13.6Termination for Default. (a)Nonpayment. In the event LICENSEE fails to pay any amounts due and payable to LICENSOR under Clause 4.1, and fails to make suchoverdue payments within thirty (30) days after receiving written notice of such failure, LICENSOR may terminate this Agreementimmediately upon written notice to LICENSEE. (b)Material Breach. In the event LICENSEE commits a material breach of its obligations under this Agreement including but not limited to theDILIGENCE REQUIREMENT, except for breach as described in Clause 13.6(a), and fails to cure that breach thirty (30) days after receivingwritten notice thereof, LICENSOR may terminate this Agreement immediately upon written notice to LICENSEE. 19 13.7Effect of Termination. (a)Survival. The following provisions shall survive the expiration or termination of this Agreement: Clauses 1, 6, 9, 14 and 15, and Clauses5.2 (obligation to provide final report and payment), 5.4, 12.1, 12.2 and 13.5. (b)Inventory. Upon the early termination of this Agreement, LICENSEE and its AFFILIATES and SUBLICENSEES may complete and sell anywork-in-progress and inventory of LICENSED PRODUCT that exist as of the effective date of termination, provided that (i) LICENSEEpays LICENSOR the applicable running royalty or other amounts due on such sales of LICENSED PRODUCT in accordance with the termsand conditions of this Agreement, and (ii) LICENSEE and its AFFILIATES and SUBLICENSEES shall complete and sell all work-in-progress and inventory of LICENSED PRODUCT within six (6) months after the effective date of termination. (c)Pre-termination Obligations. In no event shall termination of this Agreement release LICENSEE, AFFILIATES, or SUBLICENSEES from theobligation to pay any amounts that became due on or before the effective date of termination. 14. DISPUTE RESOLUTION. In any disagreement or dispute that may arise between the PARTIES in relation to, resulting from, arising, touching, concerning, or affecting this Agreement,such matter shall first be referred for resolution as follows. (a)The PARTIES shall first attempt to settle the dispute by informal means and negotiation for settlement in good faith. Such good faith negotiationmay include the appointment by either PARTY of an unaffiliated consultant, who shall be chosen based on such person’s experience and expertisein the particular type of issue which is unresolved, to advise on the matter ; (b)If no settlement is reached within 28 days after commencement of negotiations, the disagreement or dispute shall be resolved by binding arbitrationin HONG KONG to a single arbitrator nominated jointly by the PARTIES, failing which such arbitrator shall be nominated by the Hong KongInternational Arbitration Centre (“HKIAC”). The arbitrator’s decision shall be final and binding on the PARTIES. The language of arbitration shallbe English; and (c)Neither PARTY shall be released from performing its obligations under this Agreement by reason of any arbitration proceeding being instituted. 15. GOVERNING LAW. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of HONG KONG. 20 16. MISCELLANEOUS. 16.1Title. LICENSOR shall hold title to all LICENSED PATENT. 16.2Notice. Any notices required or permitted under this Agreement shall be in writing, shall specifically refer to this Agreement, and shall be sent byhand, recognized courier, confirmed facsimile transmission, confirmed electronic mail, or registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, return receiptrequested, to the following addresses or facsimile numbers of the PARTIES. If to LICENSOR, all matters relating to the license: Versitech LimitedRoom 405A, Cyberport 4,100 Cyberport Road,Hong KongAttention: Dr. Shin Cheul Kim, Director of Technology Transfer OfficeTel: (852) 2299-0111Fax: (852) 2299-0122Email: info@versitech.hku.hk If to LICENSEE: Acticule Life Sciences Limited17 Floor, Guangdong Investment Tower, 148 Connaught Road Central, Hong KongAttention: Dr. Richard KaoTel: (852) 2117 6611Fax: (852) 2850 7286 All notices under this Agreement shall be deemed effective upon receipt. A PARTY may change its contact information immediately upon writtennotice to the other PARTY in the manner provided in this Clause. 16.3Force Majeure. Neither PARTY will be responsible for delays resulting from causes beyond the reasonable control of such PARTY, includingwithout limitation fire, explosion, flood, war, strike, or riot, provided that the nonperforming PARTY uses commercially reasonable efforts to avoidor remove such causes of nonperformance and continues performance under this Agreement with reasonable dispatch whenever such causes areremoved. 16.4Amendment and Waiver. This Agreement may be amended, supplemented, or otherwise modified only by means of a written instrument signed byboth PARTIES. Any waiver of any rights or failure to act in a specific instance shall relate only to such instance and shall not be construed as anagreement to waive any rights or fail to act in any other instance, whether or not similar. 16.5No agency. This Agreement shall not constitute either PARTY as an agent or legal representative of the other PARTY for any purpose whatsoevernor create any form of partnership between the PARTIES. 21 16.6Severability. In the event that any provision of this Agreement shall be held invalid or unenforceable for any reason, such invalidity orunenforceability shall not affect any other provision of this Agreement, and the PARTIES shall negotiate in good faith to modify the Agreement topreserve (to the extent possible) their original intent. If the PARTIES fail to reach a modified agreement within thirty (30) days after the relevantprovision is held invalid or unenforceable, then the dispute shall be resolved in accordance with the procedures set forth in Clause 14. While thedispute is pending resolution, this Agreement shall be construed as if such provision were deleted by agreement of the PARTIES. 16.7Binding Effect. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the PARTIES and their respective permitted successors andassigns. 16.8Headings. All headings are for convenience only and shall not affect the meaning of any provision of this Agreement. 16.9Entire Agreement. This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the PARTIES with respect to its subject matter and supersedes all prioragreements or understandings between the PARTIES relating to its subject matter. 22 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the PARTIES have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized representatives. For and on behalf of For and on behalf ofVERSITECH LIMITED ACTICULE LIFE SCIENCES LIMITED By: By: Name: Name: Title: Title: 23 SCHEDULE 1 LICENSED PATENT A.Title: Compounds Affecting Pigment Production and Methods for Use Thereof for Treatment of Bacterial Diseases (Versitech Ref. No. IP801) 1.US Patent Application No. 16/041,838 filed on July 23, 2018 2.PCT Patent Application No. PCT/IB2018/055459 filed on July 23, 2018 24 SCHEDULE 2 Calculations of NET SALES Invoice Price of LICENSED PRODUCT xxx,xxx(Less)(1) Normal trade discounts (xxx,xxx) (2) Any credits given to the returned goods (xxx,xxx) (3) Cost of packaging (xxx,xxx) (4) Freight and its corresponding insurance (xxx,xxx) (5) Government levies (xxx,xxx) NET SALES xxx,xxx 25 Exhibit 12.1 Certification by the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 I, Ian Huen, certify that: 1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Aptorum Group Limited; 2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by thisreport; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have: a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d.Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by theannual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting;and 5.The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, tothe company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internal controlover financial reporting. Date:April 15, 2019 /s/ Ian Huen Name: Ian Huen Title:Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Exhibit 12.2 Certification by the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 I, Sabrina Khan, certify that: 1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Aptorum Group Limited; 2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by thisreport; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have: a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under oursupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d.Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by theannual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting;and 5.The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, tothe company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonablylikely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internal controlover financial reporting. Date:April 15, 2019 /s/ Sabrina Khan Name: Sabrina Khan Title:Chief Financial Officer(Principal Financial Officer) Exhibit 13.1 Certifications Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 Pursuant to U.S.C. Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code), eachof the undersigned officers of Aptorum Group Limited (the “Company”), does hereby certify, to such officer’s knowledge, that: The Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2018 of the Company fully complies, in all material respects, with the requirements ofSection 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and information contained in the Form 20-F fairly presents, in all material respects, thefinancial condition and results of operations of the Company. Dated: April 15, 2019 /s/ Ian Huen Ian Huen Chief Executive Officer(Principal Executive Officer) Dated: April 15, 2019 /s/ Sabrina Khan Sabrina Khan Chief Financial Officer(Principal Financial Officer)

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