Assurant Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

2 0 1 5 A N N U A L R E P O R T A N D F O R M 1 0 - K 2015 Annual Report and Form 10-K Financial Highlights Total Revenue 2015 2014 $10,325 $10,382 Net Earned Premiums, Fees & Other 9,654 9,666 2013 $9,048 8,347 650 461 2012 $8,508 7,712 713 397 4,355 2011 $8,273 7,530 690 397 4,316 626 454 656 503 4,405 4,625 4,407 Net Investment Income Net Operating Income1, 2 Shareholders’ Equity3 (U.S. dollars in millions) 1 Please see footnote 1 on page 7 of this report for more information on this non-GAAP financial measure and a reconciliation of net operating income to its most comparable GAAP measure. that Assurant sold to National General Holdings Corp. on Oct. 1, 2015. Prior year amounts have been revised to conform to the 2015 presentation. 2 Excluding Assurant Health runoff operations. Assurant Health runoff operations include results for the total segment, including major medical operations and portions of the business 3 Excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI). Please see footnote 3 on page 8 of this report for a reconciliation of this non-GAAP measure to its most comparable GAAP measure. Cash Flow Generation 2011–2015 (in millions) Dividend & Share Repurchases 2011-2015 (in millions) $600 $472 $472 $623 $582 $563 $379 $296 $454 $175 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Share Repurchases Dividends Note: Consists of dividends from operating subsidiaries to the holding company, net of infusions, and excluding acquisitions and divestitures. V I I | 2 0 1 5 A s s u r a n t A n n u a l R e p o r t A Message to Our Shareholders During 2015 we accelerated the transformation of Assurant and made significant progress to ensure we achieve sustainable long-term, profitable growth. Alan B. Colberg President and CEO Assurant Our vision for the future is clear as we aspire to be a leading provider of housing and lifestyle risk management solutions with a proven record of outperformance. Our strategy starts with our customers and the actions we take each day to help them protect what matters most. Our employees bring these commitments to life and make certain Assurant is the best place to learn and work. We believe this steadfast focus will produce top-quartile total shareholder returns, which we delivered in 2015 when measured against the S&P 500. 2015 RESULTS: EXECUTING OUR STRATEGY Assurant’s net earned premiums, fees and other income, excluding Assurant Health runoff operations, totaled $7.4 billion, a four percent decrease from 2014. We generated $1.3 billion of fee income as we expanded our mobile programs and our mortgage solutions business. Net operating income(1) was $454.4 million. Annual operating return on equity, excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) and Assurant Health runoff operations(2) was 11.3 percent. In 2015, we focused our portfolio on market-leading products and services in the housing and lifestyle sectors and began to put in place the go-forward organizational framework that will support profitable growth. We took decisive action to begin exiting the health insurance market and announced the sale of our employee benefits business, which closed on March 1, 2016. We did not believe these businesses could generate the specialty returns we require and shareholders expect going forward. We then began to realign talent to move to an integrated enterprise operating model that is more agile and cost efficient. All of these steps are critical in our multi-year transformation to build a stronger Assurant for the future. In 2015, we also continued to generate strong cash flows – driven by our Assurant Specialty Property and Assurant Solutions segments, which provided approximately $600 million dollars of dividends to the holding company, or almost 120 percent of their combined earnings. This allowed us to invest in our housing and lifestyle offerings, capitalize the wind down of Assurant Health and still return $380 million dollars to shareholders. For full-year 2015, dividends to shareholders totaled $94.2 million and Assurant repurchased approximately 4.2 million shares of common stock for $284.6 million. We ended the year with $460 million of corporate capital. 2 0 1 5 A s s u r a n t A n n u a l R e p o r t | 1 HOUSING & LIFESTYLE SPECIALTY PROTECTION We are focused on two key markets – housing and lifestyle specialty protection. We see great opportunities to provide specialty protection for where people live and the goods they buy. Today, about 40 percent of our revenues are from the housing market, with the balance of revenues coming from our lifestyle offerings. in 2015 increased our Multi-family Housing business 22 percent for $280 million dollars of premiums and fees. We increased our share of wallet with affinity partners and added several new national property manager relationships. accounted and Similarly, our Mortgage Solutions business captured share and generated nearly $290 million of fee income for the year. Currently, we provide valuation or property preservation services to seven of the top 10 servicers and many of the top mortgage originators. We believe there are significant opportunities to cross-sell additional offerings and grow with existing and new clients. We also provide protection products and services in North and South America for 10 million vehicles. We offer protection against mechanical breakdown or failure and to safeguard against unexpected and costly repairs once manufacturer warranties expire. In 2015, we passed the $1 billion mark in vehicle protection gross written premiums and delivered record profitability. With two million contracts in force, our Pre-funded funeral coverage offers peace of mind. Our long-term partnership with Service Corporation International aligns us with a market leader and offers a strong base as demographic trends for future growth indicate broader interest among baby boomers. HOUSING In the housing market, we are taking many actions to grow our leadership position. We already work with nine of the top 10 mortgage originators. In 2015, we monitored more than 33 million mortgages nationwide and processed close to 100 million transactions. We also made significant progress transforming our lender-placed platform as that business normalizes. These efforts will help us maintain strong customer service levels and our leadership position while we also generate savings in 2016 and beyond. We are leveraging our deep industry expertise and capabilities to increase revenue and profitability in areas we have targeted for growth. Revenue from LIFESTYLE leaders Three global business lines are focused on lifestyle specialty protection – Connected Living, Vehicle Protection and Pre-funded funeral insurance. We in multiple align with global market distribution channels as we work with large distributors, mobile carriers as well as online retailers. In 2015, we integrated our global business lines and moved away from operating separately in each country we serve. Now we take a global view to deploy resources in support of the best opportunities worldwide. In 2015, we continued to strengthen our competitive position in the mobile industry where we now protect more than 29 million devices worldwide. Our logistics and repair facilities in the United States processed more than 8 million mobile devices that help people stay connected. 2 | 2 0 1 5 A s s u r a n t A n n u a l R e p o r t A MESSAGE TO OUR SHAREHOLDERSLOOKING AHEAD As we transform Assurant we will sustain our core set of capabilities, including: integrated solutions; deep consumer insights; management of complex administrative and delivery networks; compliance expertise; and, seamless customer experiences. Building on our progress in 2015, we expect to complete our portfolio realignment and establish our new organizational framework in 2016. We are taking additional steps to position the company for profitable growth in 2017 and beyond. BUILDING A STRONGER ASSURANT The proceeds from the sale of Assurant Employee Benefits, dividends from Assurant Health and cash flow from our ongoing businesses will provide significant financial flexibility. With this capital, we intend to return a total $1.5 billion to shareholders by the end of 2017 while also funding meaningful investments to build our global housing and lifestyle offerings. I want to thank our employees for their hard work and commitment to our strategic transformation. In a short period of time, we have made significant progress. While there is more work to do, we are proud of what we have accomplished and confident in our future. We see great opportunities ahead as we build an even stronger Assurant for the future. Alan B. Colberg President & CEO Assurant Global Reach Assurant operates in the United States as well as select worldwide markets, including but not limited to: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Spain and the United Kingdom. 2 0 1 5 A s s u r a n t A n n u a l R e p o r t | 3 A MESSAGE TO OUR SHAREHOLDERSOur Corporate Social Responsibility Commitment Our values — Common Sense, Common Decency, Uncommon Thinking and Uncommon Results — guide our every action as we strive to help people protect what matters most to them. Embedded in our Assurant culture is a passion to serve our communities. Being a responsible corporate citizen makes sense — for our customers, business partners, shareholders, employees and communities. We apply our passion for developing risk management solutions to everything we do. We are proud to be there to help our customers when they need us the most. ENVIRONMENT MATTERS While we help our customers, we also help the environment. As we helped consumers protect their increasingly connected lives in 2015, Assurant processed 8 million mobile devices — repairing or reselling them, while adhering to rigorous environmental practices. We recycled 80,000 mobile devices as scrap, ensuring valuable materials were recycled and reducing the amount of e-waste dumped in landfills. We also leverage our scale to ensure vendors involved employ best practices to protect our COMMUNITIES MATTER Our work to find and create solutions is visible in the communities in which we live and work too. During the past two years, Assurant has made a series of impact investments to help address social and environmental challenges facing communities in the U.S. These investments provide support for affordable housing, charter schools, job creation and community health facilities. Through the Assurant Foundation, we extend our commitments by allocating grants to support core charitable partners that operate local initiatives aimed at improving the quality of life available in the hometowns where we operate. Through our Employee Matching Gifts Program employees double their dollars to support their chosen charities. In environment. Many of our protection plans and services also extend the lives of millions of cars and appliances that need repair each year. Assurant’s efforts to reduce our environmental impact extends to our facilities where we are reducing energy consumption and operating more efficiently. Since 2009, we’ve cut our energy usage by 17 percent. We have earned ENERGY STAR certifications at nine of our 15 main office buildings and are working to achieve certification at the remaining locations by the end of 2016. 2015, the Assurant Foundation provided more than $3.5 million to our core charitable partners to help feed the hungry, build affordable housing, support military families, encourage healthy lifestyles and provide financial education experiences to students. Our commitment to volunteerism empowers employees to make a positive impact in their communities. Assurant provides employees with eight hours of paid time off a year to volunteer for charitable causes that interest them. Our employees express their generosity in many ways. By linking volunteer grants with employee charitable activities, we see how our dollars help others while we encourage and support the involvement of our employees in their communities. Assurant Cares. In everything we do, we remember that people count on us. 4 | 2 0 1 5 A s s u r a n t A n n u a l R e p o r t SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYHOMES MATTER The Assurant Foundation encourages fresh starts by supporting charitable organizations with a focus on homes and property. With helping hands, employees across Assurant take hammers to nails, paint to walls and compassion to communities as they help build strong foundations for homes — literally. Assurant employees have built 15 Habitat for Humanity homes in Miami to provide affordable housing for low-income families in neighborhoods near Assurant’s office. In Atlanta, employees donned their tool belts in the spring of 2015 to participate in their fourteenth home build with an annual, eight- week Habitat event in Cobb County. Assurant also is the longest-running “whole house” partner of Habitat for Humanity of Northwest Metro Atlanta. We also partner with and support Habitat for Humanity to help families in communities we serve in California, Minnesota and Ohio. FINANCIAL EDUCATION MATTERS Assurant reinforces the importance of financial literacy by supporting nonprofit partners such as Junior Achievement. In greater Atlanta, Assurant is a lead sponsor with multi-year commitments to two Junior Achievement Discovery Centers – one that opened in the Georgia World Congress Center in 2013 and another in Gwinnett County that debuted in August 2015. Through hands-on experiences at the Discovery Center, students from metro Atlanta school systems learn personal budgeting and financial skills. Assurant maintains an insurance “store” at the Center’s Finance Park, where students can learn about the importance of insurance and how it can help them and their families safeguard their future. During the past two years, nearly 100 Assurant employees have volunteered regularly to help students at the Discovery Center in Atlanta and in local classrooms. The JA Atlanta Discovery Center serves 30,000 students per year, involves 6,000 volunteers from leading companies in greater Atlanta and supports the educational efforts of 1,200 teachers. The JA Gwinnett Discovery Center is expected to serve 25,000 more students, engage another 6,000 volunteer partners and support approximately 1,200 teachers each year. 2 0 1 5 A s s u r a n t A n n u a l R e p o r t | 5 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYAssurant Management Committee Alan B. Colberg President and Chief Executive Officer, Assurant Michael D. Anderson Interim President, Assurant Solutions Gene E. Mergelmeyer President and Chief Executive Officer, Assurant Specialty Property and Chief Administrative Officer, Assurant Christopher J. Pagano Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, Assurant Robyn Price Stonehill Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer, Assurant Peter A. Walker Executive Vice President, Chief Strategy Officer, Assurant Francesca Luthi Executive Vice President, Chief Communication and Marketing Officer, Assurant Bart R. Schwartz Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary, Assurant Assurant Board of Directors (Date following name = Year joined Board) Elaine D. Rosen (2009) Elyse Douglas (2011) Paul J. Reilly (2011) Chair of the Board, Assurant; Chair of the Board, The Kresge Foundation; former President, UNUM Life Insurance Company of America Former Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Hertz Global Holdings, Inc. and The Hertz Corporation Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Arrow Electronics, Inc. Howard L. Carver (2002) Lawrence V. Jackson (2009) Robert W. Stein (2011) Former Office Managing Partner, Ernst & Young LLP Senior Advisor, New Mountain Capital, LLC; Chairman, SourceMark, LLC; former President and Chief Executive Officer, Global Procurement Division, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Former Global Managing Partner, Actuarial Services, Ernst & Young LLP Juan N. Cento (2006) Charles J. Koch (2005) President, FedEx Express – Latin America & Caribbean Division Former Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, Charter One Financial, Inc. Alan B. Colberg (2015) President and Chief Executive Officer, Assurant Jean-Paul L. Montupet (2012) Former Chair, Emerson Industrial Automation and Former President, Emerson Europe For more information on our executive officers and directors, please see our 2016 Proxy Statement, which accompanies this report and also is available online in the Investor Relations section of www.assurant.com 6 | 2 0 1 5 A s s u r a n t A n n u a l R e p o r t 6 | 2 0 1 5 A s s u r a n t A n n u a l R e p o r t Non-GAAP Financial Measures Assurant uses the following non-GAAP financial measures to analyze the Company’s operating performance for the periods presented in this report. Because Assurant’s calculation of these measures may differ from similar measures used by other companies, investors should be careful when comparing Assurant’s non-GAAP financial measures to those of other companies. (1) Assurant uses net operating income as an important measure of the Company’s operating performance. As shown in the following reconciliation table, net operating income equals net income, excluding Assurant Health runoff operations, net realized gains (losses) on investments and other unusual and/or infrequent items. The Company believes net operating income provides investors a valuable measure of the performance of the Company’s ongoing business, because it excludes both the effect of net realized gains (losses) on investments that tend to be highly variable from period to period, and those events that are unusual and/or unlikely to recur. Assurant Solutions Assurant Specialty Property Assurant Employee Benefits Corporate and other Amortization of deferred gain on disposal of businesses Interest expense Net operating income Adjustments: 2015 $197.2 307.7 47.3 (70.4) 2014 $218.9 341.8 48.7 (67.7) 2013 $125.2 423.6 34.6 (82.9) 2012 $123.8 305.0 58.1 (62.4) 2011 $136.1 303.7 43.1 (60.0) 8.4 (1.0) 10.6 12.0 13.3 (35.8) 454.4 (37.9) 502.8 Assurant Health runoff operations (367.9) (63.7) Net realized gains on investments Change in tax valuation allowance Gain (loss) on divested business Change in tax liabilities Payment received related to previous sale of subsidiary 20.8 - 10.7 16.0 9.9 39.4 - (19.4) 14.0 - Change in derivative investment (2.3) (2.2) (50.5) 460.6 5.9 22.4 - - - - - (39.2) 397.3 (39.2) 397.0 52.0 41.8 - - (7.4) - - 40.9 21.1 80.0 - - - - Net income (dollars in millions, net of tax) $141.6 $470.9 $488.9 $483.7 $539.0 2 0 1 5 A s s u r a n t A n n u a l R e p o r t | 7 (2) Assurant uses operating return on equity (ROE), excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) and Assurant Health runoff operations, as an important measure of the Company’s operating performance. Operating ROE, excluding AOCI and Assurant Health runoff operations, equals net operating income for the periods presented divided by average stockholders’ equity for the year to date period, excluding AOCI and Assurant Health runoff operations. The Company believes operating ROE, excluding AOCI and Assurant Health runoff operations, provides investors a valuable measure of the performance of the Company’s ongoing business, because it excludes the effect of net realized gains (losses) on investments that tend to be highly variable from period-to-period, other AOCI items, Assurant Health runoff operations and those events that are unusual and/or unlikely to recur. The comparable GAAP measure would be GAAP ROE, defined as net income, for the period presented, divided by average stockholders’ equity for the period. Consolidated GAAP ROE for the twelve months ended Dec. 31, 2015 was 2.9 percent, as shown in the following reconciliation table. Annual operating return on average equity (excluding AOCI and Assurant Health Runoff operations) Assurant Health runoff operations Net realized gains on investments Gain on divested business Change in tax liabilities Payment received related to previous sale of subsidiary Change in derivative investment Change due to effect of including AOCI Annual GAAP return on average equity 2015 11.3% (9.2)% 0.5% 0.3% 0.4% 0.2% (0.1)% (0.5)% 2.9% (3) A reconciliation of stockholders’ equity, excluding AOCI, to GAAP equity is as shown below. Stockholders’ equity (excluding AOCI) AOCI Total equity (dollars in millions) 2015 $4,405 119 2014 $4,625 556 2013 $4,407 426 2012 $4,355 830 2011 $4,316 558 $4,524 $5,181 $4,833 $5,185 $4,874 8 | 2 0 1 5 A s s u r a n t A n n u a l R e p o r t Form 10-K UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, DC 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from __________ to __________ Commission file number 001-31978 ASSURANT, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) DELAWARE (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 28 Liberty Street, 41st Floor, New York, New York (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 39-1126612 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 10005 (Zip Code) (212) 859-7000 Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OF THE ACT: Title of Each Class Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered New York Stock Exchange SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(G) OF THE ACT: NONE Indicate by check mark YES NO •• if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. •• if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. •• Note—Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act from their obligations under those Sections. •• whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. •• whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). •• if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. •• whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) ••whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). The aggregate market value of the Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $4,458 million at June 30, 2015 based on the closing sale price of $67.00 per share for the common stock on such date as traded on the New York Stock Exchange. The number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding at February 10, 2016 was 64,777,357. Certain information contained in the definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held on May 12, 2016 (2016 Proxy Statement) is incorporated by reference into Part III hereof. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Table of Contents PART I 3 Business ��3 ITEM 1 ITEM 1A Risk Factors �� 15 ITEM 1B Unresolved Staff Comments �� 29 Properties �� 29 ITEM 2 Legal Proceedings �� 29 ITEM 3 Mine Safety Disclosures �� 29 ITEM 4 PART II 30 ITEM 5 ITEM 6 ITEM 7 Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities �� 30 Selected Financial Data �� 32 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations �� 33 ITEM 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk �� 62 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data �� 66 ITEM 8 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting ITEM 9 and Financial Disclosure �� 66 ITEM 9A Controls and Procedures �� 66 ITEM 9B Other Information �� 67 PART III 68 ITEM 10 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance �� 68 Executive Compensation �� 68 ITEM 11 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management ITEM 12 and Related Stockholder Matters �� 69 ITEM 13 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence �� 69 ITEM 14 Principal Accounting Fees and Services �� 69 PART IV 70 ITEM 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules�� 70 SIGNATURES �� 74 Amounts are presented in United States of America (“U.S.”) dollars and all amounts are in thousands, except for number of shares, per share amounts, registered holders, number of employees, beneficial owners, number of securities in an unrealized loss position and number of loans. Forward-Looking Statements Some statements under “Business,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report, particularly those anticipating future financial performance, business prospects, growth and operating strategies and similar matters, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify these statements by the use of words such as “will,” “may,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “estimates,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “targets,” “forecasts,” “potential,” “approximately,” or the negative version of those words and other words and terms with a similar meaning. Any forward-looking statements contained in this report are based upon our historical performance and on current plans, estimates and expectations. The inclusion of this forward looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. Our actual results might differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Assurant, Inc. (“the Company”) undertakes no obligation to update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or other developments. In addition to the factors described under “Critical Factors Affecting Results,” the following risk factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those currently estimated by management: i. actions by governmental agencies or government sponsored entities or other circumstances, including pending regulatory matters affecting our lender-placed insurance business, that could result in reductions of premium rates or increases in expenses, including claims, fines, penalties or other expenses; inability to implement, or delays in implementing, strategic plans for the Assurant Employee Benefits and Assurant Health segments; loss of significant client relationships or business, distribution sources or contracts and reliance on a few clients; the effects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (the “Affordable Care Act”), and the rules and regulations thereunder, on our health and employee benefits businesses; potential variations between the final risk adjustment amount and reinsurance amounts, as determined by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under the Affordable Care Act, and the Company’s estimate; unfavorable outcomes in litigation and/or regulatory investigations that could negatively affect our results, business and reputation; inability to execute strategic plans related to acquisitions, dispositions or new ventures; ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. 2 viii. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii. xiv. xv. xvi. failure to adequately predict or manage benefits, claims and other costs; inadequacy of reserves established for future claims; current or new laws and regulations that could increase our costs and decrease our revenues; significant competitive pressures in our businesses; failure to attract and retain sales representatives, key managers, agents or brokers; losses due to natural or man-made catastrophes; a decline in our credit or financial strength ratings (including the risk of ratings downgrades in the insurance industry); deterioration in the Company’s market capitalization compared to its book value that could result in an impairment of goodwill; risks related to our international operations, including fluctuations in exchange rates; xvii. data breaches compromising client information and privacy; xviii. general global economic, financial market and political conditions (including difficult conditions in financial, capital, credit and currency markets, the global economic slowdown, fluctuations in interest rates or a prolonged period of low interest rates, monetary policies, unemployment and inflationary pressure); cyber security threats and cyber attacks; failure to effectively maintain and modernize our information systems; uncertain tax positions and unexpected tax liabilities; risks related to outsourcing activities; xxi. xxii. xxiii. unavailability, inadequacy and unaffordable pricing xix. xx. of reinsurance coverage; xxiv. diminished value of invested assets in our investment portfolio (due to, among other things, volatility in financial markets; the global economic slowdown; credit, currency and liquidity risk; other than temporary impairments and increases in interest rates); insolvency of third parties to whom we have sold or may sell businesses through reinsurance or modified co-insurance; xxv. xxvi. inability of reinsurers to meet their obligations; xxvii. credit risk of some of our agents in Assurant Specialty Property and Assurant Solutions; xxviii. inability of our subsidiaries to pay sufficient dividends; xxix. failure to provide for succession of senior management and key executives; and xxx. cyclicality of the insurance industry. For a more detailed discussion of the risk factors that could affect our actual results, please refer to “Critical Factors Affecting Results” in Item 7 and “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Form 10-K. ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Part I ItEm 1 Business Part I Unless the context otherwise requires, references to the terms “Assurant,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to our consolidated operations. ItEm 1 Business Assurant, Inc. was incorporated as a Delaware corporation in 2004. Assurant safeguards clients and consumers when the unexpected occurs. A global provider of specialty protection products and related services, Assurant operates in North America, Latin America, Europe and other select worldwide markets through four operating segments. Assurant Solutions, Assurant Specialty Property, Assurant Health and Assurant Employee Benefits partner with clients who are leaders in their industries to provide consumers peace of mind and financial security. Our diverse range of products and services include mobile device protection products and services; extended service products and related services for consumer electronics, appliances and vehicles; pre-funded funeral insurance; lender-placed homeowners insurance; property preservation and valuation services; flood insurance; renters insurance and related products; debt protection administration; credit insurance; manufactured housing homeowners insurance; group dental insurance; group disability insurance; and group life insurance. As previously announced, the Company will substantially exit the health insurance market in 2016 and has signed a definitive agreement to sell its Assurant Employee Benefits segment to Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada (“Sun Life”), a subsidiary of Sun Life Financial Inc. this transaction is expected to close by the end of the first quarter of 2016. See Note 3 and Note 4, respectively, contained elsewhere in the report for more information. Assurant’s vision is to be the premier provider of specialty protection products and related services in North America, Latin America, Europe and other select worldwide markets. to achieve this vision, we focus on the following areas: Building and managing a portfolio of specialty insurance businesses and related services Our operating segments are focused on serving specific sectors of the housing and lifestyle protection market. We continue to develop and add specialty market capabilities where we can meet unserved consumers’ needs, achieve superior returns, and leverage enterprise resources. Leveraging a set of core capabilities for competitive advantage We apply our core capabilities to create competitive advantages – managing risk; managing relationships with large distribution partners; and integrating complex administrative systems. These core capabilities represent areas of expertise that are advantages within each of our businesses. We seek to generate attractive returns by building on specialized market knowledge, well-established distribution relationships and, in some businesses, economies of scale. Identifying and adapting to evolving market needs Assurant’s businesses strive to adapt to changing market conditions by tailoring product and service offerings to specific client and customer needs. By understanding consumer dynamics in our core markets, we seek to design innovative products and services that will enable us to sustain long-term profitable growth and market leading positions. Strategic capital deployment We deploy capital to invest in our businesses, repurchase shares and pay dividends. Our approach to mergers, acquisitions and other growth opportunities reflects our prudent and disciplined approach to managing our capital. Our mergers, acquisitions and business development process targets new business and capabilities that complements or supports our business model. 3 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart I ItEm 1 Business Competition Assurant’s businesses focus on niche products and related services within broader insurance markets. Although we face competition in each of our businesses, we believe that no single competitor competes against us in all of our business lines. the business lines in which we operate are generally characterized by a limited number of competitors. Competition in each business is based on a number of factors, including quality of service, product features, price, scope of distribution, financial strength ratings and name recognition. the relative importance of these factors varies by product and market. We compete for customers and distributors with insurance companies and other financial services companies in our businesses. Segments Competitors of Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property include insurance companies, financial institutions and mobile device repair and logistics companies. Historically, Assurant Health’s main competitors were other health insurance companies, Health Maintenance Organizations (“HmOs”) and the Blue Cross/Blue Shield plans in states where we sold business. Assurant Employee Benefits’ competitors include other benefit and life insurance companies, dental managed care entities and not-for-profit dental plans. For additional information on our segments, see “Item 7. management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Results of Operations” and Note 22 to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. Assurant Solutions For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 $ $ Net earned premiums for selected product groupings: Extended service contracts and warranties—domestic(1) Extended service contracts and warranties—international(1) Preneed life insurance Credit insurance—domestic Credit insurance—international Other tOtaL Fees and other income Segment net income Combined ratio(2): Domestic International Equity(3) (1) Extended service contracts include warranty contracts for products such as mobile devices, personal computers, consumer electronics, appliances, 1,644,352 802,477 60,403 132,130 254,211 122,273 3,015,846 1,631,339 850,454 61,093 160,794 318,104 107,084 3,128,868 93.5% 101.5% 1,605,669 95.1% 102.8% $ 667,852 218,948 785,611 197,183 2,035,772 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ automobiles and recreational vehicles. (2) The combined ratio is equal to total benefits, losses and expenses divided by net earned premiums and fees and other income excluding the preneed business. (3) Equity excludes accumulated other comprehensive income. 4 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Products and Services Assurant Solutions targets profitable growth in three key product areas: domestic and international extended service contracts (“ESCs”) and warranties, including mobile device protection; preneed life insurance; and international credit insurance. ESC and Warranties through partnerships with leading retailers, mobile carriers and original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and direct to consumer distribution, we underwrite and provide administrative services for ESCs and warranties. these contracts provide consumers with coverage on mobile devices, personal computers, consumer electronics, appliances, automobiles and recreational vehicles, protecting them from certain covered losses. We pay the cost of repairing or replacing customers’ property in the event of mechanical breakdown, accidental damage, and casualty losses such as theft, fire, and water damage. Our strategy is to provide service to our clients that addresses all aspects of the ESC or warranty, including program design and marketing strategy. We also provide administration, claims handling, logistics, and customer service. We believe that with both the required administrative infrastructure and insurance underwriting capabilities, we maintain a differentiated position in this marketplace. Preneed Life Insurance Preneed life insurance allows individuals to prepay for a funeral in a single payment or in multiple payments over a fixed number of years. the insurance policy proceeds are used to address funeral costs at death. These products are only sold in the U.S. and Canada and are generally structured as whole life insurance policies in the U.S. and annuity products in Canada. Credit Insurance Our credit insurance products offer protection from life events and uncertainties that arise in purchasing and borrowing transactions. Credit insurance programs generally offer consumers the option to protect a credit card or installment loan balance or payments in the event of death, involuntary unemployment or disability, and are generally available to all consumers without the underwriting restrictions that apply to term life insurance. Regulatory changes have reduced the demand for credit insurance sold through banks in the U.S. Consequently, we continue to experience a reduction in credit insurance domestic gross written premiums, a trend we expect to continue. marketing and Distribution Assurant Solutions focuses on establishing strong, long-term relationships with leading distributors of its products and services. We partner with some of the largest consumer electronics and appliance retailers and OEms to market our ESC and warranty products. In our mobile business, we partner with leading mobile service providers, retailers and banks and Part I ItEm 1 Business market our mobile protection insurance and related services through them. In our preneed life insurance business, we have an exclusive relationship with Services Corporation International (“SCI”), the largest funeral provider in North America. Several of our distribution agreements are exclusive. typically these agreements have terms of one to 10 years and allow us to integrate our administrative systems with those of our clients. In addition to the domestic market, we do business in Canada, the United Kingdom (“U.K.”), Ireland, Argentina, Brazil, Puerto Rico, Chile, Germany, Spain, Italy, France, mexico, China, Colombia, Peru and South Korea. In these markets, we primarily sell consumer service contracts, including mobile device protection, and credit insurance products through agreements with financial institutions, retailers and mobile service providers. Systems, training, computer hardware and our overall market development approach are customized to fit the particular needs of each targeted international market. In 2014, we acquired CWI Group (“CWI”), a market-leading mobile administrator in France. This acquisition has strengthened Assurant Solutions’ market-leading capabilities in mobile device protection and expanded its distribution into independent retailers and the financial services affinity market in Europe. In 2013, we acquired Lifestyle Services Group (“LSG”), a mobile phone insurance provider based in the U.K. this acquisition has allowed us to develop and expand our European mobile business platform. In addition, we made an investment in Ike Asistencia (“Iké”), a services assistance business with significant business in mexico and other countries in Latin America. Iké primarily provides roadside assistance, home assistance, travel, mobile and other protection products. this investment has allowed us to expand our customer base and strengthen our presence in Latin America. As of December 31, 2015 no single Assurant Solutions client accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated revenue. However, Assurant Solutions is dependent on a few clients, the loss of any one or more such clients could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and cash flows. Underwriting and Risk management We write a significant portion of our contracts on a retrospective commission basis. this allows us to adjust commissions on the basis of claims experience. Under these commission arrangements, the compensation of our clients is based upon the actual losses incurred compared to premiums earned after a specified net allowance to us. We believe that these arrangements better align our clients’ interests with ours and help us to better manage risk exposure. Profits from our preneed life insurance programs are generally earned from interest rate spreads—the difference between the death benefit growth rates on underlying policies and the investment returns generated on the assets we hold related to those policies. to manage these spreads, we regularly adjust pricing to reflect changes in new money yields. 5 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart I ItEm 1 Business Assurant Specialty Property For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 $ $ 1,425,799 165,657 453,245 Net earned premiums by major product grouping: Homeowners (lender-placed and voluntary) manufactured housing (lender-placed and voluntary) Other(1) tOtaL Fees and other income Segment net income Loss ratio(2) Expense ratio(3) Combined ratio(4) Equity(5) (1) Other primarily includes multi-family housing, lender-placed flood, and miscellaneous insurance products. (2) The loss ratio is equal to policyholder benefits divided by net earned premiums. (3) The expense ratio is equal to selling, underwriting and general expenses divided by net earned premiums and fees and other income. (4) The combined ratio is equal to total benefits, losses and expenses divided by net earned premiums and fees and other income. (5) Equity excludes accumulated other comprehensive income. 38.6% 52.7% 84.9% 405,545 307,705 1,351,122 2,044,701 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,743,965 237,576 524,556 2,506,097 301,048 341,757 43.3% 46.5% 85.2% 1,264,216 Products and Services Assurant Specialty Property targets profitable growth in lender- placed homeowners insurance, and adjacent niches such as multi-family housing insurance; lender-placed and voluntary flood insurance; home appraisal, inspection and preservation; receivables management for property management companies; and other property risk management services. Lender-placed and voluntary homeowners insurance the largest product line within Assurant Specialty Property is homeowners insurance, consisting principally of fire and dwelling hazard insurance offered through our lender-placed program. the lender-placed program provides collateral protection to lenders, mortgage servicers and investors in mortgaged properties in the event that a homeowner does not maintain insurance on a mortgaged dwelling. Lender- placed insurance coverage is not limited to the outstanding loan balance; it provides structural coverage, similar to that of a standard homeowners policy. the amount of coverage is often based on the last known insurance coverage under the prior policy for the property and provides replacement cost coverage on the property and thus ensures that a home can be repaired or rebuilt in the event of damage. It protects both the lender’s interest and the borrower’s interest and equity. We also provide insurance on foreclosed properties managed by our clients. this type of insurance is Real Estate Owned (“REO”) insurance. the lender-placed homeowners and REO markets experienced significant growth in prior years as a result of the housing crisis, but they are now declining. In the majority of cases, we use a proprietary insurance-tracking administration system linked with the administrative systems of our clients to monitor clients’ mortgage portfolios to verify the existence of insurance on each mortgaged property and identify those that are uninsured. If there is a potential lapse in insurance coverage, we begin a process of notification and outreach to both the homeowner and the last-known insurance carrier or agent through phone calls and written correspondence. this process takes up to 90 days to complete. If coverage cannot be verified at the end of this process, the mortgage servicer procures a lender-placed policy for which the homeowner is responsible for paying the related premiums. The percentage of insurance policies placed to loans tracked represents our placement rates. the homeowner is still encouraged, and always maintains the option, to obtain or renew the insurance of his or her choice. To meet the changing needs of the lending and housing industries, Assurant Specialty Property has worked with regulators to introduce a next generation lender-placed homeowners product to address some of the unanticipated issues that developed during the housing crisis. this product combines flexibility and best practices to address the concerns of various parties. the product contains expanded geographic ratings within each state to further differentiate rates for properties more exposed to catastrophes from those where the risk is lower, added premium rating flexibility from deductible options that can be modified based on factors such as coverage amount and delinquency status, and continued enhancements to our already extensive customer notification process to make it more clear to borrowers when they have lender- placed insurance. Lender-placed and voluntary manufactured housing insurance manufactured housing insurance is offered on a lender-placed and voluntary basis. Lender-placed insurance is issued after an insurance tracking process similar to that described above. the tracking is performed by Assurant Specialty Property using a proprietary insurance tracking administration system, or by the lenders themselves. A number of manufactured housing retailers in the U.S. use our proprietary premium rating technology to assist them in selling property coverage at the point of sale. 6 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Part I ItEm 1 Business Other insurance and mortgage services We have developed products and services in adjacent and emerging markets, such as lender-placed and voluntary flood insurance, multi-family housing insurance and mortgage property risk management services. In 2013, we acquired Field Asset Services (“FAS”), a company that leverages its nationwide network of independent contractors to perform property preservation, restoration and inspection services for mortgage servicing clients and investors. In 2014, we acquired StreetLinks, a leader in valuation solutions and technologies, which is among the largest independent appraisal management companies in the United States. Also, in 2014, we acquired emortgage Logic, a leading provider of property broker price opinions assisting mortgage servicing clients with determining property values. the acquisitions of FAS, Streetlinks and emortgage Logic comprise our mortgage Solutions business. We are also one of the largest administrators for the U.S. Government under the voluntary National Flood Insurance Program, for which we earn a fee for collecting premiums and processing claims. This business is 100% reinsured to the U.S. Government. marketing and Distribution Assurant Specialty Property establishes long-term relationships with leading mortgage lenders and servicers. the majority of our lender-placed agreements are exclusive. typically, these agreements have terms of three to five years and allow us to integrate our systems with those of our clients. We offer our manufactured housing insurance programs primarily through manufactured housing lenders and retailers, along with independent specialty agents. the independent specialty agents distribute flood products and miscellaneous specialty property products. multi-family housing products are distributed primarily through property management companies and affinity marketing partners. Our property risk management services are provided directly to mortgage lenders and servicers, typically under non- exclusive arrangements. On January 1, 2015, we sold our general agency business and primary associated insurance carrier, American Reliable Insurance Company (“ARIC”) to Global Indemnity Group, Inc., a subsidiary of Global Indemnity plc. the business offers specialty personal lines and agricultural insurance through general and independent agents. As of December 31, 2015 no single Assurant Specialty Property client accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated revenue. However, Assurant Specialty Property is dependent on a few clients, the loss of any one or more such clients could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and cash flows. Underwriting and Risk management Our lender-placed homeowners insurance program and certain of our manufactured housing products are not underwritten on an individual policy basis. Contracts with our clients require us to issue these policies automatically when a borrower’s insurance coverage is not maintained. these products are priced to factor in the additional underwriting risk from ensuring all client properties are provided continuous insurance coverage. We monitor pricing adequacy based on a variety of factors and adjust pricing as required, subject to regulatory constraints. Because several of our product lines (such as homeowners, manufactured housing, and other property policies) are exposed to catastrophe risks, we purchase reinsurance coverage to protect the capital of Assurant Specialty Property and to mitigate earnings volatility. Our reinsurance program generally incorporates a provision to allow the reinstatement of coverage, which provides protection against the risk of multiple catastrophes in a single year. Assurant Health For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 $ Net earned premiums: Individual Small employer group tOtaL Fees and other income Segment net loss Loss ratio(1) Expense ratio(2) Combined ratio(3) Equity(4) (1) The loss ratio is equal to policyholder benefits divided by net earned premiums. (2) The expense ratio is equal to selling, underwriting and general expenses divided by net earned premiums and fees and other income. (3) The combined ratio is equal to total benefits, losses and expenses divided by net earned premiums and fees and other income. (4) Equity excludes accumulated other comprehensive income. 103.5% 23.2% 124.2% 1,895,970 327,726 54,622 (367,907) 2,223,696 574,230 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,544,968 400,484 1,945,452 40,016 (63,748) 81.0% 25.0% 104.3% 443,385 7 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Part I ItEm 1 Business Products and Services After a comprehensive review of strategic alternatives, the Company decided to exit the health insurance market as it focuses on its housing and lifestyle protection offerings. Assurant began to wind down its major medical operations in June 2015, and the Company expects to substantially complete its exit of the health insurance market by the end of 2016. Until we put Assurant Health in run-off in 2015, it competed in the individual and small-group medical insurance markets by offering major medical insurance, short-term medical insurance, and supplemental coverage options to individuals and families. Our products were offered with different plan options to meet a broad range of customer needs, levels of affordability and to meet the requirements of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, and the rules and regulations thereunder (together, the “Affordable Care Act”). Assurant Health also offered medical insurance to small employer groups. Individual medical Assurant Health provided medical insurance products to individuals, primarily between the ages of 18 and 64, and their families, who did not have employer-sponsored coverage. We offered a wide variety of benefit plans at different price points, which allow customers to tailor their coverage to fit their unique needs. these plans include those with the essential health benefits required under the Affordable Care Act, as well as supplemental products. Small Employer Group medical Assurant Health provided group medical insurance to small companies with two to fifty employees, although larger employer coverage is available. We offered fully insured products with the essential health benefits required by the Assurant Employee Benefits Affordable Care Act, as well as self-funded employer options and individual products sold through the workplace. On October 1, 2015, we sold our supplemental and small- group self funded lines of business and certain assets to National General Holdings Corp. (“National General”) for cash consideration of $14,000. In march 2012, we entered into a new provider network arrangement with Aetna Signature Administrators® (“Aetna”). this multi-year agreement provides our major medical customers with access to more than one million health care providers and 7,500 hospitals nationwide. marketing and Distribution Until we put Assurant Health in run-off in 2015, our health insurance products were principally marketed through a network of independent agents. We also marketed through a variety of exclusive and non-exclusive national account relationships and direct distribution channels. Underwriting and Risk management Following the passage of the Affordable Care Act, many of the traditional risk management techniques used to manage the risks of providing health insurance have become less relevant. Assurant Health took steps to adjust its products, pricing and business practices to comply with the new requirements. Following the announcement of the Company’s decision to exit the health insurance market, sales of new health insurance policies have ended. Please see “management’s Discussion and Analysis — Assurant Health” and “Risk Factors — Risks Related to our Industry — Reform of the health insurance industry could materially reduce the profitability of certain of our businesses or render them unprofitable” for further details. For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 $ $ 398,172 396,925 204,526 67,131 Net Earned Premiums: Group disability Group dental Group life Group supplemental and vision products tOtaL Voluntary Employer-paid and other tOtaL Fees and other income Segment net income Loss ratio(1) Expense ratio(2) Equity(3) (1) The loss ratio is equal to policyholder benefits divided by net earned premiums. (2) The expense ratio is equal to selling, underwriting and general expenses divided by net earned premiums and fees and other income. (3) Equity excludes accumulated other comprehensive income. 478,588 588,166 68.4% 36.5% 25,006 47,322 1,066,754 1,066,754 532,332 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 409,028 392,502 200,285 49,910 1,051,725 441,479 610,246 1,051,725 24,204 48,681 68.2% 37.1% 540,964 8 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Part I ItEm 1 Business On September 9, 2015, the Company agreed to sell its Assurant Employee Benefits Segment business to Sun Life. the transaction is expected to close by the end of the first quarter of 2016. consists primarily of renewable term life insurance with the amount of coverage provided being either a flat amount, a multiple of the employee’s earnings, or a combination of the two. We also reinsure life policies written by other carriers through DRMS. Products and Services Assurant Employee Benefits offers group disability, dental, life, vision and supplemental products as well as individual dental products. the group products are offered with funding options ranging from fully employer-paid to fully employee- paid (voluntary). In addition, we reinsure disability and life products through our wholly owned subsidiary, Disability Reinsurance management Services, Inc. (“DRmS”). We focus on the needs of the small to mid-size employer. We believe that our group risk selection expertise, ease of enrollment and administration, our broad product suite, expansive dental network and strong relationships with brokers who work primarily with small to mid-size businesses give us a competitive advantage versus other carriers in this market. Group Disability Group disability insurance provides partial replacement of lost earnings for insured employees who become disabled, as defined by their plan provisions. Our products include both short- and long-term disability coverage options. We also reinsure disability policies written by other carriers through our DRMS subsidiary. Group Dental Dental benefit plans provide funding for necessary or elective dental care. Customers may select a traditional indemnity arrangement, a Preferred Provider Organization (“PPO”) arrangement, or a prepaid or managed care arrangement. Coverage is subject to deductibles, coinsurance and annual or lifetime maximums. In a prepaid plan, members must use participating dentists in order to receive benefits. Success in the group dental business is heavily dependent on a strong provider network. Assurant Employee Benefits owns and operates Dental Health Alliance, L.L.C. (“DHA”), a leading dental PPO network. the Company has a larger network with DHA, marketed as Assurant Dental Network, which combines network agreements with partners such as Aetna and United Concordia Dental. We believe that our large combined network, Assurant Dental Network, increases the attractiveness of our products in the marketplace and the strength of the Assurant Employee Benefits dental offering. Group Life Group term life insurance provided through the workplace provides benefits in the event of death. We also provide accidental death and dismemberment insurance. Insurance Group Supplemental and Vision Products Fully-insured vision coverage is offered through our agreement with Vision Service Plan, Inc., a leading national supplier of vision insurance. Our plans cover eye exams, glasses, and contact lenses and are usually sold in combination with one or more of our other products. In addition to the traditional voluntary products, we provide group critical illness, cancer, accident, and gap insurance. These products are generally paid for by the employee through payroll deductions, and the employee is enrolled in the coverage(s) at the worksite. marketing and Distribution Our products and services are distributed through a group sales force located in 32 offices near major metropolitan areas. Our sales representatives distribute our products and services through independent brokers and employee-benefits advisors. Daily account management is provided through local sales offices, further supported by a centralized home office customer service department. Broker compensation in some cases includes an annual performance incentive, based on volume and retention of business. DRmS provides turnkey group disability and life insurance solutions to insurance carriers that want to supplement their core product offerings. Our services include product development, state insurance regulatory filings, underwriting, claims management, and other functions typically performed by an insurer’s back office. Assurant Employee Benefits reinsures the risks written by DRmS’ clients, with the clients generally retaining shares that vary by contract. Underwriting and Risk management The pricing of our products is based on the expected cost of benefits, calculated using assumptions for mortality, morbidity, interest, expenses and persistency, and other underwriting factors. Our block of business is diversified by industry and geographic location, which serves to limit some of the risks associated with changing economic conditions. Disability claims management focuses on helping claimants return to work through a supportive network of services that may include physical therapy, vocational rehabilitation, and workplace accommodation. We employ or contract with a staff of doctors, nurses and vocational rehabilitation specialists, and use a broad range of additional outside medical and vocational experts to assist our claim specialists. 9 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart I ItEm 1 Business Ratings Independent rating organizations periodically review the financial strength of insurers, including our insurance subsidiaries. Financial strength ratings represent the opinions of rating agencies regarding the ability of an insurance company to meet its financial obligations to policyholders and contract holders. These ratings are not applicable to our common stock or debt securities. Ratings are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. Rating agencies also use an “outlook statement” of “positive,” “stable,” “negative” or “developing” to indicate a medium- or long-term trend in credit fundamentals which, if continued, may lead to a rating change. A rating may have a stable outlook to indicate that the rating is not expected to change; however, a stable rating does not preclude a rating agency from changing a rating at any time, without notice. most of our active domestic operating insurance subsidiaries are rated by the A.m. Best Company (“A.m. Best”). In addition, six of our domestic operating insurance subsidiaries are also rated by moody’s Investor Services (“moody’s”) and seven are rated by Standard & Poor’s Inc., a division of mcGraw Hill Companies, Inc. (“S&P”). For further information on the risks of ratings downgrades, see “Item 1A — Risk Factors — Risks Related to our Company — A.m. Best, moody’s and S&P rate the financial strength of our insurance company subsidiaries, and a decline in these ratings could affect our standing in the insurance industry and cause our sales and earnings to decrease.” the following table summarizes our financial strength ratings and outlook of our domestic operating insurance subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015: a.M. Best(1) (4) Moody’s(2) (5) Standard & Poor’s(3) (6) Outlook COMPaNY A American Bankers Insurance Company A American Bankers Life Assurance Company A American memorial Life Insurance Company A American Security Insurance Company N/A Assurant Life of Canada N/A Caribbean American Life Assurance Company N/A Caribbean American Property Insurance Company BB+ John Alden Life Insurance Company N/A Reliable Lloyds N/A Standard Guaranty Insurance Company BB+ time Insurance Company N/A UDC Dental California N/A Union Security Dental Care New Jersey A- Union Security Insurance Company N/A Union Security Life Insurance Company of New York N/A United Dental Care of Arizona N/A United Dental Care of Colorado N/A United Dental Care of Michigan N/A United Dental Care of Missouri N/A United Dental Care of New mexico N/A United Dental Care of Ohio N/A United Dental Care of Texas N/A United Dental Care of Utah Voyager Indemnity Insurance Company N/A (1) A.M. Best financial strength ratings range from “A++” (superior) to “S” (suspended). Ratings of A and A- fall under the “excellent” category, which is A2 A3 N/A A2 N/A N/A N/A Ba1 N/A N/A Ba1 N/A N/A A3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A A A- A- A A- A- A B+ A A B+ A- A- A- A- A- A- NR A- A- NR A- NR A the second highest of ten ratings categories. Ratings of B+ fall under the “good” category, which is the third highest of ten ratings categories. (2) Moody’s insurance financial strength ratings range from “Aaa” (exceptional) to “C” (extremely poor). A numeric modifier may be appended to ratings from “Aa” to “Caa” to indicate relative position within a category, with 1 being the highest and 3 being the lowest. Ratings of A2 and A3 are considered “good” and fall within the third highest of the nine ratings categories. Ratings of Ba1 are subject to substantial credit risk and fall within the fifth highest of the nine ratings categories. (3) S&P’s insurer financial strength ratings range from “AAA” (extremely strong) to “R” (under regulatory supervision). A “+” or “-” may be appended to ratings from categories AA to CCC to indicate relative position within a category. Ratings of A and A- (strong) and BB+ (vulnerable) are within the third and fifth highest of the nine ratings categories, respectively. (4) A.M. Best has a stable outlook on all of the ratings of the above entities, except for Union Security Insurance Company and Union Security Life Insurance Company of New York, which are under review with negative implications, and the dental HMO entities, which are under review with positive implications. (5) Moody’s has a stable outlook on all of the ratings of the above entities, except for John Alden Life Insurance Company and Time Insurance Company, which have a negative outlook. (6) S&P has a stable outlook on all of the ratings of the above entities, except for Union Security Insurance Company, which is on Creditwatch Positive. 10 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Enterprise Risk management As an insurer, we are exposed to a wide variety of financial, operational and other risks, as described in Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” Enterprise risk management (“ERm”) is, therefore, a key component of our business strategies, policies, and procedures. Our ERm process is an iterative approach with the following key phases: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Risk identification; High-level estimation of risk likelihood and severity; Risk prioritization at the business and enterprise levels; Scenario analysis and detailed modeling of likelihood and severity of key enterprise risks; Use of quantitative results and subject matter expert opinion to help guide business strategy and decision making. through our ERm process and our enterprise risk quantification model, we monitor a variety of risk metrics on an ongoing basis, with a particular focus on impact to net income (both GAAP and Statutory), company value and the potential need for capital infusions to subsidiaries under severe stress scenarios. The analysis of capital under stress scenarios informs our capital management actions and helps ensure our continued ability to pay policyholder benefits. the Company’s ERm activities are coordinated by an Enterprise Regulation Part I ItEm 1 Business Risk management Committee (“ERmC”), which includes managers from across the Company with knowledge of the Company’s business activities, including representation from the Compliance, Actuarial, Information technology, Finance, Internal Audit and Asset management departments. the ERmC develops risk assessment and risk management policies and procedures. It facilitates the identification, reporting and prioritizing of risks faced by the Company, and is responsible for promoting a risk-aware culture throughout the organization. the ERmC also coordinates with each of the Company’s Business Unit Risk Committees (“BURCs”), which meet regularly and are responsible for the identification of significant risks affecting their respective business units. Our Board of Directors and senior management are responsible for overseeing significant enterprise risks. the ERmC presents its work periodically to the Board of Directors and its Finance and Investment Committee. Through the use of regular committee meetings, business unit and enterprise risk inventory templates and dashboards, hypothetical scenario analysis, and quantitative modeling, the Company strives to identify, track, quantify, communicate and manage our key risks in a manner consistent with our risk appetite and high level strategy. Our ERm process continues to evolve, and, when appropriate, we incorporate methodology changes, policy modifications and emerging best practices on an ongoing basis. the Company is subject to extensive federal, state and international regulation and supervision in the jurisdictions where it does business. Regulations vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In 2015, the Company announced a strategic realignment of its portfolio to focus on specialty housing and lifestyle protection products and services. As a result of the partial sale of Assurant Health and the runoff of the remaining business and the impending sale of Assurant Employee Benefits, a number of regulations are or will soon be no longer relevant for Assurant. the following is a summary of significant regulations that apply to our businesses, and where applicable, our health business wind-down operations, but is not intended to be a comprehensive review of every regulation to which the Company is subject. For information on the risks associated with regulations applicable to the Company, please see Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” U.S. Insurance Regulation We are subject to the insurance holding company laws in the states where our insurance companies are domiciled. these laws generally require insurance companies within the insurance holding company system to register with the insurance departments of their respective states of domicile and to furnish reports to such insurance departments regarding capital structure, ownership, financial condition, general business operations and intercompany transactions. these laws also require that transactions between affiliated companies be fair and equitable. In addition, certain intercompany transactions, changes of control, certain dividend payments and transfers of assets between the companies within the holding company system are subject to prior notice to, or approval by, state regulatory authorities. Like all U.S. insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulation and supervision in the jurisdictions where they do business. In general, these regulations are designed to protect the interests of policyholders, and not necessarily the interests of shareholders and other investors. to that end, the laws of the various states and other jurisdictions establish insurance departments with broad powers with respect to such things as: ••licensing; ••capital, surplus and dividends; ••underwriting requirements and limitations (including, in some cases, minimum or target loss ratios); ••entrance into and exit from states; 11 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart I ItEm 1 Business ••introduction, cancellation and termination of certain coverages; diversification of insurance company investment portfolios and limit the amount of investments in certain asset categories. ••statutory accounting and annual statement disclosure requirements; ••product types, policy forms and mandated insurance benefits; ••premium rates; ••fines, penalties and assessments; ••claims practices, including occasional regulatory requirements to pay claims on terms other than those mandated by underlying policy contracts; ••transactions between affiliates; ••the form and content of disclosures to consumers; ••the type, amounts and valuation of investments; ••annual tests of solvency and reserve adequacy; ••assessments or other surcharges for guaranty funds and the recovery of assessments through premium increases; and ••market conduct and sales practices of insurers and agents. Dividend Payment Limitations Our holding company’s assets consist primarily of the capital stock of our subsidiaries. Accordingly, our holding company’s future cash flows depend upon the availability of dividends and other statutorily permissible payments from our subsidiaries. the ability to pay such dividends and to make such other payments is regulated by the states in which our subsidiaries are domiciled. these dividend regulations vary from state to state and by type of insurance provided by the applicable subsidiary, but generally require our insurance subsidiaries to maintain minimum solvency requirements and limit the amount of dividends these subsidiaries can pay to the holding company. For more information, please see Item 7, “management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Regulatory Requirements.” Risk-Based Capital Requirements In order to enhance the regulation of insurer solvency, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) has established certain risk-based capital standards applicable to life, health and property and casualty insurers. Risk-based capital, which regulators use to assess the sufficiency of an insurer’s statutory capital, is calculated by applying factors to various asset, premium, expense, liability and reserve items. Factors are higher for items which in the NAIC’s view have greater underlying risk. the NAIC periodically reviews the risk-based capital formula and changes to the formula could occur in the future. Investment Regulation Insurance company investments must comply with applicable laws and regulations that prescribe the kind, quality and concentration of investments. these regulations require Financial Reporting Regulators closely monitor the financial condition of licensed insurance companies. Our insurance subsidiaries are required to file periodic financial reports with insurance regulators. moreover, states regulate the form and content of these statutory financial statements. Products and Coverage Insurance regulators have broad authority to regulate many aspects of our products and services. For example, some jurisdictions require insurers to provide coverage to persons who would not be considered eligible insurance risks under standard underwriting criteria, dictating the types of insurance and the level of coverage that must be provided to such applicants. Additionally, certain non-insurance products and services, such as service contracts, may be regulated by regulatory bodies other than departments of insurance. Pricing and Premium Rates Nearly all states have insurance laws requiring insurers to file price schedules and policy forms with the state’s regulatory authority. In many cases, these price schedules and/or policy forms must be approved prior to use, and state insurance departments have the power to disapprove increases or require decreases in the premium rates we charge. market Conduct Regulation Activities of insurers are highly regulated by state insurance laws and regulations, which govern the form and content of disclosure to consumers, advertising, sales practices and complaint handling. State regulatory authorities enforce compliance through periodic market conduct examinations. Guaranty Associations and Indemnity Funds Most states require insurance companies to support guaranty associations or indemnity funds, which are established to pay claims on behalf of insolvent insurance companies. these associations may levy assessments on member insurers. In some states member insurers can recover a portion of these assessments through premium tax offsets and/or policyholder surcharges. Insurance Regulatory Initiatives the NAIC, state regulators and professional organizations have considered and are considering various proposals that may alter or increase state authority to regulate insurance companies and insurance holding companies. Please see Item 1A, “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Industry — Changes in regulation may reduce our profitability and limit our growth” for a discussion of the risks related to such initiatives. 12 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KFederal Regulation Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Although health insurance is generally regulated at the state level, the Affordable Care Act introduced a significant component of federal regulation for health insurers. Although the Assurant Health business is in run-off, some provisions of the Affordable Care Act continue to apply to us. In particular, provisions of the Affordable Care Act and related reforms include a requirement that we pay premium rebates to customers if the loss ratios for some of our product lines are less than specified percentages; changes in the benefits provided under some of our products; elimination of limits on lifetime and annual benefit maximums; a prohibition from imposing any pre-existing condition exclusion; limits on our ability to rescind coverage for persons who have misrepresented or omitted material information when they applied for coverage and, elimination of our ability to underwrite health insurance products with certain narrow exceptions; mandated essential health benefits; new and higher taxes and fees and limitations on the deductibility of compensation and certain other payments; and the need to operate with a lower expense structure at both the business segment and enterprise level. Additionally, under the Affordable Care Act, significant premium stabilization programs became effective in 2014. these reinsurance, risk adjustment, and risk corridor programs impose certain requirements on us, including, among other things, that we make contributions to fund the reinsurance program and, under some circumstances, risk transfer payments related to the risk adjustment program and payments to the Department of Health and Human Services related to the risk corridor program. Employee Retirement Income Security Act Because we provide products and services for certain U.S. employee benefit plans, we are subject to regulation under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”). ERISA places certain requirements on how the Company may do business with employers that maintain employee benefit plans covered by ERISA. Among other things, regulations under ERISA set standards for certain notice and disclosure requirements and for claim processing and appeals. In addition, some of our administrative services and other activities may also be subject to regulation under ERISA. HIPAA, HItECH Act and Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, along with its implementing regulations (“HIPAA”), impose various requirements on health insurers, HmOs, health plans and health care providers. Among other things, Assurant Health and Assurant Employee Benefits are subject to HIPAA regulations requiring certain guaranteed issuance and renewability of health insurance coverage for individuals and small groups (generally groups with 50 or fewer employees) and limitations on exclusions based on pre-existing conditions. HIPAA also imposes administrative simplification requirements for electronic transactions. Part I ItEm 1 Business HIPAA also imposes requirements on health insurers, health plans and health care providers to ensure the privacy and security of protected health information. these privacy and security provisions were further expanded by the privacy provisions contained in the Health Information technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (the “HItECH Act”) and its accompanying Omnibus Rule enacted in January 2013, which enhances penalties for violations of HIPAA and requires regulated entities to provide notice of security breaches of protected health information to individuals and HHS. In addition, certain of our activities are subject to the privacy regulations of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which, along with regulations adopted thereunder, generally requires insurers to provide customers with notice regarding how their non- public personal health and financial information is used, and to provide them with the opportunity to “opt out” of certain disclosures, if applicable. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Regulations under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) address mortgage servicers’ obligations to correct errors asserted by mortgage loan borrowers; to provide certain information requested by such borrowers; and to provide protections to such borrowers; in connection with lender-placed insurance; and these requirements affect our operations because, in many instances, we administer such operations on behalf of our mortgage servicer clients. While the CFPB does not have direct jurisdiction over insurance products, it is possible that additional regulations promulgated by the CFPB, such as those mentioned, may extend its authority more broadly to cover these products and thereby affect the Company or our clients. International Regulation We are subject to regulation and supervision of our international operations in various jurisdictions. these regulations, which vary depending on the jurisdiction, include anti-corruption laws; solvency and market conduct regulations; various privacy, insurance, tax, tariff and trade laws and regulations; and corporate, employment, intellectual property and investment laws and regulations. Outside the U.S., the Company operates in Canada, the U.K., Ireland, France, Argentina, Brazil, Puerto Rico, Chile, Germany, Spain, Italy, mexico and China and our businesses are supervised by local regulatory authorities of these jurisdictions. We also have business activities in Peru, Colombia and South Korea where we have gained access to these markets by registering certain entities, where required, to act as reinsurers. Our operations in the U.K., for example, are subject to regulation by the Financial Conduct Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority. Authorized insurers are generally permitted to operate throughout the rest of the European Union, subject to satisfying certain requirements of these regulatory bodies and meeting additional local regulatory requirements. 13 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart I ItEm 1 Business We are also subject to certain U.S. and foreign laws applicable to businesses generally, including anti-corruption laws. the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (the “FCPA”) regulates U.S. companies in their dealings with foreign officials, prohibiting bribes and similar practices. In addition, the U.K. Anti-Bribery Act has wide applicability to certain activities that affect U.K. companies, their commercial activities in the U.K., and potentially that of their affiliates located outside of the U.K. Additionally, the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (the “IAIS”) is developing a model common framework (“ComFrame”) for the supervision of Internationally Active Insurance Groups (“IAIGs”), which includes additional group-wide supervisory oversight across national boundaries and the establishment of ongoing supervisory colleges. the IAIS has announced that it expects by 2016 to develop a risk-based global insurance capital standard applicable to IAIGs, with full implementation beginning in 2019. As of December 31, 2015, Assurant meets the numerical criteria to qualify as an IAIG, but the decision whether to treat Assurant as an IAIG is left to the discretion of its domestic and foreign insurance regulators. Should such regulators decide to treat Assurant as an IAIG, Assurant will be subject to the additional requirements of ComFrame. At this time, we cannot predict whether our insurance regulators will treat us as an IAIG, and what additional capital requirements, compliance costs or other burdens these requirements would impose on us, if we were subject to them. Securities and Corporate Governance Regulation As a company with publicly-traded securities, Assurant is subject to certain legal and regulatory requirements applicable generally to public companies, including the Other Information rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) relating to public reporting and disclosure, accounting and financial reporting, and corporate governance matters. Additionally, Assurant, Inc. is subject to the corporate governance laws of Delaware, its state of incorporation. Environmental Regulation Because we own and operate real property, we are subject to federal, state and local environmental laws. Potential environmental liabilities and costs in connection with any required remediation of such properties is an inherent risk in property ownership and operation. Under the laws of several states, contamination of a property may give rise to a lien on the property to secure recovery of the costs of the cleanup, which could have priority over the lien of an existing mortgage against the property and thereby impair our ability to foreclose on that property should the related loan be in default. In addition, under certain circumstances, we may be liable for the costs of addressing releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances at properties securing mortgage loans held by us. Other Non-Insurance Regulation As the Company continues to evolve its business mix to cover other non-insurance based products and services, it becomes subject to other legal and regulatory requirements, including regulations of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and other federal, state and municipal regulatory bodies, as well as additional regulatory bodies in non-U.S. jurisdictions. Customer Concentration No one customer or group of affiliated customers accounts for 10% or more of the Company’s consolidated revenues. Employees We had approximately 16,700 employees as of January 31, 2016. Assurant Solutions has employees in Argentina, Brazil, Italy, Spain and mexico that are represented by labor unions and trade organizations. We believe that employee relations are satisfactory. Sources of Liquidity For a discussion of the Company’s sources and uses of funds, see “Item 7 — management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources,” and Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report. Taxation For a discussion of tax matters affecting the Company and its operations, see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report. Financial Information about Reportable Business Segments For financial information regarding reportable business segments of the Company, see “Item 7 — management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report. 14 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart I ItEm 1A Risk Factors Available Information Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, the Statements of Beneficial Ownership of Securities on Forms 3, 4 and 5 for our Directors and Officers and all amendments to such reports, filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge through the SEC website at www.sec.gov. These documents are also available at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. Further information on the operation of the Public Reference room can be found by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. these documents are also available free of charge through the Investor Relations page of our website (www.assurant.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after filing. Other information found on our website is not part of this or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC. ItEm 1A Risk Factors Certain factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and you should carefully consider them. It is not possible to predict or identify all such factors. Risks Related to Our Company Our revenues and profits may decline if we are unable to maintain relationships with significant clients, distributors and other parties important to the success of our business. The success of our business depends largely on our relationships and contractual arrangements with significant clients-including mortgage servicers, lenders, mobile device carriers, retailers, OEms and others-and with brokers, agents and other parties. many of these arrangements are exclusive and some rely on preferred provider or similar relationships. If our key clients, intermediaries or other parties terminate important business arrangements with us, or renew contracts on terms less favorable to us, our cash flows, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In addition, each of our Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property segments receives a substantial portion of its revenue from a few clients. As of December 31, 2015 no single client accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated revenue. However, a reduction in business with or the loss of one or more of our significant clients could have a material adverse effect on the results of operations and cash flows of individual segments or of the Company. Examples of important business arrangement include, at Assurant Solutions, relationships with mobile device carriers, retailers and financial and other institutions through which we distribute our products, including an exclusive distribution relationship with SCI relating to the distribution of our preneed insurance policies. In Assurant Specialty Property, we have exclusive and non-exclusive relationships with certain mortgage lenders and manufactured housing lenders and property managers, and in turn we are eligible to insure properties securing loans guaranteed by or sold to government-sponsored entities (“GSEs”) and serviced by the mortgage loan servicers with whom we do business. In our lender-placed insurance business, the change in requirements for eligibility to insure properties securing loans of GSEs-and restrictions imposed by state regulators-could affect our ability to do business with certain mortgage loan servicers or the volume or profitability of such business. In addition, the transfer by mortgage servicer clients of loan portfolios to other carriers or the participation by other carriers in insuring or reinsuring lender-placed insurance risks that we have historically insured could materially reduce our revenues and profits from this business. We are also subject to the risk that clients, distributors and other parties may face financial difficulties, reputational issues or problems with respect to their own products and services or regulatory restrictions that may lead to decreased sales of our products and services. moreover, if one or more of our clients or distributors consolidate or align themselves with other companies, we may lose significant business, resulting in material decreases in revenues and profits. Significant competitive pressures could affect our results of operations. We compete for customers and distributors with many insurance companies and other financial services companies for business and individual customers, employer and other group customers, agents, brokers and other distribution relationships, and with logistics and mobile device repair companies for the business of cell phone carriers and original equipment manufacturers. Some of our competitors may offer a broader array of products than our subsidiaries or have a greater diversity of distribution resources, better brand recognition, more competitive pricing, lower costs, greater financial strength, more resources, or higher ratings. many of our insurance products, particularly our group benefits policies, are underwritten annually. there is a risk that group purchasers may be able to obtain more favorable terms from competitors, rather than renewing coverage with us. As a 15 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart I ItEm 1A Risk Factors result, competition may adversely affect the persistency of our policies, as well as our ability to sell products. In addition, some of our competitors may price their products below ours, putting us at a competitive disadvantage and potentially adversely affecting our revenues and results of operations. Additionally, for Assurant Solutions, our ability to adequately and effectively price our products is affected by, among other things, the evolving nature of consumer needs and preferences and improvements in technology, which could cause us to reduce the price of products and services we offer. For Assurant Specialty Property, our lender-placed homeowners insurance program and certain of our manufactured housing products are not underwritten on an individual policy basis and our contracts with clients require us to issue these policies automatically when a borrower’s insurance coverage is not maintained. Consequently, our inability to adequately monitor and provide for pricing adequacy for these products, subject to regulatory constraints, could potentially adversely affect our results of operations. New competition and technological advancements could also cause the supply of insurance to change, which could affect our ability to price our products at attractive rates and thereby adversely affect our underwriting results. Although there are some impediments facing potential competitors who wish to enter the markets we serve, the entry of new competitors into our markets can occur, affording our customers significant flexibility in moving to other insurance providers. In our lender-placed insurance business, we use a proprietary insurance-tracking administration system linked with the administrative systems of our clients to monitor the clients’ mortgage portfolios to verify the existence of insurance on each mortgaged property and identify those that are uninsured. If, in addition to our current competitors, others in this industry develop a competing system or equivalent administering capabilities, this could reduce the revenues and results of operations in this business. A number of factors outside the Company’s control could impair the Company’s ability to close the sale of the Assurant Employee Benefits segment and complete the wind-down of the Assurant Health segment. the sale of Assurant Employee Benefits and wind-down of Assurant Health involve a number of challenges, uncertainties and risks, including the risk related to the closing of the Assurant Employee Benefits transaction and regulatory risk related to the wind-down of Assurant Health. Sales of our products and services may decline if we are unable to attract and retain sales representatives or to develop and maintain distribution sources. We distribute many of our insurance products and services through a variety of distribution channels, including independent employee benefits specialists, brokers, managing general agents, life agents, financial institutions, mortgage lenders and servicers, retailers, funeral homes, association groups and other third-party marketing organizations. 16 Our relationships with these distributors are significant both for our revenues and profits. We do not distribute our insurance products and services through captive or affiliated agents. In Assurant Employee Benefits, independent agents and brokers who act as advisors to our customers market and distribute our products. there is intense competition between insurers to form relationships with agents and brokers of demonstrated ability. We compete with other insurers for relationships with agents, brokers, and other intermediaries primarily on the basis of our financial position, support services, product features and, more generally, through our ability to meet the needs of their clients, our customers. Independent agents and brokers are typically not exclusively dedicated to us, but instead usually also market the products of our competitors and therefore we face continued competition from our competitors’ products. moreover, our ability to market our products and services depends on our ability to tailor our channels of distribution to comply with changes in the regulatory environment in which we and such agents and brokers operate. We have our own sales representatives whose distribution process varies by segment. We depend in large part on our sales representatives to develop and maintain client relationships. Our inability to attract and retain effective sales representatives could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. General economic, financial market and political conditions may materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Particularly, difficult conditions in financial markets and the global economy may negatively affect the results of all of our business segments. General economic, financial market and political disruptions could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Limited availability of credit, deteriorations of the global mortgage and real estate markets, declines in consumer confidence and consumer spending, increases in prices or in the rate of inflation, continuing periods of high unemployment, or disruptive geopolitical events could contribute to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and the financial markets, including the market for our stock. these conditions could also affect all of our business segments. Specifically, during periods of economic downturn: ••individuals and businesses may (i) choose not to purchase our insurance products, warranties and other related products and services, (ii) terminate existing policies or contracts or permit them to lapse, and (iii) choose to reduce the amount of coverage they purchase; ••clients are more likely to experience financial distress or declare bankruptcy or liquidation which could have an adverse impact on the remittance of premiums from such clients as well as the collection of receivables from such clients for items such as unearned premiums; ••disability insurance claims and claims on other specialized insurance products tend to rise; ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K••there is a higher loss ratio on credit card and installment loan insurance due to rising unemployment and disability levels; ••there is an increased risk of fraudulent insurance claims; ••insureds tend to increase their utilization of health and dental benefits if they anticipate becoming unemployed or losing benefits; and ••substantial decreases in loan availability and origination could reduce the demand for credit insurance that we write or debt cancellation or debt deferment products that we administer, and on the placement of hazard insurance under our lender-placed insurance programs. General inflationary pressures may affect the costs of medical and dental care, as well as repair and replacement costs on our real and personal property lines, increasing the costs of paying claims. Inflationary pressures may also affect the costs associated with our preneed insurance policies, particularly those that are guaranteed to grow with the Consumer Price Index (or “CPI”). Conversely, deflationary pressures may affect the pricing of our products. Additionally, continued uncertainty surrounding the U.S. Federal Reserve’s monetary policy could adversely affect the U.S. and global economy. Our actual claims losses may exceed our reserves for claims, and this may require us to establish additional reserves that may materially affect our results of operations, profitability and capital. We maintain reserves to cover our estimated ultimate exposure for claims and claim adjustment expenses with respect to reported claims and incurred but not reported claims (“IBNR”) as of the end of each accounting period. Whether calculated under GAAP, Statutory Accounting Principles (“SAP”) or accounting principles applicable in foreign jurisdictions, reserves are estimates. Reserving is inherently a matter of judgment; our ultimate liabilities could exceed reserves for a variety of reasons, including changes in macroeconomic factors (such as unemployment and interest rates), case development and other factors. From time to time, we also adjust our reserves, and may adjust our reserving methodology, as these factors and our claims experience changes. Reserve development, changes in our reserving methodology and paid losses exceeding corresponding reserves could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Please see “Item 7 — management’s Discussion & Analysis — Critical Accounting Policies & Estimates — Reserves” for additional detail on our reserves. We may be unable to accurately predict and price for benefits, claims and other costs, which could reduce our profitability. Our profitability could vary depending on our ability to predict and price for benefits, claims and other costs including, but not limited to, medical and dental costs, disability claims and the frequency and severity of property claims. this ability could be affected by factors such as inflation, changes in Part I ItEm 1A Risk Factors the regulatory environment, changes in industry practices, changes in legal, social or environmental conditions, new treatments or technologies. Political or economic conditions can also affect the availability of programs (for example, the Social Security disability program) on which our business may rely to accurately predict benefits and claims. the inability to accurately predict and price for benefits, claims and other costs could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Catastrophe losses, including man-made catastrophe losses, could materially reduce our profitability and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our insurance operations expose us to claims arising out of catastrophes, particularly in our homeowners, life and other health insurance businesses. We have experienced, and expect to experience, catastrophe losses that materially reduce our profitability or have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Catastrophes can be caused by various natural events, including, but not limited to, hurricanes, windstorms, earthquakes, hailstorms, floods, severe winter weather, fires, epidemics and the long-term effects of climate change, or can be man-made catastrophes, including terrorist attacks or accidents such as airplane crashes. While the frequency and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable, increases in the value and geographic concentration of insured property, the geographic concentration of insured lives, and the effects of inflation could increase the severity of claims from future catastrophes. Catastrophe losses can vary widely and could significantly exceed our expectations. they may cause substantial volatility in our financial results for any fiscal quarter or year and could materially reduce our profitability or materially adversely affect our financial condition. Our ability to write new business also could be affected. Accounting rules do not permit insurers to reserve for such catastrophic events before they occur. In addition, the establishment of appropriate reserves, including reserves for catastrophes, is an inherently uncertain and complex process. the ultimate cost of losses may vary materially from recorded reserves and such variance may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. If the severity of an event were sufficiently high (for example, in the event of an extremely large catastrophe), it could exceed our reinsurance coverage limits and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We may also lose premium income due to a large-scale business interruption caused by a catastrophe combined with legislative or regulatory reactions to the event. We use catastrophe modeling tools that help estimate our exposure to such events, but these tools are based on historical data and other assumptions that may provide projections that are materially different from the actual events. 17 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart I ItEm 1A Risk Factors Because Assurant Specialty Property’s lender-placed homeowners and lender-placed manufactured housing insurance products are designed to automatically provide property coverage for client portfolios, our concentration in certain catastrophe-prone states like Florida, California, texas and New York may increase. Furthermore, the withdrawal of other insurers from these or other states may lead to adverse selection and increased use of our products in these areas and may negatively affect our loss experience. The exact impact of the physical effects of climate change is uncertain. It is possible that changes in the global climate may cause long-term increases in the frequency and severity of storms, resulting in higher catastrophe losses, which could materially affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our group life and health insurance operations could be materially impacted by catastrophes such as a terrorist attack, a natural disaster, a pandemic or an epidemic that causes a widespread increase in mortality or disability rates or that causes an increase in the need for medical care. In addition, with respect to our preneed insurance policies, the average age of policyholders is approximately 73 years. this group is more susceptible to certain epidemics than the overall population, and an epidemic resulting in a higher incidence of mortality could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. A.M. Best, Moody’s, and S&P rate the financial strength of our insurance company subsidiaries, and a decline in these ratings could affect our standing in the insurance industry and cause our sales and earnings to decrease. Ratings are important considerations in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. A.m. Best rates most of our domestic operating insurance subsidiaries. Moody’s rates six of our domestic operating insurance subsidiaries and S&P rates seven of our domestic operating insurance subsidiaries. these ratings are subject to periodic review by A.m. Best, moody’s, and S&P, and we cannot assure that we will be able to retain them. In 2015, time Insurance Company and John Alden Life Insurance Company experienced multiple rating actions as a result of Assurant’s decision to exit the health insurance market in 2016 and higher than anticipated losses in 2015. the following actions took place: A.m. Best downgraded the companies from A- to B+, moody’s downgraded the companies from Baa2 to Ba1 and revised the outlook to negative, and S&P downgraded the companies from BBB to BB+. A.M. Best also placed the ratings of Union Security Insurance Company and Union Security Life Insurance Company of New York under review with negative implications due to the possible diminished business profile of the entities after the close of the Assurant Employee Benefits sale. Rating agencies may change their methodology or requirements for determining ratings, or they may become more conservative in assigning ratings. Rating agencies or regulators could also increase capital requirements for the 18 Company or its subsidiaries. Any reduction in our ratings could materially adversely affect the demand for our products from intermediaries and consumers and materially adversely affect our results. In addition, any reduction in our financial strength ratings could materially adversely affect our cost of borrowing. As of December 31, 2015, contracts representing approximately 33% of Assurant Solutions’ and 27% of Assurant Specialty Property’s net earned premiums and fee income contain provisions requiring the applicable subsidiaries to maintain minimum A.m. Best financial strength ratings ranging from “A” or better to “B” or better, depending on the contract. Our clients may terminate these contracts or fail to renew them if the subsidiaries’ ratings fall below these minimums. termination or failure to renew these agreements could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, certain contracts in the DRMS business, representing approximately 5% of Assurant Employee Benefits’ net earned premiums for the year ended December 31, 2015 contain provisions requiring the applicable subsidiaries to maintain minimum A.m. Best financial strength ratings of “A-” or better. DRmS clients may terminate the agreements and, in some instances, recapture in-force business if the ratings of applicable subsidiaries fall below “A-”. We face risks associated with our international operations. Our international operations face political, legal, operational and other risks that we may not face in our domestic operations. For example, we may face the risk of restrictions on currency conversion or the transfer of funds; burdens and costs of compliance with a variety of foreign laws; political or economic instability in countries in which we conduct business, including possible terrorist acts; inflation and foreign exchange rate fluctuations; diminished ability to enforce our contractual rights; differences in cultural environments and unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, including changes in regulatory treatment of certain products; exposure to local economic conditions and restrictions on the repatriation of non-U.S. investment and earnings; and potentially substantial tax liabilities if we repatriate the cash generated by our international operations back to the U.S. If our business model is not successful in a particular country, we may lose all or most of our investment in that country. As we continue to expand in select worldwide markets, our business becomes increasingly exposed to these risks identified above where certain countries have recently experienced economic instability. In addition, as we engage with international clients, we have made certain up-front commission payments and similar cash outlays, which we may not recover if the business does not materialize as we expect. these up-front payments are typically supported by various protections, such as letters of guarantee, but we may not recover our initial outlays and other amounts owed to us fully or timely. As our international business grows, we rely increasingly on fronting carriers or ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-Kintermediaries in certain other countries to maintain their licenses and product approvals, satisfy local regulatory requirements and continue in business. For information on the significant international regulations that apply to our Company, please see Item 1, “Business — Regulation — International Regulation.” Fluctuations in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies may materially and adversely affect our results of operations. While most of our costs and revenues are in U.S. dollars, some are in other currencies. Because our financial results in certain countries are translated from local currency into U.S. dollars upon consolidation, the results of our operations may be affected by foreign exchange rate fluctuations. to a large extent, we do not currently hedge foreign currency risk. If the U.S. dollar weakens against the local currency, the translation of these foreign-currency-denominated balances will result in increased net assets, net revenue, operating expenses, and net income or loss. Similarly, our net assets, net revenue, operating expenses, and net income or loss will decrease if the U.S. dollar strengthens against local currency. For example, Argentina, a country in which Assurant Solutions operates, is currently undergoing a currency crisis. these fluctuations in currency exchange rates may result in gains or losses that materially and adversely affect our results of operations. An impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets could materially affect our results of operations and book value. Goodwill represented $833,512 of our $30,043,128 in total assets as of December 31, 2015. We review our goodwill annually in the fourth quarter for impairment or more frequently if circumstances indicating that the asset may be impaired exist. Such circumstances could include a sustained significant decline in our share price, a decline in our actual or expected future cash flows or income, a significant adverse change in the business climate, or slower growth rates, among others. Circumstances such as those mentioned above could trigger an impairment of some or all of the remaining goodwill on our balance sheet, which could have a material adverse effect on our profitability and book value per share. For more information on our annual goodwill impairment testing and the goodwill of our segments, please see “Item 7 — management’s Discussion and Analysis — Critical Factors Affecting Results — Value and Recoverability of Goodwill.” In addition, other intangible assets collectively represented $277,163 of our total assets as of December 31, 2015, and an impairment of these other intangible assets could have a material adverse effect on our profitability and book value per share. Part I ItEm 1A Risk Factors Unfavorable conditions in the capital and credit markets may significantly and adversely affect our access to capital and our ability to pay our debts or expenses. In previous years, the global capital and credit markets experienced extreme volatility and disruption. In many cases, companies’ ability to raise money was severely restricted. Although conditions in the capital and credit markets have improved significantly, they could again deteriorate. Our ability to borrow or raise money is important if our operating cash flow is insufficient to pay our expenses, meet capital requirements, repay debt, pay dividends on our common stock or make investments. the principal sources of our liquidity are insurance premiums, fee income, cash flow from our investment portfolio and liquid assets, consisting mainly of cash or assets that are readily convertible into cash. Sources of liquidity in normal markets also include a variety of short-and long-term instruments. If our access to capital markets is restricted, our cost of capital could increase, thus decreasing our profitability and reducing our financial flexibility. Our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and statutory capital position could be materially and adversely affected by disruptions in the capital markets. The value of our investments could decline, affecting our profitability and financial strength. Investment returns are an important part of our profitability. Significant fluctuations in the fixed maturity market could impair our profitability, financial condition and cash flows. Our investments are subject to market—wide risks and fluctuations, as well as to risks inherent in particular securities. In addition, certain factors affecting our business, such as volatility of claims experience, could force us to liquidate securities prior to maturity, causing us to incur capital losses. See “Item 7A — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About market Risk — Interest Rate Risk.” Market conditions, changes in interest rates, and prolonged periods of low interest rates may materially affect our results. Recent periods have been characterized by low interest rates. A prolonged period during which interest rates remain at historically low levels may result in lower-than-expected net investment income and larger required reserves. In addition, certain statutory capital requirements are based on formulas or models that consider interest rates and a prolonged period of low interest rates may increase the statutory capital we are required to hold. 19 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart I ItEm 1A Risk Factors Changes in interest rates may materially adversely affect the performance of some of our investments. Interest rate volatility may increase or reduce unrealized gains or unrealized losses in our portfolios. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. Fixed maturity and short-term investments represented 82% of the fair value of our total investments as of December 31, 2015. the fair market value of the fixed maturity securities in our portfolio and the investment income from these securities fluctuate depending on general economic and market conditions. Because all of our fixed maturity securities are classified as available for sale, changes in the market value of these securities are reflected in our consolidated balance sheets. their fair market value generally increases or decreases in an inverse relationship with fluctuations in interest rates, while net investment income from fixed maturity investments increases or decreases directly with interest rates. In addition, actual net investment income and cash flows from investments that carry prepayment risk, such as mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities may differ from those anticipated at the time of investment as a result of interest rate fluctuations. An increase in interest rates will also decrease the net unrealized gains in our current investment portfolio. We employ asset/liability management strategies to manage the adverse effects of interest rate volatility and the likelihood that cash flows are unavailable to pay claims as they become due. Our asset/liability management strategies do not completely eliminate the adverse effects of interest rate volatility, and significant fluctuations in the level of interest rates may require us to liquidate investments prior to maturity at a significant loss to pay claims and policyholder benefits. this could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our preneed insurance policies are generally whole life insurance policies with increasing death benefits. In extended periods of declining interest rates or rising inflation, there may be compression in the spread between the death benefit growth rates on these policies and the investment income that we can earn, resulting in a negative spread. As a result, declining interest rates or high inflation rates may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our overall financial condition. See “Item 7A — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About market Risk — Inflation Risk” for additional information. Assurant Employee Benefits calculates reserves for long- term disability and life waiver of premium claims using net present value calculations based on interest rates at the time reserves are established and expectations regarding future interest rates. Waiver of premium refers to a provision in a life insurance policy pursuant to which an insured with a disability that lasts for a specified period no longer has to pay premiums for the duration of the disability or for a stated period, during which time the life insurance coverage continues. If interest rates decline, reserves for open and new claims in Assurant Employee Benefits may need to be 20 calculated using lower discount rates, thereby increasing the net present value of those claims and the required reserves. Depending on the magnitude of the decline, such changes could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, investment income may be lower than that assumed in setting premium rates. We may be unable to grow our business as we would like if we cannot find suitable acquisition candidates at attractive prices or integrate them effectively. We expect acquisitions and new ventures to play a significant role in the growth of some of our businesses. We may not, however, be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates or new venture opportunities or to finance or complete such transactions on acceptable terms. Additionally, the integration of acquired businesses may result in significant challenges, and we may be unable to accomplish such integration smoothly or successfully. Acquired businesses and new ventures may not provide us with the benefits that we anticipate. Acquisitions entail a number of risks including, among other things, inaccurate assessment of liabilities; difficulties in realizing projected efficiencies; synergies and cost savings; difficulties in integrating systems and personnel; failure to achieve anticipated revenues, earnings or cash flow; an increase in our indebtedness; and a limitation in our ability to access additional capital when needed. Our failure to adequately address these acquisition risks could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our investment portfolio is subject to various risks that may result in realized investment losses. We are subject to credit risk in our investment portfolio, primarily from our investments in corporate bonds, preferred stocks, leveraged loans, municipal bonds, and commercial mortgages. Defaults by third parties in the payment or performance of their obligations could reduce our investment income and realized investment gains or result in the continued recognition of investment losses. the value of our investments may be materially adversely affected by increases in interest rates, downgrades in the corporate bonds included in the portfolio and by other factors that may result in the continued recognition of other-than-temporary impairments. Each of these events may cause us to reduce the carrying value of our investment portfolio. Further, the value of any particular fixed maturity security is subject to impairment based on the creditworthiness of a given issuer. As of December 31, 2015, fixed maturity securities represented 78% of the fair value of our total invested assets. Our fixed maturity portfolio also includes below investment grade securities (rated “BB” or lower by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations). These investments comprise approximately 5% of the fair value of our total investments as of December 31, 2015 and generally ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-Kprovide higher expected returns but present greater risk and can be less liquid than investment grade securities. A significant increase in defaults and impairments on our fixed maturity investment portfolio could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. See “Item 7A — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About market Risk — Credit Risk” for additional information on the composition of our fixed maturity investment portfolio. We currently invest in a small amount of equity securities (approximately 4% of the fair value of our total investments as of December 31, 2015). However, we have had higher percentages in the past and may make more such investments in the future. Investments in equity securities generally provide higher expected total returns but present greater risk to preservation of capital than our fixed maturity investments. If treasury rates or credit spreads were to increase, the Company may have additional realized and unrealized investment losses and increases in other-than-temporary impairments. The determination that a security has incurred an other-than-temporary decline in value requires the judgment of management. Inherently, there are risks and uncertainties involved in making these judgments. Changes in facts, circumstances, or critical assumptions could cause management to conclude that further impairments have occurred. this could lead to additional losses on investments. For further details on net investment losses and other-than- temporary-impairments, please see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. Derivative instruments generally present greater risk than fixed maturity investments or equity investments because of their greater sensitivity to market fluctuations. Since August 1, 2003, we have been using derivative instruments to manage the exposure to inflation risk created by our preneed insurance policies that are tied to the CPI. the protection provided by these derivative instruments begins at higher levels of inflation. However, exposure can still exist due to potential differences in the amount of business and the notional amount of the protection. this could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our commercial mortgage loans and real estate investments subject us to liquidity risk. Our commercial mortgage loans on real estate investments (which represented approximately 9% of the fair value of our total investments as of December 31, 2015) are relatively illiquid. If we require extremely large amounts of cash on short notice, we may have difficulty selling these investments at attractive prices and in a timely manner. The risk parameters of our investment portfolio may not assume an appropriate level of risk, thereby reducing our profitability and diminishing our ability to compete and grow. In pricing our products and services, we incorporate assumptions regarding returns on our investments. Accordingly, Part I ItEm 1A Risk Factors our investment decisions and objectives are a function of the underlying risks and product profiles of each of our operating segments. market conditions may not allow us to invest in assets with sufficiently high returns to meet our pricing assumptions and profit targets over the long term. If, in response, we choose to increase our product prices, our ability to compete and grow may be diminished. Environmental liability exposure may result from our commercial mortgage loan portfolio and real estate investments. Liability under environmental protection laws resulting from our commercial mortgage loan portfolio and real estate investments may weaken our financial strength and reduce our profitability. For more information, please see Item 1, “Business — Regulation — Environmental Regulation.” Unanticipated changes in tax provisions, changes in tax laws or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could materially and adversely affect our results. In accordance with applicable income tax guidance, the Company must determine whether its ability to realize the value of its deferred tax asset is “more likely than not.” Under the income tax guidance, a deferred tax asset should be reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The realization of deferred tax assets depends upon the existence of sufficient taxable income of the same character during the carryback or carryforward periods. In determining the appropriate valuation allowance, management made certain judgments relating to recoverability of deferred tax assets, use of tax loss and tax credit carryforwards, levels of expected future taxable income and available tax planning strategies. the assumptions in making these judgments are updated periodically on the basis of current business conditions affecting the Company and overall economic conditions. These management judgments are therefore subject to change due to factors that include, but are not limited to, changes in our ability to realize sufficient taxable income of the same character in the same jurisdiction or in our ability to execute other tax planning strategies. management will continue to assess and determine the need for, and the amount of, the valuation allowance in subsequent periods. Any change in the valuation allowance could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Changes in tax laws could increase our corporate taxes or reduce our deferred tax assets. Certain proposed changes could have the effect of increasing our effective tax rate by reducing deductions or increasing income inclusions. Conversely, other changes, such as lowering the corporate tax rate, could reduce the value of our deferred tax assets. 21 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart I ItEm 1A Risk Factors Failure to protect our clients’ confidential information and privacy could harm our reputation, cause us to lose customers, reduce our profitability and subject us to fines, litigation and penalties, and the costs of compliance with privacy and security laws could adversely affect our business. Our businesses are subject to a variety of privacy regulations and confidentiality obligations. If we do not comply with state and federal privacy and security laws and regulations, or contractual provisions, requiring us to protect confidential information and provide notice to individuals whose information is improperly disclosed, we could experience adverse consequences, including loss of customers and related revenue, regulatory problems (including fines and penalties), harm to our reputation and civil litigation, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. As have other entities in the insurance industry, we have incurred and will continue to incur substantial costs in complying with the requirements of applicable privacy and security laws. For more information on the privacy and security laws that apply to us, please see Item 1, “Business — Regulation.” The failure to effectively maintain and modernize our information systems could adversely affect our business. Our business is dependent upon our ability to maintain the effectiveness of existing technology systems, enhance technology to support the Company’s business in an efficient and cost-effective manner, and keep current with technological advances, evolving industry and regulatory standards and customer needs. In addition, our ability to keep our systems integrated with those of our clients is critical to the success of our business. If we do not effectively maintain our systems and update them to address technological advancements, our relationships and ability to do business with our clients may be adversely affected. We could also experience other adverse consequences, including unfavorable underwriting and reserving decisions, internal control deficiencies and security breaches resulting in loss of data. System development projects may be more costly or time-consuming than anticipated and may not deliver the expected benefits upon completion. Failure to successfully manage outsourcing activities could adversely affect our business. As we continue to improve operating efficiencies across the business, we have outsourced and may outsource selected functions to third parties, including independent contractors. For example, we outsource certain key functions in our mortgage Solutions businesses to certain independent contractors who we believe offer us expertise in this area, as well as scalability and cost effective services. We take steps to monitor and regulate the performance of these independent third parties to whom the Company has outsourced these functions. If these third parties fail to satisfy their obligations to the Company as a result of their performance, changes in their operations, financial condition or other matters beyond our control, 22 the Company’s operations, information, service standards, reputation and data could be compromised. In particular, if we are unable to attract and retain the necessary quality and number of contracts with enough independent contractors, or if changes in law or judicial decisions require such independent contractors to be classified as employees, our mortgage Solutions businesses could be significantly adversely affected. In addition, to the extent the Company outsources selected services or functions to third parties outside the U.S., the Company is exposed to the risks that accompany operations in a foreign jurisdiction, including international economic and political conditions, foreign laws and fluctuations in currency values and, potentially, increased risk of data breaches. For more information on the risks associated with outsourcing to international third parties, please see Item 1A, “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Company — We face risks associated with our international operations.” If third party providers do not perform as anticipated, we may not fully realize the anticipated economic and other benefits of this outsourcing, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. System security risks, data protection breaches and cyber-attacks could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Our information technology systems are vulnerable to threats from computer viruses, natural disasters, unauthorized access, cyber-attack and other similar disruptions. Although we have network security measures in place, experienced computer programmers and hackers may be able to penetrate our network and misappropriate or compromise confidential information, create system disruptions or cause shutdowns. As an insurer, we receive and are required to protect confidential information from customers, vendors and other third parties that may include personal health or financial information. If any disruption or security breach results in a loss or damage to our data, or inappropriate disclosure of our confidential information or that of others, it could damage to our reputation, affect our relationships with our customers and clients, lead to claims against the Company, result in regulatory action and harm our business. In addition, we may be required to incur significant costs to mitigate the damage caused by any security breach or to protect against future damage. Reinsurance may not be available or adequate to protect us against losses, and we are subject to the credit risk of reinsurers. As part of our overall risk and capacity management strategy, we purchase reinsurance for certain risks underwritten by our various operating segments. Although the reinsurer is liable to us for claims properly ceded under the reinsurance arrangements, we remain liable to the insured as the direct insurer on all risks reinsured. Ceded reinsurance arrangements therefore do not eliminate our obligation to pay claims. We are subject to credit risk with respect to our ability to recover amounts due from reinsurers. the inability to collect amounts due from reinsurers could materially adversely affect our results of operations and our financial condition. ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KReinsurance for certain types of catastrophes could become unavailable or prohibitively expensive for some of our businesses. In such a situation, we might also be adversely affected by state regulations that prohibit us from excluding catastrophe exposures or from withdrawing from or increasing premium rates in catastrophe-prone areas. Our reinsurance facilities are generally subject to annual renewal. We may not be able to maintain our current reinsurance facilities and, even where highly desirable or necessary, we may not be able to obtain other reinsurance facilities in adequate amounts and at favorable rates. Inability to obtain reinsurance at favorable rates or at all could cause us to reduce the level of our underwriting commitments, to take more risk, or to incur higher costs. these developments could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Through reinsurance, we have sold businesses that could again become our direct financial and administrative responsibility if the reinsurers become insolvent. In the past, we have sold, and in the future we may sell, businesses through reinsurance ceded to third parties. For example, in 2001 we sold the insurance operations of our Fortis Financial Group (“FFG”) division to the Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. (“the Hartford”) and in 2000 we sold our Long term Care (“LtC”) division to John Hancock Life Insurance Company (“John Hancock”), now a subsidiary of manulife Financial Corporation. most of the assets backing reserves coinsured under these sales are held in trusts or separate accounts. However, if the reinsurers became insolvent, we would be exposed to the risk that the assets in the trusts and/or the separate accounts would be insufficient to support the liabilities that would revert to us. In January 2013, the Hartford sold its Individual Life Operations to Prudential Financial, Inc. (“Prudential”). Included in this transaction are the individual life policies remaining in force that were originally transferred to the Hartford as part of the sale of FFG. the assets backing the reserves coinsured from the Hartford to Prudential continue to be held in trusts or separate accounts, and we are subject to the risk that the trust and/or separate account assets are insufficient to support the liabilities that would revert to us. Although the Hartford remains responsible for the sufficiency of the assets backing the reserves, we face risks related to any administrative system changes Prudential implements in administering the business. the A.m. Best ratings of the Hartford and John Hancock are currently A- and A+, respectively. A.m. Best currently maintains a stable outlook on both the Hartford’s and John Hancock’s financial strength ratings. We also face the risk of again becoming responsible for administering these businesses in the event of reinsurer insolvency. We do not currently have the administrative systems and capabilities to process these businesses. Accordingly, we would need to obtain those capabilities in the event of an Part I ItEm 1A Risk Factors insolvency of one or more of the reinsurers. We might be forced to obtain such capabilities on unfavorable terms with a resulting material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, third parties to whom we have sold businesses in the past may in turn sell these businesses to other third parties, and we could face risks related to the new administrative systems and capabilities of these third parties in administering these businesses. For more information on these arrangements, including the reinsurance recoverables and risk mitigation mechanisms used, please see “Item 7A — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About market Risks — Credit Risk.” Due to the structure of our commission program, we are exposed to risks related to the creditworthiness and reporting systems of some of our agents, third party administrations and clients in Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property. We are subject to the credit risk of some of the clients and agents with which we contract in Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property. For example, we advance agents’ commissions as part of our preneed insurance product offerings. these advances are a percentage of the total face amount of coverage. there is a one-year payback provision against the agency if death or lapse occurs within the first policy year. If SCI, which receives the largest shares of such agent commissions, were unable to fulfill its payback obligations, this could have an adverse effect on our operations and financial condition. In addition, some of our clients, third party administrators and agents collect and report premiums or pay claims on our behalf. These parties’ failure to remit all premiums collected or to pay claims on our behalf on a timely and accurate basis could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. The inability of our subsidiaries to pay sufficient dividends to the holding company could prevent us from meeting our obligations and paying future stockholder dividends. As a holding company whose principal assets are the capital stock of our subsidiaries, Assurant, Inc. relies primarily on dividends and other statutorily permissible payments from our subsidiaries to meet our obligations for payment of interest and principal on outstanding debt obligations, to repurchase shares, to acquire new businesses and to pay dividends to stockholders and corporate expenses. the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends and to make such other payments depends on their statutory surplus, future statutory earnings, rating agency requirements and regulatory restrictions. Except to the extent that Assurant, Inc. is a creditor with recognized claims against our subsidiaries, claims of the subsidiaries’ creditors, including policyholders, have priority over creditors’ claims with respect to the assets and earnings of the subsidiaries. If any of our subsidiaries should become insolvent, liquidate or otherwise reorganize, 23 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart I ItEm 1A Risk Factors our creditors and stockholders will have no right to proceed against their assets or to cause the liquidation, bankruptcy or winding-up of the subsidiary under applicable liquidation, bankruptcy or winding-up laws. the applicable insurance laws of the jurisdiction where each of our insurance subsidiaries is domiciled would govern any proceedings relating to that subsidiary, and the insurance authority of that jurisdiction would act as a liquidator or rehabilitator for the subsidiary. Both creditors and policyholders of the subsidiary would be entitled to payment in full from the subsidiary’s assets before Assurant, Inc., as a stockholder, would be entitled to receive any distribution from the subsidiary. the payment of dividends by any of our regulated domestic insurance company subsidiaries in excess of specified amounts (i.e., extraordinary dividends) must be approved by the subsidiary’s domiciliary state department of insurance. Ordinary dividends, for which no regulatory approval is generally required, are limited to amounts determined by a formula, which varies by state. the formula for the majority of the states in which our subsidiaries are domiciled is based on the prior year’s statutory net income or 10% of the statutory surplus as of the end of the prior year. Some states limit ordinary dividends to the greater of these two amounts, others limit them to the lesser of these two amounts and some states exclude prior year realized capital gains from prior year net income in determining ordinary dividend capacity. Some states have an additional stipulation that dividends may only be paid out of earned surplus. If insurance regulators determine that payment of an ordinary dividend or any other payments by our insurance subsidiaries to us (such as payments under a tax sharing agreement or payments for employee or other services) would be adverse to policyholders or creditors, they may block such payments that would otherwise be permitted without prior approval. Future regulatory actions could further restrict the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends. For more information on the maximum amount our subsidiaries could pay us in 2016 without regulatory approval, see “Item 5 — market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities — Dividend Policy.” Assurant, Inc.’s credit facilities also contain limitations on our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders if we are in default or such dividend payments would cause us to be in default of our obligations under the credit facilities. Any additional material restrictions on the ability of insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends could adversely affect Assurant, Inc.’s ability to pay any dividends on our common stock and/or service our debt and pay our other corporate expenses. The success of our business strategy depends on the continuing service of key executives and the members of our senior management team, and any failure to adequately provide for the succession of senior management and other key executives could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Our business and results of operations could be adversely affected if we fail to adequately plan for and successfully carry out the succession of our senior management and other key executives. Risks Related to Our Industry We are subject to extensive laws and regulations, which increase our costs and could restrict the conduct of our business. Our insurance and other subsidiaries are subject to extensive regulation and supervision in the jurisdictions in which they do business. Such regulation is generally designed to protect the interests of policyholders or other customers. To that end, the laws of the various states and other jurisdictions establish insurance departments and other regulatory bodies with broad powers over, among other things: licensing and authorizing the transaction of business; capital, surplus and dividends; underwriting limitations; companies’ ability to enter and exit markets; statutory accounting and other disclosure requirements; policy forms; coverage; companies’ ability to provide, terminate or cancel certain coverages; premium rates, including regulatory ability to disapprove or reduce the premium rates companies may charge; trade and claims practices; certain transactions between affiliates; content of disclosures to consumers; type, amount and valuation of investments; assessments or other surcharges for guaranty funds and companies’ ability to recover assessments through premium increases; and market conduct and sales practices. For a discussion of various laws and regulations affecting our business, please see Item 1, “Business — Regulation.” If regulatory requirements impede our ability to conduct certain operations, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In addition, we may be unable to maintain all required licenses and approvals and our business may not fully comply with the wide variety of applicable laws and regulations or the relevant regulators’ interpretation of these laws and regulations. In such events, the insurance regulatory authorities could preclude us from operating, limit some or all of our activities, or fine us. Such actions could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. 24 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KOur business is subject to risks related to litigation and regulatory actions. From time to time, we may be subject to a variety of legal and regulatory actions relating to our current and past business operations, including, but not limited to: ••industry-wide investigations regarding business practices including, but not limited to, the use of the marketing of certain types of insurance policies or certificates of insurance; ••actions by regulatory authorities that may restrict our ability to increase or maintain our premium rates, require us to reduce premium rates, imposes fines or penalties and result in other expenses; ••market conduct examinations, for which we are required to pay the expenses of the regulator as well as our own expenses, and which may result in fines, penalties, or other adverse consequences; ••disputes regarding our lender-placed insurance products including those relating to rates, agent compensation, consumer disclosure, continuous coverage requirements, loan tracking services and other services that we provide to mortgage servicers; ••disputes over coverage or claims adjudication; ••disputes over our treatment of claims, in which states or insureds may allege that we failed to make required payments or to meet prescribed deadlines for adjudicating claims; ••disputes regarding sales practices, disclosures, premium refunds, licensing, regulatory compliance, underwriting and compensation arrangements; ••disputes with agents, brokers or network providers over compensation and termination of contracts and related claims; ••disputes alleging bundling of credit insurance and warranty products with other products provided by financial institutions; ••disputes with tax and insurance authorities regarding our tax liabilities; ••disputes relating to customers’ claims that the customer was not aware of the full cost or existence of the insurance or limitations on insurance coverage. Further, actions by certain regulators may cause changes to the structure of the lender—placed insurance industry, including the arrangements under which we issue insurance and track coverage on mortgaged properties. these changes could materially adversely affect the results of operations of Assurant Specialty Property and the results of operations and financial condition of the Company. See Item 1, “Business — Regulation” and Item 7, “management’s Discussion and Analysis — Results of Operations — Assurant Specialty Property — Regulatory matters.” In addition, the Company is involved in a variety of litigation relating to its current and past business operations and may from time to time become involved in other such actions. In particular, the Company is a defendant in class actions in a number of jurisdictions regarding its lender-placed insurance programs. these cases allege a variety of claims under a number of legal theories. the plaintiffs seek premium refunds and other relief. The Company continues to defend Part I ItEm 1A Risk Factors itself vigorously in these class actions and, as appropriate, to enter into settlements. We participate in settlements on terms that we consider reasonable in light of the strength of our defenses; however, the results of any pending or future litigation and regulatory proceedings are inherently unpredictable and involve significant uncertainty. Unfavorable outcomes in litigation or regulatory proceedings, or significant problems in our relationships with regulators, could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, our reputation, our ratings, and our ability to continue to do business. they could also expose us to further investigations or litigation. In addition, certain of our clients in the mortgage and credit card and banking industries are the subject of various regulatory investigations and litigation regarding mortgage lending practices, credit insurance, debt-deferment and debt cancellation products, and the sale of ancillary products, which could indirectly affect our businesses. Our business is subject to risks related to reductions in the insurance premium rates we charge. the premiums we charge are subject to review by regulators. If they consider our loss ratios to be too low, they could require us to reduce our rates. Significant rate reductions could materially reduce our profitability. Lender-placed insurance products accounted for approximately 73% and 71% of Assurant Specialty Property’s net earned premiums for the twelve months ended December 2015 and 2014, respectively. the approximate corresponding contributions to segment net income in these periods were 78% and 73%. the portion of total segment net income attributable to lender-placed products may vary substantially over time depending on the frequency, severity and location of catastrophic losses, the cost of catastrophe reinsurance and reinstatement coverage, the variability of claim processing costs and client acquisition costs, and other factors. In addition, we expect placement rates for these products to decline. the Company files rates with the state departments of insurance in the ordinary course of business. In addition to this routine correspondence, from time to time the Company engages in discussions and proceedings with certain state regulators regarding our lender-placed insurance business. the results of such reviews may vary. As previously disclosed, the Company has reached agreements with the New York Department of Financial Services (the “NYDFS”), the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (the “FOIR”) and the California Department of Insurance regarding the Company’s lender- placed insurance business in those states. It is possible that other state departments of insurance and regulatory authorities may choose to initiate or continue to review the appropriateness of the Company’s premium rates for its lender-placed insurance products. If, in the aggregate, further reviews by state departments of insurance lead to significant decreases in premium rates for the Company’s lender-placed insurance products, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected. 25 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart I ItEm 1A Risk Factors Changes in regulation may reduce our profitability and limit our growth. Legislation or other regulatory reform that increases the regulatory requirements imposed on us or that changes the way we are able to do business may significantly harm our business or results of operations in the future. If we were unable for any reason to comply with these requirements, it could result in substantial costs to us and may materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, new interpretations of existing laws, or new judicial decisions affecting the insurance industry, could adversely affect our business. Legislative or regulatory changes that could significantly harm our subsidiaries and us include, but are not limited to: ••imposed reductions on premium levels, limitations on the ability to raise premiums on existing policies, or new minimum loss ratios; ••increases in minimum capital, reserves and other financial viability requirements; ••enhanced or new regulatory requirements intended to prevent future financial crises or to otherwise ensure the stability of institutions; ••new licensing requirements; ••restrictions on the ability to offer certain types of insurance products or service contracts; ••prohibitions or limitations on provider financial incentives and provider risk-sharing arrangements; ••more stringent standards of review for claims denials or coverage determinations; ••new benefit mandates; ••increased regulation relating to lender-placed insurance; ••limitations on the ability to manage health care and utilization due to direct access laws that allow insureds to seek services directly from specialty medical providers without referral by a primary care provider; ••new or enhanced regulatory requirements that require insurers to pay claims on terms other than those mandated by underlying policy contracts; and ••restriction of solicitation of insurance consumers by funeral board laws for prefunded funeral insurance coverage. In recent years, significant attention has been focused on the procedures that life insurers follow to identify unreported death claims. In November 2011, the National Conference of Insurance Legislators (“NCOIL”) proposed a model rule that would govern unclaimed property policies for insurers and mandate the use of the U.S. Social Security Administration’s Death Master File (the “Death Master File”) to identify deceased policyholders and beneficiaries. Certain state insurance regulators have also focused on this issue. For example, the NYDFS issued a letter requiring life insurers doing business in New York to use data from the Death 26 master File to search proactively for deceased policyholders and to pay claims without the receipt of a valid claim by or on behalf of a beneficiary. the Company evaluated the impact of the NCOIL model rule and established reserves for additional claim liabilities in certain of its businesses. It is possible that existing reserves may be inadequate and need to be increased and/or that the Company may be required to establish reserves for businesses the Company does not currently believe are subject to the NCOIL model rule or any similar regulatory requirement. In addition, it is possible that these regulators or regulators in other states may adopt regulations similar to the NCOIL model rule or to the requirements imposed by the NYDFS. In addition, regulators in certain states have hired third party auditors to audit the unclaimed property records of insurance companies operating in those states. Among other companies, the Company is currently subject to these audits in a number of states and has been responding to information requests from these auditors. Proposals are currently pending to amend state insurance holding company laws to increase the scope of insurance holding company regulation. these include the NAIC “Solvency modernization Initiative,” which focuses on capital requirements, and the Solvency II Directive, which became effective in January 2016. the Solvency II Directive reforms the insurance industry’s solvency framework, including, among other items, minimum capital and solvency requirements. Various state and federal regulatory authorities have taken actions with respect to our lender-placed insurance business. On January 16, 2015, at the request of the Indiana Department of Insurance, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (the “NAIC”) authorized an industry-wide multistate targeted market conduct examination focusing on lender placed insurance. Several insurance companies, including American Security Insurance Company, are subject to the examination. At present, 43 jurisdictions are participating. During the course of 2015, the Company has cooperated in responding to requests for information and documents and has engaged in various communications with the examiners. the examination continues and no final report has been issued. We cannot predict the full effect of these or any other regulatory initiatives on the Company at this time, but they could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Reform of the health insurance industry could materially reduce the profitability of certain of our businesses or render them unprofitable. Although the Assurant Health business is in run-off, some provisions of the Affordable Care Act continue to apply to us. As a result, although Assurant Health has made, and continues to make, significant changes to its operations and products to adapt to the new environment consistent with the wind-down, this business continues to experience losses, which we have been and may continue to be unable to limit to the extent we would like through the completion of the wind-down. ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KIn addition, the results of our health insurance operations are heavily dependent on the ongoing implementation of the reinsurance, risk adjustment and risk corridors programs under the Affordable Care Act. These programs may not be effective in appropriately mitigating any adverse effects of the Affordable Care Act on the Company. Furthermore, the reinsurance and risk corridor programs may not be adequately funded by the United States Congress from time to time. Consequently, it may be difficult, in some circumstances, to capture, determine and deliver amounts payable to or receivable by us under these programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. the Affordable Care Act and related reforms have made and will continue to make sweeping and fundamental changes to the U.S. health care system. For more information on the Affordable Care Act and its impact on our Assurant Health and Assurant Employee Benefits segments, please see Item 1, “Business — Regulation — Federal Regulation — Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.” Among other requirements, the Affordable Care Act requires that Assurant Health rebate to consumers the difference between its actual loss ratios and required minimum medical loss ratios (by state and legal entity) for certain products. Please see “Item 7 — management’s Discussion & Analysis — Critical Accounting Estimates — Health Insurance Premium Rebate Liability” for more information about the minimum medical loss ratio and the Company’s rebate estimate calculations. In addition, the Affordable Care Act imposes limitations on the deductibility of compensation and certain other payments. In addition, some uncertainty remains surrounding the mechanics of inclusion of pediatric dental coverage in the package of essential health benefits; unfavorable resolution of this uncertainty could decrease revenues in our Assurant Employee Benefits business. Part I ItEm 1A Risk Factors The insurance and related businesses in which we operate may be subject to periodic negative publicity, which may negatively affect our financial results. We communicate with and distribute our products and services ultimately to individual consumers. there may be a perception that some of these purchasers may be unsophisticated and in need of consumer protection. Accordingly, from time to time, consumer advocacy groups or the media may focus attention on our products and services, thereby subjecting us to negative publicity. We may also be negatively affected if another company in one of our industries or in a related industry engages in practices resulting in increased public attention to our businesses. Negative publicity may also result from judicial inquiries, unfavorable outcomes in lawsuits, or regulatory or governmental action with respect to our products, services and industry commercial practices. Negative publicity may cause increased regulation and legislative scrutiny of industry practices as well as increased litigation or enforcement action by civil and criminal authorities. Additionally, negative publicity may increase our costs of doing business and adversely affect our profitability by impeding our ability to market our products and services, constraining our ability to price our products appropriately for the risks we are assuming, requiring us to change the products and services we offer, or increasing the regulatory burdens under which we operate. The insurance industry can be cyclical, which may affect our results. Certain lines of insurance that we write can be cyclical. Although no two cycles are the same, insurance industry cycles have typically lasted for periods ranging from two to ten years. In addition, the upheaval in the global economy in recent years has been much more widespread and has affected all the businesses in which we operate. We expect to see continued cyclicality in some or all of our businesses in the future, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Risks Related to Our Common Stock Given the recent economic climate, our stock may be subject to stock price and trading volume volatility. The price of our common stock could fluctuate or decline significantly and you could lose all or part of your investment. In recent years, the stock markets have experienced significant price and trading volume volatility. Company-specific issues and market developments generally in the insurance industry and in the regulatory environment may have caused this volatility. Our stock price could materially fluctuate or decrease in response to a number of events and factors, including but not limited to: quarterly variations in operating results; operating and stock price performance of comparable companies; changes in our financial strength ratings; limitations on premium levels or the ability to maintain or raise premiums on existing policies; regulatory developments and negative publicity relating to us or our competitors. In addition, broad market and industry fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the trading price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. 27 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart I ItEm 1A Risk Factors Applicable laws, our certificate of incorporation and by-laws, and contract provisions may discourage takeovers and business combinations that some stockholders might consider to be in their best interests. State laws and our certificate of incorporation and by-laws may delay, defer, prevent or render more difficult a takeover attempt that our stockholders might consider in their best interests. For example, Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware may limit the ability of an “interested stockholder” to engage in business combinations with us. An interested stockholder is defined to include persons owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock. these provisions may also make it difficult for stockholders to replace or remove our directors, facilitating director enhancement that may delay, defer or prevent a change in control. Such provisions may prevent our stockholders from receiving the benefit from any premium to the market price of our common stock offered by a bidder in a takeover context. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock if they are viewed as discouraging future takeover attempts. Our certificate of incorporation or by-laws also contain provisions that permit our Board of Directors to issue one or more series of preferred stock, prohibit stockholders from filling vacancies on our Board of Directors, prohibit stockholders from calling special meetings of stockholders and from taking action by written consent, and impose advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and nominations of directors to be considered at stockholder meetings. Additionally, applicable state insurance laws may require prior approval of an application to acquire control of a domestic insurer. State statutes generally provide that control over a domestic insurer is presumed to exist when any person directly or indirectly owns, controls, has voting power over, or holds proxies representing, 10% or more of the domestic insurer’s voting securities. However, the State of Florida, in which some of our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled, sets this threshold at 5%. Because a person acquiring 5% or more of our common stock would indirectly control the same percentage of the stock of our Florida subsidiaries, the insurance change of control laws of Florida would apply to such transaction and at 10% the laws of many other states would likely apply to such a transaction. Prior to granting such approval, a state insurance commissioner will typically consider such factors as the financial strength of the applicant, the integrity of the applicant’s board of directors and executive officers, the applicant’s plans for the future operations of the domestic insurer and any anti-competitive results that may arise from the consummation of the acquisition of control. We may also, under some circumstances involving a change of control, be obligated to repay our outstanding indebtedness under our revolving credit facility and other agreements. We or any possible acquirer may not have available financial resources necessary to repay such indebtedness in those circumstances, which may constitute an event of default resulting in acceleration of indebtedness and potential cross-default under other agreements. the threat of this could have the effect of delaying or preventing transactions involving a change of control, including transactions in which our stockholders would receive a substantial premium for their shares over then-current market prices, or which they otherwise may deem to be in their best interests. 28 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KItEm 1B Unresolved Staff Comments None. Part I ItEm 4 Mine Safety Disclosures ItEm 2 Properties We own eight properties, including five buildings whose locations serve as headquarters for our operating segments, two buildings that serve as operation centers for Assurant Specialty Property and one building that serves as a claims training center for Assurant Specialty Property. Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property share headquarters buildings located in miami, Florida and Atlanta, Georgia. Assurant Specialty Property has operations centers located in Florence, South Carolina and Springfield, Ohio. Assurant Solutions’ preneed business also has a headquarters building in Rapid City, South Dakota. Assurant Employee Benefits has a headquarters building in Kansas City, missouri. Assurant Health has a headquarters building in milwaukee, Wisconsin. We lease office space for various offices and service centers located throughout the U.S. and internationally, including our New York, New York corporate office and our data center in Woodbury, minnesota. Our leases have terms ranging from month-to-month to fifteen years. We believe that our owned and leased properties are adequate for our current business operations. ItEm 3 Legal Proceedings the Company is involved in litigation in the ordinary course of business, both as a defendant and as a plaintiff and may from time to time be subject to a variety of legal and regulatory actions relating to our current and past business operations. See Note 25 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of certain matters, which description is incorporated herein by reference. Although the Company cannot predict the outcome of any litigation, regulatory examinations or investigations, it is possible that the outcome of such matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or cash flows for an individual reporting period. However, based on currently available information, management does not believe that any pending matter is likely to have a material adverse effect, individually or in the aggregate, on the Company’s financial condition. ItEm 4 Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 29 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II PART II ITEM 5 Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Stock Performance Graph The following chart compares the total stockholder returns (stock price increase plus dividends paid) on our common stock from December 31, 2010 through December 31, 2015 with the total stockholder returns for the S&P 400 MidCap Index and the S&P 500 Index, as the broad equity market indexes, and the S&P 400 Multi-line Insurance Index and the S&P 500 Multi-line Insurance Index, as the published industry indexes. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in the common stock and each index was $100 on December 31, 2010 and that all dividends were reinvested. Comparison of Cumulative Total Return $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 12/31/10 12/31/11 12/31/12 12/31/13 12/31/14 12/31/15 Assurant, Inc. S&P 500 Index S&P 400 MidCap Index S&P 500 Multi-line Insurance Index* S&P 400 Multi-line Insurance Index* TOTAL VALUES/RETURN TO STOCKHOLDERS (Includes reinvestment of dividends) Company / Index Assurant, Inc. S&P 500 Index S&P 400 MidCap Index S&P 500 Multi-line Insurance Index* S&P 400 Multi-line Insurance Index* Base Period 12/31/10 100 100 100 100 100 12/31/11 108.58 102.11 98.27 72.91 108.58 Indexed Values Years Ending 12/31/13 182.88 156.82 154.64 136.63 179.93 12/31/12 93.86 118.45 115.83 92.38 130.19 12/31/14 191.56 178.29 169.74 143.14 196.79 12/31/15 229.73 180.75 166.05 153.51 244.95 30 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 5 Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Annual Return Percentage Years Ending Company / Index Assurant, Inc. S&P 500 Index S&P 400 MidCap Index S&P 500 Multi-line Insurance Index* S&P 400 Multi-line Insurance Index* * 12/31/15 19.93 1.38 (2.18) 7.24 24.47 S&P 400 Multi-line Insurance Index is comprised of mid-cap companies, while the S&P 500 Multi-line Insurance Index is comprised of large-cap companies. 12/31/11 8.58 2.11 (1.73) (27.09) 8.58 12/31/12 (13.56) 16.00 17.88 26.70 19.90 12/31/14 4.75 13.69 9.77 4.77 9.37 12/31/13 94.85 32.39 33.50 47.90 38.21 Common Stock Price Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “AIZ.” The following table sets forth the high and low intraday sales prices per share of our common stock as reported by the NYSE for the periods indicated. Year Ended December 31, 2015 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Year Ended December 31, 2014 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Holders $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ High 67.77 $ 68.87 $ 79.60 $ 86.81 $ High 68.70 $ 69.39 $ 66.84 $ 69.52 $ Low 60.22 $ 59.86 $ 68.14 $ 78.25 $ Low 63.60 $ 44.98 $ 63.36 $ 60.81 $ Dividends 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.50 Dividends 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.27 On February 10, 2016, there were approximately 204 registered holders of record of our common stock. The closing price of our common stock on the NYSE on February 10, 2016 was $66.23. Please see Item 12 of this report for information about securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans. Shares Repurchased $ $ Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Repurchased Under the Programs(1) Period in 2015 452,018 $ January 1 – January 31 444,691 February 1 – February 28 405,035 March 1 – March 31 405,035 Total first quarter 365,878 April 1 – April 30 335,257 May 1 – May 31 302,841 June 1 – June 30 302,841 Total second quarter 281,284 July 1 – July 31 276,317 August 1 – August 31 1,026,317 September 1 – September 30 1,026,317 Total third quarter 952,103 October 1 – October 31 952,103 November 1 – November 30 952,103 December 1 – December 31 952,103 Total fourth quarter 952,103 TOTAL THROUGH DECEMBER 31 (1) Shares purchased pursuant to the November 15, 2013 publicly announced share repurchase authorization of up to $600,000 of outstanding common stock, Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs(1) 529,100 120,000 645,000 1,294,100 640,000 472,000 482,586 1,594,586 303,807 67,436 — 371,243 924,960 — — 924,960 4,184,889 Average Price Paid Per Share 65.51 61.07 61.50 63.10 61.20 64.89 67.19 64.11 70.98 73.67 — 71.47 80.26 — — 80.26 68.02 Total Number of Shares Purchased 529,100 120,000 645,000 1,294,100 640,000 472,000 482,586 1,594,586 303,807 67,436 — 371,243 924,960 — — 924,960 4,184,889 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ which was increased by an authorization on September 9, 2015 for the repurchase of up to an additional $750,000 of outstanding common stock. 31 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 6 Selected Financial Data Dividend Policy On January 15, 2016, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.50 per common share payable on March 14, 2016 to stockholders of record as of February 29, 2016. We paid dividends of $0.50 per common share on December 14, 2015, $0.30 on September 15, 2015 and June 9, 2015, and $0.27 on March 9, 2015. We paid dividends of $0.27 per common share on December 15, 2014, September 9, 2014 and June 10, 2014, and $0.25 per common share on March 10, 2014. Any determination to pay future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon: our subsidiaries’ payment of dividends and/or other statutorily permissible payments to us; our results of operations and cash flows; our financial position and capital requirements; general business conditions; any legal, tax, regulatory and contractual restrictions on the payment of dividends; and any other factors our Board of Directors deems relevant. Assurant, Inc. is a holding company and, therefore, its ability to pay dividends, service its debt and meet its other obligations depends primarily on the ability of its regulated U.S. domiciled insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends and make other statutorily permissible payments to the holding company. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to significant regulatory and contractual restrictions limiting their ability to declare and pay dividends. See “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Company—The inability of our subsidiaries to pay sufficient dividends to the holding company could prevent us from meeting our obligations and paying future stockholder dividends.” For the calendar year 2016, the maximum amount of dividends our regulated U.S. domiciled insurance subsidiaries could pay us, under applicable laws and regulations without prior regulatory approval, is approximately $564,000. Dividends or returns of capital paid by our subsidiaries, net of infusions and excluding amounts received from dispositions and amounts used for acquisitions, totaled $174,579 in 2015. We may seek approval of regulators to pay dividends in excess of any amounts that would be permitted without such approval. However, there can be no assurance that we would obtain such approval if sought. Payments of dividends on shares of common stock are subject to the preferential rights of preferred stock that our Board of Directors may create from time to time. There is no preferred stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2015. For more information regarding restrictions on the payment of dividends by us and our insurance subsidiaries, including those pursuant to the terms of our revolving credit facilities, see “Item 7— Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.” In addition, our $400,000 revolving credit facility restricts payments of dividends if an event of default under the facility has occurred or if a proposed dividend payment would cause an event of default under the facility. ITEM 6 Selected Financial Data ASSURANT, INC. FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY OF SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA Consolidated Statement of Operations Data: Revenues Net earned premiums Net investment income Net realized gains on investments(1) Amortization of deferred gain on disposal of businesses Fees and other income As of and for the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 $ 8,350,997 $ 626,217 31,826 8,632,142 $ 656,429 60,783 7,759,796 $ 650,296 34,525 7,236,984 $ 713,128 64,353 7,125,368 689,532 32,580 12,988 1,303,466 (1,506) 1,033,805 16,310 586,730 18,413 475,392 20,461 404,863 Total revenues 10,325,494 10,381,653 9,047,657 8,508,270 8,272,804 Benefits, losses and expenses Policyholder benefits(2) Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and value of businesses acquired Underwriting, general and administrative expenses Interest expense Total benefits, losses and expenses Income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes(3) NET INCOME 4,742,535 4,405,333 3,675,532 3,655,404 3,749,734 1,402,573 3,924,089 55,116 10,124,313 201,181 59,626 141,555 $ 1,485,558 3,688,230 58,395 9,637,516 744,137 273,230 470,907 $ $ 1,470,287 3,034,404 77,735 8,257,958 789,699 300,792 488,907 $ 1,403,215 2,631,594 60,306 7,750,519 757,751 274,046 483,705 $ 1,327,788 2,428,795 60,360 7,566,677 706,127 167,171 538,956 32 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Earnings per share: Basic Diluted As of and for the years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 $ $ 2.08 $ 2.05 $ 6.52 $ 6.44 $ 6.38 $ 6.30 $ 5.74 $ 5.67 $ 5.58 5.51 $ 0.70 1.37 $ 0.96 $ 0.81 $ 1.06 $ 68,163,825 853,384 72,181,447 970,563 DIVIDENDS PER SHARE Share data: Weighted average shares outstanding used in basic per share calculations Plus: Dilutive securities WEIGHTED AVERAGE SHARES USED IN DILUTED PER SHARE CALCULATIONS Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash and cash equivalents and investments Total assets Policy liabilities(4) Debt Total stockholders’ equity Per share data: Total book value per basic share(5) 54.31 67.92 $ (1) Included in net realized gains are other-than-temporary impairments of $5,024, $30, $4,387, $1,843 and $7,836 for 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, and $ 14,283,077 $ 15,450,108 $ 15,961,199 $ 15,885,722 $ $ 30,043,128 $ 31,562,466 $ 29,714,689 $ 28,946,607 $ $ 19,787,133 $ 19,711,953 $ 18,698,615 $ 18,666,355 $ 972,399 $ $ 5,185,366 $ $ 15,192,878 27,019,862 17,278,342 972,278 4,873,950 76,648,688 1,006,076 84,276,427 1,030,638 1,171,079 $ 5,181,307 $ 1,638,118 $ 4,833,479 $ 1,171,382 $ 4,523,967 $ 96,626,306 1,169,003 73,152,010 69,017,209 85,307,065 77,654,764 97,795,309 73.73 $ 64.93 $ 66.23 $ $ 2011, respectively. (2) 2015 includes higher loss experience and adverse claim development on 2015 individual major medical policies. During 2012, we incurred losses of $250,206, net of reinsurance, mainly associated with Superstorm Sandy. During 2011, we incurred losses of $157,645 associated with Hurricane Irene, Tropical Storm Lee, wildfires in Texas and severe storms, including tornadoes in the southeast. Reportable catastrophe losses include only individual catastrophic events that generated losses to the Company in excess of $5,000, pre-tax and net of reinsurance. (3) During 2011, we had an $80,000 release of a capital loss valuation allowance related to deferred tax assets. (4) Policy liabilities include future policy benefits and expenses, unearned premiums and claims and benefits payable. (5) Total stockholders’ equity divided by the basic shares outstanding for book value per basic share calculation. At December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, and 2011 there were 66,606,258, 70,276,896, 72,982,023, 79,866,858, and 89,743,761 shares, respectively, outstanding. ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes which appear elsewhere in this report. It contains forward- looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this report, particularly under the headings “Item 1A—Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements.” 33 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations General We report our results through five segments: Assurant Solutions, Assurant Specialty Property, Assurant Health, Assurant Employee Benefits, and Corporate and Other. The Corporate and Other segment includes activities of the holding company, financing and interest expenses, net realized gains (losses) on investments and investment income earned from short-term investments held. The Corporate and Other segment also includes the amortization of deferred gains associated with the sales of FFG and LTC, through reinsurance agreements as described below. Executive Summary The following discussion covers the twelve months ended December 31, 2015 (“Twelve Months 2015”), twelve months ended December 31, 2014 (“Twelve Months 2014”) and twelve months ended December 31, 2013 (“Twelve Months 2013”). Please see the discussion that follows, for each of these segments, for a more detailed analysis of the fluctuations. Consolidated net income decreased $329,352, or 70%, to $141,555 for Twelve Months 2015 from $470,907 for Twelve Months 2014. The decrease was primarily related to higher loss experience and adverse claims development on 2015 individual major medical policies, a reduction in the 2014 estimated recoveries from the Affordable Care Act risk mitigation programs and $106,389 (after-tax) of exit and disposal costs, including premium deficiency reserve accruals, severance and retention costs, long-lived asset impairments and other costs associated with our exit from the health insurance market. Total revenues decreased $365,948 to $2,543,105 for Twelve Months 2015 from $2,909,053 for Twelve Months 2014. The decrease was primarily due to the divestiture of ARIC, combined with lower lender-placed homeowners insurance net earned premiums. The decline in lender-placed homeowners insurance net earned premiums is primarily due to a decline in placement rates, lower premium rates and previously disclosed loss of client business. These items were partially offset by an increase in fees and other income reflecting contributions from mortgage solutions businesses. Assurant Solutions net income decreased $21,765, or 10%, to $197,183 for Twelve Months 2015 from $218,948 for Twelve Months 2014. The decrease was primarily due to the previously disclosed loss of a domestic mobile tablet program and declining service contract volumes at certain North American retail clients. The Twelve Months 2015 expense ratio increased 620 basis points compared with Twelve Months 2014. The increase was primarily due to lower net earned premiums and higher legal costs related to outstanding matters. In addition, growth in fee-based businesses, which have higher expense ratios than our insurance products, contributed to the increase. Total revenues were relatively flat at $4,178,140 for Twelve Months 2015 compared with $4,179,360 for Twelve Months 2014. Net earned premiums decreased $113,022 primarily due to foreign exchange volatility, the loss of a domestic mobile tablet program and the continued run-off of our credit insurance business. These items were partially offset by growth from our auto warranty business and from a large domestic service contract client. Overall, we expect Assurant Solutions 2016 net income and net earned premiums and fees to increase from Twelve Months 2015 amounts. Results are expected to improve in the second half of 2016 driven by new mobile programs, improved international profitability and additional expense initiatives. Foreign exchange volatility, lower service contract revenue from legacy North American retail clients and continued run- off in credit insurance will impact results. Assurant Specialty Property net income decreased $34,052, or 10%, to $307,705 for Twelve Months 2015 from $341,757 for Twelve Months 2014. The decrease is primarily due to the previously disclosed loss of client business and ongoing normalization in our lender-placed homeowners insurance business, partially offset by more favorable non-catastrophe loss experience and lower catastrophe reinsurance costs. The divestiture of American Reliable Insurance Company (“ARIC”) also contributed to the decrease in net income. For 2016, we expect Assurant Specialty Property net income and net earned premiums to decrease compared with Twelve Months 2015 reflecting the ongoing normalization of lender-placed insurance business partially offset by increased efficiencies, including the implementation of new technology, and other expense savings initiatives. Contributions from multi-family housing and mortgage solutions businesses are expected to partially offset the decline. In addition, catastrophe losses may affect overall results. As previously announced, the Company concluded a comprehensive review of strategic alternatives for its health business and expects to substantially complete the process to exit the health insurance market in 2016. During the remainder of the exit process, we expect to incur up to $50,000 of additional exit-related charges, as well as certain overhead expenses that are excluded from the premium deficiency reserve accrual. In addition, the Company signed a definitive agreement to sell its Assurant Employee Benefits segment to Sun Life. The transaction is expected to close by the end of First Quarter 2016. For more information, see Notes 3 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. 34 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Critical Factors Affecting Results Our results depend on the appropriateness of our product pricing, underwriting and the accuracy of our methodology for the establishment of reserves for future policyholder benefits and claims, returns on and values of invested assets and our ability to manage our expenses. Factors affecting these items, including unemployment, difficult conditions in financial markets and the global economy, may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. For more information on these factors, see “Item 1A—Risk Factors.” Management believes the Company will have sufficient liquidity to satisfy its needs over the next twelve months including the ability to pay interest on our senior notes and dividends on our common stock. For Twelve Months 2015, net cash provided by operating activities, including the effect of exchange rate changes and the reclassification of assets held for sale on cash and cash equivalents, totaled $192,483; net cash provided by investing activities totaled $264,293 and net cash used in financing activities totaled $487,127. We had $1,288,305 in cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2015. Please see “— Liquidity and Capital Resources,” below for further details. Revenues We generate revenues primarily from the sale of our insurance policies and service contracts and from investment income earned on our investments. Sales of insurance policies are recognized in revenue as earned premiums while sales of administrative services are recognized as fee income. Under the universal life insurance guidance, income earned on preneed life insurance policies sold after January 1, 2009 are presented within policy fee income net of policyholder benefits. Under the limited pay insurance guidance, the consideration received on preneed policies sold prior to January 1, 2009 is presented separately as net earned premiums, with policyholder benefits expense being shown separately. Our premium and fee income is supplemented by income earned from our investment portfolio. We recognize revenue from interest payments, dividends and sales of investments. Currently, our investment portfolio is primarily invested in fixed maturity securities. Both investment income and realized capital gains on these investments can be significantly affected by changes in interest rates. Critical Accounting Estimates Interest rate volatility can increase or reduce unrealized gains or losses in our investment portfolios. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. Fluctuations in interest rates affect our returns on, and the market value of, fixed maturity and short-term investments. The fair market value of the fixed maturity securities in our investment portfolio and the investment income from these securities fluctuate depending on general economic and market conditions. The fair market value generally increases or decreases in an inverse relationship with fluctuations in interest rates, while net investment income realized by us from future investments in fixed maturity securities will generally increase or decrease with interest rates. We also have investments that carry pre-payment risk, such as mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. Interest rate fluctuations may cause actual net investment income and/or cash flows from such investments to differ from estimates made at the time of investment. In periods of declining interest rates, mortgage prepayments generally increase and mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage obligations and bonds are more likely to be prepaid or redeemed as borrowers seek to borrow at lower interest rates. Therefore, in these circumstances we may be required to reinvest those funds in lower-interest earning investments. Expenses Our expenses are primarily policyholder benefits, underwriting, general and administrative expenses and interest expense. Policyholder benefits are affected by our claims management programs, reinsurance coverage, contractual terms and conditions, regulatory requirements, economic conditions, and numerous other factors. Benefits paid or reserves required for future benefits could substantially exceed our expectations, causing a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Underwriting, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of commissions, premium taxes, licenses, fees, amortization of deferred costs, general operating expenses and income taxes. We incur interest expense related to our debt. Certain items in our consolidated financial statements are based on estimates and judgment. Differences between actual results and these estimates could in some cases have material impacts on our consolidated financial statements. The following critical accounting policies require significant estimates. The actual amounts realized in these areas could ultimately be materially different from the amounts currently provided for in our consolidated financial statements. 35 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Health Insurance Premium Rebate Liability The Affordable Care Act was signed into law in March 2010. One provision of the Affordable Care Act, effective January 1, 2011, established a minimum medical loss ratio (“MLR”) designed to ensure that a minimum percentage of premiums is paid for clinical services or health care quality improvement activities. The Affordable Care Act established an MLR of 80% for individual and small group business and 85% for large group business. If the actual loss ratios, calculated in a manner prescribed by the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”), are less than the required MLR, premium rebates are payable to the policyholders by August 1 of the subsequent year. The Assurant Health loss ratio reported in “Results of Operations” below (the “GAAP loss ratio”) differs from the loss ratio calculated under the MLR rules. The most significant differences include: the fact that the MLR is calculated separately by state, legal entity and type of coverage (individual or group); the MLR calculation includes credibility adjustments for each state/entity/coverage cell, which are not applicable to the GAAP loss ratio; the MLR calculation applies only to some of our health insurance products, while the GAAP loss ratio applies to the entire portfolio, including products not governed by the Affordable Care Act; the MLR includes quality improvement expenses, taxes and fees; changes in reserves and Affordable Care Act risk mitigation program amounts are treated differently in the MLR calculation; the MLR premium rebate amounts are considered adjustments to premiums for GAAP reporting whereas they are reported as additions to incurred claims in the MLR rebate estimate calculations; and the MLR is calculated using a rolling three years of experience while the GAAP loss ratio represents the current year only. Assurant Health has estimated the 2015 impact of this regulation based on definitions and calculation methodologies outlined in the HHS regulations and guidance. The estimate was based on separate projection models for individual medical and small group business using projections of expected premiums, claims, and enrollment by state, legal entity and market for medical businesses subject to MLR requirements for the MLR reporting year. In addition, the projection models include quality improvement expenses, state assessments, taxes, and estimated impacts of the Affordable Care Act risk mitigation programs (commonly referred to as the “3R’s”). The premium rebate is presented as a reduction of net earned premiums in the consolidated statement of operations and included in unearned premiums in the consolidated balance sheet. Affordable Care Act Risk Mitigation Programs Beginning in 2014, the Affordable Care Act introduced new and significant premium stabilization programs. These programs, discussed in further detail below, are meant to mitigate the potential adverse impact to individual health insurers as a result of Affordable Care Act provisions that became effective January 1, 2014. A three-year (2014-2016) reinsurance program provides reimbursement to insurers for high cost individual business sold on or off the public marketplaces. The reinsurance entity established by HHS is funded by a per-member reinsurance fee assessed on all commercial medical plans, including self-insured group health plans. Only Affordable Care Act individual plans are eligible for recoveries if claims exceed a specified threshold, up to a reinsurance cap. Reinsurance contributions associated with Affordable Care Act individual plans are reported as a reduction in net earned premiums in the consolidated statements of operations, and estimated reinsurance recoveries are established as reinsurance recoverables in the consolidated balance sheets with an offsetting reduction in policyholder benefits in the consolidated statement of operations. Reinsurance fee contributions for non-Affordable Care Act business are reported in underwriting, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. A permanent risk adjustment program transfers funds from insurers with lower risk populations to insurers with higher risk populations based on the relative risk scores of participants in Affordable Care Act plans in the individual and small group markets, both on and off the public marketplaces. Based on the risk of its members compared to the total risk of all members in the same state and market, considering data obtained from industry studies, the Company estimates its year-to-date risk adjustment transfer amount. The Company records a risk adjustment transfer receivable (payable) in premiums and accounts receivable (unearned premium) in the consolidated balance sheets, with an offsetting adjustment to net earned premiums in the consolidated statements of operations when the amounts are reasonably estimable and collection is reasonably assured. A three-year (2014-2016) risk corridor program limits insurer gains and losses by comparing allowable medical costs to a target amount as defined by HHS. This program applies to a subset of Affordable Care Act eligible individual and small group products certified as Qualified Health Plans. The public marketplace can only sell Qualified Health Plans. In addition, carriers who sell Qualified Health Plans on the public marketplace can also sell them off the public marketplace. Variances from the target amount exceeding certain thresholds may result in amounts due to or due from HHS. During 2015, the Company participated in the federal insurance public marketplaces so the risk corridor program is applicable. However, as the current full funding for this program is unclear at this time, no accruals were established for any receivable amounts from this program for 2015, so there was no impact on the Company’s 2015 operations. The Company does not anticipate any payables into this program for 2015. 36 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Reserves Reserves are established in accordance with GAAP using generally accepted actuarial methods and reflect judgments about expected future claim payments. Calculations incorporate assumptions about inflation rates, the incidence of incurred claims, the extent to which all claims have been reported, future claims processing, lags and expenses and future investment earnings, and numerous other factors. While the methods of making such estimates and establishing the related liabilities are periodically reviewed and updated, the calculation of reserves is not an exact process. Reserves do not represent precise calculations of expected future claims, but instead represent our best estimates at a point in time of the ultimate costs of settlement and administration of a claim or group of claims, based upon actuarial assumptions and projections using facts and circumstances known at the time of calculation. Many of the factors affecting reserve adequacy are not directly quantifiable and not all future events can be anticipated when reserves are established. Reserve estimates are refined as experience develops. Adjustments to reserves, both positive and negative, are reflected in the consolidated statement of operations in the period in which such estimates are updated. Because establishment of reserves is an inherently complex process involving significant judgment and estimates, there can be no certainty that ultimate losses will not exceed existing claim reserves. Future loss development could require reserves to be increased, which could have a material adverse effect on our earnings in the periods in which such increases are made. See “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Risks related to our Company—Our actual claims losses may exceed our reserves for claims, and this may require us to establish additional reserves that may materially affect our results of operations, profitability and capital” for more detail on this risk. The following table provides reserve information for our major product lines for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014: December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Future Policy Benefits and Expenses Claims and Benefits Payable Unearned Premiums Case Reserves Incurred But Not Reported Reserves Future Policy Benefits and Expenses Claims and Benefits Payable Unearned Premiums Case Reserves Incurred But Not Reported Reserves Long Duration Contracts: Preneed funeral life insurance policies and investment-type annuity contracts Life insurance no longer offered Universal life and other products no longer offered FFG, LTC and other disposed businesses Medical All other Short Duration Contracts: Group term life Group disability Medical Dental Property and warranty Credit life and disability Extended service contracts All other TOTAL $ 4,670,977 $ 134,534 $ 13,644 $ 6,324 $ 4,618,505 $ 4,872 $ 14,696 $ 6,456 407,360 427 2,360 1,070 418,672 570 2,272 1,301 153,801 118 773 1,674 168,808 136 704 1,959 4,129,233 68,353 36,970 47,132 742 404 973,614 1,465 12,855 103,652 2,321 10,836 4,153,741 87,563 36,383 46,585 7,254 382 881,514 1,959 13,863 97,524 7,886 9,803 — — 25,401 — — 4,244 — 2,223,589 181,466 — 2,431 166,920 1,984 1,092,841 235,516 1,587 182,095 25,966 30,857 100,155 253,295 16,454 507,310 35,718 — — 130,185 — — 4,013 — 2,386,719 241,092 — 2,905 169,006 1,564 1,127,068 137,370 2,251 130,517 34,581 28,786 107,961 240,830 17,037 546,979 43,298 33,928 57,270 $9,466,694 $6,423,720 $2,735,855 $1,160,864 — 3,669,859 131,389 — 7,258 18,961 42,054 18,776 $9,483,672 $6,529,675 $2,527,956 $1,170,650 — 3,568,352 135,046 — 6,780 5,375 For a description of our reserving methodology, see Note 13 to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. 37 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Long Duration Contracts Short Duration Contracts Reserves for future policy benefits represent the present value of future benefits to policyholders and related expenses less the present value of future net premiums. Reserve assumptions reflect best estimates for expected investment yield, inflation, mortality, morbidity, expenses and withdrawal rates. These assumptions are based on our experience to the extent it is credible, modified where appropriate to reflect current trends, industry experience and provisions for possible unfavorable deviation. We also record an unearned revenue reserve which represents premiums received which have not yet been recognized in our consolidated statements of operations. Historically, premium deficiency testing on continuing lines of business has not resulted in material adjustments to deferred acquisition costs or reserves. Such adjustments could occur, however, if economic or mortality conditions significantly deteriorated. Risks related to the reserves recorded for certain discontinued individual life, annuity, and long-term care insurance policies have been 100% ceded via reinsurance. While the Company has not been released from the contractual obligation to the policyholders, changes in and deviations from economic, mortality, morbidity, and withdrawal assumptions used in the calculation of these reserves will not directly affect our results of operations unless there is a default by the assuming reinsurer. Claims and benefits payable reserves for short duration contracts include (1) case reserves for known claims which are unpaid as of the balance sheet date; (2) IBNR reserves for claims where the insured event has occurred but has not been reported to us as of the balance sheet date; and (3) loss adjustment expense reserves for the expected handling costs of settling the claims. Periodically, we review emerging experience and make adjustments to our reserves and assumptions where necessary. Below are further discussions on the reserving process for our major short duration products. Group Disability and Group Term Life Case or claim reserves are set for active individual claims on group long term disability policies and for waiver of premium benefits on group term life policies. Reserve factors used to calculate these reserves reflect assumptions regarding disabled life mortality and claim recovery rates, claim management practices, awards for social security and other benefit offsets and yield rates earned on assets supporting the reserves. Group long term disability and group term life waiver of premium reserves are discounted because the payment pattern and ultimate cost are fixed and determinable on an individual claim basis. Factors considered when setting IBNR reserves include patterns in elapsed time from claim incidence to claim reporting, and elapsed time from claim reporting to claim payment. Key sensitivities at December 31, 2015 for group long term disability claim reserves include the discount rate and claim termination rates: Claims and Benefits Payable Claims and Benefits Payable Group disability, discount rate decreased by 100 basis points Group disability, as reported Group disability, discount rate increased by 100 basis points $ $ $ 1,251,532 1,192,996 1,139,604 Group disability, claim termination rate 10% lower Group disability, as reported Group disability, claim termination rate 10% higher $ $ $ 1,224,925 1,192,996 1,165,045 The discount rate is also a key sensitivity for group term life waiver of premium reserves (included within group term life reserves). Group term life, discount rate decreased by 100 basis points Group term life, as reported Group term life, discount rate increased by 100 basis points Medical Claims and Benefits Payable 206,000 $ 197,777 $ 190,392 $ IBNR reserves calculated using generally accepted actuarial methods represent the largest component of reserves for short duration medical claims and benefits payable. The primary methods we use in their estimation are the loss development method and the projected claim method. Under the loss development method, we estimate ultimate losses for each incident period by multiplying the current cumulative losses by the appropriate loss development factor. When there is not sufficient data to reliably estimate reserves under the loss development method, such as for recent claim periods, the projected claim method is used. This method utilizes expected ultimate loss ratios to estimate the required reserve. Where appropriate, we also use variations on each method or a blend of the two. 38 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Reserves for our various product lines are calculated using experience data where credible. If sufficient experience data is not available, data from other similar blocks may be used. Industry data provides additional benchmarks when historical experience is too limited. Reserve factors may also be adjusted to reflect considerations not reflected in historical experience, such as changes in claims inventory levels, changes in provider negotiated rates or cost savings initiatives, increasing or decreasing medical cost trends, product changes and demographic changes in the underlying insured population. Key sensitivities as of December 31, 2015 for short duration medical reserves include claims processing levels, claims under case management, medical inflation, seasonal effects, medical provider discounts and product mix. The effects of these sensitivities can be summarized by adjusting loss development factors, as follows: Short duration medical, loss development factors 1% lower* Short duration medical, as reported Short duration medical, loss development factors 1% higher* * Claims and Benefits Payable 508,811 $ 488,811 $ 470,811 $ This refers to loss development factors for the most recent four months. Our historical claims experience indicates that approximately 87.5% of medical claims are paid within four months of the incurred date. Changes in medical loss development may increase or decrease the MLR rebate liability. Property and Warranty Our Property and Warranty lines of business include lender- placed homeowners, manufactured housing homeowners, multi-family housing, credit property, credit unemployment and warranty insurance and some longer-tail coverages (e.g. asbestos, environmental, other general liability and personal accident). Claim reserves for these lines are calculated on a product line basis using generally accepted actuarial principles and methods. They consist of case and IBNR reserves. The method we most often use in setting our Property and Warranty reserves is the loss development method. Under this method, we estimate ultimate losses for each accident period by multiplying the current cumulative losses by the appropriate loss development factor. We then calculate the reserve as the difference between the estimate of ultimate losses and the current case-incurred losses (paid losses plus case reserves). We select loss development factors based on a review of historical averages, adjusted to reflect recent trends and business-specific matters such as current claims payment practices. The loss development method involves aggregating loss data (paid losses and case-incurred losses) by accident quarter (or accident year) and accident age for each product or product grouping. As the data ages, we compile loss development factors that measure emerging claim development patterns between reporting periods. By selecting the most appropriate loss development factors, we project the known losses to an ultimate incurred basis for each accident period. The data is typically analyzed using quarterly paid losses and/or quarterly case-incurred losses. Some product groupings may also use annual paid loss and/or annual case-incurred losses, as well as other actuarially accepted methods. Each of these data groupings produces an indication of the loss reserves for the product or product grouping. The process to select the best estimate differs by line of business. The single best estimate is determined based on many factors, including but not limited to: ••the nature and extent of the underlying assumptions; ••the quality and applicability of historical data — whether internal or industry data; ••current and future market conditions — the economic environment will often impact the development of loss triangles; ••the extent of data segmentation — data should be homogeneous yet credible enough for loss development methods to apply; and ••the past variability of loss estimates — the loss estimates on some product lines will vary from actual loss experience more than others. Most of our credit property and credit unemployment insurance business is either reinsured or written on a retrospective commission basis. Business written on a retrospective commission basis permits management to adjust commissions based on claims experience. Thus, any adjustment to prior years’ incurred claims is partially offset by a change in commission expense, which is included in the underwriting, general and administrative expenses line in our consolidated statements of operations. While management has used its best judgment in establishing its estimate of required reserves, different assumptions and variables could lead to significantly different reserve estimates. Two key measures of loss activity are loss frequency, which is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity, which is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations. 39 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations If the actual level of loss frequency and severity are higher or lower than expected, the ultimate reserves required will be different than management’s estimate. The effect of higher and lower levels of loss frequency and severity levels on our ultimate costs for claims occurring in 2015 would be as follows: Change in both loss frequency and severity for all Property and Warranty 3% higher 2% higher 1% higher Base scenario 1% lower 2% lower 3% lower Ultimate cost of claims occurring in 2015 731,390 717,257 703,262 689,405 675,548 661,553 647,420 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Change in cost of claims occurring in 2015 41,985 27,852 13,857 — (13,857) (27,852) (41,985) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Reserving for Asbestos and Other Claims Our property and warranty line of business includes exposure to asbestos, environmental and other general liability claims arising from our participation in various reinsurance pools from 1971 through 1985. This exposure arose from a contract that we discontinued writing many years ago. We carry case reserves, as recommended by the various pool managers, and IBNR reserves totaling $30,519 (before reinsurance) and $27,721 (net of reinsurance) at December 31, 2015. We believe the balance of case and IBNR reserves for these liabilities are adequate. However, any estimation of these liabilities is subject to greater than normal variation and uncertainty due to the general lack of sufficiently detailed data, reporting delays and absence of a generally accepted actuarial methodology for those exposures. There are significant unresolved industry legal issues, including such items as whether coverage exists and what constitutes a claim. In addition, the determination of ultimate damages and the final allocation of losses to financially responsible parties are highly uncertain. However, based on information currently available, and after consideration of the reserves reflected in the consolidated financial statements, we do not believe that changes in reserve estimates for these claims are likely to be material. Deferred Acquisition Costs Only direct incremental costs associated with the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts are deferred, to the extent that such costs are deemed recoverable from future premiums or gross profits. Acquisition costs primarily consist of commissions and premium taxes. Certain direct response advertising expenses are deferred when the primary purpose of the advertising is to elicit sales to customers who can be shown to have specifically responded to the advertising and the direct response advertising results in probable future benefits. The deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) asset is tested annually to ensure that future premiums or gross profits are sufficient to support the amortization of the asset. Such testing involves the use of best estimate assumptions to determine if anticipated future policy premiums and investment income are adequate to cover all DAC and related claims, benefits and expenses. To the extent a deficiency exists, it is recognized immediately by a charge to the consolidated statements of operations and a corresponding reduction in the DAC asset. If the deficiency is greater than unamortized DAC, a liability will be accrued for the excess deficiency. Long Duration Contracts Acquisition costs for preneed life insurance policies issued prior to January 1, 2009 and certain discontinued life insurance policies have been deferred and amortized in proportion to anticipated premiums over the premium-paying period. These acquisition costs consist primarily of first year commissions paid to agents. For preneed investment-type annuities, preneed life insurance policies with discretionary death benefit growth issued after January 1, 2009, universal life insurance policies and investment-type annuity contracts that are no longer offered, DAC is amortized in proportion to the present value of estimated gross profits from investment, mortality, expense margins and surrender charges over the estimated life of the policy or contract. Estimated gross profits include the impact of unrealized gains or losses on investments as if these gains or losses had been realized, with corresponding credits or charges included in AOCI. The assumptions used for the estimates are consistent with those used in computing the policy or contract liabilities. Acquisition costs relating to group worksite products, which typically have high front-end costs and are expected to remain in force for an extended period of time, consist primarily of first year commissions to brokers, costs of issuing new certificates and compensation to sales representatives. These acquisition costs are front-end loaded, thus they are deferred and amortized over the estimated terms of the underlying contracts. Short Duration Contracts Acquisition costs relating to property contracts, warranty and extended service contracts and single premium credit insurance contracts are amortized over the term of the contracts in relation to premiums earned. 40 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Acquisition costs relating to monthly pay credit insurance business consist mainly of direct response advertising costs and are deferred and amortized over the estimated average terms and balances of the underlying contracts. Acquisition costs relating to group term life, group disability, group dental and group vision consist primarily of compensation to sales representatives. These acquisition costs are front- end loaded; thus, they are deferred and amortized over the estimated terms of the underlying contracts. Investments We regularly monitor our investment portfolio to ensure investments that may be other-than-temporarily impaired are identified in a timely fashion, properly valued, and charged against earnings in the proper period. The determination that a security has incurred an other-than-temporary decline in value requires the judgment of management. Assessment factors include, but are not limited to, the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been less than cost, the financial condition and rating of the issuer, whether any collateral is held, the intent and ability of the Company to retain the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for recovery for equity securities, and the intent to sell or whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell for fixed maturity securities. Any equity security whose price decline is deemed other-than- temporary is written down to its then current market value with the amount of the impairment reported as a realized loss in that period. The impairment of a fixed maturity security that the Company has the intent to sell or that it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell is deemed other-than-temporary and is written down to its market value at the balance sheet date, with the amount of the impairment reported as a realized loss in that period. For all other-than-temporarily impaired fixed maturity securities that do not meet either of these two criteria, the Company analyzes its ability to recover the amortized cost of the security by calculating the net present value of projected future cash flows. For these other-than-temporarily impaired fixed maturity securities, the net amount recognized in earnings is equal to the difference between its amortized cost and its net present value. Inherently, there are risks and uncertainties involved in making these judgments. Changes in circumstances and critical assumptions such as a continued weak economy, or unforeseen events which affect one or more companies, industry sectors or countries could result in additional impairments in future periods for other-than-temporary declines in value. See also Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report and “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Company—The value of our investments could decline, affecting our profitability and financial strength” and “Investments” contained later in this item. Reinsurance Reinsurance recoverables include amounts we are owed by reinsurers. Reinsurance costs are expensed over the terms of the underlying reinsured policies using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the policies. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with claim and claim adjustment expense reserves or future policy benefits reserves and are reported in our consolidated balance sheets. An estimated allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded on the basis of periodic evaluations of balances due from reinsurers (net of collateral), reinsurer solvency, management’s experience and current economic conditions. The ceding of insurance does not discharge our primary liability to our insureds. The following table sets forth our reinsurance recoverables as of the dates indicated: Reinsurance recoverables December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 7,254,585 $ 7,470,403 $ We have used reinsurance to exit certain businesses, including blocks of individual life, annuity, and long-term care business. The reinsurance recoverables relating to these dispositions amounted to $4,607,056 and $4,549,699 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In the ordinary course of business, we are involved in both the assumption and cession of reinsurance with non-affiliated companies. The following table provides details of the reinsurance recoverables balance for the years ended December 31: Ceded future policyholder benefits and expense Ceded unearned premium Ceded claims and benefits payable Ceded paid losses TOTAL 2015 4,037,682 $ 1,667,228 1,429,128 336,365 7,470,403 $ 2014 4,052,976 1,587,583 1,283,510 330,516 7,254,585 $ $ We utilize reinsurance for loss protection and capital management, business dispositions and, in Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property, client risk and profit sharing. See also “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Reinsurance may not be available or adequate to protect us against losses and we are subject to the credit risk of reinsurers,” and “Item 7A—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Credit Risk.” 41 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Retirement and Other Employee Benefits We sponsor a qualified pension plan, (the “Assurant Pension Plan”) and various non-qualified pension plans (including an Executive Pension Plan), along with a retirement health benefits plan covering our employees who meet specified eligibility requirements. Effective March 1, 2016, benefit accruals for the Assurant Pension Plan, the various non- qualified pension plans and the retirement health benefits plan were frozen. The reported expense and liability associated with these plans requires an extensive use of assumptions which include, but are not limited to, the discount rate, expected return on plan assets and rate of future compensation increases. We determine these assumptions based upon currently available market and industry data, and historical performance of the plan and its assets. The actuarial assumptions used in the calculation of our aggregate projected benefit obligation vary and include an expectation of long-term appreciation in equity markets which is not changed by minor short-term market fluctuations, but does change when large interim deviations occur. The assumptions we use may differ materially from actual results due to changing market and economic conditions, higher or lower withdrawal rates or longer or shorter life spans of the participants. Contingencies We account for contingencies by evaluating each contingent matter separately. A loss is accrued if reasonably estimable and probable. We establish reserves for these contingencies at the best estimate, or, if no one estimated amount within the range of possible losses is more probable than any other, we report an estimated reserve at the low end of the estimated range. Contingencies affecting the Company include litigation matters which are inherently difficult to evaluate and are subject to significant changes. Deferred Taxes Deferred income taxes are recorded for temporary differences between the financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities, based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the Company expects the temporary differences to reverse. A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets if, based on the weight of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the asset will not be realized. The valuation allowance is sufficient to reduce the asset to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The Company has deferred tax assets resulting from temporary differences that may reduce taxable income in future periods. The detailed components of our deferred tax assets, liabilities and valuation allowance are included in Note 8 to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had a cumulative valuation allowance of $18,164 against deferred tax assets of international subsidiaries. During Twelve Months 2015, the Company recognized a cumulative income tax benefit of $4,946 primarily related to the release of a valuation allowance of certain international subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has a cumulative valuation allowance of $13,218 against deferred tax assets, as it is management’s assessment that it is more likely than not that this amount of deferred tax assets will not be realized. The realization of deferred tax assets related to net operating loss carryforwards of international subsidiaries depends upon the existence of sufficient taxable income of the same character in the same jurisdiction. In determining whether the deferred tax asset is realizable, the Company weighed all available evidence, both positive and negative. We considered all sources of taxable income available to realize the asset, including the future reversal of existing temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences, carry forwards and tax-planning strategies. The Company believes it is more likely than not that the remainder of its deferred tax assets will be realized in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, other than noted herein for certain international subsidiaries, a valuation allowance has not been established. Future reversal of the valuation allowance will be recognized either when the benefit is realized or when we determine that it is more likely than not that the benefit will be realized. Depending on the nature of the taxable income that results in a reversal of the valuation allowance, and on management’s judgment, the reversal will be recognized either through other comprehensive income (loss) or through continuing operations in the consolidated statements of operations. Likewise, if the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that it would be able to realize all or part of the deferred tax asset in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance would be recorded through a charge to continuing operations in the consolidated statements of operations in the period such determination is made. In determining the appropriate valuation allowance, management makes judgments about recoverability of deferred tax assets, use of tax loss and tax credit carryforwards, levels of expected future taxable income and available tax planning strategies. The assumptions used in making these judgments are updated periodically by management based on current business conditions that affect the Company and overall economic conditions. These management judgments are therefore subject to change based on factors that include, but are not limited to, changes in expected capital gain income in the foreseeable future and the ability of the Company to successfully execute its tax planning strategies. Please see “Item 1A—Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Company- Unanticipated changes in tax provisions, changes in tax laws or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could materially and adversely affect our results” for more information. 42 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Valuation and Recoverability of Goodwill Goodwill represented $833,512 and $841,239 of our $30,043,128 and $31,562,466 of total assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We review our goodwill annually in the fourth quarter for impairment, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. Such indicators include, but are not limited to, significant adverse change in legal factors, adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, loss of key personnel or a significant decline in our expected future cash flows due to changes in company- specific factors or the broader business climate. The evaluation of such factors requires considerable judgment. Any adverse change in these factors could have a significant impact on the recoverability of goodwill and could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We have concluded that our reporting units for goodwill testing are equivalent to our operating segments. Therefore, we test goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level. The following table illustrates the amount of goodwill carried at each reporting unit: Assurant Solutions Assurant Specialty Property Assurant Health Assurant Employee Benefits TOTAL In 2015, the Company chose the option to perform qualitative assessments for our Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property reporting units. This option allows us to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, an entity determines it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then performing the two- step impairment test is unnecessary. However, if an entity concludes otherwise, then it is required to perform the first step of the two-step impairment test. We initially considered the 2014 quantitative analysis performed by the Company whereby it compared the estimated fair value of the Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property reporting units with their respective net book values (“Step 1”). Based on the 2014 Step 1 tests, Assurant Solutions had an estimated fair value that exceeded its net book value by 25.4%, and Assurant Specialty Property had an estimated fair value that exceeded its net book value by 33.3%. Based on our qualitative assessments, having considered the factors in totality we determined that it was not necessary to perform a Step 1 quantitative goodwill impairment test for the December 31, 2015 529,093 $ 304,419 — — 833,512 $ 2014 539,653 301,586 — — 841,239 $ $ Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property reporting units and that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of each reporting unit continues to exceed its net book value in 2015. Significant changes in the external environment or substantial declines in the operating performance of Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property could cause us to reevaluate this conclusion in the future. In undertaking our qualitative assessments for the Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property reporting units, we considered macro-economic, industry and reporting unit- specific factors. These included (i.) the effect of the current interest rate environment on our cost of capital; (ii.) each reporting unit’s ability to sustain market share over the year; (iii.) lack of turnover in key management; (iv.) 2015 actual performance as compared to expected 2015 performance from our 2014 Step 1 assessment; and, (v.) the overall market position and share price of Assurant, Inc. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Please see Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 43 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Results of Operations Assurant Consolidated Overview The table below presents information regarding our consolidated results of operations: For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Revenues: Net earned premiums Net investment income Net realized gains on investments Amortization of deferred gains on disposal of businesses Fees and other income Total revenues Benefits, losses and expenses: Policyholder benefits Selling, underwriting and general expenses(1) Interest expense Total benefits, losses and expenses Income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes $ 8,350,997 626,217 31,826 12,988 1,303,466 10,325,494 4,742,535 5,326,662 55,116 10,124,313 201,181 59,626 141,555 $ $ 8,632,142 $ 656,429 60,783 (1,506) 1,033,805 10,381,653 4,405,333 5,173,788 58,395 9,637,516 744,137 273,230 470,907 $ 7,759,796 650,296 34,525 16,310 586,730 9,047,657 3,675,532 4,504,691 77,735 8,257,958 789,699 300,792 488,907 $ NET INCOME (1) Includes amortization of DAC and VOBA and underwriting, general and administrative expenses. Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Net income decreased $329,352, or 70%, to $141,555 for Twelve Months 2015 from $470,907 for Twelve Months 2014. The decrease was primarily related to higher loss experience and adverse claims development on 2015 individual major medical policies, a reduction in the 2014 estimated recoveries from the Affordable Care Act risk mitigation program and $106,389 (after-tax) of exit and disposal costs, including premium deficiency reserves, severance and retention costs, long-lived asset impairments and other costs associated with our exit from the health insurance market. For more information see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Net income decreased $18,000, or 4%, to $470,907 for Twelve Months 2014 from $488,907 for Twelve Months 2013. The decrease was primarily related to lower net income at Assurant Specialty Property, a net loss at Assurant Health and a $19,400 (after-tax) loss associated with a divested business. Please see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. These items were partially offset by improved results in our Assurant Solutions and Assurant Employee Benefits segments, lower expenses in the Corporate and Other segment, an increase in net realized gains on investments and a favorable change in tax liabilities, including a $20,753 one-time tax benefit related to the conversion of the Canadian branch operations of certain U.S. subsidiaries to foreign corporate entities. Please see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. 44 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Assurant Solutions Overview The table below presents information regarding Assurant Solutions’ segment results of operations: Revenues: Net earned premiums Net investment income Fees and other income Total revenues Benefits, losses and expenses: Policyholder benefits Selling, underwriting and general expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses Segment income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes SEGMENT NET INCOME Net earned premiums: Domestic: Credit Service contracts Other(1) Total Domestic International: Credit Service contracts Other(1) Total International Preneed TOTAL Fees and other income: Domestic: Debt protection Service contracts Other(1) Total Domestic International Preneed TOTAL Gross written premiums(2): Domestic: Credit Service contracts Other(1) Total Domestic International: Credit Service contracts Other(1) Total International TOTAL Preneed (face sales) Combined ratio(3): Domestic International $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 3,015,846 376,683 785,611 4,178,140 919,403 2,982,263 3,901,666 276,474 79,291 197,183 132,130 1,644,352 88,228 1,864,710 254,211 802,477 34,045 1,090,733 60,403 3,015,846 15,239 519,142 10,212 544,593 133,980 107,038 785,611 233,968 3,910,726 86,600 4,231,294 737,777 714,103 76,693 1,528,573 5,759,867 936,434 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 3,128,868 382,640 667,852 4,179,360 1,027,469 2,830,058 3,857,527 321,833 102,885 218,948 160,794 1,631,339 73,254 1,865,387 318,104 850,454 33,830 1,202,388 61,093 3,128,868 30,938 424,259 8,344 463,541 97,265 107,046 667,852 316,815 3,112,526 88,298 3,517,639 879,526 826,046 63,211 1,768,783 5,286,422 969,784 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,783,758 376,245 400,370 3,560,373 895,504 2,474,259 3,369,763 190,610 65,458 125,152 166,417 1,372,314 82,864 1,621,595 380,683 685,039 29,918 1,095,640 66,523 2,783,758 29,100 206,130 6,920 242,150 51,873 106,347 400,370 387,038 2,090,160 106,256 2,583,454 964,236 780,393 47,932 1,792,561 4,376,015 1,007,915 95.1% 102.8% 93.5% 101.5% 97.9% 102.8% (1) This includes emerging products and run-off products lines. (2) Gross written premiums does not necessarily translate to an equal amount of subsequent net earned premiums since Assurant Solutions reinsures a portion of its premiums to insurance subsidiaries of its clients. (3) The combined ratio is equal to total benefits, losses and expenses divided by net earned premiums and fees and other income excluding the preneed business. 45 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Net Income Segment net income decreased $21,765, or 10%, to $197,183 for Twelve Months 2015 from $218,948 for Twelve Months 2014. The decrease was primarily due to the previously disclosed loss of a domestic mobile tablet program and declining service contract volumes from North American retail clients. Total Revenues Total revenues were relatively flat at $4,178,140 for Twelve Months 2015 compared with $4,179,360 for Twelve Months 2014. Net earned premiums decreased $113,022 primarily due to foreign exchange volatility, the loss of a domestic mobile tablet program, lower service contract volumes from North American retail clients and the continued run-off of our credit insurance business. These items were partially offset by growth from our auto warranty business and from a large domestic service contract client. Fees and other income increased $117,759 primarily driven by contributions from global mobile programs and related services. A few significant clients continued to account for a substantial portion of segment revenues. Gross written premiums increased $473,445, or 9%, to $5,759,867 for Twelve Months 2015 from $5,286,422 for Twelve Months 2014. Gross written premiums from our domestic service contract business increased $798,200, primarily driven by growth in the number of covered mobile devices and increased activity from existing clients in our auto warranty and extended service contract business. This increase was partially offset by the continued runoff of our credit insurance business and foreign exchange volatility. Preneed face sales decreased $33,350, or 3%, to $936,434 for Twelve Months 2015 from $969,784 for Twelve Months 2014. This decrease was mostly attributable to a change in product offerings, a client’s temporary operational change, and foreign exchange volatility. On June 25, 2014, we extended our exclusive distribution partnership with Services Corporation International (“SCI”), for an additional 10 years, through September 29, 2024. Total Benefits, Losses and Expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses increased $44,139, or 1%, to $3,901,666 for Twelve Months 2015 from $3,857,527 for Twelve Months 2014. Policyholder benefits decreased $108,066 driven by favorable loss experience in our domestic service contract business and from our mobile business in Europe. Selling, underwriting and general expenses increased $152,205. Commissions, taxes, licenses and fees, of which amortization of DAC is a component, decreased $12,666 due to the loss of a domestic mobile tablet program. General expenses increased $164,871 primarily due to growth in our domestic mobile business and the 2014 CWI acquisition. Net Income Segment net income increased $93,796, or 75%, to $218,948 for Twelve Months 2014 from $125,152 for Twelve Months 2013. The increase was primarily driven by improved results in our domestic mobile business, reflecting growth in mobile subscribers, contributions from ongoing client marketing programs, continued favorable loss experience and expense savings in our domestic credit and domestic service contract businesses. Total Revenues Total revenues increased $618,987, or 17%, to $4,179,360 for Twelve Months 2014 from $3,560,373 for Twelve Months 2013. The increase was primarily driven by higher net earned premiums in our domestic and international service contract businesses. The increase in domestic service contract business reflects continued growth in mobile subscribers, growth at a large client due to increased subscribers and price increases as well as higher contributions from vehicle service contracts due to increased sales from new and existing dealers. The increase in international service contracts is due to growth in mobile subscribers. Fees and other income increased $267,482 primarily driven by mobile client marketing programs and from the Lifestyle Service Group (“LSG”) acquisition in October 2013. Gross written premiums increased $910,407, or 21%, to $5,286,422 for Twelve Months 2014 from $4,376,015 for Twelve Months 2013. Gross written premiums from our domestic service contract business increased $1,022,366 primarily driven by growth in mobile subscribers. Gross written premiums from our international service contract business increased $45,653 primarily due to growth in the number of global mobile subscribers, the LSG acquisition and new and existing clients in Latin America. This increase was partially offset by the unfavorable impact of changes in foreign exchange rates, primarily in Latin America and Canada. Preneed face sales decreased $38,131 or 4%, to $969,784 for Twelve Months 2014 from $1,007,915 for Twelve Months 2013. This decrease was mostly attributable to a change in product offerings and a client’s temporary operational change. Total Benefits, Losses and Expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses increased $487,764, or 14%, to $3,857,527 for Twelve Months 2014 from $3,369,763 for Twelve Months 2013. Policyholder benefits increased $131,965 primarily related to the LSG acquisition partially offset by favorable loss experience in our domestic mobile business. Selling, underwriting and general expenses increased $355,799. Commissions, taxes, licenses and fees, of which amortization of DAC is a component, increased $82,828 due to higher net earned premiums in our domestic service 46 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contract and domestic mobile business. General expenses increased $272,971 primarily due to increased administration expenses directly related to growth in our domestic mobile business and expenses related to the LSG acquisition. These items were partially offset by expense savings in our domestic credit and domestic service contract businesses. Assurant Specialty Property Overview The table below presents information regarding Assurant Specialty Property’s segment results of operations: Revenues: Net earned premiums Net investment income Fees and other income Total revenues Benefits, losses and expenses: Policyholder benefits Selling, underwriting and general expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses Segment income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes SEGMENT NET INCOME Net earned premiums: Homeowners (lender-placed and voluntary) Manufactured housing (lender-placed and voluntary) Other(1) TOTAL Ratios: Loss ratio(2) For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ $ 2,044,701 92,859 405,545 2,543,105 788,549 1,290,937 2,079,486 463,619 155,914 307,705 1,425,799 165,657 453,245 2,044,701 $ $ $ $ 2,506,097 101,908 301,048 2,909,053 1,085,339 1,305,286 2,390,625 518,428 176,671 341,757 1,743,965 237,576 524,556 2,506,097 $ $ $ $ 2,380,044 98,935 133,135 2,612,114 890,409 1,068,273 1,958,682 653,432 229,846 423,586 1,678,172 226,058 475,814 2,380,044 Expense ratio(3) Combined ratio(4) 46.5% 85.2% (1) This primarily includes lender-placed flood, miscellaneous specialty property and multi-family housing insurance products. (2) The loss ratio is equal to policyholder benefits divided by net earned premiums. (3) The expense ratio is equal to selling, underwriting and general expenses divided by net earned premiums and fees and other income. (4) The combined ratio is equal to total benefits, losses and expenses divided by net earned premiums and fees and other income. 52.7% 84.9% 38.6% 43.3% 37.4% 42.5% 77.9% Regulatory Matters In January 2015, NYDFS issued regulations regarding tracking costs associated with lender placed insurance rates. The Company reached an agreement with the NYDFS to file for a 6.2% reduction in lender-placed hazard insurance rates in New York. The rates have been filed and approved, and were effective for new and renewing policies starting February 1, 2016. Lender-placed insurance products accounted for 73% and 71% of net earned premiums for Twelve Months 2015 and Twelve Months 2014, respectively. The approximate corresponding contributions to the segment net income in these periods were 78% and 73%, respectively. The portion of total segment net income attributable to lender-placed products may vary substantially over time depending on the frequency, severity and location of catastrophic losses, the cost of catastrophe reinsurance and reinstatement coverage, the variability of claim processing costs and client acquisition costs, and other factors. In addition, we expect placement rates for these products to decline. Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Net Income Segment net income decreased $34,052, or 10%, to $307,705 for Twelve Months 2015 from $341,757 for Twelve Months 2014. The decrease is primarily due to the ongoing normalization in our lender-placed homeowners insurance business, previously disclosed loss of client business, and increased legal expenses, partially offset by more favorable non-catastrophe loss experience and lower catastrophe reinsurance costs. The divestiture of American Reliable Insurance Company (“ARIC”) also contributed to the decrease in net income. 47 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and premium rates and higher non-catastrophe losses in our lender-placed insurance business. Twelve Months 2013 results included a $14,000 (non-tax deductible) regulatory settlement with the NYDFS. Total Revenues Total revenues increased $296,939, or 11%, to $2,909,053 for Twelve Months 2014 from $2,612,114 for Twelve Months 2013. The increase was primarily due to growth in lender- placed homeowners insurance net earned premiums, as well as fee income from the acquisitions of Field Asset Services (“FAS”) and StreetLinks. Growth in lender-placed homeowners insurance was primarily due to the previously disclosed discontinuation of a client quota share reinsurance agreement and loan portfolios added in 2013 and was partially offset by the impact of lower placement and premium rates. Total Benefits, Losses and Expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses increased $431,943 or 22%, to $2,390,625 for Twelve Months 2014 from $1,958,682 for Twelve Months 2013. The loss ratio increased to 43.3% for Twelve Months 2014 from 37.4% for Twelve Months 2013 due to higher non-catastrophe losses from severe weather, high severity fire claims and lower premium rates from the new lender-placed homeowners insurance product. Reportable catastrophe losses for Twelve Months 2014 were $28,410 compared to reportable catastrophe losses for Twelve Months 2013 of $29,503. Reportable catastrophe losses include only individual catastrophic events that generated losses to the Company in excess of $5,000, pre-tax and net of reinsurance. The expense ratio increased to 46.5% for Twelve Months 2014 from 42.5% for Twelve Months 2013 primarily due to growth in fee-based businesses. Twelve Months 2013 included a $14,000 (non-tax deductible) regulatory settlement with the NYDFS. Total Revenues Total revenues decreased $365,948, or 13%, to $2,543,105 for Twelve Months 2015 from $2,909,053 for Twelve Months 2014. The decrease was primarily due to the divestiture of ARIC, combined with lower lender-placed homeowners insurance net earned premiums. The decline in lender-placed homeowners insurance net earned premiums is primarily due to a decline in placement rates, lower premium rates and previously disclosed loss of client business. These items were partially offset by an increase in fees and other income reflecting contributions from mortgage solutions businesses. A few significant clients continued to account for a substantial portion of segment revenues. Total Benefits, Losses and Expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses decreased $311,139 or 13%, to $2,079,486 for Twelve Months 2015 from $2,390,625 for Twelve Months 2014. The loss ratio decreased 470 basis points due to fewer non-catastrophe losses primarily attributable to lower frequency and severity of theft and fire claims and the impact of the ARIC divestiture, partially offset by lower premium rates from the implementation of a new lender- placed insurance product. Reportable catastrophe losses for Twelve Months 2015 were $29,652 compared to $28,410 for Twelve Months 2014. Reportable catastrophe losses include only individual catastrophic events that generated losses to the Company in excess of $5,000, pre-tax and net of reinsurance. The expense ratio increased 620 basis points for Twelve Months 2015 compared with Twelve Months 2014 mainly due to lower lender-placed homeowners insurance net earned premiums and a higher mix of fee-based business. Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Net Income Segment net income decreased $81,829, or 19%, to $341,757 for Twelve Months 2014 from $423,586 for Twelve Months 2013. The decrease is primarily due to lower placement Assurant Health As previously announced, the Company concluded a comprehensive review of its portfolio and decided to sharpen its focus on specialty housing and lifestyle protection products and services. As a result, the Company will exit the health insurance market. For more information, see Notes 3 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. The Company expects to substantially complete its exit of the health insurance market by the end of 2016. 48 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Overview The table below presents information regarding Assurant Health’s segment results of operations: Revenues: Net earned premiums Net investment income Fees and other income Total revenues Benefits, losses and expenses: Policyholder benefits Selling, underwriting and general expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses Segment income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes SEGMENT NET (LOSS) INCOME Net earned premiums: Individual Small employer group TOTAL Insured lives by product line: Individual Small employer group TOTAL Ratios: Loss ratio(1) Expense ratio(2) Combined ratio(3) For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ $ $ 2,223,696 24,487 54,622 2,302,805 $ 1,945,452 35,369 40,016 2,020,837 2,301,241 527,420 2,828,661 (525,856) (157,949) 1,575,633 495,818 2,071,451 (50,614) 13,134 1,581,407 36,664 29,132 1,647,203 1,169,075 435,550 1,604,625 42,578 36,721 (367,907) $ (63,748) $ 5,857 1,895,970 327,726 2,223,696 $ $ 1,544,968 400,484 1,945,452 $ $ 1,174,141 407,266 1,581,407 344 45 389 103.5% 23.2% 124.2% 829 138 967 81.0% 25.0% 104.3% 780 127 907 73.9% 27.0% 99.6% (1) The loss ratio is equal to policyholder benefits divided by net earned premiums. (2) The expense ratio is equal to selling, underwriting and general expenses divided by net earned premiums and fees and other income. (3) The combined ratio is equal to total benefits, losses and expenses divided by net earned premiums and fees and other income. The Affordable Care Act Most provisions of the Affordable Care Act have now taken effect. Given the sweeping nature of the changes represented by the Affordable Care Act, our results of operations and financial position have been, and could in the future be, materially adversely affected. For more information, see Item 1A, “Risk Factors—Risk related to our industry—Reform of the health insurance industry could materially reduce the profitability of certain of our businesses or render them unprofitable” in this report. Because all individuals now have a guaranteed right to purchase health insurance policies, the Affordable Care Act introduced new and significant premium stabilization programs in 2014: reinsurance, risk adjustment, and risk corridor (together, the “3 Rs”). These programs, discussed in further detail below, are meant to mitigate the potential adverse impact to individual health insurers as a result of Affordable Care Act provisions that became effective January 1, 2014. Reinsurance This is a transitional program for 2014-2016, with decreasing benefit over the three years. All commercial individual and group medical health plans are required to contribute to the funding of the program. Only individual health plans that are compliant with the essential health benefits of the Affordable Care Act are eligible to receive benefits from the program. We are required to make contributions, which are recorded quarterly, based on both our Affordable Care Act and non- Affordable Care Act business. Contributions based on our non-Affordable Care Act business are included in selling, underwriting and general expenses and contributions based on our Affordable Care Act business are included as ceded premiums. Recoveries are recorded quarterly as ceded policyholder benefits and reflect the anticipated experience of our Affordable Care Act plans based on our analysis of current and historical claim data. For the Twelve Months 2015, we recorded reinsurance contributions of $10,387 and reinsurance recoveries of $274,977 in our consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2015, we recorded reinsurance contributions payable of $2,597 and reinsurance recoverables of $296,421 on our consolidated balance sheets. During 2015 we collected $255,536 under the 2014 program. Both contributions payable and recoveries for the 2015 program are scheduled to be settled in 2016. Included in the $274,977 is a $(21,444) change in our December 31, 2014 estimate pertaining to 49 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations the 2014 program and $296,421 associated with the 2015 program. Reinsurance recovery amounts are based on final notification from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”). Risk adjustment This is a permanent program to transfer funds between health insurers based on the average health risk scores of their Affordable Care Act insured populations. Insurers with below-average risk scores will contribute into the pool. Insurers with above-average risk scores will receive payments out of the pool. Risk scores are evaluated at the state, market, and legal entity level for Affordable Care Act-compliant policies. Risk adjustment amounts payable and receivable are reflected as adjustments to net earned premiums, and are recorded quarterly based on our current estimated loss experience of our Affordable Care Act business. Based on the demographics of our Affordable Care Act population, extensive analytical evaluations, current and historical claim data as well as other internal and external data sources, external market studies and other published data, we believe that our average risk scores will be significantly higher than the industry averages. For the Twelve Months 2015, we recorded net risk adjustment premiums of $199,554 in our consolidated statements of operations, and we carried net risk adjustment receivables of $225,195 on our consolidated balance sheets. During 2015 we collected $96,247 under the 2014 program. Risk transfer payments and receipts for the 2015 program are scheduled to be settled in 2016. Included in the $199,554 of net risk adjustment premiums is a $(25,641) change in our December 31, 2014 estimate pertaining to the 2014 program and $225,195 associated with the 2015 program. Risk adjustment recoverable amounts are based on final notifications from CMS. Risk corridor This is a temporary risk-sharing program for 2014-2016. Based on ratios of allowable costs to target costs as defined by the Affordable Care Act, health insurers will make payments to the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) or receive funds from HHS. Because Assurant Health did not participate in any public insurance marketplaces for 2014, risk corridors have no impact on our 2014 operations. Assurant Health began participating in the public insurance marketplaces for 2015, however no net recoverable has been recorded for 2015 because payments from HHS under this program are uncertain. Estimates of amounts receivable from these programs are subject to considerable uncertainty and actual amounts received may vary substantially from our estimates. Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Net Loss Segment net loss increased $304,159, or 477%, to a net loss of $367,907 for Twelve Months 2015 from a net loss of $63,748 for Twelve Months 2014. The increase was primarily attributable to higher loss experience and adverse claims development on 2015 individual major medical policies, a reduction in the 2014 estimated recoveries from the Affordable Care Act risk mitigation programs and $106,389 (after-tax) of exit and disposal costs, including premium deficiency reserves, severance and retention costs, long-lived asset impairments and similar exit and disposal costs related to the decision to exit the health business mentioned above. Total Revenues Total revenues increased $281,968, or 14%, to $2,302,805 for Twelve Months 2015 from $2,020,837 for Twelve Months 2014. Net earned premiums from our individual medical business increased $351,002, or 23%, due to growth in the major medical product line. Net earned premiums from our small employer group business decreased $72,758, or 18%, due to policy lapses and the sale of supplemental and small-group self-funded lines of business and certain assets to National General on October 1, 2015. For more information see Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. Fees and other income increased $14,606, or 37%, due to growth of our self funded product until its sale on October 1, 2015, noted above. Total Benefits, Losses and Expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses increased $757,210, or 37%, to $2,828,661 for Twelve Months 2015 from $2,071,451 for Twelve Months 2014. Policyholder benefits increased $725,608, or 46%, and the loss ratio increased to 103.5% from 81.0%. The increase is primarily attributable to higher loss experience and adverse claims development on 2015 individual major medical policies as well as the establishment of premium deficiency reserves. At December 31, 2015, a $78,047 premium deficiency reserve remains on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Selling, underwriting and general expenses increased $31,602, or 6.4%, due to severance and retention costs, long-lived asset impairments and other exit and disposal costs, as well as a net $10,643 loss on the sale of our supplemental and small-group self-funded lines of business and certain assets to National General on October 1, 2015. Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Net (Loss) Income Segment results decreased $69,605, or 1,188%, to a net loss of $63,748 for Twelve Months 2014 from net income of 50 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations $5,857 for Twelve Months 2013. The decrease was primarily attributable to increased claims from the new Affordable Care Act qualified policies, reflecting the guaranteed issue requirements and the health profiles of many first-time buyers, as well as a higher non-deductible expenses and reform fees related to the Affordable Care Act. These items were partially offset by estimated recoveries from Affordable Care Act risk mitigation programs. Total Revenues Total revenues increased $373,634, or 23%, to $2,020,837 for Twelve Months 2014 from $1,647,203 for Twelve Months 2013. Net earned premiums from our individual medical business increased $370,827, or 32%, due to growth in individual major medical product sales, and estimated recoveries from the Affordable Care Act’s risk adjustment program. Assurant Employee Benefits Total Benefits, Losses and Expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses increased $466,826, or 29%, to $2,071,451 for Twelve Months 2014 from $1,604,625 for Twelve Months 2013. Policyholder benefits increased $406,558, or 35%, and the loss ratio increased to 81.0% from 73.9%. The increases in policyholder benefits and the loss ratio were primarily attributable to higher volumes of individual business and higher loss experience on individual Affordable Care Act medical policies. Selling, underwriting and general expenses increased $60,268, or 14%, due to higher commissions on new sales and health reform fees. Fourth quarter 2013 included $4,589 of severance expense. As previously announced, the Company concluded a comprehensive review of its portfolio and decided to sharpen its focus on specialty housing and lifestyle protection products and services. As a result, on September 9, 2015, the Company entered into a Master Transaction Agreement with Sun Life to sell its Assurant Employee Benefits segment, which is expected to close in the first quarter of 2016. Overview The table below presents information regarding Assurant Employee Benefits’ segment results of operations: Revenues: Net earned premiums Net investment income Fees and other income Total revenues Benefits, losses and expenses: Policyholder benefits Selling, underwriting and general expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses Segment income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes SEGMENT NET INCOME Net earned premiums: Group disability Group dental Group life Group supplemental and vision products TOTAL Voluntary Employer-paid and other TOTAL Ratios: Loss ratio(1) Expense ratio(2) For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,066,754 110,998 25,006 1,202,758 730,192 398,757 1,128,949 73,809 26,487 47,322 398,172 396,925 204,526 67,131 1,066,754 478,588 588,166 1,066,754 $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,051,725 117,192 24,204 1,193,121 716,892 399,548 1,116,440 76,681 28,000 48,681 409,028 392,502 200,285 49,910 1,051,725 441,479 610,246 1,051,725 $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,014,587 117,853 23,434 1,155,874 715,656 388,159 1,103,815 52,059 17,506 34,553 403,286 383,223 192,392 35,686 1,014,587 393,969 620,618 1,014,587 68.4% 36.5% 68.2% 37.1% 70.5% 37.4% (1) The loss ratio is equal to policyholder benefits divided by net earned premiums. (2) The expense ratio is equal to selling, underwriting and general expenses divided by net earned premiums and fees and other income. 51 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Net Income Segment net income decreased $1,359, or 3%, to $47,322 for Twelve Months 2015 from $48,681 for Twelve Months 2014. The decrease is primarily attributable to less favorable life loss experience and lower net investment income. Net Income Segment net income increased $14,128 or 41%, to $48,681 for Twelve Months 2014 from $34,553 for Twelve Months 2013. The increase was primarily attributable to favorable loss experience in all major product lines. Total Revenues Total revenues increased $9,637, or 1%, to $1,202,758 for Twelve Months 2015 from $1,193,121 for Twelve Months 2014. Twelve Months 2015 net earned premiums increased 1% or $15,029, primarily driven by voluntary products which increased $37,109, or 8%, partially offset by declines in employer paid products Net investment income decreased 5% or $6,194 driven by lower investment income from real estate joint venture partnerships as well as lower investment yields. Total Benefits, Losses and Expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses increased $12,509, or 1%, to $1,128,949 for Twelve Months 2015 from $1,116,440 for Twelve Months 2014. The loss ratio increased slightly to 68.4% from 68.2%, primarily due to less favorable life loss experience. The expense ratio decreased to 36.5% for Twelve Months 2015 compared with 37.1% for Twelve Months 2014, primarily due to ongoing expense savings initiatives. Corporate and Other Total Revenues Total revenues increased $37,247 or 3%, to $1,193,121 for Twelve Months 2014 from $1,155,874 for Twelve Months 2013. Net earned premiums growth was driven by voluntary products which increased $47,510, or 12%, partially offset by declines in employer paid products. Total Benefits, Losses and Expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses increased $12,625, or 1%, to $1,116,440 for Twelve Months 2014 from $1,103,815 for Twelve Months 2013. The loss ratio decreased to 68.2% from 70.5% driven by favorable experience in all major product lines. The expense ratio remained relatively consistent at 37.1% for Twelve Months 2014 compared with 37.4% for Twelve Months 2013. The table below presents information regarding the Corporate and Other segment’s results of operations: Revenues: Net investment income Net realized gains on investments Amortization of deferred gain on disposal of businesses Fees and other income Total revenues Benefits, losses and expenses: Policyholder benefits Selling, underwriting and general expenses Interest expense Total benefits, losses and expenses Segment loss before benefit for income taxes Benefit for income taxes SEGMENT NET LOSS $ For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 21,190 31,826 12,988 32,682 98,686 3,150 127,285 55,116 185,551 (86,865) (44,117) $ 19,320 60,783 (1,506) 685 79,282 — 143,078 58,395 201,473 (122,191) (47,460) 20,599 34,525 16,310 659 72,093 4,888 138,450 77,735 221,073 (148,980) (48,739) $ (42,748) $ (74,731) $ (100,241) 52 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Net Loss Segment net loss decreased $31,983 or 43%, to $42,748 for Twelve Months 2015 compared with a net loss of $74,731 for Twelve Months 2014. The decrease is primarily due to a $10,016 (after-tax) gain on the sale of our vehicle title administration business in Twelve Months 2015, while Twelve Months 2014 includes a $19,400 (after-tax) loss on the sale of ARIC. Total Revenues Total revenues increased $19,404 or 24%, to $98,686 for Twelve Months 2015 compared with $79,282 for Twelve Months 2014. The increase in revenues is mainly due to a $16,773 gain on sale of our vehicle title administration business, mentioned above. Total Benefits, Losses and Expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses decreased $15,922 or 8%, to $185,551 in Twelve Months 2015 compared with $201,473 in Twelve Months 2014. This decrease is primarily attributable to a $21,526 loss on sale of ARIC included in Twelve Months 2014, mentioned above. Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Net Loss Segment net loss decreased $25,510 or 25%, to $74,731 for Twelve Months 2014 compared with a net loss of $100,241 for Twelve Months 2013. The decrease is primarily due to a Investments $20,753 one-time tax benefit related to the conversion of the Canadian branch operations of certain U.S. subsidiaries to foreign corporate entities, a $17,068 (after-tax) change in net realized gains on investments, lower employee-related costs and impact of expense reduction initiatives. These items were partially offset by a $19,400 (after-tax) loss on an asset held for sale. Total Revenues Total revenues increased $7,189 or 10%, to $79,282 for Twelve Months 2014 compared with $72,093 for Twelve Months 2013. The increase in revenues is mainly due to an $26,258 increase in net realized gains on investments partially offset by a decrease of $17,816 in amortization of deferred gain on disposal of businesses (“amortization of deferred gain”). The reduction in the amortization of deferred gain is related to a change in estimate for the recognition of a deferred gain associated with FFG that we previously sold through reinsurance. Total Benefits, Losses and Expenses Total benefits, losses and expenses decreased $19,600 or 9%, to $201,473 in Twelve Months 2014 compared with $221,073 in Twelve Months 2013. Interest expense declined $19,340 primarily due to repayment of the 2004 Senior Notes with an aggregate principal amount of $500,000 on February 18, 2014. Included in selling, underwriting and general expenses is a $21,526 loss on an asset held for sale. Excluding this item, Twelve Months 2014 had lower selling, underwriting and general expenses compared with Twelve Months 2013 primarily due to lower employee-related costs and impact of expense reduction initiatives. The Company had total investments of $12,994,772 and $14,131,452 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Net unrealized gains on the Company’s fixed maturity portfolio decreased $470,541 during 2015, from $1,215,074 at December 31, 2014 to $744,533 at December 31, 2015. This decrease was primarily due to an increase in Treasury yields and an increase in credit spreads. For more information on the Company’s investments see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. The following table shows the credit quality of the Company’s fixed maturity securities portfolio as of the dates indicated: Fixed Maturity Securities by Credit Quality (Fair Value) Aaa / Aa / A Baa Ba B and lower TOTAL December 31, 2015 As of $ 6,326,800 3,309,719 389,349 189,460 $ 10,215,328 61.9% $ 32.4% 3.8% 1.9% 7,314,208 3,255,505 432,203 261,258 100.0% $ 11,263,174 December 31, 2014 65.0% 28.9% 3.8% 2.3% 100.0% 53 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Major categories of net investment income were as follows: Fixed maturity securities Equity securities Commercial mortgage loans on real estate Policy loans Short-term investments Other investments Cash and cash equivalents Total investment income Investment expenses NET INVESTMENT INCOME Net investment income decreased $30,212, or 5%, to $626,217 for Twelve Months 2015 from $656,429 for Twelve Months 2014. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in invested assets as well as lower investment yields, partially offset by an increase of $5,747 in investment income from real estate joint venture partnerships. Net investment income increased $6,133, or 1%, to $656,429 for Twelve Months 2014 from $650,296 for Twelve Months 2013. The increase for the period was primarily related to $12,353 in additional investment income from real estate joint venture partnerships and $3,195 in additional investment income related to the loss recovery on certain mortgage- backed securities as a result of a trust settlement agreement. Excluding the investment income from the real estate joint venture partnerships and the trust settlement agreement, net investment income decreased $9,415, primarily reflecting lower investment yields. As of December 31, 2015, the Company owned $170,552 of securities guaranteed by financial guarantee insurance companies. Included in this amount was $158,274 of municipal securities, whose credit rating was A+ with the guarantee, but would have had a rating of A without the guarantee. The Company’s states, municipalities and political subdivisions holdings are highly diversified across the U.S. and Puerto Rico, with no individual state’s exposure (including both general obligation and revenue securities) exceeding 0.5% of the overall investment portfolio as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the securities include general obligation and revenue bonds issued by states, cities, counties, school districts and similar issuers, including $319,654 and $270,107, respectively, of advance refunded or escrowed-to-maturity bonds (collectively referred to as “pre-refunded bonds”), which are bonds for which an irrevocable trust has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, revenue bonds account for 50% and 51% of the holdings, respectively. Excluding pre-refunded revenue bonds, the activities supporting the income streams of the Company’s revenue bonds are across a broad range of sectors, primarily highway, water, airport and marina, higher education, specifically pledged tax revenues, and other miscellaneous sources such as bond banks, finance authorities and appropriations. $ Years Ended December 31, $ 2015 486,165 29,957 72,658 2,478 2,033 37,759 18,416 649,466 (23,249) $ 2014 522,309 28,014 73,959 2,939 1,950 34,527 18,556 682,254 (25,825) 2013 530,144 27,013 76,665 3,426 2,156 20,573 14,679 674,656 (24,360) $ 626,217 $ 656,429 $ 650,296 The Company’s investments in foreign government fixed maturity securities are held mainly in countries and currencies where the Company has policyholder liabilities, which allow the assets and liabilities to be more appropriately matched. At December 31, 2015, approximately 79%, 8%, and 5% of the foreign government securities were held in the Canadian government/provincials and the governments of Brazil and Germany, respectively. At December 31, 2014, approximately 76%, 10% and 5% of the foreign government securities were held in the Canadian government/provincials and the governments of Brazil and Germany, respectively. No other country represented more than 3% of the Company’s foreign government securities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company has European investment exposure in its corporate fixed maturity and equity securities of $888,923 with a net unrealized gain of $67,957 at December 31, 2015 and $1,060,655 with a net unrealized gain of $116,975 at December 31, 2014. Approximately 25% and 22% of the corporate European exposure is held in the financial industry at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company’s largest European country exposure represented approximately 5% of the fair value of the Company’s corporate securities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Approximately 6% of the fair value of the corporate European securities are pound and euro-denominated and are not hedged to U.S. dollars, but held to support those foreign-denominated liabilities. The Company’s international investments are managed as part of the overall portfolio with the same approach to risk management and focus on diversification. The Company has exposure to the energy sector in its corporate fixed maturity securities of $779,720 with a net unrealized loss of $6,985 at December 31, 2015 and $992,012 with a net unrealized gain of $89,590 at December 31, 2014. Approximately 89% of the energy exposure is rated as investment grade as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company has exposure to sub-prime and related mortgages within the Company’s fixed maturity security portfolio. At December 31, 2015, approximately 2% of the residential mortgage-backed holdings had exposure to sub-prime mortgage collateral. This represented less than 1% of the total fixed income portfolio and approximately 2% of the total unrealized gain position. Of the securities with sub-prime exposure, approximately 9% are rated as investment grade. All residential 54 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations mortgage-backed securities, including those with sub-prime exposure, are reviewed as part of the ongoing other-than- temporary impairment monitoring process. the Company cannot corroborate the non-binding broker quotes with Level 2 inputs, these securities are categorized as Level 3. As required by the fair value measurements and disclosures guidance, the Company has identified and disclosed its financial assets in a fair value hierarchy, which consists of the following three levels: ••Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company can access. ••Level 2 inputs utilize other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable in the marketplace for the asset. The observable inputs are used in valuation models to calculate the fair value for the asset. ••Level 3 inputs are unobservable but are significant to the fair value measurement for the asset, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset. These inputs reflect management’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset. The Company reviews fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels for certain securities within the fair value hierarchy. The Company values Level 2 securities using various observable market inputs obtained from a pricing service. The pricing service prepares estimates of fair value measurements for the Company’s Level 2 securities using proprietary valuation models based on techniques such as matrix pricing which include observable market inputs. The fair value measurements and disclosures guidance defines observable market inputs as the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. The extent of the use of each observable market input for a security depends on the type of security and the market conditions at the balance sheet date. Depending on the security, the priority of the use of observable market inputs may change as some observable market inputs may not be relevant or additional inputs may be necessary. The Company uses the following observable market inputs (“standard inputs”), listed in the approximate order of priority, in the pricing evaluation of Level 2 securities: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data including market research data. When market observable inputs are unavailable to the pricing service, the remaining unpriced securities are submitted to independent brokers who provide non-binding broker quotes or are priced by other qualified sources. If A non-pricing service source prices certain privately placed corporate bonds using a model with observable inputs including, but not limited to, the credit rating, credit spreads, sector add-ons, and issuer specific add-ons. A non-pricing service source prices certain derivatives using a model with inputs including, but not limited to, the time to expiration, the notional amount, the strike price, the forward rate, implied volatility and the discount rate. Management evaluates the following factors in order to determine whether the market for a financial asset is inactive. The factors include, but are not limited to: ••There are few recent transactions, ••Little information is released publicly, ••The available prices vary significantly over time or among market participants, ••The prices are stale (i.e., not current), and ••The magnitude of the bid-ask spread. Illiquidity did not have a material impact in the fair value determination of the Company’s financial assets. The Company generally obtains one price for each financial asset. The Company performs a monthly analysis to assess if the evaluated prices represent a reasonable estimate of their fair value. This process involves quantitative and qualitative analysis and is overseen by investment and accounting professionals. Examples of procedures performed include, but are not limited to, initial and on-going review of pricing service methodologies, review of the prices received from the pricing service, review of pricing statistics and trends, and comparison of prices for certain securities with two different appropriate price sources for reasonableness. Following this analysis, the Company generally uses the best estimate of fair value based upon all available inputs. On infrequent occasions, a non-pricing service source may be more familiar with the market activity for a particular security than the pricing service. In these cases the price used is taken from the non-pricing service source. The pricing service provides information to indicate which securities were priced using market observable inputs so that the Company can properly categorize the Company’s financial assets in the fair value hierarchy. Collateralized Transactions As of December 31, 2015, the Company has terminated its securities lending program and there are no outstanding transactions or balances. In the past, the Company lent fixed maturity securities, primarily bonds issued by the U.S. government and government agencies and authorities, and U.S. corporations, to selected broker/dealers. All such loans were negotiated on an overnight 55 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations basis; term loans were not permitted. The Company received collateral, greater than or equal to 102% of the fair value of the securities lent, plus accrued interest, in the form of cash and cash equivalents held by a custodian bank for the benefit of the Company. The use of cash collateral received was unrestricted. The Company reinvested the cash collateral received, generally in investments of high credit quality that are designated as available-for-sale. The Company monitored the fair value of securities loaned and the collateral received, with additional collateral obtained, as necessary. The Company was subject to the risk of loss on the re-investment of cash collateral. As of December 31, 2014, the Company’s collateral held under securities lending agreements, of which its use was unrestricted, was $95,985, and is included in the consolidated balance sheets under the collateral held/pledged under securities agreements. The Company’s liability to the borrower for collateral received was $95,986, and is included in the consolidated balance sheets under the obligation under securities agreements. The difference between the collateral held and obligations under securities lending was recorded as an unrealized gain (loss) and included as part of AOCI. The Company included the available-for-sale investments purchased with the cash collateral in its evaluation of other- than-temporary impairments. Cash proceeds that the Company received as collateral for the securities it lent and subsequent repayment of the cash were regarded by the Company as cash flows from financing activities, since the cash received was considered a borrowing. Since the Company reinvested the cash collateral generally in investments that were designated as available-for-sale, the reinvestment is presented as cash flows from investing activities. Liquidity and Capital Resources Regulatory Requirements Assurant, Inc. is a holding company and, as such, has limited direct operations of its own. Our holding company’s assets consist primarily of the capital stock of our subsidiaries. Accordingly, our holding company’s future cash flows depend upon the availability of dividends and other statutorily permissible payments from our subsidiaries, such as payments under our tax allocation agreement and under management agreements with our subsidiaries. The ability to pay such dividends and to make such other payments will be limited by applicable laws and regulations of the states in which our subsidiaries are domiciled, which subject our subsidiaries to significant regulatory restrictions. The dividend requirements and regulations vary from state to state and by type of insurance provided by the applicable subsidiary. These laws and regulations require, among other things, our insurance subsidiaries to maintain minimum solvency requirements and limit the amount of dividends they can pay to the holding company. For further information on pending amendments to state insurance holding company laws, including the NAIC’s “Solvency Modernization Initiative,” see “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Industry—Changes in regulation may reduce our profitability and limit our growth.” Along with solvency regulations, the primary driver in determining the amount of capital used for dividends is the level of capital needed to maintain desired financial strength ratings from A.M. Best. Regulators or rating agencies could become more conservative in their methodology and criteria, increasing capital requirements for our insurance subsidiaries. This in turn, could negatively affect our capital resources. During 2015, the Company announced that it will exit the health insurance market and has signed a definitive agreement to sell its Assurant Employee Benefits segment. As a result of these announcements, the following actions were taken by the rating agencies: A.M. Best ••Ratings of Union Security Insurance Company and Union Security Life Insurance Company of New York were placed under review with negative implications. ••Ratings of Assurant’s rated dental HMOs were placed under review with positive implications. ••Ratings of John Alden Insurance Company and Time Insurance Company were downgraded from A- to B+. ••Ratings of Assurant’s senior debt were upgraded from bbb to bbb+. ••Ratings of Assurant’s commercial paper were upgraded from AMB-2 to AMB-1. ••Ratings of all other rated entities were affirmed with a stable outlook. Moody’s Investor Services (“Moody’s”) ••Rating of Union Security Insurance Company was affirmed and the outlook revised from developing to stable. ••Ratings of John Alden Life Insurance Company and Time Insurance Company were downgraded from Baa2 to Ba1, and the outlook revised to negative. ••Ratings of Assurant’s Senior Debt (Baa2), American Security Insurance Company (A2), American Bankers Insurance Company of Florida (A2) and American Bankers Life Assurance Company of Florida (A3) were affirmed with a stable outlook. 56 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”) ••Union Security Insurance Company (A-) was placed on CreditWatch positive. ••Ratings of John Alden Life Insurance Company and Time Insurance Company were downgraded from BBB to BB+, and the outlook revised to stable. ••Ratings of Assurant’s Senior Debt (BBB+), American Bankers Insurance Company of Florida (A), American Bankers Life Assurance Company of Florida (A), American Memorial Life Insurance Company (A) and American Security Insurance Company (A) were affirmed with a stable outlook. No actions were taken on Assurant’s debt rating and other financial strength ratings by any of the agencies and these ratings remain unchanged. For further information on our ratings and the risks of ratings downgrades, see “Item 1—Business” and “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Company—A.M. Best, Moody’s and S&P rate the financial strength of our insurance company subsidiaries, and a decline in these ratings could affect our standing in the insurance industry and cause our sales and earnings to decrease.” For 2016, the maximum amount of dividends our U.S. domiciled insurance subsidiaries could pay, under applicable laws and regulations without prior regulatory approval, is approximately $564,000. Liquidity As of December 31, 2015, we had $462,248 in holding company capital. We use the term “holding company capital” to represent cash and other liquid marketable securities held at Assurant, Inc., out of a total of $601,819, that we are not otherwise holding for a specific purpose as of the balance sheet date, but can be used for stock repurchases, stockholder dividends, acquisitions, and other corporate purposes. $250,000 of the $462,248 of holding company capital is intended to serve as a buffer against remote risks (such as large-scale hurricanes). Dividends or returns of capital paid by our subsidiaries, net of infusions and excluding amounts received from dispositions and amounts used for acquisitions, totaled $174,579, $453,485, and $607,295 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. We use these cash inflows primarily to pay expenses, to make interest payments on indebtedness, to make dividend payments to our stockholders, to make subsidiary capital contributions, to fund acquisitions and to repurchase our outstanding shares. In addition to paying expenses and making interest payments on indebtedness, our capital management strategy provides for several uses of the cash generated by our subsidiaries, including without limitation, returning capital to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends, investing in our businesses to support growth in targeted areas, and making prudent and opportunistic acquisitions. During 2015, 2014 and 2013 we made share repurchases and paid dividends to our stockholders of $378,819, $295,765 and $472,308, respectively. We expect 2016 dividends from Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property to approximate their earnings, subject to the growth of the businesses, rating agency and regulatory capital requirements as well as investment performance. In addition, we expect the sale of Assurant Employee Benefits to generate approximately $1,000,000 in net cash proceeds including capital releases and Assurant Health to contribute approximately $475,000, subject to ultimate development of claims, actual expenses needed to wind down operations, recoveries from Affordable Care Act risk mitigation payments and regulatory approval. The primary sources of funds for our subsidiaries consist of premiums and fees collected, proceeds from the sales and maturity of investments and net investment income. Cash is primarily used to pay insurance claims, agent commissions, operating expenses and taxes. We generally invest our subsidiaries’ excess funds in order to generate investment income. We conduct periodic asset liability studies to measure the duration of our insurance liabilities, to develop optimal asset portfolio maturity structures for our significant lines of business and ultimately to assess that cash flows are sufficient to meet the timing of cash needs. These studies are conducted in accordance with formal company-wide Asset Liability Management (“ALM”) guidelines. To complete a study for a particular line of business, models are developed to project asset and liability cash flows and balance sheet items under a large, varied set of plausible economic scenarios. These models consider many factors including the current investment portfolio, the required capital for the related assets and liabilities, our tax position and projected cash flows from both existing and projected new business. Alternative asset portfolio structures are analyzed for significant lines of business. An investment portfolio maturity structure is then selected from these profiles given our return hurdle and risk preference. Sensitivity testing of significant liability assumptions and new business projections is also performed. Our liabilities generally have limited policyholder optionality, which means that the timing of payments is relatively insensitive to the interest rate environment. In addition, our investment portfolio is largely comprised of highly liquid fixed maturity securities with a sufficient component of such securities invested that are near maturity which may be sold with minimal risk of loss to meet cash needs. Therefore, we believe we have limited exposure to disintermediation risk. Generally, our subsidiaries’ premiums, fees and investment income, along with planned asset sales and maturities, provide sufficient cash to pay claims and expenses. However, there may be instances when unexpected cash needs arise in excess of that available from usual operating sources. In such instances, we have several options to raise needed funds, including selling assets from the subsidiaries’ investment portfolios, using holding company cash (if available), issuing commercial paper, or drawing funds from our revolving credit facility. In addition, we have filed an automatically effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC. This registration statement allows us to issue equity, debt or 57 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations other types of securities through one or more methods of distribution. The terms of any offering would be established at the time of the offering, subject to market conditions. If we decide to make an offering of securities, we will consider the nature of the cash requirement as well as the cost of capital in determining what type of securities we may offer. term appreciation in equity markets which is not changed by minor short-term market fluctuations, but does change when large interim deviations occur. The assumptions we use may differ materially from actual results due to changing market and economic conditions, higher or lower withdrawal rates or longer or shorter life spans of the participants. On January 15, 2016, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.50 per common share payable on March 14, 2016 to stockholders of record as of February 29, 2016. We paid dividends of $0.50 per common share on December 14, 2015 to stockholders of record as of November 30, 2015. This represents a 67 percent increase above the quarterly dividend of $0.30 per common share paid on September 15, 2015 to stockholders of record as of August 31, 2015. We paid dividends of $0.30 per common share on June 9, 2015 to stockholders of record as of May 26, 2015. This represents an 11 percent increase above the quarterly dividend of $0.27 per common share paid on March 9, 2015 to stockholders of record as of February 23, 2015. Any determination to pay future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon: our subsidiaries’ payments of dividends and/or other statutorily permissible payments to us; our results of operations and cash flows; our financial position and capital requirements; general business conditions; legal, tax, regulatory and contractual restrictions on the payment of dividends; and other factors our Board of Directors deems relevant. On September 9, 2015, our Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to an additional $750,000 of its outstanding common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we repurchased 4,184,889 shares of our outstanding common stock at a cost of $284,567, exclusive of commissions. As of December 31, 2015, $952,103 remained under the total repurchase authorization. The timing and the amount of future repurchases will depend on market conditions, our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and other factors. Management believes the Company will have sufficient liquidity to satisfy its needs over the next twelve months, including the ability to pay interest on our senior notes and dividends on our common shares. Retirement and Other Employee Benefits We sponsor a qualified pension plan, (the “Assurant Pension Plan”) and various non-qualified pension plans (including an Executive Pension Plan), along with a retirement health benefits plan covering our employees who meet specified eligibility requirements. The reported expense and liability associated with these plans requires an extensive use of assumptions which include, but are not limited to, the discount rate, expected return on plan assets and rate of future compensation increases. We determine these assumptions based upon currently available market and industry data, and historical performance of the plan and its assets. The actuarial assumptions used in the calculation of our aggregate projected benefit obligation vary and include an expectation of long- As of January 1, 2014, the Assurant Pension Plan and Executive Pension Plans are no longer offered to new hires. Subsequently, effective January 1, 2016, the Assurant Pension Plan was amended and split into two separate plans (Plan No. 1 and Plan No. 2). The new Plan No. 2 will include a subset of the terminated vested population and the total in-payment population as of January 1, 2016. Assets for both plans will remain in the Assurant, Inc. Pension Plan Trust, however separate accounting entities will be maintained for Plan No. 1 and Plan No. 2. Effective March 1, 2016, the Assurant Pension Plan and various non-qualified pension plans (including an Executive Pension Plan) were frozen. No additional benefits will be earned after February 29, 2016. The Pension Protection Act of 2006 (“PPA”) requires certain qualified plans, like the Assurant Pension Plan, to meet specified funding thresholds. If these funding thresholds are not met, there are negative consequences to the Assurant Pension Plan and participants. If the funded percentage falls below 80%, full payment of lump sum benefits as well as implementation of amendments improving benefits are restricted. As of January 1, 2015, the Assurant Pension Plan’s funded percentage was 136% on a PPA calculated basis (based on an actuarial average value of assets compared to the funding target). Therefore, benefit and payment restrictions did not occur during 2015. The 2015 funded measure will also be used to determine restrictions, if any, that can occur during the first nine months of 2016. Due to the funding status of the Assurant Pension Plan in 2015, no restrictions will exist before October 2016 (the time that the January 1, 2016 actuarial valuation needs to be completed). Also, based on the estimated funded status as of January 1, 2016, we do not anticipate any restrictions on benefits for the remainder of 2016. The Assurant Pension Plan was under-funded by $51,973 and $28,956 (based on the fair value of the assets compared to the projected benefit obligation) on a GAAP basis at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. This equates to an 94% and 97% funded status at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The change in funded status is mainly due to a decrease in the discount rate and a change in the mortality rates used to determine the projected benefit obligation. The Company’s funding policy is to contribute amounts to the plan sufficient to meet the minimum funding requirements in ERISA, plus such additional amounts as the Company may determine to be appropriate from time to time up to the maximum permitted. The funding policy considers several factors to determine such additional amounts including items such as the amount of service cost plus 15% of the Assurant Pension Plan deficit and the capital position of the Company. 58 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations During 2015, we contributed $10,750 in cash to the Assurant Pension Plan. Due to the Plan’s current funding status, no cash is expected to be contributed to the Assurant Pension Plan over the course of 2016. See Note 21 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for the components of the net periodic benefit cost. The impact of a 25 basis point decrease in the discount rate assumption on the 2016 projected benefit expense would result in a reduction of $600 for the Assurant Pension Plan and the various non-qualified pension plans and a reduction of $100 on the retirement health benefit plan. The impact of a 25 basis point change in the expected return on assets assumption on the 2016 projected benefit expense would result in a change of $2,100 for the Assurant Pension Plan and the various non-qualified pension plans and $100 for the retirement health benefits plan. Commercial Paper Program Our commercial paper program requires us to maintain liquidity facilities either in an available amount equal to any outstanding notes from the program or in an amount sufficient to maintain the ratings assigned to the notes issued from the program. Our commercial paper is rated AMB-1 by A.M. Best, P-2 by Moody’s and A-2 by S&P. Our subsidiaries do not maintain commercial paper or other borrowing facilities. This program is currently backed up by a $400,000 senior revolving credit facility, of which $395,960 was available at December 31, 2015, due to $4,040 of outstanding letters of credit related to this program. On September 16, 2014, we entered into a five-year unsecured $400,000 revolving credit agreement, as amended by Amendment No. 1, dated as of March 5, 2015 (“2014 Credit Facility”) with a syndicate of banks arranged by JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo, N.A. The 2014 Credit Facility replaces our prior four-year $350,000 revolving credit facility (“2011 Credit Facility”), which was entered into on September 21, 2011 and was scheduled to expire in September 2015. The 2011 Credit Facility terminated upon the effectiveness of the 2014 Credit Facility. The 2014 Credit Facility provides for revolving loans and the issuance of multi-bank, syndicated letters of credit and/or letters of credit from a sole issuing bank in an aggregate amount of $400,000 and is available until September 2019, provided we are in compliance with all covenants. The 2014 Credit Facility has a sublimit for letters of credit issued thereunder of $50,000. The proceeds of these loans may be used for our commercial paper program or for general corporate purposes. The Company may increase the total amount available under the 2014 Credit Facility to $525,000 subject to certain conditions. No bank is obligated to provide commitments above their current share of the $400,000 facility. We did not use the commercial paper program during the twelve months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and there were no amounts relating to the commercial paper program outstanding at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014. The Company made no borrowings using the 2014 Credit Facility and no loans were outstanding at December 31, 2015. The 2014 Credit Facility contains restrictive covenants, all of which were met as of December 31, 2015. These covenants include (but are not limited to): (i) Maintenance of a maximum debt to total capitalization ratio on the last day of any fiscal quarter of not greater than 35%, and (ii) Maintenance of a consolidated adjusted net worth in an amount not less than the “Minimum Amount”. For the purpose of this calculation the “Minimum Amount” is an amount equal to the sum of (a) the base amount $3,317,000 plus (b) 25% of consolidated net income for each fiscal quarter (if positive) ending after June 30, 2014, plus (c) 25% of the net proceeds received by the Company from any capital contribution to, or issuance of any Capital Stock or Hybrid Securities received after June 30, 2014. At December 31, 2015, our ratio of debt to total capitalization as calculated under the covenant was 21%, the consolidated Minimum Amount described in (ii) above was $3,404,584 and our actual consolidated adjusted net worth as calculated under the covenant was $4,558,404. In the event of the breach of certain covenants all obligations under the 2014 Credit Facility, including unpaid principal and accrued interest and outstanding letters of credit, may become immediately due and payable. Senior Notes On March 28, 2013, we issued two series of senior notes with an aggregate principal amount of $700,000 (the “2013 Senior Notes”). The first series is $350,000 in principal amount, bears interest at 2.50% per year and is payable in a single installment due March 15, 2018. The second series is $350,000 in principal amount, bears interest at 4.00% per year and is payable in a single installment due March 15, 2023. The net proceeds from the sale of the 2013 Senior Notes were $698,093, which represents the principal amount less the discount before offering expenses. The Company used the net proceeds of the 2013 Senior Notes for general corporate purposes, including to repay $500,000 of debt that matured in February 2014. Interest on our 2013 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 of each year. The interest expense incurred related to the 2013 Senior Notes was $22,988, $22,981 and $17,357 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. There was $6,635 of accrued interest at both December 31, 2015 and 2014. The 2013 Senior Notes are unsecured obligations and rank equally with all of the Company’s other senior unsecured indebtedness. The Company may redeem each series of the 2013 Senior Notes in whole or in part at any time and from time to time before their maturity at the redemption price set forth in the Indenture. 59 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations In addition, during 2014, we had two series of senior notes outstanding in an aggregate principal amount of $975,000 (the “2004 Senior Notes”). The first series was $500,000 in principal amount, bore interest at 5.63% per year and was repaid on February 18, 2014. The second series is $475,000 in principal amount, bears interest at 6.75% per year and is due February 15, 2034. Interest on our 2004 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15 of each year. The interest expense incurred related to the 2004 Senior Notes was $32,127, $35,414 and $59,414 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. There was $12,023 of accrued interest at both December 31, 2015 and 2014. The 2004 Senior Notes The table below shows our recent net cash flows: are unsecured obligations and rank equally with all of our other senior unsecured indebtedness. The 2004 Senior Notes are not redeemable prior to maturity. In management’s opinion, dividends from our subsidiaries together with our income and gains from our investment portfolio will provide sufficient liquidity to meet our needs in the ordinary course of business. Cash Flows We monitor cash flows at the consolidated, holding company and subsidiary levels. Cash flow forecasts at the consolidated and subsidiary levels are provided on a monthly basis, and we use trend and variance analyses to project future cash needs making adjustments to the forecasts when needed. For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Net cash provided by (used in): Operating activities(1) Investing activities Financing activities $ $ 192,483 264,293 (487,127) $ 313,782 63,889 (776,199) NET CHANGE IN CASH (1) Includes effect of exchange rates changes and the reclassification of assets held for sale on cash and cash equivalents. (30,351) $ $ (398,528) $ 1,003,819 (392,738) 196,699 807,780 Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Operating Activities: We typically generate operating cash inflows from premiums collected from our insurance products and income received from our investments while outflows consist of policy acquisition costs, benefits paid, and operating expenses. These net cash flows are then invested to support the obligations of our insurance products and required capital supporting these products. Our cash flows from operating activities are affected by the timing of premiums, fees, and investment income received and expenses paid. Net cash provided by operating activities was $192,483 and $313,782 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to changes in the timing of payments and higher payments made on 2015 individual major medical policies. Net cash provided by operating activities was $313,782 and $1,003,819 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to changes in the timing of payments and by amounts yet to be recovered under the 3R’s program, partially offset by increased net written premiums in Assurant Solutions, Assurant Health and Assurant Employee Benefits. For more information on the 3R’s, please refer to Assurant Health’s Results of Operations section in this Item 7. Investing Activities: Net cash provided by investing activities was $264,293 and $63,889 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The change in investing activities is primarily due to higher sales of fixed maturity securities, less cash spent on acquisitions and equity interests and the sale of ARIC to Global Indemnity Group Inc. during 2015. For more information on the ARIC sale, please see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report. These increases are partially offset by changes in our short-term investments and an increase of purchases of fixed maturity securities. Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities was $63,889 and $(392,738) for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The change in investing activities is primarily due to decreased purchases of fixed maturity securities and less cash spent on acquisitions and equity interests, partially offset by a decrease in sales of fixed maturity securities. For more information on acquisitions, please see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report. Financing Activities: Net cash used in financing activities was $487,127 and $776,199 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The change in cash used in financing activities was primarily due to the First Quarter 2014 repayment of $467,330 of senior debt, which represents $500,000 in principal less amounts repurchased in 2013, and the payment of a contingent liability related to the acquisition of LSG during First Quarter 2014. 60 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities was $(776,199) and $196,699 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The cash used in financing activities during Twelve Months 2014 was primarily due to repayment of $467,330 of 2004 Senior Notes, which represents $500,000 in principal less amounts repurchased in 2013, and the payment of a contingent liability related to the acquisition of LSG. The cash provided by activities during Twelve Months 2013 was due to the issuance of two series of senior notes during Twelve Months 2013. The company received proceeds of $698,093 from this transaction, which represents the principal amount less the discount before offering expenses. The table below shows our cash outflows for taxes, interest and dividends for the periods indicated: Income taxes paid Interest paid on debt Common stock dividends TOTAL Commitments and Contingencies For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 80,140 $ 54,813 94,168 229,121 $ 2014 247,771 $ 68,875 77,495 394,141 $ 2013 132,487 70,741 74,128 277,356 $ $ We have obligations and commitments to third parties as a result of our operations. These obligations and commitments, as of December 31, 2015, are detailed in the table below by maturity date as of the dates indicated: Total Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years More than 5 Years As of December 31, 2015 15,875,047 1,292,844 14,944 427,498 — — 3,418 17,613,751 Contractual obligations: Insurance liabilities(1) Debt and related interest Operating leases Pension obligations and postretirement benefit Commitments: Investment purchases outstanding: Commercial mortgage loans on real estate Capital contributions to real estate joint ventures $ 21,510,851 $ 1,895,031 95,638 762,960 2,075,128 $ 1,842,377 $ 1,718,299 $ 455,250 36,526 125,195 92,125 19,578 145,712 54,812 24,590 64,555 Liability for unrecognized tax benefit TOTAL OBLIGATIONS AND COMMITMENTS (1) Insurance liabilities reflect estimated cash payments to be made to policyholders. $ 24,335,055 $ 6,350 28,607 35,618 6,350 28,607 903 — — 30,090 2,254,945 $ 2,489,438 $ 1,976,921 $ — — 1,207 Liabilities for future policy benefits and expenses of $9,466,694 and claims and benefits payable of $3,896,719 have been included in the commitments and contingencies table. Significant uncertainties relating to these liabilities include mortality, morbidity, expenses, persistency, investment returns, inflation, contract terms and the timing of payments. Letters of Credit In the normal course of business, letters of credit are issued primarily to support reinsurance arrangements. These letters of credit are supported by commitments with financial institutions. We had $19,809 and $17,871 of letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements The Company does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on the financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or capital resources of the Company. 61 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk ITEM 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk As a provider of insurance products, effective risk management is fundamental to our ability to protect both our customers’ and stockholders’ interests. We are exposed to potential loss from various market risks, in particular interest rate risk and credit risk. Additionally, we are exposed to inflation risk and to a lesser extent foreign currency risk. Interest rate risk is the possibility that the fair value of liabilities will change more or less than the market value of investments in response to changes in interest rates, including changes in investment yields and changes in spreads due to credit risks and other factors. Credit risk is the possibility that counterparties may not be able to meet payment obligations when they become due. We assume counterparty credit risk in many forms. A counterparty is any person or entity from which cash or other forms of consideration are expected to extinguish a liability or obligation to us. Primarily, our credit risk exposure is concentrated in our fixed maturity investment portfolio and, to a lesser extent, in our reinsurance recoverables. Inflation risk is the possibility that a change in domestic price levels produces an adverse effect on earnings. This typically happens when either invested assets or liabilities, but not both is indexed to inflation. Foreign exchange risk is the possibility that changes in exchange rates produce an adverse effect on earnings and equity when measured in domestic currency. This risk is largest when assets backing liabilities payable in one currency are invested in financial instruments of another currency. Our general principle is to invest in assets that match the currency in which we expect the liabilities to be paid. Interest Rate Risk Interest rate risk arises as we invest substantial funds in interest-sensitive fixed income assets, such as fixed maturity securities, mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities and commercial mortgage loans, primarily in the U.S. and Canada. There are two forms of interest rate risk—price risk and reinvestment risk. Price risk occurs when fluctuations in interest rates have a direct impact on the market valuation of these investments. As interest rates rise, the market value of these investments falls, and conversely, as interest rates fall, the market value of these investments rise. Reinvestment risk is primarily associated with the need to reinvest cash flows (primarily coupons and maturities) in an unfavorable lower interest rate environment. In addition, for securities with embedded options such as callable bonds, mortgage-backed securities, and certain asset-backed securities, reinvestment risk occurs when fluctuations in interest rates have a direct impact on expected cash flows. As interest rates fall, an increase in prepayments on these assets results in earlier than expected receipt of cash flows forcing us to reinvest the proceeds in an unfavorable lower interest rate environment. Conversely, as interest rates rise, a decrease in prepayments on these assets results in later than expected receipt of cash flows forcing us to forgo reinvesting in a favorable higher interest rate environment. We manage interest rate risk by selecting investments with characteristics such as duration, yield, currency and liquidity tailored to the anticipated cash outflow characteristics of our insurance and reinsurance liabilities. Our group long-term disability and group term life waiver of premium reserves are also sensitive to interest rates. These reserves are discounted to the valuation date at the valuation interest rate. The valuation interest rate is determined by taking into consideration actual and expected earned rates on our asset portfolio. The interest rate sensitivity relating to price risk of our fixed maturity securities is assessed using hypothetical scenarios that assume several positive and negative parallel shifts of the yield curves. We have assumed that the U.S. and Canadian yield curve shifts are of equal direction and magnitude. The individual securities are repriced under each scenario using a valuation model. For investments such as callable bonds and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, a prepayment model is used in conjunction with a valuation model. Our actual experience may differ from the results noted below particularly due to assumptions utilized or if events occur that were not included in the methodology. The following tables summarize the results of this analysis for bonds, mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities held in our investment portfolio as of the dates indicated: 62 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk INTEREST RATE MOVEMENT ANALYSIS OF MARKET VALUE OF FIXED MATURITY SECURITIES INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO Total market value % Change in market value from base case $ Change in market value from base case Total market value % Change in market value from base case $ Change in market value from base case As of December 31, 2015 -100 -50 $ 11,022,546 $ 10,612,411 7.90% 3.89% $ 807,218 $ 397,083 $ 0 $ 10,215,328 50 $ 9,837,247 —% — $ (3.70)% (378,081) 100 9,479,005 (7.21)% (736,323) $ $ As of December 31, 2014 -100 -50 $ 12,135,439 $ 11,692,341 7.74% 3.81% $ 872,265 $ 429,167 $ 0 $ 11,263,174 50 $ 10,853,281 100 $ 10,464,375 —% — $ (3.64)% (7.09)% (409,893) $ (798,799) The interest rate sensitivity relating to reinvestment risk of our fixed maturity securities is assessed using hypothetical scenarios that assume purchases in the primary market and considers the effects of interest rates on sales. The effects of embedded options including call or put features are not considered. Our actual results may differ from the results noted below particularly due to assumptions utilized or if events occur that were not included in the methodology. The following tables summarize the results of this analysis on our reported portfolio yield as of the dates indicated: INTEREST RATE MOVEMENT ANALYSIS OF PORTFOLIO YIELD OF FIXED MATURITY SECURITIES INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO Portfolio yield* Basis point change in portfolio yield As of December 31, 2015 -50 4.97% (0.06)% -100 4.91% (0.12)% Portfolio yield* Basis point change in portfolio yield *Includes investment income from real estate joint venture partnerships. As of December 31, 2014 -50 4.94% (0.06)% -100 4.89% (0.11)% 0 5.03% —% 0 5.00% —% 50 5.09% 0.06% 50 5.06% 0.06% 100 5.15% 0.12% 100 5.11% 0.11% Credit Risk We have exposure to credit risk primarily from customers, as a holder of fixed maturity securities and by entering into reinsurance cessions. Our risk management strategy and investment policy is to invest in debt instruments of high credit quality issuers and to limit the amount of credit exposure with respect to any one issuer. We attempt to limit our credit exposure by imposing fixed maturity portfolio limits on individual issuers based upon credit quality. Currently our portfolio limits are 1.5% for issuers rated AA- and above, 1% for issuers rated A- to A+, 0.75% for issuers rated BBB- to BBB+ and 0.38% for issuers rated BB- to BB+. These portfolio limits are further reduced for certain issuers with whom we have credit exposure on reinsurance agreements. We use the lower of Moody’s or S&P’s ratings to determine an issuer’s rating. The following table presents our fixed maturity investment portfolio by ratings of the nationally recognized securities rating organizations as of the dates indicated: December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Rating Aaa/Aa/A Baa Ba B and lower TOTAL $ Fair Value Percentage of Total 6,326,800 3,309,719 389,349 189,460 $ 10,215,328 62% 32% 4% 2% 100% $ Fair Value 7,314,208 3,255,505 432,203 261,258 $ 11,263,174 Percentage of Total 65% 29% 4% 2% 100% 63 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K PART II ITEM 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We are also exposed to the credit risk of our reinsurers. When we reinsure, we are still liable to our insureds regardless of whether we get reimbursed by our reinsurer. As part of our overall risk and capacity management strategy, we purchase reinsurance for certain risks underwritten by our various business segments as described above under “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Reinsurance.” We had $7,470,403 and $7,254,585 of reinsurance recoverables as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, the majority of which are protected from credit risk by various types of risk mitigation mechanisms such as trusts, letters of credit or by withholding the assets in a modified coinsurance or co-funds- withheld arrangement. For example, reserves of $1,053,496 and $3,553,560 as of December 31, 2015 and $1,077,791 and $3,471,908 as of December 31, 2014, relating to two large coinsurance arrangements with The Hartford and John Hancock (a subsidiary of Manulife Financial Corporation), respectively, related to sales of businesses are backed by trusts. If the Inflation Risk Inflation risk arises as we invest in assets, which are not indexed to the level of inflation, whereas the corresponding liabilities are indexed to the level of inflation. Approximately 5% of Assurant preneed insurance policies, with reserves of $254,083 and $268,161 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, have death benefits that are guaranteed to grow with the CPI. In times of rapidly rising inflation, the credited death benefit growth on these liabilities increases relative to the investment income earned on the nominal Foreign Exchange Risk We are exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from our international operations, mainly in Canada. We also have foreign exchange risk exposure to the British pound, Brazilian Real, Euro, Mexican Peso and Argentine Peso. Total invested assets denominated in currencies other than the Canadian dollar were approximately 2% of our total invested assets at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. value of the assets in these trusts falls below the value of the associated liabilities, The Hartford and John Hancock, as the case may be, will be required to put more assets in the trusts. We may be dependent on the financial condition of The Hartford and John Hancock, whose A.M. Best ratings are currently A- and A+, respectively. A.M. Best currently maintains a stable outlook on the financial strength ratings of both The Hartford and John Hancock. For recoverables that are not protected by these mechanisms, we are dependent solely on the credit of the reinsurer. See “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Company—Reinsurance may not be available or adequate to protect us against losses, and we are subject to the credit risk of reinsurers” and “– We have sold businesses through reinsurance that could again become our direct financial and administrative responsibility if the purchasing companies were to become insolvent.” A majority of our reinsurance exposure has been ceded to companies rated A- or better by A.M. Best. assets resulting in an adverse impact on earnings. We have partially mitigated this risk by purchasing derivative contracts with payments tied to the CPI. See “—Derivatives.” In addition, we have inflation risk in our individual and small employer group health insurance businesses to the extent that medical costs increase with inflation, and we have not been able to increase premiums to keep pace with inflation. Foreign exchange risk is mitigated by matching our liabilities under insurance policies that are payable in foreign currencies with investments that are denominated in such currency. We have entered into forward exchange contracts to hedge exposures denominated in the Euro. The foreign exchange risk sensitivity of our fixed maturity securities denominated in Canadian dollars, whose balance was $1,413,580 and $1,590,224 of the total as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, on our entire fixed maturity portfolio is summarized in the following tables: FOREIGN EXCHANGE MOVEMENT ANALYSIS OF MARKET VALUE OF FIXED MATURITY SECURITIES ASSETS As of December 31, 2015 Foreign exchange spot rate at December 31, 2015, US Dollar to Canadian Dollar Total market value % change of market value from base case $ change of market value from base case -10% -5% 0 5% 10% $ 10,073,975 $ 10,144,651 $ 10,215,328 $ 10,286,005 $ 10,356,681 (1.38)% (0.69)% $ (141,353) $ (70,677) $ —% — $ 0.69% 1.38% 70,677 $ 141,353 64 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Foreign exchange spot rate at December 31, 2014, US Dollar to Canadian Dollar Total market value % change of market value from base case $ change of market value from base case As of December 31, 2014 -10% -5% $ 11,104,148 $ 11,183,661 (1.41)% (0.71)% $ (159,026) $ (79,513) $ 0 $ 11,263,174 5% 10% $ 11,342,687 $ 11,422,200 —% — $ 0.71% 1.41% 79,513 $ 159,026 The foreign exchange risk sensitivity of our consolidated net income is assessed using hypothetical test scenarios that assume earnings in Canadian dollars are recognized evenly throughout a period. Our actual results may differ from the results noted below particularly due to assumptions utilized or if events occur that were not included in the methodology. For more information on this risk, please see “Item 1A—Risk Factors—Risk Related to Our Company.” Fluctuations in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies may materially and adversely affect our results of operations. The following tables summarize the results of this analysis on our reported net income as of the dates indicated: FOREIGN EXCHANGE MOVEMENT ANALYSIS OF NET INCOME As of December 31, 2015 Foreign exchange daily average rate for the year ended December 31, 2015, US Dollar to Canadian Dollar Net Income % change of net income from base case $ change of net income from base case -10% -5% $ 138,360 $ 139,957 (2.26)% (1.13)% $ (3,195) $ (1,598) $ 0 $ 141,555 5% 10% $ 143,153 $ 144,750 —% — 1.13% 2.26% $ 1,598 $ 3,195 As of December 31, 2014 Foreign exchange daily average rate for the year ended December 31, 2014, US Dollar to Canadian Dollar Net income % change of net income from base case $ change of net income from base case -10% $ 466,706 -5% $ 468,807 0 $ 470,907 5% $ 473,007 10% $ 475,108 (0.89)% (0.45)% $ (4,201) $ (2,100) $ —% — 0.45% 0.89% $ 2,100 $ 4,201 Derivatives Derivatives are financial instruments whose values are derived from interest rates, foreign exchange rates, financial indices or the prices of securities or commodities. Derivative financial instruments may be exchange-traded or contracted in the over-the-counter market and include swaps, futures, options and forward contracts. Under insurance statutes, our insurance companies may use derivative financial instruments to hedge actual or anticipated changes in their assets or liabilities, to replicate cash market instruments or for certain income-generating activities. These statutes generally prohibit the use of derivatives for speculative purposes. We generally do not use derivative financial instruments. We have purchased contracts to cap the inflation risk exposure inherent in some of our preneed insurance policies. In accordance with the guidance on embedded derivatives, we have bifurcated the modified coinsurance agreement with The Hartford into its debt host and embedded derivative (total return swap) and recorded the embedded derivative at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets. The invested assets related to this modified coinsurance agreement are included in other investments in the consolidated balance sheets. 65 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ITEM 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules in Part IV, Item 15(a) 1 and 2 of this report are incorporated by reference into this Item 8. ITEM 9 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure There have been no disagreements with accountants on accounting and financial disclosure. ITEM 9A Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) as of December 31, 2015. They have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective, and provide reasonable assurance that information the Company is required to disclose in its reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported accurately. They also have concluded that information that the Company is required to disclose is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. The Company’s management assessed its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 using criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). 66 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPART II ITEM 9B Other Information Management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, based on their evaluation of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f)), have concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015. The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s fourth fiscal quarter in 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B Other Information None. 67 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart III Item 10 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Part III Item 10 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information regarding executive officers in our upcoming 2016 Proxy Statement (“2016 Proxy Statement”) under the caption “Executive Officers” is incorporated herein by reference. The information regarding directors in the 2016 Proxy Statement, under the caption “Election of Directors” in “Proposal One” is incorporated herein by reference. The information regarding compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act in the 2016 Proxy Statement, under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” is incorporated herein by reference. The information regarding the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and the Audit Committee in the 2016 Proxy Statement under the captions “Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee” and “Audit Committee” in “Corporate Governance” is incorporated herein by reference. Code of Ethics The Assurant Code of Ethics applies to all directors, officers and employees of Assurant, including the principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. The Code of Ethics and our Corporate Governance Guidelines are posted in the “Corporate Governance” subsection of the “Investor Relations” section of our website at www.assurant.com which is not incorporated by reference herein. We intend to post any amendments to or waivers from the Code of Ethics that apply to our executive officers or directors on our website. Item 11 Executive Compensation The information in the 2016 Proxy Statement under the captions “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Compensation of Named Executive Officers” and “Compensation of Directors” is incorporated herein by reference. The information in the 2016 Proxy Statement regarding the Compensation Committee under the captions “Compensation Committee,” “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” and “Compensation Committee Report” in “Corporate Governance” is incorporated herein by reference. 68 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart III Item 14 Principal Accounting Fees and Services Item 12 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information in the 2016 Proxy Statement under the captions “Equity Compensation Plan Information,” “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” and “Security Ownership of Directors and Executive Officers” is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information in the 2016 Proxy Statement under the captions “Transactions with Related Persons” and “Director Independence” in “Corporate Governance” is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14 Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information in the 2016 Proxy Statement under the caption “Fees of Principal Accountants” in “Audit Committee Matters” is incorporated herein by reference. 69 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart IV Part IV ITEM 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules (a)1. Consolidated Financial Statements The following consolidated financial statements of Assurant, Inc., incorporated by reference into Item 8, are attached hereto: Page(s) Consolidated Financial Statements of Assurant, Inc. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Assurant, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2015 and 2014 Assurant, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Operations For Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Assurant, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income For Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Assurant, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity At December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Assurant, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Assurant, Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements-December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-8 (a)2. Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules The following consolidated financial statement schedules of Assurant, Inc. are attached hereto: Schedule I—Summary of Investments other than Investments in Related Parties Schedule II—Parent Only Condensed Financial Statements Schedule III—Supplementary Insurance Information Schedule IV—Reinsurance Schedule V—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts * All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, not required, or the information is included in the financial statements or the notes thereto. (a)3. Exhibits Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, the Company has filed or incorporated by reference certain agreements as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These agreements may contain representations and warranties by the parties. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other party or parties to such agreements and (i) may have been qualified by disclosures made to such other party or parties, (ii) were made only as of the date of such agreements or such other date(s) as may be specified in such agreements and are subject to more recent developments, which may not be fully reflected in the Company’s public disclosure, (iii) may reflect the allocation of risk among the parties to such agreements and (iv) may apply materiality standards different from what may be viewed as material to investors. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the Company’s actual state of affairs at the date hereof and should not be relied upon. The following exhibits either (a) are filed with this report or (b) have previously been filed with the SEC and are incorporated herein by reference to those prior filings. Exhibits are available upon request at the investor relations section of our website, located at www.assurant.com. 70 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart IV ITEM 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Exhibit Number 2.1 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 Exhibit Description Master Transaction Agreement, dated as of September 9, 2015, by and between Assurant, Inc. and Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, originally filed on September 10, 2015). Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, originally filed on August 5, 2010). Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, originally filed on August 3, 2011). Specimen Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-109984) and amendments thereto, originally filed on January 13, 2004). Indenture, dated as of March 28, 2013, between Assurant, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K, originally filed on March 28, 2013). Senior Debt Indenture, dated as of February 18, 2004, between Assurant, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, successor to SunTrust Bank, as trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.27 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on March 30, 2004). Pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K, the Registrant hereby agrees to furnish to the SEC, upon request, a copy of any other instrument defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the Registrant and its subsidiaries. Assurant, Inc. Amended and Restated Directors Compensation Plan, effective as of January 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrants Form 10-K, originally filed on February 20, 2013).* Form of Assurant, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Time-based Awards for Directors, effective as of January 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrants Form 10-K, originally filed on February 20, 2013).* Form of Assurant, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Time-based Awards for Directors, effective as of January 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrants Form 10-K, originally filed on February 20, 2013).* Form of Assurant, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Time-based Awards for Directors (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K, originally filed on July 1, 2009).* Form of Assurant, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Time-based Awards to Directors (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, originally filed on May 5, 2010).* Form of Assurant, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Time-based Awards for Directors (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K, originally filed on June 14, 2011).* Form of Assurant, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Time-based Awards for Directors (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, originally filed on August 3, 2011).* Form of Amendment, dated April 4, 2011, to Assurant, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Time-Based Awards for Directors (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, originally filed on August 3, 2011).* Form of Directors Stock Agreement under Directors Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.23 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on March 10, 2006).* Form of Directors Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement under the Directors Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.24 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on March 10, 2006).* Form of Directors Stock Agreement under the Assurant, Inc. Long Term Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, originally filed on August 4, 2008).* Form of Directors Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement under the Assurant, Inc. Long Term Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, originally filed on August 4, 2008).* Assurant, Inc. 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-109984) and amendments thereto, originally filed on January 13, 2004).* Amendment No. 1 to the Assurant, Inc. 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, originally filed on November 14, 2005).* Amendment No. 2 to the Assurant, Inc. 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on March 1, 2007).* Amended Form of CEO/Director Delegated Authority Restricted Stock Agreement under the Assurant, Inc. 2004 Long Term Incentive Plan, effective January 11, 2007 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on March 1, 2007).* Amended and Restated Assurant, Inc. Long Term Equity Incentive Plan, effective as of January 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.15 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 23, 2012).* Form of Assurant, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Time-based Awards under the Assurant, Inc. Long Term Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 27, 2009).* Form of Assurant, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Time-based Awards under the Assurant, Inc. Long Term Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K, originally filed on March 16, 2009).* 71 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart IV ITEM 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Exhibit Number 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 10.41 10.42 10.43 10.44 10.45 10.46 10.47 Exhibit Description Form of Assurant, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Performance-based Awards under the Assurant, Inc. Long Term Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 27, 2009).* Form of Assurant, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Performance-based Awards under the Assurant, Inc. Long Term Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K, originally filed on March 16, 2010).* Form of Assurant, Inc. Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Performance-based Awards under the Assurant, Inc. Long Term Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.20 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 23, 2012).* Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for Executive Officers under the Assurant, Inc. Long Term Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, originally filed on August 4, 2008).* Form of CEO Award Restricted Stock Agreement under the Assurant, Inc. Long Term Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, originally filed on August 4, 2008).* Amended and Restated Assurant, Inc. Executive Short Term Incentive Plan, effective as of January 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.23 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 23, 2012).* Amended and Restated Assurant Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.29 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on March 1, 2007).* Amended Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the Assurant Long Term Incentive Plan, effective January 11, 2007 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.31 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on March 1, 2007).* Amended Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement under the Assurant Long Term Incentive Plan, effective January 11, 2007 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.33 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on March 1, 2007).* Amended and Restated Assurant Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.33 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on March 3, 2008).* Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Assurant Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of January 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.28 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 23, 2012).* Amendment No. 2 to the Amended and Restated Assurant Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of December 3, 2013 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.31 to the Registrant's Form 10-K, originally filed on February 18, 2014).* Amended and Restated Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on March 3, 2008).* Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, effective as of January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 27, 2009).* Amendment No. 2 to the Amended and Restated Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, effective as of January 1, 2010 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 23, 2011).* Assurant Executive Pension Plan, amended and restated effective as of January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.15 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 27, 2009).* Amendment No. 1 to the Assurant Executive Pension Plan, effective as of January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.33 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 23, 2012).* Amendment No. 2 to the Assurant Executive Pension Plan, effective as of January 1, 2010 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.34 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 23, 2012).* Amendment No. 3 to the Assurant Executive Pension Plan, effective as of December 31, 2013 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.38 to the Registrant's Form 10-K, originally filed on February 18, 2014).* Assurant Executive 401(k) Plan, amended and restated effective as of January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.16 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 27, 2009).* Amendment No. 1 to the Assurant Executive 401(k) Plan, effective as of January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.36 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 23, 2012).* Amendment No. 2 to the Assurant Executive 401(k) Plan, effective as of January 1, 2010 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.37 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 23, 2012).* Amendment No. 3 to the Assurant Executive 401(k) Plan, effective as of January 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.38 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 23, 2012).* Assurant Executive 401(k) Plan, Amended and Restated Effective as of January 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, originally filed on April 29, 2014).* Form of Assurant, Inc. Change of Control Employment Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.17 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 27, 2009).* Form of Assurant, Inc. Change of Control Employment Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.18 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 27, 2009).* Form of Assurant, Inc. Change of Control Employment Agreement for Divisional Officers, dated as of January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.19 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 27, 2009).* Form of Amendment to Assurant, Inc. Change of Control Employment Agreement, effective as of February 1, 2010 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K, originally filed on February 1, 2010).* 72 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart IV ITEM 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Exhibit Number 10.48 10.50 10.51 10.49 10.55 10.52 10.53 10.54 Exhibit Description American Security Insurance Company Investment Plan Document (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.34 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on March 3, 2008). Letter Agreement, dated October 11, 2010, by and between Assurant, Inc. and Alan Colberg (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.38 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 23, 2011).* Consulting Agreement, dated October 1, 2014, by and between Assurant, Inc. and Michael J. Peninger. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K, originally filed on October 2, 2014).* Credit Agreement, dated as of September 16, 2014, among Assurant, Inc., the lenders party thereto, JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as syndication agent (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, originally filed on November 4, 2014). Consulting Agreement, dated October 1, 2014, by and between Assurant, Inc. and Sylvia R. Wagner.* Consulting Agreement, dated January 6, 2015, by and between Assurant, Inc. and John S. Roberts.* Amendment No. 1, dated March 5, 2015, to the Credit Agreement, dated as of September 16, 2014, among Assurant, Inc., the lenders party thereto, JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as syndication agent (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, originally filed on May 6, 2015). Employment Letter Agreement, dated April 21, 2008, by and between Assurant, Inc. and Bart Schwartz (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.38 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K, originally filed on February 25, 2010).* Computation of Ratio of Consolidated Earnings to Fixed Charges as of December 31, 2015. Computation of Other Ratios as of December 31, 2015. Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Power of Attorney. Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer. Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer. Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Assurant, Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Assurant, Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The following materials from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. * Management contract or compensatory plan 12.1 12.2 21.1 23.1 24.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 101 73 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KPart IV Signatures Signatures Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on February 16, 2016. /s/ALAN B. COLBERG aSSUraNt, INC. By: Name: alan B. Colberg Title: Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities indicated on February 16, 2016. title President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer) Senior Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) Non-Executive Board Chair Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Signature /s/ALAN B. COLBERG alan B. Colberg /s/CHRISTOPHER J. PAGANO Christopher J. Pagano /s/JOHN A. SONDEJ John a. Sondej * Elaine D. rosen * Howard L. Carver * Juan N. Cento * Elyse Douglas * Lawrence V. Jackson * Charles J. Koch * Jean-Paul L. Montupet * Paul J. reilly * robert W. Stein /s/CHRISTOPHER J. PAGANO *By: Name: Christopher J. Pagano Attorney-in-Fact 74 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Assurant, Inc.: In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)1 present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Assurant, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedules listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)2 present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements and financial statement schedules, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements, on the financial statement schedules, and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP New York, New York February 16, 2016 F-1 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KConsolidated Balance Sheets at DECEMBEr 31, 2015 aND 2014 (in thousands except number of shares and per share amounts) aSSEtS Investments: Fixed maturity securities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost—$9,470,795 in 2015 and $10,048,100 in 2014) Equity securities available for sale, at fair value (cost—$450,563 in 2015 and $434,875 in 2014) Commercial mortgage loans on real estate, at amortized cost Policy loans Short-term investments Collateral held/pledged under securities agreements Other investments tOtaL INVEStMENtS Cash and cash equivalents Premiums and accounts receivable, net Reinsurance recoverables Accrued investment income Deferred acquisition costs Property and equipment, at cost less accumulated depreciation Tax receivable Goodwill Value of business acquired Other intangible assets, net Other assets Assets held in separate accounts tOtaL aSSEtS LIaBILItIES Future policy benefits and expenses Unearned premiums Claims and benefits payable Commissions payable Reinsurance balances payable Funds held under reinsurance Deferred gain on disposal of businesses Obligation under securities agreements Accounts payable and other liabilities Debt Liabilities related to separate accounts tOtaL LIaBILItIES Commitments and contingencies (Note 25) StOCKHOLDErS’ EQUItY Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 800,000,000 shares authorized, 65,850,386 and 69,299,559 shares outstanding at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income Treasury stock, at cost; 83,523,031 and 79,338,142 shares at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively Total stockholders’ equity tOtaL LIaBILItIES aND StOCKHOLDErS’ EQUItY See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements F-2 December 31, 2015 2014 $ $ 11,263,174 499,407 1,272,616 48,272 345,246 95,985 606,752 10,215,328 500,057 1,151,256 43,858 508,950 — 575,323 12,994,772 1,288,305 1,260,717 7,470,403 129,743 3,150,934 298,414 24,176 833,512 41,154 277,163 475,731 1,798,104 14,131,452 1,318,656 1,445,630 7,254,585 138,868 2,957,740 277,645 15,132 841,239 45,462 381,960 847,860 1,906,237 $ 30,043,128 $ 31,562,466 $ 9,466,694 6,423,720 3,896,719 393,260 132,728 94,417 92,327 — 2,049,810 1,171,382 1,798,104 25,519,161 $ 9,483,672 6,529,675 3,698,606 487,322 157,089 75,161 100,817 95,986 2,675,515 1,171,079 1,906,237 26,381,159 1,497 3,148,409 4,856,674 118,549 1,490 3,131,274 4,809,287 555,767 (3,601,162) 4,523,967 (3,316,511) 5,181,307 $ 30,043,128 $ 31,562,466 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Consolidated Statements of Operations YEarS ENDED DECEMBEr 31, 2015, 2014 aND 2013 (in thousands except number of shares and per share amounts) revenues Net earned premiums Net investment income Net realized gains on investments, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses Total other-than-temporary impairment losses Portion of net loss recognized in other comprehensive income, before taxes Net other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in earnings Amortization of deferred gain on disposal of businesses Fees and other income tOtaL rEVENUES Benefits, losses and expenses Policyholder benefits Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired Underwriting, general and administrative expenses Interest expense tOtaL BENEFItS, LOSSES aND EXPENSES Income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes NEt INCOME Earnings Per Share Basic Diluted Dividends per share Share Data Weighted average shares outstanding used in basic per share calculations Plus: Dilutive securities WEIGHtED aVEraGE SHarES USED IN DILUtED PEr SHarE CaLCULatIONS See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 8,350,997 626,217 $ 8,632,142 656,429 $ 7,759,796 650,296 36,850 (7,212) 2,188 (5,024) 12,988 1,303,466 10,325,494 60,813 (69) 39 (30) (1,506) 1,033,805 10,381,653 4,742,535 1,402,573 3,924,089 55,116 10,124,313 201,181 59,626 141,555 $ 4,405,333 1,485,558 3,688,230 58,395 9,637,516 744,137 273,230 470,907 $ 38,912 (4,516) 129 (4,387) 16,310 586,730 9,047,657 3,675,532 1,470,287 3,034,404 77,735 8,257,958 789,699 300,792 488,907 2.08 2.05 1.37 $ $ $ 6.52 6.44 1.06 $ $ $ 6.38 6.30 0.96 68,163,825 853,384 72,181,447 970,563 76,648,688 1,006,076 69,017,209 73,152,010 77,654,764 $ $ $ $ F-3 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KConsolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income YEarS ENDED DECEMBEr 31, 2015, 2014 aND 2013 (in thousands) Net income Other comprehensive (loss) income: Change in unrealized gains on securities, net of taxes of $158,653, $(135,743), and $231,472, respectively Change in other-than-temporary impairment gains, net of taxes of $2,240, $(90), and $(1,382), respectively Change in foreign currency translation, net of taxes of $5,100, $2,745, and $8,162, respectively Amortization of pension and postretirement unrecognized net periodic benefit cost and change in funded status, net of taxes of $(4,091), $26,534, and $(51,302), respectively Total other comprehensive (loss) income tOtaL COMPrEHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements Years Ended December 31, 2015 141,555 $ 2014 470,907 $ 2013 488,907 $ (297,639) 267,011 (455,808) (4,160) 167 2,566 (143,023) (88,944) (45,649) 7,604 (437,218) (295,663) $ (49,297) 128,937 599,844 $ 95,318 (403,573) 85,334 $ F-4 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity at DECEMBEr 31, 2015, 2014 aND 2013 (in thousands) Balance, January 1, 2013 Stock plan exercises Stock plan compensation expense Change in tax benefit from share- based payment arrangements Dividends Acquisition of common stock Net income Other comprehensive loss Balance, December 31, 2013 Stock plan exercises Stock plan compensation expense Change in tax benefit from share- based payment arrangements Dividends Acquisition of common stock Net income Other comprehensive income Balance, December 31, 2014 Stock plan exercises Stock plan compensation expense Change in tax benefit from share- based payment arrangements Dividends Acquisition of common stock Common Stock $ 1,474 8 — — — — — — $ 1,482 8 — — — — — — $ 1,490 7 — additional Paid-in Capital retained Earnings $ 3,052,454 $ 4,001,096 — — (13,814) 50,004 (1,111) — — — — — (74,128) — 488,907 — $ 3,087,533 $ 4,415,875 — — (20,513) 49,354 14,900 — — — — — (77,495) — 470,907 — $ 3,131,274 $ 4,809,287 — — (17,571) 38,773 — — — — — $ 1,497 (4,067) — — — — — (94,168) — 141,555 — $ 3,148,409 $ 4,856,674 Net income Other comprehensive loss BaLaNCE, DECEMBEr 31, 2015 See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements accumulated Other Comprehensive Income 830,403 — — $ treasury Stock total $ (2,700,061) $ 5,185,366 (13,806) 50,004 — — $ $ $ — — — — (403,573) 426,830 — — — — — — 128,937 555,767 — — — — (398,180) — — (1,111) (74,128) (398,180) 488,907 (403,573) $ (3,098,241) $ 4,833,479 (20,505) 49,354 — — — — (218,270) — — 14,900 (77,495) (218,270) 470,907 128,937 $ (3,316,511) $ 5,181,307 (17,564) 38,773 — — — — — — (437,218) 118,549 — — (284,651) — — (4,067) (94,168) (284,651) 141,555 (437,218) $ (3,601,162) $ 4,523,967 F-5 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KConsolidated Statements of Cash Flows YEarS ENDED DECEMBEr 31, 2015, 2014 aND 2013 (in thousands) Operating activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Change in reinsurance recoverable Change in premiums and accounts receivable Change in deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired Change in other intangible assets Change in accrued investment income Change in insurance policy reserves and expenses Change in accounts payable and other liabilities Change in commissions payable Change in reinsurance balances payable Change in funds withheld under reinsurance Change in securities classified as trading Change in income taxes Change in tax valuation allowance Change in inventory associated with mobile business Amortization of deferred gain on disposal of businesses Depreciation and amortization Net realized gains on investments Loss on extinguishment of debt (Gain)/Loss on business classified as held for sale Stock based compensation expense Income from real estate joint ventures Change in tax benefit from share-based payment arrangements Non cash costs associated with exit or disposal activities Other intangible asset impairment Changes in premium stabilization program receivables(4) Other NEt CaSH PrOVIDED BY OPEratING aCtIVItIES Investing activities Sales of: Fixed maturity securities available for sale Equity securities available for sale Other invested assets Property and equipment and other Subsidiary, net of cash transferred(1) Maturities, calls, prepayments, and scheduled redemption of: Fixed maturity securities available for sale Commercial mortgage loans on real estate Purchases of: Fixed maturity securities available for sale Equity securities available for sale Commercial mortgage loans on real estate Other invested assets Property and equipment and other Subsidiary, net of cash transferred(1) Equity interest(2) Change in short-term investments Change in policy loans Change in collateral held/pledged under securities agreements NEt CaSH PrOVIDED BY (USED IN) INVEStING aCtIVItIES F-6 Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 141,555 $ 470,907 $ 488,907 (155,703) 185,606 (234,676) 2,935 4,713 314,112 (140,337) (35,914) (13,647) 26,479 15,291 (14,870) (4,946) (27,269) (12,988) 137,105 (31,826) — (1,121) 38,773 (23,550) 4,067 140,084 1,010 (136,630) 76,319 254,572 $ (471,232) (292,241) (227,628) (13,801) 2,409 828,591 266,648 84,920 49,940 57,095 (23,782) 62,087 1,690 (85,742) 1,506 132,217 (60,783) — 21,526 49,354 (17,826) (14,900) — 5,019 (381,158) (51,000) 393,816 $ 2,380,789 181,918 68,465 3,448 49,906 665,554 253,371 (2,747,392) (185,025) (149,003) (29,305) (114,896) (16,844) — (196,747) 4,068 95,986 264,293 1,887,983 109,233 74,257 172 — 791,528 165,452 (2,472,494) (132,748) (156,390) (41,653) (83,603) (149,194) (24,614) 93,571 3,169 (780) 63,889 444,639 (210,997) (337,060) (56,997) 1,839 166,839 181,374 106,424 6,214 18,209 (10,606) 171,311 3,383 (34,682) (16,310) 124,851 (34,525) 964 — 50,004 (5,573) 1,112 — 3,323 — (35,082) 1,027,561 2,582,731 236,730 49,456 1,422 — 882,159 217,377 (3,396,588) (215,881) (194,468) (57,001) (52,326) (181,865) (91,420) (173,603) 1,031 (492) (392,738) $ ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K (in thousands) Financing activities Issuance of debt Repurchase of debt Repayment of debt Change in tax benefit from share-based payment arrangements Acquisition of common stock Dividends paid Payment of contingent obligations(3) Change in obligation under securities agreements NEt CaSH (USED IN) PrOVIDED BY FINaNCING aCtIVItIES Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Cash included in business classified as held for sale Change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period CaSH aND CaSH EQUIVaLENtS at END OF PErIOD Supplemental information: Income taxes paid Interest on debt paid Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 — — — (4,067) (292,906) (94,168) — (95,986) (487,127) (56,231) (5,858) (30,351) 1,318,656 1,288,305 $ — — (467,330) 14,900 (215,183) (77,495) (31,871) 780 (776,199) (28,126) (51,908) (398,528) 1,717,184 1,318,656 $ 698,093 (33,634) — (1,112) (393,012) (74,128) — 492 196,699 (23,742) — 807,780 909,404 1,717,184 80,140 54,813 $ $ 247,771 68,875 $ $ 132,487 70,741 $ $ $ (1) 2015 includes the sale of American Reliable Insurance Co. and certain assets related to our vehicle title administration services business and supplemental and small group self-funded businesses; the acquisition of Coast to Coast Services, Inc. and Rent Collect Global. 2014 includes the acquisition of StreetLinks, LLC, eMortgage Logic, LLC, CWI Group and other immaterial subsidiaries. 2013 includes the acquisition of Field Asset Services Group Limited and Lifestyle Services Group Limited. (2) Relates to the purchase of equity interest in Iké Asistencia. (3) Relates to the delayed and contingent liability payments established at the time of acquisition of Lifestyle Services Group. Change in amount paid, in comparison to December 31, 2013 amount disclosed, is mainly due to foreign currency translation. (4) Represents non-cash items related to estimated receivables introduced by the Affordable Care Act. See the Affordable Care Act Risk Mitigation Programs section of Note 2 for additional information. See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements F-7 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (In thousands except number of shares and per share amounts) 1. Nature of Operations Assurant, Inc. (the “Company”) is a holding company whose subsidiaries provide specialty protection products and related services in North America, Latin America, Europe and other select worldwide markets. The Company is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “AIZ.” Through its operating subsidiaries, the Company provides mobile device protection products and services; extended service products and related services for consumer electronics, appliances and vehicles; pre-funded funeral insurance; lender-placed homeowners insurance; property preservation and valuation services; flood insurance; renters insurance and related products; debt protection administration; credit insurance; manufactured housing homeowners insurance; group dental insurance; group disability insurance; and group life insurance. As previously announced, the Company concluded a comprehensive review of its portfolio and decided to sharpen its focus on specialty housing and lifestyle protection products and services. As a result, the Company will exit the health insurance market and has signed a definitive agreement to sell its Assurant Employee Benefits segment. See Note 3 and Note 4, respectively, for more information. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Amounts are presented in United States of America (“U.S.”) dollars and all amounts are in thousands, except for number of shares, per share amounts and number of securities in an unrealized loss position. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its wholly owned subsidiaries. All inter-company transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation. Variable Interest Entities The Company may enter into agreements with other entities that are deemed to be variable interest entities (“VIEs”). At the time these agreements are executed, the Company evaluates the applicability of the accounting guidance for VIEs. Entities which do not have sufficient equity at risk to allow the entity to finance its activities without additional financial support or in which the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristic of a controlling financial interest are referred to as VIEs. A VIE is consolidated by the variable interest holder that is determined to have the controlling financial interest (“primary beneficiary”) as a result of having both the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of an entity subject to consolidation based on a qualitative assessment of the VIE’s capital structure, contractual terms, nature of the VIE’s operations and purpose and the Company’s relative exposure to the related risks of the VIE on the date it becomes initially involved in the VIE. The Company reassesses its VIE determination with respect to an entity on an ongoing basis. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities. The items on the Company’s balance sheets affected by the use of estimates include but are not limited to, investments, premiums and accounts receivable, reinsurance recoverables, deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”), deferred income taxes and associated valuation allowances, goodwill, valuation of business acquired (“VOBA”), future policy benefits and expenses, unearned premiums, claims and benefits payable, deferred gain on disposal of businesses, pension and post- retirement liabilities and commitments and contingencies. The estimates are sensitive to market conditions, investment yields, mortality, morbidity, commissions and other acquisition expenses, policyholder behavior and other factors. Actual results could differ from the estimates recorded. The Company believes all amounts reported are reasonable and adequate. During the fourth quarter of 2015, we identified and corrected errors that originated in prior periods and assessed the materiality of the errors using quantitative and qualitative F-8 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-Kfactors. The errors primarily related to the overstatement of other assets associated with our mobile business inventory and the overstatement of accounts receivable associated with our legacy run-off warranty business. The correction of these errors resulted in a decrease to Assurant Solutions net income of $8,200 for the year ended December 31, 2015 and the fourth quarter of 2015. We performed both a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the materiality of the errors and concluded that the errors were not material to our financial position, results of operations or cash flows for any previously reported quarterly or annual financial statements or for the current period in which they were corrected. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts that can be converted into common stock were exercised as of the end of the period. Restricted stock and restricted stock units which have non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents are included in calculating basic and diluted earnings per share under the two-class method. Comprehensive Income Comprehensive income is comprised of net income, net unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency translation, net unrealized gains and losses on securities classified as available for sale, net unrealized gains and losses on other- than-temporarily impaired securities and expenses for pension and post-retirement plans, less deferred income taxes. Foreign Currency Translation For foreign affiliates where the local currency is the functional currency, unrealized foreign currency translation gains and losses net of deferred income taxes have been reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). Other than for two of our wholly owned Canadian subsidiaries, deferred taxes have not been provided for unrealized currency translation gains and losses since the Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the earnings in these other jurisdictions. Transaction gains and losses on assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recorded in underwriting, general and administration expenses in the consolidated statements of operations during the period in which they occur. Fair Value The Company uses an exit price for its fair value measurements. An exit price is defined as the amount received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies In measuring fair value, the Company gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. See Note 6 for further information. Investments Fixed maturity and equity securities are classified as available- for-sale, as defined in the investments guidance, and reported at fair value. If the fair value is higher than the amortized cost for fixed maturity securities or the cost for equity securities, the excess is an unrealized gain; and, if lower than cost, the difference is an unrealized loss. Net unrealized gains and losses on securities classified as available-for-sale, less deferred income taxes, are included in AOCI. Commercial mortgage loans on real estate are reported at unpaid balances, adjusted for amortization of premium or discount, less allowance for losses. The allowance is based on management’s analysis of factors including actual loan loss experience, specific events based on geographical, political or economic conditions, industry experience, loan groupings that have probable and estimable losses and individually impaired loan loss analysis. A loan is considered individually impaired when it becomes probable the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due, including principal and interest, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Indicative factors of impairment include, but are not limited to, whether the loan is current, the value of the collateral and the financial position of the borrower. If a loan is individually impaired, the Company uses one of the following valuation methods based on the individual loans’ facts and circumstances to measure the impairment amount: (1) the present value of expected future cash flows, (2) the loan’s observable market price, or (3) the fair value of collateral. Changes in the allowance for loan losses are recorded in net realized losses on investments, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses. The Company places loans on non-accrual status after 90 days of delinquent payments (unless the loans are both well secured and in the process of collection). A loan may be placed on non-accrual status before this time if information is available that suggests its impairment is probable. Policy loans are reported at unpaid principal balances, which do not exceed the cash surrender value of the underlying policies. Short-term investments include money market funds and short maturity investments. These amounts are reported at cost, which approximates fair value. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has terminated its securities lending program and there are no outstanding transactions. Prior to this date, the Company engaged in collateralized transactions in which fixed maturity securities, primarily bonds issued by the U.S. government, government agencies and authorities, and U.S. corporations, were loaned to selected broker/dealers. The collateral held under these securities lending transactions was reported at fair value and the obligation was reported at the amount of the collateral F-9 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies received. The difference between the collateral held and obligations under securities lending was recorded as an unrealized loss as part of AOCI. Other investments consist primarily of investments in joint ventures, partnerships, invested assets associated with a modified coinsurance arrangement, invested assets associated with the Assurant Investment Plan (“AIP”), ASIC and the Assurant Deferred Compensation Plan (“ADC”). The joint ventures and partnerships are valued according to the equity method of accounting. In applying the equity method, the Company uses financial information provided by the investee, generally on a three month lag. The invested assets related to the modified coinsurance arrangement, the AIP, ASIC and ADC are classified as trading securities as defined in the investment guidance. The Company monitors its investment portfolio to identify investments that may be other-than-temporarily impaired. In addition, securities, aggregated by issuer, whose market price is equal to 80% or less of their original purchase price or which had a discrete credit event resulting in the debtor defaulting or seeking bankruptcy protection are added to a potential write-down list, which is discussed at quarterly meetings attended by members of the Company’s investment, accounting and finance departments. See Note 5 for further information. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are recognized on the specific identification basis. Investment income is recorded as earned and reported net of investment expenses. The Company uses the interest method to recognize interest income on its commercial mortgage loans. The Company anticipates prepayments of principal in the calculation of the effective yield for mortgage-backed securities and structured securities. The retrospective method is used to adjust the effective yield. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers cash on hand, all operating cash and working capital cash to be cash equivalents. These amounts are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. Cash balances are reviewed at the end of each reporting period to determine if negative cash balances exist. If negative cash balances do exist, the cash accounts are netted with other positive cash accounts of the same bank provided the right of offset exists between the accounts. If the right of offset does not exist, the negative cash balances are reclassified to accounts payable. Uncollectible Receivable Balance The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for probable losses resulting from the inability to collect payments. Reinsurance Reinsurance recoverables include amounts related to paid benefits and estimated amounts related to unpaid policy and contract claims, future policyholder benefits and policyholder contract deposits. The cost of reinsurance is recognized over the terms of the underlying reinsured policies using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the policies. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with claim and claim adjustment expense reserves or future policy benefits reserves and are reported in the consolidated balance sheets. The cost of reinsurance related to long-duration contracts is recognized over the life of the underlying reinsured policies. The ceding of insurance does not discharge the Company’s primary liability to insureds, thus a credit exposure exists to the extent that any reinsurer is unable to meet the obligation assumed in the reinsurance agreements. To mitigate this exposure to reinsurance insolvencies, the Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and holds collateral (in the form of funds withheld, trusts, and letters of credit) as security under the reinsurance agreements. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded on the basis of periodic evaluations of balances due from reinsurers (net of collateral), reinsurer solvency, management’s experience and current economic conditions. Funds withheld under reinsurance represent amounts contractually held from assuming companies in accordance with reinsurance agreements. Reinsurance premiums assumed are calculated based upon payments received from ceding companies together with accrual estimates, which are based on both payments received and in force policy information received from ceding companies. Any subsequent differences arising on such estimates are recorded in the period in which they are determined. Income Taxes Current federal income taxes are recognized based upon amounts estimated to be payable or recoverable as a result of taxable operations for the current year. Deferred income taxes are recorded for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and income tax basis of assets and liabilities, based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the Company expects the temporary differences to reverse. A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that an amount will not be realized. The Company classifies net interest expense related to tax matters and any applicable penalties as a component of income tax expense. Deferred Acquisition Costs Only direct incremental costs associated with the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts are deferred to the extent that such costs are deemed recoverable from F-10 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-Kfuture premiums or gross profits. Acquisition costs primarily consist of commissions and premium taxes. Certain direct response advertising expenses are deferred when the primary purpose of the advertising is to elicit sales to customers who can be shown to have specifically responded to the advertising and the direct response advertising results in probable future benefits. Premium deficiency testing is performed annually and generally reviewed quarterly. Such testing involves the use of best estimate assumptions including the anticipation of investment income to determine if anticipated future policy premiums are adequate to recover all DAC and related claims, benefits and expenses. To the extent a premium deficiency exists, it is recognized immediately by a charge to the consolidated statement of operations and a corresponding reduction in DAC. If the premium deficiency is greater than unamortized DAC, a liability is accrued for the excess deficiency. See Note 3 for further information on the premium deficiency reserve related to the exit of the health insurance market. Long Duration Contracts Acquisition costs for pre-funded funeral (“preneed”) life insurance policies issued prior to 2009 and certain life insurance policies no longer offered are deferred and amortized in proportion to anticipated premiums over the premium-paying period. These acquisition costs consist primarily of first year commissions paid to agents. Acquisition costs relating to group worksite insurance products consist primarily of first year commissions to brokers, costs of issuing new certificates and compensation to sales representatives. These acquisition costs are front-end loaded, thus they are deferred and amortized over the estimated terms of the underlying contracts. For preneed investment-type annuities, preneed life insurance policies with discretionary death benefit growth issued after January 1, 2009, universal life insurance policies, and investment-type annuities (no longer offered), DAC is amortized in proportion to the present value of estimated gross profits from investment, mortality, expense margins and surrender charges over the estimated life of the policy or contract. Estimated gross profits include the impact of unrealized gains or losses on investments as if these gains or losses had been realized, with corresponding credits or charges included in AOCI. The assumptions used for the estimates are consistent with those used in computing the policy or contract liabilities. Short Duration Contracts Acquisition costs relating to property contracts, warranty and extended service contracts and single premium credit insurance contracts are amortized over the term of the contracts in relation to premiums earned. Acquisition costs relating to monthly pay credit insurance business consist mainly of direct response advertising costs and are deferred and amortized over the estimated average terms and balances of the underlying contracts. 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Acquisition costs relating to group term life, group disability, group dental, and group vision consist primarily of compensation to sales representatives. These acquisition costs are front-end loaded; thus, they are deferred and amortized over the estimated terms of the underlying contracts. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are reported at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives with a maximum of 39.5 years for buildings, a maximum of 7 years for furniture and a maximum of 5 years for equipment. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to income as incurred. Expenditures for improvements are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining useful life of the asset. Property and equipment also includes capitalized software costs, which represent costs directly related to obtaining, developing or upgrading internal use software. Such costs are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, not to exceed 20 years. Property and equipment are assessed for impairment when impairment indicators exist. See Note 3 for further information on the impairment of long-lived assets related to the exit of the health insurance market. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of acquisition costs over the net fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill is deemed to have an indefinite life and is not amortized, but rather is tested at least annually for impairment. We review our goodwill annually in the fourth quarter for impairment, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. We regularly assess whether any indicators of impairment exist. Such indicators include, but are not limited to: significant adverse change in legal factors, adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, loss of key personnel or a significant decline in our expected future cash flows due to changes in company-specific factors or the broader business climate. The evaluation of such factors requires considerable management judgment. When required, we test goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level. Following the guidance on goodwill, we have concluded that our reporting units for goodwill testing are equivalent to our reported operating segments, excluding the Corporate and Other segment. At the time of the annual goodwill test, the Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the current two-step goodwill impairment test. The Company is required to perform step one if it determines qualitatively that it is more likely than not (that is, a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. Otherwise, no further testing is required. F-11 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies If the Company does not take the option to perform the qualitative assessment or the qualitative assessment performed indicates that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit’s fair value is less than the carrying value, the Company will then compare the estimated fair value of the reporting unit with its net book value (“Step 1”). If the estimated fair value exceeds its net book value, goodwill is deemed not to be impaired, and no further testing is necessary. If the net book value exceeds its estimated fair value, we perform a second test to measure the amount of impairment, if any. To determine the amount of any impairment, we determine the implied fair value of goodwill in the same manner as if the reporting unit were being acquired in a business combination (“Step 2”). Specifically, we determine the fair value of all of the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit, including any unrecognized intangible assets, in a hypothetical calculation that yields the implied fair value of goodwill. If the implied fair value of goodwill is less than the recorded goodwill, we record an impairment charge for the difference. In the fourth quarter 2015, the Company chose the option to first perform a qualitative assessment for both our Assurant Specialty Property and Assurant Solutions reporting units. Based on this assessment, the Company determined that it was more likely than not that the reporting units’ fair value was more than their carrying amount, therefore further impairment testing was not necessary. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we performed a Step 1 test for both our Assurant Specialty Property and Assurant Solutions reporting units and concluded that the estimated fair value of the reporting units exceeded their respective book values and therefore goodwill was not impaired. For 2015 and 2014, the Assurant Employee Benefits and Assurant Health reporting units did not have goodwill. Value of Businesses Acquired VOBA is an identifiable intangible asset representing the value of the insurance businesses acquired. The amount is determined using best estimates for mortality, lapse, maintenance expenses and investment returns at date of purchase. The amount determined represents the purchase price paid to the seller for producing the business. Similar to the amortization of DAC, the amortization of VOBA is over the premium payment period for traditional life insurance policies and a small block of limited payment policies. For the remaining limited payment policies, preneed life insurance policies, all universal life policies and annuities, the amortization of VOBA is over the expected lifetime of the policies. VOBA is tested annually in the fourth quarter for recoverability. If it is determined that future policy premiums and investment income or gross profits are not adequate to cover related losses or loss expenses, then an expense is reported in current earnings. Based on 2015 and 2014 testing, future policy premiums and investment income or gross profits were deemed adequate to cover related losses or loss expenses. Other Assets Other assets consist primarily of investments in unconsolidated entities, inventory associated with our mobile protection business and prepaid items. The Company accounts for investments in unconsolidated entities using the equity method of accounting since the Company can exert significant influence over the investee, but does not have effective control over the investee. The Company’s equity in the net income (loss) from equity method investments is recorded as income (loss) with a corresponding increase (decrease) in the investment. Judgment regarding the level of influence over each equity method investee includes considering factors such as ownership interest, board representation and policy making decisions. In applying the equity method, the Company uses financial information provided by the investee, which may be received on a lag basis. Other Intangible Assets Other intangible assets that have finite lives, including but not limited to, customer contracts, customer relationships and marketing relationships, are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Other intangible assets deemed to have indefinite useful lives, primarily certain state licenses, are not amortized and are subject to at least annual impairment tests. At the time of the annual impairment test, the Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets. Impairment exists if the carrying amount of the indefinite-lived other intangible asset exceeds its fair value. For other intangible assets with finite lives, impairment is recognized if the carrying amount is not recoverable and exceeds the fair value of the other intangible asset. Generally other intangible assets with finite lives are only tested for impairment if there are indicators (“triggers”) of impairment identified. Triggers include, but are not limited to, a significant adverse change in the extent, manner or length of time in which the other intangible asset is being used or a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate that could affect the value of the other intangible asset. In certain cases, the Company does perform an annual impairment test for other intangible assets with finite lives even if there are no triggers present. There were no material impairment charges related to finite-lived and indefinite-lived other intangible assets in 2015 or 2014. Amortization expense and impairment charges, if any, are included in underwriting, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Separate Accounts Assets and liabilities associated with separate accounts relate to premium and annuity considerations for variable life and annuity products for which the contract-holder, rather than the Company, bears the investment risk. Separate account assets (with matching liabilities) are reported at F-12 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-Kfair value. Revenues and expenses related to the separate account assets and liabilities, to the extent of benefits paid or provided to the separate account policyholders, are excluded from the amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations because the accounts are administered by reinsurers. Reserves Reserves are established in accordance with GAAP, using generally accepted actuarial methods. Factors used in their calculation include experience derived from historical claim payments and actuarial assumptions. Such assumptions and other factors include trends, the incidence of incurred claims, the extent to which all claims have been reported, and internal claims processing charges. The process used in computing reserves cannot be exact, particularly for liability coverages, since actual claim costs are dependent upon such complex factors as inflation, changes in doctrines of legal liabilities and damage awards. The methods of making such estimates and establishing the related liabilities are periodically reviewed and updated. Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of exposure, but instead represent our best estimates of what we expect the ultimate settlement and administration of a claim or group of claims will cost based on facts and circumstances known at the time of calculation. The adequacy of reserves may be impacted by future trends in claims severity, frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors. These variables are affected by both external and internal events, including but not limited to: changes in the economic cycle, changes in the social perception of the value of work, emerging medical perceptions regarding physiological or psychological causes of disability, emerging health issues and new methods of treatment or accommodation, inflation, judicial trends, legislative changes and claims handling procedures. Many of these items are not directly quantifiable. Reserve estimates are refined as experience develops. Adjustments to reserves, both positive and negative, are reflected in the consolidated statement of operations in the period in which such estimates are updated. Because establishment of reserves is an inherently uncertain process involving estimates of future losses, there can be no certainty that ultimate losses will not exceed existing claims reserves. Future loss development could require reserves to be increased, which could have a material adverse effect on our earnings in the periods in which such increases are made. However, based on information currently available, we believe our reserve estimates are adequate. Long Duration Contracts The Company’s long duration contracts include preneed life insurance policies and annuity contracts, traditional life insurance policies no longer offered, universal life and annuities no longer offered, policies disposed of via reinsurance (Fortis Financial Group (“FFG”) and Long Term Care (“LTC”) contracts), group worksite policies, group life conversion policies and certain medical policies. 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Future policy benefits and expense reserves for LTC, certain life and annuity insurance policies no longer offered, a majority of individual medical policies issued prior to 2003, certain medical contracts issued from 2003 through 2006, the traditional life insurance contracts within FFG group worksite contracts and group life conversion policies are equal to the present value of future benefits to policyholders plus related expenses less the present value of the future net premiums. These amounts are estimated based on assumptions as to the expected investment yield, inflation, mortality, morbidity and withdrawal rates as well as other assumptions that are based on the Company’s experience. These assumptions reflect anticipated trends and include provisions for possible unfavorable deviations. Future policy benefits and expense reserves for preneed investment-type annuities, preneed life insurance policies with discretionary death benefit growth issued after 2008, universal life insurance policies and investment-type annuity contracts (no longer offered), and the variable life insurance and investment-type annuity contracts in FFG consist of policy account balances before applicable surrender charges and certain deferred policy initiation fees that are being recognized in income over the terms of the policies. Policy benefits charged to expense during the period include amounts paid in excess of policy account balances and interest credited to policy account balances. An unearned revenue reserve is also recorded for those preneed life insurance contracts which represents the balance of the excess of gross premiums over net premiums that is still to be recognized in future years’ income in a constant relationship to estimated gross profits. Future policy benefits and expense reserves for preneed life insurance contracts issued prior to 2009 are reported at the present value of future benefits to policyholders and related expenses less the present value of future net premiums. Reserve assumptions are selected using best estimates for expected investment yield, inflation, mortality and withdrawal rates. These assumptions reflect current trends, are based on Company experience and include provision for possible unfavorable deviation. An unearned revenue reserve is also recorded for these contracts which represents the balance of the excess of gross premiums over net premiums that is still to be recognized in future years’ income in a constant relationship to insurance in force. Reserves for group worksite policies also include case reserves and incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves which equal the net present value of the expected future claims payments. Worksite group disability reserves are discounted to the valuation date at the valuation interest rate. The valuation interest rate is reviewed quarterly by taking into consideration actual and expected earned rates on our asset portfolio. Changes in the estimated liabilities are reported as a charge or credit to policyholder benefits as the estimates are revised. F-13 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Short Duration Contracts The Company’s short duration contracts include group term life contracts, group disability contracts, medical contracts, dental contracts, vision contracts, property and warranty contracts, credit life and disability contracts and extended service contracts. For short duration contracts, claims and benefits payable reserves are recorded when insured events occur. The liability is based on the expected ultimate cost of settling the claims. The claims and benefits payable reserves include (1) case reserves for known but unpaid claims as of the balance sheet date; (2) IBNR reserves for claims where the insured event has occurred but has not been reported to the Company as of the balance sheet date; and (3) loss adjustment expense reserves for the expected handling costs of settling the claims. For group disability, the case reserves and the IBNR reserves are recorded at an amount equal to the net present value of the expected future claims payments. Group long-term disability and group term life waiver of premiums reserves are discounted to the valuation date at the valuation interest rate. The valuation interest rate is reviewed quarterly by taking into consideration actual and expected earned rates on our asset portfolio. Group long-term disability and group term life reserve adequacy studies are performed annually, and morbidity and mortality assumptions are adjusted where appropriate. The Company has exposure to asbestos, environmental and other general liability claims arising from its participation in various reinsurance pools from 1971 through 1985. This exposure arose from a short duration contract that the Company discontinued writing many years ago. The Company carries case reserves for these liabilities as recommended by the various pool managers and IBNR reserves. Any estimation of these liabilities is subject to greater than normal variation and uncertainty due to the general lack of sufficient detailed data, reporting delays, and absence of generally accepted actuarial methodology for determining the exposures. There are significant unresolved industry legal issues, including such items as whether coverage exists and what constitutes an occurrence. In addition, the determination of ultimate damages and the final allocation of losses to financially responsible parties are highly uncertain. Changes in the estimated liabilities are recorded as a charge or credit to policyholder benefits as estimates are revised. Amounts reimbursed by the National Flood Insurance Program for processing and adjudication services are reported as a reduction of policyholder benefits. Deferred Gain on Disposal of Businesses On March 1, 2000, the Company sold its LTC business using a coinsurance contract. On April 2, 2001, the Company sold its FFG business using a modified coinsurance contract. Since the form of sale did not discharge the Company’s primary liability to the insureds, the gain on these disposals was deferred and reported as a liability. The liability is decreased and recognized as revenue over the estimated life of the contracts’ terms. The Company reviews and evaluates the estimates affecting the deferred gain on disposal of businesses annually or when significant information affecting the estimates becomes known to the Company, and adjusts the revenue recognized accordingly. Based on the Company’s annual review in the fourth quarter of 2015, there were no adjustments to the estimates affecting the deferred gain. Based on the Company’s annual review in the fourth quarter of 2014, the Company re-established $12,777 of the FFG deferred gain. Debt The Company reports debt net of unamortized discount or premium and repurchases. Interest expense related to debt is expensed as incurred. Premiums Long Duration Contracts The Company’s long duration contracts which are actively being sold are preneed life insurance and certain group worksite insurance policies. The preneed life insurance policies include provisions for death benefit growth that is either pegged to the changes in the Consumer Price Index or determined periodically at the discretion of management. For preneed life insurance policies issued prior to 2009, revenues are recognized when due from policyholders. For preneed life insurance policies with discretionary death benefit growth issued after 2008 and for preneed investment- type annuity contracts, revenues consist of charges assessed against policy balances. Revenues are recognized ratably as earned income over the premium-paying periods of the policies for the group worksite insurance products. For a majority of individual medical contracts issued prior to 2003, a limited number of individual medical contracts currently issued from 2003 through 2006 in certain jurisdictions, and traditional life insurance contracts previously sold by the preneed business (no longer offered), revenue is recognized when due from policyholders. For universal life insurance and investment-type annuity contracts previously sold by the Assurant Solutions segment (no longer offered), revenues consist of charges assessed against policy balances. Premiums for LTC insurance and traditional life insurance contracts within FFG are recognized as revenue when due from the policyholder. For universal life insurance and investment-type annuity contracts within FFG, revenues consist of charges assessed against policy balances. For the FFG and LTC businesses previously sold, all revenue is ceded. Short Duration Contracts The Company’s short duration contracts revenue is recognized over the contract term in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided. The Company’s short duration F-14 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-Kcontracts primarily include group term life, group disability, medical, dental, vision, property and warranty, credit life and disability, and extended service contracts and individual medical contracts issued from 2003 through 2006 in most jurisdictions and in all jurisdictions after 2006. Reinstatement premiums for reinsurance are netted against net earned premiums in the consolidated statements of operations. Medical Loss Ratio Rebate Unearned Premium Reserve The Affordable Care Act was signed into law in March 2010. One provision of the Affordable Care Act, effective January 1, 2011, established a minimum medical loss ratio (“MLR”) designed to ensure that a minimum percentage of premiums is paid for clinical services or health care quality improvement activities. The Affordable Care Act established an MLR of 80% for individual and small group businesses and 85% for large group business. If the actual loss ratios, calculated in a manner prescribed by the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”), are less than the required MLR, premium rebates are payable to the policyholders by August 1 of the subsequent year. The Company has estimated its 2015 impact of this regulation based on definitions and calculation methodologies outlined in the HHS regulations and guidance. The estimate was based on separate projection models for the individual medical and small group businesses using projections of expected premiums, claims, and enrollment by state, legal entity, and market for medical business subject to MLR requirements for the MLR reporting year. In addition, the projection models include quality improvement expenses, state assessments and taxes. The premium rebate is presented as a reduction of net earned premiums in the consolidated statement of operations and included in unearned premiums in the consolidated balance sheets. Affordable Care Act Risk Mitigation Programs Beginning in 2014, the Affordable Care Act introduced new and significant premium stabilization programs. These programs, discussed in further detail below, are meant to mitigate the potential adverse impact to individual health insurers as a result of Affordable Care Act provisions that became effective January 1, 2014. A three-year (2014-2016) reinsurance program provides reimbursement to insurers for high cost individual business sold on or off the public marketplaces. The reinsurance entity established by HHS is funded by a per-member reinsurance fee assessed on all commercial medical plans, including self-insured group health plans. Only Affordable Care Act individual plans are eligible for recoveries if claims exceed a specified threshold, up to a reinsurance cap. Reinsurance contributions associated with Affordable Care Act individual plans are reported as a reduction in net earned premiums in the consolidated statements of operations, and estimated reinsurance recoveries are established as reinsurance 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies recoverables in the consolidated balance sheets with an offsetting reduction in policyholder benefits in the consolidated statements of operations. Reinsurance fee contributions for non-Affordable Care Act business are reported in underwriting, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. A permanent risk adjustment program transfers funds from insurers with lower risk populations to insurers with higher risk populations based on the relative risk scores of participants in Affordable Care Act plans in the individual and small group markets, both on and off the public marketplaces. Based on the risk of its members compared to the total risk of all members in the same state and market, considering data obtained from industry studies, the Company estimates its year-to-date risk adjustment transfer amount. The Company records a risk adjustment transfer receivable (payable) in premiums and accounts receivable (unearned premiums) in the consolidated balance sheets, with an offsetting adjustment to net earned premiums in the consolidated statements of operations. A three year (2014-2016) risk corridor program limits insurer gains and losses by comparing allowable medical costs to a target amount as defined by HHS. This program applies to a subset of Affordable Care Act eligible individual and small group products certified as Qualified Health Plans. The public marketplace can only sell Qualified Health Plans. In addition, carriers who sell Qualified Health Plans on the public marketplace can also sell them off the public marketplace. Variances from the target amount exceeding certain thresholds may result in amounts due to or due from HHS. During 2015, the Company participated in the Federal insurance public marketplace for several states so the risk corridor program is applicable. However, as the funding status for this program is unclear at this time, a 100% allowance was established against recorded receivable amounts, thus there is no impact on the Company’s 2015 consolidated statement of operations. The Company does not anticipate any payables into this program for 2015. Total Other-Than-Temporary Impairment Losses For debt securities with credit losses and non-credit losses or gains, total other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses is the total of the decline in fair value from either the most recent OTTI determination or a prior period end in which the fair value declined until the current period end valuation date. This amount does not include any securities that had fair value increases. For equity securities and debt securities that the Company has the intent to sell or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell for equity securities that have an OTTI or for debt securities if there are only credit losses, total other-than-temporary impairment losses is the total amount by which the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost basis at the period end valuation date and the decline in fair value is deemed to be other-than-temporary. When a decline in value is considered to be other-than- temporary for equity method investments, the carrying value of these investments is written down, or impaired, to fair value. F-15 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Fees and Other Income Income earned on preneed life insurance policies with discretionary death benefit growth issued after 2008 is presented within fees and other income. The Company also derives fees and other income from providing administrative services, mobile related services, and mortgage property risk management services. These fees are recognized monthly when services are performed. Dealer obligor service contracts are sales in which the retailer/ dealer is designated as the obligor (administrative service- only plans). For these contract sales, the Company recognizes administrative fee revenue on a straight-line pro-rata basis over the terms of the service contract. Administrator obligor service contracts are sales in which the Company is designated as the obligor. The Company recognizes and reports administration fees related to these contracts as earned on the same basis as the premium is recognized or on a straight-line pro-rata basis. Administration fees related to the unexpired portion of the contract term for both the dealer obligor and administrator obligor service contracts are deferred and amortized over the term of the contracts. These unexpired amounts are reported in accounts payable and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Underwriting, General and Administrative Expenses Underwriting, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of commissions, premium taxes, licenses, fees, salaries and personnel benefits and other general operating expenses and are expensed as incurred. Leases The Company records expenses for operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Contingencies The Company evaluates each contingent matter separately. A loss contingency is recorded if reasonably estimable and probable. The Company establishes reserves for these contingencies at the best estimate, or if no one estimated number within the range of possible losses is more probable than any other, the Company records an estimated reserve at the low end of the estimated range. Contingencies affecting the Company primarily relate to litigation matters which are inherently difficult to evaluate and are subject to significant changes. The Company believes the contingent amounts recorded are reasonable. Recent Accounting Pronouncements — Adopted On December 31, 2014, the Company adopted the amended guidance on reporting discontinued operations and disclosures of disposals of components of an entity. To qualify as a discontinued operation under the amended guidance, a component or group of components must represent a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results. The amended guidance includes expanded disclosures for discontinued operations and requires comparative balance sheet presentation. New disclosures are also required for disposals of individually significant components that do not qualify as discontinued operations. The adoption of this amended guidance did not impact the Company’s financial position or results of operations. On January 1, 2014, the Company adopted the new guidance on presentation of an unrecognized tax benefit when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward exists. The amendments in this guidance state that an unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion thereof, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward. An exception to this guidance would be where a net operating loss carryforward or similar tax loss or credit carryforward would not be available under the tax law to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position, or the tax law does not require the entity to use, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset for such purpose. In such a case, the unrecognized tax benefit should be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with deferred tax assets. The adoption of this new presentation guidance did not impact the Company’s financial position or results of operations. On January 1, 2014, the Company adopted the other expenses guidance that addresses how health insurers should recognize and classify in their statements of operations fees mandated by the Affordable Care Act. The Affordable Care Act imposes an annual fee on health insurers for each calendar year beginning on or after January 1, 2014. The amendments specify that the liability for the fee should be estimated and recorded in full once the entity provides qualifying health insurance in the applicable calendar year in which the fee is payable with a corresponding deferred cost that is amortized to expense ratably over the calendar year during which it is payable. The Company’s adoption of this guidance impacts the results of our Assurant Health and Assurant Employee Benefits segments. For the calendar year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company ratably recorded $39,606 and $25,723, respectively in underwriting, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations, and paid, in full, the final assessment during the third quarter of 2015 and 2014. F-16 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KRecent Accounting Pronouncements — Not Yet Adopted In January 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued amended guidance on the measurement and classification of financial instruments. This amended guidance requires that all equity investments be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized through net income (other than those accounted for under equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee). The amendments also require an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the fair value option has been elected for financial liabilities. The amendments eliminate the requirement to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value for financial instruments measured at amortized cost, however public business entities will be required to use the exit price when measuring the fair value of financial instruments measured at amortized cost for disclosure purposes. In addition, the new guidance requires financial assets and financial liabilities to be presented separately in the notes to the financial statements, grouped by measurement category and form of financial asset. The amended guidance is effective in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Therefore, the Company is required to adopt the guidance on January 1, 2018. For the provision related to presentation of financial liabilities, early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. The Company is evaluating the requirements of this amended measurement and classification of financial instruments guidance and the potential impact on the Company’s financial position and results of operations. In April 2015, the FASB issued amended guidance on presentation of debt issuance costs. This amended guidance requires that debt issuance costs be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt liability, consistent with debt discounts or premiums. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs is not affected by the amendments. The amended guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. Therefore, the Company is required to adopt the guidance on January 1, 2016. Early adoption of the amended guidance is permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. An entity should apply the amended guidance on a retrospective basis, wherein the balance sheet of each individual period presented should be adjusted to reflect the period-specific effects of applying the 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies new guidance. The Company does not expect the adoption of this presentation guidance to impact the Company’s financial position or results of operations. In February 2015, the FASB issued new consolidation guidance that affects reporting entities that are required to evaluate whether they should consolidate certain legal entities. All legal entities are subject to reevaluation under the revised consolidation model. The new guidance eliminates specialized guidance for limited partnerships and similar legal entities, and removes the indefinite deferral for certain investment funds. The new guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. Therefore, the Company is required to adopt the guidance on January 1, 2016. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The new guidance may be applied retrospectively or through a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. The Company does not expect the adoption of this new consolidation guidance to have an impact on it’s financial position or results of operations. In May 2014, the FASB issued amended guidance on revenue recognition. The amended guidance affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards. Insurance contracts are within the scope of other standards and therefore are specifically excluded from the scope of the amended revenue recognition guidance. The core principle of the amended guidance is that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve the core principle, the entity applies a five step process outlined in the amended guidance. The amended guidance also includes a cohesive set of disclosure requirements. In August 2015, the FASB issued guidance to defer the effective date of the revenue recognition guidance. The amended guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and earlier application is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. Therefore, the Company is required to adopt the guidance on January 1, 2018. An entity can choose to apply the amended guidance using either the full retrospective approach or a modified retrospective approach. The Company is evaluating the requirements of the revenue recognition guidance as it relates to its non-insurance contract revenue and the potential impact on the Company’s financial position and results of operations. F-17 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K4 Dispositions 3. Reorganization On June 7, 2015, the Company concluded its comprehensive review of strategic alternatives for the Assurant Health business segment and decided to sharpen its focus on housing and lifestyle specialty protection products and services. The Company has begun a process to wind down its major medical operations and expects to substantially complete its exit from the health insurance market by the end of 2016. As part of this process, Assurant reinsured its supplemental and small-group self-funded lines of business and sold certain legal entities to National General Holdings Corp. (“National General”), effective October 1, 2015. The following table presents information regarding exit-related charges: Severance and retention — 14,435 — — 14,435 20,927 (10,728) 24,634 16,344 (4,413) 36,565 82,038 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Long- lived asset impairments and contract and lease terminations Other transaction costs — $ — $ 22,307 (21,247) — 1,060 13 (168) 905 17 (152) 770 27,651 $ $ $ $ 4,996 (2,947) — 2,049 5,795 (4,338) 3,506 795 (3,808) 493 11,586 $ $ $ $ $ $ Total — 41,738 (24,194) — 17,544 26,735 (15,234) 29,045 17,156 (8,373) 37,828 121,275 169,101 290,376 The premium deficiency reserve liability decreased $91,054 from $169,101 at September 30, 2015 to $78,047 at December 31, 2015. The $91,054 decrease is consistent with the estimate established at September 30, 2015. Future cash payments, for these exit-related charges, are expected to be substantially complete by 2016. BALANCE AT JANUARY 1, 2015 Charges Non-cash adjustment Cash payments BALANCE AT JUNE 30, 2015 Charges Cash payments BALANCE AT SEPTEMBER 30, 2015 Charges Cash payments BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2015 Amount expected to be incurred Premium deficiency reserves TOTAL AMOUNT EXPECTED TO BE INCURRED Amounts in the above table are included in underwriting, general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The total amount expected to be incurred is an estimate that is subject to change as facts and circumstances evolve. For instance, severance and retention estimates could change if employees previously identified for separation resign from the Company before the date through which they are required to be employed in order to receive severance and retention benefits. 4. Dispositions On October 7, 2015, the Company sold certain assets related to the Assurant Specialty Property’s automobile title administration services business for cash consideration of $19,600. The Company recognized a gain on sale of $16,773 in the fourth quarter 2015, which is classified in fees and other income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. On October 1, 2015, the Company completed the sale of Assurant Health’s supplemental and small-group self-funded lines of business and certain assets to National General Holdings Corp. (“National General”), for cash consideration of $14,000, consisting primarily of a ceding commission. Since the form of sale did not discharge the Company’s primary liability to the insureds, a $5,336 gain on the disposal of the small-group self-funded business was deferred and reported as a liability as of the date of sale. The liability is decreased and recognized as revenue over the estimated life of contract terms. The Company will review and evaluate the estimates affecting the deferred gain annually or when significant information affecting the estimates becomes known to the Company, and will adjust the revenue recognized accordingly. Losses resulting from coinsurance transactions are recognized immediately, thus in the fourth quarter 2015 the Company recognized a loss of $11,587, primarily related to the write-off of deferred acquisition costs, on the sale of the supplemental business. The loss on sale is classified in underwriting, general and administrative expenses on the F-18 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 5 Investments Consolidated Statements of Operations. In the third quarter of 2015, the Company recognized a tax benefit related to the sale of these legal entities. See Note 8 for more information on the tax benefit. On September 9, 2015, the Company entered into a Master Transaction Agreement with Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada, a subsidiary of Sun Life Financial Inc., to sell its Assurant Employee Benefits segment for cash consideration of approximately $940,000 consisting primarily of a ceding commission. The sale structure includes the following: coinsurance agreements, with related trust accounts, for the insurance business; stock sale for certain legal entities; administrative agreement for certain non-insurance contracts; and asset sale of certain software and fixed assets. The transaction is subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions and is expected to close in the first quarter of 2016. The assets and liabilities related to the coinsurance agreements do not qualify as held for sale. The sale of the legal entities and other non-insurance assets and liabilities meets the criteria for held for sale accounting as of December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2015, the divested legal entities and other non-insurance assets and liabilities had assets of $83,004 (primarily consisting of $35,920 of investments and cash and cash equivalents, $17,312 of premiums and accounts receivable, $19,368 of property and equipment, and $8,674 of other intangible assets) and liabilities of $14,923 (primarily consisting of $13,622 of accounts payable and other liabilities). These assets and liabilities are classified as held for sale and are included in other assets and accounts payable and other liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. In January 2015, the Company completed the sale of its general agency business and primary insurance carrier, American Reliable Insurance Company (“ARIC”), to Global Indemnity Group, Inc., a subsidiary of Global Indemnity plc, for $117,860 in net cash consideration. The business was part of the Assurant Specialty Property segment and offers specialty personal lines and agricultural insurance through general and independent agents. The sale price was based on the GAAP book value of the business from June 30, 2014 adjusted as of January 1, 2015. In accordance with held for sale accounting, the Company recorded a loss of $21,526 for the period ended December 31, 2014. Upon final settlement, the Company recorded gains (losses) of $5,284 and $(4,164) for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and June 30, 2015, respectively. The $1,120 net gain recorded on the sale is classified in underwriting, general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of December 31, 2014, the divested business had assets, excluding goodwill, of $441,942 (primarily consisting of $199,097 fixed maturity securities, $48,695 cash and cash equivalents, $26,186 premiums and accounts receivable, $105,603 reinsurance recoverables and $25,055 deferred acquisition costs) and liabilities of $321,820 (primarily consisting of $172,235 unearned premiums, $72,645 claims and benefits payable and $54,949 funds held under reinsurance). These assets and liabilities are classified as held for sale and are included in other assets and accounts payable and other liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. The loss associated with the divested business of $21,526 includes a $15,451 goodwill write-off and is classified in underwriting, general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. 5. Investments The following tables show the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, fair value and other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) of the Company’s fixed maturity and equity securities as of the dates indicated: Fixed maturity securities: United States Government and government agencies and authorities States, municipalities and political subdivisions Foreign governments Asset-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Residential mortgage-backed Corporate TOTAL FIXED MATURITY SECURITIES Equity securities: Common stocks Non-redeemable preferred stocks TOTAL EQUITY SECURITIES Cost or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value OTTI in AOCI(a) December 31, 2015 $ 150,681 $ 3,891 $ (537) $ 154,035 $ — 647,335 497,785 3,499 22,169 953,247 7,196,079 9,470,795 $ 13,048 $ 437,515 450,563 $ $ $ $ 48,389 65,188 1,367 352 48,676 677,549 845,412 $ 6,623 $ 45,495 52,118 $ (94) (723) (204) — (3,409) (95,912) 695,630 562,250 4,662 22,521 998,514 7,777,716 (100,879) $ 10,215,328 $ (7) $ 19,664 $ (2,617) (2,624) $ 480,393 500,057 $ — — 1,285 — 15,343 17,885 34,513 — — — F-19 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 5 Investments Cost or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value OTTI in AOCI(a) December 31, 2014 $ (429) $ 5,201 $ 172,070 $ Fixed maturity securities: United States Government and government agencies and authorities States, municipalities and political subdivisions Foreign governments Asset-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Residential mortgage-backed Corporate TOTAL FIXED MATURITY SECURITIES Equity securities: — Common stocks — Non-redeemable preferred stocks TOTAL EQUITY SECURITIES — (a) Represents the amount of OTTI recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). Amount includes unrealized gains and losses on (353) (1,457) (78) — (1,154) (16,614) (20,085) $ 11,263,174 $ 703,167 591,981 3,917 44,907 911,004 7,621,054 10,048,100 $ 67,027 74,339 1,680 1,109 58,876 1,026,927 1,235,159 $ 769,841 664,863 5,519 46,016 968,726 8,631,367 — — 1,570 — 17,732 21,612 40,914 15,651 $ 50,975 66,626 $ 461,457 499,407 $ 412,575 434,875 $ (2,093) (2,094) $ 176,842 $ 37,950 $ 22,300 $ (1) $ — $ $ $ impaired securities relating to changes in the value of such securities subsequent to the impairment measurement date. The Company’s states, municipalities and political subdivisions holdings are highly diversified across the U.S. and Puerto Rico, with no individual state’s exposure (including both general obligation and revenue securities) exceeding 0.5% of the overall investment portfolio as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the securities include general obligation and revenue bonds issued by states, cities, counties, school districts and similar issuers, including $319,654 and $270,107, respectively, of advance refunded or escrowed-to-maturity bonds (collectively referred to as “pre-refunded bonds”), which are bonds for which an irrevocable trust has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, revenue bonds account for 50% and 51% of the holdings, respectively. Excluding pre-refunded revenue bonds, the activities supporting the income streams of the Company’s revenue bonds are across a broad range of sectors, primarily highway, water, transit, airport and marina, higher education, specifically pledged tax revenues, and other miscellaneous sources such as bond banks, finance authorities and appropriations. The Company’s investments in foreign government fixed maturity securities are held mainly in countries and currencies where the Company has policyholder liabilities, which allow the assets and liabilities to be more appropriately matched. At December 31, 2015, approximately 79%, 8%, and 5% of the foreign government securities were held in the Canadian government/provincials and the governments of Brazil and Germany, respectively. At December 31, 2014, approximately 76%, 10% and 5% of the foreign government securities were held in the Canadian government/provincials and the governments of Brazil and Germany, respectively. No other country represented more than 3% of the Company’s foreign government securities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company has European investment exposure in its corporate fixed maturity and equity securities of $888,923 with a net unrealized gain of $67,957 at December 31, 2015 and $1,060,655 with a net unrealized gain of $116,975 at December 31, 2014. Approximately 25% and 22% of the corporate European exposure is held in the financial industry at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company’s largest European country exposure represented approximately 5% of the fair value of the Company’s corporate securities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Approximately 6% of the fair value of the corporate European securities are pound and euro-denominated and are not hedged to U.S. dollars, but held to support those foreign-denominated liabilities. The Company’s international investments are managed as part of the overall portfolio with the same approach to risk management and focus on diversification. The Company has exposure to the energy sector in its corporate fixed maturity securities of $779,720 with a net unrealized loss of $6,985 at December 31, 2015 and $992,012 with a net unrealized gain of $89,590 at December 31, 2014. Approximately 89% of the energy exposure is rated as investment grade as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The cost or amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2015 by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. F-20 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 5 Investments Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years through ten years Due after ten years TOTAL Asset-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Residential mortgage-backed TOTAL Major categories of net investment income were as follows: $ $ Cost or Amortized Cost 324,097 $ Fair Value 327,824 1,984,818 2,171,426 4,705,563 9,189,631 4,662 22,521 998,514 9,470,795 $ 10,215,328 1,904,357 2,121,934 4,141,492 8,491,880 3,499 22,169 953,247 Fixed maturity securities Equity securities Commercial mortgage loans on real estate Policy loans Short-term investments Other investments Cash and cash equivalents Total investment income Investment expenses NET INVESTMENT INCOME $ $ $ $ Years Ended December 31, 2015 486,165 29,957 72,658 2,478 2,033 37,759 18,416 649,466 (23,249) 626,217 $ 2014 522,309 28,014 73,959 2,939 1,950 34,527 18,556 682,254 (25,825) 656,429 $ 2013 530,144 27,013 76,665 3,426 2,156 20,573 14,679 674,656 (24,360) 650,296 No material investments of the Company were non-income producing for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The following table summarizes the proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities and the gross realized gains and gross realized losses that have been included in earnings as a result of those sales. Proceeds from sales Gross realized gains Gross realized losses $ For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2,568,166 $ 65,097 31,657 2014 1,995,368 $ 69,184 10,681 2013 2,821,177 81,921 50,667 For securities sold at a loss during 2015, the average period of time these securities were trading continuously at a price below book value was approximately 6 months. The following table sets forth the net realized gains (losses), including other-than-temporary impairments, recognized in the statement of operations as follows: Net realized gains (losses) related to sales and other: Fixed maturity securities Equity securities Commercial mortgage loans on real estate Other investments TOTAL NET REALIZED GAINS RELATED TO SALES AND OTHER Net realized losses related to other-than-temporary impairments: Fixed maturity securities Other investments Total net realized losses related to other-than-temporary impairments TOTAL NET REALIZED GAINS Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ 13,322 19,016 817 3,695 36,850 (5,024) — (5,024) 31,826 $ $ 54,200 6,190 532 (109) 60,813 (30) — (30) 60,783 $ 14,579 19,789 2,515 2,029 38,912 (3,295) (1,092) (4,387) 34,525 F-21 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 5 Investments Other-Than-Temporary Impairments The Company follows the OTTI guidance, which requires entities to separate an OTTI of a debt security into two components when there are credit related losses associated with the impaired debt security for which the Company asserts that it does not have the intent to sell, and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell before recovery of its cost basis. Under the OTTI guidance, the amount of the OTTI related to a credit loss is recognized in earnings, and the amount of the OTTI related to other, non-credit factors (e.g., interest rates, market conditions, etc.) is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. In instances where no credit loss exists but the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will have to sell the debt security prior to the anticipated recovery, the decline in market value below amortized cost is recognized as an OTTI in earnings. In periods after the recognition of an OTTI on debt securities, the Company accounts for such securities as if they had been purchased on the measurement date of the OTTI at an amortized cost basis equal to the previous amortized cost basis less the OTTI recognized in earnings. For debt securities for which OTTI was recognized in earnings, the difference between the new amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected will be accreted or amortized into net investment income. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded $7,212 and $69, respectively, of OTTI, of which $5,024 and $30 was related to credit losses and recorded as net OTTI losses recognized in earnings, with the remaining amounts of $2,188 and $39, respectively, related to all other factors and was recorded as an unrealized loss component of AOCI. The following table sets forth the amount of credit loss impairments recognized within the results of operations on fixed maturity securities held by the Company as of the dates indicated, for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in AOCI, and the corresponding changes in such amounts. Balance, beginning of year Additions for credit loss impairments recognized in the current period on securities previously impaired Additions for credit loss impairments recognized in the current period on securities not previously impaired Reductions for increases in cash flows expected to be collected that are recognized over the remaining life of the security Reductions for credit loss impairments previously recognized on securities which matured, paid down, prepaid or were sold during the period Years Ended December 31, 2015 $ 35,424 2014 $ 45,278 $ 2013 95,589 — 2,621 30 — 107 — (2,398) (5,248) (1,851) (3,270) (4,636) $ 32,377 $ 35,424 $ (48,567) 45,278 BALANCE, END OF YEAR The Company regularly monitors its investment portfolio to ensure investments that may be other-than-temporarily impaired are timely identified, properly valued, and charged against earnings in the proper period. The determination that a security has incurred an other-than-temporary decline in value requires the judgment of management. Assessment factors include, but are not limited to, the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been less than cost, the financial condition and rating of the issuer, whether any collateral is held, the intent and ability of the Company to retain the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for recovery for equity securities and the intent to sell or whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell for fixed maturity securities. Inherently, there are risks and uncertainties involved in making these judgments. Changes in circumstances and critical assumptions such as a continued weak economy, a more pronounced economic downturn or unforeseen events which affect one or more companies, industry sectors, or countries could result in additional impairments in future periods for other-than-temporary declines in value. Any equity security whose price decline is deemed other-than- temporary is written down to its then current market value with the amount of the impairment reported as a realized loss in that period. The impairment of a fixed maturity security that the Company has the intent to sell or that it is more likely than not that the Company will be required F-22 to sell is deemed other-than-temporary and is written down to its market value at the balance sheet date with the amount of the impairment reported as a realized loss in that period. For all other-than-temporarily impaired fixed maturity securities that do not meet either of these two criteria, the Company is required to analyze its ability to recover the amortized cost of the security by calculating the net present value of projected future cash flows. For these other-than-temporarily impaired fixed maturity securities, the net amount recognized in earnings is equal to the difference between the amortized cost of the fixed maturity security and its net present value. The Company considers different factors to determine the amount of projected future cash flows and discounting methods for corporate debt and residential and commercial mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities. For corporate debt securities, the split between the credit and non- credit losses is driven principally by assumptions regarding the amount and timing of projected future cash flows. The net present value is calculated by discounting the Company’s best estimate of projected future cash flows at the effective interest rate implicit in the security at the date of acquisition. For residential and commercial mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, cash flow estimates, including prepayment assumptions, are based on data from widely accepted third-party data sources or ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K5 Investments internal estimates. In addition to prepayment assumptions, cash flow estimates vary based on assumptions regarding the underlying collateral including default rates, recoveries and changes in value. The net present value is calculated by discounting the Company’s best estimate of projected future cash flows at the effective interest rate implicit in the fixed maturity security prior to impairment at the balance sheet date. The discounted cash flows become the new amortized cost basis of the fixed maturity security. In periods subsequent to the recognition of an OTTI, the Company generally accretes the discount (or amortizes the reduced premium) into net investment income, up to the non-discounted amount of projected future cash flows, resulting from the reduction in cost basis, based upon the amount and timing of the expected future cash flows over the estimated period of cash flows. The investment category and duration of the Company’s gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities and equity securities at December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows: Fixed maturity securities: United States Government and government agencies and authorities States, municipalities and political subdivisions Foreign governments Asset-backed Residential mortgage-backed Corporate TOTAL FIXED MATURITY SECURITIES Equity securities: Common stock Non-redeemable preferred stocks TOTAL EQUITY SECURITIES Fixed maturity securities: United States Government and government agencies and authorities States, municipalities and political subdivisions Foreign governments Asset-backed Residential mortgage-backed Corporate TOTAL FIXED MATURITY SECURITIES Equity securities: Common stock Non-redeemable preferred stocks TOTAL EQUITY SECURITIES Less than 12 months Fair Value Unrealized Losses December 31, 2015 12 Months or More Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses $ 90,008 $ (465) $ 5,564 $ (72) $ 95,572 $ (537) 6,881 24,071 — 260,620 1,636,457 $ 2,018,037 $ (94) (347) — (3,179) (85,247) (89,332) $ — 22,239 1,136 11,147 54,029 94,115 $ (94) 6,881 — (723) 46,310 (376) (204) 1,136 (204) (3,409) 271,767 (230) (10,665) (95,912) 1,690,486 (11,547) $ 2,112,152 $ (100,879) $ $ 623 $ 63,665 64,288 $ (7) $ (1,632) (1,639) $ — $ 13,806 13,806 $ — $ (985) (985) $ 623 $ 77,471 78,094 $ (7) (2,617) (2,624) Less than 12 months Fair Value Unrealized Losses December 31, 2014 12 Months or More Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses $ 34,551 $ (188) $ 21,488 $ (241) $ 56,039 $ (429) 3,050 19,886 — 22,337 640,641 720,465 $ (282) (67) — (71) (13,132) (13,740) $ 4,633 37,741 1,348 61,682 113,918 240,810 $ (71) (1,390) (78) (1,083) (3,482) (6,345) $ 7,683 57,627 1,348 84,019 754,559 961,275 $ (353) (1,457) (78) (1,154) (16,614) (20,085) — $ 8,844 8,844 $ — $ (264) (264) $ 196 $ 24,784 24,980 $ (1) $ 196 $ (1,829) (1,830) $ 33,628 33,824 $ (1) (2,093) (2,094) $ $ $ Total gross unrealized losses represent approximately 5% and 2% of the aggregate fair value of the related securities at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Approximately 88% and 63% of these gross unrealized losses have been in a continuous loss position for less than twelve months at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The total gross unrealized losses are comprised of 884 and 385 individual securities at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In accordance with its policy described above, the Company concluded that for these securities an adjustment to its results of operations for other-than-temporary impairments of the gross unrealized losses was not warranted at December 31, 2015 and 2014. These conclusions were based on a detailed analysis of the underlying credit and expected cash flows of F-23 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 5 Investments each security. As of December 31, 2015, the gross unrealized losses that have been in a continuous loss position for twelve months or more were concentrated in the Company’s corporate fixed maturity securities and in non-redeemable preferred stocks. The non-redeemable preferred stocks are perpetual preferred securities that have characteristics of both debt and equity securities. To evaluate these securities, the Company applies an impairment model similar to that used for the Company’s fixed maturity securities. As of December 31, 2015, the Company did not intend to sell these securities and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell them and no underlying cash flow issues were noted. Therefore, the Company did not recognize an OTTI on those perpetual preferred securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for twelve months or more. As of December 31, 2015, the Company did not intend to sell the fixed maturity securities and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell the securities before the anticipated recovery of their amortized cost basis. The gross unrealized losses are primarily attributable to widening credit spreads associated with an underlying shift in overall credit risk premium. The cost or amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2015, by contractual maturity, is shown below: Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years through ten years Due after ten years TOTAL Asset-backed Residential mortgage-backed TOTAL Cost or Amortized Cost $ 52,077 $ 469,320 754,402 660,716 1,936,515 1,340 275,176 2,213,031 $ $ Fair Value 51,667 459,930 720,632 607,020 1,839,249 1,136 271,767 2,112,152 The Company has exposure to sub-prime and related mortgages within the Company’s fixed maturity security portfolio. At December 31, 2015, approximately 2% of the residential mortgage-backed holdings had exposure to sub-prime mortgage collateral. This represented less than 1% of the total fixed income portfolio and approximately 2% of the total unrealized gain position. Of the securities with sub-prime exposure, approximately 9% are rated as investment grade. All residential mortgage-backed securities, including those with sub-prime exposure, are reviewed as part of the ongoing other-than- temporary impairment monitoring process. The Company has entered into commercial mortgage loans, collateralized by the underlying real estate, on properties located throughout the U.S. and Canada. At December 31, 2015, approximately 41% of the outstanding principal balance of commercial mortgage loans was concentrated in the states of California, New York, and Oregon. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, an economic downturn could have an adverse impact on the ability of its debtors to repay their loans. The outstanding balance of commercial mortgage loans range in size from $17 to $14,625 at December 31, 2015 and from $77 to $15,190 at December 31, 2014. Credit quality indicators for commercial mortgage loans are loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios. Loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios are measures commonly used to assess the credit quality of commercial mortgage loans. The loan-to-value ratio compares the principal amount of the loan to the fair value of the underlying property collateralizing the loan, and is commonly expressed as a percentage. The debt-service coverage ratio compares a property’s net operating income to its debt-service payments and is commonly expressed as a ratio. The loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios are generally updated annually in the third quarter. The following summarizes the Company’s loan-to-value and average debt-service coverage ratios as of the dates indicated: Loan-to-Value 70% and less 71 – 80% 81 – 95% Greater than 95% Gross commercial mortgage loans Less valuation allowance Net commercial mortgage loans Carrying Value 1,101,572 $ % of Gross Mortgage Loans 95.5% Debt-Service Coverage Ratio 2.01 December 31, 2015 39,080 8,370 4,816 1,153,838 (2,582) 1,151,256 $ 3.4% 0.7% 0.4% 100.0% 1.19 1.05 3.52 1.98 F-24 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K5 Investments Loan-to-Value 70% and less 71 – 80% 81 – 95% Greater than 95% Gross commercial mortgage loans Less valuation allowance Net commercial mortgage loans Carrying Value 1,168,454 $ % of Gross Mortgage Loans 91.6% Debt-Service Coverage Ratio 2.01 December 31, 2014 73,762 27,268 6,531 1,276,015 (3,399) 1,272,616 $ 5.8% 2.1% 0.5% 100.0% 1.26 1.04 0.43 1.94 All commercial mortgage loans that are individually impaired have an established mortgage loan valuation allowance for losses. An additional valuation allowance is established for incurred, but not specifically identified impairments. Changing economic conditions affect the Company’s valuation of commercial mortgage loans. Changing vacancies and rents are incorporated into the discounted cash flow analysis that the Company performs for monitored loans and may contribute to the establishment of (or an increase or decrease in) a commercial mortgage loan valuation allowance for losses. In addition, the Company continues to monitor the entire commercial mortgage loan portfolio to identify risk. Areas of emphasis are properties that have exposure to specific geographic events, have deteriorating credits or have experienced a reduction in debt-service coverage ratio. Where warranted, the Company has established or increased a valuation allowance based upon this analysis. The commercial mortgage loan valuation allowance for losses was $2,582 and $3,399 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In 2015 and 2014, the loan valuation allowance was decreased $817 and $1,083, respectively, due to changing economic conditions and geographic concentrations. At December 31, 2015, the Company had mortgage loan commitments outstanding of approximately $6,350. The Company is also committed to fund additional capital contributions of $28,607 to partnerships. The Company has short term investments and fixed maturities of $441,851 and $519,659 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, on deposit with various governmental authorities as required by law. The Company utilizes derivative instruments on a limited basis to limit interest rate, foreign exchange and inflation risks and bifurcates the options on certain securities where the option is not clearly and closely related to the host instrument. The derivatives do not qualify under GAAP as effective hedges; therefore, they are marked-to-market on a quarterly basis and the gain or loss is recognized in the statement of operations in fees and other income, underwriting, general and administrative expenses, and realized gains (losses). As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, amounts related to derivative assets were $6,715 and $9,040, respectively, while derivative liabilities were $27,689 and $25,303, respectively, all of which are included in the consolidated balance sheets. The loss recorded in the results of operations totaled $5,298, $7,453 and $703 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Variable Interest Entities A VIE is a legal entity which does not have sufficient equity at risk to allow the entity to finance its activities without additional financial support or in which the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristic of a controlling financial interest. The Company’s investments in VIE’s include private equity limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures. These investments are generally accounted for under the equity method and included in the consolidated balance sheets in other investments. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the investment carrying amounts reported in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet in addition to any required unfunded commitments. As of December 31, 2015, the Company’s maximum exposure to loss is $56,781 in recorded carrying value and $28,607 in unfunded commitments. Collateralized Transactions As of December 31, 2015, the Company has terminated its securities lending program and there are no outstanding transactions. In the past, the Company lent fixed maturity securities, primarily bonds issued by the U.S. government and government agencies and authorities, and U.S. corporations, to selected broker/dealers. All such loans were negotiated on an overnight basis; term loans were not permitted. The Company received collateral, greater than or equal to 102% of the fair value of the securities lent, plus accrued interest, in the form of cash and cash equivalents held by a custodian bank for the benefit of the Company. The use of cash collateral received was unrestricted. The Company reinvested the cash collateral received, generally in investments of high credit quality that are designated as available-for-sale. The Company monitored the fair value of securities loaned and the collateral received, with additional collateral obtained, as necessary. The Company was subject to the risk of loss on the re-investment of cash collateral. As of December 31, 2014, the Company’s collateral held under securities lending agreements, of which its use was unrestricted, was $95,985, and is included in the consolidated balance sheets under the collateral held/pledged under securities agreements. The Company’s liability to the borrower for collateral received was $95,986, and is included in the consolidated balance sheets under the obligation under securities agreements. The difference between the collateral held and obligations under securities lending is recorded as F-25 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K6 Fair Value Disclosures an unrealized gain (loss) and is included as part of AOCI. The Company included the available-for-sale investments purchased with the cash collateral in its evaluation of other- than-temporary impairments. Cash proceeds that the Company received as collateral for the securities it lent and subsequent repayment of the cash are regarded by the Company as cash flows from financing activities, since the cash received was considered a borrowing. Since the Company reinvested the cash collateral generally in investments that were designated as available-for-sale, the reinvestment is presented as cash flows from investing activities. 6. Fair Value Disclosures Fair Values, Inputs and Valuation Techniques for Financial Assets and Liabilities Disclosures The fair value measurements and disclosures guidance defines fair value and establishes a framework for measuring fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In accordance with this guidance, the Company has categorized its recurring basis financial assets and liabilities into a three-level fair value hierarchy based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and takes into account factors specific to the asset or liability. The levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below: ••Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company can access. ••Level 2 inputs utilize other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable in the marketplace for the asset. The observable inputs are used in valuation models to calculate the fair value for the asset. ••Level 3 inputs are unobservable but are significant to the fair value measurement for the asset, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset. These inputs reflect management’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset. The Company reviews fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels for certain securities within the fair value hierarchy. F-26 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K6 Fair Value Disclosures The following tables present the Company’s fair value hierarchy for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The amounts presented below for Collateral held/pledged under securities agreements, Other investments, Cash equivalents, Other assets, Assets and Liabilities held in separate accounts and Other liabilities differ from the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheets because only certain investments or certain assets and liabilities within these line items are measured at estimated fair value. Other investments are comprised of investments in the Assurant Investment Plan, American Security Insurance Company Investment Plan, Assurant Deferred Compensation Plan, a modified coinsurance arrangement and other derivatives. Other liabilities are comprised of investments in the Assurant Investment Plan and other derivatives. The fair value amount and the majority of the associated levels presented for Other investments and Assets and Liabilities held in separate accounts are received directly from third parties. Financial Assets Fixed maturity securities: Total December 31, 2015 Level 1 Level 2 United States Government and government agencies and authorities State, municipalities and political subdivisions Foreign governments Asset-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Residential mortgage-backed Corporate $ 154,035 $ 695,630 562,250 4,662 22,521 998,514 7,777,716 $ — $ — 944 — — — — 154,035 695,630 561,306 4,662 22,317 998,514 7,714,570 Equity securities: Common stocks Non-redeemable preferred stocks Short-term investments Other investments Cash equivalents Other assets Assets held in separate accounts TOTAL FINANCIAL ASSETS Financial Liabilities Other liabilities Liabilities related to separate accounts TOTAL FINANCIAL LIABILITIES 19,664 480,393 508,950 253,708 908,936 1,320 1,750,556 $ 14,138,855 $ 18,981 — 453,335b 62,076a 907,248b — 1,570,000a 3,012,584 $ 11,058,012 $ 683 478,143 55,615c 189,407c 1,688c 886e 180,556c $ 89,765 $ 1,750,556 $ 1,840,321 $ 62,076a $ 1,570,000a 1,632,076 $ 6e $ 180,556c 180,562 $ Level 3 — — — — 204 — 63,146 — 2,250 — 2,225d — 434e — 68,259 27,683e — 27,683 F-27 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 6 Fair Value Disclosures Financial Assets Fixed maturity securities: Total December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 United States Government and government agencies and authorities State, municipalities and political subdivisions Foreign governments Asset-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Residential mortgage-backed Corporate $ 176,842 $ 769,841 664,863 5,519 46,016 968,726 8,631,367 $ — $ — 757 — — — — 176,842 769,841 664,106 5,519 45,613 964,081 8,527,092 Level 3 — — — — 403 4,645 104,275 — 2,000 — — 2,121d — 807e — 114,251 37,950 461,457 345,246 74,985 272,755 683,142 1,674 1,854,193 $ 14,994,576 $ 37,266 — 266,980b 67,783b 59,358a 635,804b — 1,682,671a 2,750,619 $ 12,129,706 $ 684 459,457 78,266c 7,202c 211,276c 47,338c 867e 171,522c $ 84,660 $ 1,854,193 $ 1,938,853 $ 59,358a $ 1,682,671a 1,742,029 $ 69e $ 171,522c 171,591 $ 25,233e — 25,233 Equity securities: Common stocks Non-redeemable preferred stocks Short-term investments Collateral held/pledged under securities agreements Other investments Cash equivalents Other assets Assets held in separate accounts TOTAL FINANCIAL ASSETS Financial Liabilities Other liabilities Liabilities related to separate accounts TOTAL FINANCIAL LIABILITIES a. Mainly includes mutual funds. b. Mainly includes money market funds. c. Mainly includes fixed maturity securities. d. Mainly includes fixed maturity securities and other derivatives. e. Mainly includes derivatives. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 financial assets during 2015 or 2014. However, there were transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 financial assets in 2015 and 2014, which are reflected in the “Transfers in” and “Transfers out” columns below. Transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 most commonly occur from changes in the availability of observable market information and re-evaluation of the observability of pricing inputs. Any remaining unpriced securities are submitted to independent brokers who provide non-binding broker quotes or are priced by other qualified sources. The following tables summarize the change in balance sheet carrying value associated with Level 3 financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014: Year Ended December 31, 2015 Total (losses) gains (realized/ unrealized) included in earnings(1) Balance, beginning of period Net unrealized (losses) gains included in other comprehensive income(2) Purchases Sales Transfers in(3) Transfers out(3) Balance, end of period Financial Assets Fixed Maturity Securities Commercial mortgage-backed Residential mortgage-backed Corporate $ $ 403 4,645 104,275 — $ 1 591 (11) $ — $ (104) (3,620) 9,721 6,523 (188) $ — (7,167) — $ — 30,302 — $ (14,263) (67,758) 204 — 63,146 Equity Securities Non-redeemable preferred stocks Other investments Other assets Financial Liabilities Other liabilities TOTAL LEVEL 3 ASSETS AND LIABILITIES F-28 2,000 2,121 807 — 34 (373) 250 (42) — — — — — (124) — (25,233) (2,450) — 77 (77) — 236 — — — — — — 2,250 2,225 434 (27,683) $ 89,018 $ (2,197) $ (3,527) $ 16,321 $ (7,556) $ 30,538 $ (82,021) $ 40,576 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 6 Fair Value Disclosures Year Ended December 31, 2014 Total (losses) gains (realized/ unrealized) included in earnings(1) Balance, beginning of period Net unrealized (losses) gains included in other comprehensive income(2) Purchases Sales Transfers in(3) Transfers out(3) Balance, end of period $ $ 22,657 16,857 598 4,167 115,344 — $ (2) — — 2,438 — $ 18 (18) (78) 1,546 — $ — — 4,723 — $ — (177) — 23,578 (16,958) — $ (22,657) $ (16,873) — — — (4,167) — (23,188) 1,515 — — 403 4,645 104,275 7,510 4,171 2,491 562 (2,174) (1,684) (517) 10 — — 440 — (3,779) (128) — — — — (1,776) (198) — 2,000 2,121 807 Financial Assets Fixed Maturity Securities States, municipalities and political subdivisions Foreign governments Commercial mortgage-backed Residential mortgage-backed Corporate Equity Securities Non-redeemable preferred stocks Other investments Other assets Financial Liabilities Other liabilities TOTAL LEVEL 3 ASSETS AND LIABILITIES (1) Included as part of net realized gains on investments in the consolidated statement of operations. (2) Included as part of change in unrealized gains on securities in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. (3) Transfers are primarily attributable to changes in the availability of observable market information and re-evaluation of the observability of 1,515 $ (68,859) $ 89,018 $ 24,660 $ (21,042) $ (1,682) $ $ 153,465 (25,233) (20,330) (4,081) (822) 961 — — — — $ pricing inputs. Three different valuation techniques can be used in determining fair value for financial assets and liabilities: the market, income or cost approaches. The three valuation techniques described in the fair value measurements and disclosures guidance are consistent with generally accepted valuation methodologies. The market approach valuation techniques use prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. When possible, quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets are used as of the period-end date (such as for mutual funds and money market funds). Otherwise, the Company uses valuation techniques consistent with the market approach including matrix pricing and comparables. Matrix pricing is a mathematical technique employed principally to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for those securities but, rather, relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities. Market approach valuation techniques often use market multiples derived from a set of comparables. Multiples might lie in ranges with a different multiple for each comparable. The selection of where within the range the appropriate multiple falls requires judgment, considering both qualitative and quantitative factors specific to the measurement. Income approach valuation techniques convert future amounts, such as cash flows or earnings, to a single present amount, or a discounted amount. These techniques rely on current market expectations of future amounts as of the period-end date. Examples of income approach valuation techniques include present value techniques, option-pricing models, binomial or lattice models that incorporate present value techniques and the multi-period excess earnings method. Cost approach valuation techniques are based upon the amount that would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset at the period-end date, or the current replacement cost. That is, from the perspective of a market participant (seller), the price that would be received for the asset is determined based on the cost to a market participant (buyer) to acquire or construct a substitute asset of comparable utility, adjusted for obsolescence. While not all three approaches are applicable to all financial assets or liabilities, where appropriate, the Company may use one or more valuation techniques. For all the classes of financial assets and liabilities included in the above hierarchy, excluding certain derivatives and certain privately placed corporate bonds, the Company generally uses the market valuation technique. For certain privately placed corporate bonds and certain derivatives, the Company generally uses the income valuation technique. For the periods ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the application of the valuation technique applied to the Company’s classes of financial assets and liabilities has been consistent. ••Level 1 Securities The Company’s investments and liabilities classified as Level 1 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, consisted of mutual funds and money market funds, foreign government fixed maturities and common stocks that are publicly listed and/ or actively traded in an established market. ••Level 2 Securities The Company values Level 2 securities using various observable market inputs obtained from a pricing service. The pricing F-29 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 6 Fair Value Disclosures service prepares estimates of fair value measurements for the Company’s Level 2 securities using proprietary valuation models based on techniques such as matrix pricing which include observable market inputs. The fair value measurements and disclosures guidance defines observable market inputs as the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. The extent of the use of each observable market input for a security depends on the type of security and the market conditions at the balance sheet date. Depending on the security, the priority of the use of observable market inputs may change as some observable market inputs may not be relevant or additional inputs may be necessary. The Company uses the following observable market inputs (“standard inputs”), listed in the approximate order of priority, in the pricing evaluation of Level 2 securities: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data including market research data. Further details for Level 2 investment types follow: United States Government and government agencies and authorities: U.S. government and government agencies and authorities securities are priced by the Company’s pricing service utilizing standard inputs. Included in this category are U.S. Treasury securities which are priced using vendor trading platform data in addition to the standard inputs. State, municipalities and political subdivisions: State, municipalities and political subdivisions securities are priced by the Company’s pricing service using material event notices and new issue data inputs in addition to the standard inputs. Foreign governments: Foreign government securities are primarily fixed maturity securities denominated in Canadian dollars which are priced by the Company’s pricing service using standard inputs. The pricing service also evaluates each security based on relevant market information including relevant credit information, perceived market movements and sector news. Commercial mortgage-backed, residential mortgage- backed and asset-backed: Commercial mortgage-backed, residential mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are priced by the Company’s pricing service using monthly payment information and collateral performance information in addition to the standard inputs. Additionally, commercial mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities utilize new issue data while residential mortgage-backed securities utilize vendor trading platform data. Corporate: Corporate securities are priced by the Company’s pricing service using standard inputs. Non-investment grade securities within this category are priced by the Company’s pricing service using observations of equity and credit default swap curves related to the issuer in addition to the standard inputs. Certain privately placed corporate bonds are priced by a non-pricing service source using a model with observable inputs including, but not limited to, the credit rating, credit spreads, sector add-ons, and issuer specific add-ons. Non-redeemable preferred stocks: Non-redeemable preferred stocks are priced by the Company’s pricing service using observations of equity and credit default swap curves related to the issuer in addition to the standard inputs. Short-term investments, collateral held/pledged under securities agreements, other investments, cash equivalents, and assets/liabilities held in separate accounts: To price the fixed maturity securities in these categories, the pricing service utilizes the standard inputs. Valuation models used by the pricing service can change period to period, depending on the appropriate observable inputs that are available at the balance sheet date to price a security. When market observable inputs are unavailable to the pricing service, the remaining unpriced securities are submitted to independent brokers who provide non-binding broker quotes or are priced by other qualified sources. If the Company cannot corroborate the non-binding broker quotes with Level 2 inputs, these securities are categorized as Level 3 securities. ••Level 3 Securities The Company’s investments classified as Level 3 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 consisted of fixed maturity and equity securities and derivatives. All of the Level 3 fixed maturity and equity securities are priced using non- binding broker quotes which cannot be corroborated with Level 2 inputs. Of the Company’s total Level 3 fixed maturity and equity securities, $304 and $63,614 were priced by a pricing service using single broker quotes due to insufficient information to provide an evaluated price as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The single broker quotes are provided by market makers or broker-dealers who are recognized as market participants in the markets in which they are providing the quotes. The remaining $65,600 and $47,923 were priced internally using independent and non- binding broker quotes as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The inputs factoring into the broker quotes include trades in the actual bond being priced, trades of comparable bonds, quality of the issuer, optionality, structure and liquidity. Significant changes in interest rates, issuer credit, liquidity, and overall market conditions would result in a significantly lower or higher broker quote. The prices received from both the pricing service and internally are reviewed for reasonableness by management and if necessary, management works with the pricing service or broker to further understand how they developed their price. Further details on Level 3 derivative investment types follow: Other investments and other liabilities: The Company prices swaptions using a Black-Scholes pricing model incorporating third-party market data, including swap volatility data. The Company prices credit default swaps using non-binding quotes provided by market makers or broker-dealers who are recognized as market participants. Inputs factored into the non-binding quotes include trades in the actual credit default swap which is being priced, trades in comparable credit default swaps, quality of the issuer, structure and liquidity. The net option related to the investment in Iké is valued using an income approach; specifically, a Monte Carlo simulation option pricing model. The inputs to the model include, but are not limited to, the projected normalized earnings before F-30 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-Kinterest, tax, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) and free cash flow for the underlying asset, the discount rate, and the volatility of and the correlation between the normalized EBITDA and the value of the underlying asset. Significant increases (decreases) in the projected normalized EBITDA relative to the value of the underlying asset in isolation would result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value. Other assets: A non-pricing service source prices certain derivatives using a model with inputs including, but not limited to, the time to expiration, the notional amount, the strike price, the forward rate, implied volatility and the discount rate. Management evaluates the following factors in order to determine whether the market for a financial asset is inactive. The factors include, but are not limited to: ••There are few recent transactions, ••Little information is released publicly, ••The available prices vary significantly over time or among market participants, ••The prices are stale (i.e., not current), and ••The magnitude of the bid-ask spread. Illiquidity did not have a material impact in the fair value determination of the Company’s financial assets. The Company generally obtains one price for each financial asset. The Company performs a monthly analysis to assess if the evaluated prices represent a reasonable estimate of their fair value. This process involves quantitative and qualitative analysis and is overseen by investment and accounting professionals. Examples of procedures performed include, but are not limited to, initial and on-going review of pricing service methodologies, review of the prices received from the pricing service, review of pricing statistics and trends, and comparison of prices for certain securities with two different appropriate price sources for reasonableness. Following this analysis, the Company generally uses the best estimate of fair value based upon all available inputs. On infrequent occasions, a non-pricing service source may be more familiar with the market activity for a particular security than the pricing service. In these cases the price used is taken from the non-pricing service source. The pricing service provides information to indicate which securities were priced using market observable inputs so that the Company can properly categorize the Company’s financial assets in the fair value hierarchy. For the net option, the Company performs a periodic analysis to assess if the evaluated price represents a reasonable estimate of the fair value for the financial liability. This process involves quantitative and qualitative analysis overseen by finance and accounting professionals. Examples of procedures performed include, but are not limited to, initial and on- going review of the pricing methodology and review of the projection for the underlying asset including the probability distribution of possible scenarios. 6 Fair Value Disclosures Disclosures for Non-Financial Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis The Company also measures the fair value of certain assets on a non-recurring basis, generally on an annual basis, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. These assets include commercial mortgage loans, goodwill and finite-lived intangible assets. For its 2015 fourth quarter annual goodwill impairment tests, a qualitative assessment was performed for the Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property reporting units. Based on these assessments, it was determined that it was not necessary to perform a Step 1 quantitative goodwill impairment test for the Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property reporting units and that it is more-likely- than-not that the fair value of each reporting unit continues to exceed its net book value at year-end 2015. For its 2014 fourth quarter annual goodwill impairment test, the Company performed a Step 1 analysis for the Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property reporting units. Based on these analyses, it was determined that goodwill was not impaired at either reporting unit. The Company utilized both the income and market valuation approaches to measure the fair value of its reporting units. Under the income approach, the Company determined the fair value of the reporting units considering distributable earnings, which were estimated from operating plans. The resulting cash flows were then discounted using a market participant weighted average cost of capital estimated for the reporting units. After discounting the future discrete earnings to their present value, the Company estimated the terminal value attributable to the years beyond the discrete operating plan period. The discounted terminal value was then added to the aggregate discounted distributable earnings from the discrete operating plan period to estimate the fair value of the reporting units. Under the market approach, the Company derived the fair value of the reporting units based on various financial multiples, including but not limited to: price to tangible book value of equity, price to estimated 2013 earnings and price to estimated 2014 earnings, which were estimated based on publicly available data related to comparable guideline companies. In addition, financial multiples were also estimated from publicly available purchase price data for acquisitions of companies operating in the insurance industry. The estimated fair value of the reporting units was more heavily weighted towards the income approach because in that economic environment the earnings capacity of a business was generally considered the most important factor in the valuation of a business enterprise. This fair value determination was categorized as Level 3 (unobservable) in the fair value hierarchy. See Note 11 for further information. There was no remaining goodwill or material other intangible assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis on which an impairment charge was recorded as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. F-31 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K6 Fair Value Disclosures Fair Value of Financial Instruments Disclosures The financial instruments guidance requires disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments, as defined therein, for which it is practicable to estimate such fair value. Therefore, it requires fair value disclosure for financial instruments that are not recognized or are not carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets. However, this guidance excludes certain financial instruments, including those related to insurance contracts and those accounted for under the equity method and joint ventures guidance (such as real estate joint ventures). For the financial instruments included within the following financial assets and financial liabilities, the carrying value in the consolidated balance sheets equals or approximates fair value. Please refer to the Fair Value Inputs and Valuation Techniques for Financial Assets and Liabilities Disclosures section above for more information on the financial instruments included within the following financial assets and financial liabilities and the methods and assumptions used to estimate fair value: ••Cash and cash equivalents ••Fixed maturity securities ••Equity securities ••Short-term investments ••Collateral held/pledged under securities agreements ••Other investments ••Other assets ••Assets held in separate accounts ••Other liabilities ••Liabilities related to separate accounts In estimating the fair value of the financial instruments that are not recognized or are not carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets, the Company used the following methods and assumptions: Commercial mortgage loans: the fair values of mortgage loans are estimated using discounted cash flow models. The model inputs include mortgage amortization schedules and loan provisions, an internally developed credit spread based on the credit risk associated with the borrower and the U.S. Treasury spot curve. Mortgage loans with similar characteristics are aggregated for purposes of the calculations. Policy loans: the carrying value of policy loans reported in the consolidated balance sheets approximates fair value. Other investments: Other investments include equity investments accounted for under the cost method, real estate held for sale, Certified Capital Company and low income housing tax credits, business debentures, credit tenant loans and social impact loans which are recorded at cost or amortized cost. The carrying value reported for these investments approximates fair value. Due to the nature of these investments, there is a lack of liquidity in the primary market which results in the holdings being classified as Level 3. Policy reserves under investment products: the fair values for the Company’s policy reserves under investment products are determined using discounted cash flow analysis. Key inputs to the valuation include projections of policy cash flows, reserve run-off, market yields and risk margins. Funds held under reinsurance: the carrying value reported approximates fair value due to the short maturity of the instruments. Debt: the fair value of debt is based upon matrix pricing performed by the pricing service utilizing the standard inputs. Obligation under securities agreements: obligation under securities agreements is reported at the amount of cash received from the selected broker/dealers. The following tables disclose the carrying value, fair value amount and hierarchy level of the financial instruments that are not recognized or are not carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets: Carrying Value Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 December 31, 2015 Fair Value Financial Assets Commercial mortgage loans on real estate Policy loans Other investments TOTAL FINANCIAL ASSETS Financial Liabilities Policy reserves under investment products (Individual and group annuities, subject to discretionary withdrawal)(1) Funds withheld under reinsurance Debt TOTAL FINANCIAL LIABILITIES $ $ $ $ 1,151,256 $ 43,858 27,534 1,222,648 $ 1,201,806 $ 43,858 27,534 1,273,198 $ — $ 43,858 — 43,858 $ — $ — — — $ 1,201,806 — 27,534 1,229,340 666,068 $ 94,417 1,171,382 1,931,867 $ 676,586 $ 94,417 1,250,602 2,021,605 $ — $ 94,417 — 94,417 $ — $ — 1,250,602 1,250,602 $ 676,586 — — 676,586 F-32 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 8 Income Taxes Carrying Value Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 December 31, 2014 Fair Value $ — $ 1,272,616 $ 48,272 10,896 1,331,784 $ Financial Assets Commercial mortgage loans on real estate Policy loans Other investments TOTAL FINANCIAL ASSETS Financial Liabilities Policy reserves under investment products (Individual and group annuities, subject to discretionary withdrawal)(1) 764,949 — Funds withheld under reinsurance — Debt — Obligations under securities agreements TOTAL FINANCIAL LIABILITIES 764,949 (1) Only the fair value of the Company’s policy reserves for investment-type contracts (those without significant mortality or morbidity risk) is 743,951 $ 75,161 1,171,079 95,986 2,086,177 $ 764,949 $ 75,161 1,296,139 95,986 2,232,235 $ 1,448,215 $ 48,272 10,896 1,507,383 $ — $ — 1,296,139 — 75,161 — 95,986 171,147 $ 1,448,215 — 10,896 1,459,111 — $ — — — $ 48,272 — 1,296,139 $ 48,272 $ — $ $ $ $ reflected in the table above. 7. Premiums and Accounts Receivable Receivables are reported net of an allowance for uncollectible amounts. A summary of such receivables is as follows: Insurance premiums receivable Other receivables Allowance for uncollectible amounts TOTAL 8. Income Taxes As of December 31, 2015 1,092,136 196,277 (27,696) 1,260,717 $ $ 2014 1,275,440 201,758 (31,568) 1,445,630 $ $ The Company and the majority of its subsidiaries are subject to U.S. tax and file a U.S. consolidated federal income tax return. Information about domestic and foreign pre-tax income as well as current and deferred tax expense follows: Pre-tax income: Domestic Foreign TOTAL PRE-TAX INCOME Current expense: Federal & state Foreign Total current expense Deferred expense (benefit): Federal & state Foreign Total deferred (benefit) expense TOTAL INCOME TAX EXPENSE Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 126,797 74,384 201,181 $ $ 632,738 111,399 744,137 $ $ 716,172 73,527 789,699 Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 40,643 22,851 63,494 173 (4,041) (3,868) 59,626 $ $ 162,483 46,593 209,076 72,645 (8,491) 64,154 273,230 $ $ 129,204 35,188 164,392 131,336 5,064 136,400 300,792 $ $ $ $ F-33 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 8. Income Taxes 8 Income Taxes The provision for foreign taxes includes amounts attributable to income from U.S. possessions that are considered foreign under U.S. tax laws. International operations of the Company are subject to income taxes imposed by the jurisdiction in which they operate. A reconciliation of the federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate follows: Federal income tax rate: Reconciling items: Non-taxable investment income Foreign earnings(a) Non deductible compensation Non deductible health insurer fee Sale of subsidiary Other 2015 35.0% December 31, 2014 35.0% 2013 35.0% (6.8) (5.2) 9.1 6.9 (8.0) (1.4) 29.6% (1.9) (2.2) 3.8 1.1 — 0.9 36.7% (1.7) 1.1 3.4 — — 0.3 38.1% EFFECTIVE INCOME TAX RATE: (a) Results for all years primarily include tax expense (benefit) associated with the earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries that are deemed reinvested indefinitely and realization of foreign tax credits for certain other subsidiaries. In addition, 2015 reflects a 6.5% benefit related to a Latin American reorganization and 2014 reflects a 2.6% benefit related to the conversion of Canadian branch operations of certain U.S. companies to foreign corporate entities. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 is as follows: Balance at beginning of year Additions based on tax positions related to the current year Reductions based on tax positions related to the current year Additions for tax positions of prior years Reductions for tax positions of prior years Settlements BALANCE AT END OF YEAR The total unrecognized tax benefit of $35,618, $7,631, and $12,510 for 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively, which includes interest, would impact the Company’s consolidated effective tax rate if recognized. The liability for unrecognized tax benefits is included in tax receivable and accounts payable and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s continuing practice is to recognize interest expense related to income tax matters in income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company recognized approximately $169, $246 and $375, respectively, of interest expense related to income tax matters. The Company had $1,733 and $1,730, and $4,500 of Years Ended December 31, 2015 $ (6,262) $ (30,712) 102 (2,128) 1,990 — $ (37,010) $ 2014 (10,322) $ (2,940) 581 (1,037) 2,495 4,961 (6,262) $ 2013 (11,515) (309) 995 (1,090) 959 638 (10,322) interest accrued as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. No penalties have been accrued. The Company does not anticipate any significant increase or decrease of unrecognized tax benefit within the next 12 months. The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company has substantially concluded all U.S. federal income tax matters for years through 2011. Substantially all non- U.S. income tax matters have been concluded for the years through 2009, and all state and local income tax matters have been concluded for the years through 2009. F-34 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K The tax effects of temporary differences that result in significant deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows: 8 Income Taxes Deferred Tax Assets Policyholder and separate account reserves Accrued liabilities Investments, net Net operating loss carryforwards Deferred gain on disposal of businesses Compensation related Employee and post-retirement benefits Unearned fee income Other Total deferred tax asset Less valuation allowance Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance Deferred Tax Liabilities Deferred acquisition costs Net unrealized appreciation on securities Total deferred tax liability NET DEFERRED INCOME TAX LIABILITY December 31, 2015 2014 $ 568,053 32,257 140,785 40,479 32,362 28,289 115,904 50,931 48,548 1,057,608 (13,218) 1,044,390 $ 498,231 23,183 168,061 50,103 35,347 24,029 111,716 55,765 40,584 1,007,019 (18,164) 988,855 (931,630) (262,075) (1,193,705) $ (149,315) (867,212) (435,375) (1,302,587) $ (313,732) The net deferred tax liability of $149,315 as of December 31, 2015 is comprised of $177,748 deferred tax liabilities and $28,433 deferred tax assets, by jurisdiction. Similarly, the net deferred tax liability of $313,732 as of December 31, 2014 is comprised of $341,290 deferred tax liabilities and $27,558 deferred tax assets, by jurisdiction. The Company’s valuation allowance against deferred tax assets decreased $4,946 to $13,218 at December 31, 2015 from $18,164 at December 31, 2014. A cumulative valuation allowance of $13,218 has been recorded because it is management’s assessment that it is more likely than not that only $1,044,390 of deferred tax assets will be realized. The valuation allowance relates to the deferred tax assets attributable to certain international subsidiaries. The Company’s ability to realize deferred tax assets depends on its ability to generate sufficient taxable income of the same character within the carryback or carryforward periods. In assessing future taxable income, the Company considered all sources of taxable income available to realize its deferred tax asset, including the future reversal of existing temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, taxable income in carryback years and tax-planning strategies. If changes occur in the assumptions underlying the Company’s tax planning strategies or in the scheduling of the reversal of the Company’s deferred tax liabilities, the valuation allowance may need to be adjusted in the future. Other than for certain wholly owned Canadian subsidiaries, deferred taxes have not been provided on the undistributed earnings of wholly owned foreign subsidiaries since the Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the earnings in these other jurisdictions. The cumulative amount of undistributed earnings for which the Company has not provided deferred income taxes is $198,325. Upon distribution of such earnings in a taxable event, the Company would incur additional U.S. income taxes of $21,285, net of anticipated foreign tax credits. At December 31, 2015, the Company and its subsidiaries had $163,722 of net operating loss carryforwards in certain foreign subsidiaries that will expire if unused as follows: Expiration Year 2016 – 2020 2021 – 2025 2026 – 2030 2031 – 2035 Unlimited Amount 31,205 7,436 4,140 19,200 101,741 163,722 $ $ F-35 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 10 Property and Equipment 9. Deferred Acquisition Costs Information about deferred acquisition costs is as follows: Beginning balance $ $ 2015 2,957,740 1,587,453 (1,394,259) 3,150,934 $ December 31, 2014 3,128,931 1,306,390 (1,477,581) 2,957,740 $ $ 2013 2,861,163 1,729,613 (1,461,845) 3,128,931 Costs deferred and other(1) Amortization ENDING BALANCE (1) Includes foreign currency translation, the adjustment previously disclosed in 2014 and the reclassification of assets held for sale as described $ in Note 4. 10. Property and Equipment Property and equipment consists of the following: Land Buildings and improvements Furniture, fixtures and equipment TOTAL Less accumulated depreciation TOTAL As of December 31, $ 2015 14,884 262,769 478,717 756,370 (457,956) 298,414 $ 2014 14,359 258,680 519,146 792,185 (514,540) 277,645 $ $ Depreciation expense for 2015, 2014 and 2013 amounted to $47,439, $47,670 and $50,652, respectively. Depreciation expense is included in underwriting, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. F-36 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K11. Goodwill The Company has assigned goodwill to its operating segments for impairment testing purposes. The Corporate and Other segment is not assigned goodwill. Below is a roll forward of goodwill by reportable segment. 11 Goodwill Balance at December 31, 2013 Goodwill Accumulated impairment losses $ Acquisitions Dispositions Foreign currency translation and other Balance at December 31, 2014 Goodwill Accumulated impairment losses Acquisitions Dispositions Foreign currency translation and other Balance at December 31, 2015 Goodwill Accumulated impairment losses Solutions(1) 1,757,140 (1,260,939) 496,201 51,574 — (8,122) 1,800,592 (1,260,939) 539,653 2,520 — (13,080) 1,790,032 (1,260,939) Specialty Property $ 288,360 $ — 288,360 28,677 (15,451) — 301,586 — 301,586 5,365 (2,532) — 304,419 — $ Health 204,303 (204,303) — — — — 204,303 (204,303) — — — — 204,303 (204,303) Employee Benefits Consolidated $ 185,078 (185,078) — — — — 185,078 (185,078) — — — — 185,078 (185,078) 2,434,881 (1,650,320) 784,561 80,251 (15,451) (8,122) 2,491,559 (1,650,320) 841,239 7,885 (2,532) (13,080) 2,483,832 (1,650,320) 833,512 $ 529,093 $ 304,419 $ — $ — $ (1) The accumulated impairment loss relates to an acquisition made in 1999. The entity acquired had businesses that currently are primarily represented by the Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property segments. Prior to 2006, the Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property segments were combined and together called Assurant Solutions. Thus, the entire goodwill impairment recognized in 2002 due to the adoption of FAS 142 is included in the tables under the Assurant Solutions segment. In accordance with the goodwill guidance, goodwill is deemed to have an indefinite life and should not be amortized, but rather must be tested, at least annually, for impairment. In addition, goodwill should be tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would “more likely than not” reduce the estimated fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. The goodwill impairment test has two steps. Step 1 of the test identifies potential impairments at the reporting unit level, which for the Company is the same as our operating segments, by comparing the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its net book value. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its net book value, there is no impairment of goodwill and Step 2 is unnecessary. However, if the net book value exceeds the estimated fair value, then Step 1 is failed, and Step 2 is performed to determine the amount of the potential impairment. Step 2 utilizes acquisition accounting guidance and requires the fair value calculation of all individual assets and liabilities of the reporting unit (excluding goodwill, but including any unrecognized intangible assets). The net fair value of assets less liabilities is then compared to the reporting unit’s total estimated fair value as calculated in Step 1. The excess of fair value over the net asset value equals the implied fair value of goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is then compared to the carrying value of goodwill to determine the reporting unit’s goodwill impairment. Alternatively, the amended intangibles- goodwill and other guidance provides the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, an entity determines it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then performing the two-step impairment test is unnecessary. However, if an entity concludes otherwise, then it is required to perform the first step of the two-step impairment test, described above. In the fourth quarters of 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company conducted its annual assessments of goodwill. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company changed its annual testing date from November 30 to October 1. With respect to its annual goodwill testing date, management believes that this voluntary change in accounting method is preferable as it better aligns the annual impairment testing date with the Company’s strategic planning cycle, which is a significant element in the testing process. This change in annual testing date did not delay, accelerate or avoid an impairment charge. In 2015 for both Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property reporting units and in 2013 for the Assurant Specialty Property reporting unit, the Company chose the option to perform a qualitative assessment under the amended intangibles—goodwill and other guidance. The Company performed a Step 1 test for the Assurant Solutions reporting unit in 2014 and 2013 and for the Assurant Specialty Property reporting unit in 2014. Based on these tests, it was determined that goodwill was not impaired at either reporting unit. F-37 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 12 VOBA and Other Intangible Assets 12. VOBA and Other Intangible Assets Information about VOBA is as follows: Beginning balance Additions Amortization, net of interest accrued Foreign currency translation and other ENDING BALANCE $ $ $ For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 45,462 4,134 (8,314) (128) 41,154 2014 53,549 — (7,978) (109) 45,462 $ $ $ 2013 62,109 — (8,442) (118) 53,549 As of December 31, 2015, the entire outstanding balance of VOBA is from the Assurant Solutions segment with the majority related to the preneed life insurance business. VOBA in the preneed life insurance business assumes an interest rate ranging from 5.4% to 7.5%. At December 31, 2015 the estimated amortization of VOBA for the next five years and thereafter is as follows: Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Thereafter TOTAL Amount 9,066 7,820 7,021 6,645 6,289 4,313 41,154 $ $ Information about other intangible assets is as follows: 2015 2014 As of December 31, Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization 47,134 $ (30,820) $ Net Other Intangible Assets 16,314 Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization $ 63,538 $ (36,221) $ Net Other Intangible Assets 27,317 Contract based intangibles $ Customer related intangibles Marketing related intangibles Technology based intangibles TOTAL $ 438,737 (212,542) 226,195 520,894 (212,326) 308,568 41,386 (20,977) 20,409 41,861 (15,686) 26,175 25,235 552,492 $ (10,990) (275,329) $ 14,245 277,163 $ 25,235 651,528 $ (5,335) (269,568) $ 19,900 381,960 Other intangible assets amortization for 2015, 2014 and 2013 amounted to $71,664, $63,924 and $44,671, respectively. Other intangible assets that have finite lives, including customer relationships, customer contracts and other intangible assets, are amortized over their useful lives. The estimated amortization of other intangible assets are as follows: Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Thereafter TOTAL OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS WITH FINITE LIVES Amount 67,079 59,782 47,081 30,837 26,276 46,108 277,163 $ $ F-38 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K13 Reserves 13. Reserves The following table provides reserve information of the Company’s major product lines at the dates shown: December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Claims and Benefits Payable Claims and Benefits Payable Future Policy Benefits and Expenses Unearned Premiums Case Reserves Incurred But Not Reported Reserves Future Policy Benefits and Expenses Unearned Premiums Case Reserves Incurred But Not Reported Reserves Long Duration Contracts: Preneed funeral life insurance policies and investment-type annuity contracts Life insurance no longer offered Universal life and other products no longer offered FFG, LTC and other disposed businesses Medical All other Short Duration Contracts: Group term life Group disability Medical Dental Property and warranty Credit life and disability Extended service contracts All other TOTAL $ 4,670,977 $ 134,534 $ 13,644 $ 6,324 $ 4,618,505 $ 4,872 $ 14,696 $ 6,456 407,360 427 2,360 1,070 418,672 570 2,272 1,301 153,801 118 773 1,674 168,808 136 704 1,959 4,129,233 68,353 36,970 47,132 742 404 973,614 1,465 12,855 103,652 2,321 10,836 4,153,741 87,563 36,383 46,585 7,254 382 881,514 1,959 13,863 97,524 7,886 9,803 — — — — — — 2,431 1,984 25,401 4,244 2,223,589 166,920 1,092,841 235,516 1,587 182,095 30,857 100,155 253,295 16,454 507,310 2,905 — 1,564 — 130,185 — 4,013 — — 2,386,719 169,006 1,127,068 137,370 2,251 130,517 28,786 107,961 240,830 17,037 546,979 181,466 25,966 35,718 — 241,092 34,581 43,298 33,928 57,270 $ 9,466,694 $ 6,423,720 $ 2,735,855 $ 1,160,864 3,669,859 131,389 7,258 18,961 — — 42,054 18,776 $ 9,483,672 $ 6,529,675 $ 2,527,956 $ 1,170,650 — 3,568,352 135,046 — 6,780 5,375 F-39 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 13 Reserves The following table provides a rollforward of the Company’s product lines with the most significant claims and benefits payable balances: group term life, group disability, medical and property and warranty lines of business. Claims and benefits payable is comprised of case and IBNR reserves. Balance as of December 31, 2012, gross of reinsurance(3) Less: Reinsurance ceded and other(1) Balance as of January 1, 2013, net of reinsurance Incurred losses related to: Current year Prior year’s interest Prior year(s) Total incurred losses Paid losses related to: Current year Prior year(s) Total paid losses Balance as of December 31, 2013, net of reinsurance(3) Plus: Reinsurance ceded and other(1) Balance as of December 31, 2013, gross of reinsurance(3) Less: Reinsurance ceded and other(1)(4) Balance as of January 1, 2014, net of reinsurance Incurred losses related to: Current year Prior year’s interest Prior year(s) Total incurred losses Paid losses related to: Current year Prior year(s) Total paid losses Balance as of December 31, 2014, net of reinsurance(3) Plus: Reinsurance ceded and other(1) Balance as of December 31, 2014, gross of reinsurance(3) Less: Reinsurance ceded and other(1) Balance as of January 1, 2015, net of reinsurance Incurred losses related to: Current year Prior year’s interest Prior year(s) Total incurred losses Paid losses related to: Group Term Life Group Disability Short Duration Medical(2) Long Duration Medical(2) Property and Warranty $ 203,757 (2,817) 200,940 $ 1,309,087 (38,166) 1,270,921 $ $ 247,758 (16,447) 231,311 16,847 (736) 16,111 $ 1,167,058 (715,058) 452,000 121,708 7,773 (14,300) 115,181 75,119 43,694 118,813 197,308 2,463 284,005 56,705 (29,975) 310,735 70,236 278,559 348,795 1,232,861 38,990 1,097,313 — (42,063) 1,055,250 894,533 184,824 1,079,357 207,204 14,978 110,933 — (3,971) 106,962 98,183 11,869 110,052 13,021 618 1,140,500 — (23,801) 1,116,699 802,130 310,660 1,112,790 455,909 183,315 $ 199,771 (2,463) 197,308 $ 1,271,851 (38,990) 1,232,861 $ $ 222,182 (14,978) 207,204 $ 13,639 (618) 13,021 639,224 (229,038) 410,186 124,228 7,548 (16,560) 115,216 77,113 41,028 118,141 194,383 3,409 285,095 53,657 (36,003) 302,749 80,172 262,023 342,195 1,193,415 41,614 1,782,891 — (51,352) 1,731,539 1,424,448 151,298 1,575,746 362,997 15,203 128,093 — (4,044) 124,049 118,842 8,829 127,671 9,399 446 1,401,187 — (2,848) 1,398,339 988,075 323,795 1,311,870 496,655 180,841 $ 197,792 (3,409) 194,383 $ 1,235,029 (41,614) 1,193,415 $ $ 378,200 (15,203) 362,997 $ 9,845 (446) 9,399 677,496 (180,841) 496,655 132,330 7,317 (17,513) 122,134 264,077 51,798 (18,540) 297,335 2,404,632 — (36,795) 2,367,837 80,845 — (2,483) 78,362 1,105,991 — (43,619) 1,062,372 82,847 38,643 121,490 Current year Prior year(s) Total paid losses Balance as of December 31, 2015, net of reinsurance(3) Plus: Reinsurance ceded and other(1) BALANCE AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2015, GROSS OF REINSURANCE(3) (1) Reinsurance ceded and other includes claims and benefits payable balances that have either been (a) reinsured to third parties, (b) established for claims related expenses whose subsequent payment is not recorded as a paid claim, or (c) reserves established for obligations that would persist even if contracts were cancelled (such as extension of benefits), which cannot be analyzed appropriately under a roll-forward approach. 752,752 317,589 1,070,341 2,016,726 318,327 2,335,053 76,000 263,412 339,412 77,427 6,709 84,136 1,151,338 41,658 195,027 2,750 395,781 93,030 488,686 200,719 $ 1,192,996 3,625 161 197,777 689,405 488,811 3,786 $ $ $ $ (2) Short duration and long duration medical methodologies used for settling claims and benefits payable are similar. (3) The Company’s net retained credit life and disability claims and benefits payable were $33,852, $45,096 and $54,483 at December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. (4) Includes the reclassification of assets held for sale as described in Note 4. F-40 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Short Duration Contracts The Company’s short duration contracts are comprised of group term life, group disability, medical, dental, property and warranty, credit life and disability, extended service contract and all other. The principal products and services included in these categories are described in the summary of significant accounting polices (see Note 2). Case and IBNR reserves are developed using actuarial principles and assumptions that consider, among other things, contractual requirements, historical utilization trends and payment patterns, benefit changes, medical inflation, seasonality, membership, product mix, legislative and regulatory environment, economic factors, disabled life mortality and claim termination rates and other relevant factors. The Company consistently applies the principles and assumptions listed above from year to year, while also giving due consideration to the potential variability of these factors. Since case and IBNR reserves include estimates developed from various actuarial methods, the Company’s actual losses incurred may be more or less than the Company’s previously developed estimates. As shown in the table above, if the amounts listed on the line labeled “Incurred losses related to: Prior years” are negative (redundant) this means that the Company’s actual losses incurred related to prior years for these lines were less than the estimates previously made by the Company. If the line labeled “Incurred losses related to: Prior years” are positive (deficient) this means that the Company’s actual losses incurred related to prior years for these lines were greater than the estimates previously made by the Company. Medical reserves established for obligations that would persist even if contracts were cancelled (such as extension of benefits) have been excluded from the incurred loss roll- forwards because they cannot be analyzed appropriately under a rollforward approach. Affordable Care Act risk mitigation accruals and payments have also been excluded as they involve other receivable accounts which would be inconsistent with this reserve rollforward approach. Group Term Life case and IBNR reserves redundancies in all years are due to actual mortality rates running below those assumed in prior year reserves, and actual recovery rates running higher than those assumed in prior year reserves. Group Disability case and IBNR reserves show redundancies in all years due to actual claim recovery rates exceeding those assumed in prior year reserves. The redundancies in our Medical lines case and IBNR reserves were caused by the Company’s claims and other case reserves developing more favorably than expected. The Company’s actual claims experience reflected lower medical provider utilization and lower medical inflation than assumed in the Company’s prior-year pricing and reserving processes. 13 Reserves The Company’s group disability products include short and long term disability coverage. Case and IBNR reserves for long-term disability claims have been discounted at 5.25% for claims incurred in 2010 and prior years, and between 4.25% and 4.75% for claims incurred after 2010. The December 31, 2015 and 2014 liabilities net of reinsurance include $1,192,996 and $1,235,029, respectively, of such reserves. The amount of discounts deducted from outstanding reserves as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 are $343,954 and $362,207, respectively. In 2015, the Company’s Property and Warranty case and IBNR reserves reflected an increased degree of favorable development on prior accident years compared to 2014 and 2013. Unfavorable development on lender-placed products in 2014 led to a lower redundancy level than seen in prior years. In 2015, reserve redundancies returned to long-term historical norms due to improvements in non- catastrophe loss experience for lender-placed products as well as reserve strengthening taken in 2014. In 2013, adverse development of $6,500 from Super Storm Sandy lowered the reserve redundancy compared to 2012. For the longer-tail Property and Warranty coverages (e.g. asbestos, environmental, and other general liability), for all years presented, there were no material changes in estimated amounts for incurred claims in prior years. Long Duration Contracts The Company’s long duration contracts are primarily comprised of preneed life insurance and annuity policies, life insurance policies (no longer offered), universal life and annuities (no longer offered), FFG and LTC disposed businesses and medical policies. The principal products and services included in these categories are described in the summary of significant accounting policies. See Note 2 for further information. The Assurant Solutions segment manages preneed insurance products through two separate divisions: the independent division and the American Memorial Life Insurance Company (“AMLIC”) division. The Company signed an agreement with Forethought Life Insurance Company on November 9, 2005 whereby the Company discontinued writing new preneed insurance policies in the U.S. via independent funeral homes. The reserve assumptions for future policy benefits and expenses for pre-funded funeral life and annuity contracts and traditional life insurance (no longer offered) by the preneed business differ by division and are established based upon the following: Preneed Business — Independent Division Interest and discount rates for preneed life insurance issued prior to 2009 vary by year of issuance and product, are based on pricing assumptions and modified to allow for provisions for adverse deviation. For preneed life insurance with discretionary death benefit growth issued after 2008, interest and discount rates are based upon current assumptions F-41 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K13 Reserves without provisions for adverse deviation. During 2015 and 2014, interest and discount rates ranged between 3.3% and 7.3%. Interest and discount rates for traditional life insurance (no longer offered) vary by year of issuance and products and were 7.5% grading to 5.3% over 20 years in 2015 and 2014 with the exception of a block of pre-1980 business which had a level 8.8% discount rate in 2015 and 2014. Mortality assumptions for business issued prior to 2009 are based upon pricing assumptions and modified to allow for provisions for adverse deviation. For business issued after 2008, mortality assumptions are based upon pricing assumptions without provisions for adverse deviation. Surrender rates vary by product and are based upon pricing assumptions. Future assumed policy benefit increases on preneed life insurance issued prior to 2009 ranged from 1.0% to 7.0% in 2015 and 2014. Some policies have future policy benefit increases, which are guaranteed or tied to equal some measure of inflation. The inflation assumption for most of these inflation-linked benefits was 3.0% in both 2015 and 2014 with the exception of most policies issued in 2005 through 2007 where the assumption was 2.3%. Future policy benefit increases for business issued in 2015 are based on current assumptions. The reserves for annuities issued by the independent division are based on assumed interest rates credited on deferred annuities, which vary by year of issue, and ranged from 1.0% to 5.5% in 2015 and 2014. Withdrawal charges, if any, generally range from 7.0% to 0.0% and grade to zero over a period of seven years for business issued in the U.S. Canadian annuity products have a surrender charge that varies by product series and premium paying period. PreNeed Business — AMLIC Division Interest and discount rates for preneed life insurance issued or acquired after September 2000 and prior to 2009 vary by year of issuance and are based on pricing assumptions and modified to allow for provisions for adverse deviation. For preneed life insurance with discretionary death benefit growth issued after 2008, interest and discount rates are based on current assumptions without provisions for adverse deviation. Discount rates for 2015 and 2014 issues ranged from 1.5% to 4.3%. Preneed insurance issued prior to October 2000 and all traditional life insurance issued by the AMLIC division use discount rates, which vary by issue year and product, ranging from 0.0% to 7.5% in 2015 and 2014. Mortality assumptions for preneed life insurance issued or acquired after September 2000 and prior to 2009 are based upon pricing assumptions, which approximate actual experience, and modified to allow for provisions for adverse deviation. For preneed life insurance with discretionary death benefit growth issued after 2008, mortality assumptions are based upon pricing assumptions, which approximate actual experience, without provisions for adverse deviation. Surrender rates for preneed life insurance issued or acquired in October 2000 and beyond vary by product and are based upon pricing assumptions. Mortality assumptions for all preneed life insurance and traditional life insurance acquired by the AMLIC division prior to October 2000 are based on statutory valuation requirements, which approximate GAAP, with no explicit provision for lapses. Future policy benefit increases for preneed life insurance products are based upon pricing assumptions. First-year guaranteed benefit increases were 0.0% in 2015 and 2014. Renewal guaranteed benefit increases ranged from 0.0% to 3.0% in 2015 and 2014. For contracts with minimum benefit increases associated with an inflation index, assumed benefit increases equaled the discount rate less 3.0% in 2015 and 2014. The reserves for annuities issued by the AMLIC division are based on assumed interest rates credited on deferred annuities and ranged from 1.0% to 6.5% in 2015 and 2014. Withdrawal charges ranged from 0.0% to 8.0% grading to zero over eight years for United States products. Canadian annuity products have a flat 35% surrender charge. Nearly all the deferred annuities contracts have a 3.0% guaranteed interest rate. Universal Life and Annuities — No Longer Offered The reserves for universal life and annuity products (no longer offered) in the Assurant Solutions segment have been established based on the following assumptions: Interest rates credited on annuities, which vary by product and time when funds were received, ranged from 3.5% to 4.0% with guaranteed credited rates that ranged from 3.5% to 4.0% in 2015 and 2014, except for a limited number of policies with credited rates of 4.5% with guaranteed credited rate of 4.5%. Annuities are also subject to surrender charges, which vary by contract year and grade to zero over a period no longer than seven years. Surrender values on annuities will never be less than the amount of paid-in premiums (net of prior withdrawals) regardless of the surrender charge. Credited interest rates on universal life funds vary by product and time when funds were received and ranged from 4.0% to 4.1% in 2015 and 2014. Guaranteed crediting rates where present were 4.0%. Additionally, universal life funds are subject to surrender charges that vary by product, age, sex, year of issue, risk class, face amount and grade to zero over a period not longer than 20 years. FFG and LTC Reserves for previously disposed FFG and LTC businesses are included in the Company’s reserves in accordance with the insurance guidance. The Company maintains an offsetting reinsurance recoverable related to these reserves. See Note 14 for further information. F-42 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K14 Reinsurance 14. Reinsurance In the ordinary course of business, the Company is involved in both the assumption and cession of reinsurance with non-affiliated companies. The following table provides details of the reinsurance recoverables balance for the years ended December 31: Ceded future policyholder benefits and expense Ceded unearned premium Ceded claims and benefits payable Ceded paid losses TOTAL 2015 4,037,682 $ 1,667,228 1,429,128 336,365 7,470,403 $ 2014 4,052,976 1,587,583 1,283,510 330,516 7,254,585 $ $ A key credit quality indicator for reinsurance is the A.M. Best financial strength ratings of the reinsurer. The A.M. Best ratings are an independent opinion of a reinsurer’s ability to meet ongoing obligations to policyholders. The A.M. Best ratings for new reinsurance agreements where there is material credit exposure are reviewed at the time of execution. The A.M. Best ratings for existing reinsurance agreements are reviewed on a periodic basis, at least annually. The following table provides the reinsurance recoverable as of December 31, 2015 grouped by A.M. Best rating: Best Ratings of Reinsurer A++ or A+ A or A- B++ or B+ B or B- Not Rated Total Less: Allowance NET REINSURANCE RECOVERABLE Ceded future policyholder benefits and expense Ceded unearned premiums Ceded claims and benefits payable Ceded paid losses $ 2,567,918 $ 1,460,465 747 251 8,301 4,037,682 — 50,041 $ 79,623 23,153 258 1,514,153 1,667,228 — 977,498 $ 185,131 2,628 86 263,785 1,429,128 — 17,445 $ 25,292 — 45 304,403 347,185 (10,820) Total 3,612,902 1,750,511 26,528 640 2,090,642 7,481,223 (10,820) $ 4,037,682 $ 1,667,228 $ 1,429,128 $ 336,365 $ 7,470,403 A.M. Best ratings for The Hartford and John Hancock, the reinsurers with the largest reinsurance recoverable balances, are A- and A+, respectively. A.M. Best currently maintains a stable outlook on the financial strength ratings of John Hancock and The Hartford. The total amount of recoverable for these two reinsurers is $4,607,056 as of December 31, 2015. Most of the assets backing reserves relating to reinsurance recoverables from these two counterparties are held in trust. A substantial portion of the Not Rated category is related to Assurant Solutions’ and Assurant Specialty Property’s agreements to reinsure premiums and risks related to business generated by certain clients to the clients’ own captive insurance companies or to reinsurance subsidiaries in which the clients have an ownership interest. To mitigate exposure to credit risk for these reinsurers, the Company evaluates the financial condition of the reinsurer and holds substantial collateral (in the form of funds withheld, trusts, and letters of credit) as security. The Not Rated category also includes recoverables from the Department of Health and Human Services, the National Flood Insurance Program and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund. An allowance for doubtful accounts related to reinsurance recoverables is recorded on the basis of periodic evaluations of balances due from reinsurers (net of collateral), reinsurer solvency, management’s experience and current economic conditions. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $10,820 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. There were no additions or write-downs charged against the allowance during 2015 or 2014. F-43 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 14 Reinsurance The effect of reinsurance on premiums earned and benefits incurred was as follows: Long Duration 2015 Short Duration Total Long Duration 2014 Short Duration Total Long Duration 2013 Short Duration Total Years Ended December 31, $ 509,080 $11,091,644 $11,600,724 $ 510,822 $10,740,127 $11,250,949 $ 555,368 $ 9,293,288 $ 9,848,656 8,410 517,578 525,988 8,762 478,894 487,656 10,117 304,980 315,097 (288,975) (3,486,740) (3,775,715) (276,525) (2,829,938) (3,106,463) (304,064) (2,099,893) (2,403,957) $ 228,515 $ 8,122,482 $ 8,350,997 $ 243,059 $ 8,389,083 $ 8,632,142 $ 261,421 $ 7,498,375 $ 7,759,796 $ 937,962 $ 6,024,395 $ 6,962,357 $1,702,475 $ 5,244,646 $ 6,947,121 $ 933,110 $ 3,706,848 $ 4,639,958 19,948 290,925 310,873 23,911 306,365 330,276 22,844 211,446 234,290 (647,873) (1,882,822) (2,530,695) (1,373,953) (1,498,111) (2,872,064) (590,281) (608,435) (1,198,716) $ 310,037 $ 4,432,498 $ 4,742,535 $ 352,433 $ 4,052,900 $ 4,405,333 $ 365,673 $ 3,309,859 $ 3,675,532 Direct earned premiums Premiums assumed Premiums ceded NET EARNED PREMIUMS Direct policyholder benefits Policyholder benefits assumed Policyholder benefits ceded NET POLICYHOLDER BENEFITS The Company had $923,512 and $1,022,078, respectively, of invested assets held in trusts or by custodians as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, for the benefit of others related to certain reinsurance arrangements. The Company utilizes ceded reinsurance for loss protection and capital management, business dispositions, and in the Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property segments, for client risk and profit sharing. Loss Protection and Capital Management As part of the Company’s overall risk and capacity management strategy, the Company purchases reinsurance for certain risks underwritten by the Company’s various segments, including significant individual or catastrophic claims. For those product lines where there is exposure to losses from catastrophe events, the Company closely monitors and manages its aggregate risk exposure by geographic area. The Company has entered into reinsurance treaties to manage exposure to these types of events. On January 30, 2012, certain of the Companies’ subsidiaries (“the Subsidiaries”) entered into two reinsurance agreements with Ibis Re II Ltd. (“Ibis Re II”). Ibis Re II is an independent special purpose reinsurance company domiciled in the Cayman Islands. The Ibis Re II agreements provide up to $130,000 of reinsurance coverage for protection against losses over a three-year period from individual hurricane events in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and along the Gulf and Eastern Coasts of the United States. The agreements expired in February 2015. Ibis Re II financed the property catastrophe reinsurance coverage by issuing $130,000 in catastrophe bonds to unrelated investors (the “Series 2012-1 Notes”). On June 26, 2013, the Subsidiaries entered into three additional reinsurance agreements with Ibis Re II providing up to $185,000 of reinsurance coverage for protection against losses over a three-year period from individual hurricane events in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and along the Gulf and Eastern Coasts of the United States. The agreements expire in June 2016. Ibis Re II financed the property catastrophe reinsurance coverage by issuing $185,000 in catastrophe bonds to unrelated investors (the “Series 2013-1 Notes”). The $315,000 of coverage represents approximately 17% of the expected first event coverage (net of reimbursements of the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund) purchased by the Company in excess of the Company’s anticipated retention. Under the terms of these reinsurance agreements, the Subsidiaries are obligated to pay annual reinsurance premiums to Ibis Re II for the reinsurance coverage. The reinsurance agreements with Ibis Re II utilize a dual trigger that is based upon an index that is created by applying predetermined percentages to insured industry losses in each state in the covered area as reported by an independent party and the Subsidiaries’ covered losses incurred. Reinsurance contracts that have a separate, pre- identified variable (e.g., a loss-based index) are accounted for as reinsurance if certain conditions are met. In the case of the reinsurance agreements with Ibis Re II, these conditions were met, thus the Company accounted for them as reinsurance in accordance with the guidance for reinsurance contracts. Amounts payable to the Subsidiaries under the reinsurance agreements will be determined by the index-based losses, which are designed to approximate the Subsidiaries’ actual losses from any covered event. The amount of actual losses and index losses from any covered event may differ. For each covered event, Ibis Re II pays the Subsidiaries the lesser of the F-44 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-Kcovered index-based losses or the Subsidiaries’ actual losses. The principal amount of the catastrophe bonds will be reduced by any amounts paid to the Subsidiaries under the reinsurance agreements. The Subsidiaries have not incurred any losses subject to the reinsurance agreements since their inception. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had not ceded any losses to Ibis Re II. As with any reinsurance agreement, there is credit risk associated with collecting amounts due from reinsurers. With regard to the Series 2012-1 Notes and Series 2013-1 Notes, the credit risk is mitigated by two reinsurance trust accounts for each Series, respectively. Each reinsurance trust account has been funded by Ibis Re II with money market funds that invest solely in direct government obligations backed by the U.S. government with maturities of no more than 13 months. The money market funds must have a principal stability rating of at least AAA by Standard & Poor’s. As a result of the evaluation of the reinsurance agreements with Ibis Re II, the Company concluded that Ibis Re II is a VIE. However, while Ibis Re II is a VIE, the Company concluded that it does not have a significant variable interest in Ibis Re II as the variability in results, caused by the reinsurance agreements, is expected to be absorbed entirely by the bondholders and the Company is not entitled to any residual amounts. Accordingly, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of Ibis Re II and does not consolidate the entities in the Company’s financial statements. Business Divestitures The Company has used reinsurance to exit certain businesses, such as the disposals of FFG and LTC. Reinsurance was used in these cases to facilitate the transactions because the businesses shared legal entities with operating segments that the Company retained. Assets supporting liabilities ceded relating to these businesses are mainly held in trusts and the separate accounts relating to FFG are still reflected in the Company’s balance sheet. If the reinsurers became insolvent, we would be exposed to the risk that the assets in the trusts and/or the separate accounts would be insufficient to support the liabilities that would revert back to us. The reinsurance recoverable from The Hartford was $1,053,496 and $1,077,791 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The reinsurance recoverable from John Hancock was $3,553,560 and $3,471,908 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The reinsurance agreement associated with the FFG sale also stipulates that The Hartford contribute funds to increase the value of the separate account assets relating to Modified Guaranteed Annuity business sold if such value declines below the value of the associated liabilities. If The Hartford fails to fulfill these obligations, the Company will be obligated to make these payments. 14 Reinsurance In addition, the Company would be responsible for administering this business in the event of reinsurer insolvency. We do not currently have the administrative systems and capabilities to process this business. Accordingly, we would need to obtain those capabilities in the event of an insolvency of one or more of the reinsurers of these businesses. We might be forced to obtain such capabilities on unfavorable terms with a resulting material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. As of December 31, 2015, we were not aware of any regulatory actions taken with respect to the solvency of the insurance subsidiaries of The Hartford or John Hancock that reinsure the FFG and LTC businesses, and the Company has not been obligated to fulfill any of such reinsurers’ obligations. John Hancock and The Hartford have paid their obligations when due and there have been no disputes. Segment Client Risk and Profit Sharing The Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property segments write business produced by their clients, such as mobile providers, mortgage lenders and servicers, and financial institutions and reinsures all or a portion of such business to insurance subsidiaries of some clients. Such arrangements allow significant flexibility in structuring the sharing of risks and profits on the underlying business. A substantial portion of Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property’s reinsurance activities are related to agreements to reinsure premiums and risks related to business generated by certain clients to the clients’ own captive insurance companies or to reinsurance subsidiaries in which the clients have an ownership interest. Through these arrangements, our insurance subsidiaries share some of the premiums and risk related to client-generated business with these clients. When the reinsurance companies are not authorized to do business in our insurance subsidiary’s domiciliary state, the Company’s insurance subsidiary generally obtains collateral, such as a trust or a letter of credit, from the reinsurance company or its affiliate in an amount equal to the outstanding reserves to obtain full statutory financial credit in the domiciliary state for the reinsurance. The Company’s reinsurance agreements do not relieve the Company from its direct obligation to its insureds. Thus, a credit exposure exists to the extent that any reinsurer is unable to meet the obligations assumed in the reinsurance agreements. To mitigate its exposure to reinsurance insolvencies, the Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and holds substantial collateral (in the form of funds, trusts, and letters of credit) as security under the reinsurance agreements. F-45 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K15 Debt 15. Debt On March 28, 2013, the Company issued two series of senior notes with an aggregate principal amount of $700,000 (the “2013 Senior Notes”). The Company received net proceeds of $698,093 from this transaction, which represents the principal amount less the discount before offering expenses. The discount of $1,907 is being amortized over the life of the 2013 Senior Notes and is included as part of interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations. The first series is $350,000 in principal amount, bears interest at 2.50% per year and is payable in a single installment due March 15, 2018 and was issued at a 0.18% discount. The second series is $350,000 in principal amount, bears interest at 4.00% per year and is payable in a single installment due March 15, 2023 and was issued at a 0.37% discount. Interest on the 2013 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 of each year. The 2013 Senior Notes are unsecured obligations and rank equally with all of the Company’s other senior unsecured indebtedness. The Company may redeem each series of the 2013 Senior Notes in whole or in part at any time and from time to time before their maturity at the redemption price set forth in the Indenture. The 2013 Senior Notes are registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The interest expense incurred related to the 2013 Senior Notes was $22,988, $22,981 and $17,357 for the year ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. There was $6,635 of accrued interest at both December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company made interest payments on the 2013 Senior Notes of $11,375 on March 15, 2015 and 2014 and September 15, 2015 and 2014. In February 2004, the Company issued two series of senior notes with an aggregate principal amount of $975,000 (the “2004 Senior Notes”). The Company received net proceeds of $971,537 from this transaction, which represents the principal amount less the discount before operating expenses. The discount of $3,463 is being amortized over the life of the 2004 Senior Notes and is included as part of interest expense on the statement of operations. The first series was $500,000 in principal amount, issued at a 0.11% discount, bore interest at 5.63% per year and was repaid on February 18, 2014. The second series is $475,000 in principal amount, bears interest at 6.75% per year and is payable in a single installment due February 15, 2034 and was issued at a 0.61% discount. Interest on the 2004 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15 of each year. The 2004 Senior Notes are unsecured obligations and rank equally with all of the Company’s other senior unsecured indebtedness. The senior notes are not redeemable prior to maturity. All of the holders of the 2004 Senior Notes exchanged their notes in May 2004 for new notes registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The interest expense incurred related to the 2004 Senior Notes was $32,127, $35,414, and $59,414 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. There was $12,023 of accrued interest at both December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company made interest payments on the 2004 Senior Notes of $16,031 and $30,094 on February 15, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and $16,031 on August 15, 2015 and 2014. Credit Facility The Company’s commercial paper program requires the Company to maintain liquidity facilities either in an available amount equal to any outstanding notes from the commercial paper program or in an amount sufficient to maintain the ratings assigned to the notes issued from the commercial paper program. The Company’s subsidiaries do not maintain commercial paper or other borrowing facilities at their level. This program is currently backed up by a $400,000 senior revolving credit facility, of which $395,960 was available at December 31, 2015, due to $4,040 of outstanding letters of credit related to this program. On September 16, 2014, the Company entered into a five-year unsecured $400,000 revolving credit agreement, as amended by Amendment No. 1, dated as of March 5, 2015 (the “2014 Credit Facility”) with a syndicate of banks arranged by JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo, N.A. The 2014 Credit Facility replaces the Company’s prior four-year $350,000 revolving credit facility (the “2011 Credit Facility”), which was entered into on September 21, 2011 and was scheduled to expire in September 2015. The 2011 Credit Facility terminated upon the effectiveness of the 2014 Credit Facility. The 2014 Credit Facility provides for revolving loans and the issuance of multi-bank, syndicated letters of credit and/or letters of credit from a sole issuing bank in an aggregate amount of $400,000 and is available until September 2019, provided the Company is in compliance with all covenants. The 2014 Credit Facility has a sublimit for letters of credit issued thereunder of $50,000. The proceeds of these loans may be used for the Company’s commercial paper program or for general corporate purposes. The Company may increase the total amount available under the 2014 Credit Facility to $525,000 subject to certain conditions. No bank is obligated to provide commitments above their share of the $400,000 facility. The Company did not use the commercial paper program during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and there were no amounts relating to the commercial paper program outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company made no borrowings using the 2014 Credit Facility and no loans are outstanding at December 31, 2015. The 2014 Credit Facility contains restrictive covenants and requires that the Company maintain certain specified minimum ratios and thresholds. Among others, these covenants include maintaining a maximum debt to capitalization ratio and a minimum consolidated adjusted net worth. At December 31, 2015, the Company was in compliance with all covenants, minimum ratios and thresholds. F-46 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K17 Stock Based Compensation 16. Common Stock Changes in the number of common stock shares outstanding are as follows: Shares outstanding, beginning Vested restricted stock and restricted stock units, net(a) Issuance related to performance share units(a) Issuance related to ESPP Issuance related to SARS exercise Shares repurchased 2015 69,299,559 335,518 269,576 130,622 — (4,184,889) 65,850,386 December 31, 2014 71,828,208 321,841 277,164 141,576 29,260 (3,298,490) 69,299,559 2013 78,664,029 340,525 252,025 217,573 61,070 (7,707,014) 71,828,208 SHARES OUTSTANDING, ENDING (a) Vested restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance share units are shown net of shares retired to cover participant tax liability. The Company is authorized to issue 800,000,000 shares of common stock. In addition, 150,001 shares of Class B and 400,001 shares of Class C common stock, per the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Assurant, Inc., are still authorized but have not been issued. 17. Stock Based Compensation In accordance with the guidance on share based compensation, the Company recognized stock-based compensation costs based on the grant date fair value. The Company also applied the “long form” method to calculate its beginning pool of windfall tax benefits related to employee stock-based compensation awards as of the adoption date of the guidance. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company recognized compensation costs net of a 5% per year forfeiture rate on a pro-rated basis over the remaining vesting period. Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan Under the Assurant, Inc. Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan (“ALTEIP”), amended and restated in May 2010, the Company is authorized to issue up to 5,300,000 new shares of the Company’s common stock to employees, officers and non- employee directors. Under the ALTEIP, the Company may grant awards based on shares of its common stock, including stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock (including performance shares), unrestricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance share units (“PSUs”) and dividend equivalents. All future share-based grants will be awarded under the ALTEIP. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”) awards RSUs and PSUs annually. RSUs and PSUs are promises to issue actual shares of common stock at the end of a vesting period or performance period. The RSUs granted to employees under the ALTEIP are based on salary grade and performance and vest one-third each year over a three-year period. RSUs granted to non-employee directors also vest one-third each year over a three-year period, however, issuance of vested shares is deferred until separation from Board service. RSUs receive dividend equivalents in cash during the restricted period and do not have voting rights during the restricted period. PSUs accrue dividend equivalents during the performance period based on a target payout, and will be paid in cash at the end of the performance period based on the actual number of shares issued. The fair value of RSUs is estimated using the fair market value of a share of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant. The fair value of PSUs is estimated using the Monte Carlo simulation model and is described in further detail below. For the PSU portion of an award, the number of shares a participant will receive upon vesting is contingent upon the Company’s performance with respect to selected metrics, identified below, compared against a broad index of insurance companies and assigned a percentile ranking. These rankings are then averaged to determine the composite percentile ranking for the performance period. The payout levels can vary between 0% and 150% (maximum) of the target (100% ) ALTEIP award amount based on the Company’s level of performance against the selected metrics. PSU Performance Goals. The Compensation Committee established book value per share (“BVPS”) growth excluding AOCI, revenue growth and total stockholder return as the three performance measures for PSU awards. BVPS growth is defined as the year-over-year growth of the Company’s stockholders’ equity excluding AOCI divided by the number of fully diluted total shares outstanding at the end of the period. Revenue growth is defined as the year-over-year change in total revenues as disclosed in the Company’s annual statement of operations. Total stockholder return is defined as appreciation in Company stock plus dividend yield to stockholders. Payouts will be determined by measuring performance against the average performance of companies included in an insurance industry market index. From 2009 to 2013, the Company used the A.M. Best U.S. Insurance Index to measure its relative performance ranking. In 2014, A.M. Best stopped publishing this index. As of January 1, 2014, the Company is using the S&P Total Market Index to measure the Company’s performance for all new and outstanding PSU awards. Consistent with adjustments made F-47 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K17 Stock Based Compensation to the A.M. Best U.S. Insurance Index, adjustments will be made to the S&P Total Market Index to exclude companies with revenues of less than $1,000,000 or that are not in the insurance or managed healthcare Global Industry Classification Standard codes. In addition, companies within the Company’s compensation peer group, but not otherwise in the S&P Total Market Index, will be included. The adjusted S&P Total Market Index is substantially similar in composition to the previous A.M. Best U.S. Insurance Index. Under the ALTEIP, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) is authorized by the Board of Directors to grant common stock, restricted stock and RSUs to employees other than the executive officers of the Company (as defined in Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). The Board of Directors reviews and ratifies these grants quarterly. Restricted stock and RSUs granted under this program may have different vesting periods. Restricted Stock Units A summary of the Company’s outstanding restricted stock units is presented below: Shares outstanding at December 31, 2014 Grants Vests Forfeitures and adjustments SHARES OUTSTANDING AT DECEMBER 31, 2015 $ Shares Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value 51.39 63.09 47.92 59.63 59.34 978,028 366,200 (557,402) (38,007) 748,819 $ The compensation expense recorded related to RSUs was $22,001, $23,856 and $26,734 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The related total income tax benefit recognized was $7,696, $8,337 and $9,343 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value for RSUs granted in 2014 and 2013 was $65.14 and $45.27, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, there was $12,931 of unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding RSUs. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.06 years. The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $35,771, $35,206 and $24,812, respectively. Performance Share Units A summary of the Company’s outstanding performance share units is presented below: Performance share units outstanding, December 31, 2014 Grants Vests Performance adjustment(1) Forfeitures and adjustments $ Performance Share Units Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value 49.63 61.82 41.68 41.68 58.90 56.37 1,127,088 355,688 (458,755) 70,140 (31,242) 1,062,919 PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS OUTSTANDING, DECEMBER 31, 2015 (1) Represents the change in shares issued based upon the attainment of performance goals established by the Company. $ PSU grants above represent initial target awards and do not reflect potential increases or decreases resulting from the financial performance objectives to be determined at the end of the prospective performance period. The actual number of shares to be issued at the end of each performance period will range from 0% to 150% of the initial target awards. As of December 31, 2015, there was $16,920 of unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding PSUs. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.77 years. The total fair value of shares vested and issued during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $27,461 and $31,609, respectively. The compensation expense recorded related to PSUs was $15,523, $24,380 and $22,257 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Portions of the compensation expense recorded during 2014 were reversed in 2015 since the Company’s level of actual performance as measured against pre-established performance goals had declined. The related total income tax benefit recognized was $5,428, $8,516, and $7,774 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value for PSUs granted in 2014 and 2013 was $64.93 and $44.22, respectively. The fair value of PSUs with market conditions was estimated on the date of grant using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which utilizes multiple variables that determine the probability of satisfying the market condition stipulated in the award. Expected volatilities for awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were based on the historical stock prices of the Company’s stock and peer insurance group. The expected term for grants issued during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was assumed to equal the average of the vesting period of the PSUs. The risk-free rate was based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. F-48 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Expected volatility Expected term (years) Risk free interest rate 17 Stock Based Compensation For awards granted during the year ended December 31, 2015 19.06% 2.81 0.99% 2014 24.66% 2.80 0.66% 2013 26.76% 2.80 0.39% Long-Term Incentive Plan Prior to the approval of the ALTEIP, share based awards were granted under the 2004 Assurant Long-Term Incentive Plan (“ALTIP”), which authorized the granting of up to 10,000,000 new shares of the Company’s common stock to employees and officers under the ALTIP, Business Value Rights Program and CEO Equity Grants Program. Under the ALTIP, the Company was authorized to grant restricted stock and SARs. Since May 2008, no new grants have been made under this plan and the impact of these grants on the consolidated financial statements is immaterial. Employee Stock Purchase Plan Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), the Company is authorized to issue up to 5,000,000 new shares to employees who are participants in the ESPP. The ESPP allows eligible employees to contribute, through payroll deductions, portions of their after-tax compensation in each offering period toward the purchase of shares of the Company’s common stock. There are two offering periods during the year (January 1 through June 30 and July 1 through December 31) and shares are purchased at the end of each offering period at 90% of the lower of the closing price of the common stock on the first or last day of the offering period. Participants’ contributions are limited to a maximum contribution of $7.5 per offering period, or $15 per year. The ESPP is offered to individuals who are scheduled to work at least 20 hours per week and at least five months per year, have been continuously employed for at least six months by the start of the offering period, are not temporary employees (employed less than 12 months), and have not been on a leave of absence for more than 90 days immediately preceding the offering period. Participants must be employed on the last trading day of the offering period in order to purchase Company shares under the ESPP. The maximum number of shares that can be purchased each offering period is 5,000 shares per employee. In January 2016, the Company issued 59,102 shares at a discounted price of $61.70 for the offering period of July 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015. In January 2015, the Company issued 65,302 shares at a discounted price of $59.65 for the offering period of July 1, 2014 through December 31, 2014. In July 2015, the Company issued 65,320 shares to employees at a discounted price of $60.30 for the offering period of January 1, 2015 through June 30, 2015. In July 2014, the Company issued 65,867 shares to employees at a discounted price of $58.79 for the offering period of January 1, 2014 through June 30, 2014. The compensation expense recorded related to the ESPP was $1,277, $1,201 and $1,098 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The related income tax benefit for disqualified disposition was $186, $147 and $208 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The fair value of each award under the ESPP was estimated at the beginning of each offering period using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and assumptions in the table below. Expected volatilities are based on implied volatilities from traded options on the Company’s stock and the historical volatility of the Company’s stock. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The dividend yield is based on the current annualized dividend and share price as of the grant date. Expected volatility Risk free interest rates Dividend yield Expected term (years) For awards issued during the year ended December 31, 2013 18.30-25.40 % 0.08-0.15 % 2.34-2.38 % 2014 19.02-20.65 % 0.09 % 1.52-1.92 % 2015 16.79-17.67 % 0.06-0.11 % 1.58-1.62 % 0.5 0.5 0.5 Non-Stock Based Incentive Plans Deferred Compensation The deferred compensation programs consist of the AIP, the ASIC and the ADC Plans. The AIP and ASIC Plans provided key employees the ability to exchange a portion of their compensation for options to purchase certain third-party mutual funds. The AIP and ASIC Plans were frozen in December 2004 and no additional contributions can be made to either Plan. Effective March 1, 2005 and amended and restated on January 1, 2008, the ADC Plan was established in order to comply with the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (“Jobs Act”) and IRC Section 409A. The ADC Plan provides key employees the ability to defer a portion of their eligible compensation to be notionally invested in a variety of mutual funds. Deferrals and withdrawals under the ADC Plan are intended to be fully compliant with the Jobs Act definition of eligible compensation and distribution requirements. F-49 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K19 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income 18. Stock Repurchase The following table shows the shares repurchased during the periods indicated: Period in 2015 January February March April May June July August September October November December TOTAL Number of Shares Purchased 529,100 $ 120,000 645,000 640,000 472,000 482,586 303,807 67,436 — 924,960 — — 4,184,889 $ Average Price Paid Per Share 65.51 61.07 61.50 61.20 64.89 67.19 70.98 73.67 — 80.26 — — 68.02 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs 529,100 120,000 645,000 640,000 472,000 482,586 303,807 67,436 — 924,960 — — 4,184,889 On November 15, 2013 and September 9, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to $600,000 and $750,000, respectively, of its outstanding common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company repurchased 4,184,889 shares of the Company’s outstanding common stock at a cost of $284,567, exclusive of commissions, leaving $952,103 remaining under the total repurchase authorization at December 31, 2015. The timing and the amount of future repurchases will depend on market conditions, the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and other factors. 19. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Certain amounts included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income are net of reclassification adjustments. The following tables summarize those reclassification adjustments (net of taxes): Balance at December 31, 2014 $ (127,711) $ Foreign currency translation adjustment Year Ended December 31, 2015 Unrealized gains on securities 793,082 $ Pension under- funding OTTI 26,594 $ (136,198) Accumulated other comprehensive income 555,767 $ Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) income Balance at December 31, 2015 (143,023) (324,934) (2,746) (3,130) (473,833) — 27,295 (1,414) 10,734 36,615 (143,023) (270,734) $ $ (297,639) 495,443 $ (4,160) 22,434 7,604 $ (128,594) $ (437,218) 118,549 F-50 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K19 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Year Ended December 31, 2014 Foreign currency translation adjustment (38,767) $ Unrealized gains on securities 526,071 OTTI $ 26,427 $ Pension under- funding (86,901) $ Accumulated other comprehensive (88,944) 235,000 (1,321) (56,647) — 32,011 1,488 7,350 (88,944) (127,711) $ 267,011 793,082 $ 167 26,594 (49,297) $ (136,198) $ 128,937 555,767 income 426,830 88,088 40,849 Balance at December 31, 2013 Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) income Balance at December 31, 2014 $ $ Balance at December 31, 2012 $ 6,882 $ Foreign currency translation adjustment Year Ended December 31, 2013 Unrealized gains on securities 981,879 Pension under- funding Accumulated other comprehensive income OTTI $ 23,861 $ (182,219) $ 830,403 Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) income Balance at December 31, 2013 (45,649) (478,853) (2,237) 77,938 (448,801) — 23,045 4,803 (45,649) (38,767) $ (455,808) 526,071 $ 2,566 26,427 $ 17,380 95,318 $ (86,901) $ 45,228 (403,573) 426,830 The following tables summarize the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income. Details about accumulated other comprehensive income components Unrealized gains on securities OTTI Amortization of pension and postretirement unrecognized net periodic benefit cost: Amortization of prior service cost Amortization of net loss Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Affected line item in the statement where net income is presented $ 41,992 (14,697) $ 27,295 $ $ 49,248 (17,237) 32,011 $ (2,176) $ 762 $ (1,414) $ 2,289 (801) 1,488 $ $ $ $ $ (146) $ (97) $ 16,660 16,514 (5,780) $ $ 10,734 $ 36,615 $ 11,405 11,308 (3,958) $ 7,350 40,849 $ Net realized gains on investments, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses 35,454 (12,409) Provision for income taxes 23,045 Net of tax Portion of net loss (gain) recognized in other comprehensive income, before taxes 7,389 (2,586) Provision for income taxes 4,803 Net of tax (1) (1) (77) 26,816 26,739 Total before tax (9,359) 17,380 45,228 Provision for income taxes Net of tax NET OF TAX TOTAL RECLASSIFICATIONS FOR THE PERIOD (1) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. See Note 21—Retirement and Other Employee Benefits for additional information F-51 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K20 Statutory Information 20. Statutory Information The Company’s insurance subsidiaries prepare financial statements on the basis of statutory accounting practices (“SAP”) prescribed or permitted by the insurance departments of their states of domicile. Prescribed SAP includes the Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) as well as state laws, regulations and administrative rules. The principal differences between SAP and GAAP are: 1) policy acquisition costs are expensed as incurred under SAP, but are deferred and amortized under GAAP; 2) the value of business acquired is not capitalized under SAP but is under GAAP; 3) amounts collected from holders of universal life- type and annuity products are recognized as premiums when collected under SAP, but are initially recorded as contract deposits under GAAP, with cost of insurance recognized as revenue when assessed and other contract charges recognized over the periods for which services are provided; 4) the classification and carrying amounts of investments in certain securities are different under SAP than under GAAP; 5) the criteria for providing asset valuation allowances, and the methodologies used to determine the amounts thereof, are different under SAP than under GAAP; 6) the timing of establishing certain reserves, and the methodologies used to determine the amounts thereof, are different under SAP than under GAAP; 7) certain assets are not admitted for purposes of determining surplus under SAP; 8) methodologies used to determine the amounts of deferred taxes, intangible assets and goodwill are different under SAP than under GAAP; and 9) the criteria for obtaining reinsurance accounting treatment is different under SAP than under GAAP. The combined statutory net income, excluding intercompany dividends and surplus note interest, and capital and surplus of the Company’s U.S. domiciled statutory insurance subsidiaries follow: Statutory net income P&C companies Life and Health companies TOTAL STATUTORY NET INCOME(1) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 $ $ 437,422 $ (266,559) 170,863 $ 440,930 $ 67,270 508,200 $ 2013 457,068 148,851 605,919 December 31, 2015 2014 Statutory capital and surplus 1,396,305 P&C companies 1,064,174 Life and Health companies TOTAL STATUTORY CAPITAL AND SURPLUS 2,460,479 (1) The decline in 2015 from 2014 is primarily due to higher loss experience and adverse claims development on 2015 individual major medical policies, a reduction in the 2014 estimated recoveries from the Affordable Care Act risk mitigation programs and $106,389 (after-tax) of exit and disposal costs, including premium deficiency reserves, severance and retention costs, long-lived asset impairments and similar exit and disposal costs related to the decision to exit the health business mentioned above. 1,137,978 $ 1,153,137 2,291,115 $ $ $ The Company also has non-insurance subsidiaries and foreign insurance subsidiaries that are not subject to SAP. The statutory net income and statutory capital and surplus amounts presented above do not include foreign insurance subsidiaries in accordance with SAP. Insurance enterprises are required by state insurance departments to adhere to minimum risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements developed by the NAIC. All of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries exceed minimum RBC requirements. The payment of dividends to the Company by any of the Company’s regulated U.S domiciled insurance subsidiaries in excess of a certain amount (i.e., extraordinary dividends) must be approved by the subsidiary’s domiciliary state department of insurance. Ordinary dividends, for which no regulatory approval is generally required, are limited to amounts determined by a formula, which varies by state. The formula for the majority of the states in which the Company’s subsidiaries are domiciled is based on the prior year’s statutory net income or 10% of the statutory surplus as of the end of the prior year. Some states limit ordinary dividends to the greater of these two amounts, others limit them to the lesser of these two amounts and some states exclude prior year realized capital gains from prior year net income in determining ordinary dividend capacity. Some states have an additional stipulation that dividends may only be paid out of earned surplus. If insurance regulators determine that payment of an ordinary dividend or any other payments by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries to the Company (such as payments under a tax sharing agreement or payments for employee or other services) would be adverse to policyholders or creditors, the regulators may block such payments that would otherwise be permitted without prior approval. Based on the dividend restrictions under applicable laws and regulations, the maximum amount of dividends that the Company’s U.S domiciled insurance subsidiaries could pay to the Company in 2016 without regulatory approval is approximately $564,000. No assurance can be given that there will not be further regulatory actions restricting the ability of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends. F-52 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 21 Retirement and Other Employee Benefits State regulators require insurance companies to meet minimum capitalization standards designed to ensure that they can fulfill obligations to policyholders. Minimum capital requirements are expressed as a ratio of a company’s total adjusted capital (“TAC”) to its risk-based capital (“RBC”) (the “RBC Ratio”). TAC is equal to statutory surplus adjusted to exclude certain statutory liabilities. RBC is calculated by applying specified factors to various asset, premium, expense, liability, and reserve items. Generally, if a company’s RBC Ratio is below 100% (the “Authorized Control Level”), the insurance commissioner of the company’s state of domicile is authorized to take control of the company, to protect the interests of policyholders. If the RBC Ratio is greater than 100% but less than 200% (the “Company Action Level”), the company must submit a RBC plan to the commissioner of the state of domicile. Corrective actions may also be required if the RBC Ratio is greater than the Company Action Level but the company fails certain trend tests. As of December 31, 2015, the TAC of each of our insurance subsidiaries exceeded the Company Action Level and no trend tests that would require regulatory action were violated. As of December 31, 2015, the TAC of our life and health entities subject to RBC requirements was $1,218,018. The corresponding Authorized Control Level was $214,611. As of December 31, 2015, the TAC of our P&C entities subject to RBC requirements was $1,137,978. The corresponding Authorized Control Level was $233,544. 21. Retirement and Other Employee Benefits Defined Benefit Plans The Company and its subsidiaries participate in a non- contributory, qualified defined benefit pension plan (“Assurant Pension Plan”) covering substantially all employees. The Assurant Pension Plan is considered “qualified” because it meets the requirements of Internal Revenue Code Section 401(a) (“IRC 401(a)”) and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”). The Assurant Pension Plan is a pension equity plan with a grandfathered final average earnings plan for a certain group of employees. Benefits are based on certain years of service and the employee’s compensation during certain such years of service. The Company’s funding policy is to contribute amounts to the Assurant Pension Plan sufficient to meet the minimum funding requirements in ERISA, plus such additional amounts as the Company may determine to be appropriate from time to time up to the maximum permitted. The funding policy considers several factors to determine such additional amounts, including items such as the amount of service cost plus 15% of the Assurant Pension Plan deficit and the capital position of the Company. During 2015, we contributed $10,750 in cash to the Assurant Pension Plan. Due to the Plan’s current funding status, no cash is expected to be contributed to the Assurant Pension Plan over the course of 2016. Contributions are intended to provide not only for benefits attributed to service to date, but also for those expected to be earned in the future. Assurant Pension Plan assets are maintained in a separate trust and as such are not included in the consolidated balance sheets of the Company. Plan assets and benefit obligations are measured as of December 31, 2015. The Company also has various non-contributory, non-qualified supplemental plans covering certain employees. Since these plans are “non-qualified” they are not subject to the laws and regulations of IRC 401(a) and ERISA. As such, the Company is not required, and does not, fund these plans. The qualified and nonqualified plans are referred to as “Pension Benefits” unless otherwise noted. The Company has the right to modify or terminate these benefits; however, the Company will not be relieved of its obligation to plan participants for their vested benefits. As of January 1, 2014, the Assurant Pension Plan and Executive Pension Plans are no longer offered to new hires. Subsequently, effective January 1, 2016, the Assurant Pension Plan was amended and split into two separate plans (Plan No. 1 and Plan No. 2). The new Plan No. 2 will include a subset of the terminated vested population and the total in-payment population as of January 1, 2016. Assets for both plans will remain in the Assurant, Inc. Pension Plan Trust, however separate accounting entities will be maintained for Plan No. 1 and Plan No. 2. Effective March 1, 2016, the Assurant Pension Plan and various non-qualified pension plans (including an Executive Pension Plan) were frozen. No additional benefits will be earned after February 29, 2016. In addition, the Company provides certain life and health care benefits (“Retirement Health Benefits”) for retired employees and their dependents. On July 1, 2011, the Company terminated certain health care benefits for employees who did not qualify for “grandfathered” status and no longer offers these benefits to new hires. The Company contribution, plan design and other terms of the remaining benefits will not change for those grandfathered employees. The Company has the right to modify or terminate these benefits. F-53 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K21 Retirement and Other Employee Benefits Summarized information on the Company’s Pension Benefits and Retirement Health Benefits plans (together the “Plans”) for the years ended December 31 is as follows: Pension Benefits 2015 2014 2013 Retirement Health Benefits 2015 2014 2013 Change in projected benefit obligation Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year Service cost Interest cost Actuarial (loss) gain, including curtailments and settlements Benefits paid Projected benefit obligation at end of year Change in plan assets Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year Actual return on plan assets Employer contributions Benefits paid (including administrative expenses) Fair value of plan assets at end of year Funded status at end of year $ (1,064,042) $ (905,943) $ (956,172) (38,580) (38,243) (36,609) (43,613) (41,989) (41,766) 52,201 77,002 89,029 38,023 $ (1,018,594) $ (1,064,042) $ (905,943) (127,940) 50,063 $ (96,306) $ (79,046) $ (86,237) (2,863) (3,473) (2,188) (3,868) (2,429) (3,834) 5,938 3,121 11,213 2,314 $ (93,510) $ (96,306) $ (79,046) (13,910) 2,706 $ $ 879,211 (5,458) 37,664 786,750 102,628 41,384 $ 704,976 64,641 56,217 $ $ 50,068 (291) 200 46,971 5,403 400 $ 45,651 3,234 400 (78,731) 832,686 (39,084) $ 786,750 $ (185,908) $ (184,831) $ (119,193) (51,551) 879,211 $ $ (3,121) 46,856 (2,314) $ 46,971 $ (46,654) $ (46,238) $ (32,075) (2,706) 50,068 $ $ In accordance with the guidance on retirement benefits, the Company aggregates the results of the qualified and non- qualified plans as “Pension Benefits” and is required to disclose the aggregate projected benefit obligation, accumulated benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets, if the obligations within those plans exceed plan assets. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the projected benefit obligations, the accumulated benefit obligations of Pension Benefits, and fair value of plan assets are as follows: Qualified Pension Benefits 2015 2014 2013 Non-Qualified Pension Benefits 2015 2014 2013 Total Pension Benefits 2015 2014 2013 Fair value of plan assets Projected benefit obligation Funded status at end of year Accumulated benefit obligation $ 832,686 $ 879,211 $ 786,750 $ — $ — $ — $ 832,686 $ 879,211 $ 786,750 (884,659) (908,167) (768,672) (133,935) (155,875) (137,271) (1,018,594) (1,064,042) (905,943) $ (51,973) $ (28,956) $ 18,078 $ (133,935) $(155,875) $(137,271) $ (185,908) $ (184,831) $ (119,193) $ 764,654 $ 761,802 $ 645,431 $ 113,712 $ 133,185 $ 115,286 $ 878,366 $ 894,987 $ 760,717 The Pension Protection Act of 2006 (“PPA”) requires certain qualified plans, like the Assurant Pension Plan, to meet specified funding thresholds. If these funding thresholds are not met, there are negative consequences to the plan and participants. If the funded percentage falls below 80%, full payment of lump sum benefits as well as implementation of amendments improving benefits are restricted. As of January 1, 2015, the Assurant Pension Plan funded percentage was 136% on a PPA calculated basis (based on an actuarial average value of assets compared to the funding target). Therefore, benefit and payment restrictions did not occur during 2015. The 2015 funded measure will also be used to determine restrictions, if any, that can occur during the first nine months of 2016. Due to the funding status of the Assurant Pension Plan in 2015, no restrictions will exist before October 2016 (the time that the January 1, 2016 actuarial valuation needs to be completed). Also, based on the estimated funded status as of January 1, 2016, the Company does not anticipate any restrictions on benefits for the remainder of 2016. Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of: Pension Benefits 2014 2015 Assets Liabilities $ $ — $ (185,908) $ — $ (184,831) $ Retirement Health Benefits 2013 18,078 (137,271) $ $ 2015 — $ (46,654) $ 2014 — $ (46,238) $ 2013 — (32,075) F-54 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 21 Retirement and Other Employee Benefits Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income consist of: Net (loss) gain Prior service (cost) credit $ $ 2015 (201,578) $ Pension Benefits 2014 (210,859) $ 2013 (147,288) (2,339) (203,917) $ (3,272) (214,131) $ (4,119) (151,407) Retirement Health Benefits $ $ 2015 1,987 4,236 6,223 $ $ 2014 (394) $ 5,169 4,775 $ 2013 11,710 6,102 17,812 Components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31 were as follows: Pension Benefits 2015 2014 2013 Retirement Health Benefits 2015 2014 2013 Net periodic benefit cost Service cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of prior service cost Amortization of net loss (gain) Curtailment/settlement charge Net periodic benefit cost Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income Net loss (gain) Amortization of prior service cost, and effects of curtailments/settlements Amortization of net (loss) gain Total recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income TOTAL RECOGNIZED IN NET PERIODIC BENEFIT COST AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME LOSS $ 41,989 41,766 (53,868) 787 16,660 1,622 $ 48,956 $ $ 36,609 43,613 (49,552) 836 11,921 871 44,298 $ $ 38,580 38,243 (44,222) 856 26,816 — 60,273 $ 2,429 3,834 (3,267) (933) — — $ 2,063 $ $ 2,188 3,868 (3,081) (933) (516) — 1,526 $ 2,863 3,473 (2,998) (933) — — $ 2,405 $ 9,099 $ 75,909 $ (108,387) $ (2,382) $ 11,588 $ (11,449) (933) (18,381) (847) (12,338) (856) (26,816) 933 — 933 516 933 — $ (10,215) $ 62,724 $ (136,059) $ (1,449) $ 13,037 $ (10,516) $ 38,741 $ 107,022 $ (75,786) $ 614 $ 14,563 $ (8,111) The Company uses a five-year averaging method to determine the market-related value of Pension Benefits plan assets, which is used to calculate the expected return of plan assets component of the Plans’ expense. Under this methodology, asset gains/losses that result from actual returns which differ from the Company’s expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption are recognized in the market-related value of assets on a level basis over a five year period. The difference between actual as compared to expected asset returns for the Plans will be fully reflected in the market-related value of plan assets over the next five years using the methodology described above. Other post-employment benefit assets under the Retirement Health Benefits are valued at fair value. The estimated net loss and prior service cost of Pension Benefits that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year are $8,699 and $435, respectively. The prior service credit of Retirement Health Benefits that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic credit over the next fiscal year is $933. There was no estimated net gain (loss) of Retirement Health Benefits that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic cost over the next fiscal year. Determination of the projected benefit obligation was based on the following weighted-average assumptions for the years ended December 31: Discount rate Qualified Pension Benefits 2014 4.09% 2015 4.55% 2013 4.98% Nonqualified Pension Benefits 2015 2014 4.25% 3.77% 2013 4.64% Retirement Health Benefits 2014 2015 4.07% 4.53% 2013 4.99% F-55 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 21 Retirement and Other Employee Benefits Determination of the net periodic benefit cost was based on the following weighted-average assumptions for the years ended December 31: Qualified Pension Benefits 2014 2015 4.98% 4.09% 2013 4.12% Nonqualified Pension Benefits 2015 3.77% 2013 3.71% 2014 4.64% Retirement Health Benefits 2014 2015 4.99% 4.07% 2013 4.12% Discount rate Expected long-term return on plan assets * Assumed rates of compensation increases are also used to determine net periodic benefit cost. Assumed rates varied by age and ranged from 3.25% 6.75% 6.75% 6.75% 6.75% 6.75% 6.75% — — — to 9.30% for the Pension Benefits for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The selection of our discount rate assumption reflects the rate at which the Plans’ obligations could be effectively settled at December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The methodology for selecting the discount rate was to match each Plan’s cash flows to that of a yield curve that provides the equivalent yields on zero-coupon corporate bonds for each maturity. The yield curve utilized in the cash flow analysis was comprised of 281 bonds rated AA by either Moody’s or Standard & Poor’s with maturities between zero and thirty years. The discount rate for each Plan is the single rate that produces the same present value of cash flows. As of December 31, 2015, we have chosen to implement a split rate approach for purposes of determining the benefit obligations and service cost as well as a spot rate approach for the calculation of interest on these items in the determination of the net periodic benefit cost. This change is a refinement in the methodology used to determine these amounts in the accounting for defined benefit retirement plans under U.S. GAAP. Due to the new spot rate approach, the rates shown above as of December 31, 2015 are the single equivalent rates for the projected benefit obligations based on the December 31, 2015 yield curve spot rates. To develop the expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption, the Company considered the current level of expected returns on risk free investments (primarily government bonds), the historical level of the risk premium associated with the other asset classes in which the portfolio is invested and the expectations for future returns of each asset class. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets reflects the average rate of earnings expected on the funds invested or to be invested. The expected return for each asset class was then weighted based on the targeted asset allocation to develop the expected long-term rate of return on asset assumptions for the portfolio. The Company believes the current assumption reflects the projected return on the invested assets, given the current market conditions and the modified portfolio structure. Actual return on plan assets was (0.6)% and 13.0% for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The assumed health care cost trend rates used in measuring the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation and net periodic benefit cost were as follows: Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year: Pre-65 Non-reimbursement Plan Post-65 Non-reimbursement Plan (Medical) Post-65 Non-reimbursement Plan (Rx) Pre-65 Reimbursement Plan Post-65 Reimbursement Plan Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate) Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate Pre-65 Non-reimbursement Plan Post-65 Non-reimbursement Plan (Medical & Rx) Pre-65 Reimbursement Plan Post-65 Reimbursement Plan Retirement Health Benefits 2015 2014 2013 9.3% 5.7% 10.2% 8.1% 8.1% 4.5% 2030 2030 2030 2030 8.1% 8.0% 8.0% 8.1% 8.1% 4.5% 2028 2028 2028 2028 8.7% 8.5% 8.5% 8.7% 8.7% 4.5% 2028 2028 2028 2028 Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans. A one- percentage point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects: One percentage point increase in health care cost trend rate Effect on total of service and interest cost components Effect on postretirement benefit obligation One percentage point decrease in health care cost trend rate Effect on total of service and interest cost components Effect on postretirement benefit obligation F-56 Retirement Health Benefits 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ 38 622 (59) $ (908) $ 39 646 (60) $ (933) 43 601 (66) (884) ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 21 Retirement and Other Employee Benefits The assets of the Plans are managed to maximize their long- term pre-tax investment return, subject to the following dual constraints: minimization of required contributions and maintenance of solvency requirements. It is anticipated that periodic contributions to the Plans will, for the foreseeable future, be sufficient to meet benefit payments thus allowing the balance to be managed according to a long-term approach. The Investment Committee for the Plans meets on a quarterly basis and reviews the re-balancing of existing fund assets and the asset allocation of new fund contributions. The goal of our asset strategy is to ensure that the growth in the value of the fund over the long-term, both in real and nominal terms, manages (controls) risk exposure. Risk is managed by investing in a broad range of asset classes, and within those asset classes, a broad range of individual securities. Diversification by asset classes stabilizes total fund results over short-term time periods. Each asset class is externally managed by outside investment managers appointed by the Investment Committee. Derivatives may be used consistent with the Plan’s investment objectives established by the Investment Committee. All securities must be U.S. dollar denominated. In 2015, 7% of the Plans’ assets were allocated to Meisirow Institutional Multi-Strategy Fund, L.P. (“MIMSF”). MIMSF is a multi-strategy product for U.S. tax-exempt investors subject to ERISA. MIMSF allocates to five primary sub-strategies including hedged equity, credit, event, relative value and multi-strategy. Allocations to these sub-strategies will shift over time depending upon MIMSF’s investment outlook. MIMSF is managed to be broadly diversified in terms of both strategy and manager exposures. The Investment Committee that oversees the investment of the plan assets conducts an annual review of the investment strategies and policies of the Plans. This includes a review of the strategic asset allocation, including the relationship of the Plans’ liabilities and portfolio structure. As a result of this review, the Investment Committee adopted the current target asset allocation. The allocation is consistent with 2014. Financial Assets(1) Equity securities: Common stock- U.S. listed small cap Mutual fund- U.S. listed large cap Common/collective trust- foreign listed Fixed maturity securities: U.S. & foreign government and government agencies and authorities Corporate- U.S. & foreign investment grade Corporate- U.S. & foreign high yield The Plans’ Asset Allocation Percentages Low Target(2) 5.0% 10.0% 5.0% 6.5% 31.0% 5.0% 7.5% 15.0% 7.5% 9.0% 33.5% 7.5% High 10.0% 20.0% 10.0% 11.5% 36.0% 10.0% Alternative investment fund: Multi-strategy hedge fund Commingled real estate fund Private equity fund 10.5% 8.5% 8.5% (1) The Plans’ long-term asset allocation targets are 30% equity, 50% fixed income and 20% investment funds. The Company invests certain plan assets in investment funds, examples of which include real estate investment funds and private equity funds. Amounts allocated for these investments are included in the alternative investment funds caption of the asset allocation at December 31, 2015, provided in the section above. 8.0% 6.0% 6.0% 5.5% 3.5% —% (2) It is understood that these guidelines are targets and that deviations may occur periodically as a result of cash flows, market impact or short-term decisions implemented by either the Investment Committee or their investment managers. The assets of the Plans are primarily invested in fixed maturity and equity securities. While equity risk is fully retained, interest rate risk is hedged by aligning the duration of the fixed maturity securities with the duration of the liabilities. Specifically, interest rate swaps are used to synthetically extend the duration of fixed maturity securities to match the duration of the liabilities, as measured on a projected benefit obligation basis. In addition, the Plans’ fixed income securities have exposure to credit risk. In order to adequately diversify and limit exposure to credit risk, the Investment Committee established parameters which include a limit on the asset types that managers are permitted to purchase, maximum exposure limits by sector and by individual issuer (based on asset quality) and minimum required ratings on individual securities. As of December 31, 2015, 49% of plan assets were invested in fixed maturity securities and 15%, 12% and 9% of those securities were concentrated in the financial, communications and consumer non-cyclical industries, with no exposure to any single creditor in excess of 4%, 6% and 7% of those industries, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, 33% of plan assets were invested in equity securities and 52% of the Plans’ equity securities were invested in a mutual fund that attempts to replicate the return of the Standard & Poor’s 500 index (“S&P 500”) by investing its assets in large capitalization stocks that are included in the S&P 500 using a weighting similar to the S&P 500. F-57 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 21 Retirement and Other Employee Benefits The fair value hierarchy for the Company’s qualified pension plan and other post retirement benefit plan assets at December 31, 2015 by asset category, is as follows: Qualified Pension Benefits Financial Assets Cash and cash equivalents: Short-term investment funds Equity securities: Common stock- U.S. listed small cap Preferred stock Mutual funds- U.S. listed large cap Common/collective trust- foreign listed Fixed maturity securities: U.S. & foreign government and government agencies and authorities Corporate- U.S. & foreign investment grade Corporate- U.S. & foreign high yield Investment fund: Multi-strategy hedge fund Commingled real estate fund Private equity fund Derivatives: December 31, 2015 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ 30,628 $ — $ 30,628 $ 66,948 4,420 141,580 57,948 126,531 221,766 57,238 61,761 49,643 6,210 66,948 4,420 141,580 — — — — — — — — — — 57,948 126,531 221,766 57,238 — 49,643 — — — — — — — — — 61,761 — 6,210 Interest rate swap — TOTAL FINANCIAL ASSETS 67,971 (1) The difference between the fair value of plan assets above and the amount used in determining the funded status is due to interest receivable 838,697(1) $ 212,948 $ 557,778 $ 14,024 14,024 — $ which is not required to be included in the fair value hierarchy. Retirement Health Benefits Financial Assets Cash and cash equivalents: Short-term investment funds Equity securities: Common stock- U.S. listed small cap Preferred stock Mutual funds- U.S. listed large cap Common/collective trust- foreign listed Fixed maturity securities: U.S. & foreign government and government agencies and authorities Corporate- U.S. & foreign investment grade Corporate- U.S. & foreign high yield Investment fund: Multi-strategy hedge fund Commingled real estate fund Private equity fund Derivatives: December 31, 2015 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ 1,723 $ — $ 1,723 $ 3,767 249 7,967 3,261 7,120 12,479 3,221 3,475 2,794 350 3,767 249 7,967 — — — — — — — — — — 3,261 7,120 12,479 3,221 — 2,794 — — — — — — — — — 3,475 — 350 Interest rate swap — TOTAL FINANCIAL ASSETS 3,825 (1) The difference between the fair value of plan assets above and the amount used in determining the funded status is due to interest receivable 789 47,195(1) $ 789 31,387 $ 11,983 $ — $ which is not required to be included in the fair value hierarchy. F-58 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K21 Retirement and Other Employee Benefits The fair value hierarchy for the Company’s qualified pension plan and other post retirement benefit plan assets at December 31, 2014 by asset category, is as follows: Qualified Pension Benefits Financial Assets Cash and cash equivalents: Short-term investment funds Equity securities: Common stock- U.S. listed small cap Preferred stock Mutual funds- U.S. listed large cap Common/collective trust- foreign listed Fixed maturity securities: U.S. & foreign government and government agencies and authorities Corporate- U.S. & foreign investment grade Corporate- U.S. & foreign high yield Investment fund: Multi-strategy hedge fund Commingled real estate fund Private equity fund Derivatives: December 31, 2014 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ 41,165 $ — $ 41,165 $ 63,761 4,209 191,240 59,249 121,694 226,078 55,759 63,132 43,471 4,614 63,761 4,209 191,240 — — — — — — — — — — 59,249 121,694 226,078 55,759 — 43,471 — — — — — — — — — 63,132 — 4,614 Interest rate swap — TOTAL FINANCIAL ASSETS 67,746 (1) The difference between the fair value of plan assets above and the amount used in determining the funded status is due to interest receivable 14,242 561,658 $ 14,242 888,614(1) 259,210 $ — $ $ which is not required to be included in the fair value hierarchy. Retirement Health Benefits Financial Assets Cash and cash equivalents: Short-term investment funds Equity securities: Common stock- U.S. listed small cap Preferred stock Mutual funds- U.S. listed large cap Common/collective trust- foreign listed Fixed maturity securities: U.S. & foreign government and government agencies and authorities Corporate- U.S. & foreign investment grade Corporate- U.S. & foreign high yield Investment fund: Multi-strategy hedge fund Commingled real estate fund Private equity fund Derivatives: December 31, 2014 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ 2,344 $ — $ 2,344 $ 3,631 240 10,890 3,374 6,930 12,874 3,175 3,595 2,476 263 3,631 240 10,890 — — — — — — — — — — 3,374 6,930 12,874 3,175 — 2,476 — — — — — — — — — 3,595 — 263 Interest rate swap — TOTAL FINANCIAL ASSETS 3,858 (1) The difference between the fair value of plan assets above and the amount used in determining the funded status is due to interest receivable 811 50,603(1) $ 811 31,984 $ 14,761 $ — $ which is not required to be included in the fair value hierarchy. F-59 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 22 Segment Information The following table for the Company’s qualified pension plan and retirement health benefit plan summarizes the change in fair value associated with the MIMSF and Private Equity Partners XI Limited Partnership, the only Level 3 financial assets. Beginning balance at December 31, 2014 Purchases Refund of capital Actual return on plan assets and plan expenses still held at the reporting date ENDING BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2015 Pension Benefit 67,746 $ 1,403 (86) (1,092) 67,971 $ $ Retirement Health Benefit 3,858 $ 79 (5) (107) 3,825 For all the financial assets included in the above hierarchy, the market valuation technique is used. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the application of the valuation technique applied to similar assets has been consistent. Level 1 and Level 2 securities are valued using various observable market inputs obtained from a pricing service. The pricing service prepares estimates of fair value measurements for our Level 2 securities using proprietary valuation models based on techniques such as matrix pricing which include observable market inputs. Observable market inputs for Level 1 and 2 securities are consistent with the observable market inputs described in Note 6—Fair Value Disclosures. The MIFSF utilizes all three levels of inputs to price its holdings. Since unobservable inputs may have been significant to the fair value measurement, it was classified as Level 3. The Company obtains one price for each investment. A quarterly analysis is performed to assess if the evaluated prices represent a reasonable estimate of their fair value. This process involves quantitative and qualitative analysis and is overseen by benefits, investment and accounting professionals. Examples of procedures performed include, but are not limited to, initial and on-going review of pricing service methodologies, review of pricing statistics and trends, and comparison of prices for certain securities with two different appropriate price sources for reasonableness. Following this analysis, the Company uses the best estimate of fair value based upon all available inputs. The pricing service provides information regarding their pricing procedures so that the Company can properly categorize the Plans’ financial assets in the fair value hierarchy. Due to the Plan’s current funding status, no contributions are expected to be made to its qualified pension plan in 2016. No contributions are expected to be made to the retirement health benefit plan in 2016. The following pension benefits, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid: 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021-2025 TOTAL Pension Benefits 60,555 $ 58,245 57,881 60,056 75,144 394,654 706,535 $ $ $ Retirement Health Benefits 4,000 4,361 4,708 5,066 5,446 32,844 56,425 Defined Contribution Plan The Company and its subsidiaries participate in a defined contribution plan covering substantially all employees. The defined contribution plan provides benefits payable to participants on retirement or disability and to beneficiaries of participants in the event of the participant’s death. The amounts expensed by the Company related to this plan were $44,455, $44,796 and $39,263 in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. 22. Segment Information The Company has five reportable segments, which are defined based on the nature of the products and services offered: Assurant Solutions, Assurant Specialty Property, Assurant Health, Assurant Employee Benefits, and Corporate & Other. Assurant Solutions provides mobile device protection products and services; debt protection administration; credit insurance; extended service products and related services for consumer electronics, appliances and vehicles; and pre-funded funeral insurance. Assurant Specialty Property provides lender-placed homeowners insurance; property preservation and valuation services; flood insurance; renters insurance and related products; and manufactured housing homeowners insurance. Assurant Health provides individual health and small employer group health insurance. Assurant Employee Benefits primarily F-60 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K22 Segment Information provides group dental insurance, group disability insurance and group life insurance. Corporate & Other includes activities of the holding company, financing and interest expenses, net realized gains (losses) on investments and interest income earned from short-term investments held. Corporate & Other also includes the amortization of deferred gains associated with the sales of Fortis Financial Group and Long-Term Care through reinsurance agreements. Beginning January 1, 2015, segment assets for Assurant Solutions and Assurant Specialty Property include their proportionate share of goodwill. As previously announced, the Company concluded a comprehensive review of its portfolio and decided to sharpen its focus on specialty housing and lifestyle protection products and services. As a result, the Company will exit the health insurance market and has signed a definitive agreement to sell its Assurant Employee Benefits segment. See Note 3 and Note 4, respectively, for more information. The Company evaluates performance of the operating segments based on segment income (loss) after-tax excluding realized gains (losses) on investments. The Company determines reportable segments in a manner consistent with the way the Chief Operating Decision Maker makes operating decisions and assesses performance. The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. See Note 2 for further information. The following tables summarize selected financial information by segment: Revenues Net earned premiums Net investment income Net realized gains on investments Amortization of deferred gain on disposal of businesses Fees and other income Total revenues Benefits, losses and expenses Policyholder benefits Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired Underwriting, general and administrative expenses Interest expense Total benefits, losses and expenses Segment income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Year Ended December 31, 2015 Solutions Specialty Property Health Employee Benefits Corporate & Other Consolidated $ 3,015,846 $ 2,044,701 $2,223,696 $ 1,066,754 $ 376,683 — 92,859 — 24,487 — 110,998 — — 785,611 4,178,140 — 405,545 — 54,622 2,543,105 2,302,805 — 25,006 1,202,758 — 21,190 31,826 12,988 32,682 98,686 $ 8,350,997 626,217 31,826 12,988 1,303,466 10,325,494 919,403 788,549 2,301,241 730,192 3,150 4,742,535 1,078,551 280,492 10,694 32,836 — 1,402,573 1,903,712 — 3,901,666 1,010,445 — 516,726 — 2,079,486 2,828,661 365,921 — 1,128,949 127,285 55,116 185,551 3,924,089 55,116 10,124,313 276,474 79,291 463,619 155,914 (525,856) (157,949) 73,809 26,487 (86,865) (44,117) 201,181 59,626 Segment income (loss) after taxes Net income Segment assets(1): (1) Beginning January 1, 2015, goodwill is included on the respective segment balance sheets. Prior to January 1, 2015, all goodwill on Assurant’s $ 14,356,484 $ 3,648,738 $1,437,032 $ 2,190,808 $ 8,410,066 141,555 $ 30,043,128 307,705 $ (367,907) $ 197,183 $ 47,322 $ (42,748) $ $ balance sheet was held in the Corporate & Other segment. F-61 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 22 Segment Information (1) As of December 31, 2014, all goodwill on Assurant’s balance sheet was held in the Corporate & Other segment. Beginning January 1, 2015, goodwill is included on the respective segment balance sheets. Revenues Net earned premiums Net investment income Net realized gains on investments Amortization of deferred gain on disposal of businesses Fees and other income Total revenues Benefits, losses and expenses Policyholder benefits Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired Underwriting, general and administrative expenses Interest expense Total benefits, losses and expenses Segment income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Segment income (loss) after taxes Net income Segment assets: Segment assets, excluding goodwill Goodwill TOTAL ASSETS Revenues Net earned premiums Net investment income Net realized gains on investments Amortization of deferred gain on disposal of businesses Fees and other income Total revenues Benefits, losses and expenses Policyholder benefits Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired Underwriting, general and administrative expenses Interest expense Total benefits, losses and expenses Segment income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes Provision (benefit) for income taxes Segment income (loss) after taxes Net income Segment assets: Segment assets, excluding goodwill Goodwill TOTAL ASSETS Year Ended December 31, 2014 Solutions Specialty Property Health Employee Benefits Corporate & Other Consolidated $ 3,128,868 $ 2,506,097 $1,945,452 $ 1,051,725 $ 382,640 — 101,908 — 35,369 — 117,192 — — 19,320 60,783 $ 8,632,142 656,429 60,783 — 667,852 4,179,360 — 301,048 — 40,016 2,909,053 2,020,837 — 24,204 1,193,121 (1,506) 685 79,282 (1,506) 1,033,805 10,381,653 1,027,469 1,085,339 1,575,633 716,892 1,106,889 343,314 4,570 30,785 — — 1,723,169 — 3,857,527 961,972 — 491,248 — 2,390,625 2,071,451 368,763 — 1,116,440 143,078 58,395 201,473 4,405,333 1,485,558 3,688,230 58,395 9,637,516 321,833 102,885 518,428 176,671 (50,614) 13,134 76,681 28,000 (122,191) (47,460) 744,137 273,230 $ 218,948 $ 341,757 $ (63,748) $ 48,681 $ (74,731) $ 470,907 $ 14,260,609 $ 4,010,393 $1,210,615 $ 2,242,145 $ 8,997,465 $ 30,721,227 841,239 $ 31,562,466 Year Ended December 31, 2013 Solutions Specialty Property Health Employee Benefits Corporate & Other Consolidated $ 2,783,758 $ 2,380,044 $ 1,581,407 $ 1,014,587 $ 376,245 — 98,935 — 36,664 — 117,853 — — $ 7,759,796 650,296 34,525 20,599 34,525 — 400,370 3,560,373 — 133,135 2,612,114 — 29,132 1,647,203 — 23,434 1,155,874 16,310 659 72,093 16,310 586,730 9,047,657 895,504 890,409 1,169,075 715,656 4,888 3,675,532 1,132,298 1,341,961 — 3,369,763 309,332 758,941 — 1,958,682 801 434,749 — 1,604,625 27,856 360,303 — 1,103,815 — 138,450 77,735 221,073 190,610 65,458 125,152 $ 653,432 229,846 423,586 $ $ 42,578 36,721 5,857 $ (148,980) 52,059 (48,739) 17,506 34,553 $ (100,241) 1,470,287 3,034,404 77,735 8,257,958 789,699 300,792 $ 488,907 $ 13,321,648 $ 3,858,314 $ 884,077 $ 2,298,698 $ 8,567,391 $ 28,930,128 784,561 $ 29,714,689 F-62 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K The Company operates primarily in the U.S. and Canada, but also in select international markets. The following table summarizes selected financial information by geographic location for the years ended or as of December 31: 22 Segment Information Location 2015 United States Foreign countries TOTAL 2014 United States Foreign countries TOTAL 2013 United States Foreign countries TOTAL Revenues Long-lived assets $ 8,917,732 $ 1,407,762 $ 10,325,494 $ $ 8,874,820 $ 1,506,833 $ 10,381,653 $ $ $ 7,792,728 $ 1,254,929 9,047,657 $ 293,915 4,499 298,414 272,555 5,090 277,645 248,331 5,299 253,630 Revenue is based in the country where the product was sold and long-lived assets, which are primarily property and equipment, are based on the physical location of those assets. There are no reportable major customers that account for 10% or more of the Company’s consolidated revenues. The Company’s net earned premiums by segment and product are as follows: Solutions: Credit Service contracts Preneed Other TOTAL Specialty Property: Homeowners (lender-placed and voluntary) Manufactured housing (lender-placed and voluntary) Other TOTAL Health: Individual Small employer group TOTAL Employee Benefits: Group disability Group dental Group life Group supplemental and vision products TOTAL 2015 2014 2013 386,341 $ 478,898 $ 2,446,829 60,403 122,273 3,015,846 $ 2,481,793 61,093 107,084 3,128,868 $ 547,100 2,057,353 66,523 112,782 2,783,758 1,425,799 $ 165,657 453,245 2,044,701 $ 1,743,965 $ 237,576 524,556 2,506,097 $ 1,678,172 226,058 475,814 2,380,044 1,895,970 $ 327,726 2,223,696 $ 1,544,968 $ 400,484 1,945,452 $ 1,174,141 407,266 1,581,407 398,172 $ 396,925 204,526 67,131 1,066,754 $ 409,028 $ 392,502 200,285 49,910 1,051,725 $ 403,286 383,223 192,392 35,686 1,014,587 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ F-63 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 24 Quarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited) 23. Earnings per common share The following table presents net income, the weighted average common shares used in calculating basic earnings per common share and those used in calculating diluted earnings per common share for each period presented below. Numerator Net income Deduct dividends paid Undistributed earnings Denominator Weighted average shares outstanding used in basic earnings per share calculations Incremental common shares from: SARs PSUs ESPP Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share calculations Earnings per common share — Basic Distributed earnings Undistributed earnings Net income Earnings per common share — Diluted Distributed earnings Undistributed earnings Net income Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 141,555 (94,168) 47,387 $ $ 470,907 (77,495) 393,412 $ $ 488,907 (74,128 ) 414,779 68,163,825 72,181,447 76,648,688 — 789,547 63,837 69,017,209 — 905,648 64,915 73,152,010 65,712 864,572 75,792 77,654,764 1.38 0.70 2.08 1.36 0.69 2.05 $ $ $ $ 1.06 5.46 6.52 1.06 5.38 6.44 $ $ $ $ 0.96 5.42 6.38 0.95 5.35 6.30 $ $ $ $ $ $ There were no anti-dilutive SARs or PSUs outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. 24. Quarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited) The Company’s quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 are summarized in the tables below: 2015 Total revenues Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes Net income (loss) Basic per share data: Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes Net income (loss) Diluted* per share data: Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes Net income (loss) 2014 Total revenues Income before provision for income taxes Net income Basic per share data: Income before provision for income taxes Net income Diluted per share data: Three Month Periods Ended March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 2,598,610 $ 83,193 50,044 2,644,894 $ 40,025 32,789 2,534,156 $ (32,251) (7,022) 2,547,834 110,214 65,744 1.19 $ 0.72 $ 1.18 $ 0.71 $ 0.58 $ 0.48 $ 0.58 $ 0.47 $ (0.48) $ (0.10) $ (0.48) $ (0.10) $ 1.65 0.99 1.63 0.97 March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 2,448,372 $ 235,253 137,245 2,608,101 $ 193,787 143,610 2,702,488 $ 224,751 140,297 2,622,692 90,346 49,755 3.23 $ 1.88 $ 2.67 $ 1.98 $ 3.11 $ 1.94 $ 1.27 0.70 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Income before provision for income taxes Net income 1.25 0.69 In accordance with earnings per share guidance, diluted per share amounts are computed in the same manner as basic per share amounts when a loss from operations exists. 2.63 $ 1.95 $ 3.08 $ 1.92 $ 3.18 $ 1.86 $ $ $ * F-64 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K 25 Commitments and Contingencies Third quarter 2015 results reflect adverse claims development on 2015 individual major medical policies, premium deficiency reserve strengthening and severance and other exit-related charges associated with our exit from the health insurance market. Fourth quarter 2014 results were primarily affected by increased claims in the Assurant Health segment, decreased net income in the Assurant Specialty Property segment due to normalization of our lender-placed business and a previously disclosed $19,400 net loss on the sale of ARIC. 25. Commitments and Contingencies The Company and its subsidiaries lease office space and equipment under operating lease arrangements. Certain facility leases contain escalation clauses based on increases in the lessors’ operating expenses. At December 31, 2015, the aggregate future minimum lease payments under these operating lease agreements that have initial or non-cancelable terms in excess of one year are: 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Thereafter Total minimum future lease payments(a) (a) Minimum future lease payments exclude $14,031 of sublease rental income. $ $ 24,590 20,069 16,457 11,407 8,171 14,944 95,638 Rent expense was $31,784, $30,260 and $27,271 for 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Sublease income was $2,380 in 2015. In the normal course of business, letters of credit are issued primarily to support reinsurance arrangements in which the Company is the reinsurer. These letters of credit are supported by commitments under which the Company is required to indemnify the financial institution issuing the letter of credit if the letter of credit is drawn. The Company had $19,809 and $17,871 of letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. On January 16, 2015, at the request of the Indiana Department of Insurance, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (the “NAIC”) authorized a multistate targeted market conduct examination regarding the Company’s lender placed insurance products. Various underwriting companies, including American Security Insurance Company, are subject to the examination. At present, 43 jurisdictions are participating. During the course of 2015, the Company has cooperated in responding to requests for information and documents and has engaged in various communications with the examiners. The examination continues and no final report has been issued. In addition, as previously disclosed, the Company is involved in a variety of litigation relating to its current and past business operations and, from time to time, it may become involved in other such actions. In particular, the Company is a defendant in class actions in a number of jurisdictions regarding its lender-placed insurance programs. These cases assert a variety of claims under a number of legal theories. The plaintiffs seek premium refunds and other relief. The Company continues to defend itself vigorously in these class actions. We have participated and may participate in settlements on terms that we consider reasonable given the strength of our defenses and other factors. In July 2007 an Assurant subsidiary acquired Swansure Group, a privately held U.K. company, which owned D&D Homecare Limited (“D&D”). D&D was a packager of mortgages and certain insurance products, including Payment Protection Insurance (“PPI”) policies that, for a period of time, were underwritten by an Assurant subsidiary and sold by various alleged agents, including Carrington Carr Home Finance Limited (“CCHFL”), which is now in administration. In early 2014, as a result of consumer complaints alleging that CCHFL missold certain D&D-packaged PPI policies between August 8, 2003 and November 1, 2004, the U.K. Financial Ombudsman Service (“FOS”) requested that an Assurant subsidiary, Assurant Intermediary Limited (“AIL”), review complaints relating to CCHFL’s sale of such PPI policies. In late 2015, the FOS issued a provisional decision in favor of AIL’s challenge to the FOS’s jurisdiction on the CCHF population of cases. The provisional decision also provided the parties with the opportunity to provide further submissions before a final decision would be confirmed. In February 2016, the FOS confirmed the provisional decision in favor of AIL. The Company has established an accrued liability for the legal and regulatory proceedings discussed above. However, the possible loss or range of loss resulting from such litigation and regulatory proceedings, if any, in excess of the amounts accrued is inherently unpredictable and uncertain. Consequently, no estimate can be made of any possible loss or range of loss in excess of the accrual. Although the Company cannot predict the outcome of any pending legal or regulatory action, or the potential losses, fines, penalties or equitable relief, if any, that may result, it is possible that such outcome could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or cash flows for an individual reporting period. However, based on currently available information, management does not believe that the pending matters are likely to have a material adverse effect, individually or in the aggregate, on the Company’s financial condition. F-65 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K26 Acquisitions 26. Acquisitions There were no material acquisitions in 2015. On October 31, 2014, the Company acquired CWI Group, a mobile insurance administrator in France, for €56,937 ($71,393) in cash. In connection with the acquisition, the Company recorded €26,485 ($33,399) of customer and market based intangible assets, all of which are amortizable over 1 to 8 year periods, and €37,369 ($47,123) of goodwill, none of which is tax-deductible. The acquisition agreement also calls for a potential earnout based on future performance. The primary factor contributing to the recognition of goodwill is the future expected growth of this business within Assurant Solutions. On September 3, 2014, the Company acquired eMortgage Logic, LLC, a national provider of residential valuation products and valuation technology services. The acquisition- date fair value of the consideration transferred totaled $28,263, which primarily consists of an initial cash payment of $17,000 and a contingent payment of $10,231. The contingent consideration arrangement is based on future expected revenue. In connection with the acquisition, the Company recorded $11,270 of customer and technology based intangible assets, all of which are amortizable over 3 to 11 year periods, and $14,058 of goodwill, all of which is tax- deductible. The primary factor contributing to the recognition of goodwill is the future expected growth of this business within Assurant Specialty Property. On April 16, 2014, the Company acquired StreetLinks, LLC, a leading independent appraisal management company, from Novation Companies, Inc. The acquisition-date fair value of the consideration transferred totaled $65,905, which consists of an initial cash payment of $60,905 and a contingent payment of $5,000. The contingent consideration arrangement is based on future expected revenue. In connection with the acquisition, the Company recorded $47,970 of customer and technology based intangible assets, all of which are amortizable over 2 to 12 year periods, and $14,738 of goodwill, none of which is tax-deductible. The primary factor contributing to the recognition of goodwill is the future expected growth of this business within Assurant Specialty Property. F-66 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KSchedule I—Summary of Investments Other–Than– Investments in Related Parties ASSURANT, INC. AT DECEMBER 31, 2015 (in thousands) Fixed maturity securities: United States Government and government agencies and authorities States, municipalities and political subdivisions Foreign governments Asset-backed Commercial mortgage-backed Residential mortgage-backed Corporate TOTAL FIXED MATURITY SECURITIES Equity securities: Common stocks Non-redeemable preferred stocks TOTAL EQUITY SECURITIES Commercial mortgage loans on real estate, at amortized cost Policy loans Short-term investments Other investments TOTAL INVESTMENTS Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value Amount at which shown in balance sheet $ $ 150,681 $ 647,335 497,785 3,499 22,169 953,247 7,196,079 9,470,795 13,048 437,515 450,563 1,151,256 43,858 508,950 575,323 12,200,745 $ 154,035 $ 695,630 562,250 4,662 22,521 998,514 7,777,716 10,215,328 19,664 480,393 500,057 1,201,806 43,858 508,950 575,323 13,045,322 $ 154,035 695,630 562,250 4,662 22,521 998,514 7,777,716 10,215,328 19,664 480,393 500,057 1,151,256 43,858 508,950 575,323 12,994,772 F-67 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Schedule II—Condensed Balance Sheet (Parent Only) ASSURANT, INC. (in thousands except number of shares) Assets Investments: Equity investment in subsidiaries Fixed maturity securities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost—$143,069 in 2015 and $265,433 in 2014) Equity securities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost—$4,694 in 2015 and $13,014 in 2014) Short-term investments Other investments Total investments Cash and cash equivalents Receivable from subsidiaries, net Income tax receivable Accrued investment income Property and equipment, at cost less accumulated depreciation Other intangible assets, net Other assets TOTAL ASSETS Liabilities Accounts payable and other liabilities Debt TOTAL LIABILITIES Commitments and Contingencies Stockholders’ equity Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 800,000,000 shares authorized, 65,850,386 and 69,299,559 shares outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income Treasury stock, at cost; 83,523,031 and 79,338,142 shares at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant December 31, 2015 2014 $ 5,125,524 $ 5,620,192 140,748 269,889 5,389 (1,810) 93,012 5,362,863 354,146 24,688 23,438 1,328 126,271 — 66,396 $ 5,959,130 23,605 7,349 92,594 6,013,629 392,189 40,952 16,457 2,055 148,046 9,282 139,208 $ 6,761,818 $ 263,781 1,171,382 1,435,163 $ 409,432 1,171,079 1,580,511 1,497 3,148,409 4,856,674 118,549 1,490 3,131,274 4,809,287 555,767 (3,601,162) 4,523,967 $ 5,959,130 (3,316,511) 5,181,307 $ 6,761,818 F-68 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Schedule II—Condensed Income Statement (Parent Only) ASSURANT, INC. (in thousands) Revenues Net investment income Net realized gains on investments Fees and other income Equity in net income of subsidiaries TOTAL REVENUES Expenses General and administrative expenses Interest expense TOTAL EXPENSES Income before benefit for income taxes Benefit for income taxes NET INCOME See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 7,298 12,507 95,986 227,805 343,596 223,953 55,116 279,069 64,527 77,028 141,555 $ $ 7,212 4,288 90,217 584,464 686,181 197,341 58,394 255,735 430,446 40,461 470,907 $ 7,684 1,713 89,889 628,894 728,180 216,623 77,735 294,358 433,822 55,085 $ 488,907 F-69 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Schedule II—Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income (Parent Only) ASSURANT, INC. (in thousands) Net income Other comprehensive (loss) income: Change in unrealized gains on securities, net of taxes of $8,787, $(3,273), and $1,863, respectively Change in foreign currency translation, net of taxes of $(45), $(68), and $32, respectively Amortization of pension and postretirement unrecognized net periodic benefit cost and change in funded status, net of taxes of $(4,082), $26,516, and $(51,301), respectively Change in subsidiary other comprehensive income TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Years Ended December 31, 2015 141,555 $ 2014 470,907 $ 2013 488,907 $ (7,876) 84 6,078 126 (3,459) (59) 7,580 (437,006) (437,218) $ (295,663) (49,244) 171,977 128,937 599,844 $ 95,274 (495,329) (403,573) 85,334 $ F-70 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KSchedule II—Condensed Cash Flows (Parent Only) ASSURANT, INC. (in thousands) Operating Activities Net cash provided by operating activities Investing Activities Sales of: Fixed maturity securities available for sale Equity securities available for sale Other invested assets Property and equipment and other Subsidiary Maturities, calls, prepayments, and scheduled redemption of: Fixed maturity securities available for sale Purchases of: Fixed maturity securities available for sale Equity securities available for sale Other invested assets Property and equipment and other Capital contributed to subsidiaries Return of capital contributions from subsidiaries Change in short-term investments NET CASH (USED IN) PROVIDED BY INVESTING ACTIVITIES Financing Activities Issuance of debt Repurchase of debt Repayment of debt Change in tax benefit from share-based payment arrangements Acquisition of common stock Dividends paid NET CASH (USED IN) PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Cash included in held for sale assets Change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 649,345 $ 397,665 $ 440,598 442,777 32,297 447 35 3 444,589 8,895 — — — 394,997 19,315 — 41 — 20,167 45,145 69,156 (461,709) (13,288) (2,649) (47,542) (439,476) 172,391 4,977 (291,570) (253,866) (9,433) (4,134) (49,569) (453,700) 205,250 115,856 49,033 (314,864 ) (15,557) (152) (29,635) (323,600) 174,277 (118,123) (144,145) — — — (4,067) (292,906) (94,168) (391,141) — (4,677) (38,043) 392,189 $ 354,146 — — (467,330) 14,900 (215,183) (77,495) (745,108) 50 — (298,360) 690,549 $ 392,189 698,093 (33,634) — (1,112) (393,012) (74,128) 196,207 (49) — 492,611 197,938 $ 690,549 F-71 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Assurant, Inc.’s (the Registrant) investments in consolidated subsidiaries are stated at cost plus equity in income of consolidated subsidiaries. The accompanying condensed financial statements of the Registrant should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of Assurant, Inc. and subsidiaries included in the Registrant’s 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 (2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 16, 2016. F-72 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-KSchedule III—Supplementary Insurance Information ASSURANT, INC. FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 & 2013 Deferred Acquisition costs Segment (in thousands) 2015 Future policy benefits and expenses Unearned premiums Claims and benefits payable Premium revenue Net investment income Benefits claims, losses and settlement expenses Amortization of deferred acquisition costs Other operating expenses(1) Property and Casualty Premiums Written 134,035 Solutions $ 3,148,081 $ 5,234,257 $ 5,086,399 $ 283,236 $ 3,015,846 $ 376,683 $ Specialty Property Employee Benefits Health Corporate and other 1,432,045 552,950 1,066,754 2,223,696 (164,657) 4,118,862 (84,285) 1,103,082 110,998 24,487 33,475 — 9,331 29,607 32,763 78,723 1,382,668 2,044,701 525,406 92,859 21,190 2,089 — 919,403 $ 1,070,237 $1,912,026 $ 566,991 788,549 280,492 1,010,445 1,855,051 730,192 2,301,241 32,836 10,694 365,921 516,726 3,150 — 127,285 — — — TOTAL SEGMENTS $ 3,150,934 $9,466,694 $ 6,423,720 $ 3,896,719 $8,350,997 $ 626,217 $ 4,742,535 $ 1,394,259 $3,932,403 $ 2,422,042 2014 170,973 Solutions $ 3,032,315 $ 5,208,223 $ 4,957,688 $ 296,545 $ 3,128,868 $ 382,640 $ 1,027,469 $ 1,098,911 $ 1,731,147 $ Specialty Property Employee Benefits Health Corporate and other 1,474,805 1,051,725 391,611 1,945,452 716,892 1,575,633 (172,333) 1,009,891 (290,869) 4,152,893 525,754 2,506,097 8,876 137,546 117,192 35,369 368,763 491,248 30,786 4,570 25,669 19,652 31,788 88,411 1,085,339 1,597,898 343,314 143,078 101,908 961,971 19,320 2,357 — — — 760,878 2,369,440 — — — TOTAL SEGMENTS $ 2,957,740 $9,483,672 $ 6,529,675 $ 3,698,606 $ 8,632,142 $ 656,429 $ 4,405,333 $ 1,477,581 $3,696,207 $ 3,130,318 2013 190,331 Solutions $ 2,902,868 $5,076,507 $ 4,801,495 $ 295,970 $ 2,783,758 $ 376,245 $ Specialty Property Employee Benefits Health Corporate and other 1,513,013 1,014,587 239,733 1,581,407 490,422 2,380,044 12,296 136,376 117,853 36,664 23,247 12,485 32,025 95,380 — 3,440,003 1,682,960 850,233 29,545 20,599 98,935 2,657 — 895,504 $ 1,123,856 $1,350,403 $ 621,543 890,409 309,332 758,941 2,581,696 715,656 1,169,075 27,856 801 360,303 434,749 4,888 — 138,450 — — — TOTAL SEGMENTS $ 3,128,931 $8,646,572 $ 6,662,672 $ 3,389,371 $ 7,759,796 $650,296 $ 3,675,532 $ 1,461,845 $3,042,846 $ 3,203,239 (1) Includes amortization of value of business acquired and underwriting, general and administration expenses. F-73 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K $ $ $ $ 93,926,136 $ 664,738 $ 3,677,759 7,258,227 $ 11,600,724 $ Ceded to other Companies 26,786,323 $ Assumed from other Companies 1,397,236 $ Net amount 68,537,049 316,533 $ 630,083 2,829,099 3,775,715 $ 16,788 $ 177,510 331,690 525,988 $ 364,993 3,225,186 4,760,818 8,350,997 $ $ 667,984 $ 3,536,448 2,757,925 6,962,357 $ 295,528 $ 774,591 1,460,576 2,530,695 $ 20,008 $ 153,912 136,953 310,873 $ 392,464 2,915,769 1,434,302 4,742,535 97,410,319 $ 720,478 $ 3,429,376 7,101,095 $ 11,250,949 $ Ceded to other Companies 29,365,216 $ Assumed from other Companies 1,642,259 $ Net amount 69,687,362 361,860 $ 629,062 2,115,541 3,106,463 $ 27,588 $ 175,768 284,300 487,656 $ 386,206 2,976,082 5,269,854 8,632,142 $ $ 736,430 $ 364,064 $ 3,450,893 2,759,798 6,947,121 $ 1,410,856 1,097,144 2,872,064 $ 23,812 $ 153,621 152,843 330,276 $ 396,178 2,193,658 1,815,497 4,405,333 Ceded to other Companies 34,445,475 $ Assumed from other Companies 8,162,720 $ Net amount 72,313,973 98,596,728 $ 729,519 $ 3,089,192 6,029,945 9,848,656 $ 373,641 $ 674,640 1,355,676 2,403,957 $ 39,218 $ 170,848 105,031 315,097 $ 395,096 2,585,400 4,779,300 7,759,796 736,349 $ 1,995,860 1,907,749 4,639,958 $ 361,592 $ 345,806 491,318 1,198,716 $ 27,262 $ 147,460 59,568 234,290 $ 402,019 1,797,514 1,475,999 3,675,532 Percentage of amount assumed to net 2.0% 4.6% 5.5% 7.0% 6.3% 5.1% 5.3% 9.5% 6.6% Percentage of amount assumed to net 2.4% 7.1% 5.9% 5.4% 5.6% 6.0% 7.0% 8.4% 7.5% Percentage of amount assumed to net 11.3% 9.9% 6.6% 2.2% 4.1% 6.8% 8.2% 4.0% 6.4% Schedule IV—Reinsurance ASSURANT, INC. FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015 Direct amount Life Insurance in Force Premiums: Life insurance Accident and health insurance Property and liability insurance TOTAL EARNED PREMIUMS Benefits: Life insurance Accident and health insurance Property and liability insurance TOTAL POLICYHOLDER BENEFITS Life Insurance in Force Premiums: Life insurance Accident and health insurance Property and liability insurance TOTAL EARNED PREMIUMS Benefits: Life insurance Accident and health insurance Property and liability insurance TOTAL POLICYHOLDER BENEFITS ASSURANT, INC. FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2014 Direct amount ASSURANT, INC. FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013 Direct amount Life Insurance in Force Premiums: Life insurance Accident and health insurance Property and liability insurance TOTAL EARNED PREMIUMS Benefits: Life insurance Accident and health insurance Property and liability insurance TOTAL POLICYHOLDER BENEFITS $ $ $ $ $ F-74 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Schedule V—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts ASSURANT, INC. AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 2015 Valuation allowance for foreign NOL deferred tax carryforward Valuation allowance for mortgage loans on real estate Valuation allowance for uncollectible agents balances Valuation allowance for uncollectible accounts Valuation allowance for reinsurance recoverables TOTAL 2014 Balance at Beginning of Year Charged to Costs and Expenses Charged to Other Accounts Deductions Balance at End of Year Additions $ 18,164 $ (4,946) $ — $ — $ 13,218 3,399 15,698 15,870 (816) (206) 6,633 — 1 (59) (1,179) 1,686 7,375 10,820 63,951 $ $ — 665 $ — (1,238) $ — 9,062 $ 2,582 13,747 13,949 10,820 54,316 $ Valuation allowance for foreign NOL deferred tax carryforward Valuation allowance for mortgage loans on real estate Valuation allowance for uncollectible agents balances Valuation allowance for uncollectible accounts Valuation allowance for reinsurance recoverables TOTAL 2013 $ $ Valuation allowance for foreign NOL deferred tax carryforward Valuation allowance for mortgage loans on real estate Valuation allowance for uncollectible agents balances Valuation allowance for uncollectible accounts Valuation allowance for reinsurance recoverables TOTAL $ 16,474 $ 1,690 $ — $ — $ 18,164 4,482 (1,086) 3 — 3,399 19,822 16,824 10,820 68,422 $ (1,894) 6,229 52 (655) 2,282 6,528 — 4,939 $ — (600) $ — 8,810 $ 15,698 15,870 10,820 63,951 13,091 $ 3,383 $ — $ — $ 16,474 6,997 (2,515) — 4,482 14,753 16,618 10,633 62,092 $ 5,870 765 — 238 672 1,039 1,231 187 7,690 $ — 910 $ — 2,270 $ 19,822 16,824 10,820 68,422 F-75 ASSURANT, INC. – 2015 Form 10-K Other Information CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS INVESTOR INFORMATION Assurant, Inc. 28 Liberty Street 41st Floor New York, NY 10005 Telephone: 212.859.7000 www.assurant.com INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP 300 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10017 Telephone: 646.471.3000 Fax: 813.286.6000 www.pwc.com STOCK LISTING Assurant is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol AIZ. SHAREHOLDER INQUIRIES Computershare is the stock transfer agent. All questions on issuance of stock certificates, changes of ownership, lost stock certificates, changes of address and other similar matters should be addressed to: Computershare P.O. Box 30170 College Station, TX 77842-3170 www.computershare.com Domestic Shareholders: 800.522.6645 TDD for Hearing Impaired: 312.588.4110 Foreign Shareholders: 201.680.6578 For additional copies of the Assurant Annual Report or Assurant news releases, please visit our website: http://ir.assurant.com Suzanne Shepherd Assistant Vice President, Investor Relations Assurant, Inc. 28 Liberty Street, 41st Floor New York, NY 10005 212.859.7062 suzanne.shepherd@assurant.com FORM 10-K AND OTHER REPORTS Copies of the 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K and other reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) also are available, without charge, from the Assurant Investor Relations website at http://ir.assurant.com. SEC AND NYSE CERTIFICATIONS Assurant has included as Exhibits 31 and 32 to its 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC certificates of Assurant’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as required under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, regarding the quality of the company’s public disclosures. In 2015, Assurant’s Chief Executive Officer also certified to the NYSE that he is not aware of any violations by Assurant of the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Some of the statements included in this Annual Report are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Please see the “Risk Factors” section in our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a detailed discussion of the risk factors that could cause our actual results to differ from expectations or estimates reflected in these forward-looking statements. Designed by Labrador-company.com 2 0 1 5 A N N U A L R E P O R T A N D F O R M 1 0 - K Assurant, Inc. 28 Liberty Street 41st Floor New York, NY 10005 Telephone: 212.859.7000 www.assurant.com

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above