Black Stone Minerals
Annual Report 2019

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 OR For the transition period from _______________ to _______________ Commission file number 001-37362 Black Stone Minerals, L.P. (Exact Name of Registrant As Specified in its charter) Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 1001 Fannin Street, Suite 2020 Houston, Texas (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 47-1846692 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 77002 (Zip Code) (713) 445-3200 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol (s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common Units Representing Limited Partner Interests BSM New York Stock Exchange Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No x Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large Accelerated Filer Non-Accelerated Filer x ☐ Accelerated Filer Smaller Reporting Company Emerging Growth Company ☐ ☐ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x The aggregate market value of the common units held by non-affiliates was $2,409,774,181 on June 28, 2019, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based on a closing price of $15.50 per unit as reported by the New York Stock Exchange on such date. As of February 19, 2020, 205,944,172 common units and 14,711,219 Series B cumulative convertible preferred units of the registrant were outstanding. Documents Incorporated by Reference: Certain information called for in Items 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 of Part III are incorporated by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of unitholders. BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. TABLE OF CONTENTS ITEMS 1 AND 2. ITEM 1A. ITEM 1B. ITEM 3. ITEM 4. BUSINESS AND PROPERTIES RISK FACTORS UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS LEGAL PROCEEDINGS MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES PART I PART II ITEM 5. ITEM 6. ITEM 7. ITEM 7A. ITEM 8. ITEM 9. ITEM 9A. ITEM 9B. ITEM 10. ITEM 11. ITEM 12. ITEM 13. ITEM 14. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED UNITHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES OTHER INFORMATION PART III DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED UNITHOLDER MATTERS CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES PART IV ii PAGE 2 22 42 42 42 43 47 48 62 63 63 63 64 65 65 65 65 65 66 GLOSSARY OF TERMS The following list includes a description of the meanings of some of the oil and gas industry terms used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”). Authorization for Expenditures (AFE). A budgeting document, usually prepared by an operator, to list estimated expenses of drilling a well to a specified depth, casing point or geological objective, and then either completing or abandoning the well. This estimate of expenses is provided to partners for approval prior to commencement of drilling or subsequent operations. Basin. A large depression on the earth’s surface in which sediments accumulate. Bbl. One stock tank barrel, or 42 U.S. gallons liquid volume. Bbl/d. Bbl per day. Bcf. One billion cubic feet of natural gas. Boe. Barrels of oil equivalent, with six thousand cubic feet of natural gas being equivalent to one barrel of oil. This “Btu-equivalent” conversion metric is based on an approximate energy equivalency and does not reflect the price or value relationship between oil and natural gas. Boe/d. Boe per day. British Thermal Unit (Btu). The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. Completion. The process of treating a drilling well followed by the installation of permanent equipment for the production of natural gas or oil, or in the case of a dry hole, the reporting of abandonment to the appropriate agency. Condensate. A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in the gaseous phase at original reservoir temperature and pressure, but that, when produced, is in the liquid phase at surface pressure and temperature. Crude oil. Liquid hydrocarbons retrieved from geological structures underground to be refined into fuel sources. Delaware Act. Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act. Delay rental. Payment made to the lessor under a non-producing oil and natural gas lease at the end of each year to defer a drilling obligation and continue the lease for another year during its primary term. Deterministic method. The method of estimating reserves or resources under which a single value for each parameter (from the geoscience, engineering, or economic data) in the reserves calculation is used in the reserves estimation procedure. Developed acreage. The number of acres that are allocated or assignable to productive wells or wells capable of production. Development costs. Capital costs incurred to obtain access to proved reserves and provide facilities for extracting, treating, gathering, and storing oil and natural gas. Development well. A well drilled within the proved area of an oil and natural gas reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive. Differential. An adjustment to the price of oil or natural gas from an established spot market price to reflect differences in the quality and/or location of oil or natural gas. Dry hole or dry well. A well found to be incapable of producing hydrocarbons in sufficient quantities such that proceeds from the sale of such production exceed production expenses and taxes. Economically producible. A resource that generates revenue that exceeds, or is reasonably expected to exceed, the costs of the operation. Exploitation. A drilling or other project which may target proven or unproven reserves (such as probable or possible reserves), but which generally has a lower risk than that associated with exploration projects. iii GLOSSARY OF TERMS Exploratory well. A well drilled to find a new field or to find a new reservoir in a field previously found to be productive of oil or natural gas in another reservoir. Extension well. A well drilled to extend the limits of a known reservoir. Farmout agreement. An agreement with a working interest owner, called the "farmor," whereby the farmor agrees to assign some or all of the working interest to another party, called the "farmee," in exchange for certain contractually agreed services with respect to such acreage or for payment for drilling operations on the acreage. Field. An area consisting of either a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs, all grouped on or related to the same individual geological structural feature and/or stratigraphic condition. Formation. A layer of rock which has distinct characteristics that differs from other nearby rock. Gross acres or gross wells. The total acres or wells, as the case may be, in which an interest is owned. Horizontal drilling. A drilling technique used in certain formations where a well is drilled vertically to a certain depth and then drilled horizontally within a specified interval. Hydraulic fracturing. A process used to stimulate production of hydrocarbons. The process involves the injection of water, sand, and chemicals under pressure into the formation to fracture the surrounding rock and stimulate production. Lease bonus. Usually a one-time payment made to a mineral owner as consideration for the execution of an oil and natural gas lease. Lease operating expense. All direct and allocated indirect costs of lifting hydrocarbons from a producing formation to the surface and preparing the hydrocarbons for delivery off the lease, constituting part of the current operating expenses of a working interest. Such costs include labor, supplies, repairs, maintenance, allocated overhead charges, workover costs, insurance, and other expenses incidental to production, but exclude lease acquisition or drilling or completion costs. Log. A measurement that provides information on porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and fluid content of formations drilled in fluid-filled boreholes. MBbls. One thousand barrels of oil or other liquid hydrocarbons. MBoe. One thousand Boe. MBoe/d. MBoe per day. Mcf. One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. Mineral interests. Real-property interests that grant ownership of the oil and natural gas under a tract of land and the rights to explore for, develop, and produce oil and natural gas on that land or to lease those exploration and development rights to a third party. MMBtu. Million British Thermal Units. MMcf. Million cubic feet of natural gas. Net acres or net wells. The sum of the fractional interest owned in gross acres or gross wells, respectively. Net revenue interest. An owner’s interest in the revenues of a well after deducting proceeds allocated to royalty, overriding royalty, and other non-cost- bearing interests. Natural gas. A combination of light hydrocarbons that exists in a gaseous state at atmospheric temperature and pressure. In nature, it is found in underground accumulations, and may potentially be dissolved in oil or may also be found in its gaseous state. NGLs. Natural gas liquids. iv GLOSSARY OF TERMS Nonparticipating royalty interest (NPRI). A type of non-cost-bearing royalty interest, which is carved out of the mineral interest and represents the right, which is typically perpetual, to receive a fixed, cost-free percentage of production or revenue from production, without an associated right to lease. NYMEX. New York Mercantile Exchange. Oil. Crude oil and condensate. Oil and natural gas properties. Tracts of land consisting of properties to be developed for oil and natural gas resource extraction. Operator. The individual or company responsible for the exploration and/or production of an oil or natural gas well or lease. Overriding royalty interest (ORRI). A fractional, undivided interest or right of participation in the oil or natural gas, or in the proceeds from the sale of the oil or gas, produced from a specified tract or tracts, which are limited in duration to the terms of an existing lease and which are not subject to any portion of the expense of development, operation, or maintenance. Plugging and abandonment. Refers to the sealing off of fluids in the strata penetrated by a well so that the fluids from one stratum will not escape into another or to the surface. Regulations of all states require plugging of abandoned wells. Pooling. Pooling refers to an operator’s consolidation of multiple adjacent leased tracts, which may be covered by multiple leases with multiple lessors, in order to maximize drilling efficiency or to comply with state mandated well spacing requirements. Production Costs. The production or operational costs incurred while extracting and producing, storing, and transporting oil and/or natural gas. Typically, these costs include wages for workers, facilities lease costs, equipment maintenance, well repairs, logistical support, applicable taxes, and insurance. Productive well. A well that is found to be capable of producing hydrocarbons in sufficient quantities such that proceeds from the sale of the production exceed production expenses and taxes. Proved developed reserves. Proved reserves that can be expected to be recovered through existing wells with existing equipment and operating methods or in which the cost of the required equipment is relatively minor compared to the cost of a new well, and through installed extraction equipment and infrastructure operational at the time of the reserves estimate if the extraction is by means not involving a well. Proved developed producing reserves (PDP). Proved reserves expected to be recovered from existing completion intervals in existing wells. Proved reserves. The estimated quantities of oil and natural gas which geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be commercially recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. Proved undeveloped reserves (PUD). Proved reserves that are expected to be recovered from new wells on undrilled acreage or from existing wells where a relatively major expenditure is required for recompletion. Reliable technology. A grouping of one or more technologies (including computation methods) that have been field tested and have been demonstrated to provide reasonably certain results with consistency and repeatability in the formation being evaluated or in an analogous formation. v GLOSSARY OF TERMS Reserves. Reserves are estimated remaining quantities of oil and natural gas and related substances anticipated to be economically producible, as of a given date, by application of development projects to known accumulations. In addition, there must exist, or there must be a reasonable expectation that there will exist, the legal right to produce or a revenue interest in the production, installed means of delivering oil and natural gas or related substances to the market, and all permits and financing required to implement the project. Reserves should not be assigned to adjacent reservoirs isolated by major, potentially sealing, faults until those reservoirs are penetrated and evaluated as economically producible. Reserves should not be assigned to areas that are clearly separated from a known accumulation by a non-productive reservoir (i.e., absence of reservoir, structurally low reservoir, or negative test results). Such areas may contain prospective resources (i.e., potentially recoverable resources from undiscovered accumulations). Reservoir. A porous and permeable underground formation containing a natural accumulation of producible natural gas and/or oil that is confined by impermeable rock or water barriers and is separate from other reservoirs. Resource play or play. A set of discovered or prospective oil and/or natural gas accumulations sharing similar geologic, geographic, and temporal properties, such as source rock, reservoir structure, timing, trapping mechanism, and hydrocarbon type. Royalty interest. An interest that gives an owner the right to receive a portion of the resources or revenues without having to carry any development or operating costs. Seismic data. Seismic data is used by scientists to interpret the composition, fluid content, extent, and geometry of rocks in the subsurface. Seismic data is acquired by transmitting a signal from an energy source, such as dynamite or water, into the earth. The energy so transmitted is subsequently reflected beneath the earth’s surface and a receiver is used to collect and record these reflections. Shale. A fine grained sedimentary rock formed by consolidation of clay- and silt-sized particles into thin, relatively impermeable layers. Shale can include relatively large amounts of organic material compared with other rock types and thus has the potential to become rich hydrocarbon source rock. Its fine grain size and lack of permeability can allow shale to form a good cap rock for hydrocarbon traps. Spacing. The distance between wells producing from the same reservoir, often established by regulatory agencies. Standardized measure. The present value of estimated future net revenue to be generated from the production of proved reserves, determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (using prices and costs in effect as of the date of estimation), less future development, production and income tax expenses, and discounted at 10% per annum to reflect the timing of future net revenue. Standardized measure does not give effect to derivative transactions. Tight formation. A formation with low permeability that produces oil and/or natural gas with low flow rates for long periods of time. Undeveloped acreage. Lease acreage on which wells have not been drilled or completed to a point that would permit the production of commercial quantities of oil and natural gas regardless of whether such acreage contains proved reserves. Working interest (WI). An operating interest that gives the owner the right to drill, produce, and conduct operating activities on the property, and receive a share of production and requires the owner to pay a share of the costs of drilling and production operations. Workover. Operations on a producing well to restore or increase production. WTI. West Texas Intermediate oil, which is a light, sweet crude oil, characterized by an American Petroleum Institute (“API”) gravity between 39 and 41 and a sulfur content of approximately 0.4% by weight that is used as a benchmark for the other crude oils. vi CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Certain statements and information in this Annual Report may constitute “forward-looking statements.” The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “intend,” “foresee,” “should,” “would,” “could,” or other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, which are generally not historical in nature. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effect on us. While management believes that these forward-looking statements are reasonable as and when made, there can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we anticipate. All comments concerning our expectations for future revenues and operating results are based on our forecasts for our existing operations and do not include the potential impact of any future acquisitions. Our forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our present expectations or projections. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those summarized below: • our ability to execute our business strategies; • the volatility of realized oil and natural gas prices; • the level of production on our properties; • the overall supply and demand for oil and natural gas, and regional supply and demand factors, delays, or interruptions of production; • our ability to replace our oil and natural gas reserves; • our ability to identify, complete, and integrate acquisitions; • general economic, business, or industry conditions; • competition in the oil and natural gas industry; • the level of drilling activity by our operators particularly in areas such as the Shelby Trough where we have concentrated acreage positions; • title defects in the properties in which we invest; • the availability or cost of rigs, equipment, raw materials, supplies, oilfield services, or personnel; • restrictions on the use of water for hydraulic fracturing; • the availability of pipeline capacity and transportation facilities; • the ability of our operators to comply with applicable governmental laws and regulations and to obtain permits and governmental approvals; • federal and state legislative and regulatory initiatives relating to hydraulic fracturing; • future operating results; • future cash flows and liquidity, including our ability to generate sufficient cash to pay quarterly distributions; • exploration and development drilling prospects, inventories, projects, and programs; • operating hazards faced by our operators; • the ability of our operators to keep pace with technological advancements; and • certain factors discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report. For additional information regarding known material factors that could cause our actual results to differ from our projected results, please read Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements after the date they are made, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. 1 PART I ITEMS 1 AND 2. BUSINESS AND PROPERTIES General We are one of the largest owners and managers of oil and natural gas mineral interests in the United States ("U.S."). Our principal business is maximizing the value of our existing mineral and royalty assets through active management and expanding our asset base through acquisitions of additional mineral and royalty interests. We maximize value through marketing our mineral assets for lease, creatively structuring the terms on those leases to encourage and accelerate drilling activity, and selectively participating alongside our lessees on a working interest basis. We believe our large, diversified asset base and long-lived, non-cost-bearing mineral and royalty interests provide for stable to growing production and reserves over time, allowing the majority of generated cash flow to be distributed to unitholders. We own mineral interests in approximately 16.8 million gross acres, with an average 43.5% ownership interest in that acreage. We also own NPRIs in 1.8 million gross acres and ORRIs in 1.7 million gross acres. These non-cost-bearing interests, which we refer to collectively as our “mineral and royalty interests,” include ownership in approximately 69,000 producing wells. Our mineral and royalty interests are located in 41 states in the continental U.S., including all of the major onshore producing basins. Many of these interests are in active resource plays, including the Haynesville/Bossier shales in East Texas/Western Louisiana, the Wolfcamp/Spraberry/Bone Spring in the Permian Basin, the Bakken/Three Forks in the Williston Basin, and the Eagle Ford shale in South Texas. The combination of the breadth of our asset base, the long-lived, non-cost-bearing nature of our mineral and royalty interests, and our active management expose us to potential additional production and reserves from new and existing plays without being required to invest additional capital. We are a publicly traded Delaware limited partnership formed on September 16, 2014. On May 6, 2015, we completed our initial public offering of 22,500,000 common units representing limited partner interests. Our common units trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "BSM." BSM files or furnishes annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, as well as any amendments to these reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Through our website, http://www.blackstoneminerals.com, we make available electronic copies of the documents we file or furnish to the SEC. Access to these electronic filings is available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after filing or furnishing them to the SEC. 2 PART I Our Assets As of December 31, 2019, our total estimated proved oil and natural gas reserves were 68,543 MBoe based on a reserve report prepared by Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc. (“NSAI”), an independent third-party petroleum engineering firm. Of the reserves as of December 31, 2019, approximately 88.9% were proved developed reserves (approximately 86.5% proved developed producing and 2.4% proved developed non-producing) and approximately 11.1% were proved undeveloped reserves. At December 31, 2019, our estimated proved reserves were 25% oil and 75% natural gas. The locations of our oil and natural gas properties are presented on the following map. Additional information related to these properties is provided below under "Our Properties" based on major geographical region and by material resource play as denoted on the map below. 3 Mineral and Royalty Interests Mineral interests are real-property interests that are typically perpetual and grant ownership of the oil and natural gas under a tract of land and the rights to explore for, develop, and produce oil and natural gas on that land or to lease those exploration and development rights to a third party. When those rights are leased, usually for a three-year term, we typically receive an upfront cash payment, known as lease bonus, and we retain a royalty interest, which entitles us to a cost-free percentage (usually ranging from 20% to 25%) of production or revenue from production. A lessee can extend the lease beyond the initial lease term with continuous drilling, production, or other operating activities or by making an extension payment. When production or drilling ceases, the lease terminates, allowing us to lease the exploration and development rights to another party. Mineral interests generate the substantial majority of our revenue and are also the assets over which we have the most influence. In addition to mineral interests, we also own other types of non-cost-bearing royalty interests, which include: • Nonparticipating royalty interests (“NPRIs”), which are royalty interests that are carved out of the mineral estate and represent the right, which is typically perpetual, to receive a fixed, cost-free percentage of production or revenue from production, without an associated right to lease or receive lease bonus; and • Overriding royalty interests (“ORRIs”), which are royalty interests that burden working interests and represent the right to receive a fixed, cost-free percentage of production or revenue from production from a lease. ORRIs remain in effect until the associated leases expire. We may own more than one type of mineral and royalty interest in the same tract of land. For example, where we own an ORRI in a lease on the same tract of land in which we own a mineral interest, our ORRI in that tract will relate to the same gross acres as our mineral interest in that tract. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 26% of our mineral and royalty interests are leased, calculated on a cumulative gross acreage basis for all three types of mineral and royalty interests. We have relied on representations made in the relevant purchase agreements to determine leasing status of recently acquired acreage. The majority of our producing mineral and royalty interest acreage is pooled with third-party acreage to form pooled units. Pooling proportionately reduces our royalty interest in wells drilled in a pooled unit, and it proportionately increases the number of wells in which we have such reduced royalty interest. Non-Operated Working Interests We own non-operated working interests related to our mineral interests in various plays across our asset base. The majority of our working interest exposure is in the Haynesville/Bossier play in East Texas where we own non-operated working interests alongside XTO Energy Inc. ("XTO Energy"), a subsidiary of Exxon Mobil Corporation, and BPX Energy, a subsidiary of BP plc. In 2017, we entered into farmout arrangements (discussed below) for our entire working interest position in that area. We also hold working interests acquired through working interest participation rights, which we often include in the terms of our leases. This participation right complements our core mineral and royalty interest business because it allows us to realize additional value from our minerals. Under the terms of the relevant leases, we are typically granted a unit-by-unit or a well-by-well option to participate on a non-operated working interest basis in drilling opportunities on our mineral acreage. This right to participate in a unit or well is exercisable at our sole discretion. We generally only exercise this option when the results from prior drilling and production activities have substantially reduced the economic risk associated with development drilling and where we believe the probability of achieving attractive economic returns is high. Beginning in 2017, we significantly reduced the number of wells in which we participate with a working interest. We generally farm out or sell these participation rights to third parties and often retain some form of non-cost-bearing interest in those wells, such as an overriding royalty interest. When we participate in non-operated working interest opportunities, we are required to pay our portion of the costs associated with drilling and operating these wells. Working interest production represented 25% of our total production volumes during the year ended December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, we owned non-operated working interests in 9,717 gross (348 net) wells. Our 2020 capital expenditure budget associated with our non-operated working interests is expected to be approximately $5 million. The majority of this capital will be spent for workovers on existing wells in which we own a working interest. 4 Farmout Agreements In 2017, we entered into two farmout arrangements designed to reduce our working interest capital expenditures and thereby significantly lower our capital spending other than for mineral and royalty interest acquisitions. Under these agreements, we conveyed our rights to participate in certain non- operated working interest opportunities to external capital providers while retaining value from these interests in the form of additional royalty income or retained economic interests. On February 21, 2017, we announced that we entered into a farmout agreement with Canaan Resource Partners ("Canaan") which covers certain Haynesville and Bossier shale acreage in San Augustine County, Texas operated by XTO Energy. We have an approximate 50% working interest in the acreage and are the largest mineral owner. A total of 20 wells were drilled over an initial phase, beginning with wells spud after January 1, 2017. Canaan elected to participate in an additional phase that began in September 2018 and continues for the earlier of 2 years or until 20 wells have been drilled. As of December 31, 2019, a total of 17 wells have been drilled during the second phase. After the completion of the second phase, Canaan will have the option to elect to participate in a similar third phase. During the first three phases of the agreement, Canaan commits on a phase-by-phase basis and funds 80% of our drilling and completion costs and is assigned 80% of our working interests in such wells (40% working interest on an 8/8ths basis) as the wells are drilled. After the third phase, Canaan can earn 40% of our working interest (20% working interest on an 8/8ths basis) in additional wells drilled in the area by continuing to fund 40% of our costs for those wells on a well-by-well basis. We receive an ORRI before payout and an increased ORRI after payout on all wells drilled under the agreement. From the inception of the agreement through December 31, 2019, we have received $90.0 million from Canaan under the agreement as reimbursement for capital costs associated with farmed-out working interests. As of December 31, 2019, $0.9 million was included in the Other long-term liabilities line item of the consolidated balance sheet for reimbursements received associated with farmed-out working interests not yet assigned to Canaan. On November 21, 2017, we entered into a farmout agreement with Pivotal Petroleum Partners ("Pivotal"), a portfolio company of Tailwater Capital, LLC. The farmout agreement covers substantially all of our remaining working interests under active development in the Shelby Trough area of East Texas targeting the Haynesville and Bossier shale acreage (after giving effect to the Canaan farmout) until November 2025. Pivotal will earn our remaining working interest in wells operated by XTO Energy in San Augustine County, Texas not covered by the Canaan farmout (10% working interest on an 8/8ths basis), as well as 100% of our working interests (ranging from approximately 12.5% to 25% on an 8/8ths basis) in wells operated by BPX Energy in San Augustine and Angelina Counties, Texas. Initially, Pivotal is obligated to fund the development of up to 80 wells, in designated well groups, across several development areas and then has options to continue funding our working interest across those areas for the duration of the farmout agreement. Once Pivotal achieves a specified payout for a designated well group, we will obtain a majority of the original working interest in such well group. From the inception of the agreement through December 31, 2019, a total of 68 wells have been drilled in the contract area and we have received $115.2 million from Pivotal under the agreement as reimbursement for capital costs associated with farmed-out working interests. As of December 31, 2019, $0.9 million was included in the Other long-term liabilities line item of the consolidated balance sheet for reimbursements received associated with farmed-out working interests not yet assigned to Pivotal. Our development agreement with BPX Energy terminated in 2019 with respect to the majority of our acreage covered by the agreement. As such, Pivotal retains minimal rights or obligations related to the farmout for that area. We remain engaged with Pivotal around farmout opportunities with potential new operators in the area forfeited by BPX Energy. As a result of the farmout agreements with Canaan and Pivotal, we expect net capital requirements associated with non-operated working interests to be minimal in 2020. 5 Our Properties BSM Land Regions We divide the contiguous U.S. into major geographical regions that we refer to as "BSM Land Regions." The following provides an overview of these regions: • Gulf Coast. The Gulf Coast region consists of the land area along the Gulf of Mexico from South Texas through Florida. This region includes the Western Gulf (onshore), East Texas Basin, Louisiana-Mississippi Salt Basin, and South Florida Basin. • • • Southwestern U.S. The Southwestern U.S. region consists of the land area north of the Mexico-United States border from north-central Texas westward through Arizona. This region includes the Permian Basin, Fort Worth Basin, Bend Arch, Palo Duro Basin, Dalhart Basin, and Marfa Basin. Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountains region consists of the land area along the Rocky Mountains from Northern New Mexico through Montana and North Dakota. This region includes the Williston Basin, Montana Thrust Belt, Bighorn Basin, Powder River Basin, Greater Green River Basin, Denver-Julesburg Basin, Uinta-Piceance Basin, Park Basin, Paradox Basin, San Juan Basin, and Raton Basin. Eastern U.S. The Eastern U.S. region consists of the land area east of the Mississippi River and north of the Gulf Coast region. This region includes the Michigan Basin, Illinois Basin, Appalachian Basin, and Black Warrior Basin. • Mid-Continent. The Mid-Continent region extends from Oklahoma north through Minnesota. This region includes the Anadarko Basin, Arkoma Basin, Forest City Basin, Cherokee Platform, Marietta Basin, and Ardmore Basin. • Western U.S. The Western U.S. region consists of the land area west of the Rocky Mountains and Southwestern U.S. regions. This region includes the San Joaquin Basin, Santa Maria Basin, Ventura Basin, Los Angeles Basin, Sacramento Basin, and Eastern Great Basin. The following tables present information about our mineral and royalty interests and working interests by BSM Land Region: Mineral and Royalty Interests Working Interests2 Acreage as of December 31, 20191 BSM Land Region Mineral Interests NPRIs ORRIs Gross Acres Net %3 Gross Acres Net %4 Gross Acres Net %4 Gross Acres Net Acres Gulf Coast Southwestern US Rocky Mountains Eastern US Mid-Continent Western US Total 7,924,882 2,765,243 2,123,750 1,657,142 1,286,657 1,025,564 16,783,238 52.1 % 25.7 % 15.4 % 47.4 % 34.4 % 89.2 % 43.5 % 553,760 1,005,794 243,637 1,727 39,071 333 1,844,322 4.2 % 3.5 % 3.4 % 4.0 % 3.9 % 1.8 % 3.7 % 239,634 202,774 911,583 74,892 286,257 32,965 1,748,105 4.1 % 1.8 % 2.5 % 1.4 % 3.7 % 2.9 % 2.8 % 504,345 60,679 95,588 13,487 40,302 — 93,953 17,610 16,289 1,346 23,731 — 714,401 152,929 1 We may own more than one type of interest in the same tract of land. For example, where we have acquired non-operated working interests related to our mineral interests in a given tract, our working interest acreage in that tract will relate to the same acres as our mineral interest acreage in that tract. Consequently, some of the acreage shown for one type of interest may also be included in the acreage shown for another type of interest. Because of our non-operated working interests, overlap between working interest acreage and mineral and royalty interest acreage can be significant; overlap between the different types of mineral and royalty interests is not significant. 2 This excludes acreage for which we have incomplete seller records. 3 Refers to our average ownership interest. Ownership interest is the percentage that our undivided ownership interest in a tract bears to the entire tract. The average ownership interests shown reflect the weighted averages of our ownership 6 interests in all tracts in the BSM Land Region. Our weighted average royalty interest for all of our mineral interests is approximately 20%, which may be multiplied by our ownership interest to approximate the average net royalty interest for our mineral interests. 4 Refers to our average royalty interest. Average royalty interest is equal to the weighted-average percentage of production or revenues (before operating costs) that we are entitled to on a tract-by-tract basis in the BSM Land Region. NPRIs may be denominated as a “fractional royalty,” which entitles the owner to the stated fraction of gross production, or a “fraction of royalty,” where the stated fraction is multiplied by the lease royalty. In cases where our land documentation does not specify the form of NPRI, we have assumed a fractional royalty for purposes of the average royalty interests shown above. Gross Well Count as of December 31, 20191 Average Daily Production (Boe/d) for the Year Ended December 31, Average Daily Production (Boe/d) for the Year Ended December 31, Mineral and Royalty Interests Working Interests BSM Land Region Gulf Coast Southwestern US Rocky Mountains Eastern US Mid-Continent Western US Total MRI Wells2 WI Wells 12,796 31,068 13,923 2,055 8,372 831 69,045 2,091 1,156 2,047 256 4,166 1 2019 20,702 7,052 5,463 750 2,223 257 2018 16,425 5,081 7,050 886 2,366 270 2017 13,016 2,966 4,440 1,027 2,343 269 2019 10,312 180 678 24 897 1 2018 11,869 278 934 22 1,120 — 2017 10,056 426 1,157 24 1,287 — 9,717 36,447 32,078 24,061 12,092 14,223 12,950 1 We own both mineral and royalty interests and working interests in 4,199 of the wells shown in each column above. 2 Refers to mineral and royalty interest wells. Material Resource Plays The following listing provides an overview of the resource plays we consider most material to our current and future business. These plays accounted for 75% of our aggregate production for the year ended December 31, 2019. • Bakken/Three Forks. The Bakken shale and underlying Three Forks formation are located in the Williston Basin, which covers parts of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana in the U.S., and Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada. The U.S. portion of the Bakken/Three Forks play is within the Rocky Mountains BSM Land Region. We have significant exposure in these plays through our mineral and royalty interests as well as through our working interests. • Haynesville/Bossier. The Haynesville/Bossier formation, located in East Texas and Western Louisiana, is within the Gulf Coast BSM Land Region and is one of the largest producing natural gas formations in the U.S. The play’s prospective acreage is evenly divided between East Texas and Western Louisiana, and while we have significant exposure through our mineral and royalty interests and working interests across the entire play, the majority of our acreage is located in East Texas, with a particular concentration in the prolific southern portion of the Shelby Trough in San Augustine, Nacogdoches, and Angelina Counties. • Permian-Midland. The Midland Basin, which is a sub-basin within the Permian Basin, is located in West Texas in the Southwestern U.S. BSM Land Region. It is separated from the Delaware Basin to the west by a carbonate platform called the Central Basin Platform. We refer to the various Permian-aged resource plays within the Midland Basin as the Permian-Midland. These plays include the various members of the Spraberry and Wolfcamp formations. Our interests in the Permian-Midland resource plays are almost exclusively mineral and royalty interests. 7 • • Permian-Delaware. The Delaware Basin, which is a sub-basin within the Permian Basin, is located in West Texas and southeastern New Mexico in the Southwestern U.S. BSM Land Region. It is separated from the Midland Basin to the east by a carbonate platform called the Central Basin Platform. We refer to the various Permian-aged resource plays within the Delaware Basin as the Permian-Delaware. These plays include the various members of the Bone Spring, Avalon, and Wolfcamp formations. Our interests in the Permian-Delaware resource plays are almost exclusively mineral and royalty interests. Eagle Ford. The Eagle Ford shale is located in South Texas within the Gulf Coast BSM Land Region and produces from various depths between 4,000 and 14,000 feet. We are experiencing a significant level of development drilling on our mineral interests within the oil and rich-gas and condensate areas of the play. The following tables present information about our mineral and royalty interests and non-operated working interests by material resource play. Resource Play Mineral Interests NPRIs ORRIs Gross Acres Net %3 Gross Acres Net %4 Gross Acres Net %4 Gross Acres Net Acres Mineral and Royalty Interests Working Interests2 Acreage as of December 31, 20191 Bakken/ Three Forks Haynesville/Bossier Permian-Midland Permian-Delaware Eagle Ford 397,824 403,047 231,875 133,167 66,967 17.1 % 61.5 % 7.3 % 10.9 % 14.3 % 39,022 28,516 138,604 37,308 106,729 1.3 % 2.2 % 1.1 % 0.8 % 1.3 % 12,897 27,384 106,970 5,243 48,440 1.3 % 6.8 % 0.6 % 2.9 % 2.2 % 53,456 303,847 160 2,482 1,147 7,266 52,290 4 1,151 87 1 We may own more than one type of interest in the same tract of land. For example, where we have acquired non-operated working interests related to our mineral interests in a given tract, our working interest acreage in that tract will relate to the same acres as our mineral interest acreage in that tract. Consequently, some of the acreage shown for one type of interest may also be included in the acreage shown for another type of interest. Because of our non-operated working interests, overlap between working interest acreage and mineral and royalty interest acreage can be significant; overlap between the different types of mineral and royalty interests is not significant. 2 This excludes acreage for which we have incomplete seller records. 3 Refers to our average ownership interest. Ownership interest is the percentage that our undivided ownership interest in a tract bears to the entire tract. The average ownership interests shown reflect the weighted averages of our ownership interests in all tracts in the resource play. Our weighted average royalty interest for all of our mineral interests is approximately 20%, which may be multiplied by our ownership interest to approximate the average net royalty interest for our mineral interests. 4 Refers to our average royalty interest. Average royalty interest is equal to the weighted-average percentage of production or revenues (before operating costs) that we are entitled to on a tract-by-tract basis in the resource play. NPRIs may be denominated as a “fractional royalty,” which entitles the owner to the stated fraction of gross production, or a “fraction of royalty,” where the stated fraction is multiplied by the lease royalty. In cases where our land documentation does not specify the form of NPRI, we have assumed a fractional royalty for purposes of the average royalty interests shown above. 8 Gross Well Count as of December 31, 20191 Average Daily Production (Boe/d) for the Year Ended December 31, Average Daily Production (Boe/d) for the Year Ended December 31, MRI Wells2 WI Wells 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 Mineral and Royalty Interests Working Interests 3,693 1,084 1,895 527 874 509 100 2 26 25 4,150 15,091 2,621 2,932 1,631 5,007 10,273 1,792 2,207 1,920 2,769 5,943 717 791 1,768 541 9,364 — 52 12 693 10,657 1 65 12 812 10,972 — 157 16 Resource Play Bakken/ Three Forks Haynesville/Bossier Permian-Midland Permian-Delaware Eagle Ford 1 We own both mineral and royalty interests and working interests in 844 of the wells shown in each column above. 2 Refers to mineral and royalty interest wells. Estimated Proved Reserves Evaluation and Review of Estimated Proved Reserves The reserves estimates as of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 shown herein have been independently evaluated by NSAI, a worldwide leader of petroleum property analysis for industry and financial organizations and government agencies. NSAI was founded in 1961 and performs consulting petroleum engineering services under Texas Board of Professional Engineers Registration No. F-2699. Within NSAI, the technical person primarily responsible for preparing the estimates set forth in the NSAI summary reserves report incorporated herein is Mr. Richard B. Talley, Jr. Mr. Talley, a Licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Texas (License No. 102425), has been practicing consulting petroleum engineering at NSAI since 2004 and has over five years of prior industry experience. He graduated from the University of Oklahoma in 1998 with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Mechanical Engineering and from Tulane University in 2001 with a Master of Business Administration Degree. As technical principal, Mr. Talley meets or exceeds the education, training, and experience requirements set forth in the Standards Pertaining to the Estimating and Auditing of Oil and Gas Reserves Information promulgated by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and is proficient in judiciously applying industry standard practices to engineering evaluations as well as applying SEC and other industry reserves definitions and guidelines. NSAI does not own an interest in us or any of our properties, nor is it employed by us on a contingent basis. A copy of NSAI’s estimated proved reserve report as of December 31, 2019 is attached as an exhibit to this Annual Report. We maintain an internal staff of petroleum engineers and geoscience professionals who worked closely with our third-party reserve engineers to ensure the integrity, accuracy, and timeliness of the data used to calculate our estimated proved reserves. Our internal technical team members met with our third- party reserve engineers periodically during the period covered by the above referenced reserve report to discuss the assumptions and methods used in the reserve estimation process. We provided historical information to the third-party reserve engineers for our properties, such as oil and natural gas production, well test data, realized commodity prices, and operating and development costs. We also provided ownership interest information with respect to our properties. Brock Morris, our former Senior Vice President, Engineering and Geology, was primarily responsible for overseeing the preparation of all of our reserve estimates. Mr. Morris is a petroleum engineer with approximately 34 years of reservoir-engineering and operations experience. Our historical proved reserve estimates were prepared in accordance with our internal control procedures. Throughout the year, our technical team met with NSAI to review properties and discuss evaluation methods and assumptions used in the proved reserves estimates, in accordance with our prescribed internal control procedures. Our internal controls over the reserves estimation process include verification of input data used in the reserves evaluation software as well as reviews by our internal engineering staff and management, which include the following: • Comparison of historical operating expenses from the lease operating statements to the operating costs input in the reserves database; • Review of working interests, net revenue interests, and royalty interests in the reserves database against our well ownership system; 9 • Review of historical realized commodity prices and differentials from index prices compared to the differentials used in the reserves database; • Evaluation of capital cost assumptions derived from Authority for Expenditure estimates received; • Review of actual historical production volumes compared to projections in the reserve report; • Discussion of material reserve variances among our internal reservoir engineers and our Senior Vice President, Engineering and Geology; and • Review of preliminary reserve estimates by our senior management with our internal technical staff. Estimation of Proved Reserves In accordance with rules and regulations of the SEC applicable to companies involved in oil and natural gas producing activities, proved reserves are those quantities of oil and natural gas, which, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible from a given date forward, from known reservoirs, and under existing economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulations. The term “reasonable certainty” means deterministically, the quantities of oil and/or natural gas are much more likely to be achieved than not, and probabilistically, there should be at least a 90% probability of recovering volumes equal to or exceeding the estimate. All of our estimated proved reserves as of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 are based on deterministic methods. Reasonable certainty can be established using techniques that have been proved effective by actual production from projects in the same reservoir or an analogous reservoir or by using reliable technology. Reliable technology is a grouping of one or more technologies (including computational methods) that have been field tested and have been demonstrated to provide reasonably certain results with consistency and repeatability in the formation being evaluated or in an analogous formation. To establish reasonable certainty with respect to our estimated net proved reserves, NSAI employed technologies including, but not limited to, well logs, core analysis, geologic maps, and available down hole pressure and production data, seismic data, and well test data. Reserves attributable to producing wells with sufficient production history were estimated using appropriate decline curves or other performance relationships. Reserves attributable to producing wells with limited production history and for undeveloped locations were estimated using performance from analogous wells in the surrounding area and geologic data to assess the reservoir continuity. In addition to assessing reservoir continuity, geologic data from well logs, core analyses, and seismic data were used to estimate original oil and natural gas in place. Summary of Estimated Proved Reserves Reserve estimates do not include any value for probable or possible reserves that may exist. The reserve estimates represent our net revenue interest and royalty interest in our properties. Although we believe these estimates are reasonable, actual future production, cash flows, taxes, development expenditures, operating expenses, and quantities of recoverable oil and natural gas may vary substantially from these estimates. 10 The following table presents our estimated proved oil and natural gas reserves: Estimated proved developed reserves4: Oil (MBbls) Natural gas (MMcf) Total (MBoe) Estimated proved undeveloped reserves5: Oil (MBbls) Natural gas (MMcf) Total (MBoe) Estimated proved reserves: Oil (MBbls) Natural gas (MMcf) Total (MBoe) Percent proved developed 20191 As of December 31, 20182 (Unaudited) 20173 17,050 263,371 60,945 — 45,587 7,598 17,050 308,958 68,543 88.9 % 17,567 278,233 63,939 — 35,787 5,965 17,567 314,020 69,904 91.5 % 17,891 233,017 56,727 8 67,257 11,218 17,899 300,274 67,945 83.5 % 1 Estimates of reserves as of December 31, 2019 were prepared using oil and natural gas prices equal to the unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of- the-month market price for each month in the period from January through December 2019. For oil volumes, the average WTI spot oil price of $55.85 per barrel is used for estimates of reserves for all the properties as of December 31, 2019. This average price is adjusted for quality, transportation fees, and market differentials. For natural gas volumes, the average Henry Hub price of $2.58 per MMBTU is used for estimates of reserves for all the properties as of December 31, 2019. This average price is adjusted for energy content, transportation fees, and market differentials. Natural gas prices are also adjusted to account for NGL revenue since there is not sufficient data to account for NGL volumes separately in the reserve estimates. These reserve estimates exclude NGL quantities. When taking these adjustments into account, the average adjusted prices weighted by production over the remaining lives of the properties are $52.15 per barrel for oil and $2.36 per Mcf for natural gas. 2 Estimates of reserves as of December 31, 2018 were prepared using oil and natural gas prices equal to the unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of- the-month market price for each month in the period January through December 2018. For oil volumes, the average WTI spot oil price of $65.56 per barrel is used for estimates of reserves for all the properties as of December 31, 2018. These average prices are adjusted for quality, transportation fees, and market differentials. For natural gas volumes, the average Henry Hub price of $3.10 per MMBTU is used for estimates of reserves for all the properties as of December 31, 2018. These average prices are adjusted for energy content, transportation fees, and market differentials. Natural gas prices are also adjusted to account for NGL revenue since there is not sufficient data to account for NGL volumes separately in the reserve estimates. These reserve estimates exclude NGL quantities. When taking these adjustments into account, the average adjusted prices weighted by production over the remaining lives of the properties are $62.81 per barrel for oil and $2.98 per Mcf for natural gas. 3 Estimates of reserves as of December 31, 2017 were prepared using oil and natural gas prices equal to the unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of- the-month market price for each month in the period January through December 2017. For oil volumes, the average WTI spot oil price of $51.34 per barrel is used for estimates of reserves for all the properties as of December 31, 2017. These average prices are adjusted for quality, transportation fees, and market differentials. For natural gas volumes, the average Henry Hub price of $2.98 per MMBTU is used for estimates of reserves for all the properties as of December 31, 2017. These average prices are adjusted for energy content, transportation fees, and market differentials. Natural gas prices are also adjusted to account for NGL revenue since there is not sufficient data to account for NGL volumes separately in the reserve estimates. These reserve estimates exclude NGL quantities. When taking these adjustments into account, the average adjusted prices weighted by production over the remaining lives of the properties are $46.59 per barrel for oil and $2.70 per Mcf for natural gas. 4 As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, no proved developed reserves were attributable to noncontrolling interests in our consolidated subsidiaries. Proved developed reserves of 61 MBoe were attributable to noncontrolling interests in our consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017. 5 As of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, no proved undeveloped reserves were attributable to noncontrolling interests in our consolidated subsidiaries. 11 Reserve engineering is and must be recognized as a subjective process of estimating volumes of economically recoverable oil and natural gas that cannot be measured in an exact manner. The accuracy of any reserve estimate is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation. As a result, the estimates of different engineers often vary for the same property. In addition, the results of drilling, testing, and production may justify revisions of such estimates. Accordingly, reserve estimates often differ from the quantities of oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered. Estimates of economically recoverable oil and natural gas and of future net revenues are based on a number of variables and assumptions, all of which may vary from actual results, including geologic interpretation, prices, and future production rates and costs. Please read Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” Additional information regarding our estimated proved reserves can be found in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report and the estimated proved reserve report as of December 31, 2019, which is included as an exhibit to this Annual Report. Estimated Proved Undeveloped Reserves As of December 31, 2019, our PUDs comprised 45,587 MMcf of natural gas, for a total of 7,598 MBoe. PUDs will be converted from undeveloped to developed as the applicable wells begin production. The following table summarizes our changes in PUDs during the year ended December 31, 2019 (in MBoe): As of December 31, 2018 Acquisitions of reserves Divestiture of reserves Extensions and discoveries Revisions of previous estimates Transfers to estimated proved developed As of December 31, 2019 Estimated Proved Undeveloped Reserves (Unaudited) 5,965 — — 3,366 (548) (1,185) 7,598 New PUD reserves totaling 3,366 MBoe were added during the year ended December 31, 2019, resulting from development activities in the Haynesville/Bossier play. In 2019 we did not acquire or divest any PUD reserves. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we had reductions of 548 MBoe of PUD reserves, primarily as a result of the plugging and abandonment of one well due to mechanical issues and converted the remaining 1,185 MBoe of PUD reserves to PDP reserves. During the year ended December 31, 2019, no costs were incurred, net of farmout reimbursements, relating to the development of locations that were classified as PUDs as of December 31, 2018. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2019, we incurred $3.3 million, net of farmout reimbursements, drilling, completing, and recompleting other wells that were not classified as PUDs as of December 31, 2018. There are no estimated future development costs projected for the development of PUD reserves as of December 31, 2019. All our PUD drilling locations as of December 31, 2019 are scheduled to be drilled within five years from the date the reserves were initially booked as proved undeveloped reserves. We generally do not have evidence of approval of our operators’ development plans. As a result, our proved undeveloped reserve estimates are limited to those relatively few locations for which we have received and approved an AFE. As of December 31, 2019, our PUD reserves consisted of 11 wells waiting on completion, 6 wells in various stages of completion, and 3 wells in various stages of drilling. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 11% of our total proved reserves were classified as PUDs. 12 Oil and Natural Gas Production Prices and Production Costs Production and Price History For the year ended December 31, 2019, 27% of our production and 57% of our oil and natural gas revenues were related to oil and condensate production and sales, respectively. During the same period, natural gas and NGL sales were 73% of our production and 43% of our oil and natural gas revenues. The following table sets forth information regarding production of oil and natural gas and certain price and cost information for each of the periods indicated: Production: Oil and condensate (MBbls) Natural gas (MMcf)1 Total (MBoe) Average daily production (MBoe/d) Realized Prices without Derivatives: Oil and condensate (per Bbl) Natural gas and natural gas liquids sales (per Mcf)1 Unit Cost per Boe: Production costs and ad valorem taxes 2019 2018 2017 Year Ended December 31, 4,777 77,635 17,716 48.5 4,962 71,622 16,899 46.3 $ $ $ 55.20 $ 2.57 $ 62.53 $ 3.47 $ 3.42 $ 3.81 $ 3,552 59,779 13,515 37.0 47.78 3.19 3.51 1 As a mineral and royalty interest owner, we are often provided insufficient and inconsistent data by our operators. As a result, we are unable to reliably determine the total volumes of NGLs associated with the production of natural gas on our acreage. Accordingly, no NGL volumes are included in our reported production; however, revenue attributable to NGLs is included in our natural gas revenue and our calculation of realized prices for natural gas. Productive Wells Productive wells consist of producing wells, wells capable of production, and exploratory, development, or extension wells that are not dry wells. The following table sets forth information about our mineral and royalty interest and working interest wells: Well Type Oil Natural Gas Total Mineral and Royalty Interests Working Interests Gross Gross Net Productive Wells as of December 31, 20191 47,814 21,231 69,045 3,692 6,025 9,717 66 282 348 1 We own both mineral and royalty interests and working interests in 4,199 gross wells. 13 Acreage Mineral and Royalty Interests The following table sets forth information relating to our acreage for our mineral and royalty interests as of December 31, 2019: BSM Land Region Gulf Coast Southwestern U.S. Rocky Mountains Eastern U.S. Mid-Continent Western U.S. Total Developed Acreage1 Undeveloped Acreage1 Total Acreage1 670,614 875,580 727,395 82,272 553,635 18,845 8,047,662 3,098,231 2,551,575 1,651,489 1,058,350 1,040,017 8,718,276 3,973,811 3,278,970 1,733,761 1,611,985 1,058,862 2,928,341 17,447,324 20,375,665 1 Includes acreage for mineral interests, NPRIs, and ORRIs. We may own more than one type of interest in the same tract of land. For example, where we have acquired non-operated working interests related to our mineral interests in a given tract, our working interest acreage in that tract will relate to the same acres as our mineral interest acreage in that tract. Consequently, some of the acreage shown for one type of interest may also be included in the acreage shown for another type of interest. Because of our non-operated working interests, overlap between working interest acreage and mineral and royalty interest acreage can be significant; overlap between the different types of mineral and royalty interests is not significant. Working Interests The following table sets forth information relating to our acreage for our non-operated working interests as of December 31, 2019: Developed Acreage1 Undeveloped Acreage1 Total Acreage1 BSM Land Region Gulf Coast Southwestern U.S. Rocky Mountains Eastern U.S. Mid-Continent Western U.S. Total Gross 241,305 16,030 83,120 13,408 39,316 — 393,179 Net Gross Net 38,423 11,693 15,009 1,346 23,711 — 90,182 263,040 44,649 12,468 79 986 — 55,530 5,917 1,280 — 20 — Gross 504,345 60,679 95,588 13,487 40,302 — Net 93,953 17,610 16,289 1,346 23,731 — 321,222 62,747 714,401 152,929 1 We may own more than one type of interest in the same tract of land. For example, where we have acquired non-operated working interests related to our mineral interests in a given tract, our working interest acreage in that tract will relate to the same acres as our mineral interest acreage in that tract. Consequently, some of the acreage shown for one type of interest may also be included in the acreage shown for another type of interest. Because of our non-operated working interests, overlap between working interest acreage and mineral and royalty interest acreage can be significant; overlap between the different types of mineral and royalty interests is not significant. 14 The following table lists the net undeveloped acres, the net acres expiring in the years ending December 31, 2020, 2021, and 2022, and, where applicable, the net acres expiring that are subject to extension options: Net Undeveloped Acreage Net Acreage without Ext. Opt. Net Acreage with Ext. Opt. Net Acreage without Ext. Opt. Net Acreage with Ext. Opt. Net Acreage without Ext. Opt. Net Acreage with Ext. Opt. 2020 Expirations 2021 Expirations 2022 Expirations 62,747 3,698 1,277 4,191 549 976 395 Drilling Results for Our Working Interests The following table sets forth information with respect to the number of wells completed on our properties during the periods indicated, excluding wells subject to our farmout agreements. The information should not be considered indicative of future performance, nor should it be assumed that there is necessarily any correlation among the number of productive wells drilled, the quantities of reserves found, and the economic value. Productive wells are those that produce commercial quantities of hydrocarbons, whether or not they produce a reasonable rate of return. Gross development wells: Productive Dry Total Net development wells: Productive Dry Total Gross exploratory wells: Productive Dry Total Net exploratory wells: Productive Dry Total Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 — — — — — — 1.0 — 1.0 0.3 — 0.3 6.0 — 6.0 2.5 — 2.5 — 1.0 1.0 — 1.0 1.0 23.0 — 23.0 6.1 — 6.1 — — — — — — As of December 31, 2019, we had no wells in the process of drilling, completing or dewatering, or shut in awaiting infrastructure. 15 Environmental Matters Oil and natural gas exploration, development, and production operations are subject to stringent laws and regulations governing the discharge of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to protection of the environment or occupational health and safety. These laws and regulations have the potential to impact production on our properties, which could materially adversely affect our business and our prospects. Numerous federal, state, and local governmental agencies, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), issue regulations that carry substantial administrative, civil, and criminal penalties and may result in injunctive obligations for non-compliance. These laws and regulations may require the acquisition of a permit before drilling commences, restrict the types, quantities, and concentrations of various substances that can be released into the environment in connection with drilling and production activities, limit or prohibit construction or drilling activities on certain lands lying within wilderness, wetlands, ecologically sensitive, and other protected areas, require action to prevent, or remediate pollution from current or historic operations, such as plugging abandoned wells or closing earthen pits, result in the suspension or revocation of necessary permits, licenses, and authorizations, require that additional pollution controls be installed, and impose substantial liabilities for pollution resulting from operations. The strict, joint, and several liability nature of such laws and regulations could impose liability upon our operators, or us as working interest owners if the operator fails to perform, regardless of fault. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the release of hazardous substances, hydrocarbons, or other waste products into the environment. In addition, many environmental statues contain citizen suit provisions, and environmental groups frequently use these provisions to oppose oil and natural gas exploration and development activities and related projects. The long-term trend in environmental regulation has been towards more stringent regulations, and any changes that impact our operators and result in more stringent and costly pollution control or waste handling, storage, transport, disposal, or cleanup requirements could materially adversely affect our business and prospects. Below is a summary of environmental laws applicable to operations on our properties. Waste Handling The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as amended (“RCRA”), and comparable state statutes and regulations promulgated thereunder, affect oil and natural gas exploration, development, and production activities by imposing requirements regarding the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, disposal, and cleanup of hazardous and non- hazardous wastes. With federal approval, the individual states administer some or all of the provisions of RCRA, sometimes in conjunction with their own, more stringent requirements. Although most wastes associated with the exploration, development, and production of oil and natural gas are exempt from regulation as hazardous wastes under RCRA, these wastes typically constitute “solid wastes” that are subject to less stringent non-hazardous waste requirements. However, it is possible that RCRA could be amended or the EPA or state environmental agencies could adopt policies to require oil and natural gas exploration, development, and production wastes to become subject to more stringent waste handling requirements. Any changes in the laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our operators’ capital expenditures and operating expenses, which in turn could affect production from our properties and adversely affect our business and prospects. Remediation of Hazardous Substances The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), also known as the “Superfund” law, and analogous state laws generally impose strict, joint, and several liability, without regard to fault or legality of the original conduct, on classes of persons who are considered to be responsible for the release of a “hazardous substance” into the environment. These persons include the current owner or operator of a contaminated facility (which can include working interest owners), a former owner or operator of the facility at the time of contamination, and those persons that disposed or arranged for the disposal of the hazardous substance at the facility. Under CERCLA and comparable state statutes, persons deemed “responsible parties” may be subject to strict and joint and several liability for the costs of removing or remediating previously disposed wastes (including wastes disposed of or released by prior owners or operators) or property contamination (including groundwater contamination), for damages to natural resources and for the costs of certain health studies. In addition, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the hazardous substances released into the environment. Oil and natural gas exploration and production activities on our properties use materials that, if released, would be subject to CERCLA and comparable state statutes. Therefore, governmental agencies or third parties may seek to hold our operators, or us as working interest owners if the operator fails to perform, responsible under CERCLA and comparable state statutes for all or part of the costs to clean-up sites at which these “hazardous substances” have been released. 16 Water Discharges The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, also known as the “Clean Water Act” (“CWA”), the Safe Drinking Water Act (“SDWA”), the Oil Pollution Act (“OPA”), and analogous state laws and regulations promulgated thereunder impose restrictions and strict controls regarding the unauthorized discharge of pollutants, including produced waters and other gas and oil wastes, into navigable waters of the United States, as well as state waters. The discharge of pollutants into regulated waters is prohibited, except in accordance with the terms of a permit issued by the EPA or the state. The Clean Water Act and regulations implemented thereunder also prohibit the discharge of dredge and fill material into regulated waters, including jurisdictional wetlands, unless authorized by an appropriately issued permit. In June 2015, the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (the “Corps”) published a final rule attempting to clarify the federal jurisdictional reach over waters of the United States ("WOTUS"). Following the change in U.S. Presidential Administrations, there have been several attempts to modify or eliminate this rule. Most recently, on January 23, 2020, the EPA and Corps replaced the WOTUS rule adopted in 2015 with the narrower Navigable Waters Protection Rule, and litigation is expected. Therefore, the scope of jurisdiction under the CWA is uncertain at this time, and any increase in scope could result in increased costs or delays with respect to obtaining permits for certain activities for our operators. In addition, spill prevention, control, and countermeasure plan requirements under federal law require appropriate containment berms and similar structures to help prevent the contamination of navigable waters in the event of a petroleum hydrocarbon tank spill, rupture, or leak. The EPA has also adopted regulations requiring certain oil and natural gas exploration and production facilities to obtain individual permits or coverage under general permits for storm water discharges. The OPA is the primary federal law for oil spill liability. The OPA contains numerous requirements relating to the prevention of and response to petroleum releases into waters of the United States, including the requirement that operators of offshore facilities and certain onshore facilities near or crossing waterways must develop and maintain facility response contingency plans and maintain certain significant levels of financial assurance to cover potential environmental cleanup and restoration costs. The OPA subjects owners of facilities to strict, joint, and several liability for all containment and cleanup costs and certain other damages arising from a release, including, but not limited to, the costs of responding to a release of oil into surface waters. In addition, the SDWA grants the EPA broad authority to take action to protect public health when an underground source of drinking water is threatened with pollution that presents an imminent and substantial endangerment to humans, which could result in orders prohibiting or limiting the operations of oil and natural gas production facilities. The EPA has asserted regulatory authority pursuant to the SDWA's Underground Injection Control ("UIC") program over hydraulic fracturing activities involving the use of diesel fuel in fracturing fluids and issued guidance covering such activities. The SDWA also regulates saltwater disposal wells under the UIC Program. Recent concerns related to the operation of saltwater disposal wells and induced seismicity have led some states to impose limits on the total volume of produced water such wells can dispose of, order disposal wells to cease operations, or limited the construction of new wells. These seismic events have also resulted in environmental groups and local residents filing lawsuits against operators in areas where the events occur seeking damages and injunctions limiting or prohibiting saltwater disposal well construction activities and operations. A lack of saltwater disposal wells in production areas could result in increased disposal costs for our operators if they are forced to transport produced water by truck, pipeline, or other method over long distances, or force them to curtail operations. Noncompliance with the Clean Water Act, SDWA, or the OPA may result in substantial administrative, civil, and criminal penalties, as well as injunctive obligations, all of which could affect production from our properties and adversely affect our business and prospects. Air Emissions The federal Clean Air Act ("CAA") and comparable state laws and regulations regulate emissions of various air pollutants through the issuance of permits and the imposition of other requirements. The EPA has developed, and continues to develop, stringent regulations governing emissions of air pollutants at specified sources. New facilities may be required to obtain permits before work can begin, and existing facilities may be required to obtain additional permits and incur capital costs in order to remain in compliance. For example, in October 2015, the EPA lowered the National Ambient Air Quality Standard, (“NAAQS”) for ozone from 75 to 70 parts per billion for both the 8- hour primary and secondary standards, and the agency completed attainment/non-attainment designations in July 2018. State implementation of the revised NAAQS could result in stricter permitting requirements, delay or prohibit the ability of our operators to obtain such permits, and result in increased expenditures for pollution control equipment, the costs of which could be significant. Separately, in June 2016, the EPA finalized rules regarding criteria for aggregating multiple small surface sites into a single source for air-quality permitting purposes applicable to the oil and natural gas industry. This rule could cause small facilities, on an aggregate basis, to be deemed a major source, thereby triggering more stringent air permitting processes and requirements. These laws and regulations 17 may increase the costs of compliance for oil and natural gas producers and impact production on our properties, and federal and state regulatory agencies can impose administrative, civil, and criminal penalties for non-compliance with air permits or other requirements of the federal Clean Air Act and associated state laws and regulations. Moreover, obtaining or renewing permits has the potential to delay the development of oil and natural gas exploration and development projects. All of these factors could impact production on our properties and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Climate Change The threat of climate change continues to attract considerable attention in the United States and in foreign countries, numerous proposals have been made and could continue to be made at the international, national, regional, and state levels of government to monitor and limit existing emissions of greenhouse gases ("GHGs") as well as to restrict or eliminate such future emissions. As a result, our operations as well as the operations of our operators are subject to a series of regulatory, political, litigation, and financial risks associated with the production and processing of fossil fuels and emission of GHGs. In the United States, no comprehensive climate change legislation has been implemented at the federal level. However, following the U.S. Supreme Court finding that GHG emissions constitute a pollutant under the CAA, the EPA has adopted regulations that, among other things, establish construction and operating permit reviews for GHG emissions from certain large stationary sources, require the monitoring and annual reporting of GHG emissions from certain petroleum and natural gas system sources in the United States, and implement New Source Performance Standards directing the reduction of methane from certain facilities in the oil and natural gas sector. Following the change in administration, there have been attempts to modify these regulations, and litigation is ongoing. Additionally, various states and groups of states have adopted or are considering adopting legislation, regulations or other regulatory initiatives that are focused on such areas GHG cap and trade programs, carbon taxes, reporting and tracking programs, and restriction of emissions. At the international level, there is an agreement, the United Nations-sponsored "Paris Agreement," for nations to limit their GHG emissions through non-binding, individually determined reduction goals every five years after 2020, although the United States has announced its withdrawal from such agreement, effective November 4, 2020. Governmental, scientific, and public concern over the threat of climate change arising from GHG emissions has resulted in increasing political risks in the United States, including climate-change-related pledges made by some candidates seeking the office of the President of the United States in 2020. These declarations have included plans to ban hydraulic fracturing, which would adversely affect production on our properties. Litigation risks are also increasing as a number of cities and other local governments have sought to bring suit against the largest oil and natural gas exploration and production companies in state or federal court, alleging among other things, that such companies created public nuisances by producing fuels that contributed to global warming effects, such as rising sea levels, and therefore are responsible for roadway and infrastructure damages as a result. There are also increasing financial risks for fossil fuel producers as shareholders currently invested in fossil-fuel energy companies may elect in the future to shift some or all of their investments into non-energy related sectors. Institutional lenders who provide financing to fossil-fuel energy companies also have become more attentive to sustainable lending practices and some of them may elect not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies. Limitation of investments in and financing for fossil fuel energy companies could result in the restriction, delay, or cancellation of drilling programs or development or production activities. The adoption and implementation of new or more stringent international, federal or state legislation, regulations, or other regulatory initiatives that impose more stringent standards for GHG emissions from the oil and natural gas sector or otherwise restrict the areas in which this sector may produce oil and natural gas or generate the GHG emissions could result in increased costs of compliance or costs of consuming, and thereby reduce demand for oil and natural gas, which could reduce the profitability of our interests. Additionally, political, litigation, and financial risks may result in our oil and natural gas operators restricting or cancelling production activities, incurring liability for infrastructure damages as a result of climatic changes, or impairing their ability to continue to operate in an economic manner, which also could reduce the profitability of our interests. One or more of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operation. 18 Hydraulic Fracturing Our operators engage in hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing is a common practice that is used to stimulate production of hydrocarbons from tight formations, including shales. The process involves the injection of water, sand, and chemicals under pressure into formations to fracture the surrounding rock and stimulate production. The process is typically regulated by state oil and natural gas commissions, but recently the EPA and other federal agencies have asserted jurisdiction over certain aspects of hydraulic fracturing. For example, the EPA issued effluent limitation guidelines in June 2016 that prohibit the discharge of wastewater from hydraulic fracturing operations to publicly owned wastewater treatment plants. In December 2016, the EPA released its final report on the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources. The final report concluded that “water cycle” activities associated with hydraulic fracturing may impact drinking water resources under certain limited circumstances. The EPA has not proposed to take any action in response to the report’s findings. Several states where we own interests in oil and gas producing properties, including Colorado, North Dakota, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas, have adopted regulations that could restrict or prohibit hydraulic fracturing in certain circumstances or require the disclosure of the composition of hydraulic- fracturing fluids. For example, in Texas, the Texas Railroad Commission (“RRC”) published a final rule in October 2014 governing permitting or re- permitting of disposal wells that requires, among other things, the submission of information on seismic events occurring within a specified radius of the disposal well location, as well as logs, geologic cross sections, and structure maps relating to the disposal area in question. If the permittee or an applicant of a disposal well permit fails to demonstrate that the injected fluids are confined to the disposal zone or if scientific data indicates such a disposal well is likely to be or determined to be contributing to seismic activity, then the RRC may deny, modify, suspend, or terminate the permit application or existing operating permit for that well. Similarly, Oklahoma has imposed strict limits on the operation of disposal wells in areas with increased instances of induced seismic events. These existing or any new legal requirements establishing seismic permitting requirements or similar restrictions on the construction or operation of disposal wells for the injection of produced water likely will result in added costs to comply and affect our operators’ rate of production, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position. In addition to state laws, local land use restrictions, such as city ordinances, may restrict or prohibit the performance of well drilling in general or hydraulic fracturing in particular. For example, in April 2019, Colorado adopted legislation that requires the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission ("COGCC") to prioritize public health and environmental concerns in its decisions and delegates considerable new authority to local governments to regulate surface impacts. Some local communities have adopted additional restrictions for oil and gas activities, such as requiring greater setbacks, and other groups have sought a cessation of permit issuances entirely until the COGCC publishes new rules in keeping with the legislation. Additionally, activist groups have submitted new ballot proposals for the 2020 election year, including proposals for increased drilling setbacks and increased bonding requirements. We cannot predict what additional state or local requirements may be imposed in the future on oil and gas operations in the states in which we own interests. In the event state, local, or municipal legal restrictions are adopted in areas where our operators conduct operations, our operators may incur substantial costs to comply with these requirements, which may be significant in nature, experience delays, or curtailment in the pursuit of exploration, development, or production activities and perhaps even be precluded from the drilling of wells. There has been increasing public controversy regarding hydraulic fracturing with regard to increased risks of induced seismicity, the use of fracturing fluids, impacts on drinking water supplies, use of water, and the potential for impacts to surface water, groundwater, and the environment generally. A number of lawsuits and enforcement actions have been initiated across the country implicating hydraulic-fracturing practices. If new laws or regulations are adopted that significantly restrict hydraulic fracturing, those laws could make it more difficult or costly for our operators to perform fracturing to stimulate production from tight formations. In addition, if hydraulic fracturing is further regulated at the federal or state level, fracturing activities on our properties could become subject to additional permitting and financial assurance requirements, more stringent construction specifications, increased monitoring, reporting and recordkeeping obligations, plugging and abandonment requirements, and also to attendant permitting delays and potential increases in costs. Legislative changes could cause operators to incur substantial compliance costs. At this time, it is not possible to estimate the impact on our business of newly enacted or potential federal or state legislation governing hydraulic fracturing. 19 Occupational Safety and Health Act The Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSHA”) and comparable state laws and regulations govern the protection of the health and safety of employees. In addition, OSHA’s hazard communication standard, the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act and implementing regulations, and similar state statutes and regulations require that information be maintained about hazardous materials used or produced in operations on our properties and that this information be provided to employees, state and local government authorities, and citizens. Endangered Species The Endangered Species Act (“ESA”) and analogous state laws restrict activities that may affect endangered or threatened species or their habitats. Pursuant to a settlement with environmental groups, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (“USFWS”) was required to determine whether over 250 species required listing as threatened or endangered under the ESA. USFWS has not yet completed its review, but the potential remains for new species to be listed under the ESA. Some of our properties may be located in areas that are or may be designated as habitats for endangered or threatened species, and previously unprotected species may later be designated as threatened or endangered in areas where we hold interests. For example, recently, there have been renewed calls to review protections currently in place for the Dunes Sagebrush Lizard, whose habitat includes portions of the Permian Basin, and to reconsider listing the species under the ESA. Likewise, there have been calls to review protections in place for the Greater Sage Grouse, which can be found across a large swath of the northwestern United States in oil and gas producing states. The listing of either of these species, or any others, in areas where we hold interests could cause our operators to incur increased costs arising from species protection measures, delay the completion of exploration and production activities, and/or result in limitations on operating activities that could have an adverse impact on our business. Title to Properties Prior to completing an acquisition of oil and natural gas properties, we perform title reviews on high-value tracts. Our title reviews are meant to confirm quantum of oil and natural gas properties being acquired, lease status, and royalties as well as encumbrances and other related burdens. Depending on the materiality of properties, we may obtain a title opinion if we believe additional title due diligence is necessary. As a result, title examinations have been obtained on a significant portion of our properties. After an acquisition, we review the assignments from the seller for scrivener’s and other errors and execute and record corrective assignments as necessary. In addition to our initial title work, our operators conduct a thorough title examination prior to leasing and drilling a well. Should our operators’ title work uncover any title defects, either we or our operators will perform curative work with respect to such defects. Our operators generally will not commence drilling operations on a property until any material title defects on such property have been cured. We believe that the title to our assets is satisfactory in all material respects. Although title to these properties is subject to encumbrances in some cases, such as customary interests generally retained in connection with the acquisition of real property, customary royalty interests and contract terms and restrictions, liens under operating agreements, liens related to environmental liabilities associated with historical operations, liens for current taxes and other burdens, easements, restrictions, and minor encumbrances customary in the oil and natural gas industry, we believe that none of these liens, restrictions, easements, burdens, and encumbrances will materially detract from the value of these properties or from our interest in these properties or materially interfere with our use of these properties in the operation of our business. In addition, we believe that we have obtained sufficient rights-of-way grants and permits from public authorities and private parties for us to operate our business in all material respects. 20 Marketing and Major Customers If we were to lose a significant customer, such loss could impact revenue derived from our mineral and royalty interest or working interest properties. The loss of any single lessee is mitigated by our diversified customer base. The following table indicates our significant customers that accounted for 10% or more of our total oil and natural gas revenues for the periods indicated: XTO Energy Competition Year Ended December 31, 2019 18% 2018 15% 2017 21% The oil and natural gas business is highly competitive in the exploration for and acquisition of reserves, the acquisition of minerals and oil and natural gas leases, and personnel required to find and produce reserves. Many companies not only explore for and produce oil and natural gas, but also conduct midstream and refining operations and market petroleum and other products on a regional, national, or worldwide basis. Certain of our competitors may possess financial or other resources substantially larger than we possess. Our ability to acquire additional minerals and properties and to discover reserves in the future will be dependent upon our ability to identify and evaluate suitable acquisition prospects and to consummate transactions in a highly competitive environment. Oil and natural gas products compete with other sources of energy available to customers, primarily based on price. These alternate sources of energy include coal, nuclear, solar, and wind. Changes in the availability or price of oil and natural gas or other sources of energy, as well as business conditions, conservation, legislation, regulations, and the ability to convert to alternate fuels and other sources of energy may affect the demand for oil and natural gas. Seasonal Nature of Business Weather conditions affect the demand for, and prices of, natural gas and can also delay drilling activities, disrupting our overall business plans. Demand for natural gas is typically higher during the winter, resulting in higher natural gas prices for our natural gas production during our first and fourth quarters. Certain natural gas users utilize natural gas storage facilities and purchase some of their anticipated winter requirements during the summer, which can lessen seasonal demand fluctuations. Seasonal weather conditions can limit drilling and producing activities and other oil and natural gas operations in a portion of our operating areas. Due to these seasonal fluctuations, our results of operations for individual quarterly periods may not be indicative of the results that we may realize on an annual basis. Employees We are managed and operated by the board of directors (the "Board") and executive officers of our general partner. All of our employees, including our executive officers, are employees of Black Stone Natural Resources Management Company (“Black Stone Management”). As of December 31, 2019, Black Stone Management had 115 full-time employees. None of Black Stone Management’s employees are represented by labor unions or covered by any collective bargaining agreements. Facilities Our principal office location is in Houston, Texas and consists of 55,862 square feet of leased space. 21 ITEM 1A. Risk Factors Limited partner interests are inherently different from the capital stock of a corporation, although many of the business risks to which we are subject are similar to those that would be faced by a corporation engaged in a similar business. If any of the following risks were to occur, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and ability to make distributions could be materially adversely affected. In that case, we might not be able to make distributions on our common units, the trading price of our common units could decline, and holders of our units could lose all or part of their investment. Risks Related to Our Business We may not generate sufficient cash from operations to pay distributions on our common units. If we make distributions, the holders of our Series B cumulative convertible preferred units have priority with respect to rights to share in those distributions over our common unitholders for so long as our Series B cumulative convertible preferred units are outstanding. We may not generate sufficient cash from operations each quarter to pay distributions to our common unitholders. Our Series B cumulative convertible preferred unitholders have priority with respect to rights to share in distributions over our common unitholders for so long as our Series B cumulative convertible preferred units are outstanding. Furthermore, our partnership agreement does not require us to pay distributions to our common unitholders on a quarterly basis or otherwise. The amount of cash to be distributed each quarter will be determined by the Board. The amount of cash we are able to distribute each quarter principally depends upon the amount of revenues we generate, which are largely dependent upon the prices that our operators realize from the sale of oil and natural gas. The actual amount of cash we are able to distribute each quarter will be reduced by principal and interest payments on our outstanding debt, working-capital requirements, and other cash needs. In addition, we may restrict distributions, in whole or in part, to fund acquisitions and participation in working interests. If over the long term we do not retain cash for capital expenditures in amounts necessary to maintain our asset base, a portion of future distributions will represent distribution of our assets and the value of our common units could be adversely affected. Withholding cash for our capital expenditures may have an adverse impact on the cash distributions in the quarter in which amounts are withheld. For a description of additional restrictions and factors that may affect our ability to make cash distributions, please read Part II, Item 5. “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Unitholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities — Cash Distribution Policy.” The amount of cash we distribute to holders of our units depends primarily on our cash generated from operations and not our profitability, which may prevent us from making cash distributions during periods when we record net income. The amount of cash we distribute depends primarily upon our cash generated from operations and not solely on profitability, which may be affected by non-cash items. As a result, we may make cash distributions during periods in which we record net losses for financial accounting purposes and may be unable to make cash distributions during periods in which we record net income. The volatility of oil and natural gas prices due to factors beyond our control greatly affects our financial condition, results of operations, and cash distributions to unitholders. Our revenues, operating results, cash distributions to unitholders, and the carrying value of our oil and natural gas properties depend significantly upon the prevailing prices for oil and natural gas. Historically, oil and natural gas prices have been volatile and are subject to fluctuations in response to changes in supply and demand, market uncertainty, and a variety of additional factors that are beyond our control, including: • the domestic and foreign supply of and demand for oil and natural gas; • market expectations about future prices of oil and natural gas; • the level of global oil and natural gas exploration and production; • the cost of exploring for, developing, producing, and delivering oil and natural gas; • the price and quantity of foreign imports and exports of oil and natural gas; • political and economic conditions in oil producing regions, including the Middle East, Africa, South America, and Russia; 22 • the ability of members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries to agree to and maintain oil price and production controls; • trading in oil and natural gas derivative contracts; • the level of consumer product demand; • weather conditions and natural disasters; • technological advances affecting energy consumption; • domestic and foreign governmental regulations and taxes; • the continued threat of terrorism and the impact of military and other action, including U.S. military operations in the Middle East; • the proximity, cost, availability, and capacity of oil and natural gas pipelines and other transportation facilities; • the price and availability of alternative fuels; and • overall domestic and global economic conditions. These factors and the volatility of the energy markets make it extremely difficult to predict future oil and natural gas price movements with any certainty. The table below demonstrates such volatility for the periods presented. WTI spot crude oil ($/Bbl)1 Henry Hub spot natural gas ($/MMBtu)1 1 Source: EIA 2 High prices for WTI and Henry Hub were in 2018 3 Low prices for WTI and Henry Hub were in 2016 Year Ended December 31, 2019 During the Five Years Prior to 2020 As of December 31, High Low $ 66.24 $ 46.31 $ High2 77.41 $ 26.19 $ Low3 2019 2018 61.14 $ 45.15 $ 60.46 2017 4.25 1.75 6.24 1.49 2.09 3.25 3.69 Any prolonged substantial decline in the price of oil and natural gas will likely have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash distributions to unitholders. We may use various derivative instruments in connection with anticipated oil and natural gas sales to minimize the impact of commodity price fluctuations. However, we cannot always hedge the entire exposure of our operations from commodity price volatility. To the extent we do not hedge against commodity price volatility, or our hedges are not effective, our results of operations and financial position may be diminished. In addition, lower oil and natural gas prices may also reduce the amount of oil and natural gas that can be produced economically by our operators. This scenario may result in our having to make substantial downward adjustments to our estimated proved reserves, which could negatively impact our borrowing base and our ability to fund our operations. If this occurs or if production estimates change or exploration or development results deteriorate, successful efforts method of accounting principles may require us to write down, as a non-cash charge to earnings, the carrying value of our oil and natural gas properties. Our operators could also determine during periods of low commodity prices to shut in or curtail production from wells on our properties. In addition, they could determine during periods of low commodity prices to plug and abandon marginal wells that otherwise may have been allowed to continue to produce for a longer period under conditions of higher prices. Specifically, they may abandon any well if they reasonably believe that the well can no longer produce oil or natural gas in commercially paying quantities. Based on the EIA forecasts for 2020 and 2021, oil prices are expected to trade in a lower range compared to recent historical highs. Approximately 57% of our 2019 oil and natural gas revenues were derived from oil and condensate sales. Any additional decreases in prices of oil may adversely affect our cash generated from operations, results of operations, financial position, and our ability to pay quarterly distributions on our common units, perhaps materially. The spot WTI market price at Cushing, Oklahoma has declined from $98.17 per Bbl on December 31, 2013 to $61.14 per Bbl on December 31, 2019. The reduction in price has been caused by many factors, including substantial increases in U.S. oil production from unconventional (shale) reservoirs, with limited increases in demand. If prices for oil are depressed for an extended period of time or there are future declines, we may be required to write down the value of our oil and natural gas properties in addition to impairments taken during 2015 and 2016, and some of our undeveloped locations may no longer be economically viable. In addition, sustained low prices for oil may negatively impact the value of our estimated proved reserves 23 and the amount that we are allowed to borrow under our Credit Facility (defined below) and reduce the amounts of cash we would otherwise have available to pay expenses, fund capital expenditures, make distributions to our unitholders, and service our indebtedness. Based on the EIA forecasts for 2020 and 2021, natural gas prices are expected to trade in a range lower than historical highs. Approximately 43% of our 2019 oil and natural gas revenues were derived from natural gas and natural gas liquids sales. Any future decreases in prices of natural gas may adversely affect our cash generated from operations, results of operations, financial position, and our ability to pay quarterly distributions on our common units, perhaps materially. During the ten years prior to December 31, 2019, natural gas prices at Henry Hub have ranged from a high of $8.15 per MMBtu in 2014 to a low of $1.49 per MMBtu in 2016. On December 31, 2019, the Henry Hub spot market price of natural gas was $2.09 per MMBtu. The reduction in prices has been caused by many factors, including increases in natural gas production from unconventional (shale) reservoirs, without an offsetting increase in demand. The expected increase in natural gas production in 2020, based on reports from the EIA, could cause the prices for natural gas to remain at current levels or fall to lower levels. If prices for natural gas are depressed for an extended period of time or there are future declines, we may be required to further write down the value of our oil and natural gas properties in addition to impairments taken during 2015 and 2016, and some of our undeveloped locations may no longer be economically viable. In addition, sustained low prices for natural gas may negatively impact the value of our estimated proved reserves and the amount that we are allowed to borrow under our Credit Facility and reduce the amounts of cash we would otherwise have available to pay expenses, make distributions to our unitholders, and service our indebtedness. Our failure to successfully identify, complete, and integrate acquisitions could adversely affect our growth, results of operations, and cash distributions to unitholders. We depend partly on acquisitions to grow our reserves, production, and cash generated from operations. Our decision to acquire a property will depend in part on the evaluation of data obtained from production reports and engineering studies, geophysical and geological analyses and seismic data, and other information, the results of which are often inconclusive and subject to various interpretations. The successful acquisition of properties requires an assessment of several factors, including: • recoverable reserves; • future oil and natural gas prices and their applicable differentials; • development plans; • operating costs; and • potential environmental and other liabilities. The accuracy of these assessments is inherently uncertain and we may not be able to identify attractive acquisition opportunities. In connection with these assessments, we perform a review of the subject properties that we believe to be generally consistent with industry practices. Our review will not reveal all existing or potential problems nor will it permit us to become sufficiently familiar with the properties to assess fully their deficiencies and capabilities. Inspections may not always be performed on every well, if applicable, and environmental problems, such as groundwater contamination, are not necessarily observable even when an inspection is undertaken. Even when problems are identified, the seller may be unwilling or unable to provide effective contractual protection against all or part of the problems. Even if we do identify attractive acquisition opportunities, we may not be able to complete the acquisition or do so on commercially acceptable terms. There is intense competition for acquisition opportunities in our industry. Competition for acquisitions may increase the cost of, or cause us to refrain from, completing acquisitions. Our ability to complete acquisitions is dependent upon, among other things, our ability to obtain financing. In addition, compliance with regulatory requirements may impose substantial additional obligations on our operators, causing them to expend additional time and resources in compliance activities, and potentially increase our operators’ exposure to penalties or fines for non-compliance with additional legal requirements. Further, the process of integrating acquired assets may involve unforeseen difficulties and may require a disproportionate amount of our managerial and financial resources. 24 No assurance can be given that we will be able to identify suitable acquisition opportunities, negotiate acceptable terms, obtain financing for acquisitions on acceptable terms, or successfully acquire identified targets. Our failure to achieve consolidation savings, to integrate the acquired businesses and assets into our existing operations successfully, or to minimize any unforeseen operational difficulties could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash distributions to unitholders. The inability to effectively manage the integration of acquisitions could reduce our focus on subsequent acquisitions and current operations, which, in turn, could negatively impact our growth, results of operations, and cash distributions to unitholders. Any acquisitions of additional mineral and royalty interests that we complete will be subject to substantial risks. Even if we do make acquisitions that we believe will increase our cash generated from operations, these acquisitions may nevertheless result in a decrease in our cash distributions per unit. Any acquisition involves potential risks, including, among other things: • the validity of our assumptions about estimated proved reserves, future production, prices, revenues, capital expenditures, operating expenses, and costs; • a decrease in our liquidity by using a significant portion of our cash generated from operations or borrowing capacity to finance acquisitions; • a significant increase in our interest expense or financial leverage if we incur debt to finance acquisitions; • the assumption of unknown liabilities, losses, or costs for which we are not indemnified or for which any indemnity we receive is inadequate; • mistaken assumptions about the overall cost of equity or debt; • our ability to obtain satisfactory title to the assets we acquire; • an inability to hire, train, or retain qualified personnel to manage and operate our growing business and assets; and • the occurrence of other significant changes, such as impairment of oil and natural gas properties, goodwill or other intangible assets, asset devaluation, or restructuring charges. We depend on various unaffiliated operators for all exploration, development, and production on the properties underlying our mineral and royalty interests and non-operated working interests. Substantially all our revenue is derived from the sale of oil and natural gas production from producing wells in which we own a royalty interest or a non-operated working interest. A reduction in the expected number of wells to be drilled on our acreage by these operators or the failure of our operators to adequately and efficiently develop and operate our acreage could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Our assets consist of mineral and royalty interests and non-operated working interests. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we received revenue from over 1,000 operators. The failure of our operators to adequately or efficiently perform operations or an operator’s failure to act in ways that are in our best interests could reduce production and revenues. Our operators are often not obligated to undertake any development activities other than those required to maintain their leases on our acreage. In the absence of a specific contractual obligation, any development and production activities will be subject to their reasonable discretion. Our operators could determine to drill and complete fewer wells on our acreage than is currently expected. The success and timing of drilling and development activities on our properties, and whether the operators elect to drill any additional wells on our acreage, depends on a number of factors largely outside of our control, including: • the capital costs required for drilling activities by our operators, which could be significantly more than anticipated; • the ability of our operators to access capital; • prevailing commodity prices; • the availability of suitable drilling equipment, production and transportation infrastructure, and qualified operating personnel; • the operators’ expertise, operating efficiency, and financial resources; • approval of other participants in drilling wells; • the operators’ expected return on investment in wells drilled on our acreage as compared to opportunities in other areas; • the selection of technology; • the selection of counterparties for the marketing and sale of production; and • the rate of production of the reserves. 25 The operators may elect not to undertake development activities, or may undertake these activities in an unanticipated fashion, which may result in significant fluctuations in our results of operations and cash distributions to our unitholders. Sustained reductions in production by the operators on our properties may also adversely affect our results of operations and cash distributions to unitholders. Cessation or protracted slowdown of activity in the Shelby Trough area could adversely affect our results of operations. In 2019, we generated 14% of our royalty revenues and 58% of our working interest revenues from two operators in the Shelby Trough area of the Haynesville play in East Texas, where we own a concentrated, relatively high-interest royalty position. These operators have recently decided to limit their Shelby Trough drilling activity, and one of the operators has released acreage in the area. Geographic and operator concentration heightens the effect of operational risks, including: • • • • operators’ diversion of drilling capital to other areas, where our royalty interest is less meaningful or nonexistent; adverse changes to the operators’ financial positions; unanticipated geographic or environmental constraints in the Shelby Trough; or delay or cancellation of construction or operation of LNG export facilities in the Gulf of Mexico. If drilling activity in this area does not resume at the previous rate, production may decrease, reducing cash generated from operations and, without offsetting cost reductions, cash available for distribution. We may experience delays in the payment of royalties and be unable to replace operators that do not make required royalty payments, and we may not be able to terminate our leases with defaulting lessees if any of the operators on those leases declare bankruptcy. A failure on the part of the operators to make royalty payments gives us the right to terminate the lease, repossess the property, and enforce payment obligations under the lease. If we repossessed any of our properties, we would seek a replacement operator. However, we might not be able to find a replacement operator and, if we did, we might not be able to enter into a new lease on favorable terms within a reasonable period of time. In addition, the outgoing operator could be subject to a proceeding under title 11 of the United States Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”), in which case our right to enforce or terminate the lease for any defaults, including non-payment, may be substantially delayed or otherwise impaired. In general, in a proceeding under the Bankruptcy Code, the bankrupt operator would have a substantial period of time to decide whether to ultimately reject or assume the lease, which could prevent the execution of a new lease or the assignment of the existing lease to another operator. In the event that the operator rejected the lease, our ability to collect amounts owed would be substantially delayed, and our ultimate recovery may be only a fraction of the amount owed or nothing. In addition, if we are able to enter into a new lease with a new operator, the replacement operator may not achieve the same levels of production or sell oil or natural gas at the same price as the operator it replaced. Acquisitions, funding our non-operated working interests, and our operators’ development activities of our leases will require substantial capital, and we and our operators may be unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms or at all. The oil and natural gas industry is capital intensive. We have made and may make in the future substantial capital expenditures in connection with the acquisition of mineral and royalty interests and, to a lesser extent, participation in our non-operated working interests. To date, we have financed capital expenditures primarily with funding from cash generated by operations, limited borrowings under our Credit Facility, executed farmout agreements, and the issuance of equity securities. In the future, we may restrict distributions to fund acquisitions and participation in our working interests but eventually we may need capital in excess of the amounts we retain in our business or borrow under our Credit Facility. We cannot assure you that we will be able to access external capital on terms favorable to us or at all. If we are unable to fund our capital requirements, we may be unable to complete acquisitions, take advantage of business opportunities, or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operation and cash distributions to unitholders. Most of our operators are also dependent on the availability of external debt and equity financing sources to maintain their drilling programs. If those financing sources are not available to the operators on favorable terms or at all, then we expect the development of our properties to be adversely affected. If the development of our properties is adversely affected, then revenues from our mineral and royalty interests and non-operated working interests may decline. 26 Unless we replace the oil and natural gas produced from our properties, our cash generated from operations and our ability to make distributions to our common unitholders could be adversely affected. Producing oil and natural gas wells are characterized by declining production rates that vary depending upon reservoir characteristics and other factors. Our future oil and natural gas reserves and our operators’ production thereof and our cash generated from operations and ability to make distributions are highly dependent on the successful development and exploitation of our reserves. The production decline rates of our properties may be significantly higher than estimated if the wells on our properties do not produce as expected. We may also not be able to find, acquire, or develop additional reserves to replace the current and future production of our properties at economically acceptable terms, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash distributions to our common unitholders. We either have little or no control over the timing of future drilling with respect to our mineral and royalty interests and non-operated working interests. Our proved undeveloped reserves may not be developed or produced. Recovery of proved undeveloped reserves requires significant capital expenditures and successful drilling operations, and the decision to pursue development of a proved undeveloped drilling location will be made by the operator and not by us. The reserve data included in the reserve report of our engineer assume that substantial capital expenditures are required to develop the reserves. We cannot be certain that the estimated costs of the development of these reserves are accurate, that development will occur as scheduled, or that the results of the development will be as estimated. Delays in the development of our reserves, increases in costs to drill and develop our reserves, or decreases in commodity prices will reduce the future net revenues of our estimated proved undeveloped reserves and may result in some projects becoming uneconomical. In addition, delays in the development of reserves could force us to reclassify certain of our undeveloped reserves as unproved reserves. Project areas on our properties, which are in various stages of development, may not yield oil or natural gas in commercially viable quantities. Project areas on our properties are in various stages of development, ranging from project areas with current drilling or production activity to project areas that have limited drilling or production history. If the wells in the process of being completed do not produce sufficient revenues or if dry holes are drilled, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash distributions to unitholders may be adversely affected. Our operators’ identified potential drilling locations are susceptible to uncertainties that could materially alter the occurrence or timing of their drilling. The ability of our operators to drill and develop identified potential drilling locations depends on a number of uncertainties, including the availability of capital, construction of infrastructure, inclement weather, regulatory changes and approvals, oil and natural gas prices, costs, drilling results, and the availability of water. Further, our operators’ identified potential drilling locations are in various stages of evaluation, ranging from locations that are ready to drill to locations that will require substantial additional interpretation. The use of technologies and the study of producing fields in the same area will not enable our operators to know conclusively prior to drilling whether oil or natural gas will be present or, if present, whether oil or natural gas will be present in sufficient quantities to be economically viable. Even if sufficient amounts of oil or natural gas exist, our operators may damage the potentially productive hydrocarbon-bearing formation or experience mechanical difficulties while drilling or completing the well, possibly resulting in a reduction in production from the well or abandonment of the well. If our operators drill additional wells that they identify as dry holes in current and future drilling locations, their drilling success rate may decline and materially harm their business as well as ours. We cannot assure you that the analogies our operators draw from available data from the wells on our acreage, more fully explored locations, or producing fields will be applicable to their drilling locations. Further, initial production rates reported by our or other operators in the areas in which our reserves are located may not be indicative of future or long-term production rates. Because of these uncertainties, we do not know if the potential drilling locations our operators have identified will ever be drilled or if our operators will be able to produce oil or natural gas from these or any other potential drilling locations. As such, the actual drilling activities of our operators may materially differ from those presently identified, which could adversely affect our business, results of operation, and cash distributions to unitholders. 27 The unavailability, high cost, or shortages of rigs, equipment, raw materials, supplies, or personnel may restrict or result in increased costs for operators related to developing and operating our properties. The oil and natural gas industry is cyclical, which can result in shortages of drilling rigs, equipment, raw materials, supplies, and personnel. When shortages occur, the costs and delivery times of rigs, equipment, and supplies increase and demand for, and wage rates of, qualified drilling rig crews also rise with increases in demand. In accordance with customary industry practice, our operators rely on independent third-party service providers to provide many of the services and equipment necessary to drill new wells. If our operators are unable to secure a sufficient number of drilling rigs at reasonable costs, our financial condition and results of operations could suffer. Shortages of drilling rigs, equipment, raw materials, supplies, personnel, trucking services, tubulars, fracking and completion services, and production equipment could delay or restrict our operators’ exploration and development operations, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash distributions to unitholders. The marketability of oil and natural gas production is dependent upon transportation, pipelines, and refining facilities, which neither we nor many of our operators control. Any limitation in the availability of those facilities could interfere with our or our operators’ ability to market our or our operators’ production and could harm our business. The marketability of our or our operators’ production depends in part on the availability, proximity, and capacity of pipelines, tanker trucks, and other transportation methods, and processing and refining facilities owned by third parties. The amount of oil that can be produced and sold is subject to curtailment in certain circumstances, such as pipeline interruptions due to scheduled and unscheduled maintenance, excessive pressure, physical damage, or lack of available capacity on these systems, tanker truck availability, and extreme weather conditions. Also, the shipment of our or our operators’ oil and natural gas on third-party pipelines may be curtailed or delayed if it does not meet the quality specifications of the pipeline owners. The curtailments arising from these and similar circumstances may last from a few days to several months. In many cases, we or our operators are provided only with limited, if any, notice as to when these circumstances will arise and their duration. Any significant curtailment in gathering system or transportation, processing, or refining-facility capacity could reduce our or our operators’ ability to market oil production and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash distributions to unitholders. Our or our operators’ access to transportation options and the prices we or our operators receive can also be affected by federal and state regulation—including regulation of oil production, transportation, and pipeline safety—as well by general economic conditions and changes in supply and demand. In addition, the third parties on whom we or our operators rely for transportation services are subject to complex federal, state, tribal, and local laws that could adversely affect the cost, manner, or feasibility of conducting our business. Our estimated reserves are based on many assumptions that may turn out to be inaccurate. Any material inaccuracies in these reserve estimates or underlying assumptions will materially affect the quantities and present value of our reserves. Oil and natural gas reserve engineering is not an exact science and requires subjective estimates of underground accumulations of oil and natural gas and assumptions concerning future oil and natural gas prices, production levels, ultimate recoveries, and operating and development costs. As a result, estimated quantities of proved reserves, projections of future production rates, and the timing of development expenditures may be incorrect. Our estimates of proved reserves and related valuations as of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 were prepared by NSAI, a third-party petroleum engineering firm, which conducted a detailed review of our properties for the period covered by its reserve report using information provided by us. Over time, we may make material changes to reserve estimates taking into account the results of actual drilling, testing, and production. Also, certain assumptions regarding future oil and natural gas prices, production levels, and operating and development costs may prove incorrect. Any significant variance from these assumptions to actual figures could greatly affect our estimates of reserves and future cash generated from operations. Numerous changes over time to the assumptions on which our reserve estimates are based, as described above, often result in the actual quantities of oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered being different from our reserve estimates. The estimates of reserves as of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 were prepared using an average price equal to the unweighted arithmetic average of hydrocarbon prices received on a field-by-field basis on the first day of each month within the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, in accordance with the SEC guidelines applicable to reserve estimates for those periods. Reserve estimates do not include any value for probable or possible reserves that may exist, nor do they include any value for unproved undeveloped acreage. 28 Conservation measures, technological advances, and general concern about the environmental impact of the production and use of fossil fuels could materially reduce demand for oil and natural gas and adversely affect our results of operations and the trading market for our common units. Fuel conservation measures, alternative fuel requirements, increasing consumer demand for alternatives to oil and natural gas, technological advances in fuel economy, and energy-generation devices could reduce demand for oil and natural gas. The impact of the changing demand for oil and natural gas services and products may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash distributions to unitholders. It is also possible that the concerns about the production and use of fossil fuels will reduce the number of investors willing to own our common units, adversely affecting the market price of our common units. We rely on a few key individuals whose absence or loss could adversely affect our business. Many key responsibilities within our business have been assigned to a small number of individuals. The loss of their services could adversely affect our business. In particular, the loss of the services of one or more members of our executive team could disrupt our business. On February 24, 2020, Holbrook F. Dorn, Senior Vice President, Business Development, and Brock Morris, Senior Vice President, Engineering and Geology, departed from their positions, and we implemented a broad workforce reduction. If we are unable to manage an orderly transition, our business may be adversely affected. Further, we do not maintain “key person” life insurance policies on any of our executive team or other key personnel. As a result, we are not insured against any losses resulting from the death of these key individuals. The results of exploratory drilling in shale plays will be subject to risks associated with drilling and completion techniques and drilling results may not meet our expectations for reserves or production. Our operators use the latest drilling and completion techniques in their operations, and these techniques come with inherent risks. When drilling horizontal wells, operators risk not landing the well bore in the desired drilling zone and straying from the desired drilling zone. When drilling horizontally through a formation, operators risk being unable to run casing through the entire length of the well bore and being unable to run tools and other equipment consistently through the horizontal well bore. Risks that our operators face while completing wells include being unable to fracture stimulate the planned number of stages, to run tools the entire length of the well bore during completion operations, and to clean out the well bore after completion of the final fracture stimulation stage. In addition, to the extent our operators engage in horizontal drilling, those activities may adversely affect their ability to successfully drill in identified vertical drilling locations. Furthermore, certain of the new techniques that our operators may adopt, such as infill drilling and multi-well pad drilling, may cause irregularities or interruptions in production due to, in the case of infill drilling, offset wells being shut in and, in the case of multi-well pad drilling, the time required to drill and complete multiple wells before these wells begin producing. The results of drilling in new or emerging formations are more uncertain initially than drilling results in areas that are more developed and have a longer history of established production. Newer or emerging formations and areas often have limited or no production history and consequently our operators will be less able to predict future drilling results in these areas. Ultimately, the success of these drilling and completion techniques can only be evaluated over time as more wells are drilled and production profiles are established over a sufficiently long time period. If our operators’ drilling results are weaker than anticipated or they are unable to execute their drilling program on our properties, our operating and financial results in these areas may be lower than we anticipate. Further, as a result of any of these developments we could incur material write-downs of our oil and natural gas properties and the value of our undeveloped acreage could decline, and our results of operations and cash distributions to unitholders could be adversely affected. Oil and natural gas operations are subject to various governmental laws and regulations. Compliance with these laws and regulations can be burdensome and expensive, and failure to comply could result in significant liabilities, which could reduce cash distributions to our unitholders. Operations on the properties in which we hold interests are subject to various federal, state, and local governmental regulations that may be changed from time to time in response to economic and political conditions. Matters subject to regulation include drilling operations, production and distribution activities, discharges or releases of pollutants or wastes, plugging and abandonment of wells, maintenance and decommissioning of other facilities, the spacing of wells, unitization and pooling of properties, and taxation. From time to time, regulatory agencies have imposed price controls and limitations on production by restricting the rate of flow of oil and natural gas wells below actual production capacity to conserve supplies of oil and natural gas. In addition, the production, handling, storage and transportation of oil and natural gas, as well as the remediation, emission, and disposal of oil and natural gas wastes, by- products thereof, and other substances and materials 29 produced or used in connection with oil and natural gas operations are subject to regulation under federal, state, and local laws and regulations primarily relating to protection of worker health and safety, natural resources, and the environment. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in the assessment of sanctions, including administrative, civil, or criminal penalties, permit revocations, requirements for additional pollution controls, and injunctions limiting or prohibiting some or all of the operations on our properties. Moreover, these laws and regulations have generally imposed increasingly strict requirements related to water use and disposal, air pollution control, and waste management. Laws and regulations governing exploration and production may also affect production levels. Our operators must comply with federal and state laws and regulations governing conservation matters, including: • provisions related to the unitization or pooling of the oil and natural gas properties; • the establishment of maximum rates of production from wells; • the spacing of wells; • the plugging and abandonment of wells; and • the removal of related production equipment. Additionally, federal and state regulatory authorities may expand or alter applicable pipeline-safety laws and regulations, compliance with which may require increased capital costs for third-party oil and natural gas transporters. These transporters may attempt to pass on such costs to our operators, which in turn could affect profitability on the properties in which we own mineral and royalty interests. Our operators must also comply with laws and regulations prohibiting fraud and market manipulations in energy markets. To the extent the operators of our properties are shippers on interstate pipelines, they must comply with the tariffs of those pipelines and with federal policies related to the use of interstate capacity. Our operators may be required to make significant expenditures to comply with the governmental laws and regulations described above. We believe the trend of more expansive and stricter environmental legislation and regulations will continue. Please read Part I, Items 1 and 2. “Business and Properties — Environmental Matters” for a description of the laws and regulations that affect our operators and that may affect us. These and other potential regulations could increase the operating costs of our operators and delay production, which could reduce the amount of cash distributions to our unitholders. Louisiana mineral servitudes are subject to reversion to the surface owner after ten years’ nonuse. We own mineral servitudes covering several hundred thousand acres in Louisiana. A mineral servitude is created in Louisiana when the mineral rights are separated from the ownership of the surface, whether by sale or reservation. These mineral servitudes, once created, are subject to a ten-year prescription of nonuse. During the ten-year period, the mineral-servitude owner has to conduct good-faith operations on the servitude for the discovery and production of minerals, or the mineral servitude “prescribes,” and the mineral rights associated with that servitude revert to the surface owner. A good-faith operation for the discovery and production of minerals, even one resulting in a dry hole, conducted within the ten-year period will interrupt the prescription of nonuse and restart the running of the ten-year prescriptive period. If the operation results in production, prescription is interrupted as long as the production continues or operations are conducted in good faith to secure or restore production. If any of our mineral servitudes are prescribed by operation of Louisiana law, our operating results may be adversely affected. Federal and state legislative and regulatory initiatives relating to hydraulic fracturing could result in increased costs, additional operating restrictions or delays, and fewer potential drilling locations. Our operators engage in hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing is a common practice that is used to stimulate production of hydrocarbons from tight formations, including shales. The process involves the injection of water, sand, and chemicals under pressure into formations to fracture the surrounding rock and stimulate production. The federal SDWA regulates the underground injection of substances through the Underground Injection Control (“UIC”) program. Hydraulic fracturing is generally exempt from regulation under the UIC program, and the hydraulic-fracturing process is typically regulated by state oil and natural gas commissions. The EPA, however, issued effluent limitation guidelines in June 2016 to prohibit the discharge of wastewater from hydraulic fracturing operations to publicly owned wastewater treatment plants. Additionally, in December 2016, the EPA released its final report on the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources. The final report concluded that “water cycle” activities associated with hydraulic fracturing may impact drinking water resources under certain limited circumstances. The EPA has not proposed to take any action in response 30 to the report’s findings. Several states where we own interests in oil and natural gas producing properties, including Colorado, North Dakota, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas, have adopted regulations that could restrict or prohibit hydraulic fracturing in certain circumstances or require the disclosure of the composition of hydraulic- fracturing fluids. For example, in Texas, the RRC published a final rule in October 2014 governing permitting or re-permitting of disposal wells that require, among other things, the submission of information on seismic events occurring within a specified radius of the disposal well location, as well as logs, geologic cross sections, and structure maps relating to the disposal area in question. If the permittee or an applicant of a disposal well permit fails to demonstrate that the injected fluids are confined to the disposal zone or if scientific data indicates such a disposal well is likely to be or determined to be contributing to seismic activity, then the RRC may deny, modify, suspend, or terminate the permit application or existing operating permit for that well. Similarly, Oklahoma has imposed strict limits on the operation of disposal wells in areas with increased instances of induced seismic events. These existing or any new legal requirements establishing seismic permitting requirements or similar restrictions on the construction or operation of disposal wells for the injection of produced water likely will result in added costs to comply and affect our operators’ rate of production, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position. In addition to state laws, local land use restrictions, such as city ordinances, may restrict or prohibit the performance of well drilling in general or hydraulic fracturing in particular. For example, in April 2019, Colorado adopted legislation that requires the COGCC to prioritize public health and environmental concerns in its decisions and delegates considerable new authority to local governments to regulate surface impacts. Some local communities have adopted additional restrictions for oil and gas activities, such as requiring greater setbacks, and other groups have sought a cessation of permit issuances entirely until the COGCC publishes new rules in keeping with the legislation. Additionally, activist groups have submitted new ballot proposals for the 2020 election year, including proposals for increased drilling setbacks and increased bonding requirements. We cannot predict what additional state or local requirements may be imposed in the future on oil and gas operations in the states in which we own interests. In the event state, local, or municipal legal restrictions are adopted in areas where our operators conduct operations, our operators may incur substantial costs to comply with these requirements, which may be significant in nature, experience delays, or curtailment in the pursuit of exploration, development, or production activities and perhaps even be precluded from the drilling of wells. There has been increasing public controversy regarding hydraulic fracturing with regard to increased risks of induced seismicity, the use of fracturing fluids, impacts on drinking water supplies, use of water, and the potential for impacts to surface water, groundwater, and the environment generally. A number of lawsuits and enforcement actions have been initiated across the country implicating hydraulic-fracturing practices. If new laws or regulations are adopted that significantly restrict hydraulic fracturing, those laws could make it more difficult or costly for our operators to perform fracturing to stimulate production from tight formations. In addition, if hydraulic fracturing is further regulated at the federal or state level, fracturing activities on our properties could become subject to additional permitting and financial assurance requirements, more stringent construction specifications, increased monitoring, reporting and recordkeeping obligations, plugging and abandonment requirements, and also to attendant permitting delays and potential increases in costs. Legislative changes could cause operators to incur substantial compliance costs. At this time, it is not possible to estimate the impact on our business of newly enacted or potential federal or state legislation governing hydraulic fracturing. Our Credit Facility has substantial restrictions and financial covenants that may restrict our business and financing activities and our ability to pay distributions. Our Credit Facility limits the amounts we can borrow to a borrowing base amount, as determined by the lenders at their sole discretion based on their valuation of our proved reserves and their internal criteria. The borrowing base is redetermined at least semi-annually, and the available borrowing amount could be decreased as a result of such redeterminations. Decreases in the available borrowing amount could result from declines in oil and natural gas prices, operating difficulties or increased costs, decreases in reserves, lending requirements, or regulations or certain other circumstances. As of December 31, 2019, we had outstanding borrowings of $394.0 million and the aggregate maximum credit amounts of the lenders were $1.0 billion. Our borrowing base determined by the lenders under our Credit Facility in October 2019 is $650.0 million and the next semi-annual redetermination is scheduled for April 2020. A future decrease in our borrowing base could be substantial and could be to a level below our then-outstanding borrowings. Outstanding borrowings in excess of the borrowing base are required to be repaid in five equal monthly payments, or we are required to pledge other oil and natural gas properties as additional collateral, within 30 days following notice from the administrative agent of the new or adjusted borrowing base. If we do not have sufficient funds on hand for repayment, we may be required to seek a waiver or amendment from our lenders, refinance our Credit Facility, or sell assets, debt, or equity. We may not be able to obtain such financing or complete such transactions on terms acceptable to us or at all. Failure to make the required repayment could result in a default under our Credit Facility, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and distributions to our unitholders. 31 The operating and financial restrictions and covenants in our Credit Facility restrict, and any future financing agreements likely will restrict, our ability to finance future operations or capital needs, engage in, expand, or pursue our business activities, or pay distributions. Our Credit Facility restricts, and any future Credit Facility likely will restrict, our ability to: • incur indebtedness; • grant liens; • make certain acquisitions and investments; • enter into hedging arrangements; • enter into transactions with our affiliates; • make distributions to our unitholders; or • enter into a merger, consolidation, or sale of assets. Our Credit Facility restricts our ability to make distributions to unitholders or to repurchase units unless after giving effect to such distribution or repurchase, there is no event of default under our Credit Facility and our outstanding borrowings are not in excess of our borrowing base. While we currently are not restricted by our Credit Facility from declaring a distribution, we may be restricted from paying a distribution in the future. We also are required to comply with certain financial covenants and ratios under the Credit Facility. Our ability to comply with these restrictions and covenants in the future is uncertain and will be affected by the levels of cash flow from our operations and events or circumstances beyond our control, such as reduced oil and natural gas prices. If we violate any of the restrictions, covenants, ratios, or tests in our Credit Facility, a significant portion of our indebtedness may become immediately due and payable, our ability to make distributions will be inhibited, and our lenders’ commitment to make further loans to us may terminate. We might not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient funds to make these accelerated payments. In addition, our obligations under our Credit Facility are secured by substantially all of our assets, and if we are unable to repay our indebtedness under our Credit Facility, the lenders can seek to foreclose on our assets. On July 27, 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit LIBOR rates after 2021. Our Credit Facility includes provisions to determine a replacement rate for LIBOR if necessary during its term, which require that we and our lenders agree upon a replacement rate based on the then-prevailing market convention for similar agreements. We currently do not expect the transition from LIBOR to have a material impact on us. However, if clear market standards and replacement methodologies have not developed as of the time LIBOR becomes unavailable, we may have difficulty reaching agreement on acceptable replacement rates under our Credit Facility. In the event that we do not reach agreement on an acceptable replacement rate for LIBOR, outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility would revert to a floating rate equal to the alternative base rate (which, as of the time that LIBOR becomes unavailable, is equal to the greater of the Prime Rate and the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50%) plus the applicable margin for the alternative base rate which ranges between 0.75% and 1.75%. If we are unable to negotiate replacement rates on favorable terms, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash distributions to unitholders. Please read “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Credit Facility” for a description of the interest rate on outstanding borrowings under our Credit Facility. A series of risks arising out of the threat of climate change could result in increased operating costs, limit the areas in which oil and natural gas production may occur, and reduce demand for the products that our operators produce. The threat of climate change continues to attract considerable attention in the United States and in foreign countries, numerous proposals have been made and could continue to be made at the international, national, regional, and state levels of government to monitor and limit existing emissions of GHGs as well as to restrict or eliminate such future emissions. As a result, our operations as well as the operations of our operators are subject to a series of regulatory, political, litigation, and financial risks associated with the production and processing of fossil fuels and emission of GHGs. In the United States, no comprehensive climate change legislation has been implemented at the federal level. However, following the U.S. Supreme Court finding that GHG emissions constitute a pollutant under the CAA, the EPA has adopted regulations that, among other things, establish construction and operating permit reviews for GHG emissions from certain large stationary sources, require the monitoring and annual reporting of GHG emissions from certain petroleum and natural gas system sources in the United States, and implement New Source Performance Standards directing the reduction of methane from certain facilities in the oil and natural gas sector. Following the change in administration, there have been attempts to modify these regulations, and litigation is ongoing. 32 Additionally, various states and groups of states have adopted or are considering adopting legislation, regulations or other regulatory initiatives that are focused on such areas GHG cap and trade programs, carbon taxes, reporting and tracking programs, and restriction of emissions. At the international level, there is an agreement, the United Nations-sponsored "Paris Agreement," for nations to limit their GHG emissions through non-binding, individually determined reduction goals every five years after 2020, although the United States has announced its withdrawal from such agreement, effective November 4, 2020. Governmental, scientific, and public concern over the threat of climate change arising from GHG emissions has resulted in increasing political risks in the United States, including climate-change-related pledges made by some candidates seeking the office of the President of the United States in 2020. These declarations have included plans to ban hydraulic fracturing, which would adversely affect production on our properties. Litigation risks are also increasing as a number of cities and other local governments have sought to bring suit against the largest oil and natural gas exploration and production companies in state or federal court, alleging among other things, that such companies created public nuisances by producing fuels that contributed to global warming effects, such as rising sea levels, and therefore are responsible for roadway and infrastructure damages as a result. There are also increasing financial risks for fossil fuel producers as shareholders currently invested in fossil-fuel energy companies may elect in the future to shift some or all of their investments into non-energy related sectors. Institutional lenders who provide financing to fossil-fuel energy companies also have become more attentive to sustainable lending practices and some of them may elect not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies. Limitation of investments in and financing for fossil fuel energy companies could result in the restriction, delay or cancellation of drilling programs or development or production activities. The adoption and implementation of new or more stringent international, federal or state legislation, regulations or other regulatory initiatives that impose more stringent standards for GHG emissions from the oil and natural gas sector or otherwise restrict the areas in which this sector may produce oil and natural gas or generate the GHG emissions could result in increased costs of compliance or costs of consuming, and thereby reduce demand for oil and natural gas, which could reduce the profitability of our interests. Additionally, political, litigation and financial risks may result in our oil and natural gas operators restricting or cancelling production activities, incurring liability for infrastructure damages as a result of climatic changes, or impairing their ability to continue to operate in an economic manner, which also could reduce the profitability of our interests. One or more of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation. Finally, it should be noted that many scientists have concluded that increasing concentrations of GHGs in the Earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, floods, droughts, and other extreme climatic events; if any of these effects were to occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our properties and operations. Operating hazards and uninsured risks may result in substantial losses to us or our operators, and any losses could adversely affect our results of operations and cash distributions to unitholders. We may be secondarily liable for damage to the environment caused by our operators. The operations of our operators will be subject to all of the hazards and operating risks associated with drilling for and production of oil and natural gas, including the risk of fire, explosions, blowouts, surface cratering, uncontrollable flows of natural gas, oil and formation water, pipe or pipeline failures, abnormally pressured formations, casing collapses, and environmental hazards such as oil spills, natural gas leaks and ruptures, or discharges of toxic gases. In addition, their operations will be subject to risks associated with hydraulic fracturing, including any mishandling, surface spillage, or potential underground migration of fracturing fluids, including chemical additives. The occurrence of any of these events could result in substantial losses to our operators due to injury or loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property, natural resources and equipment, pollution or other environmental damage, clean-up responsibilities, regulatory investigations and penalties, suspension of operations, and repairs required to resume operations. In accordance with what we believe to be customary industry practice, we maintain insurance against some, but not all, of our business risks. Our insurance may not be adequate to cover any losses or liabilities we may suffer. Also, insurance may no longer be available to us or, if it is, its availability may be at premium levels that do not justify its purchase. The occurrence of a significant uninsured claim, a claim in excess of the insurance coverage limits maintained by us or a claim at a time when we are not able to obtain liability insurance could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct normal business operations and on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash distributions to unitholders. In addition, we may not be able to secure additional insurance or bonding that might be required by new governmental regulations. This may cause us to restrict our operations, which might severely impact our financial position. We may also be liable for environmental damage caused by previous owners of properties purchased by us, which liabilities may not be covered by insurance. 33 We may not have coverage if we are unaware of a sudden and accidental pollution event and unable to report the “occurrence” to our insurance providers within the time frame required under our insurance policy. We do not have, and do not intend to obtain, coverage for gradual, long-term pollution events. In addition, these policies do not provide coverage for all liabilities, and we cannot assure our unitholders that the insurance coverage will be adequate to cover claims that may arise or that we will be able to maintain adequate insurance at rates we consider reasonable. A loss not fully covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash distributions to unitholders. Title to the properties in which we have an interest may be impaired by title defects. No assurance can be given that we will not suffer a monetary loss from title defects or title failure. Additionally, undeveloped acreage has greater risk of title defects than developed acreage. If there are any title defects or defects in assignment of leasehold rights in properties in which we hold an interest, we will suffer a financial loss. Various security risks, including cybersecurity threats, data breaches, and other disruptions, could significantly affect us. Various security risks, including cyber attacks on businesses, have escalated in recent years. As one of the largest owners and managers of oil and natural gas mineral interests in the United States, we rely on electronic systems and networks to control and manage our business and have multiple layers of security to monitor, mitigate and manage these risks. However, these systems and networks, as well as our operators’ systems and networks and third-party infrastructure and operations, such as pipelines and transportation facilities, may be subject to sophisticated and deliberate security attacks and security breaches, which could lead to the corruption or loss of sensitive and valuable data, delays in production or delivery, difficulty in completing and settling transactions, challenges in maintaining our books and records, environmental damage, communication interruptions, material adverse effects on our reputation or financial position and other operational disruptions and third-party liabilities, including the cost of remedial actions. Cyber attacks and data breaches in particular are becoming more sophisticated and include, but are not limited to, malicious software, ransomware, attempts to gain unauthorized access to data, employee and third-party errors, and other electronic security breaches. If we or our operators were to experience an attack or a breach and security measures failed, the potential consequences to our businesses and the communities in which we operate could be significant. In addition, our efforts to monitor, mitigate and manage these evolving risks may result in increased capital and operating costs, but there can be no assurance that such efforts will be sufficient to prevent attacks or breaches from occurring. Risks Inherent in an Investment in Us We expect to distribute a substantial majority of the cash we generate from operations each quarter, which could limit our ability to grow and make acquisitions. We expect to distribute a substantial majority of the cash we generate from operations each quarter. As a result, we will have limited cash generated from operations to reinvest in our business or to fund acquisitions, and we will rely primarily upon external financing sources, including commercial bank borrowings and the issuance of debt and equity securities, to fund our acquisitions and growth capital expenditures. If we are unable to finance growth externally, our distribution policy will significantly impair our ability to grow. If we issue additional units in connection with any acquisitions or growth capital expenditures, the payment of distributions on those additional units may increase the risk that we will be unable to maintain or increase our per unit distribution level. Other than limitations restricting our ability to issue units ranking senior or on parity with our Series B cumulative convertible preferred units, there are no limitations in our partnership agreement on our ability to issue additional units, including units ranking senior to the common units with respect to distributions. The incurrence of additional commercial borrowings or other debt to finance our growth would result in increased interest expense and required principal repayments, which, in turn, may reduce the cash that we have available to distribute to our unitholders. Please read Part II, Item 5. “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Unitholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities — Cash Distribution Policy.” The Board may modify or revoke our cash distribution policy at any time at its discretion. Our partnership agreement does not require us to pay any distributions at all on our common units. If we make distributions, our Series B cumulative convertible unitholders have priority with respect to rights to share in those distributions over our common unitholders for so long as our Series B cumulative convertible preferred units are outstanding. Our partnership agreement generally provides that any distributions are paid each quarter as follows: (i) first, to the holders of Series B cumulative convertible preferred units equal to 7% per annum, subject to certain adjustments, and (ii) second, to the holders of common units. However, the Board could elect not to pay distributions for one or more quarters or at all. Please read 34 Part II, Item 5. “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Unitholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities — Cash Distribution Policy.” Our partnership agreement does not require us to pay any distributions at all on our common units. Accordingly, investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the permanence of any distribution policy in making an investment decision. Any modification or revocation of our cash distribution policy could substantially reduce or eliminate the amounts of distributions to our unitholders. The amount of distributions we make, if any, and the decision to make any distribution at all will be determined by the Board. If we make distributions, our Series B cumulative convertible preferred unitholders have priority with respect to rights to share in those distributions over our common unitholders for so long as our Series B cumulative convertible preferred units are outstanding. Please read Part II, Item 5. “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Unitholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities — Cash Distribution Policy — Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Units.” Our partnership agreement eliminates the fiduciary duties that might otherwise be owed to the partnership and its partners by our general partner and its directors and executive officers under Delaware law. Our partnership agreement contains provisions that eliminate the fiduciary duties that might otherwise be owed by our general partner and its directors and executive officers. For example, our partnership agreement provides that our general partner and its directors and executive officers have no duties to the partnership or its partners except as expressly set forth in the partnership agreement. In place of default fiduciary duties, our partnership agreement imposes a contractual standard requiring our general partner and its directors and executive officers to act in good faith, meaning they cannot cause the general partner to take an action that they subjectively believe is adverse to our interests. Such contractual standards allow our general partner and its directors and executive officers to manage and operate our business with greater flexibility and to subject the actions and determinations of our general partner and its directors and executive officers to lesser legal or judicial scrutiny than would be the case if state law fiduciary standards were applicable. Our partnership agreement restricts the situations in which remedies may be available to our unitholders for actions taken that might constitute breaches of duty under applicable Delaware law and breaches of the contractual obligations in our partnership agreement. Our partnership agreement restricts the potential liability of our general partner and its directors and executive officers to our unitholders. For example, our partnership agreement provides that our general partner and its directors and executive officers will not be liable for monetary damages to us or our limited partners for any acts or omissions unless there has been a final and non-appealable judgment entered by a court of competent jurisdiction determining that the general partner or those other persons acted in bad faith or engaged in willful misconduct or fraud or, with respect to any criminal conduct, with the knowledge that its conduct was unlawful. Unitholders are bound by the provisions of our partnership agreement, including the provisions described above. Our partnership agreement restricts the voting rights of unitholders owning 15% or more of our units, subject to certain exceptions. Our partnership agreement restricts unitholders’ voting rights by providing that any units held by a person or group that owns 15% or more of any class of units then outstanding, other than the limited partners in BSMC prior to the IPO, their transferees, persons who acquired such units with the prior approval of the Board, holders of Series B cumulative convertible preferred units in connection with any vote, consent or approval of the Series B cumulative convertible preferred units as a separate class, and persons who own 15% or more of any class as a result of any redemption or purchase of any other person's units or similar action by us or any conversion of the Series B cumulative convertible preferred units at our option or in connection with a change of control may not vote on any matter. Actions taken by our general partner may affect the amount of cash generated from operations that is available for distribution to unitholders. The amount of cash generated from operations available for distribution to unitholders is affected by decisions of our general partner regarding such matters as: • amount and timing of asset purchases and sales; • cash expenditures; • borrowings and repayment of current and future indebtedness; 35 • issuance of additional units; and • the creation, reduction, or increase of reserves in any quarter. In addition, borrowings by us do not constitute a breach of any duty owed by our general partner to our unitholders. Unitholders may have liability to repay distributions. Under certain circumstances, unitholders may have to repay amounts wrongfully returned or distributed to them. Under Section 17-607 of the Delaware Act, we may not make a distribution to our unitholders if the distribution would cause our liabilities to exceed the fair value of our assets. Delaware law provides that for a period of three years from the date of the impermissible distribution, limited partners who received the distribution and who knew at the time of the distribution that it violated Delaware law will be liable to the limited partnership for the distribution amount. Liabilities to partners on account of their partnership interests and liabilities that are non-recourse to the partnership are not counted for purposes of determining whether a distribution is permitted. Increases in interest rates may cause the market price of our common units to decline. An increase in interest rates may cause a corresponding decline in demand for equity investments in general, and in particular, for yield-based equity investments such as our common units. Any such increase in interest rates or reduction in demand for our common units resulting from other investment opportunities may cause the trading price of our common units to decline. We may issue additional common units and other equity interests without common unitholder approval, which would dilute holders of common units. However, subject to certain exceptions, our partnership agreement does not authorize us to issue units ranking senior to or at parity with our Series B cumulative convertible preferred units without Series B cumulative convertible preferred unitholder approval. Under our partnership agreement, we are authorized to issue an unlimited number of additional interests, including common units, without a vote of the unitholders other than, in certain instances, approval of holders of our Series B cumulative convertible preferred units. Our issuance of additional common units or other equity interests of equal or senior rank will have the following effects: • the proportionate ownership interest of common unitholders in us immediately prior to the issuance will decrease; • the amount of cash distributions on each common unit may decrease; • the ratio of our taxable income to distributions may increase; • the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding common unit may be diminished; and • the market price of the common units may decline. However, subject to certain exceptions, our partnership agreement does not authorize us to issue securities having preferences or rights with priority over or on a parity with the Series B cumulative convertible preferred units with respect to rights to share in distributions, redemption obligations, or redemption rights without Series B cumulative convertible preferred unitholder approval. The market price of our common units could be adversely affected by sales of substantial amounts of our common units in the public or private markets. As of December 31, 2019, we had 205,959,790 common units and 14,711,219 Series B cumulative convertible preferred units outstanding. Each holder may elect to convert all or any portion of its Series B cumulative convertible preferred units into common units on a one-for-one basis, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments, an adjustment for any distributions that have accrued but not been paid when due, and certain other restrictions. Under certain conditions, we may elect to convert all or any portion of the Series B cumulative convertible preferred units into common units. As of December 31, 2019 and through the date of this filing, we had not met all such conditions and therefore were not eligible to exercise our conversion right for the Series B cumulative convertible preferred units. Sales by holders of a substantial number of our common units in the public markets, or the perception that these sales might occur, could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common units or impair our ability to obtain capital through an offering of equity securities. 36 The price of our common units may fluctuate significantly, and unitholders could lose all or part of their investment. The market price of our common units may be influenced by many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including those described elsewhere in these risk factors. We have and will continue to incur increased costs as a result of being a publicly traded partnership. As a publicly traded partnership, we have and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not incur prior to the IPO. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules implemented by the SEC and the NYSE, require publicly traded entities to maintain various corporate governance practices that further increase our costs. Before we are able to make distributions to our unitholders, we must first pay or reserve for our expenses, including the costs of being a publicly traded partnership. As a result, the amount of cash we have available to distribute to our unitholders will be affected by the costs associated with being a publicly traded partnership. Following the IPO, we became subject to the public reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). These requirements have increased our legal and financial compliance costs. If we fail to develop or maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, current and potential unitholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our units. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports, prevent fraud, and operate successfully as a publicly traded partnership. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our reputation and operating results would be harmed. We cannot be certain that our efforts to develop and maintain our internal controls will be successful, that we will be able to maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future, or that we will be able to comply with our obligations under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. For example, Section 404 requires us, among other things, to annually review and report on, and our independent registered public accounting firm to attest to, the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. Any failure to develop or maintain effective internal controls, or difficulties encountered in implementing or improving our internal controls, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Ineffective internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our common units. The NYSE does not require a publicly traded partnership like us to comply with certain of its corporate governance requirements. Because we are a publicly traded partnership, the NYSE does not require us to have a majority of independent directors on our general partner’s board of directors or to establish a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee. In addition, because we are a publicly traded partnership, the NYSE does not require us to obtain unitholder approval prior to certain unit issuances. Accordingly, unitholders will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of certain corporations that are subject to all of the NYSE’s corporate governance requirements. Our partnership agreement includes exclusive forum, venue, and jurisdiction provisions. By purchasing a common unit, a limited partner is irrevocably consenting to these provisions regarding claims, suits, actions, or proceedings, and submitting to the exclusive jurisdiction of Delaware courts. Our partnership agreement is governed by Delaware law. Our partnership agreement includes exclusive forum, venue, and jurisdiction provisions designating Delaware courts as the exclusive venue for all claims, suits, actions, or proceedings arising out of or relating in any way to the partnership agreement, brought in a derivative manner on behalf of the partnership, asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary or other duty owed by any director, officer, or other employee of the partnership or the general partner, or owed by the general partner to the partnership or the partners, asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware Act, or asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. By purchasing a common unit, a limited partner is irrevocably consenting to these provisions regarding claims, suits, actions, or proceedings and submitting to the exclusive jurisdiction of Delaware courts. If a dispute were to arise between a limited partner and us or our officers, directors, or employees, the limited partner may be required to pursue its legal remedies in Delaware, which may be an inconvenient or distant location and which is considered to be a more corporate-friendly environment. If a unitholder is not an Eligible Holder, the common units of such unitholder may be subject to redemption. We have adopted certain requirements regarding those investors who may own our units. Eligible Holders are limited partners (a) whose, or whose owners’, U.S. federal income tax status does not have or is not reasonably likely to have a material 37 adverse effect on the rates chargeable by us to customers and (b) whose ownership could not result in our loss of ownership in any material part of our assets, as determined by our general partner with the advice of counsel. If an investor is not an Eligible Holder, in certain circumstances as set forth in our partnership agreement, units held by such investor may be redeemed by us at the then-current market price. The redemption price will be paid in cash or by delivery of a promissory note, as determined by our general partner. Tax Risks to Common Unitholders Our tax treatment depends on our status as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and not being subject to a material amount of entity- level taxation. If the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) were to treat us as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes or we were to become subject to entity-level taxation for state tax purposes, then our cash distributions to common unitholders could be substantially reduced. The anticipated after-tax economic benefit of an investment in our common units depends largely on our being treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Despite the fact that we are organized as a limited partnership under Delaware law, we will be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes unless we satisfy the “qualifying income” requirement within Section 7704(d)(1)(E) of the Internal Revenue Code. Based upon our current operations and current Treasury Regulations, we believe that we satisfy the qualifying income requirement. However, we have not requested, and do not plan to request, a ruling from the IRS on this or any other matter affecting us. Failing to meet the qualifying income requirement or a change in current law could cause us to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise subject us to taxation as an entity. If we were treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we would pay U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at the corporate tax rate. Distributions to our common unitholders would generally be taxed again as corporate distributions, and no income, gains, losses, or deductions would flow through to our common unitholders. Because an entity-level tax would be imposed upon us as a corporation, cash distributions to our common unitholders would be substantially reduced. In addition, changes in current state law may subject us to additional entity-level taxation by individual states. Because of widespread state budget deficits and other reasons, several states are evaluating ways to subject partnerships to entity-level taxation through the imposition of state income, franchise, and other forms of taxation. Imposition of any of those taxes may substantially reduce the cash distributions to our common unitholders. Therefore, treatment of us as a corporation or the assessment of a material amount of entity-level taxation would result in a material reduction in the anticipated cash generated from our operations and after-tax return to our common unitholders, likely causing a substantial reduction in the value of our common units. The tax treatment of publicly traded partnerships or an investment in our common units could be subject to potential legislative, judicial, or administrative changes and differing interpretations, possibly applied on a retroactive basis. The present U.S. federal income tax treatment of publicly traded partnerships, including us, or an investment in our common units may be modified by administrative, legislative, or judicial changes or differing interpretations at any time. From time to time, members of Congress propose and consider substantive changes to the existing U.S. federal income tax laws that would affect publicly traded partnerships, including elimination of partnership tax treatment for publicly traded partnerships. For example, the "Clean Energy for America Act," which is similar to legislation that was commonly proposed during the Obama Administration, was introduced in the Senate on May 2, 2019. If enacted, this proposal would, among other things, repeal the qualifying income exception within Section 7704(d)(1)(E) of the Internal Revenue Code upon which we rely for our treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, the Treasury Department has issued, and in the future may issue, regulations interpreting those laws that affect publicly traded partnerships. There can be no assurance that there will not be further changes to U.S. federal income tax laws or the Treasury Department's interpretation of the qualifying income rules in a manner that could impact our ability to qualify as a partnership in the future. Any modification to the U.S. federal income tax laws or interpretations thereof may be applied retroactively and could make it more difficult or impossible for us to meet the exception for certain publicly traded partnerships to be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We are unable to predict whether any of these changes or other proposals will ultimately be enacted or adopted. Any such changes could negatively impact the value of an investment in our common units. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor with respect to the status of legislative, regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on your investment in our common units. 38 Future legislation may result in the elimination of certain U.S. federal income tax deductions currently available with respect to oil and natural gas exploration and production. Additionally, future federal or state legislation may impose new or increased taxes or fees on oil and natural gas extraction. In past years, legislation has been proposed that would, if enacted into law, make significant changes to tax laws, including to certain key U.S. federal income tax provisions currently available to oil and gas companies. Such legislative changes have included, but not been limited to, (i) the repeal of the percentage depletion allowance for oil and natural gas properties; (ii) the elimination of current deductions for intangible drilling and development costs; and (iii) an extension of the amortization period for certain geological and geophysical expenditures. Congress could consider, and could include, some or all of these proposals as part of future tax reform legislation, to accompany lower U.S. federal income tax rates. Moreover, other more general features of tax reform legislation, including changes to cost recovery rules and to the deductibility of interest expense may be developed that also would change the taxation of oil and gas companies. It is unclear whether these or similar changes will be enacted and, if enacted, how soon any such changes could take effect. The passage of any legislation as a result of these proposals or any similar changes in U.S. federal income tax laws could increase costs or eliminate or postpone certain tax deductions that currently are available to us or our services providers with respect to oil and gas development. Any such changes could have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. If the IRS were to contest the U.S. federal income tax positions we take, it may adversely affect the market for our common units, and the costs of any such contest would reduce cash available for distribution to our common unitholders. We have not requested a ruling from the IRS with respect to our treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes or any other matter affecting us. The IRS may adopt positions that differ from the positions we take. It may be necessary to resort to administrative or court proceedings to sustain some or all of the positions we take. A court may not agree with some or all of the positions we take. Any contest with the IRS may materially and adversely affect the market for our common units and the price at which they trade. Moreover, the costs of any contest between us and the IRS will result in a reduction in cash available for distribution to our common unitholders and thus will be borne indirectly by our common unitholders. If the IRS makes audit adjustments to our income tax returns for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, it (and some states) may assess and collect any taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) resulting from such audit adjustment directly from us, in which case cash available for distribution to our common unitholders might be substantially reduced and our current and former common unitholders may be required to indemnify us for any taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) resulting from such audit adjustments that were paid on such common unitholders' behalf. Pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, if the IRS makes an audit adjustment to our income tax return, it (and some states) may assess and collect any taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) resulting from such audit adjustment directly from us. To the extent possible under the new rules, our general partner may elect to either pay the taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) directly to the IRS or, if we are eligible, issue a revised information statement to each common unitholder and former common unitholder with respect to an audited and adjusted return. Although our general partner may elect to have our common unitholders and former common unitholders take such audit adjustment into account and pay any resulting taxes (including applicable penalties or interest) in accordance with their interests in us during the tax year under audit, there can be no assurance that such election will be practical, permissible, or effective in all circumstances. As a result, our current common unitholders may bear some or all of the tax liability resulting from such audit adjustment, even if such common unitholders did not own common units in us during the tax year under audit. If, as a result of any such audit adjustment, we are required to make payments of taxes, penalties, and interest, cash available for distribution to our common unitholders might be substantially reduced and our current and former common unitholders may be required to indemnify us for any taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) resulting from such audit adjustment that were paid on such common unitholders' behalf. These rules are not applicable for tax years beginning on or prior to December 31, 2017. Even if you, as a common unitholder, do not receive any cash distributions from us, you will be required to pay taxes on your share of our taxable income. You will be required to pay U.S. federal income taxes and, in some cases, state and local income taxes, on your share of our taxable income, whether or not you receive cash distributions from us. For example, if we sell assets and use the proceeds to repay existing debt or fund capital expenditures, you may be allocated taxable income and gain resulting from the sale and our cash available for distribution would not increase. Similarly, taking advantage of opportunities to reduce our existing debt, 39 such as debt exchanges, debt repurchases, or modifications of our existing debt could result in “cancellation of indebtedness income” being allocated to our common unitholders as taxable income without any increase in our cash available for distribution. You may not receive cash distributions from us equal to your share of our taxable income or even equal to the actual tax due from you with respect to that income. Tax gain or loss on disposition of our common units could be more or less than expected. If you sell your common units, you will recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and your tax basis in those common units. Because distributions in excess of your allocable share of our net taxable income decrease your tax basis in your common units, the amount, if any, of prior excess distributions with respect to the common units you sell will, in effect, become taxable income to you if you sell your common units at a price greater than your tax basis in those common units, even if the price you receive is less than your original cost. In addition, because the amount realized includes a common unitholder’s share of our nonrecourse liabilities, if you sell your common units, you may incur a tax liability in excess of the amount of cash you receive from the sale. A substantial portion of the amount realized from the sale of your common units, whether or not representing gain, may be taxed as ordinary income to you due to potential recapture items, including depreciation recapture. Thus, you may recognize both ordinary income and capital loss from the sale of your common units if the amount realized on a sale of your common units is less than your adjusted basis in the common units. Net capital loss may only offset capital gains and, in the case of individuals, up to $3,000 of ordinary income per year. In the taxable period in which you sell your common units, you may recognize ordinary income from our allocations of income and gain to you occurring prior to the sale and from recapture items that generally cannot be offset by any capital loss recognized upon the sale of common units. Tax-exempt entities face unique tax issues from owning our common units that may result in adverse tax consequences to them. Investment in our common units by tax-exempt entities, such as employee benefit plans and individual retirement accounts (known as IRAs) raises issues unique to them. For example, virtually all of our income allocated to organizations that are exempt from U.S. federal income tax, including IRAs and other retirement plans, may be unrelated business taxable income and may be taxable to them. With respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, subject to the proposed aggregation rules for certain similarly situated businesses/activities issued by the Treasury Department, a tax-exempt entity with more than one unrelated trade or business (including by attribution from investment in a partnership such as ours) is required to compute the unrelated business taxable income of such tax-exempt entity separately with respect to each such trade or business (including for purposes of determining any net operating loss deduction). As a result, for years beginning after December 31, 2017, it may not be possible for tax-exempt entities to utilize losses from an investment in our partnership to offset unrelated business taxable income from another unrelated trade or business and vice versa. Tax-exempt entities should consult a tax advisor before investing in our common units. Non-U.S. common unitholders will be subject to U.S. taxes and withholding with respect to their income and gain from owning our common units. Non-U.S. common unitholders are generally taxed and subject to income tax filing requirements by the United States on income effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business (“effectively connected income”). Income allocated to our common unitholders and any gain from the sale of our common units will generally be considered to be “effectively connected” with a U.S. trade or business. As a result, distributions to a non-U.S. common unitholder will be subject to withholding at the highest applicable effective tax rate and a non-U.S. common unitholder who sells or otherwise disposes of a common unit will also be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the gain realized from the sale or disposition of that common unit. Moreover, the transferee of an interest in a partnership that is engaged in a U.S. trade or business is generally required to withhold 10% of the amount realized by the transferor unless the transferor certifies that it is not a foreign person, and we are required to deduct and withhold from the transferee amounts that should have been withheld by the transferee but were not withheld. Because the “amount realized” includes a partner’s share of the partnership’s liabilities, 10% of the amount realized could exceed the total cash purchase price for the units. However, pending the issuance of final regulations, the IRS has suspended the application of this withholding rule to transfers of publicly traded interests in publicly traded partnerships. If recently promulgated regulations are finalized as proposed, such regulations would provide, with respect to transfers of publicly traded interests in publicly traded partnerships effected through a broker, that the obligation to withhold is imposed on the transferor’s broker and that a partner’s “amount realized” does not include a partner’s share of a publicly traded partnership’s liabilities for purposes of determining the amount subject to withholding. However, it is not clear when such regulations will be finalized and if they will be finalized in their current form. 40 We treat each purchaser of common units as having the same tax benefits without regard to the common units actually purchased. The IRS may challenge this treatment, which could adversely affect the value of the common units. Because we cannot match transferors and transferees of our common units and because of other reasons, we have adopted depreciation and amortization positions that may not conform to all aspects of existing Treasury Regulations. A successful IRS challenge to those positions could adversely affect the amount of tax benefits available to you. It also could affect the timing of these tax benefits or the amount of gain from your sale of common units and could have a negative impact on the value of our common units or result in audit adjustments to your tax returns. We generally prorate our items of income, gain, loss, and deduction between transferors and transferees of our common units each month based upon the ownership of our common units on the first day of each month, instead of on the basis of the date a particular common unit is transferred. The IRS may challenge this treatment, which could change the allocation of items of income, gain, loss, and deduction among our common unitholders. We generally prorate our items of income, gain, loss, and deduction between transferors and transferees of our common units each month based upon the ownership of our common units on the first day of each month (the “Allocation Date”), instead of on the basis of the date a particular common unit is transferred. Similarly, we generally allocate certain deductions for depreciation of capital additions, gain or loss realized on a sale or other disposition of our assets and, in the discretion of the general partner, any other extraordinary item of income, gain, loss, or deduction based upon ownership on the Allocation Date. Treasury Regulations allow a similar monthly simplifying convention, but such regulations do not specifically authorize all aspects of our proration method. If the IRS were to challenge our proration method, we may be required to change the allocation of items of income, gain, loss, and deduction among our common unitholders. A common unitholder whose common units are the subject of a securities loan (e.g., a loan to a “short seller” to cover a short sale of common units) may be considered to have disposed of those common units. If so, such common unitholder would no longer be treated for tax purposes as a partner with respect to those common units during the period of the loan and could recognize gain or loss from the disposition. Because there are no specific rules governing the U.S. federal income tax consequences of loaning a partnership interest, a common unitholder whose common units are the subject of a securities loan may be considered to have disposed of the loaned common units. In that case, the common unitholder may no longer be treated for tax purposes as a partner with respect to those common units during the period of the loan to the short seller and the common unitholder may recognize gain or loss from this disposition. Moreover, during the period of the loan, any of our income, gain, loss, or deduction with respect to those common units may not be reportable by the common unitholder and any cash distributions received by the common unitholder as to those common units could be fully taxable as ordinary income. Common unitholders desiring to assure their status as partners and avoid the risk of gain recognition from a securities loan are urged to consult a tax advisor to determine whether it is advisable to modify any applicable brokerage account agreements to prohibit their brokers from borrowing their common units. You, as a common unitholder, may be subject to state and local taxes and return filing requirements in jurisdictions where you do not live as a result of investing in our common units. In addition to U.S. federal income taxes, you likely will be subject to other taxes, including state and local taxes, unincorporated business taxes and estate, inheritance, or intangible taxes that are imposed by the various jurisdictions in which we conduct business or own property now or in the future, even if you do not live in any of those jurisdictions. We own assets and conduct business in several states, many of which impose a personal income tax and also impose income taxes on corporations and other entities. You may be required to file state and local income tax returns and pay state and local income taxes in these jurisdictions. Further, you may be subject to penalties for failure to comply with those requirements. As we make acquisitions or expand our business, we may own assets or conduct business in additional states or foreign jurisdictions that impose a personal income tax. It is your responsibility to file all U.S. federal, foreign, state, and local tax returns and pay any taxes due in these jurisdictions. You should consult with your own tax advisors regarding the filing of such tax returns, the payment of such taxes and the deductibility of any taxes paid. Although we believe our common unitholders are entitled to a 20% deduction related to qualified business income, application of the deduction to royalty income is not free from doubt. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and ending on or before December 31, 2025, an individual common unitholder is entitled to a deduction equal to 20% of his or her allocable share of our "qualified business income". Although we expect most of our income to qualify for this deduction, application of these rules to income from mineral interests, such as royalty income, is not entirely clear. The IRS may challenge our treatment of royalty income as qualifying for the deduction. 41 Although our counsel has advised us that under current law our royalty income should qualify for the deduction, no assurances can be given that the IRS will not challenge our treatment of royalty income as qualifying for the deduction. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Although we may, from time to time, be involved in various legal claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of business, we do not believe that the resolution of these matters will have a material adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 42 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED UNITHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our common units are listed on the NYSE under the symbol “BSM.” As of February 19, 2020, there were 205,944,172 common units outstanding held by 488 holders of record. Because many of our common units are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of unitholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of unitholders represented by these holders of record. As of February 19, 2020, we also had outstanding 14,711,219 Series B cumulative convertible preferred units. There is no established public market in which the Series B cumulative convertible preferred units are traded. Common Unit Performance Graph The graph below compares our cumulative total unitholder return on our common units beginning on April 30, 2015, the date of pricing for our IPO, through December 31, 2019 with the S&P 500 index and the Alerian MLP index. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common units was $100.00 on April 30, 2015. Cumulative return is computed assuming reinvestment of distributions. Comparison of Cumulative Total Return Assumes Initial Investment of $100 Black Stone Minerals, L.P. S&P 500 Index Alerian MLP Index As of April 30, 2015 $ 100.00 $ 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 As of December 31, 78.22 $ 109.07 $ 110.89 $ 101.80 $ 100.00 100.00 99.47 66.99 111.37 79.25 135.69 74.08 129.74 64.88 43 90.19 170.59 69.14 The information in this Annual Report appearing under the heading “Common Unit Performance Graph” is being furnished pursuant to Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K and shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, other than as provided in Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act. Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans See the information incorporated by reference under “Part III, Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Unitholder Matters” regarding securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities None. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers The following table sets forth our purchases of our common units for each month during the three months ended December 31, 2019: Period October 1 – October 30, 20191 Purchases of Common Units Total Number of Common Units Purchased Average Price Paid Per Unit Total Number of Common Units Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs2 Maximum Dollar Value of Common Units That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs2 1,017 $ 13.19 — $ 70,819,075 1 Consists of units withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of certain restricted common units held by certain employees. 2 On November 5, 2018, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $75.0 million in common units. The repurchase program authorizes us to make repurchases on a discretionary basis as determined by management, subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements, available liquidity, and other appropriate factors. All or a portion of any repurchases may be made under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which would permit common units to be repurchased when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so under insider trading laws. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of common units and may be modified or suspended at any time and could be terminated prior to completion. Cash Distribution Policy Our partnership agreement generally provides that any distributions are paid each quarter in the following manner: • first, to the holders of the Series B cumulative convertible preferred units in an amount equal to 7% per annum, subject to certain adjustments; and • second, to the holders of common units. The amount of cash to be distributed each quarter will be determined by the Board following the end of that quarter after a review of our cash generated from operations for such quarter. We expect that we will distribute a substantial majority of the cash generated from our operations each quarter. The cash generated from operations for each quarter will generally equal our Adjusted EBITDA for the quarter, less cash needed for debt service, other contractual obligations, fixed charges, and reserves for future operating or capital needs that the Board may determine are appropriate. It is our intent, for at least the next several years, to finance most of our acquisitions and working interest capital needs with cash generated from operations, borrowings under our Credit Facility, our executed farmout agreements, and, in certain circumstances, proceeds from future equity and debt issuances. We may also borrow to make distributions to our unitholders where, for example, we believe that the distribution level is sustainable over the long term, but short-term factors may cause cash generated from operations to be insufficient to pay distributions at the then-current distribution levels on our common units. The Board can change the amount of the quarterly distributions, if any, at any time and from time to time. Our partnership agreement does not require us to pay cash distributions on a quarterly or other basis on our common units. Please read Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors — Risks Inherent in an Investment in Us — The Board may modify or revoke our cash distribution policy at any time at its discretion. Our partnership agreement does not require us to pay any distributions at all on our common units. If we make distributions, our Series B 44 cumulative convertible preferred unitholders have priority with respect to rights to share in those distributions over our common unitholders for so long as our Series B cumulative convertible preferred units are outstanding.” For a description of the relative rights and privileges of our Series B cumulative convertible preferred units to distributions, please read "Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Units" below. Replacement capital expenditures are expenditures necessary to replace our existing oil and natural gas reserves or otherwise maintain our asset base over the long term. The Board established a replacement capital expenditure estimate of $15.0 million for the period of April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017, $13.0 million for the period of April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2018, and $11.0 million for the period of April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019. Due to the expiration of the subordination period, we do not intend to establish a replacement capital expenditure estimate for periods subsequent to March 31, 2019. Limitations on Cash Distributions and Our Ability to Change Our Cash Distribution Policy There is no guarantee that we will make cash distributions to our unitholders. Our cash distribution policy may be changed at any time by the Board and is subject to certain restrictions, including the following: • Our common unitholders have no contractual or other legal right to receive cash distributions from us on a quarterly or other basis, and if distributions are paid, common unitholders will receive distributions only to the extent the distribution amount exceeds distributions that are required to be paid to our Series B cumulative convertible preferred unitholders. • Our Credit Facility restricts our distributions if there is a default under our Credit Facility or if our borrowing base is lower than the outstanding loans under our Credit Facility. Among other covenants, our Credit Facility requires we maintain a ratio of total debt to EBITDAX of 3.50:1.00 or less and a current ratio of 1.00:1.00 or greater. If we are unable to comply with these financial covenants or if we breach any other covenant under our Credit Facility or any future debt agreements, we could be prohibited from making distributions notwithstanding our stated distribution policy. • Our general partner has the authority to establish cash reserves for the prudent conduct of our business, and the establishment of, or increase in, those reserves could result in a reduction in cash distributions to our unitholders. Our partnership agreement does not limit the amount of cash reserves that our general partner may establish. Any decision to establish cash reserves made by our general partner will be binding on our unitholders. • Under Section 17-607 of the Delaware Act, we may not make a distribution if the distribution would cause our liabilities to exceed the fair value of our assets. • We may lack sufficient cash to pay distributions to our unitholders due to shortfalls in cash generated from operations attributable to a number of operational, commercial, or other factors as well as increases in our operating or general and administrative expenses, principal and interest payments on our outstanding debt, working-capital requirements, and anticipated cash needs. We expect to continue to distribute a substantial majority of our cash from operations to our unitholders on a quarterly basis, after, among other things, the establishment of cash reserves. To fund our growth, we may eventually need capital in excess of the amounts we may retain in our business or borrow under our Credit Facility. To the extent efforts to access capital externally are unsuccessful, our ability to grow could be significantly impaired. Any distributions paid on our common units with respect to a quarter will be paid within 60 days after the end of such quarter. 45 Subordinated Units The limited partners of BSM’s Predecessor acquired all of our subordinated units in connection with our IPO. The subordination period under the partnership agreement ended on the first business day after we earned and paid an aggregate amount of at least $1.35 (the annualized minimum quarterly distribution applicable for quarterly periods ending March 31, 2019 and thereafter) multiplied by the total number of outstanding common and subordinated units for a period of four consecutive, non-overlapping quarters ending on or after March 31, 2019, and there were no outstanding arrearages on our common units. This test was met upon the payment of the distribution for the first quarter of 2019. Accordingly, 96,328,836 subordinated units converted into 96,328,836 common units on May 24, 2019 and common units are no longer entitled to arrearages. Series A Redeemable Preferred Units Until March 31, 2018, the holders of our outstanding Series A redeemable preferred units had the option to elect to have us redeem, effective as of December 31, 2017, their Series A redeemable preferred units at face value, plus any accrued and unpaid distributions. All Series A redeemable preferred units not redeemed by March 31, 2018 automatically converted to common and subordinated units effective as of January 1, 2018 or as soon as practicable thereafter. Therefore, there are currently no Series A redeemable preferred units outstanding. Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Units The holders of our Series B cumulative convertible preferred units receive cumulative quarterly distributions in an amount equal to 7.0% of the face amount of the preferred units per annum (the “Distribution Rate”), provided that the Distribution Rate will be adjusted as follows: commencing on the sixth anniversary of November 28, 2017 and readjusting every two years thereafter (each, a “Readjustment Date”), the rate will equal the greater of (i) the Distribution Rate in effect immediately prior to the relevant Readjustment Date and (ii) the 10-year Treasury Rate as of such Readjustment Date plus 5.5% per annum; provided, however, that for any quarter in which quarterly distributions are accrued but unpaid, the then-Distribution Rate shall be increased by 2.0% per annum for such quarter. We cannot pay any distributions on any junior securities, including any of our common units, prior to paying the quarterly distribution payable to the preferred units, including any previously accrued and unpaid distributions. 46 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The financial information below should be read in conjunction with “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report. Total revenue Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to the general partner and common units and subordinated units Net income (loss) attributable to limited partners per common and subordinated unit (basic)1 Per common unit (basic) Per subordinated unit (basic) Net income (loss) attributable to limited partners per common and subordinated unit (diluted)1 Per common unit (diluted) Per subordinated unit (diluted) Cash distributions declared per common and subordinated unit Per common unit Per subordinated unit Total assets2 Long-term debt Total mezzanine equity At December 31, 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 (in thousands, except per unit amounts) $ 487,821 $ 609,568 $ 429,659 $ 260,833 $ 392,924 214,368 295,560 157,153 20,188 (101,305) 193,368 274,511 152,145 14,437 (108,017) $ $ $ $ 1.01 $ 0.64 1.46 $ 1.25 1.01 $ 0.56 0.26 $ (0.11) (0.56) (0.56) 1.01 $ 0.64 1.48 $ 0.74 1.45 $ 1.25 1.33 $ 1.13 1.01 $ 0.56 1.20 $ 0.79 0.26 $ (0.11) 1.10 $ 0.74 (0.56) (0.56) 0.42 0.42 1,545,208 $ 1,750,124 $ 1,576,451 $ 1,128,827 $ 1,061,436 394,000 298,361 410,000 298,361 388,000 322,422 316,000 54,015 66,000 79,162 1 See Note 13 – Earnings Per Unit in the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. 2 We recorded noncash impairments of oil and natural gas properties in the amounts of $6.8 million and $249.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We did not have impairments of oil and natural gas properties for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. 47 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto presented elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including those set forth under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.” This discussion includes a comparison of our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources for 2019 and 2018. For the discussion of changes from 2017 to 2018 and other financial information related to 2017, refer to “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on February 26, 2019. Overview We are one of the largest owners and managers of oil and natural gas mineral interests in the United States. Our principal business is maximizing the value of our existing portfolio of mineral and royalty assets through active management and expanding our asset base through acquisitions of additional mineral and royalty interests. We maximize value through marketing our mineral assets for lease, creatively structuring the terms on those leases to encourage and accelerate drilling activity, and selectively participating alongside our lessees on a working interest basis. We believe our large, diversified asset base and long-lived, non-cost-bearing mineral and royalty interests provide for stable to growing production and reserves over time, allowing the majority of generated cash flow to be distributed to unitholders. As of December 31, 2019, our mineral and royalty interests were located in 41 states in the continental United States including all of the major onshore producing basins. These non-cost-bearing interests include ownership in approximately 69,000 producing wells. We also own non-operated working interests, a significant portion of which are on our positions where we also have a mineral and royalty interest. We recognize oil and natural gas revenue from our mineral and royalty and non-operated working interests in producing wells when control of the oil and natural gas produced is transferred to the customer and collectability of the sales price is reasonably assured. Our other sources of revenue include mineral lease bonus and delay rentals, which are recognized as revenue according to the terms of the lease agreements. Recent Developments General and Administrative Expense Reductions We have taken significant steps to reduce our general and administrative expenses, including broad workforce reductions and lower Board and executive compensation levels. In light of this initiative and the constrained acquisition environment, Brock Morris, Senior Vice President, Engineering and Geology, and Holbrook Dorn, Senior Vice President, Business Development, have stepped down from their roles. We expect to incur a one-time cash charge of approximately $5 million in the first quarter of 2020 associated with severance agreements for affected employees. Acquisitions In 2019 we acquired mineral and royalty interests primarily in the Permian Basin and in East Texas for aggregate consideration of $43.1 million in cash and $0.9 million in our common units. Additional information regarding acquisitions is contained in Note 4 – Oil and Natural Gas Properties to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Shelby Trough Update As previously disclosed, drilling activity has slowed on our Shelby Trough acreage in East Texas, in part due to the current natural gas price environment. XTO Energy Inc. has informed us that it intends to postpone most of its drilling and completion activity until late 2020 or thereafter. In addition, BPX Energy (“BPX”) has significantly reduced current development in the Shelby Trough and has released over 100,000 gross acres. Much of this area has been delineated with seismic data and through BPX’s drilling to date with successful wells in both the Haynesville and Bossier shales. While a protracted slowdown of activity in the Shelby Trough would reduce production and, in turn, cash available for distribution, we currently expect to place that acreage with another operator or operators in 2020. End of the Subordination Period 48 The subordination period under the partnership agreement ended on the first business day after we earned and paid an aggregate amount of at least $1.35 (the annualized minimum quarterly distribution applicable for quarterly periods ending March 31, 2019 and thereafter) multiplied by the total number of outstanding common and subordinated units for a period of four consecutive, non-overlapping quarters ending on or after March 31, 2019, and there were no outstanding arrearages on the common units. This test was met upon the payment of the distribution for the first quarter of 2019. Accordingly, each outstanding subordinated unit converted into one common unit on May 24, 2019 and the priority right of the common unitholders ceased to exist. Common Unit Repurchase Program On November 5, 2018, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $75.0 million in common units. The repurchase program authorizes us to make repurchases on a discretionary basis as determined by management, subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements, available liquidity, and other appropriate factors. All or a portion of any repurchases may be made under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which would permit common units to be repurchased when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so under applicable laws. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of common units and may be modified or suspended at any time and could be terminated prior to completion. We will periodically report the number of common units repurchased. In 2019, we repurchased a total of 136,665 common units for an aggregate cost of $2.2 million. As of December 31, 2019, we have repurchased $4.2 million in common units under the repurchase program since inception. The repurchase program is funded from cash on hand or availability under the Credit Facility. Any repurchased units are canceled. Business Environment The information below is designed to give a broad overview of the oil and natural gas business environment as it affects us. Commodity Prices and Demand Oil and natural gas prices have been historically volatile based upon the dynamics of supply and demand. The EIA forecasts that WTI oil prices will average approximately $61.00 per Bbl in 2020 and $68.00 per Bbl in 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the WTI oil spot price reached a low of $46.31 per Bbl on January 2, 2019 but increased to a high of $66.24 per Bbl on April 23, 2019. The EIA forecasts that the Henry Hub spot natural gas price will average $2.21 per MMBtu for 2020 and $2.53 per MMBtu for 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2019, Henry Hub spot natural gas prices ranged from a high of $4.25 per MMBtu on March 4, 2019 to a low of $1.75 per MMBtu on December 27, 2019. To manage the variability in cash flows associated with the projected sale of our oil and natural gas production, we use various derivative instruments, which have recently consisted of fixed-price swap contracts and costless collar contracts. The following table reflects commodity prices at the end of each quarter presented: Benchmark Prices WTI spot crude oil ($/Bbl)1 Henry Hub spot natural gas ($/MMBtu)1 Fourth Quarter Third Quarter Second Quarter First Quarter $ $ 61.14 $ 2.09 $ 54.09 $ 2.37 $ 58.20 $ 2.42 $ 60.19 2.73 2019 1 Source: EIA Rig Count As we are not the operator of record on any producing properties, drilling on our acreage is dependent upon the exploration and production companies that lease our acreage. In addition to drilling plans that we seek from our operators, we also monitor rig counts in an effort to identify existing and future leasing and drilling activity on our acreage. 49 The following table shows the rig count at the end of each quarter presented: U.S. Rotary Rig Count1 Oil Natural gas Other Total 1 Source: Baker Hughes Incorporated Natural Gas Storage 2019 Fourth Quarter Third Quarter Second Quarter First Quarter 677 125 3 805 713 146 1 860 793 173 1 967 816 190 — 1,006 A substantial portion of our revenue is derived from sales of oil production attributable to our interests; however, the majority of our production is natural gas. Natural gas prices are significantly influenced by storage levels throughout the year. Accordingly, we monitor the natural gas storage reports regularly in the evaluation of our business and its outlook. Historically, natural gas supply and demand fluctuates on a seasonal basis. From April to October, when the weather is warmer and natural gas demand is lower, natural gas storage levels generally increase. From November to March, storage levels typically decline as utility companies draw natural gas from storage to meet increased heating demand due to colder weather. In order to maintain sufficient storage levels for increased seasonal demand, a portion of natural gas production during the summer months must be used for storage injection. The portion of production used for storage varies from year to year depending on the demand from the previous winter and the demand for electricity used for cooling during the summer months. The EIA forecasts that inventories will conclude the withdrawal season, which is the end of March 2020, at almost 2.0 Tcf, or 14% higher than the five-year average. The EIA expects inventories will reach almost 4.1 Tcf at the end of October 2020, which would be the highest end-of-October inventory level on record. The following table shows natural gas storage volumes by region at the end of each quarter presented: Region1 East Midwest Mountain Pacific South Central Total 1 Source: EIA Fourth Quarter Third Quarter 2019 (Bcf) Second Quarter First Quarter 826 973 199 291 1,029 3,318 526 568 134 255 907 210 241 64 113 502 2,390 1,130 771 905 173 251 1,093 3,193 50 How We Evaluate Our Operations We use a variety of operational and financial measures to assess our performance. Among the measures considered by management are the following: • volumes of oil and natural gas produced; • commodity prices including the effect of derivative instruments; and • Adjusted EBITDA and Distributable cash flow. Volumes of Oil and Natural Gas Produced In order to track and assess the performance of our assets, we monitor and analyze our production volumes from the various basins and plays that constitute our extensive asset base. We also regularly compare projected volumes to actual reported volumes and investigate unexpected variances. Commodity Prices Factors Affecting the Sales Price of Oil and Natural Gas The prices we receive for oil, natural gas, and NGLs vary by geographical area. The relative prices of these products are determined by the factors affecting global and regional supply and demand dynamics, such as economic conditions, production levels, availability of transportation, weather cycles, and other factors. In addition, realized prices are influenced by product quality and proximity to consuming and refining markets. Any differences between realized prices and NYMEX prices are referred to as differentials. All our production is derived from properties located in the United States. • Oil. The substantial majority of our oil production is sold at prevailing market prices, which fluctuate in response to many factors that are outside of our control. NYMEX light sweet crude oil, commonly referred to as WTI, is the prevailing domestic oil pricing index. The majority of our oil production is priced at the prevailing market price with the final realized price affected by both quality and location differentials. The chemical composition of oil plays an important role in its refining and subsequent sale as petroleum products. As a result, variations in chemical composition relative to the benchmark oil, usually WTI, will result in price adjustments, which are often referred to as quality differentials. The characteristics that most significantly affect quality differentials include the density of the oil, as characterized by its API gravity, and the presence and concentration of impurities, such as sulfur. Location differentials generally result from transportation costs based on the produced oil’s proximity to consuming and refining markets and major trading points. • Natural Gas. The NYMEX price quoted at Henry Hub is a widely used benchmark for the pricing of natural gas in the United States. The actual volumetric prices realized from the sale of natural gas differ from the quoted NYMEX price as a result of quality and location differentials. Quality differentials result from the heating value of natural gas measured in Btus and the presence of impurities, such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Natural gas containing ethane and heavier hydrocarbons has a higher Btu value and will realize a higher volumetric price than natural gas which is predominantly methane, which has a lower Btu value. Natural gas with a higher concentration of impurities will realize a lower volumetric price due to the presence of the impurities in the natural gas when sold or the cost of treating the natural gas to meet pipeline quality specifications. Natural gas, which currently has a limited global transportation system, is subject to price variances based on local supply and demand conditions and the cost to transport natural gas to end user markets. 51 Hedging We enter into derivative instruments to partially mitigate the impact of commodity price volatility on our cash generated from operations. From time to time, such instruments may include variable-to-fixed-price swaps, fixed-price contracts, costless collars, and other contractual arrangements. The impact of these derivative instruments could affect the amount of revenue we ultimately realize. Our open derivative contracts consist of fixed-price swap contracts and costless collar contracts. Under fixed-price swap contracts, a counterparty is required to make a payment to us if the settlement price is less than the swap strike price. Conversely, we are required to make a payment to the counterparty if the settlement price is greater than the swap strike price. Our costless collar contracts contain a fixed floor price and a fixed ceiling price. If the market price exceeds the fixed ceiling price, we pay the difference between the fixed ceiling price and the market settlement price. If the market price is below the fixed floor price, we receive the difference between the market settlement price and the fixed floor price. If the market price is between the fixed floor and fixed ceiling price, no payments are due from either party. If we have multiple contracts outstanding with a single counterparty, unless restricted by our agreement, we will net settle the contract payments. We may employ contractual arrangements other than fixed-price swap contracts and costless collar contracts in the future to mitigate the impact of price fluctuations. If commodity prices decline in the future, our hedging contracts will partially mitigate the effect of lower prices on our future revenue. Our open oil and natural gas derivative contracts as of December 31, 2019 are detailed in Note 5 – Commodity Derivative Financial Instruments to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Pursuant to the terms of our Credit Facility, we are allowed to hedge certain percentages of expected future monthly production volumes equal to the lesser of (i) internally forecasted production and (ii) the average of reported production for the most recent three months. We are allowed to hedge up to 90% of such volumes for the first 24 months, 70% for months 25 through 36, and 50% for months 37 through 48. As of December 31, 2019, we had hedged 82.6% of our available oil and condensate hedge volumes and 61.9% of our available natural gas hedge volumes for 2020. We intend to continuously monitor the production from our assets and the commodity price environment, and will, from time to time, add additional hedges within the percentages described above related to such production for the following 12 to 30 months. We do not enter into derivative instruments for speculative purposes. Non-GAAP Financial Measures Adjusted EBITDA and Distributable cash flow are supplemental non-GAAP financial measures used by our management and external users of our financial statements such as investors, research analysts, and others, to assess the financial performance of our assets and our ability to sustain distributions over the long term without regard to financing methods, capital structure, or historical cost basis. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest expense, income taxes, and depreciation, depletion, and amortization adjusted for impairment of oil and natural gas properties, accretion of asset retirement obligations, unrealized gains and losses on commodity derivative instruments, and non-cash equity-based compensation. We define Distributable cash flow as Adjusted EBITDA plus or minus amounts for certain non-cash operating activities, estimated replacement capital expenditures during the subordination period, cash interest expense, and distributions to noncontrolling interests and preferred unitholders. Adjusted EBITDA and Distributable cash flow should not be considered an alternative to, or more meaningful than, net income (loss), income (loss) from operations, cash flows from operating activities, or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in the U.S. as measures of our financial performance. Adjusted EBITDA and Distributable cash flow have important limitations as analytical tools because they exclude some but not all items that affect net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Our computation of Adjusted EBITDA and Distributable cash flow may differ from computations of similarly titled measures of other companies. 52 The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA and Distributable cash flow for the periods indicated: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile to Adjusted EBITDA: Depreciation, depletion, and amortization Interest expense Income tax expense (benefit) Accretion of asset retirement obligations Equity-based compensation Unrealized (gain) loss on commodity derivative instruments Adjusted EBITDA Adjustments to Distributable cash flow: Change in deferred revenue Cash interest expense (Gain) loss on sale of assets, net Estimated replacement capital expenditures1 Cash paid to noncontrolling interests Preferred unit distributions Distributable cash flow 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands) 2017 $ 214,368 $ 295,560 $ 157,153 109,584 21,435 (335) 1,117 20,484 32,817 399,470 42 (20,394) — (2,750) — (21,000) 122,653 20,756 2,309 1,103 30,134 (53,066) 419,449 1,260 (19,757) (3) (11,500) (211) (21,025) 114,534 15,694 — 1,026 33,045 (11,691) 309,761 (2,086) (14,817) (931) (13,500) (120) (5,042) $ 355,368 $ 368,213 $ 273,265 1 The Board established a replacement capital expenditure estimate of $15.0 million for the period of April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017, $13.0 million for the period of April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2018, and $11.0 million for the period of April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019. Due to the expiration of the subordination period, we do not intend to establish a replacement capital expenditure estimate for periods subsequent to March 31, 2019. 53 Results of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2018 The following table shows our production, revenue, and operating expenses for the periods presented: Production: Oil and condensate (MBbls) Natural gas (MMcf)1 Equivalents (MBoe) Realized prices, without derivatives: Oil and condensate ($/Bbl) Natural gas ($/Mcf)1 Equivalents ($/Boe) Revenue: Oil and condensate sales Natural gas and natural gas liquids sales1 Lease bonus and other income Revenue from contracts with customers Gain (loss) on commodity derivative instruments Total revenue Operating expenses: Lease operating expense Production costs and ad valorem taxes Exploration expense Depreciation, depletion, and amortization General and administrative Other expense: Interest expense Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Variance (dollars in thousands, except for realized prices) $ $ $ $ $ 4,777 77,635 17,716 55.20 2.57 26.13 263,678 199,265 29,833 492,776 (4,955) 487,821 17,665 60,533 397 109,584 63,353 $ $ $ $ $ 4,962 71,622 16,899 62.53 3.47 33.05 310,278 248,243 36,216 594,737 14,831 609,568 18,415 64,364 7,943 122,653 76,712 $ $ $ $ $ (185) 6,013 817 (7.33) (0.90) (6.92) (46,600) (48,978) (6,383) (101,961) (19,786) (121,747) (750) (3,831) (7,546) (13,069) (13,359) (3.7) % 8.4 % 4.8 % (11.7) % (25.9) % (20.9) % (15.0) % (19.7) % (17.6) % (17.1) % (133.4) % (20.0) % (4.1) % (6.0) % (95.0) % (10.7) % (17.4) % 21,435 20,756 679 3.3 % 1 As a mineral and royalty interest owner, we are often provided insufficient and inconsistent data on NGL volumes by our operators. As a result, we are unable to reliably determine the total volumes of NGLs associated with the production of natural gas on our acreage. Accordingly, no NGL volumes are included in our reported production; however, revenue attributable to NGLs is included in our natural gas revenue and our calculation of realized prices for natural gas. Revenue Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease in total revenue from the corresponding period is primarily due to decreased oil and condensate sales and natural gas and NGL sales as a result of lower realized commodity prices, lower lease bonus and other income, and a loss on commodity derivative instruments in 2019 compared to a gain in 2018. The overall decrease was partially offset by an increase in natural gas production. Production for 2019 averaged 48.5 MBoe per day, an increase of 2.2 MBoe per day compared to 2018. Oil and condensate sales. Oil and condensate sales for the year ended December 31, 2019 were lower than the corresponding period in 2018 due to decreased production volumes and lower realized commodity prices. The decrease in oil and condensate production was primarily driven by lower production in the Bakken/Three Forks and Eagle Ford plays. Our 54 mineral and royalty interest oil and condensate volumes accounted for 92% and 90% of total oil and condensate volumes for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Natural gas and natural gas liquids sales. Natural gas and NGL sales decreased for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018 due to lower realized commodity prices, partially offset by increased production volumes. The increase in natural gas production was primarily driven by higher production in the Haynesville/Bossier play. Mineral and royalty interest production accounted for 69% and 60% of our natural gas volumes for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Gain (loss) on commodity derivative instruments. During 2019, we recognized a loss from our commodity derivative instruments compared to a gain in 2018. Cash settlements we receive represent realized gains, while cash settlements we pay represent realized losses related to our commodity derivative instruments. In addition to cash settlements, we also recognize fair value changes on our commodity derivative instruments in each reporting period. The changes in fair value result from new positions and settlements that may occur during each reporting period, as well as the relationships between contract prices and the associated forward curves. During 2019, we recognized $27.9 million of realized gains and $32.8 million of unrealized losses from our commodity derivatives, compared to $38.2 million of realized losses and $53.1 million of unrealized gains in 2018. The realized gains from our commodity derivatives during 2019 were primarily related to cash settlements received on natural gas derivative instruments, while the realized losses during 2018 were primarily related to cash settlements paid on oil derivative instruments. The unrealized losses on our commodity contracts in 2019 and the unrealized gains in 2018 were primarily driven by changes in the forward commodity price curves for oil during each period. Lease bonus and other income. When we lease our mineral interests, we generally receive an upfront cash payment, or a lease bonus. Lease bonus income can vary substantively between periods because it is derived from individual transactions with operators, some of which may be significant. Lease bonus and other income was lower for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in 2018. Leasing activity in the Bakken/Three Forks, Haynesville/Bossier, Permian, and Woodbine plays, as well as proceeds from the settlement of a dispute with one of our operators, made up the majority of lease bonus and other income in 2019. Leasing activity in the Bakken/Three Forks, Haynesville/Bossier, Permian, and Austin Chalk plays made up the majority of lease bonus and other income in 2018. Operating Expenses Lease operating expense. Lease operating expense includes recurring expenses associated with our non-operated working interests necessary to produce hydrocarbons from our oil and natural gas wells, as well as certain nonrecurring expenses, such as well repairs. Lease operating expense decreased in 2019 as compared to 2018, primarily due to decreased repairs and maintenance and other nonrecurring expenses on wells in which we own a non-operating working interest. Production costs and ad valorem taxes. Production taxes include statutory amounts deducted from our production revenues by various state taxing entities. Depending on the regulations of the states where the production originates, these taxes may be based on a percentage of the realized value or a fixed amount per production unit. This category also includes the costs to process and transport our production to applicable sales points. Ad valorem taxes are jurisdictional taxes levied on the value of oil and natural gas minerals and reserves. Rates, methods of calculating property values, and timing of payments vary between taxing authorities. For the year ended December 31, 2019, production and ad valorem taxes decreased as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018, as a result of lower commodity prices, partially offset by increased natural gas production volumes. Exploration expense. Exploration expense typically consists of dry-hole expenses, delay rentals, and geological and geophysical costs, including seismic costs, and is expensed as incurred under the successful efforts method of accounting. Exploration expense for 2019 primarily consisted of costs incurred to acquire third-party 3-D seismic information related to our mineral and royalty interests. Exploration expense for 2018 primarily related to the costs incurred on the PepperJack B#1 well. Depreciation, depletion, and amortization. Depletion is the amount of cost basis of oil and natural gas properties attributable to the volume of hydrocarbons extracted during such period, calculated on a units-of-production basis. Estimates of proved developed producing reserves are a major component of the calculation of depletion. We adjust our depletion rates semi-annually based upon the mid-year and year-end reserve reports, except when circumstances indicate that there has been a significant change in reserves or costs. Depreciation, depletion, and amortization expense decreased for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to 2018, primarily due to the impact of lower depletion rates partially offset by higher production volumes. Lower depletion rates in 2019 were primarily driven by increases in estimated proved developed producing reserve quantities in the Haynesville/Bossier formation and the Permian Basin. 55 General and administrative. General and administrative expenses are costs not directly associated with the production of oil and natural gas and include the cost of employee salaries and related benefits, office expenses, and fees for professional services. For the year ended December 31, 2019, general and administrative expenses decreased compared to 2018, primarily due to lower costs associated with our incentive compensation plans. This decrease was driven by higher costs recognized in 2018 on incentive compensation awarded in connection with our initial public offering in 2015, higher costs recognized in 2018 due to outperformance relative to performance targets, and lower costs recognized in 2019 on performance-based incentive awards due to the decrease in our common unit price period over period. Other Expense Interest expense. For the year ended December 31, 2019, interest expense increased compared to 2018, primarily due to higher average outstanding borrowings partially offset by lower interest rates under our Credit Facility. The increase in average outstanding borrowings was primarily due to the funding of acquisitions in 2019 and 2018. Liquidity and Capital Resources Overview Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from operations, borrowings under our Credit Facility, and proceeds from the issuance of equity and debt. Our primary uses of cash are for distributions to our unitholders, reducing outstanding borrowings under our Credit Facility, and for investing in our business, specifically the acquisition of mineral and royalty interests and our selective participation on a non-operated working interest basis in the development of our oil and natural gas properties. The Board has adopted a policy pursuant to which, at a minimum, distributions will be paid on each common unit for each quarter to the extent we have sufficient cash generated from our operations after establishment of cash reserves, if any, and after we have made the required distributions to the holders of our outstanding preferred units. However, we do not have a legal or contractual obligation to pay distributions on our common units quarterly or on any other basis, and there is no guarantee that we will pay distributions to our common unitholders in any quarter. The Board may change the foregoing distribution policy at any time and from time to time. We intend to finance our future acquisitions with cash generated from operations, borrowings from our Credit Facility, and proceeds from any future issuances of equity and debt. Over the long-term, we intend to finance our working interest capital needs with our executed farmout agreements and internally-generated cash flows, although at times we may fund a portion of these expenditures through other financing sources such as borrowings under our Credit Facility. Replacement capital expenditures are expenditures necessary to replace our existing oil and natural gas reserves or otherwise maintain our asset base over the long-term. The Board established a replacement capital expenditure estimate of $15.0 million for the period of April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017, $13.0 million for the period of April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2018, and $11.0 million for the period of April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019. Due to the expiration of the subordination period, we do not intend to establish a replacement capital expenditure estimate for periods subsequent to March 31, 2019. Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2018 The following table shows our cash flows for the periods presented: Cash flows provided by operating activities Cash flows used in investing activities Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands) $ 412,720 $ 385,378 $ (48,623) (361,392) (163,804) (221,802) Change 27,342 115,181 (139,590) Operating Activities. Our operating cash flows are dependent, in large part, on our production, realized commodity prices, derivative settlements, lease bonus revenue, and operating expenses. The increase in cash flows from operations was primarily due to a net increase in cash flows from changes in operating assets and liabilities for 2019 compared to a net decrease for 2018 56 and net cash received on settlement of commodity derivative instruments for 2019 compared to net cash paid for 2018. The overall increase in cash flows from operations was partially offset by decreased oil and condensate sales and natural gas and NGL sales driven by lower realized commodity prices and decreased lease bonus and other income. Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities decreased in 2019 as compared to 2018. The decrease was primarily due to reduced oil and natural gas property acquisitions and expenditures, net of proceeds from our farmout agreements. Financing Activities. Cash flows used in financing activities for 2019 increased as compared to 2018. The increase was primarily due to increased distributions to common and subordinated unitholders and net repayments under our Credit Facility in 2019 compared with net borrowing in 2018. We also sold no common units under our at-the-market offering program during 2019. Development Capital Expenditures In the first quarter of each calendar year, we establish a capital budget and then monitor it throughout the year. Our capital budget is created based upon our estimate of internally-generated cash flows and the ability to borrow and raise additional capital. Actual capital expenditure levels will vary, in part, based on actual cash generated, the economics of wells proposed by our operators for our participation, and the successful closing of acquisitions. The timing, size, and nature of acquisitions are unpredictable. Our 2020 capital expenditure budget associated with our non-operated working interests is expected to be approximately $5 million, net of farmout reimbursements. The majority of this capital will be spent for workovers on existing wells in which we own a working interest. During 2019, we spent approximately $4.3 million associated with our non-operated working interests, net of farmout reimbursements. The majority of this capital was spent for workovers on existing wells in which we own a working interest or for acquiring new leasehold acreage for subsequent farmout in the Haynesville/Bossier play. During 2018, we spent approximately $36.3 million associated with our non-operated working interests in certain Haynesville/Bossier wells in the Shelby Trough area of East Texas, net of farmout reimbursements, related to completions in wells which were spud prior to the farmouts. In the PepperJack prospect area, we spent approximately $11.9 million during 2018 to drill and log two wells targeting the Lower Wilcox formation. We spent an additional $0.5 million related to the completion costs for the PepperJack A#1 well in the fourth quarter of 2018. Acquisitions During 2019, we spent approximately $43.1 million and issued common units valued at $0.9 million related to acquisitions of mineral and royalty interests, which also included proved oil and natural gas properties. During 2018 we spent approximately $127.3 million and issued common units valued at $22.6 million related to acquisitions of mineral and royalty interests, which also included proved oil and natural gas properties. See Note 4 – Oil and Natural Gas Properties to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information. Credit Facility Pursuant to our $1.0 billion senior secured revolving credit agreement, as amended (the "Credit Facility"), the commitment of the lenders equals the lesser of the aggregate maximum credit amounts of the lenders and the borrowing base, which is determined based on the lenders’ estimated value of our oil and natural gas properties. Borrowings under the Credit Facility may be used for the acquisition of properties, cash distributions, and other general corporate purposes. Our Credit Facility terminates on November 1, 2022. As of December 31, 2019, we had outstanding borrowings of $394.0 million at a weighted- average interest rate of 4.05%. The borrowing base is redetermined semi-annually, typically in April and October of each year, by the administrative agent, taking into consideration the estimated loan value of our oil and natural gas properties consistent with the administrative agent’s normal lending criteria. The administrative agent’s proposed redetermined borrowing base must be approved by all lenders to increase our existing borrowing base, and by two-thirds of the lenders to maintain or decrease our existing borrowing 57 base. In addition, we and the lenders (at the election of two-thirds of the lenders) each have discretion to have the borrowing base redetermined once between scheduled redeterminations. We also have the right to request a redetermination following acquisition of oil and natural gas properties in excess of 10% of the value of the borrowing base immediately prior to such acquisition. Effective May 4, 2018, the borrowing base redetermination increased the borrowing base from $550.0 million to $600.0 million. Effective October 31, 2018, the borrowing base was further increased to $675.0 million and remained at that level until the most recent redetermination, effective October 23, 2019, which reduced the borrowing base to $650.0 million. Outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at a floating rate elected by us equal to an alternative base rate (which is equal to the greatest of the Prime Rate, the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50%, or 1-month LIBOR plus 1.00%) or LIBOR, in each case, plus the applicable margin. Prior to October 31, 2018, the applicable margin ranged from 1.00% to 2.00% in the case of the alternative base rate and from 2.00% to 3.00% in the case of LIBOR, depending on the borrowings outstanding in relation to the borrowing base. Effective October 31, 2018, the applicable margin for the alternative base rate was reduced to between 0.75% and 1.75% and the applicable margin for LIBOR was reduced to between 1.75% and 2.75%. We are obligated to pay a quarterly commitment fee ranging from a 0.375% to 0.500% annualized rate on the unused portion of the borrowing base, depending on the amount of the borrowings outstanding in relation to the borrowing base. Principal may be optionally repaid from time to time without premium or penalty, other than customary LIBOR breakage, and is required to be paid (a) if the amount outstanding exceeds the borrowing base, whether due to a borrowing base redetermination or otherwise, in some cases subject to a cure period, or (b) at the maturity date. Our Credit Facility is secured by substantially all of our oil and natural gas production and assets. Our credit agreement contains various affirmative, negative, and financial maintenance covenants. These covenants, among other things, limit additional indebtedness, additional liens, sales of assets, mergers and consolidations, dividends and distributions, transactions with affiliates, and entering into certain derivative agreements, as well as require the maintenance of certain financial ratios. The credit agreement contains two financial covenants: total debt to EBITDAX of 3.5:1.0 or less and a current ratio of 1.0:1.0 or greater as defined in the credit agreement. Distributions are not permitted if there is a default under the credit agreement (including the failure to satisfy one of the financial covenants) or during any time that our borrowing base is lower than the loans outstanding under the credit agreement. The lenders have the right to accelerate all of the indebtedness under the credit agreement upon the occurrence and during the continuance of any event of default, and the credit agreement contains customary events of default, including non-payment, breach of covenants, materially incorrect representations, cross-default, bankruptcy, and change of control. There are no cure periods for events of default due to non-payment of principal and breaches of negative and financial covenants, but non-payment of interest and breaches of certain affirmative covenants are subject to customary cure periods. As of December 31, 2019, we were in compliance with all debt covenants. On July 27, 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit LIBOR rates after 2021. Our Credit Facility includes provisions to determine a replacement rate for LIBOR if necessary during its term, which require that we and our lenders agree upon a replacement rate based on the then-prevailing market convention for similar agreements. We currently do not expect the transition from LIBOR to have a material impact on us. However, if clear market standards and replacement methodologies have not developed as of the time LIBOR becomes unavailable, we may have difficulty reaching agreement on acceptable replacement rates under our Credit Facility. In the event that we do not reach agreement on an acceptable replacement rate for LIBOR, outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility would revert to a floating rate equal to the alternative base rate (which, as of the time that LIBOR becomes unavailable, is equal to the greater of the Prime Rate and the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50%) plus the applicable margin for the alternative base rate which ranges between 0.75% and 1.75%. If we are unable to negotiate replacement rates on favorable terms, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash distributions to unitholders. Contractual Obligations The following table summarizes our minimum payments as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands): Credit facility Operating lease obligations Purchase commitments Total Payments due by period Total Less Than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years 394,000 $ — $ 394,000 $ — $ 5,606 1,049 1,371 1,049 2,796 — 1,439 — 400,655 $ 2,420 $ 396,796 $ 1,439 $ $ $ More Than 5 Years — — — — 58 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements At December 31, 2019, we did not have any material off-balance sheet arrangements. Critical Accounting Policies and Related Estimates The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon the consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. Certain of our accounting policies involve judgments and uncertainties to such an extent that there is a reasonable likelihood that materially different amounts would have been reported under different conditions, or if different assumptions had been used. The following discussions of critical accounting estimates, including any related discussion of contingencies, address all important accounting areas where the nature of accounting estimates or assumptions could be material due to the levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or the susceptibility of such matters to change. We have provided expanded discussion of our more significant accounting estimates below. Please read the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information regarding our accounting policies. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the periods herein. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Our consolidated financial statements are based on a number of significant estimates including oil and natural gas reserve quantities that are the basis for the calculations of depreciation, depletion, and amortization (“DD&A”) and impairment of oil and natural gas properties. Reservoir engineering is a subjective process of estimating underground accumulations of oil and natural gas. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating quantities of proved oil and natural gas reserves. The accuracy of any reserve estimates is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. As a result, reserve estimates may differ from the quantities of oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered. Our reserve estimates are determined by an independent petroleum engineering firm. Other items subject to significant estimates and assumptions include the carrying amount of oil and natural gas properties, valuation of commodity derivative financial instruments, valuation of future asset retirement obligations (“ARO”), determination of revenue accruals, and the determination of the fair value of equity-based awards. We evaluate estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic and commodity price environment. The volatility of commodity prices results in increased uncertainty inherent in such estimates and assumptions. A significant decline in oil or natural gas prices could result in a reduction in our fair value estimates and cause us to perform analyses to determine if our oil and natural gas properties are impaired. As future commodity prices cannot be predicted accurately, actual results could differ significantly from estimates. Oil and Natural Gas Properties We follow the successful efforts method of accounting for oil and natural gas operations. Under this method, costs to acquire mineral and royalty interests and working interests in oil and natural gas properties, property acquisitions, successful exploratory wells, development costs, and support equipment and facilities are capitalized when incurred. Acquisitions of proved oil and natural gas properties and working interests are generally considered business combinations and are recorded at their estimated fair value as of the acquisition date. Acquisitions that consist of all or substantially all unproved oil and natural gas properties are generally considered asset acquisitions and are recorded at cost. The costs of unproved leaseholds and non-producing mineral interests are capitalized as unproved properties pending the results of exploration and leasing efforts. As unproved properties are determined to be productive, the related costs are transferred to proved oil and natural gas properties. The costs related to exploratory wells are capitalized pending determination of whether proved commercial reserves exist. If proved commercial reserves are not discovered, such drilling costs are expensed. In some circumstances, it may be uncertain whether proved commercial reserves have been discovered when drilling has been completed. Such exploratory well drilling costs may continue to be capitalized if the reserve quantity is sufficient to 59 justify completion as a producing well and sufficient progress in assessing the reserves and the economic and operating viability of the project is ongoing. Other exploratory costs, including annual delay rentals and geological and geophysical costs, are expensed when incurred. Oil and natural gas properties are grouped in accordance with the Extractive Industries – Oil and Gas Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification. The basis for grouping is a reasonable aggregation of properties with a common geological structural feature or stratigraphic condition, such as a reservoir or field, which we also refer to as a depletable unit. As exploration and development work progresses and the reserves associated with our oil and natural gas properties become proved, capitalized costs attributed to the properties are charged as an operating expense through DD&A. DD&A of producing oil and natural gas properties is recorded based on the units-of-production method. Capitalized development costs are amortized on the basis of proved developed reserves while leasehold acquisition costs and the costs to acquire proved properties are amortized on the basis of all proved reserves, both developed and undeveloped. Proved reserves are estimated quantities of oil and natural gas which geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be commercially recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. DD&A expense related to our producing oil and natural gas properties was $109.0 million, $122.5 million, and $114.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. We evaluate impairment of producing properties whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. This evaluation is performed on a depletable unit basis. We compare the undiscounted projected future cash flows expected in connection with a depletable unit to its unamortized carrying amount to determine recoverability. When the carrying amount of a depletable unit exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, the carrying amount is written down to its fair value, which is measured as the present value of the projected future cash flows of such properties. The factors used to determine fair value include estimates of proved reserves, future commodity prices, timing of future production, operating costs, future capital expenditures, and a risk-adjusted discount rate. There was no impairment of proved oil and natural gas properties for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. Unproved properties are also assessed for impairment periodically on a depletable unit basis when facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable, at which point an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying value exceeds the estimated recoverable value. The carrying value of unproved properties, including unleased mineral rights, is determined based on management’s assessment of fair value using factors similar to those previously noted for proved properties, as well as geographic and geologic data. There was no impairment of unproved properties for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. Upon the sale of a complete depletable unit, the book value thereof, less proceeds or salvage value, is charged to income. Upon the sale or retirement of an individual well, or an aggregation of interests which make up less than a complete depletable unit, the proceeds are credited to accumulated DD&A, unless doing so would significantly alter the DD&A rate of the depletable unit, in which case a gain or loss is recorded. We are unable to predict future commodity prices with any greater precision than the futures market. To estimate the effect lower prices would have on our reserves, we applied a 10% discount to the commodity prices used in our December 31, 2019 reserve report. Applying this discount results in an approximate 2% reduction of estimated proved reserve volumes as compared to the undiscounted pricing scenario used in our December 31, 2019 reserve report prepared by NSAI. Asset Retirement Obligations Under various contracts, permits, and regulations, we have legal obligations to restore the land at the end of operations at certain properties where we own non-operated working interests. Estimating the future restoration costs necessary for this accounting calculation is difficult. Most of these restoration obligations are many years, or decades, in the future and the contracts and regulations often have vague descriptions of what practices and criteria must be met when the event actually occurs. Asset-restoration technologies and costs, regulatory and other compliance considerations, expenditure timing, and other inputs into the valuation of the obligation, including discount and inflation rates, are also subject to change. Fair values of legal obligations to retire and remove long-lived assets are recorded when the obligation is incurred and becomes determinable. When the liability is initially recorded, we capitalize this cost by increasing the carrying amount of the related property. Over time, the liability is accreted for the change in its present value, and the capitalized cost in oil and natural gas properties is depleted based on units-of-production consistent with the related asset. 60 Revenues from Contracts with Customers Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, requires us to identify the distinct promised goods and services within a contract which represent separate performance obligations and determine the transaction price to allocate to the performance obligations identified. We adopted ASC 606 using the modified retrospective method, which was applied to all existing contracts for which all (or substantially all) of the revenue had not been recognized under legacy revenue guidance as of the date of adoption, January 1, 2018. Oil and natural gas sales Sales of oil and natural gas are recognized at the point control of the product is transferred to the customer and collectability of the sales price is reasonably assured. Oil is priced on the delivery date based upon prevailing prices published by purchasers with certain adjustments related to oil quality and physical location. The price we receive for natural gas is tied to a market index, with certain adjustments based on, among other factors, whether a well delivers to a gathering or transmission line, quality and heat content of natural gas, and prevailing supply and demand conditions, so that the price of natural gas fluctuates to remain competitive with other available natural gas supplies. As each unit of product represents a separate performance obligation and the consideration is variable as it relates to oil and natural gas prices, we recognize revenue from oil and natural gas sales using the practical expedient for variable consideration in ASC 606. Lease bonus and other income We also earn revenue from lease bonuses and delay rentals. We generate lease bonus revenue by leasing mineral interests to exploration and production companies. A lease agreement represents our contract with a customer and generally transfers the rights to any oil or natural gas discovered, grants us a right to a specified royalty interest, and requires that drilling and completion operations commence within a specified time period. Control is transferred to the lessee and we have satisfied our performance obligation when the lease agreement is executed, such that revenue is recognized when the lease bonus payment is received. At the time we execute the lease agreement, we expect to receive the lease bonus payment within a reasonable time, though in no case more than one year, such that we have not adjusted the expected amount of consideration for the effects of any significant financing component per the practical expedient in ASC 606. We also recognize revenue from delay rentals to the extent drilling has not started within the specified period, payment has been received, and we have no further obligation to refund the payment. Allocation of transaction price to remaining performance obligations Oil and natural gas sales We have utilized the practical expedient in ASC 606 which states we are not required to disclose the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations if the variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation. As we have determined that each unit of product generally represents a separate performance obligation, future volumes are wholly unsatisfied and disclosure of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations is not required. Lease bonus and other income Given that we do not recognize lease bonus or other income until a lease agreement has been executed, at which point its performance obligation has been satisfied, and payment is received, we do not record revenue for unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations as of the end of the reporting period. Overall, there were no material changes in the timing of the satisfaction of our performance obligations or the allocation of the transaction price to our performance obligations in applying the guidance in ASC 606 as compared to legacy GAAP. Prior-period performance obligations We record oil and natural gas revenue in the month production is delivered to the purchaser. As a non-operator, we have limited visibility into the timing of when new wells start producing and production statements may not be received for 30 to 90 days or more after the date production is delivered. As a result, we are required to estimate the amount of production delivered to the purchaser and the price that will be received for the sale of the product. The expected sales volumes and prices for these properties are estimated and recorded within the Accounts receivable line item in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The difference between our estimates and the actual amounts received for oil and natural gas sales is recorded in the 61 month that payment is received from the third party. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, revenue recognized in the reporting periods related to performance obligations satisfied in prior reporting periods was immaterial. Commodity Derivative Financial Instruments Our ongoing operations expose us to changes in the market price for oil and natural gas. To mitigate the given price risk associated with its operations, we use commodity derivative financial instruments. From time to time, such instruments may include variable-to-fixed price swaps, costless collars, fixed- price contracts, and other contractual arrangements. We do not enter into derivative instruments for speculative purposes. The impact of these derivative instruments could affect the amount of revenue we ultimately record. Derivative instruments are recognized at fair value. If a right of offset exists under master netting arrangements and certain other criteria are met, derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty are netted on the consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are recognized on a net basis in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations within gain (loss) on commodity derivative instruments. Although these derivative instruments may expose us to credit risk, we monitor the creditworthiness of our counterparties. Equity-Based Compensation We recognize equity-based compensation expense for unit-based awards granted to our employees and the Board. Total compensation expense for unit- based awards is calculated based on the number of units expected to vest multiplied by the grant-date fair value per unit. Compensation expense for time- based restricted unit awards with graded vesting requirements are recognized using straight-line attribution over the requisite service period. Compensation expense related to the restricted performance unit awards is determined by multiplying the number of common units underlying such awards that, based on our estimate, are probable to vest, by the measurement-date (i.e., the last day of each reporting period date) fair value and recognized using the accelerated or straight-line attribution methods, depending on the terms of the award. Equity-based compensation expense related to unit-based awards is included in General and administrative expense within the consolidated statements of operations. Distribution equivalent rights for the restricted performance unit awards that are expected to vest are charged to partners’ capital. Please read Note 9 – Incentive Compensation within the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information. New and Revised Financial Accounting Standards The effects of new accounting pronouncements are discussed in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Commodity Price Risk Our major market risk exposure is the pricing of oil, natural gas, and NGLs produced by our operators. Realized prices are primarily driven by the prevailing global prices for oil and prices for natural gas and NGLs in the United States. Prices for oil, natural gas, and NGLs have been volatile for several years, and we expect this unpredictability to continue in the future. The prices that our operators receive for production depend on many factors outside of our or their control. To reduce the impact of fluctuations in oil and natural gas prices on our revenues, we use commodity derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to price volatility of oil and natural gas. The counterparties to the contracts are unrelated third parties. The contracts settle monthly in cash based the difference between the fixed contract price and the market settlement price. The market settlement price is based on the NYMEX benchmark for oil and natural gas. We have not designated any of our contracts as fair value or cash flow hedges. Accordingly, the changes in fair value of the contracts are included in net income in the period of the change. See Note 5 – Commodity Derivative Financial Instruments and Note 6 – Fair Value Measurements to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information. Commodity prices have declined in recent years. To estimate the effect lower prices would have on our reserves, we applied a 10% discount to the SEC commodity pricing for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019. Applying this discount results in an approximate 2% reduction of proved reserve volumes as compared to the undiscounted December 31, 2019 SEC pricing scenario. 62 Counterparty and Customer Credit Risk Our derivative contracts expose us to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by counterparties. While we do not require our counterparties to our derivative contracts to post collateral, we do evaluate the credit standing of such counterparties as we deem appropriate. This evaluation includes reviewing a counterparty’s credit rating and latest financial information. As of December 31, 2019, we had nine counterparties, all of which are rated Baa1 or better by Moody’s and are lenders under our Credit Facility. Our principal exposure to credit risk results from receivables generated by the production activities of our operators. The inability or failure of our significant operators to meet their obligations to us or their insolvency or liquidation may adversely affect our financial results. However, we believe the credit risk associated with our operators and customers is acceptable. Interest Rate Risk We have exposure to changes in interest rates on our indebtedness. As of December 31, 2019, we had $394.0 million of outstanding borrowings under our Credit Facility, bearing interest at a weighted-average interest rate of 4.05%. The impact of a 1% increase in the interest rate on this amount of debt would have resulted in an increase in interest expense, and a corresponding decrease in our results of operations, of $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, assuming that our indebtedness remained constant throughout the period. We may use certain derivative instruments to hedge our exposure to variable interest rates in the future, but we do not currently have any interest rate hedges in place. ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The information required here is included in this Annual Report beginning on page F-1. ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, we have evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of management of our general partner, including our general partner’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our general partner’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Based upon that evaluation, our general partner’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2019 to provide such reasonable assurance. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our general partner’s management, including our general partner’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility that misstatements may not be prevented or detected. Accordingly, even effective internal controls over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation. 63 Under the supervision and with the participation of our general partner's principal executive officer and principal financial officer, our general partner’s management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, using the criteria in Internal Control- Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, our general partner’s management believes that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019. This Annual Report includes an attestation report of Ernst & Young LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, on our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, which is included in the Annual Report on page F-4. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our system of internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and Rule 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2019, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 64 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the material appearing in our Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Limited Partners (“2020 Proxy Statement”), which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after December 31, 2019. We have a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers, and employees as well as a Financial Code of Ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer, and the other senior financial officers, each as required by SEC and NYSE rules. Each of the foregoing is available on our website at www.blackstoneminerals.com in the “Corporate Governance” section. We will provide copies, free of charge, of any of the foregoing upon receipt of a written request to Black Stone Minerals, L.P., 1001 Fannin Street, Suite 2020, Houston, Texas 77002, Attn: Investor Relations. We intend to disclose amendments to and waivers from our Financial Code of Ethics, if any, on our website, www.blackstoneminerals.com, promptly following the date of any such amendment or waiver. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the 2020 Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after December 31, 2019. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED UNITHOLDER MATTERS Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the 2020 Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after December 31, 2019. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the 2020 Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after December 31, 2019. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the 2020 Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after December 31, 2019. 65 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a)(1) Financial Statements PART IV Our Consolidated Financial Statements are included under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. For a listing of these statements and accompanying notes, please read “Index to Financial Statements” on page F-1 of this Annual Report. (a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules All schedules have been omitted because they are either not applicable, not required or the information called for therein appears in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. (a)(3) Exhibits The following documents are filed as a part of this Annual Report or incorporated by reference: Exhibit Number 2.1** 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1* 4.2 10.1^ Description Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of November 22, 2017, by and among Noble Energy Inc., Noble Energy Wyco, LLC, Noble Energy US Holdings, LLC, Rosetta Resources Operating LP, and Black Stone Minerals Company, L.P. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of Black Stone Minerals, L.P.'s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 29, 2017 (SEC File No. 001-37362)) Certificate of Limited Partnership of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on March 19, 2015 (SEC File No. 333-202875)). Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Limited Partnership of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on March 19, 2015 (SEC File No. 333-202875)). First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Black Stone Minerals, L.P., dated May 6, 2015, by and among Black Stone Minerals GP, L.L.C. and Black Stone Minerals Company, L.P., (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 6, 2015 (SEC File No. 001-37362)). Amendment No. 1 to First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Black Stone Minerals, L.P., dated as of April 15, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 19, 2016 (SEC File No. 001-37362)). Amendment No. 2 to First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Black Stone Minerals, L.P., dated as of November 28, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 29, 2017 (SEC File No. 001-37362)). Amendment No. 3 to First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Black Stone Minerals, L.P., dated as of December 11, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 12, 2017 (SEC File No. 001-37362)). Description of Securities Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 28, 2017, by and between Black Stone Minerals, L.P. and Minerals Royalties One, L.L.C. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 12, 2017 (SEC File No. 001-37362)). Black Stone Minerals, L.P. Long-Term Incentive Plan, dated May 6, 2015, by Black Stone Minerals GP, L.L.C. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 6, 2015 (SEC File No. 001-37362)). 66 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5^ 10.6^ 10.7^ 10.8^ 10.9^ 10.10^ 10.11^ 10.12 21.1* 23.1* 23.2* 31.1* 31.2* 32.1* Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, among Black Stone Minerals Company, L.P., as Borrower, Black Stone Minerals, L.P., as Parent MLP, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, Bank of America, N.A. and Compass Bank, as Co- Syndication Agents, ZB Bank, N.A. DBA and Amegy Bank National Association, as Documentation Agent, and the lenders signatory thereto, dated as of November 1, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 7, 2017 (SEC File No. 001-37362)). First Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement among Black Stone Minerals Company, L.P., as Borrower, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent and Swingline Lender, Bank of America, N.A. and Compass Bank, as Co- Syndication Agents, ZB Bank, N.A., DBA Amegy Bank, National Association, as Documentation Agent, and a syndicate of lenders dated as of February 7, 2018. Second Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement among Black Stone Minerals Company, L.P., as Borrower, Black Stone Minerals, L.P., as Parent MLP, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and a syndicate of lenders dated as of October 31, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 5, 2018 (SEC File No. 001-37362)). Form of IPO Award Grant Notice and Award Agreement for Senior Management (Restricted Units) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on April 13, 2015 (SEC File No. 333-202875)). Form of IPO Award Grant Notice and Award Agreement for Senior Management (Performance Units) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on April 13, 2015 (SEC File No. 333-202875)). Form of Non-Employee Director Unit Grant Notice and Award Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on April 13, 2015 (SEC File No. 333-202875)). Form of Severance Agreement for Thomas L. Carter, Jr. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on April 13, 2015 (SEC File No. 333-202875)). Form of Severance Agreement for Senior Vice Presidents (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on April 13, 2015 (SEC File No. 333-202875)). Form of LTI Award Grant Notice and LTI Award Agreement (Leadership) under the Black Stone Minerals, L.P. Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 19, 2016 (SEC File No. 001-37362). Form of STI Award Letter (Leadership) under the Black Stone Minerals, L.P. Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.17 of Black Stone Minerals, L.P.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 28, 2018 (SEC File No. 001-37362)). Series B Preferred Unit Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 22, 2017, by and between Black Stone Minerals, L.P. and Mineral Royalties One, L.L.C. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 12, 2017 (SEC File No. 001-37362)). List of Subsidiaries of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. Consent of Ernst & Young LLP Consent of Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc. Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 99.1* Report of Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc. 101.INS* Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. 67 101.SCH* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Schema Document. 101.CAL* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document. 101.PRE* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document. 104* Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page iXBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. * ** Filed herewith. Schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Partnership agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of the omitted schedules and exhibits to the SEC upon request. ^ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. 68 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Date: February 25, 2020 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. By: Black Stone Minerals GP, L.L.C., its general partner By: /s/ Thomas L. Carter, Jr. Thomas L. Carter, Jr. Chief Executive Officer and Chairman 69 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ Thomas L. Carter, Jr. Thomas L. Carter, Jr. Chief Executive Officer and Chairman February 25, 2020 (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Jeffrey P. Wood Jeffrey P. Wood /s/ Dawn K. Smajstrla Dawn K. Smajstrla /s/ William G. Bardel William G. Bardel /s/ Carin M. Barth Carin M. Barth /s/ D. Mark DeWalch D. Mark DeWalch /s/ Ricky J. Haeflinger Ricky J. Haeflinger /s/ Jerry V. Kyle, Jr. Jerry V. Kyle, Jr. /s/ Michael C. Linn Michael C. Linn /s/ John H. Longmaid John H. Longmaid /s/ William N. Mathis William N. Mathis /s/ William E. Randall William E. Randall /s/ Alexander D. Stuart Alexander D. Stuart /s/ Allison K. Thacker Allison K. Thacker President and Chief Financial Officer February 25, 2020 (Principal Financial Officer) Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer February 25, 2020 (Principal Accounting Officer) February 25, 2020 February 25, 2020 February 25, 2020 February 25, 2020 February 25, 2020 February 25, 2020 February 25, 2020 February 25, 2020 February 25, 2020 February 25, 2020 February 25, 2020 Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 70 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations Consolidated Statements of Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-1 F-2 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 To the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors and Unitholders of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. and subsidiaries REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. and subsidiaries (the “Partnership”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Partnership at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 25, 2020, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Partnership’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Description of the Matter Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization (“DD&A”) of Oil and Natural Gas Properties At December 31, 2019, the net book value of the Partnership’s oil and natural gas properties was $1,432 million, and depreciation, depletion and amortization (“DD&A”) expense was $109 million for the year then ended. As discussed in Note 2, under the successful efforts method of accounting, DD&A is recorded based on the units-of-production method. Capitalized development costs are amortized on the basis of proved developed reserves, as estimated by independent petroleum engineers. Leasehold acquisition costs and costs to acquire proved properties are amortized on the basis of total proved reserves, also estimated by independent petroleum engineers. Proved oil and natural gas reserves are estimated quantities of oil and natural gas which geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be commercially recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. Significant judgment is required by the independent petroleum engineers in evaluating geological and engineering data used to estimate oil and natural gas reserves. Estimating reserves also requires the selection of inputs, including oil and natural gas price assumptions, future operating and capital costs assumptions and tax rates by jurisdiction, among others. Because of the complexity involved in estimating oil and natural gas reserves, management used independent petroleum engineers to prepare the oil and natural gas reserve estimates as of December 31, 2019. F-2 Auditing the Partnership’s DD&A calculation is especially complex because of the use of the work of the independent petroleum engineers and the evaluation of management’s determination of the inputs described above used by the engineers in estimating proved oil and natural gas reserves. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the Partnership’s controls over its process to calculate DD&A, including management’s controls over the completeness and accuracy of the financial data provided to the engineers for use in estimating proved oil and natural gas reserves. Description of the Matter Our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the professional qualifications and objectivity of the independent petroleum engineers used to prepare the oil and natural gas reserve estimates. In addition, in assessing whether we can use the work of the independent petroleum engineers we evaluated the completeness and accuracy of the financial data and inputs described above used by the engineers in estimating proved oil and natural gas reserves by agreeing them to source documentation and we identified and evaluated corroborative and contrary evidence. We also tested the mathematical accuracy of the DD&A calculations, including comparing the proved oil and natural gas reserve amounts used to the Partnership’s reserve report. Revenues from Contracts with Customers Accrual At December 31, 2019, the Partnership had $71 million in accrued revenues from contracts with customers. As discussed in Note 2, the Partnership records revenue in the month production is delivered to the purchaser. As a non-operator, the Partnership has limited visibility into the timing of when new wells start producing and production statements may not be received for 30 to 90 days or more after the date production is delivered. As a result, the Partnership is required to estimate the amount of production delivered to the purchaser and the price that will be received for the sale of the product. The expected sales volumes and prices for these properties are estimated and recorded within the Accounts receivable line item in the consolidated balance sheets. Auditing the Partnership’s revenues from contracts with customers accrual is complex and judgmental because it involves the evaluation of subjective management inputs and assumptions used in the calculation. Additionally, auditing the accrual is challenging because the Partnership’s mineral and royalty interests include ownership in a significant amount of producing wells. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Partnership’s process to estimate the revenues from contracts with customers accrual, including management’s controls over the significant assumptions and completeness and accuracy of the data used in the calculation. Our audit procedures included, among others, testing the significant inputs to the calculation of the revenues from contracts with customers accrual by agreeing them to source documentation and evaluating corroborative and contrary evidence. These inputs included oil and natural gas price assumptions and production estimates. Additionally, we assessed the completeness and accuracy of the revenues from contracts with customers accrual through analytic procedures, and we assessed the historical accuracy of the revenues from contracts with customers accrual through lookback procedures. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Partnership’s auditor since 2016. Houston, Texas February 25, 2020 F-3 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors and Unitholders of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. and subsidiaries Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited Black Stone Minerals, L.P. and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), ("the COSO criteria”). In our opinion, Black Stone Minerals, L.P. and subsidiaries ("the Partnership”) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the consolidated balance sheets of the Partnership as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and our report dated February 25, 2020, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Partnership’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying “Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.” Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A partnership’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A partnership’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the partnership; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the partnership are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the partnership; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the partnership’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Houston, Texas February 25, 2020 F-4 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands) ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable Commodity derivative assets Prepaid expenses and other current assets TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Oil and natural gas properties, at cost, using the successful efforts method of accounting, includes unproved properties of $1,073,447 and $1,063,883 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively Accumulated depreciation, depletion, amortization, and impairment Oil and natural gas properties, net Other property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $11,622 and $11,048 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively NET PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT DEFERRED CHARGES AND OTHER LONG-TERM ASSETS TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY, AND EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES Accounts payable Accrued liabilities Commodity derivative liabilities Other current liabilities TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES LONG-TERM LIABILITIES Credit facility Accrued incentive compensation Commodity derivative liabilities Asset retirement obligations Other long-term liabilities TOTAL LIABILITIES COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 11) MEZZANINE EQUITY As of December 31, 2019 2018 $ 8,119 $ 5,414 78,214 14,790 1,168 113,148 37,970 1,001 102,291 157,533 3,302,340 3,441,188 (1,870,412) (1,865,692) 1,431,928 1,575,496 2,300 385 1,434,228 1,575,881 8,689 16,710 $ 1,545,208 $ 1,750,124 $ 5,309 $ 22,702 159 1,633 29,803 4,149 60,089 — 528 64,766 394,000 410,000 2,110 18 15,653 6,820 1,813 — 14,948 55,973 448,404 547,500 Partners' equity — Series B cumulative convertible preferred units, 14,711 and 14,711 units outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively 298,361 298,361 EQUITY Partners' equity — general partner interest Partners' equity — common units, 205,960 and 108,363 units outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively Partners' equity — subordinated units, zero and 96,329 units outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively TOTAL EQUITY TOTAL LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY, AND EQUITY — 798,443 — 798,443 — 714,823 189,440 904,263 $ 1,545,208 $ 1,750,124 The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these financial statements. F-5 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (in thousands, except per unit amounts) REVENUE Oil and condensate sales Natural gas and natural gas liquids sales Lease bonus and other income Revenue from contracts with customers Gain (loss) on commodity derivative instruments TOTAL REVENUE OPERATING (INCOME) EXPENSE Lease operating expense Production costs and ad valorem taxes Exploration expense Depreciation, depletion, and amortization General and administrative Accretion of asset retirement obligations (Gain) loss on sale of assets, net TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSE INCOME (LOSS) FROM OPERATIONS OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) Interest and investment income Interest expense Other income (expense) TOTAL OTHER EXPENSE NET INCOME (LOSS) Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests Distributions on Series A redeemable preferred units Distributions on Series B cumulative convertible preferred units NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE GENERAL PARTNER AND COMMON AND SUBORDINATED UNITS ALLOCATION OF NET INCOME (LOSS): General partner interest Common units Subordinated units NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO LIMITED PARTNERS PER COMMON AND SUBORDINATED UNIT: Per common unit (basic) Weighted average common units outstanding (basic) Per subordinated unit (basic) Weighted average subordinated units outstanding (basic) Per common unit (diluted) Weighted average common units outstanding (diluted) Per subordinated unit (diluted) Weighted average subordinated units outstanding (diluted) Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ 263,678 $ 310,278 $ 169,728 199,265 29,833 492,776 (4,955) 487,821 17,665 60,533 397 248,243 36,216 594,737 14,831 609,568 18,415 64,364 7,943 109,584 122,653 63,353 1,117 — 252,649 235,172 159 (21,435) 472 (20,804) 214,368 — — 76,712 1,103 (3) 291,187 318,381 183 (20,756) (2,248) (22,821) 295,560 (24) (25) (21,000) (21,000) 190,967 42,062 402,757 26,902 429,659 17,280 47,474 618 114,534 77,574 1,026 (931) 257,575 172,084 49 (15,694) 714 (14,931) 157,153 34 (3,117) (1,925) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 193,368 $ 274,511 $ 152,145 — $ — $ 169,375 23,993 154,662 119,849 — 98,389 53,756 193,368 $ 274,511 $ 152,145 1.01 $ 1.46 $ 168,230 106,064 0.64 $ 1.25 $ 37,740 96,099 1.01 $ 1.45 $ 168,376 121,264 0.64 $ 1.25 $ 37,740 96,346 1.01 97,400 0.56 95,149 1.01 97,400 0.56 95,149 The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these financial statements. F-6 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (in thousands) Common units Subordinated units Partners' equity— common units Partners' equity— subordinated units Noncontrolling interests Total equity BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2016 95,721 95,164 $ 489,023 $ 181,602 $ 1,021 $ 671,646 Conversion of Series A redeemable preferred units Repurchases of common and subordinated units Issuance of common units, net of offering costs Issuance of common units for property acquisitions Restricted units granted, net of forfeitures Equity-based compensation Distributions Charges to partners' equity for accrued distribution equivalent rights Net income (loss) Distributions on Series A redeemable preferred units Distributions on Series B cumulative convertible preferred units 201 (446) 2,002 4,348 1,630 — — — — — — 263 (39) — — — — — — — — — 2,868 (7,893) 32,458 71,723 — 39,205 3,756 (292) — — — 152 — — — — — — 6,624 (8,185) 32,458 71,723 — 39,357 (119,963) (74,836) (120) (194,919) (2,694) 101,891 (1,577) — 55,296 (1,540) — (34) — (2,694) 157,153 (3,117) (1,925) — — (1,925) BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2017 103,456 95,388 $ 603,116 $ 164,138 $ 867 $ 768,121 Conversion of Series A redeemable preferred units Repurchases of common and subordinated units Purchase of noncontrolling interests Issuance of common units, net of offering costs Issuance of common units for property acquisitions Restricted units granted, net of forfeitures Equity-based compensation Distributions Charges to partners' equity for accrued distribution equivalent rights Distributions on Series A redeemable preferred units Distributions on Series B cumulative convertible preferred units Net income (loss) BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2018 Conversion of subordinated units Repurchases of common and subordinated units Issuance of common units, net of offering costs Issuance of common units for property acquisitions Restricted units granted, net of forfeitures Equity-based compensation Distributions Charges to partners' equity for accrued distribution equivalent rights Distributions on Series B cumulative convertible preferred units Net income (loss) BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2019 736 (623) — 2,244 1,234 1,316 — — — — — — 108,363 96,329 (966) — 57 2,177 — — — — — 964 (23) — — — — — — — — — — 10,498 (10,879) (1,026) 40,537 22,657 — 40,733 13,750 (342) — — — — 219 — — (680) — — — — 24,248 (11,221) (1,706) 40,537 22,657 — 40,952 (141,777) (108,174) (211) (250,162) (3,698) (13) (21,000) 175,675 — (12) — 119,861 — — — 24 (3,698) (25) (21,000) 295,560 96,329 $ 714,823 $ 189,440 $ — $ 904,263 (96,329) — — — — — — — — — 142,149 (16,287) (43) 943 — 23,490 (142,149) — — — — — (233,155) (71,284) (2,852) (21,000) 190,375 — — 23,993 — — — — — — — — — — — (16,287) (43) 943 — 23,490 (304,439) (2,852) (21,000) 214,368 205,960 — $ 798,443 $ — $ — $ 798,443 The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these financial statements. F-7 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation, depletion, and amortization Accretion of asset retirement obligations Amortization of deferred charges (Gain) loss on commodity derivative instruments Net cash (paid) received on settlement of commodity derivative instruments Equity-based compensation Exploratory dry hole expense Deferred rent (Gain) loss on sale of assets, net Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other Settlement of asset retirement obligations NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Acquisitions of oil and natural gas properties Additions to oil and natural gas properties Additions to oil and natural gas properties leasehold costs Purchases of other property and equipment Proceeds from the sale of oil and natural gas properties Proceeds from farmouts of oil and natural gas properties NET CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Proceeds from issuance of common units, net of offering costs Proceeds from issuance of Series B cumulative convertible preferred units, net of offering costs Distributions to common and subordinated unitholders Distributions to Series A redeemable preferred unitholders Distributions to Series B cumulative convertible preferred unitholders Distributions to noncontrolling interests Distributions equivalents paid Redemption of Series A redeemable preferred units Repurchases of common and subordinated units Purchase of noncontrolling interests Borrowings under credit facility Repayments under credit facility Debt issuance costs and other NET CASH (USED IN) PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES NET CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS Cash and cash equivalents — beginning of the year Cash and cash equivalents — end of the year SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE Interest paid $ $ The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these financial statements. F-8 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ 214,368 $ 295,560 $ 157,153 109,584 122,653 114,534 1,117 1,041 4,955 27,862 20,484 3 — — 35,044 (167) (1,191) (380) 412,720 (43,051) (64,782) (980) (2,488) 1,174 61,504 (48,623) (43) — (304,439) — (21,000) — (2,981) — (16,929) — 334,500 (350,500) — (361,392) 2,705 5,414 1,103 905 (14,831) (38,235) 30,134 6,785 1,283 (3) (31,531) 210 11,474 (129) 385,378 (124,081) (166,970) (6,263) (21) 9,009 124,522 (163,804) 40,537 — (250,121) (690) (17,675) (211) — (2,115) (10,579) (1,706) 373,500 (351,500) (1,242) (221,802) (228) 5,642 8,119 $ 5,414 $ 1,026 877 (26,902) 15,211 33,044 — — (931) (6,084) (177) (5,671) (228) 281,852 (425,667) (55,842) (2,806) (207) 11,102 19,171 (454,249) 32,458 293,469 (194,799) (3,777) — (120) — (19,704) (8,185) — 292,500 (220,500) (3,075) 168,267 (4,130) 9,772 5,642 20,470 $ 19,761 $ 14,761 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTE 1 — BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION Description of the Business Black Stone Minerals, L.P. (“BSM” or the “Partnership”) is a publicly traded Delaware limited partnership that owns oil and natural gas mineral interests, which make up the vast majority of the asset base. The Partnership's assets also include nonparticipating royalty interests and overriding royalty interests. These interests, which are substantially non-cost-bearing, are collectively referred to as “mineral and royalty interests.” The Partnership’s mineral and royalty interests are located in 41 states in the continental United States ("U.S."), including all of the major onshore producing basins. The Partnership also owns non- operated working interests in certain oil and natural gas properties. On May 6, 2015, the Partnership completed its initial public offering (the "IPO") of 22,500,000 common units representing limited partner interests. The Partnership's common units trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "BSM." Basis of Presentation The accompanying audited consolidated financial statements of the Partnership have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in the U.S. and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The consolidated financial statements include the consolidated results of the Partnership, which also includes the results of the Noble Acquisition (as defined below) for the period from November 28, 2017 through December 31, 2019, as discussed in Note 4 – Oil and Natural Gas Properties. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, which are of a normal and recurring nature, necessary for the fair presentation of the financial results for all periods presented have been reflected. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The Partnership evaluates the significant terms of its investments to determine the method of accounting to be applied to each respective investment. Investments in which the Partnership has less than a 20% ownership interest and does not have control or exercise significant influence are accounted for using fair value or cost minus impairment if fair value is not readily determinable. Investments in which the Partnership exercises control are consolidated, and the noncontrolling interests of such investments, which are not attributable directly or indirectly to the Partnership, are presented as a separate component of net income and equity in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements include undivided interests in oil and natural gas property rights. The Partnership accounts for its share of oil and natural gas property rights by reporting its proportionate share of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs, and cash flows within the relevant lines on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, statements of operations, and statements of cash flows. Segment Reporting The Partnership operates in a single operating and reportable segment. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Partnership’s chief executive officer has been determined to be the chief operating decision maker and allocates resources and assesses performance based upon financial information at the consolidated level. NOTE 2 — SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the periods herein. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Partnership’s consolidated financial statements are based on a number of significant estimates including oil and natural gas reserve quantities that are the basis for the calculations of depreciation, depletion, and amortization (“DD&A”) and F-9 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS impairment of oil and natural gas properties. Reservoir engineering is a subjective process of estimating underground accumulations of oil and natural gas. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating quantities of proved oil and natural gas reserves. The accuracy of any reserve estimates is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. As a result, reserve estimates may differ from the quantities of oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered. The Partnership’s reserve estimates are determined by an independent petroleum engineering firm. Other items subject to significant estimates and assumptions include the carrying amount of oil and natural gas properties, valuation of commodity derivative financial instruments, valuation of future asset retirement obligations (“ARO”), determination of revenue accruals, and the determination of the fair value of equity-based awards. The Partnership evaluates estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic and commodity price environment. The volatility of commodity prices results in increased uncertainty inherent in such estimates and assumptions. A significant decline in oil or natural gas prices could result in a reduction in the Partnership’s fair value estimates and cause the Partnership to perform analyses to determine if its oil and natural gas properties are impaired. As future commodity prices cannot be predicted accurately, actual results could differ significantly from estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Partnership considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Accounts Receivable The Partnership’s accounts receivable balance results primarily from operators’ sales of oil and natural gas to their customers. Accounts receivable are recorded at the contractual amounts and do not bear interest. Any concentration of customers may impact the Partnership’s overall credit risk, either positively or negatively, in that these entities may be similarly affected by changes in economic or other conditions impacting the oil and natural gas industry. The following table presents information about the Partnership's accounts receivable: Accounts receivable: Revenues from contracts with customers Other Total accounts receivable Commodity Derivative Financial Instruments 2019 December 31, (in thousands) 2018 $ $ 71,022 $ 7,192 78,214 $ 107,804 5,344 113,148 The Partnership’s ongoing operations expose it to changes in the market price for oil and natural gas. To mitigate the given price risk associated with its operations, the Partnership uses commodity derivative financial instruments. From time to time, such instruments may include variable-to-fixed-price swaps, costless collars, fixed-price contracts, and other contractual arrangements. The Partnership does not enter into derivative instruments for speculative purposes. Derivative instruments are recognized at fair value. If a right of offset exists under master netting arrangements and certain other criteria are met, derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty are netted on the consolidated balance sheets. The Partnership does not specifically designate derivative instruments as cash flow hedges, even though they reduce its exposure to changes in oil and natural gas prices; therefore, gains and losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments are recognized on a net basis in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations within Gain (loss) on commodity derivative instruments. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Partnership to credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and commodity derivative financial instruments. F-10 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The Partnership maintains cash and cash equivalent balances with major financial institutions. At times, those balances exceed federally insured limits; however, no losses have been incurred. The Partnership’s customer base is made up of its lessees, which consist of integrated oil and gas companies to independent producers and operators. The Partnership’s credit risk may also include the purchasers of oil and natural gas produced from the Partnership’s properties. The Partnership attempts to limit the amount of credit exposure to any one company through procedures that include credit approvals, credit limits and terms, and prepayments. The Partnership believes the credit quality of its customer base is high and has not experienced significant write-offs in its accounts receivable balances. See Note 7 – Significant Customers for further discussion. Commodity derivative financial instruments may expose the Partnership to credit risk; however, the Partnership monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties. See Note 5 – Commodity Derivative Financial Instruments for further discussion. Oil and Natural Gas Properties The Partnership follows the successful efforts method of accounting for oil and natural gas operations. Under this method, costs to acquire mineral and royalty interests and working interests in oil and natural gas properties, property acquisitions, successful exploratory wells, development costs, and support equipment and facilities are capitalized when incurred. Acquisitions of proved oil and natural gas properties and working interests are generally considered business combinations and are recorded at their estimated fair value as of the acquisition date. Acquisitions that consist of all or substantially all unproved oil and natural gas properties are generally considered asset acquisitions and are recorded at cost. The costs of unproved leasehold and non-producing mineral interests are capitalized as unproved properties pending the results of exploration and leasing efforts. As unproved properties are determined to be productive, the related costs are transferred to proved oil and natural gas properties. The costs related to exploratory wells are capitalized pending determination of whether proved commercial reserves exist. If proved commercial reserves are not discovered, such drilling costs are expensed. In some circumstances, it may be uncertain whether proved commercial reserves have been discovered when drilling has been completed. Such exploratory well drilling costs may continue to be capitalized if the reserve quantity is sufficient to justify completion as a producing well and sufficient progress in assessing the reserves and the economic and operating viability of the project is ongoing. Other exploratory costs, including annual delay rentals and geological and geophysical costs, are expensed when incurred. Oil and natural gas properties are grouped in accordance with the Extractive Industries – Oil and Gas Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"). The basis for grouping is a reasonable aggregation of properties with a common geological structural feature or stratigraphic condition, such as a reservoir or field, which the Partnership also refers to as a depletable unit. As exploration and development work progresses and the reserves associated with the Partnership’s oil and natural gas properties become proved, capitalized costs attributed to the properties are charged as an operating expense through DD&A. DD&A of producing oil and natural gas properties is recorded based on the units-of-production method. Capitalized development costs are amortized on the basis of proved developed reserves while leasehold acquisition costs and the costs to acquire proved properties are amortized on the basis of all proved reserves, both developed and undeveloped. Proved reserves are estimated quantities of oil and natural gas which geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be commercially recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. DD&A expense related to the Partnership’s producing oil and natural gas properties was $109.0 million, $122.5 million, and $114.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The Partnership evaluates impairment of producing properties whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. This evaluation is performed on a depletable unit basis. The Partnership compares the undiscounted projected future cash flows expected in connection with a depletable unit to its unamortized carrying amount to determine recoverability. When the carrying amount of a depletable unit exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, the carrying amount is written down to its fair value, which is measured as the present value of the projected future cash flows of such properties. The factors used to determine fair value include estimates of proved reserves, future commodity prices, timing of future production, operating costs, future capital expenditures, and a risk-adjusted discount rate. There was no impairment of proved oil and natural gas properties for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. Unproved properties are also assessed for impairment periodically on a depletable unit basis when facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable, at which point an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the F-11 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS carrying value exceeds the estimated recoverable value. The carrying value of unproved properties, including unleased mineral rights, is determined based on management’s assessment of fair value using factors similar to those previously noted for proved properties, as well as geographic and geologic data. There was no impairment of unproved properties for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. Upon the sale of a complete depletable unit, the book value thereof, less proceeds or salvage value, is charged to income. Upon the sale or retirement of an individual well, or an aggregation of interests which make up less than a complete depletable unit, the proceeds are credited to accumulated DD&A, unless doing so would significantly alter the DD&A rate of the depletable unit, in which case a gain or loss would be recorded. Other Property and Equipment Other property and equipment includes furniture, fixtures, office equipment, leasehold improvements, and computer software and is stated at historical cost. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight-line method over expected useful lives ranging from 3 years to 7 years. Depreciation and amortization expense totaled $0.6 million, $0.2 million, and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Repairs and Maintenance The cost of normal maintenance and repairs is charged to expense as incurred. Material expenditures that increase the life of an asset are capitalized and depreciated over the shorter of the estimated remaining useful life of the asset or the term of the lease, if applicable. Accrued Liabilities Accrued liabilities consisted of the following: Accrued liabilities: Accrued capital expenditures Accrued incentive compensation Accrued property taxes Accrued other Total accrued liabilities Debt Issuance Costs 2019 December 31, (in thousands) 2018 $ $ 2,019 $ 9,057 8,131 3,495 22,702 $ 32,945 16,109 5,822 5,213 60,089 Debt issuance costs consist of costs directly associated with obtaining credit with financial institutions. These costs are capitalized and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the credit agreement, which approximates the effective-interest method. Any unamortized debt issuance costs are expensed in the year when the associated debt instrument is terminated. Amortization expense for debt issuance costs was $1.0 million, $0.9 million, and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and is included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Asset Retirement Obligations Fair values of legal obligations to retire and remove long-lived assets are recorded when the obligation is incurred and becomes determinable. When the liability is initially recorded, the Partnership capitalizes this cost by increasing the carrying amount of the related property. Over time, the liability is accreted for the change in its present value, and the capitalized cost in oil and natural gas properties is depleted based on units-of-production consistent with the related asset. Leases On January 1, 2019, the Partnership adopted ASC 842, Leases, using the modified retrospective method. ASC 842 requires the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under the previous F-12 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS guidance. The Partnership used January 1, 2019, the beginning of the period of adoption, as its date of initial application. The Partnership elected the package of practical expedients upon transition which will retain the lease classification for leases and any unamortized initial direct costs that existed prior to the adoption of the standard. The adoption of the standard resulted in the recognition of operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. ROU assets and operating lease liabilities were less than 1% of the Partnership's total assets as of December 31, 2019 and were not considered material to the Partnership. There was no related impact on the consolidated statement of operations. The standard had no impact on the Partnership’s debt covenant compliance under existing agreements. The Partnership determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception by considering whether (1) explicitly or implicitly identified assets have been deployed in the agreement and (2) the Partnership obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of that underlying asset and directs how and for what purpose the asset is used during the term of the agreement. Operating leases are included in Deferred charges and other long-term assets, Other current liabilities, and Other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2019, none of the Partnership’s leases were classified as financing leases. ROU assets represent the Partnership’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent the Partnership’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets are recognized at commencement date and consist of the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term, initial direct costs, prepaid lease payments less any lease incentives. Operating lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. The Partnership uses the implicit rate, when readily determinable, or its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The lease terms may include periods covered by options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Partnership will exercise that option and periods covered by options to terminate the lease when it is not reasonably certain that the Partnership will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Partnership made an accounting policy election to not recognize leases with terms of less than twelve months on the consolidated balance sheets and recognize those lease payments in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. In the event that the Partnership’s assumptions and expectations change, it may have to revise its ROU assets and operating lease liabilities. Revenues from Contracts with Customers ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, requires the Partnership to identify the distinct promised goods and services within a contract which represent separate performance obligations and determine the transaction price to allocate to the performance obligations identified. The Partnership adopted ASC 606 using the modified retrospective method, which was applied to all existing contracts for which all (or substantially all) of the revenue had not been recognized under legacy revenue guidance as of the date of adoption, January 1, 2018. Oil and natural gas sales Sales of oil and natural gas are recognized at the point control of the product is transferred to the customer and collectability of the sales price is reasonably assured. Oil is priced on the delivery date based upon prevailing prices published by purchasers with certain adjustments related to oil quality and physical location. The price the Partnership receives for natural gas is tied to a market index, with certain adjustments based on, among other factors, whether a well delivers to a gathering or transmission line, quality and heat content of natural gas, and prevailing supply and demand conditions, so that the price of natural gas fluctuates to remain competitive with other available natural gas supplies. As each unit of product represents a separate performance obligation and the consideration is variable as it relates to oil and natural gas prices, the Partnership recognizes revenue from oil and natural gas sales using the practical expedient for variable consideration in ASC 606. Lease bonus and other income The Partnership also earns revenue from lease bonuses and delay rentals. The Partnership generates lease bonus revenue by leasing its mineral interests to exploration and production companies. A lease agreement represents the Partnership's contract with a customer and generally transfers the rights to any oil or natural gas discovered, grants the Partnership a right to a specified royalty interest, and requires that drilling and completion operations commence within a specified time period. Control is transferred to the lessee and the Partnership has satisfied its performance obligation when the lease agreement is F-13 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS executed, such that revenue is recognized when the lease bonus payment is received. At the time the Partnership executes the lease agreement, the Partnership expects to receive the lease bonus payment within a reasonable time, though in no case more than one year, such that the Partnership has not adjusted the expected amount of consideration for the effects of any significant financing component per the practical expedient in ASC 606. The Partnership also recognizes revenue from delay rentals to the extent drilling has not started within the specified period, payment has been received, and the Partnership has no further obligation to refund the payment. Production imbalances The Partnership previously elected to utilize the entitlements method to account for natural gas production imbalances, which is no longer permitted under ASC 606. As of January 1, 2018, these amounts were de minimis. Allocation of transaction price to remaining performance obligations Oil and natural gas sales The Partnership has utilized the practical expedient in ASC 606 which states the Partnership is not required to disclose the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations if the variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation. As the Partnership has determined that each unit of product generally represents a separate performance obligation, future volumes are wholly unsatisfied and disclosure of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations is not required. Lease bonus and other income Given that the Partnership does not recognize lease bonus or other income until a lease agreement has been executed, at which point its performance obligation has been satisfied, and payment is received, the Partnership does not record revenue for unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations as of the end of the reporting period. Overall, there were no material changes in the timing of the satisfaction of the Partnership's performance obligations or the allocation of the transaction price to its performance obligations in applying the guidance in ASC 606 as compared to legacy GAAP. Prior-period performance obligations The Partnership records revenue in the month production is delivered to the purchaser. As a non-operator, the Partnership has limited visibility into the timing of when new wells start producing and production statements may not be received for 30 to 90 days or more after the date production is delivered. As a result, the Partnership is required to estimate the amount of production delivered to the purchaser and the price that will be received for the sale of the product. The expected sales volumes and prices for these properties are estimated and recorded within the Accounts receivable line item in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The difference between the Partnership's estimates and the actual amounts received for oil and natural gas sales is recorded in the month that payment is received from the third party. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, revenue recognized in the reporting periods related to performance obligations satisfied in prior reporting periods was immaterial. Income Taxes The Partnership is organized as a pass-through entity for income tax purposes. As a result, the Partnership’s unitholders are responsible for federal and state income taxes attributable to their share of the Partnership’s taxable income. The Partnership is subject to other state-based taxes; however, those taxes are not material. Limited partnerships that receive at least 90% of their gross income from designated passive sources, including royalties from mineral properties and other non-operated mineral interest income, and do not receive more than 10% of their income from operating an active trade or business, are classified as “passive entities” and are generally exempt from the Texas margin tax. The Partnership believes that it meets the requirements for being considered a “passive entity” for Texas margin tax purposes. As a result, each unitholder that is considered a taxable entity under the Texas margin tax would generally be required to include its portion of the Partnership’s revenues in its own Texas margin tax computation. The Texas Administrative Code provides such income is sourced according to the principal place of business of the Partnership, which would be the state of Texas. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying values of the Partnership’s current financial instruments, which include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, commodity derivative financial instruments, and accounts payable, approximate their fair value at December 31, F-14 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2019 and 2018 due to the short-term maturity of these instruments. See Note 6 – Fair Value Measurements for further discussion. Incentive Compensation Incentive compensation includes both liability awards and equity-based awards. The Partnership recognizes compensation expense associated with its incentive compensation awards using either straight-line or accelerated attribution over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period of the awards) depending on the given terms of the award, based on their grant date fair values. Liability awards are awards that are expected to be settled in cash or an unknown number of common units on their vesting dates. Liability awards are recorded as accrued liabilities based on the vested portion of the estimated fair value of the awards as of the grant date, which is subject to revision based on the impact of certain performance conditions associated with the incentive plans. Incentive compensation expense is charged to General and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 9 – Incentive Compensation for additional discussion. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), which will remove, modify, and add certain required disclosures on fair value measurements. As amended, Topic 820 will no longer require the disclosure of the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the policy of timing of transfers between levels, and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. In addition, certain modifications to current disclosure requirements will be made, including clarifying that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. Certain disclosure requirements will also be added, including the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. For certain unobservable inputs, an entity may disclose other quantitative information in place of the weighted average if the entity determines that other quantitative information would be a more reasonable and rational method to reflect the distribution of unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The new standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Partnership does not believe the adoption of this update will have an impact on its financial position, results of operations, or liquidity. NOTE 3 — ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS The ARO liability reflects the present value of estimated costs of dismantlement, removal, site reclamation, and similar activities associated with the Partnership’s working interest oil and natural gas properties. The Partnership utilizes current retirement costs to estimate the expected cash outflows for retirement obligations. The Partnership estimates the ultimate productive life of the properties, a credit-adjusted risk-free rate, and an inflation factor in order to determine the current present value of this obligation. To the extent future revisions to these assumptions impact the present value of the existing ARO liability, a corresponding adjustment is made to the oil and natural gas property balance. The following table describes changes to the Partnership’s ARO liability for the periods presented: Beginning asset retirement obligations Liabilities incurred Liabilities settled Accretion expense Revisions in estimated costs Dispositions Ending asset retirement obligations Current asset retirement obligations Non-current asset retirement obligations F-15 For the year ended December 31, 2019 2018 (in thousands) $ 15,475 $ 14,509 209 (1,073) 1,117 976 (620) 16,084 $ 431 $ 15,653 $ 245 (129) 1,103 (16) (237) 15,475 527 14,948 $ $ $ BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTE 4 — OIL AND NATURAL GAS PROPERTIES Acquisitions of proved oil and natural gas properties and working interests are generally considered business combinations and are recorded at their estimated fair value as of the acquisition date. Acquisitions that consist of all or substantially all unproved oil and natural gas properties are generally considered asset acquisitions and are recorded at cost. 2019 Acquisitions During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Partnership closed on multiple acquisitions of mineral and royalty interests for total consideration of $44.0 million. Acquisitions that were considered business combinations were primarily located in the Permian Basin. These acquisitions were funded with borrowings under the Partnership's Credit Facility (as defined in Note 8 - Credit Facility) and funds from operating activities. Acquisition related costs of $0.1 million were expensed and included in the General and administrative expense line item of the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019. The following table summarizes these acquisitions: Assets Acquired Consideration Paid Proved Unproved Net Working Capital (in thousands) Total Fair Value Cash February March June Total fair value $ $ 173 $ 24 527 8,437 $ — 3,268 1 $ 8,611 $ — — 24 3,795 724 $ 11,705 $ 1 $ 12,430 $ 8,611 24 3,795 12,430 In addition, during 2019, the Partnership acquired mineral and royalty interests that were considered asset acquisitions from various sellers for an aggregate of $31.6 million. These acquisitions were primarily located in East Texas and the Permian Basin. The cash portion of the consideration paid for these acquisitions of $30.7 million was funded with borrowings under the Partnership's Credit Facility and funds from operating activities, and $0.9 million was funded through the issuance of common units of the Partnership based on the fair values of the common units issued on the acquisition dates. 2018 Acquisitions During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Partnership closed on multiple acquisitions of mineral and royalty interests for total consideration of $149.9 million. F-16 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Acquisitions that were considered business combinations were primarily located in the Permian Basin. The cash portion of the consideration paid for these acquisitions was funded with borrowings under the Partnership's Credit Facility and funds from operating activities. Acquisition related costs of $0.2 million were expensed and included in the General and administrative expense line item of the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018. The following table summarizes these acquisitions: Assets Acquired Consideration Paid Proved Unproved Net Working Capital (in thousands) Total Fair Value Cash $ 984 $ 21,452 $ 133 $ 22,569 $ 22,569 $ 883 4,349 5,000 1,176 1,166 13,688 7,944 34,673 — — 8 215 74 — — 14,579 12,508 39,747 1,176 1,166 14,579 3,764 26,461 1,176 1,166 Fair Value of Common Units Issued — — 8,744 13,286 — — March June July August September November Total fair value $ 13,558 $ 77,757 $ 430 $ 91,745 $ 69,715 $ 22,030 In addition, during 2018, the Partnership acquired mineral and royalty interests that were considered asset acquisitions from various sellers for an aggregate of $58.2 million. These acquisitions were primarily located in East Texas and the Permian Basin. The cash portion of the consideration paid for these acquisitions of $57.6 million was funded with borrowings under the Partnership's Credit Facility and funds from operating activities, and $0.6 million was funded through the issuance of common units of the Partnership based on the fair values of the common units issued on the acquisition dates. During 2018, the Partnership acquired the remaining noncontrolling interest in certain subsidiaries for $1.7 million and merged the subsidiaries into its existing structure. This acquisition was funded with borrowings under the Partnership's Credit Facility and funds from operating activities. Noble Acquisition On November 28, 2017 (the "Close Date"), Black Stone Minerals Company, L.P. ("BSMC"), a wholly owned subsidiary of BSM, closed on the acquisition of (i) certain mineral interests and other non-cost bearing royalty interests from Noble Energy Inc., Noble Energy Wyco, LLC, and Rosetta Resources Operating LP and (ii) one hundred percent (100%) of the issued and outstanding securities of Samedan Royalty, LLC ("Samedan") from Noble Energy US Holdings, LLC, collectively, the "Noble Acquisition." The mineral interests and other non-cost bearing royalty interests acquired in the Noble Acquisition, including interests owned by Samedan (the "Noble Assets") include approximately 1.1 million gross (140,000 net) mineral acres, 380,000 gross acres of non-participating royalty interests, and 600,000 gross acres of overriding royalty interests collectively spread over 20 states with significant concentrations in Texas, Oklahoma, and North Dakota. The Partnership funded the $335 million purchase price (before customary post-closing adjustments) using (i) approximately $300 million in proceeds from its issuance of 14,711,219 Series B cumulative convertible preferred units to Mineral Royalties One, L.L.C., an affiliate of The Carlyle Group ("the Purchaser"), in a private placement which also closed on November 28, 2017, and (ii) approximately $35 million from borrowings under its Credit Facility. See additional discussion of the Series B cumulative convertible preferred units in Note 12 – Preferred Units. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting which requires, among other things, that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at their fair values as of the acquisition date. The final determination of fair value was completed in 2018 after post-closing purchase price adjustments were finalized. Since December 31, 2017, the Partnership has recorded an adjustment to the purchase price to reduce the amount allocated to unproved properties by $3.2 million, which reduces the Acquisitions of oil and natural gas properties line item of the consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018. F-17 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The following table summarizes the final allocation of the fair value of the assets acquired and the acquisition-related costs. Assets Acquired Proved Unproved Net Working Capital Total Fair Value Cash Consideration Paid1 Acquisition-Related Costs2 (in thousands) Noble Assets $ 68,877 $ 256,542 $ 5,917 $ 331,336 $ 331,336 $ 247 1 Represents cash consideration paid on the Close Date, as adjusted for the $3.2 million purchase price adjustment recorded during the year ended December 31, 2018. 2 Acquisition-related costs were expensed and included in the General and administrative expense line item of the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017. The fair value of the Noble Assets was measured using valuation techniques that convert future cash flows to a single discounted amount. Significant inputs to the valuation of oil and natural gas properties include estimates of: (i) oil and natural gas reserves; (ii) future commodity prices; (iii) estimated future cash flows; and (iv) market-based weighted average cost of capital. These inputs require significant judgments and estimates by the Partnership's management at the time of the valuation and are the most sensitive and subject to change. Actual and Pro Forma Impact of Noble Acquisition (Unaudited) Revenue attributable to the Noble Acquisition included in the Partnership's consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $2.8 million. The following table presents unaudited pro forma information for the Partnership as if the Noble Acquisition occurred on January 1, 2016. Revenue and other income Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests Distributions on Series A redeemable preferred units Distributions on Series B cumulative convertible preferred units Net income (loss) attributable to the general partner and common and subordinated units Allocation of net income (loss): General partner interest Common units Subordinated units Net income (loss) attributable to limited partners per common and subordinated unit: Per common unit (basic) Per subordinated unit (basic) Per common unit (diluted) Per subordinated unit (diluted) F-18 For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 (in thousands, except per unit amounts) 468,103 $ 178,970 $ 34 (3,117) (21,000) 154,887 $ — 99,776 55,111 154,887 $ 1.02 $ 0.58 $ 1.02 $ 0.58 $ 288,772 33,264 12 (5,763) (21,000) 6,513 — 20,696 (14,183) 6,513 0.22 (0.15) 0.22 (0.15) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The historical financial information was adjusted to give effect to the pro forma events that were directly attributable to the Noble Acquisition and are factually supportable. The unaudited pro forma consolidated results are not necessarily indicative of what the Partnership's consolidated results of operations would have been had the acquisition been completed on January 1, 2016. In addition, the unaudited pro forma consolidated results do not purport to project the future results of operations for the combined company. The unaudited pro forma consolidated results reflect the following pro forma adjustments: • Adjustments to recognize incremental revenue, production costs and ad valorem taxes, and DD&A expense attributable to the Noble Assets. • Adjustment to recognize additional interest expense associated with the incremental borrowings under the Partnership's Credit Facility. • Adjustment to recognize the quarterly distribution associated with the issuance of 14,711,219 Series B cumulative convertible preferred units. The Series B cumulative convertible preferred units were excluded from the calculation of pro forma diluted earnings per common unit for the • periods presented above due to their antidilutive effect under the if-converted method. • The Series B cumulative convertible preferred units do not have any impact to earnings per subordinated unit. 2017 Acquisitions In addition to the Noble Acquisition, the Partnership closed on multiple acquisitions of mineral and royalty interests, which were also considered business combinations, during the year ended December 31, 2017. These acquisitions were primarily focused in the Delaware Basin and East Texas. The cash portion of the consideration paid for these acquisitions was funded with borrowings under the Partnership's Credit Facility and funds from operating activities. The following table summarizes these acquisitions: Assets Acquired Consideration Paid Proved Unproved Net Working Capital Total Fair Value Cash (in thousands) Fair Value of Common Units Issued Acquisition- Related Costs1 January June August September Total fair value $ $ 5,135 $ 34,008 $ 263 $ 39,406 $ 27,380 $ 12,026 $ 5,006 3,277 3,120 45,477 9,984 — — — — 50,483 13,261 3,120 4,802 4,289 3,120 45,681 8,972 — 16,538 $ 89,469 $ 263 $ 106,270 $ 39,591 $ 66,679 $ 1,162 1,481 107 — 2,750 1 Acquisition-related costs were expensed and included in the General and administrative expense line item of the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017. In addition, the Partnership acquired mineral and royalty interests that were considered asset acquisitions from various sellers in East Texas as reflected in the table below. The cash portion of the consideration paid for these acquisitions was funded via borrowings under the Partnership's Credit Facility. Assets Acquired Unproved Consideration Paid Fair Value of Common Units Issued Cash (in thousands) Q1 2017 Q2 2017 Q3 2017 Q4 2017 Total acquired $ $ 21,189 $ 13,329 19,946 2,267 56,731 $ F-19 21,017 $ 13,329 15,205 2,137 51,688 $ 172 — 4,741 130 5,043 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Farmout Agreements In 2017, the Partnership entered into two farmout arrangements designed to reduce its working interest capital expenditures and thereby significantly lower its capital spending other than for mineral and royalty interest acquisitions. Under these agreements, the Partnership conveyed its rights to participate in certain non-operated working interest opportunities to external capital providers while retaining value from these interests in the form of additional royalty income or retained economic interests. Canaan Farmout On February 21, 2017, the Partnership announced that it had entered into a farmout agreement with Canaan Resource Partners ("Canaan") which covers certain Haynesville and Bossier shale acreage in San Augustine County, Texas operated by XTO Energy Inc. ("XTO Energy"), a subsidiary of Exxon Mobil Corporation. The Partnership has an approximate 50% working interest in the acreage and is the largest mineral owner. A total of 20 wells were drilled over an initial phase, beginning with wells spud after January 1, 2017. Canaan elected to participate in an additional phase that began in September 2018 and continues for the earlier of 2 years or until 20 wells have been drilled. As of December 31, 2019, a total of 17 wells have been drilled during the second phase. After the completion of the second phase, Canaan will have the option to elect to participate in a similar third phase. During the first three phases of the agreement, Canaan commits on a phase-by-phase basis and funds 80% of the Partnership's drilling and completion costs and is assigned 80% of the Partnership's working interests in such wells (40% working interest on an 8/8ths basis) as the wells are drilled. After the third phase, Canaan can earn 40% of the Partnership’s working interest (20% working interest on an 8/8ths basis) in additional wells drilled in the area by continuing to fund 40% of the Partnership's costs for those wells on a well-by-well basis. The Partnership receives an overriding royalty interest (“ORRI”) before payout and an increased ORRI after payout on all wells drilled under the agreement. From the inception of the agreement through December 31, 2019, the Partnership has received $90.0 million from Canaan under the agreement as reimbursement for capital costs associated with farmed-out working interests. When such reimbursements are received prior to assigning the wells to Canaan, the Partnership records the amounts as increases to Oil and natural gas properties and Other long-term liabilities. When working interests in farmout wells are assigned to Canaan, the Partnership's Oil and natural gas properties and Other long-term liabilities are reduced by the reimbursed capital costs. As of December 31, 2019, $0.9 million was included in the Other long-term liabilities line item of the consolidated balance sheet for reimbursements received associated with farmed-out working interests not yet assigned to Canaan. Pivotal Farmout On November 21, 2017, the Partnership entered into a farmout agreement with Pivotal Petroleum Partners (“Pivotal”), a portfolio company of Tailwater Capital, LLC. The farmout agreement covers substantially all of the Partnership's remaining working interests under active development in the Shelby Trough area of East Texas targeting the Haynesville and Bossier shale acreage (after giving effect to the Canaan Farmout), until November 2025. Pivotal will earn the Partnership's remaining working interest in wells operated by XTO Energy in San Augustine County, Texas not covered by the Canaan Farmout (10% working interest on an 8/8th basis), as well as 100% of the Partnership's working interests (ranging from approximately 12.5% to 25% on an 8/8ths basis) in wells operated by BPX Energy in San Augustine and Angelina counties, Texas. Initially, Pivotal is obligated to fund the development of up to 80 wells, in designated well groups, across several development areas and then has options to continue funding the Partnership's working interest across those areas for the duration of the farmout agreement. Once Pivotal achieves a specified payout for a designated well group, the Partnership will obtain a majority of the original working interest in such well group. From the inception of the agreement through December 31, 2019, a total of 68 wells have been drilled in the contract area and the Partnership has received $115.2 million from Pivotal under the agreement as reimbursement for capital costs associated with farmed-out working interests. When such reimbursements are received prior to assigning the wells to Pivotal, the Partnership records the amounts as increases to Oil and natural gas properties and Other long-term liabilities. When working interests in farmout wells are assigned to Pivotal, the Partnership's Oil and natural gas properties and Other long-term liabilities are reduced by the reimbursed capital costs. As of December 31, 2019, $0.9 million was included in the Other long- term liabilities line item of the consolidated balance sheet for reimbursements received associated with farmed-out working interests not yet assigned to Pivotal. The Partnership's development agreement with BPX Energy terminated in 2019 with respect to the majority of the Partnership's acreage covered by the agreement. As such, Pivotal retains minimal rights or obligations related to the farmout for that area. The Partnership remains engaged with Pivotal around farmout opportunities with potential new operators in the area forfeited by BPX Energy. As of December 31, 2018, $11.6 million and $41.2 million were included in the Other long-term liability line item of the consolidated balance sheet related to the farmout agreements with Canaan and Pivotal, respectively. F-20 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTE 5 — COMMODITY DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS The Partnership’s ongoing operations expose it to changes in the market price for oil and natural gas. To mitigate the inherent commodity price risk associated with its operations, the Partnership uses oil and natural gas commodity derivative financial instruments. From time to time, such instruments may include variable-to-fixed-price swaps, costless collars, fixed-price contracts, and other contractual arrangements. The Partnership enters into oil and natural gas derivative contracts that contain netting arrangements with each counterparty. The Partnership does not enter into derivative instruments for speculative purposes. As of December 31, 2019, the Partnership's open derivatives contracts consisted of fixed-price-swap contracts and costless collar contracts. A fixed-price swap contract between the Partnership and the counterparty specifies a fixed commodity price and a future settlement date. A costless collar contract between the Partnership and the counterparty specifies a floor and a ceiling commodity price and a future settlement date. The Partnership has not designated any of its contracts as fair value or cash flow hedges. Accordingly, the changes in fair value of the contracts are included in the consolidated statement of operations in the period of the change. All derivative gains and losses from the Partnership's derivative contracts have been recognized in revenue in the Partnership's accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Derivative instruments that have not yet been settled in cash are reflected as either derivative assets or liabilities in the Partnership’s accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. See Note 6 – Fair Value Measurements for further discussion. The Partnership's derivative contracts expose it to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by counterparties that may adversely impact the fair value of the Partnership's commodity derivative assets. While the Partnership does not require its derivative contract counterparties to post collateral, the Partnership does evaluate the credit standing of such counterparties as deemed appropriate. This evaluation includes reviewing a counterparty’s credit rating and latest financial information. As of December 31, 2019, the Partnership had nine counterparties, all of which are rated Baa1 or better by Moody’s and are lenders under the Partnership's Credit Facility. F-21 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The tables below summarize the fair value and classification of the Partnership’s derivative instruments, as well as the gross recognized derivative assets, liabilities, and amounts offset in the consolidated balance sheets as of each date: Classification Assets: Balance Sheet Location Gross Fair Value As of December 31, 2019 Effect of Counterparty Netting (in thousands) Net Carrying Value on Balance Sheet Current asset Commodity derivative assets Long-term asset Deferred charges and other long-term assets Total assets Liabilities: Current liability Commodity derivative liabilities Long-term liability Commodity derivative liabilities Total liabilities Classification Assets: Balance Sheet Location Current asset Commodity derivative assets Long-term asset Deferred charges and other long-term assets Total assets Liabilities: Current liability Commodity derivative liabilities Long-term liability Commodity derivative liabilities Total liabilities $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 19,028 $ 713 19,741 $ 4,397 $ 123 4,520 $ (4,238) $ (105) (4,343) $ (4,238) $ (105) (4,343) $ 14,790 608 15,398 159 18 177 Gross Fair Value As of December 31, 2018 Effect of Counterparty Netting (in thousands) Net Carrying Value on Balance Sheet 38,746 $ 11,518 50,264 $ 776 $ 1,450 2,226 $ (776) $ (1,450) (2,226) $ (776) $ (1,450) (2,226) $ 37,970 10,068 48,038 — — — Changes in the fair values of the Partnership’s derivative instruments (both assets and liabilities) are presented on a net basis in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows and consist of the following for the periods presented: Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments For the year ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (in thousands) Beginning fair value of commodity derivative instruments $ 48,038 $ (5,028) $ (16,719) Gain (loss) on oil derivative instruments Gain (loss) on natural gas derivative instruments Net cash paid (received) on settlements of oil derivative instruments Net cash paid (received) on settlements of natural gas derivative instruments Net change in fair value of commodity derivative instruments Ending fair value of commodity derivative instruments (34,728) 29,773 (8,536) (19,326) (32,817) 24,300 (9,469) 34,905 3,330 53,066 (5,091) 31,993 (10,901) (4,310) 11,691 $ 15,221 $ 48,038 $ (5,028) F-22 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The Partnership had the following open derivative contracts for oil as of December 31, 2019: Period and Type of Contract Oil Swap Contracts: 2019 Fourth quarter 2020 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Period and Type of Contract Oil Collar Contracts: 2019 Fourth quarter 2020 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Volume (Bbl) Weighted Average Price (per Bbl) Range (per Bbl) Low High 312,000 $ 58.50 $ 52.82 $ 630,000 $ 57.32 $ 54.92 $ 630,000 630,000 630,000 57.32 57.32 57.32 54.92 54.92 54.92 63.75 58.65 58.65 58.65 58.65 Volume (Bbl) Weighted Average Floor Price (Per Bbl) Weighted Average Ceiling Price (Per Bbl) 20,000 $ 210,000 $ 210,000 210,000 210,000 65.00 $ 56.43 $ 56.43 56.43 56.43 The Partnership had the following open derivative contracts for natural gas as of December 31, 2019: Period and Type of Contract Natural Gas Swap Contracts: 2020 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Volume (MMBtu) Weighted Average Price (per MMBtu) Range (per MMBtu) Low High 10,010,000 $ 2.69 $ 2.55 $ 10,010,000 10,120,000 10,120,000 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.55 2.55 2.55 F-23 74.00 67.14 67.14 67.14 67.14 2.74 2.74 2.74 2.74 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTE 6 — FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Fair value is defined as the amount at which an asset (or liability) could be bought (or incurred) or sold (or settled) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Further, ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, establishes a fair value hierarchy based on the quality of inputs used to measure fair value, and includes certain disclosure requirements. Fair value estimates are based on either (i) actual market data or (ii) assumptions that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, including estimates of risk. ASC 820 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy categorizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value into one of three different levels depending on the observability of the inputs employed in the measurement. The three levels are defined as follows: Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 — Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 — Inputs that are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement (including the Partnership’s own assumptions in determining fair value). A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Partnership’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. There were no transfers into, or out of, the three levels of the fair value hierarchy for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. The carrying value of the Partnership's cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of the instruments. The estimated carrying value of all debt as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 approximated the fair value due to variable market rates of interest. These debt fair values, which are Level 3 measurements, were estimated based on the Partnership’s incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements, when quoted market prices were not available. The estimated fair values of the Partnership’s financial instruments are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a current market exchange. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis The Partnership estimated the fair value of commodity derivative financial instruments using the market approach via a model that uses inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived from, or corroborated by, observable data. See Note 5 – Commodity Derivative Financial Instruments for further discussion. The following table presents information about the Partnership’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis: Fair Value Measurements Using Effect of Counterparty Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Netting Total (In thousands) As of December 31, 2019 Financial Assets Commodity derivative instruments Financial Liabilities Commodity derivative instruments As of December 31, 2018 Financial Assets Commodity derivative instruments Financial Liabilities $ $ — $ 19,741 $ — $ (4,343) $ 15,398 — 4,520 — (4,343) 177 — $ 50,264 $ — $ (2,226) $ 48,038 Commodity derivative instruments — 2,226 — (2,226) — F-24 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis Nonfinancial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include certain nonfinancial assets and liabilities as may be acquired in a business combination and measurements of oil and natural gas property values for assessment of impairment. The determination of the fair values of proved and unproved properties acquired in business combinations are estimated by discounting projected future cash flows. The factors used to determine fair value include estimates of economic reserves, future operating and development costs, future commodity prices, timing of future production, and a risk-adjusted discount rate. The Partnership has designated these measurements as Level 3. The Partnership's fair value assessments for recent acquisitions are included in Note 4 — Oil and Natural Gas Properties. Oil and natural gas properties are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis using the income approach when assessing for impairment. Proved and unproved oil and natural gas properties are reviewed for impairment when events and circumstances indicate a possible decline in the recoverability of the carrying value of those properties. When assessing producing properties for impairment, the Partnership compares the expected undiscounted projected future cash flows of the producing properties to the carrying amount of the producing properties to determine recoverability. When the carrying amount exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, the carrying amount is written down to its fair value, which is measured as the present value of the projected future cash flows of such properties. The factors used to determine fair value include estimates of proved reserves, future commodity prices, timing of future production, operating costs, future capital expenditures, and a risk-adjusted discount rate. The Partnership’s estimates of fair value have been determined at discrete points in time based on relevant market data. These estimates involve uncertainty and cannot be determined with precision. There were no significant changes in valuation techniques or related inputs for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. There were no assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, after initial recognition, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. NOTE 7 — SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMERS The Partnership leases mineral interests to exploration and production companies and participates in non-operated working interests when economic conditions are favorable. XTO Energy represented approximately 18%, 15%, and 21% of total oil and natural gas revenue for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. If the Partnership lost a significant customer, such loss could impact revenue derived from its mineral and royalty interests and working interests. The loss of any single customer is mitigated by the Partnership’s diversified customer base. NOTE 8 — CREDIT FACILITY The Partnership maintains a senior secured revolving credit agreement, as amended, (the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility has an aggregate maximum credit amount of $1.0 billion and terminates on November 1, 2022. The commitment of the lenders equals the lesser of the aggregate maximum credit amount and the borrowing base. The amount of the borrowing base is redetermined semi-annually, usually in October and April, and is derived from the value of the Partnership’s oil and natural gas properties as determined by the lender syndicate using pricing assumptions that often differ from the current market for future prices. Effective May 4, 2018, the borrowing base redetermination increased the borrowing base from $550.0 million to $600.0 million. Effective October 31, 2018, the borrowing base was further increased to $675.0 million and remained at that level until the most recent redetermination, effective October 23, 2019, which reduced the borrowing base to $650.0 million. Outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at a floating rate elected by the Partnership equal to an alternative base rate (which is equal to the greatest of the Prime Rate, the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50%, or 1-month LIBOR plus 1.00%) or LIBOR, in each case, plus the applicable margin. Prior to October 31, 2018, the applicable margin ranged from 1.00% to 2.00% in the case of the alternative base rate and from 2.00% to 3.00% in the case of LIBOR, depending on the borrowings outstanding in relation to the borrowing base. Effective October 31, 2018, the applicable margin for the alternative base rate was reduced to between 0.75% and 1.75% and the applicable margin for LIBOR was reduced to between 1.75% and 2.75%. The weighted-average interest rate of the Credit Facility was 4.05% and 4.76% as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Accrued interest is payable at the end of each calendar quarter or at the end of each interest period, unless the interest period is longer than 90 days in which case interest is payable at the end of every 90-day period. In addition, a commitment fee is payable at the end of each calendar quarter based on either a rate of 0.375% if the borrowing base utilization F-25 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS percentage is less than 50%, or 0.500% per annum if the borrowing base utilization percentage is equal to or greater than 50%. The Credit Facility is secured by substantially all of the Partnership’s oil and natural gas production and assets. The Credit Facility contains various limitations on future borrowings, leases, hedging, and sales of assets. Additionally, the Credit Facility requires the Partnership to maintain a current ratio of not less than 1.0:1.0 and a ratio of total debt to EBITDAX (Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, Amortization, and Exploration) of not more than 3.5:1.0. As of December 31, 2019, the Partnership was in compliance with all financial covenants in the Credit Facility. The aggregate principal balance outstanding was $394.0 million and $410.0 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The unused portion of the available borrowings under the Credit Facility were $256.0 million and $265.0 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. NOTE 9 — INCENTIVE COMPENSATION Overview The board of directors of the Partnership’s general partner (the "Board") established a long-term incentive plan (the “2015 LTIP”), pursuant to which non-employee directors of the Partnership’s general partner and certain employees and consultants of the Partnership and its affiliates are eligible to receive awards with respect to the Partnership’s common units. The 2015 LTIP permits the grant of unit options, unit appreciation rights, restricted units, unit awards, phantom units, distribution equivalent rights either in tandem with an award or as a separate award, cash awards, and other unit-based awards. Any vesting terms associated with incentive awards are based on a predetermined schedule as approved by the Board or a committee thereof. Incentive compensation expense is included in General and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations. The total compensation expense related to common unit grants is measured as the number of units granted that are expected to vest multiplied by the grant-date fair value per unit. Incentive compensation expense is recognized using straight-line or accelerated attribution depending on the specific terms of the award agreements over the requisite service periods (generally equivalent to the vesting period). Cash Awards The Partnership may also provide from time to time short-term and long-term cash incentive and retention awards annually for its directors, executive officers, and certain other employees. Certain employees are entitled to receive cash bonuses based on service criteria over a four-year requisite service period ending in 2019. Payments are disbursed as vesting is attained on a graded annual basis. The last grant of such cash awards with graded vesting requirements was made in 2016 with vestings extending through December 31, 2019. Restricted Unit Awards Restricted units awarded are subject to restrictions on transferability, customary forfeiture provisions, and time vesting provisions. Award recipients have all the rights of a unitholder in the Partnership, including the right to receive distributions thereon, if and when made by the Partnership. The grant-date fair value of these awards, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized ratably using the straight-line attribution method. In conjunction with the adoption of the 2015 LTIP, the Board approved a grant of awards to each of the executive officers of the Partnership's general partner, certain other employees, and each of the non-employee directors of the Partnership’s general partner. The grants included restricted common units subject to limitations on transferability, customary forfeiture provisions, and service based graded vesting requirements that extended through March 15, 2019. The Compensation Committee of the Board (the "Compensation Committee") annually approves a grant of awards to each of the executive officers of the Partnership's general partner and certain other employees. Consistent with previous awards the 2019 grant includes restricted common units subject to limitations on transferability, customary forfeiture provisions, and service-based graded vesting requirements through January 7, 2022. In January of each year, non-employee directors of the Partnership’s general partner receive compensation under the 2015 LTIP in the form of fully vested common units granted after each year of service. F-26 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The following table summarizes information about restricted units for the year ended December 31, 2019. Unvested at December 31, 2018 Granted Vested Converted Forfeited Unvested at December 31, 2019 Number of Units Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value per Unit 1,334,016 $ 496,316 (778,956) — (13,117) 1,038,259 17.29 17.09 16.64 — 17.49 17.67 The weighted-average grant-date fair value per unit for unit-based awards was $17.09, $17.95, and $18.48 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, unrecognized compensation cost associated with restricted unit awards was $8.5 million, which the Partnership expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 1.67 years. The fair value of units vested for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 was $12.7 million, $12.9 million, and $25.1 million, respectively. There were no cash payments made for vested units during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. Performance Unit Awards The Compensation Committee also approves grants of restricted performance units that are subject to both performance-based and service-based vesting provisions. The number of common units issued to a recipient upon vesting of a restricted performance unit will be calculated based on performance against certain metrics that relate to the Partnership’s performance over each of the three calendar year performance periods commencing January 1 of the first calendar period. The target number of common units subject to each restricted performance unit is one; however, based on the achievement of performance criteria, the number of common units that may be received in settlement of each restricted performance unit can range from zero to two times the target number. The restricted performance units are eligible to become earned at the end of the required service period assuming the minimum performance metrics are achieved. Compensation expense related to the restricted performance unit awards is determined by multiplying the number of common units underlying such awards that, based on the Partnership’s estimate, are probable to vest, by the measurement-date (i.e., the last day of each reporting period date) fair value and recognized using the accelerated or straight-line attribution methods, depending on the terms of the award. Distribution equivalent rights for the restricted performance unit awards that are expected to vest are charged to partners’ capital. The following table summarizes information about performance units for the year ended December 31, 2019. Performance units Unvested at December 31, 2018 Granted1 Vested Forfeited Unvested at December 31, 2019 Number of Units Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value per Unit 1,811,810 $ 953,638 (1,378,188) (18,178) 1,369,082 15.94 16.84 14.83 17.63 17.66 1 Includes 457,322 of additional performance units issued based on the final performance multiplier for awards that vested in the period. The weighted-average grant-date fair value per unit for performance unit awards was $16.84, $17.94, and $17.99 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Unrecognized compensation cost associated with performance unit awards was $6.3 million as of December 31, 2019, which the Partnership expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 1.82 years. The fair value of performance units vested for the years ended December 31, 2019, and 2018 was $22.7 million, and $1.5 million, respectively. No performance units vested for the year ended December 31, 2017. F-27 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Incentive Compensation The table below summarizes incentive compensation expense recorded in General and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. Incentive compensation expense Cash — short and long-term incentive plan Equity-based compensation — restricted common and subordinated units Equity-based compensation — restricted performance units Board of Directors incentive plan Total incentive compensation expense NOTE 10 — EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 (In thousands) 2017 $ $ 5,593 $ 9,301 $ 10,751 7,386 2,347 13,624 14,188 2,322 26,077 $ 39,435 $ 4,373 13,476 17,367 2,202 37,418 Black Stone Natural Resources Management Company, a subsidiary of the Partnership, sponsors a defined contribution 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan (the “401(k) Plan”) for the benefit of substantially all employees of the Partnership. The 401(k) Plan became effective on January 1, 2001 and allows eligible employees to make tax-deferred contributions up to 90% of their annual compensation, not to exceed annual limits established by the Internal Revenue Service. The Partnership makes matching contributions of 100% of employee contributions, up to 5% of compensation. These matching contributions are subject to a graded vesting schedule, with 33% vested after one year, 66% vested after two years and 100% vested after three years of service with the Partnership. Following three years of service, future Partnership matching contributions vest immediately. The Partnership’s contributions were $0.7 million, $0.7 million, and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. NOTE 11 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Environmental Matters The Partnership’s business includes activities that are subject to U.S. federal, state, and local environmental regulations with regard to air, land, and water quality and other environmental matters. The Partnership does not consider the potential remediation costs that could result from issues identified in any environmental site assessments to be significant to the consolidated financial statements and no provision for potential remediation costs has been recorded. Put Option Related to Noble Acquisition By acquiring 100% of the issued and outstanding securities of Samedan, now NAMP Holdings, LLC, on November 28, 2017 as part of the Noble Acquisition, the Partnership acquired a 100% interest in Comin-Termin, LLC, now NAMP GP, LLC ("Holdings"), Comin 1989 Partnership LLLP, now NAMP 1, LP ("Comin"), and Temin 1987 Partnership LLLP, now NAMP 2, LP ("Temin"). Pursuant to certain co-ownership agreements, various co-owners hold undivided beneficial ownership interests in 45.33% and 42.63% of the mineral interests held of record by Holdings and Temin, respectively, as of December 31, 2019. Based on the terms of the co-ownership agreements, the co-owners each have an unconditional option to require Comin or Temin, as applicable, to purchase their beneficial ownership interest in the mineral interests held of record by Holdings or Temin, as applicable, at any time within 30 days of receiving such repurchase notice. The purchase price of the beneficial ownership interest shall be based on an evaluation performed by Comin or Temin, as applicable, in good faith. As of December 31, 2019, the Partnership had not received notice from any co-owner to exercise their repurchase option, and as such, no liability was recorded. Litigation From time to time, the Partnership is involved in legal actions and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. The Partnership believes existing claims as of December 31, 2019 will be resolved without material adverse effect on the Partnership’s financial condition or results of operations. F-28 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTE 12 — PREFERRED UNITS Series A Redeemable Preferred Units As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no Series A redeemable preferred units outstanding. The Series A redeemable preferred units were entitled to an annual distribution of 10% of the outstanding funded capital of the Series A redeemable preferred units, payable on a quarterly basis in arrears. The Series A redeemable preferred units were convertible into common and subordinated units at any time at the option of the Series A redeemable preferred unitholders. The Series A redeemable preferred units had an adjusted conversion price of $14.2683 and an adjusted conversion rate of 30.3431 common units and 39.7427 subordinated units per redeemable preferred unit. The Series A redeemable preferred unitholders had the option to elect to have the Partnership redeem, at face value, all remaining Series A redeemable preferred units, effective as of December 31, 2017, plus any accrued and unpaid distributions. All Series A redeemable preferred units not redeemed by March 31, 2018 automatically converted to common and subordinated units effective as of January 1, 2018 or as soon as practicable thereafter. For the year ended December 31, 2018, 2,115 Series A redeemable preferred units were redeemed for $2.1 million, including accrued unpaid yield, and 24,248 Series A redeemable preferred units totaling $24.2 million were converted into 735,758 common units and 963,681 subordinated units as a result of the mandatory conversion subsequent to December 31, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2017, 19,704 Series A redeemable preferred units were redeemed for $20.2 million, including accrued unpaid yield, and 6,624 Series A redeemable preferred units totaling $6.6 million were converted into the equivalent of 200,996 common units and 263,247 subordinated units as a result of the mandatory conversion subsequent to December 31, 2016. Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Units On November 28, 2017, the Partnership issued and sold in a private placement 14,711,219 Series B cumulative convertible preferred units representing limited partner interests in the Partnership to the Purchaser for a cash purchase price of $20.3926 per Series B cumulative convertible preferred unit, resulting in total proceeds of approximately $300 million. The Series B cumulative convertible preferred units are entitled to an annual distribution of 7%, payable on a quarterly basis in arrears. For the eight quarters consisting of the quarter in respect of which the initial distribution is paid and the seven full quarters thereafter, the quarterly distribution may be paid, at the sole option of the Partnership, (i) in-kind in the form of additional Series B cumulative convertible preferred units (the "Series B PIK Units"), (ii) in cash, or (iii) in a combination of Series B PIK Units and cash. Beginning with the ninth quarter, all Series B cumulative convertible preferred unit distributions shall be paid in cash. The number of Series B PIK Units to be issued, if any, shall equal the quotient of the Series B cumulative convertible preferred unit distribution amount (or portion thereof) divided by the Series B cumulative convertible preferred unit purchase price of $20.3926. The Series B cumulative convertible preferred units may be converted by each holder at its option, in whole or in part, into common units on a one-for- one basis at the purchase price of $20.3926, adjusted to give effect to any accrued but unpaid accumulated distributions on the applicable Series B cumulative convertible preferred units through the most recent declaration date. However, the Partnership shall not be obligated to honor any request for such conversion if such request does not involve an underlying value of common units of at least $10 million based on the closing trading price of common units on the trading day immediately preceding the conversion notice date, or such lesser amount to the extent such exercise covers all of a holder's Series B cumulative convertible preferred units. The Series B cumulative convertible preferred units had a carrying value of $298.4 million, including accrued distributions of $5.3 million, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. The Series B cumulative convertible preferred units are classified as mezzanine equity on the consolidated balance sheets since certain redemption provisions are outside the control of the Partnership. F-29 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTE 13 — EARNINGS PER UNIT The Partnership applies the two-class method for purposes of calculating earnings per unit (“EPU”). The holders of the Partnership’s restricted common units have all the rights of a unitholder, including non-forfeitable distribution rights. As participating securities, the restricted common units are included in the calculation of basic earnings per unit. For the periods presented, the amount of earnings allocated to these participating units was not material. Net income (loss) attributable to the Partnership is allocated to the Partnership's general partner and the common and subordinated unitholders in proportion to their pro rata ownership after giving effect to distributions, if any, declared during the period. The Partnership assesses the Series A redeemable preferred units and the Series B cumulative convertible preferred units on an as-converted basis for the purpose of calculating diluted EPU. The Partnership’s restricted performance unit awards are contingently issuable units that are considered in the calculation of diluted EPU. The Partnership assesses the number of units that would be issuable, if any, under the terms of the arrangement if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per unit: NET INCOME (LOSS) Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests Distributions on Series A redeemable preferred units Distributions on Series B cumulative convertible preferred units NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE GENERAL PARTNER AND COMMON AND SUBORDINATED UNITS ALLOCATION OF NET INCOME (LOSS): General partner interest Common units Subordinated units Weighted average common units outstanding: Weighted average common units outstanding (basic) Effect of dilutive securities Weighted average common units outstanding (diluted) Weighted average subordinated units outstanding: Weighted average subordinated units outstanding (basic) Effect of dilutive securities Weighted average subordinated units outstanding (diluted) NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO LIMITED PARTNERS PER COMMON AND SUBORDINATED UNIT: Per common unit (basic) Per subordinated unit (basic) Per common unit (diluted)1 Per subordinated unit (diluted)2 $ $ $ $ $ For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (in thousands, except per unit amounts) 214,368 $ 295,560 $ 157,153 — — (24) (25) (21,000) (21,000) $ $ 193,368 — 169,375 23,993 $ $ 274,511 — 154,662 119,849 34 (3,117) (1,925) 152,145 — 98,389 53,756 193,368 $ 274,511 $ 152,145 168,230 146 168,376 37,740 — 37,740 106,064 15,200 121,264 96,099 247 96,346 $ 1.01 0.64 1.01 0.64 $ 1.46 1.25 1.45 1.25 97,400 — 97,400 95,149 — 95,149 1.01 0.56 1.01 0.56 1 For the year ended December 31, 2018, diluted net income (loss) attributable to common units includes distributions on Series B cumulative convertible preferred units of $21.0 million. 2 For the year ended December 31, 2018, diluted net income (loss) attributable to subordinated units includes distributions on Series A redeemable preferred units of $0.3 million. F-30 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The following units of potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average units outstanding because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive: Potentially dilutive securities (common units): Series A redeemable preferred units on an as-converted basis Series B cumulative convertible preferred units on an as-converted basis Potentially dilutive securities (subordinated units): Series A redeemable preferred units on an as-converted basis NOTE 14 — COMMON AND SUBORDINATED UNITS Common and Subordinated Units For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (in thousands) — 14,968 14,968 189 — 189 996 1,612 2,608 — — 1,304 The common units and subordinated units represent limited partner interests in the Partnership. The partnership agreement restricts unitholders’ voting rights by providing that any units held by a person or group that owns 15% or more of any class of units then outstanding, other than the limited partners in Black Stone Minerals Company, L.P. prior to the IPO, their transferees, persons who acquired such units with the prior approval of the Board, holders of Series B cumulative convertible preferred units in connection with any vote, consent or approval of the Series B cumulative convertible preferred units as a separate class, and persons who own 15% or more of any class as a result of any redemption or purchase of any other person's units or similar action by the Partnership or any conversion of the Series B cumulative convertible preferred units at the Partnership's option or in connection with a change of control may not vote on any matter. The holders of common units are and, prior to the end of the subordination period (as defined in the Partnership agreement), the subordinated units were, entitled to participate in distributions and exercise the rights and privileges provided to limited partners holding common units and subordinated units, respectively, under the partnership agreement. The subordination period under the partnership agreement ended on the first business day after the Partnership earned and paid an aggregate amount of at least $1.35 (the annualized minimum quarterly distribution applicable for quarterly periods ending March 31, 2019 and thereafter) multiplied by the total number of outstanding common and subordinated units for a period of four consecutive, non-overlapping quarters ending on or after March 31, 2019, and there were no outstanding arrearages on the common units. This test was met upon the payment of the distribution for the first quarter of 2019. Accordingly, each outstanding subordinated unit converted into one common unit on May 24, 2019 and the priority right of the common unitholders ceased to exist. The partnership agreement generally provides that any distributions are paid each quarter in the following manner: • first, to the holders of the Series B cumulative convertible preferred units in an amount equal to 7% per annum, subject to certain adjustments; and • second, to the holders of common units. F-31 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The following table provides information about the Partnership's per unit distributions to common and subordinated unitholders: DISTRIBUTIONS DECLARED AND PAID: Per common unit Per subordinated unit1 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ 1.48 $ 0.74 1.33 $ 1.13 1.20 0.79 1 For the six months ended December 31, 2019 there were no distributions on subordinated units as all subordinated units converted into common units on May 24, 2019. Common Unit Repurchase Program On November 5, 2018, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $75.0 million in common units. The repurchase program authorizes the Partnership to make repurchases on a discretionary basis as determined by management, subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements, available liquidity, and other appropriate factors. In 2019, the Partnership repurchased a total of 136,665 common units for an aggregate cost of $2.2 million. As of December 31, 2019, the Partnership has repurchased $4.2 million in common units under the repurchase program since inception. The repurchase program is funded from the Partnership's cash on hand or availability under the Credit Facility. Any repurchased units are canceled. At-The-Market Offering Program On May 26, 2017, the Partnership commenced an at-the-market offering program (the “ATM Program”) and in connection therewith entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, and UBS Securities LLC, as Sales Agents (each a “Sales Agent” and collectively the “Sales Agents”). Pursuant to the terms of the ATM Program, the Partnership may sell, from time to time through the Sales Agents, the Partnership’s common units representing limited partner interests having an aggregate offering amount of up to $100,000,000. Sales of common units, if any, may be made in negotiated transactions or transactions that are deemed to be “at the market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), including sales made directly on the New York Stock Exchange or sales made to or through a market maker other than on an exchange. Under the terms of the ATM Program, the Partnership may also sell common units to one or more of the Sales Agents as principal for its own account at a price to be agreed upon at the time of sale. Any sale of common units to a Sales Agent as principal would be pursuant to the terms of a separate agreement between the Partnership and such Sales Agent. The Partnership intends to use the net proceeds from any sales pursuant to the ATM Program, after deducting the Sales Agents’ commissions and the Partnership’s offering expenses, for general partnership purposes, which may include, among other things, repayment of indebtedness outstanding under the Partnership’s Credit Facility. The Equity Distribution Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and agreements, indemnification obligations, including for liabilities under the Securities Act, other obligations of the parties and termination provisions. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Partnership sold no common units under the ATM Program. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Partnership sold 2,243,775 common units under the ATM Program for net proceeds of $40.5 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Partnership sold 2,001,823 common units under the ATM Program for net proceeds of $32.5 million. NOTE 15 — SUBSEQUENT EVENTS Distribution On February 5, 2020, the Board approved a distribution for the period from October 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 of $0.30 per common unit. Distributions were paid on February 24, 2020 to unitholders of record at the close of business on February 17, 2020. F-32 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS General and Administrative Expense Reductions The Partnership has taken significant steps to reduce its general and administrative expenses, including broad workforce reductions and lower Board and executive compensation levels. The Partnership expects to incur a one-time cash charge of approximately $5 million in the first quarter of 2020 associated with severance agreements for affected employees. F-33 BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES SUPPLEMENTAL OIL AND NATURAL GAS DISCLOSURES—UNAUDITED Geographic Area of Operation All the Partnership’s proved reserves are located within the continental U.S., with the majority concentrated in Texas, Louisiana, and North Dakota. However, the Partnership also owns mineral and royalty interests and non-operated working interests in various producing and non-producing oil and natural gas properties in several other areas throughout the U.S. Therefore, the following disclosures about the Partnership’s costs incurred and proved reserves are presented on a consolidated basis. Costs Incurred in Oil and Natural Gas Property Acquisitions, Exploration, and Development Activities Costs incurred in oil and natural gas property acquisition, exploration and development, whether capitalized or expensed, are presented below: Acquisition Costs of Properties1: Proved Unproved Exploration Costs Development Costs1 Total 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands) 2017 $ $ 2,288 $ 13,438 $ 41,643 3 34,617 136,079 13,544 165,198 78,551 $ 328,259 $ 96,596 383,535 618 81,056 561,805 1 See Note 4 – Oil and Natural Gas Properties for further discussion. Unproved properties include purchases of leasehold prospects. Development costs include costs incurred on farmout wells subject to reimbursement under the Partnership's farmout agreements. Property acquisition costs include costs incurred to purchase, lease, or otherwise acquire a property. Development costs include costs incurred to gain access to and prepare development well locations for drilling, to drill and equip development wells, and to provide facilities to extract, treat, and gather natural gas. Refer below for total capitalized costs and associated accumulated DD&A and impairment. Oil and Natural Gas Capitalized Costs Aggregate capitalized costs related to oil and natural gas production activities with applicable accumulated depreciation, depletion, and amortization, including impairments, are presented below: Proved properties1 Unproved properties Total Accumulated depreciation, depletion, amortization, and impairment Oil and natural gas properties, net 1 Proved properties include capitalized costs related to farmout wells not yet assigned. F-34 As of December 31, 2019 2018 (in thousands) 2,228,893 $ 1,073,447 3,302,340 (1,870,412) 1,431,928 $ 2,377,305 1,063,883 3,441,188 (1,865,692) 1,575,496 $ $ Oil and Natural Gas Reserve Information The following table sets forth estimated net quantities of the Partnership’s proved, proved developed, and proved undeveloped oil and natural gas reserves. These reserve estimates exclude insignificant natural gas liquid quantities owned by the Partnership. Estimated reserves for the periods presented are based on the unweighted average of first-day-of-the-month commodity prices over the period January through December for the year in accordance with definitions and guidelines set forth by the SEC and the FASB. Crude Oil (MBbl) Natural Gas (MMcf) Total (MBoe) Net proved reserves at December 31, 2016 Revisions of previous estimates 1 Purchases of minerals in place2 Extensions, discoveries and other additions3 Production Net proved reserves at December 31, 2017 Revisions of previous estimates1 Purchases of minerals in place4 Extensions, discoveries and other additions3 Production Net proved reserves at December 31, 2018 Revisions of previous estimates1 Purchases of minerals in place4 Extensions, discoveries and other additions3 Production Net proved reserves at December 31, 2019 Net Proved Developed Reserves5 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2019 Net Proved Undeveloped Reserves6 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2019 18,368 (2,298) 2,335 3,046 (3,552) 17,899 (35) 227 4,438 (4,962) 17,567 951 46 3,263 (4,777) 17,050 17,891 17,567 17,050 8 — — 270,339 14,505 31,323 43,886 (59,779) 300,274 (11,027) 419 95,976 (71,622) 314,020 19,136 279 53,158 (77,635) 308,958 233,017 278,233 263,371 67,257 35,787 45,587 63,425 120 7,555 10,360 (13,515) 67,945 (1,873) 297 20,434 (16,899) 69,904 4,140 92 12,123 (17,716) 68,543 56,727 63,939 60,945 11,218 5,965 7,598 1 Revisions of previous estimates include technical revisions due to changes in commodity prices, historical and projected performance and other factors. The most notable technical revisions are related to well performance in certain Haynesville/ Bossier wells. 2 Includes the acquisition of mineral and royalty reserves primarily in East Texas, the Permian Basin, and the Williston Basin. 3 Includes extensions and additions related to drilling activities within multiple basins. 4 Includes the acquisition of mineral and royalty reserves primarily in East Texas and the Permian Basin. 5 As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, no proved developed reserves were attributable to noncontrolling interests in the Partnership's consolidated subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2017, proved developed reserves of 61 MBoe were attributable to noncontrolling interests. 6 As of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, no proved undeveloped reserves were attributable to noncontrolling interests. F-35 Standardized Measure of Discounted Future Net Cash Flows Future cash inflows represent expected revenues from production of period-end quantities of proved reserves based on the 12-month unweighted average of first-day-of-the-month commodity prices for the periods presented. All prices are adjusted by field for quality, transportation fees, energy content and regional price differentials. Future cash inflows are computed by applying applicable prices relating to the Partnership’s proved reserves to the year-end quantities of those reserves. Future production, development, site restoration and abandonment costs are derived based on current costs assuming continuation of existing economic conditions. There are no future income tax expenses deducted from future production revenues in the calculation of the standardized measure because the Partnership is not subject to federal income taxes. The Partnership is subject to certain state based taxes; however, these amounts are not material. See Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion. Future cash inflows Future production costs Future development costs Future income tax expense Future net cash flows (undiscounted) Annual discount 10% for estimated timing Total1 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands) $ 1,619,147 $ 2,038,508 $ (177,550) (54,132) (5,244) 1,382,221 (534,327) (222,342) (58,403) (6,333) 1,751,430 (663,814) $ 847,894 $ 1,087,616 $ 2017 1,643,582 (211,064) (70,111) (2,655) 1,359,752 (497,103) 862,649 1 Includes standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows of approximately $0.5 million for December 31, 2017 attributable to noncontrolling interests in the Partnership’s consolidated subsidiaries. The following summarizes the principal sources of change in the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows: Standardized measure, beginning of year Sales, net of production costs Net changes in prices and production costs related to future production Extensions, discoveries and improved recovery, net of future production and development costs Previously estimated development costs incurred during the period Revisions of estimated future development costs Revisions of previous quantity estimates, net of related costs Accretion of discount Purchases of reserves in place, less related costs Changes in timing and other Net increase (decrease) in standardized measures Standardized measure, end of year 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands) $ 1,087,616 $ 862,649 $ (384,745) (229,651) 186,424 — 1,198 51,405 109,158 1,730 24,759 (239,722) (475,742) 275,091 370,695 14,509 (558) (5,401) 86,441 8,975 (49,043) 224,967 $ 847,894 $ 1,087,616 $ 2017 603,015 (295,941) 161,221 166,616 11,118 2,653 60,476 60,512 113,342 (20,363) 259,634 862,649 The data presented should not be viewed as representing the expected cash flow from, or current value of, existing proved reserves since the computations are based on a significant amount of estimates and assumptions. The required projection of production and related expenditures over time requires further estimates with respect to pipeline availability, rates of demand and governmental control. Actual future prices and costs are likely to be substantially different from historical prices and costs utilized in the computation of reported amounts. Any analysis or evaluation of the reported amounts should give specific recognition to the computational methods utilized and the limitations inherent therein. F-36 Selected Quarterly Financial Information—Unaudited Quarterly financial data was as follows for the periods indicated. 2019 Total revenue Income (loss) from operations Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to the general partner and common and subordinated units Net income (loss) attributable to common and subordinated units per unit (basic)1 Per common unit (basic) Per subordinated unit (basic) Net income (loss) attributable to common and subordinated units per unit (diluted)1 Per common unit (diluted) Per subordinated unit (diluted) Cash distributions declared and paid per limited partner unit Per common unit Per subordinated unit Total assets Long-term debt Total mezzanine equity 2018 Total revenue Income (loss) from operations Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to the general partner and common and subordinated units Net income (loss) attributable to common and subordinated units per unit (basic)1 Per common unit (basic) Per subordinated unit (basic) Net income (loss) attributable to common and subordinated units per unit (diluted)1 Per common unit (diluted) Per subordinated unit (diluted) Cash distributions declared and paid per limited partner unit Per common unit Per subordinated unit Total assets Long-term debt Total mezzanine equity 1 See Note 13 – Earnings Per Unit in the consolidated financial statements. F-37 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter (In thousands, except for per unit data) $ 83,806 $ 163,618 $ 137,369 $ 103,028 14,594 9,017 100,666 95,087 75,233 70,247 44,679 40,017 3,767 89,837 64,997 34,767 0.02 $ 0.02 0.45 $ 0.39 0.32 $ — 0.02 $ 0.02 0.44 $ 0.39 0.32 $ — 0.17 — 0.17 — 0.3700 $ 0.3700 $ 0.3700 $ 0.3700 0.3700 0.3700 — — 1,711,887 $ 1,724,555 $ 1,595,813 $ 1,545,208 $ $ $ $ 435,000 298,361 436,000 298,361 413,000 298,361 $ 114,494 $ 109,309 $ 139,718 $ 47,960 41,957 36,655 33,524 28,690 23,488 66,180 60,775 55,503 $ $ $ $ 0.23 $ 0.13 0.17 $ 0.06 0.27 $ 0.27 0.23 $ 0.13 0.17 $ 0.06 0.27 $ 0.27 0.3125 $ 0.3125 $ 0.3375 $ 0.2088 0.2087 0.3375 0.3700 0.3700 1,635,978 $ 1,669,464 $ 1,754,259 $ 1,750,124 436,000 300,644 421,000 298,361 402,000 298,361 410,000 298,361 394,000 298,361 246,047 170,717 164,138 158,865 0.78 0.78 0.72 0.78 Exhibit 4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Common Units The common units represent limited partner interests in us. The holders of our preferred units and common units are holders of separate classes of limited partner interests in us. The holders of common units are entitled to participate in distributions and exercise the rights and privileges provided to limited partners holding common units under our partnership agreement. For a description of the relative rights and privileges of holders of our common units to distributions, please read “How We Make Distributions.” For a description of voting rights, rights of distribution upon liquidation and other rights and privileges of limited partners, including our common units under our partnership agreement, please read “The Partnership Agreement.” Transfer of Common Units By transfer of common units in accordance with our partnership agreement, each transferee of common units shall be admitted as a limited partner with respect to the common units transferred when the transfer and admission are reflected in our books and records. Each transferee: • • • represents that the transferee has the capacity, power, and authority to become bound by our partnership agreement; automatically agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of, and is deemed to have executed, our partnership agreement; and gives the consents, acknowledgments, and waivers contained in our partnership agreement, such as the approval of all transactions and agreements entered into in connection with our formation and our initial public offering (“IPO”). A transferee will become a substituted limited partner of our partnership for the transferred common units automatically upon the recording of the transfer on our books and records. Our general partner will cause any transfers to be recorded on our books and records from time to time as necessary to accurately reflect the transfers. We may, at our discretion, treat the nominee holder of a common unit as the absolute owner. In that case, the beneficial holder’s rights are limited solely to those that it has against the nominee holder as a result of any agreement between the beneficial owner and the nominee holder. Common units are securities and are transferable according to the laws governing transfer of securities. In addition to other rights acquired upon transfer, the transferor gives the transferee the right to become a limited partner in our partnership for the transferred common units. Until a common unit has been transferred on our books, we and the transfer agent may treat the record holder of the common unit as the absolute owner for all purposes, except as otherwise required by law or stock exchange regulations. General Cash Distribution Policy How We Make Distributions Our partnership agreement does not require us to pay cash distributions on a quarterly or other basis, and the board of directors of our general partner can change our distribution policy at any time. If we make distributions, our preferred unitholders have a priority right to receive distributions over our common unitholders so long as our preferred units are outstanding. After required distributions to holders of preferred units, all distributions will be pro rata to the common unitholders. Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Units The holders of our preferred units will receive cumulative quarterly distributions in an amount equal to 7.0% of the face amount of the preferred units per annum (the “Distribution Rate”), provided that the Distribution Rate will be adjusted as follows: commencing on the sixth anniversary of November 28, 2017 and readjusting every two years thereafter (each, a “Readjustment Date”), the rate will equal the greater of (i) the Distribution Rate in effect immediately prior to the relevant Readjustment Date and (ii) the 10-year Treasury Rate as of such Readjustment Date plus 5.5% per annum; provided, however, that for any quarter commencing after the second anniversary of November 28, 2017 in which quarterly distributions are accrued but unpaid, the then-Distribution Rate shall be increased by 2.0% per annum for such quarter. We cannot pay any distributions on any junior securities, including any of our common units, prior to paying the quarterly distribution payable to the preferred units, including any previously accrued and unpaid distributions. Distributions of Cash Upon Liquidation If we dissolve in accordance with the partnership agreement, we will sell or otherwise dispose of our assets in a process called liquidation. We will first apply the proceeds of liquidation to the payment of our creditors. We will then distribute any remaining proceeds to the preferred unitholders until the capital account for each preferred unit is equal to the liquidation amount of the preferred unit. We will then distribute any remaining proceeds to all other unitholders, in accordance with their capital account balance, as adjusted to reflect any gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of our assets in liquidation. The allocations of gain and loss upon liquidation are intended, to the extent possible, to entitle the holders of common units to a repayment of the initial value contributed by unitholders for their units in the IPO, which we refer to as the “initial unit price” for each unit. The following is a summary of certain provisions of our partnership agreement that relate to ownership of our common units. The Partnership Agreement Capital Contributions Unitholders are not obligated to make additional capital contributions, except as described below under “—Limited Liability.” Adjustments to Capital Accounts Upon Issuance of Additional Common Units We will make adjustments to capital accounts upon the issuance of additional common units. In doing so, we will generally allocate any unrealized and, for tax purposes, unrecognized gain or loss resulting from the adjustments to our unitholders prior to an issuance on a pro rata basis, so that after such issuance, the capital account balances attributable to all common units are equal. Voting Rights The following is a summary of the unitholder vote required for approval of the matters specified below. Matters that call for the approval of a “unit majority” require the approval of a majority of the common units and preferred units (on an as-converted basis), voting together as a single class. In voting their common units, our directors will have no duty or obligation whatsoever to us or the limited partners, including any duty to act in the best interests of us or the limited partners. The holders of a majority of the common and preferred units (on an as-converted basis), in the aggregate, represented in person or by proxy shall constitute a quorum at a meeting of such common and preferred unitholders, unless any such action requires approval by holders of a greater percentage of the units in which case the quorum shall be the greater percentage. The following is a summary of the vote requirements specified for certain matters under our partnership agreement. Election of directors of our general partner....................................................................Our limited partners holding common units and preferred units (on an as-converted basis) vote together as a single class for the election of directors to the board of directors of our general partner. The limited partners authorized to vote elect, by a plurality of the votes cast at such meeting, persons to serve as directors of our general partner who are nominated in accordance with the provisions of our partnership agreement. Limited partners are entitled to cumulate their votes for purposes of electing directors. Please read “—Nomination of Directors.” Issuance of additional units (including units senior to the common units).........................No approval right by limited partners holding common units, including units that are senior to the common units. However, our partnership agreement does not authorize us to issue securities having preferences or rights with priority over or on a parity with our outstanding preferred units with respect to distributions on such securities or distributions in respect of such securities upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership, including additional preferred units, without the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding preferred units. Provided, however, that, we may issue up to $200 million of securities having preferences or rights on a parity with our outstanding preferred units with respect to distributions on such securities or distributions in respect of such securities upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the partnership without the consent of any holder of preferred units. Please read “—Issuance of Additional Partnership Interests.” Amendment of the partnership agreement.............Certain amendments may be made by our general partner without the approval of any limited partners. Other amendments generally require the approval of a unit majority. The affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding preferred units is required for any amendment that is materially adverse to any of the rights, preferences and privileges of the preferred units. Please read “—Amendment of the Partnership Agreement.” Merger of our partnership or the sale of all or substantially all of our assets...................Unit majority in certain circumstances. Please read “—Merger, Consolidation, Conversion, Sale, or Other Disposition of Assets.” Dissolution of our partnership...............................Unit majority. Please read “—Dissolution.” Continuation of our business upon dissolution.............................................................Unit majority. Please read “—Dissolution.” Withdrawal of our general partner.........................No voluntary withdrawal right. Please read “—Withdrawal or Removal of Our General Partner; Transfer of General Partner Interest.” Transfer of our general partner interest.................No transfer right without the consent of a supermajority vote of the unitholders. Please read “—Withdrawal or Removal of Our General Partner; Transfer of General Partner Interest.” If any person or group (other than the limited partners of Black Stone Minerals Company, L.P. prior to the IPO; their transferees; persons who acquired their units with the prior approval of the board of directors of our general partner; holders of preferred units in connection with any vote, consent, or approval of the preferred units as a separate class; and persons who own 15% or more of any class as a result of any redemption or purchase of any other person’s units or similar action by us or any conversion of the preferred units at our option) acquires beneficial ownership of 15% or more of any class of common or preferred units, that person or group loses voting rights on all of its units. Meetings; Voting An annual meeting of the limited partners holding common units and preferred units for the election of directors to the board of directors of our general partner will be held at a date and time as may be fixed from time to time by our general partner. Notice of the annual meeting will be given not less than 10 days nor more than 60 days prior to the date of the meeting. The limited partners holding common units and preferred units (on an as-converted basis) will vote together as a single class for the election of directors. The limited partners authorized to vote will elect by a plurality of the votes cast at a meeting persons to serve as directors on the board of directors of our general partner who are nominated in accordance with the provisions of our partnership agreement. The exercise by a limited partner of the right to elect the directors and any other rights afforded to a limited partner under our partnership agreement will be in the limited partner’s capacity as a limited partner of the partnership and are not intended to cause a limited partner to be deemed to be taking part in the management and control of the business and affairs of the partnership. Each limited partner entitled to vote at an election for the board of directors will be entitled to cumulate his or her vote and give one candidate, or divide among any number of candidates, a number of votes equal to the product of (x) the number of common units and preferred units (on an as-converted basis) held by the limited partner, multiplied by (y) the number of directors to be elected at the meeting. Additional limited partner interests having special voting rights could be issued. However, our partnership agreement contains specific provisions that are intended to discourage a person or group from attempting to change management without the support of the board of directors of our general partner. If at any time any person or group (other than the limited partners of Black Stone Minerals Company, L.P. prior to the IPO; their transferees; persons who acquired their units with the prior approval of the board of directors of our general partner; holders of preferred units in connection with any vote, consent, or approval of the preferred units as a separate class; and persons who own 15% or more of any class as a result of any redemption or purchase of any other person’s units or similar action by us or any conversion of the preferred units at our option) acquires, in the aggregate, beneficial ownership of 15% or more of any class of common or preferred units then outstanding, that person or group will lose voting rights on all of its units and the units may not be voted on any matter and will not be considered to be outstanding when sending notices of a meeting of unitholders (unless otherwise required by law), calculating required votes, determining the presence of a quorum or for other similar purposes, as contemplated in our partnership agreement. In addition, solely with respect to the election of directors, our partnership agreement provides that our general partner and the partnership will not be entitled to vote their units, if any, and the foregoing units will not be counted when calculating the required votes for a matter and will not be deemed to be outstanding for purposes of determining a quorum for a meeting. These units will not be treated as a separate class of partnership securities for purposes of our partnership agreement. Except as described above, unitholders on the record date will be entitled to notice of, and to vote at, meetings of our limited partners, and to act upon matters for which approvals may be solicited. Units held in nominee or street name account will be voted by the broker or other nominee in accordance with the instruction of the beneficial owner unless the arrangement between the beneficial owner and his nominee provides otherwise. Any action that is required or permitted to be taken by our unitholders may be taken either at a meeting of the unitholders or, if authorized by our general partner, without a meeting if consents in writing describing the action so taken are signed by holders of the number of units as would be necessary to authorize or take that action at a meeting. Special meetings of the unitholders may be called by our general partner or by unitholders owning at least 20% of the outstanding units. Unitholders may vote either in person or by proxy at meetings. The holders of a majority of the outstanding units of the class or classes for which a meeting was called (including outstanding units deemed owned by the general partner), represented in person or by proxy, will constitute a quorum unless otherwise provided in our partnership agreement in connection with the election of directors to the board of directors of our general partner or unless any action by the unitholders requires approval by holders of a greater percentage of the units, in which case the quorum will be the greater percentage. Any notice, demand, request, report, or proxy material required or permitted to be given or made to record holders of units under our partnership agreement will be delivered to the record holder by us or by the transfer agent. Nomination of Directors Nominations of persons for election to the board of directors of our general partner may be made at an annual meeting of the limited partners or, provided that the board of directors or limited partners have determined that directors will be elected at such a meeting, a special meeting of the limited partners, in any such case only pursuant to our general partner’s notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto), (a) by or at the direction of the board of directors or any committee thereof, or (b) by any limited partner or group of limited partners who (1) is entitled to vote at the meeting, (2) complies with the notice procedures set forth in our partnership agreement, and (3) either individually or as a group hold units representing at least 10% of the outstanding units (measured on a fully diluted basis and treating the preferred units on an as-converted basis) both at the time of giving notice of such nomination and at the meeting. For any nominations brought before an annual meeting by a nominating limited partner, the limited partner must give timely notice thereof in writing to our general partner. The notice must contain certain information as described in our partnership agreement. To be timely, the nomination notice must be delivered to our general partner not later than the close of business on the 90th day, nor earlier than the close of business on the 120th day, prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting (provided, however, that in the event that the date of the annual meeting is more than 30 days before or more than 70 days after the anniversary date, the nomination notice must be so delivered not earlier than the close of business on the 120th day prior to the annual meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the 90th day prior to the annual meeting or the 10th day following the day on which public announcement of the date of the meeting is first made by the partnership or our general partner). The public announcement of an adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting will not commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a nominating limited partner’s notice as described above. In the event that the number of directors to be elected to the board of directors of our general partner is increased effective at the annual meeting and there is no public announcement by the partnership or our general partner naming the nominees for the additional directorships at least 100 days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting, the nomination notice will also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for the additional directorships, if it shall be delivered to our general partner not later than the close of business on the 10th day following the day on which a public announcement is first made by the partnership or our general partner. Nominations of persons for election to the board of directors also may be made at a special meeting of limited partners at which directors are to be elected in accordance with the provisions of our partnership agreement. Only persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in our partnership agreement will be eligible to be elected at an annual or special meeting of limited partners to serve as directors. Notwithstanding the foregoing, unless otherwise required by law, if the limited partner (or a qualified representative of the limited partner) does not appear at the annual or special meeting of limited partners to present a nomination, the nomination shall be disregarded notwithstanding that proxies in respect of a vote may have been received by our general partner or the partnership. In addition to the provisions described above and in our partnership agreement, a limited partner must also comply with all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder; provided, however, that any references in our partnership agreement to the Exchange Act or the rules promulgated thereunder are not intended to and do not limit any requirements applicable to nominations pursuant to our partnership agreement, and compliance with our partnership agreement is the exclusive means for a limited partner to make nominations. Applicable Law; Forum, Venue, and Jurisdiction Our partnership agreement is governed by Delaware law. Our partnership agreement requires that any claims, suits, actions, or proceedings: • • • • arising out of or relating in any way to the partnership agreement (including any claims, suits, or actions to interpret, apply, or enforce the provisions of the partnership agreement or the duties, obligations, or liabilities among limited partners or of limited partners to us, or the rights or powers of, or restrictions on, the limited partners or us); brought in a derivative manner on our behalf; asserting a claim of breach of a duty owed by any director, officer, or other employee of us or our general partner, or owed by our general partner, to us, or the limited partners; asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act (the “Delaware Act”); or • asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine shall be exclusively brought in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction thereof, any other court located in the State of Delaware with subject matter jurisdiction), regardless of whether the claims, suits, actions, or proceedings sound in contract, tort, fraud, or otherwise, are based on common law, statutory, equitable, legal, or other grounds, or are derivative or direct claims and irrevocably waives the right to trial by jury. By purchasing a common unit, a limited partner is irrevocably consenting to these limitations and provisions regarding claims, suits, actions, or proceedings and submitting to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or such other court) in connection with any such claims, suits, actions, or proceedings. The exclusive forum provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. To the extent any such claims may be based upon federal law claims, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for the federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Limited Liability Assuming that a limited partner does not participate in the control of our business within the meaning of the Delaware Act and that he otherwise acts in conformity with the provisions of the partnership agreement, his liability under the Delaware Act will be limited, subject to possible exceptions, to the amount of capital he is obligated to contribute to us for his units plus his share of any undistributed profits and assets. However, if it were determined that the right, or exercise of the right, by the limited partners as a group: • • • to remove or replace our general partner; to approve some amendments to our partnership agreement; or to take other action under our partnership agreement constituted “participation in the control” of our business for the purposes of the Delaware Act, then the limited partners could be held personally liable for our obligations under the laws of Delaware, to the same extent as our general partner. This liability would extend to persons who transact business with us under the reasonable belief that the limited partner is a general partner. Neither our partnership agreement nor the Delaware Act specifically provides for legal recourse against our general partner if a limited partner were to lose limited liability through any fault of our general partner. While this does not mean that a limited partner could not seek legal recourse, we know of no precedent for this type of a claim in Delaware case law. Under the Delaware Act, prior to the dissolution of a limited partnership, a limited partnership may not make a distribution to a partner if, after the distribution, all liabilities of the limited partnership, other than liabilities to partners on account of their partnership interests and liabilities for which the recourse of creditors is limited to specific property of the partnership, would exceed the fair value of the assets of the limited partnership. For the purpose of determining the fair value of the assets of a limited partnership, the Delaware Act provides that the fair value of property subject to liability for which recourse of creditors is limited shall be included in the assets of the limited partnership only to the extent that the fair value of that property exceeds the nonrecourse liability. The Delaware Act provides that a limited partner who receives a distribution and knew at the time of the distribution that the distribution was in violation of the Delaware Act shall be liable to the limited partnership for the amount of the distribution for three years. Following the dissolution of a limited partnership, the Delaware Act generally requires a limited partnership to satisfy (or make reasonable provision to satisfy) liabilities of the limited partnership prior to making distributions to partners. We may have subsidiaries that conduct business in other states or countries in the future. Maintenance of our limited liability as owner of our operating subsidiaries may require compliance with legal requirements in the jurisdictions in which the operating subsidiaries conduct business, including qualifying our subsidiaries to do business there. Limitations on the liability of members or limited partners for the obligations of a limited liability company or limited partnership have not been clearly established in many jurisdictions. If, by virtue of our ownership interest in our subsidiaries or otherwise, it were determined that we were conducting business in any jurisdiction without compliance with the applicable limited partnership or limited liability company statute, or that the right or exercise of the right by the limited partners as a group to remove or replace our general partner, to approve some amendments to our partnership agreement, or to take other action under our partnership agreement constituted “participation in the control” of our business for purposes of the statutes of any relevant jurisdiction, then the limited partners could be held personally liable for our obligations under the law of that jurisdiction to the same extent as our general partner under the circumstances. We will operate in a manner that our general partner considers reasonable and necessary or appropriate to preserve the limited liability of the limited partners. Issuance of Additional Partnership Interests Our partnership agreement authorizes us to issue an unlimited number of additional partnership interests for the consideration and on the terms and conditions determined by our general partner without the approval of the unitholders (other than, in certain instances, approval of the holders of our preferred units). It is possible that we will fund acquisitions through the issuance of additional common units or other partnership interests. Holders of any additional common units we issue will be entitled to share equally with the then-existing common unitholders in our distributions. In addition, the issuance of additional common units or other partnership interests may dilute the value of the interests of the then-existing common unitholders in our net assets. In accordance with Delaware law and the provisions of our partnership agreement, we may also issue additional partnership interests that, as determined by our general partner, may have rights to distributions or special voting rights to which the common units are not entitled. In addition, our partnership agreement does not prohibit our subsidiaries from issuing equity interests, which may effectively rank senior to the common units. Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Units Each holder of preferred units may elect to convert all or any portion of its preferred units into common units on a one-for-one basis, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments and an adjustment for any distributions that have accrued but not been paid when due (which is referred to herein as the “conversion rate”), at any time (but not more often than once per quarter), provided that any conversion is for at least $10 million or such lesser amount if such conversion relates to all of a holder’s remaining preferred units. We may elect to convert all or any portion of the preferred units into common units based on the conversion rate at any time (but not more often than once per quarter) if (i) the common units are listed or admitted for trading on a national securities exchange, (ii) the closing price of the common units on the principal natural securities exchange on which the common units are then listed or admitted for trading on is greater than 140% of the issue price for any 20 trading days during the 30-trading day period immediately preceding notice of conversion, (iii) the average daily trading volume of the common units exceeds 200,000 common units (as adjusted to reflect splits, combinations, or similar events) for 60 trading days immediately preceding notice of conversion, (iv) we have not repurchased on any day in the 30-trading day period immediately preceding notice of conversion more than 10% of the 30-day trailing average trading volume of the common units on the principal national securities exchange on which the common units are then listed or admitted for trading on (calculated as of the conversion notice date), and (v) we have an effective registration statement on file covering resales of the underlying common units to be received by the holders upon conversion of the preferred units, provided that, among other things, the conversion is for no more than $50 million. We also may elect to redeem the preferred units at any time during the 90-day period beginning on November 28, 2023 at a redemption price equal to 105% of the issue price plus any accrued and unpaid distributions on the applicable preferred units (including a pro rata portion of the distribution for the quarter in which the redemption occurs relating to the portion of such quarter that has elapsed as of the date of such redemption), and at any time during the 90-day period beginning on each Readjustment Date at a redemption price payable wholly in cash equal to the issue price plus any accrued and unpaid distributions on the applicable preferred units (including a pro rata portion of the distribution for the quarter in which the redemption occurs relating to the portion of such quarter that has elapsed as of the date of such redemption), provided that, among other things, the redemption is for at least $100 million (calculated based on the issue price) or such lesser amount if such redemption relates to all of the then outstanding preferred units. Upon certain events involving a change of control in which more than 90% of the consideration payable to the holders of the common units is payable in cash, the preferred units will automatically convert into common units at a conversion ratio equal to the greater of (a) the then applicable conversion rate and (b) the quotient of (i) the issue price multiplied by a premium factor (ranging from 115% to 101% depending on when such transaction occurs), plus any accrued and unpaid distributions on the preferred units (including a pro rata portion of the distribution for the quarter in which the conversion occurs relating to the portion of such quarter that has elapsed as of the date of such conversions) divided by (ii) the volume weighted average price of the common units for the 30 trading days prior to the execution of definitive documentation relating to such change of control. In connection with other change of control events that do not meet the 90% cash consideration threshold described above, each holder may elect to (a) convert all, but not less than all, of its preferred units to common units at the then applicable conversion rate, (b) if the partnership is not the surviving entity (or if the partnership is the surviving entity, but the common units will cease to be listed), require us to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause the surviving entity in any such transaction to issue a substantially equivalent security (or if we are unable to cause such substantially equivalent securities to be issued, to convert into common units at a premium based on a specified formula subject to aggregate return limitations or to be redeemed in accordance with clause (d) below), (c) if the partnership is the surviving entity, continue to hold the preferred units or (d) require us to redeem all, but not less than all, of the preferred units at a price per unit equal to 101% of the issue price, plus accrued and unpaid distributions on the applicable preferred units (including a pro rata portion of the distribution for the quarter in which the redemption occurs relating to the portion of such quarter that has elapsed as of the date of such redemption), which may be payable in cash or common units at a substantial discount to market. Amendment of the Partnership Agreement General Amendments to our partnership agreement may be proposed only by our general partner. In order to adopt a proposed amendment, other than the amendments discussed below, our general partner is required to seek written approval of the holders of the number of units required to approve the amendment or to call a meeting of the limited partners to consider and vote upon the proposed amendment. Except as described below, an amendment must be approved by a unit majority. Prohibited Amendments No amendment may be made that would: • • enlarge the obligations of any limited partner without his consent, unless approved by at least a majority of the type or class of limited partner interests so affected; or enlarge the obligations of, restrict in any way any action by or rights of, or reduce in any way the amounts distributable, reimbursable or otherwise payable by us to our general partner or any of its affiliates without the consent of our general partner, which consent may be given or withheld in its sole discretion. The provision of our partnership agreement preventing the amendments having the effects described in the clauses above can be amended upon the approval of the holders of at least 90% of the outstanding common units and preferred units (on an as-converted basis), voting as a single class. No Unitholder Approval Our general partner may generally make amendments to our partnership agreement without the approval of any limited partner to reflect: • • • • • • • • • • • a change in our name, the location of our principal place of business, our registered agent, or our registered office; the admission, substitution, withdrawal, or removal of partners in accordance with our partnership agreement; a change that our general partner determines to be necessary or appropriate to qualify or continue our qualification as a limited partnership, or other entity in which the limited partners have limited liability under the laws of any state, or to ensure that neither we nor any of our subsidiaries will be treated as an association taxable as a corporation or otherwise taxed as an entity for federal income tax purposes (to the extent not already so treated or taxed); an amendment that is necessary, in the opinion of our counsel, to prevent us or our general partner or its directors, officers, agents, or trustees from in any manner being subjected to the provisions of the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 or “plan asset” regulations adopted under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 whether or not substantially similar to plan asset regulations currently applied or proposed; an amendment that our general partner determines to be necessary, appropriate, or desirable in connection with the creation, authorization, or issuance of additional partnership interests or the right to acquire partnership interests; any amendment expressly permitted in our partnership agreement to be made by our general partner acting alone; an amendment effected, necessitated, or contemplated by a merger agreement that has been approved under the terms of our partnership agreement; any amendment that our general partner determines to be necessary, appropriate, or desirable for the formation by us of, or our investment in, any corporation, partnership, or other entity, as otherwise permitted by our partnership agreement; a change in our fiscal year or taxable year and related changes; conversions into, mergers with or conveyances to another limited liability entity that is newly formed and has no assets, liabilities, or operations at the time of the conversion, merger, or conveyance other than those it receives by way of the conversion, merger, or conveyance; or any other amendments substantially similar to any of the matters described in the clauses above. In addition, our general partner may make amendments to our partnership agreement, without the approval of any limited partner, if our general partner determines that those amendments: • • • do not adversely affect the limited partners (including any particular class of partnership interests as compared to other classes of partnership interests) in any material respect; are necessary or appropriate to satisfy any requirements, conditions, or guidelines contained in any opinion, directive, order, ruling, or regulation of any federal or state agency or judicial authority or contained in any federal or state statute; are necessary, appropriate, or desirable to facilitate the trading of limited partner interests or to comply with any rule, regulation, guideline, or requirement of any securities exchange on which the limited partner interests are or will be listed for trading; • • are necessary, appropriate, or desirable for any action taken by our general partner relating to splits or combinations of units under the provisions of our partnership agreement; or are required to effect the intent expressed in this prospectus or the intent of the provisions of our partnership agreement or are otherwise contemplated by our partnership agreement. Opinion of Counsel and Unitholder Approval Any amendment that our general partner determines adversely affects in any material respect one or more particular classes of limited partners, and is not permitted to be adopted by our general partner without limited partner approval, will require the approval of at least a majority of the class or classes so affected, but no vote will be required by any class or classes of limited partners that our general partner determines are not adversely affected in any material respect. Any such amendment that would have a material adverse effect on the rights or preferences of any type or class of outstanding units in relation to other classes of units will require the approval of at least a majority of the type or class of units so affected. Any amendment that is materially adverse to any of the rights, preferences and privileges of the preferred units will require the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding preferred units. Any such amendment that would reduce the voting percentage required to take any action other than to remove the general partner or call a meeting of unitholders is required to be approved by the affirmative vote of limited partners whose aggregate outstanding units constitute not less than the voting requirement sought to be reduced. Any such amendment that would increase the percentage of units required to remove the general partner or call a meeting of unitholders must be approved by the affirmative vote of limited partners whose aggregate outstanding units constitute not less than the percentage sought to be increased. For amendments of the type not requiring unitholder approval, our general partner will not be required to obtain an opinion of counsel that an amendment will neither result in a loss of limited liability to the limited partners nor result in our being treated as a taxable entity for federal income tax purposes in connection with any of the amendments. No other amendments to our partnership agreement will become effective without the approval of holders of at least 90% of the outstanding units, voting as a single class, unless we first obtain an opinion of counsel to the effect that the amendment will not affect the limited liability under applicable law of any of our limited partners. Merger, Consolidation, Conversion, Sale, or Other Disposition of Assets A merger, consolidation, or conversion of us requires the prior consent of our general partner. However, our general partner will have no duty or obligation to consent to any merger, consolidation, or conversion and may decline to do so free of any duty or obligation whatsoever to us or the limited partners, including any duty to act in the best interest of us or the limited partners. In addition, our partnership agreement generally prohibits our general partner, without the prior approval of the holders of a unit majority, from causing us to sell, exchange, or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets in a single transaction or a series of related transactions, including by way of merger, consolidation, or other combination. Our general partner may, however, mortgage, pledge, hypothecate, or grant a security interest in all or substantially all of our assets without majority approval. Our general partner may also sell all or substantially all of our assets under a foreclosure or other realization upon those encumbrances without majority approval. Finally, our general partner may consummate any merger without the prior approval of our unitholders if we are the surviving entity in the transaction, our general partner has received an opinion of counsel regarding limited liability and tax matters, the transaction would not result in a material amendment to the partnership agreement (other than an amendment that the general partner could adopt without the consent of other partners), each of our units will be an identical unit of our partnership following the transaction and the partnership interests to be issued do not exceed 20% of our outstanding partnership interests immediately prior to the transaction. If the conditions specified in our partnership agreement are satisfied, our general partner may convert us or any of our subsidiaries into a new limited liability entity or merge us or any of our subsidiaries into, or convey all of our assets to, a newly formed entity, if the sole purpose of that conversion, merger, or conveyance is to effect a mere change in our legal form into another limited liability entity, we have received an opinion of counsel regarding limited liability and tax matters and the governing instruments of the new entity provide the limited partners and our general partner with the same rights and obligations as contained in our partnership agreement. Our unitholders are not entitled to dissenters’ rights of appraisal under our partnership agreement or applicable Delaware law in the event of a conversion, merger, or consolidation, a sale of substantially all of our assets or any other similar transaction or event. Dissolution We will continue as a limited partnership until dissolved and terminated under our partnership agreement. We will dissolve upon: • • • • the election of our general partner to dissolve us, if approved by the holders of units representing a unit majority; there being no limited partners, unless we are continued without dissolution in accordance with applicable Delaware law; the entry of a decree of judicial dissolution of our partnership; or the withdrawal or removal of our general partner or any other event that results in its ceasing to be our general partner other than by reason of a transfer of its general partner interest in accordance with our partnership agreement or its withdrawal or removal following the approval and admission of a successor. Upon a dissolution under the last clause above, the holders of a unit majority may also elect, within specific time limitations, to continue our business on the same terms and conditions described in our partnership agreement by appointing as a successor general partner an entity approved by the holders of units representing a unit majority, subject to our receipt of an opinion of counsel to the effect that: • • the action would not result in the loss of limited liability under Delaware law of any limited partner; and neither our partnership nor any of our subsidiaries would be treated as an association taxable as a corporation or otherwise be taxable as an entity for federal income tax purposes upon the exercise of that right to continue (to the extent not already so treated or taxed). Liquidation and Distribution of Proceeds Upon our dissolution, unless such dissolution is revoked, the liquidator authorized to wind up our affairs will, acting with all of the powers of our general partner that are necessary or appropriate, liquidate our assets. We will first apply the proceeds of liquidation to the payment of our creditors. We will distribute any remaining proceeds to the unitholders in accordance with their capital account balances, as adjusted to reflect any gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of our assets in liquidation. The liquidator may defer liquidation or distribution of our assets for a reasonable period of time or distribute assets to partners in kind if it determines that a sale would be impractical or would cause undue loss to our partners. Withdrawal or Removal of Our General Partner; Transfer of General Partner Interest Our general partner does not have the right to withdraw voluntarily as our general partner, and any such withdrawal would be a breach of our partnership agreement. In addition, our partnership agreement does not permit our general partner to sell or otherwise transfer its general partner interest in us to another person, except a wholly owned subsidiary of the partnership, without the consent of a supermajority vote of the unitholders. Change of Management Provisions Our partnership agreement contains specific provisions that are intended to discourage a person or group from attempting to change our management. If any person or group (other than the limited partners of Black Stone Minerals Company, L.P. prior to the IPO; their transferees; persons who acquired their units with the prior approval of the board of directors of our general partner; holders of preferred units in connection with any vote, consent, or approval of the preferred units as a separate class; and persons who own 15% or more of any class as a result of any redemption or purchase of any other person’s units or similar action by us or any conversion of the preferred units at our option) acquires beneficial ownership of 15% or more of any class of units, that person or group loses voting rights on all of its units. Furthermore, a person or group must own at least 10% of our outstanding units (on a fully diluted basis) to nominate persons for election to our board of directors. Please read “—Meetings; Voting.” Ineligible Holders; Redemption Under our partnership agreement, an “Ineligible Holder” is a limited partner, or type of limited partner, whose, or whose owners’, in the determination of our general partner with the advice of counsel (a) U.S. federal income tax status creates or is reasonably likely to create a material adverse effect on the rates chargeable to our customers by us or (b) nationality, citizenship or other related status would create or is reasonably likely to create a substantial risk of cancellation or forfeiture of any property in which we have an interest. Our general partner may change its determination of what types of unitholders are considered Eligible Holders and Ineligible Holders at any time. If at any time our general partner determines, with the advice of counsel, that one or more limited partners are Ineligible Holders, then our general partner may adopt such amendments to our partnership agreement as it determines necessary or advisable to request any limited partner to furnish to our general partner an executed certification or other information about its federal income tax status and/or nationality, citizenship, or related status. If a limited partner fails to furnish such certification or other requested information within 30 days (or such other period as our general partner may determine) after a request for such certification or other information, or our general partner determines after receipt of the information that the limited partner is an Ineligible Holder, the limited partner may be treated as an Ineligible Holder. An Ineligible Holder does not have the right to direct the voting of its units and may not receive distributions in kind upon our liquidation. Furthermore, we have the right to redeem all of the common units of any holder that our general partner concludes is an Ineligible Holder or fails to furnish the information requested by our general partner. The redemption price in the event of such redemption for each unit held by such unitholder will be the current market price of such unit (the date of determination of which shall be the date fixed for redemption). The redemption price will be paid, as determined by our general partner, in cash or by delivery of a promissory note. Any such promissory note will bear interest at the rate of 8% annually and be payable in three equal annual installments of principal and accrued interest, commencing one year after the redemption date. These provisions do not apply to our preferred units. Status as Limited Partner By transfer of common units in accordance with our partnership agreement, each transferee of common units shall be admitted as a limited partner with respect to the common units transferred when such transfer and admission are reflected in our books and records. Except as described under “—Limited Liability,” the common units will be fully paid, and unitholders will not be required to make additional contributions. Exhibit 21.1 SUBSIDIARIES OF BLACK STONE MINERALS, L.P. Entity Black Stone Energy Company, L.L.C. Black Stone Minerals Company, L.P. Black Stone Minerals GP, L.L.C. Black Stone Natural Resources, L.L.C. Black Stone Natural Resources Management Company BSMC GP, L.L.C. TLW Investments, L.L.C. NAMP Holdings, L.L.C. NAMP GP, L.L.C. NAMP 1, L.P. NAMP 2, L.P. Jurisdiction of Organization Texas Delaware Delaware Delaware Texas Delaware Oklahoma Delaware Oklahoma Oklahoma Oklahoma Exhibit 23.1 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (1) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-203909) pertaining to the Long-Term Incentive Plan of Black Stone Minerals, L.P., (2) Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-231630) of Black Stone Minerals, L.P., and (3) Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-234455) of Black Stone Minerals, L.P.; of our reports dated February 25, 2020, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. and subsidiaries and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. and subsidiaries included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2019. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Houston, Texas February 25, 2020 Exhibit 23.2 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT PETROLEUM ENGINEERS AND GEOLOGISTS We hereby consent to the use of the name Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc., the references to our report of Black Stone Minerals, L.P.’s proved oil and natural gas reserves estimates and future net revenue as of December 31, 2019, and the inclusion of our corresponding report letter, dated January 15, 2020, in the 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”) of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. We hereby also consent to the incorporation by reference of such report and the information contained therein in the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-203909), Form S-3 (No. 333-211426), and Form S-3 (No. 333-215857) of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. NETHERLAND, SEWELL & ASSOCIATES, INC. By: /s/ Richard B. Talley, Jr. Richard B. Talley, Jr., P.E. Senior Vice President Houston, Texas February 25, 2020 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act OF 1934, as amended Exhibit 31.1 I, Thomas L. Carter, Jr., certify that: 1. I have reviewed this report on Form 10-K of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. (the “registrant”); 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 25, 2020 /s/ Thomas L. Carter, Jr. Thomas L. Carter, Jr. Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Black Stone Minerals GP, L.L.C., the general partner of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act OF 1934, as amended Exhibit 31.2 I, Jeff Wood, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this report on Form 10-K of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. (the “registrant”); 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f))for the registrant and have: a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 25, 2020 /s/ Jeff Wood Jeff Wood President and Chief Financial Officer Black Stone Minerals GP, L.L.C., the general partner of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer under Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. § 1350 Exhibit 32.1 In connection with the report on Form 10-K of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. (the “Company”), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Thomas L. Carter, Jr., Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Jeff Wood, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to his knowledge: (1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and (2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: February 25, 2020 Date: February 25, 2020 /s/ Thomas L. Carter, Jr. Thomas L. Carter, Jr. Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Black Stone Minerals GP, L.L.C., the general partner of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. /s/ Jeff Wood Jeff Wood President and Chief Financial Officer Black Stone Minerals GP, L.L.C., the general partner of Black Stone Minerals, L.P. Exhibit 99.1 January 15, 2020 Mr. Brock E. Morris Black Stone Minerals, L.P. 1001 Fannin Street, Suite 2020 Houston, Texas 77002 Dear Mr. Morris: In accordance with your request, we have estimated the proved reserves and future revenue, as of December 31, 2019, to the Black Stone Minerals, L.P. (Black Stone) interest in certain oil and gas properties located in the United States. We completed our evaluation on or about the date of this letter. It is our understanding that the proved reserves estimated in this report constitute all of the proved reserves owned by Black Stone. The estimates in this report have been prepared in accordance with the definitions and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and, with the exception of the exclusion of future income taxes, conform to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 932, Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas. Definitions are presented immediately following this letter. This report has been prepared for Black Stone's use in filing with the SEC; in our opinion the assumptions, data, methods, and procedures used in the preparation of this report are appropriate for such purpose. We estimate the net reserves and future net revenue to the Black Stone interest in these properties, as of December 31, 2019, to be: Category Proved Developed Producing Proved Developed Non-Producing Proved Undeveloped Total Proved Totals may not add because of rounding. Net Reserves Future Net Revenue (M$) Oil (MBBL) 16,865.8 184.2 — 17,050.0 Gas (MMCF) 254,521.9 8,848.4 45,587.2 308,957.6 Total 1,268,987.1 31,775.2 86,703.0 1,387,465.3 Present Worth at 10% 783,569.9 15,633.8 51,884.4 851,088.1 The oil volumes shown include crude oil and condensate. Oil volumes are expressed in thousands of barrels (MBBL); a barrel is equivalent to 42 United States gallons. Gas volumes are expressed in millions of cubic feet (MMCF) at standard temperature and pressure bases. Reserves categorization conveys the relative degree of certainty; reserves subcategorization is based on development and production status. No study was made to determine whether probable or possible reserves might be established for these properties. The estimates of reserves and future revenue included herein have not been adjusted for risk. This report does not include any value that could be attributed to interests in undeveloped acreage beyond those tracts for which undeveloped reserves have been estimated. Gross revenue is Black Stone's share of the gross (100 percent) revenue from the properties prior to any deductions. Future net revenue is after deductions for Black Stone's share of production taxes, ad valorem taxes, capital costs, abandonment costs, and operating expenses but before consideration of any income taxes. The future net revenue has been discounted at an annual rate of 10 percent to determine its present worth, which is shown to indicate the effect of time on the value of money. Future net revenue presented in this report, whether discounted or undiscounted, should not be construed as being the fair market value of the properties. Prices used in this report are based on the 12-month unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month price for each month in the period January through December 2019. For oil volumes, the average West Texas Intermediate spot price of $55.85 per barrel is adjusted for quality, transportation fees, and market differentials. For gas volumes, the average Henry Hub spot price of $2.578 per MMBTU is adjusted for energy content, transportation fees, and market differentials. When applicable, gas prices have been adjusted to include the value for natural gas liquids. All prices are held constant throughout the lives of the properties. The average adjusted product prices weighted by production over the remaining lives of the properties are $52.15 per barrel of oil and $2.363 per MCF of gas. Operating costs used in this report are based on operating expense records of Black Stone, where available. For other properties, we have estimated operating costs based on our knowledge of similar operations in the area. Operating costs include the per-well overhead expenses allowed under joint operating agreements along with estimates of costs to be incurred at and below the district and field levels. Operating costs have been divided into per-well costs and per-unit-of-production costs. Since all properties are nonoperated, headquarters general and administrative overhead expenses of Black Stone are not included. Operating costs are not escalated for inflation. Capital costs used in this report were provided by Black Stone and are based on authorizations for expenditure and actual costs from recent activity. Capital costs are included as required for workovers, new development wells, and production equipment. Based on our understanding of future development plans, a review of the records provided to us, and our knowledge of similar properties, we regard these estimated capital costs to be reasonable. Abandonment costs used in this report are Black Stone's estimates of the costs to abandon the wells and production facilities, net of any salvage value. Capital costs and abandonment costs are not escalated for inflation. For the purposes of this report, we did not perform any field inspection of the properties, nor did we examine the mechanical operation or condition of the wells and facilities. We have not investigated possible environmental liability related to the properties; therefore, our estimates do not include any costs due to such possible liability. We have made no investigation of potential volume and value imbalances resulting from overdelivery or underdelivery to the Black Stone interest. Therefore, our estimates of reserves and future revenue do not include adjustments for the settlement of any such imbalances; our projections are based on Black Stone receiving its net revenue interest share of estimated future gross production. Additionally, we have been informed by Black Stone that they are not aware of any firm transportation contracts to which Black Stone is a party that contain volume commitments which might represent a liability to the company; no adjustments have been made to our estimates of future revenue to account for such contracts. The reserves shown in this report are estimates only and should not be construed as exact quantities. Proved reserves are those quantities of oil and gas which, by analysis of engineering and geoscience data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible; probable and possible reserves are those additional reserves which are sequentially less certain to be recovered than proved reserves. Estimates of reserves may increase or decrease as a result of market conditions, future operations, changes in regulations, or actual reservoir performance. In addition to the primary economic assumptions discussed herein, our estimates are based on certain assumptions including, but not limited to, that the properties will be developed consistent with current development plans as provided to us by Black Stone, that the properties will be operated in a prudent manner, that no governmental regulations or controls will be put in place that would impact the ability of the interest owner to recover the reserves, and that our projections of future production will prove consistent with actual performance. If the reserves are recovered, the revenues therefrom and the costs related thereto could be more or less than the estimated amounts. Because of governmental policies and uncertainties of supply and demand, the sales rates, prices received for the reserves, and costs incurred in recovering such reserves may vary from assumptions made while preparing this report. For the purposes of this report, we used technical and economic data including, but not limited to, well logs, well test data, production data, historical price and cost information, and property ownership interests. The reserves in this report have been estimated using deterministic methods; these estimates have been prepared in accordance with the Standards Pertaining to the Estimating and Auditing of Oil and Gas Reserves Information promulgated by the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE Standards). We used standard engineering and geoscience methods, or a combination of methods, including performance analysis, volumetric analysis, analogy, and reservoir modeling, that we considered to be appropriate and necessary to categorize and estimate reserves in accordance with SEC definitions and regulations. As in all aspects of oil and gas evaluation, there are uncertainties inherent in the interpretation of engineering and geoscience data; therefore, our conclusions necessarily represent only informed professional judgment. The data used in our estimates were obtained from Black Stone, public data sources, and the nonconfidential files of Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc. (NSAI) and were accepted as accurate. Supporting work data are on file in our office. We have not examined the titles to the properties or independently confirmed the actual degree or type of interest owned. The technical person primarily responsible for preparing the estimates presented herein meets the requirements regarding qualifications, independence, objectivity, and confidentiality set forth in the SPE Standards. Richard B. Talley, Jr., a Licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Texas, has been practicing consulting petroleum engineering at NSAI since 2004 and has over 5 years of prior industry experience. We are independent petroleum engineers, geologists, geophysicists, and petrophysicists; we do not own an interest in these properties nor are we employed on a contingent basis. Sincerely, NETHERLAND, SEWELL & ASSOCIATES, INC. Texas Registered Engineering Firm F-2699 By: By: /s/ C.H. (Scott) Rees III C.H. (Scott) Rees III, P.E. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer /s/ Richard B. Talley, Jr. Richard B. Talley, Jr., P.E. 102425 Senior Vice President Date Signed: January 15, 2020 LPV:LRG Please be advised that the digital document you are viewing is provided by Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc. (NSAI) as a convenience to our clients. The digital document is intended to be substantively the same as the original signed document maintained by NSAI. The digital document is subject to the parameters, limitations, and conditions stated in the original document. In the event of any differences between the digital document and the original document, the original document shall control and supersede the digital document. DEFINITIONS OF OIL AND GAS RESERVES Adapted from U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-X Section 210.4-10(a) The following definitions are set forth in U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulation S-X Section 210.4(cid:0)10(a). Also included is supplemental information from (1) the 2018 Petroleum Resources Management System approved by the Society of Petroleum Engineers, (2) the FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 932, Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas, and (3) the SEC's Compliance and Disclosure Interpretations. (1) Acquisition of properties. Costs incurred to purchase, lease or otherwise acquire a property, including costs of lease bonuses and options to purchase or lease properties, the portion of costs applicable to minerals when land including mineral rights is purchased in fee, brokers' fees, recording fees, legal costs, and other costs incurred in acquiring properties. (2) Analogous reservoir. Analogous reservoirs, as used in resources assessments, have similar rock and fluid properties, reservoir conditions (depth, temperature, and pressure) and drive mechanisms, but are typically at a more advanced stage of development than the reservoir of interest and thus may provide concepts to assist in the interpretation of more limited data and estimation of recovery. When used to support proved reserves, an "analogous reservoir" refers to a reservoir that shares the following characteristics with the reservoir of interest: (i) Same geological formation (but not necessarily in pressure communication with the reservoir of interest); (ii) Same environment of deposition; (iii) Similar geological structure; and (iv) Same drive mechanism. Instruction to paragraph (a)(2): Reservoir properties must, in the aggregate, be no more favorable in the analog than in the reservoir of interest. (3) Bitumen. Bitumen, sometimes referred to as natural bitumen, is petroleum in a solid or semi-solid state in natural deposits with a viscosity greater than 10,000 centipoise measured at original temperature in the deposit and atmospheric pressure, on a gas free basis. In its natural state it usually contains sulfur, metals, and other non-hydrocarbons. (4) Condensate. Condensate is a mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in the gaseous phase at original reservoir temperature and pressure, but that, when produced, is in the liquid phase at surface pressure and temperature. (5) Deterministic estimate. The method of estimating reserves or resources is called deterministic when a single value for each parameter (from the geoscience, engineering, or economic data) in the reserves calculation is used in the reserves estimation procedure. (6) Developed oil and gas reserves. Developed oil and gas reserves are reserves of any category that can be expected to be recovered: (i) Through existing wells with existing equipment and operating methods or in which the cost of the required equipment is relatively minor compared to the cost of a new well; and (ii) Through installed extraction equipment and infrastructure operational at the time of the reserves estimate if the extraction is by means not involving a well. Supplemental definitions from the 2018 Petroleum Resources Management System: Developed Producing Reserves – Expected quantities to be recovered from completion intervals that are open and producing at the effective date of the estimate. Improved recovery Reserves are considered producing only after the improved recovery project is in operation. Developed Non-Producing Reserves – Shut-in and behind-pipe Reserves. Shut-in Reserves are expected to be recovered from (1) completion intervals that are open at the time of the estimate but which have not yet started producing, (2) wells which were shut-in for market conditions or pipeline connections, or (3) wells not capable of production for mechanical reasons. Behind-pipe Reserves are expected to be recovered from zones in existing wells that will require additional completion work or future re-completion before start of production with minor cost to access these reserves. In all cases, production can be initiated or restored with relatively low expenditure compared to the cost of drilling a new well. (7) Development costs. Costs incurred to obtain access to proved reserves and to provide facilities for extracting, treating, gathering and storing the oil and gas. More specifically, development costs, including depreciation and applicable operating costs of support equipment and facilities and other costs of development activities, are costs incurred to: (i) Gain access to and prepare well locations for drilling, including surveying well locations for the purpose of determining specific development drilling sites, clearing ground, draining, road building, and relocating public roads, gas lines, and power lines, to the extent necessary in developing the proved reserves. (ii) Drill and equip development wells, development-type stratigraphic test wells, and service wells, including the costs of platforms and of well equipment such as casing, tubing, pumping equipment, and the wellhead assembly. Definitions - Page 1 of 6 DEFINITIONS OF OIL AND GAS RESERVES Adapted from U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-X Section 210.4-10(a) (iii) Acquire, construct, and install production facilities such as lease flow lines, separators, treaters, heaters, manifolds, measuring devices, and production storage tanks, natural gas cycling and processing plants, and central utility and waste disposal systems. (iv) Provide improved recovery systems. (8) Development project. A development project is the means by which petroleum resources are brought to the status of economically producible. As examples, the development of a single reservoir or field, an incremental development in a producing field, or the integrated development of a group of several fields and associated facilities with a common ownership may constitute a development project. (9) Development well. A well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gas reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive. (10) Economically producible. The term economically producible, as it relates to a resource, means a resource which generates revenue that exceeds, or is reasonably expected to exceed, the costs of the operation. The value of the products that generate revenue shall be determined at the terminal point of oil and gas producing activities as defined in paragraph (a)(16) of this section. (11) Estimated ultimate recovery (EUR). Estimated ultimate recovery is the sum of reserves remaining as of a given date and cumulative production as of that date. (12) Exploration costs. Costs incurred in identifying areas that may warrant examination and in examining specific areas that are considered to have prospects of containing oil and gas reserves, including costs of drilling exploratory wells and exploratory-type stratigraphic test wells. Exploration costs may be incurred both before acquiring the related property (sometimes referred to in part as prospecting costs) and after acquiring the property. Principal types of exploration costs, which include depreciation and applicable operating costs of support equipment and facilities and other costs of exploration activities, are: (i) Costs of topographical, geographical and geophysical studies, rights of access to properties to conduct those studies, and salaries and other expenses of geologists, geophysical crews, and others conducting those studies. Collectively, these are sometimes referred to as geological and geophysical or "G&G" costs. (ii) Costs of carrying and retaining undeveloped properties, such as delay rentals, ad valorem taxes on properties, legal costs for title defense, and the maintenance of land and lease records. (iii) Dry hole contributions and bottom hole contributions. (iv) Costs of drilling and equipping exploratory wells. (v) Costs of drilling exploratory-type stratigraphic test wells. (13) Exploratory well. An exploratory well is a well drilled to find a new field or to find a new reservoir in a field previously found to be productive of oil or gas in another reservoir. Generally, an exploratory well is any well that is not a development well, an extension well, a service well, or a stratigraphic test well as those items are defined in this section. (14) Extension well. An extension well is a well drilled to extend the limits of a known reservoir. (15) Field. An area consisting of a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs all grouped on or related to the same individual geological structural feature and/or stratigraphic condition. There may be two or more reservoirs in a field which are separated vertically by intervening impervious strata, or laterally by local geologic barriers, or by both. Reservoirs that are associated by being in overlapping or adjacent fields may be treated as a single or common operational field. The geological terms "structural feature" and "stratigraphic condition" are intended to identify localized geological features as opposed to the broader terms of basins, trends, provinces, plays, areas-of-interest, etc. (16) Oil and gas producing activities. (i) Oil and gas producing activities include: (A) The search for crude oil, including condensate and natural gas liquids, or natural gas ("oil and gas") in their natural states and original locations; (B) The acquisition of property rights or properties for the purpose of further exploration or for the purpose of removing the oil or gas from such properties; Definitions - Page 2 of 6 DEFINITIONS OF OIL AND GAS RESERVES Adapted from U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-X Section 210.4-10(a) (C) The construction, drilling, and production activities necessary to retrieve oil and gas from their natural reservoirs, including the acquisition, construction, installation, and maintenance of field gathering and storage systems, such as: (1) Lifting the oil and gas to the surface; and (2) Gathering, treating, and field processing (as in the case of processing gas to extract liquid hydrocarbons); and (D) Extraction of saleable hydrocarbons, in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state, from oil sands, shale, coalbeds, or other nonrenewable natural resources which are intended to be upgraded into synthetic oil or gas, and activities undertaken with a view to such extraction. Instruction 1 to paragraph (a)(16)(i): The oil and gas production function shall be regarded as ending at a "terminal point", which is the outlet valve on the lease or field storage tank. If unusual physical or operational circumstances exist, it may be appropriate to regard the terminal point for the production function as: a. The first point at which oil, gas, or gas liquids, natural or synthetic, are delivered to a main pipeline, a common carrier, a refinery, or a marine terminal; and b. In the case of natural resources that are intended to be upgraded into synthetic oil or gas, if those natural resources are delivered to a purchaser prior to upgrading, the first point at which the natural resources are delivered to a main pipeline, a common carrier, a refinery, a marine terminal, or a facility which upgrades such natural resources into synthetic oil or gas. Instruction 2 to paragraph (a)(16)(i): For purposes of this paragraph (a)(16), the term saleable hydrocarbons means hydrocarbons that are saleable in the state in which the hydrocarbons are delivered. (ii) Oil and gas producing activities do not include: (A) Transporting, refining, or marketing oil and gas; (B) Processing of produced oil, gas, or natural resources that can be upgraded into synthetic oil or gas by a registrant that does not have the legal right to produce or a revenue interest in such production; (C) Activities relating to the production of natural resources other than oil, gas, or natural resources from which synthetic oil and gas can be extracted; or (D) Production of geothermal steam. (17) Possible reserves. Possible reserves are those additional reserves that are less certain to be recovered than probable reserves. (i) When deterministic methods are used, the total quantities ultimately recovered from a project have a low probability of exceeding proved plus probable plus possible reserves. When probabilistic methods are used, there should be at least a 10% probability that the total quantities ultimately recovered will equal or exceed the proved plus probable plus possible reserves estimates. (ii) Possible reserves may be assigned to areas of a reservoir adjacent to probable reserves where data control and interpretations of available data are progressively less certain. Frequently, this will be in areas where geoscience and engineering data are unable to define clearly the area and vertical limits of commercial production from the reservoir by a defined project. (iii) Possible reserves also include incremental quantities associated with a greater percentage recovery of the hydrocarbons in place than the recovery quantities assumed for probable reserves. (iv) The proved plus probable and proved plus probable plus possible reserves estimates must be based on reasonable alternative technical and commercial interpretations within the reservoir or subject project that are clearly documented, including comparisons to results in successful similar projects. (v) Possible reserves may be assigned where geoscience and engineering data identify directly adjacent portions of a reservoir within the same accumulation that may be separated from proved areas by faults with displacement less than formation thickness or other geological discontinuities and that have not been penetrated by a wellbore, and the registrant believes that such adjacent portions are in communication with the known (proved) reservoir. Possible reserves may be assigned to areas that are structurally higher or lower than the proved area if these areas are in communication with the proved reservoir. (vi) Pursuant to paragraph (a)(22)(iii) of this section, where direct observation has defined a highest known oil (HKO) elevation and the potential exists for an associated gas cap, proved oil reserves should be assigned in the structurally higher portions of the reservoir above the HKO only if the higher contact can be established with Definitions - Page 3 of 6 DEFINITIONS OF OIL AND GAS RESERVES Adapted from U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-X Section 210.4-10(a) reasonable certainty through reliable technology. Portions of the reservoir that do not meet this reasonable certainty criterion may be assigned as probable and possible oil or gas based on reservoir fluid properties and pressure gradient interpretations. (18) Probable reserves. Probable reserves are those additional reserves that are less certain to be recovered than proved reserves but which, together with proved reserves, are as likely as not to be recovered. (i) When deterministic methods are used, it is as likely as not that actual remaining quantities recovered will exceed the sum of estimated proved plus probable reserves. When probabilistic methods are used, there should be at least a 50% probability that the actual quantities recovered will equal or exceed the proved plus probable reserves estimates. (ii) Probable reserves may be assigned to areas of a reservoir adjacent to proved reserves where data control or interpretations of available data are less certain, even if the interpreted reservoir continuity of structure or productivity does not meet the reasonable certainty criterion. Probable reserves may be assigned to areas that are structurally higher than the proved area if these areas are in communication with the proved reservoir. (iii) Probable reserves estimates also include potential incremental quantities associated with a greater percentage recovery of the hydrocarbons in place than assumed for proved reserves. (iv) See also guidelines in paragraphs (a)(17)(iv) and (a)(17)(vi) of this section. (19) Probabilistic estimate. The method of estimation of reserves or resources is called probabilistic when the full range of values that could reasonably occur for each unknown parameter (from the geoscience and engineering data) is used to generate a full range of possible outcomes and their associated probabilities of occurrence. (20) Production costs. (i) Costs incurred to operate and maintain wells and related equipment and facilities, including depreciation and applicable operating costs of support equipment and facilities and other costs of operating and maintaining those wells and related equipment and facilities. They become part of the cost of oil and gas produced. Examples of production costs (sometimes called lifting costs) are: (A) Costs of labor to operate the wells and related equipment and facilities. (B) Repairs and maintenance. (C) Materials, supplies, and fuel consumed and supplies utilized in operating the wells and related equipment and facilities. (D) Property taxes and insurance applicable to proved properties and wells and related equipment and facilities. (E) Severance taxes. (ii) Some support equipment or facilities may serve two or more oil and gas producing activities and may also serve transportation, refining, and marketing activities. To the extent that the support equipment and facilities are used in oil and gas producing activities, their depreciation and applicable operating costs become exploration, development or production costs, as appropriate. Depreciation, depletion, and amortization of capitalized acquisition, exploration, and development costs are not production costs but also become part of the cost of oil and gas produced along with production (lifting) costs identified above. (21) Proved area. The part of a property to which proved reserves have been specifically attributed. (22) Proved oil and gas reserves. Proved oil and gas reserves are those quantities of oil and gas, which, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible—from a given date forward, from known reservoirs, and under existing economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulations—prior to the time at which contracts providing the right to operate expire, unless evidence indicates that renewal is reasonably certain, regardless of whether deterministic or probabilistic methods are used for the estimation. The project to extract the hydrocarbons must have commenced or the operator must be reasonably certain that it will commence the project within a reasonable time. (i) The area of the reservoir considered as proved includes: Definitions - Page 4 of 6 DEFINITIONS OF OIL AND GAS RESERVES Adapted from U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-X Section 210.4-10(a) (A) The area identified by drilling and limited by fluid contacts, if any, and (B) Adjacent undrilled portions of the reservoir that can, with reasonable certainty, be judged to be continuous with it and to contain economically producible oil or gas on the basis of available geoscience and engineering data. (ii) In the absence of data on fluid contacts, proved quantities in a reservoir are limited by the lowest known hydrocarbons (LKH) as seen in a well penetration unless geoscience, engineering, or performance data and reliable technology establishes a lower contact with reasonable certainty. (iii) Where direct observation from well penetrations has defined a highest known oil (HKO) elevation and the potential exists for an associated gas cap, proved oil reserves may be assigned in the structurally higher portions of the reservoir only if geoscience, engineering, or performance data and reliable technology establish the higher contact with reasonable certainty. (iv) Reserves which can be produced economically through application of improved recovery techniques (including, but not limited to, fluid injection) are included in the proved classification when: (A) Successful testing by a pilot project in an area of the reservoir with properties no more favorable than in the reservoir as a whole, the operation of an installed program in the reservoir or an analogous reservoir, or other evidence using reliable technology establishes the reasonable certainty of the engineering analysis on which the project or program was based; and (B) The project has been approved for development by all necessary parties and entities, including governmental entities. (v) Existing economic conditions include prices and costs at which economic producibility from a reservoir is to be determined. The price shall be the average price during the 12-month period prior to the ending date of the period covered by the report, determined as an unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month price for each month within such period, unless prices are defined by contractual arrangements, excluding escalations based upon future conditions. (23) Proved properties. Properties with proved reserves. (24) Reasonable certainty. If deterministic methods are used, reasonable certainty means a high degree of confidence that the quantities will be recovered. If probabilistic methods are used, there should be at least a 90% probability that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the estimate. A high degree of confidence exists if the quantity is much more likely to be achieved than not, and, as changes due to increased availability of geoscience (geological, geophysical, and geochemical), engineering, and economic data are made to estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) with time, reasonably certain EUR is much more likely to increase or remain constant than to decrease. (25) Reliable technology. Reliable technology is a grouping of one or more technologies (including computational methods) that has been field tested and has been demonstrated to provide reasonably certain results with consistency and repeatability in the formation being evaluated or in an analogous formation. (26) Reserves. Reserves are estimated remaining quantities of oil and gas and related substances anticipated to be economically producible, as of a given date, by application of development projects to known accumulations. In addition, there must exist, or there must be a reasonable expectation that there will exist, the legal right to produce or a revenue interest in the production, installed means of delivering oil and gas or related substances to market, and all permits and financing required to implement the project. Note to paragraph (a)(26): Reserves should not be assigned to adjacent reservoirs isolated by major, potentially sealing, faults until those reservoirs are penetrated and evaluated as economically producible. Reserves should not be assigned to areas that are clearly separated from a known accumulation by a non-productive reservoir (i.e., absence of reservoir, structurally low reservoir, or negative test results). Such areas may contain prospective resources (i.e., potentially recoverable resources from undiscovered accumulations). Excerpted from the FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 932, Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas: 932-235-50-30 A standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows relating to an entity's interests in both of the following shall be disclosed as of the end of the year: a. Proved oil and gas reserves (see paragraphs 932-235-50-3 through 50-11B) b. Oil and gas subject to purchase under long-term supply, purchase, or similar agreements and contracts in which the entity participates in the operation of the properties on which the oil or gas is located or otherwise serves as the producer of those reserves (see paragraph 932-235-50-7). The standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows relating to those two types of interests in reserves may be combined for reporting purposes. 932-235-50-31 All of the following information shall be disclosed in the aggregate and for each geographic area for which reserve quantities are disclosed in accordance with paragraphs 932-235-50-3 through 50-11B: a. Future cash inflows. These shall be computed by applying prices used in estimating the entity's proved oil and gas reserves to the year-end quantities of those reserves. Future price changes shall be considered only to the extent provided by contractual arrangements in existence at year-end. b. Future development and production costs. These costs shall be computed by estimating the expenditures to be incurred in developing and producing the proved oil and gas reserves at the end of the year, based on year-end costs and assuming continuation of existing economic conditions. If estimated development expenditures are significant, they shall be presented separately from estimated production costs. c. Future income tax expenses. These expenses shall be computed by applying the appropriate year-end statutory tax rates, with consideration of future tax rates already legislated, to the future pretax net cash flows relating to the entity's proved oil and gas reserves, less the tax basis of the properties involved. The future income tax expenses shall give effect to tax deductions and tax credits and allowances relating to the entity's proved oil and gas reserves. d. Future net cash flows. These amounts are the result of subtracting future development and production costs and future income tax expenses from future cash inflows. e. Discount. This amount shall be derived from using a discount rate of 10 percent a year to reflect the timing of the future net cash flows relating to proved oil and gas reserves. f. Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows. This amount is the future net cash flows less the computed discount. Definitions - Page 5 of 6 DEFINITIONS OF OIL AND GAS RESERVES Adapted from U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-X Section 210.4-10(a) (27) Reservoir. A porous and permeable underground formation containing a natural accumulation of producible oil and/or gas that is confined by impermeable rock or water barriers and is individual and separate from other reservoirs. (28) Resources. Resources are quantities of oil and gas estimated to exist in naturally occurring accumulations. A portion of the resources may be estimated to be recoverable, and another portion may be considered to be unrecoverable. Resources include both discovered and undiscovered accumulations. (29) Service well. A well drilled or completed for the purpose of supporting production in an existing field. Specific purposes of service wells include gas injection, water injection, steam injection, air injection, salt-water disposal, water supply for injection, observation, or injection for in-situ combustion. (30) Stratigraphic test well. A stratigraphic test well is a drilling effort, geologically directed, to obtain information pertaining to a specific geologic condition. Such wells customarily are drilled without the intent of being completed for hydrocarbon production. The classification also includes tests identified as core tests and all types of expendable holes related to hydrocarbon exploration. Stratigraphic tests are classified as "exploratory type" if not drilled in a known area or "development type" if drilled in a known area. (31) Undeveloped oil and gas reserves. Undeveloped oil and gas reserves are reserves of any category that are expected to be recovered from new wells on undrilled acreage, or from existing wells where a relatively major expenditure is required for recompletion. - (i) Reserves on undrilled acreage shall be limited to those directly offsetting development spacing areas that are reasonably certain of production when drilled, unless evidence using reliable technology exists that establishes reasonable certainty of economic producibility at greater distances. (ii) Undrilled locations can be classified as having undeveloped reserves only if a development plan has been adopted indicating that they are scheduled to be drilled within five years, unless the specific circumstances, justify a longer time. From the SEC's Compliance and Disclosure Interpretations (October 26, 2009): Although several types of projects — such as constructing offshore platforms and development in urban areas, remote locations or environmentally sensitive locations — by their nature customarily take a longer time to develop and therefore often do justify longer time periods, this determination must always take into consideration all of the facts and circumstances. No particular type of project per se justifies a longer time period, and any extension beyond five years should be the exception, and not the rule. Factors that a company should consider in determining whether or not circumstances justify recognizing reserves even though development may extend past five years include, but are not limited to, the following: (cid:0) The company's level of ongoing significant development activities in the area to be developed (for example, drilling only the minimum number of wells necessary to maintain the lease generally would not constitute significant development activities); (cid:0) The company's historical record at completing development of comparable long-term projects; (cid:0) The amount of time in which the company has maintained the leases, or booked the reserves, without significant development activities; (cid:0) The extent to which the company has followed a previously adopted development plan (for example, if a company has changed its development plan several times without taking significant steps to implement any of those plans, recognizing proved undeveloped reserves typically would not be appropriate); and (cid:0) The extent to which delays in development are caused by external factors related to the physical operating environment (for example, restrictions on development on Federal lands, but not obtaining government permits), rather than by internal factors (for example, shifting resources to develop properties with higher priority). (iii) Under no circumstances shall estimates for undeveloped reserves be attributable to any acreage for which an application of fluid injection or other improved recovery technique is contemplated, unless such techniques have been proved effective by actual projects in the same reservoir or an analogous reservoir, as defined in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, or by other evidence using reliable technology establishing reasonable certainty. (32) Unproved properties. Properties with no proved reserves. Definitions - Page 6 of 6 

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