Brightcove
Annual Report 2017

Plain-text annual report

Table of Contents UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One)☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017OR ☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 001-35429 BRIGHTCOVE INC.(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware 20-1579162(State or other jurisdictionof incorporation) (I.R.S. EmployerIdentification No.)290 Congress StreetBoston, Massachusetts 02210(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)(888) 882-1880(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Name of Exchange on Which RegisteredCommon Stock, par value $0.001 per share The NASDAQ Global MarketSecurities Registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during thepreceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90days. Yes ☒ No ☐Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to besubmitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and postsuch files). Yes ☒ No ☐Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best ofregistrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitionsof “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☒Non-accelerated filer ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company ☐Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revisedfinancial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock as reported on theNASDAQ Global Market on June 30, 2017, was $130,976,463. Shares of voting and non-voting stock held by executive officers, directors and holders of more than 5% ofthe outstanding stock have been excluded from this calculation because such persons or institutions may be deemed affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not aconclusive determination for other purposes.As of February 23, 2018 there were 34,952,140 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding.DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCEPortions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this AnnualReport on Form 10-K where indicated. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscalyear to which this report relates. Table of ContentsBRIGHTCOVE INC.Table of Contents Page PART I. Item 1. Business 4 Item 1A. Risk Factors 13 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 30 Item 2. Properties 30 Item 3. Legal Proceedings 30 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 31 PART II. Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 32 Item 6. Selected Consolidated Financial Data 35 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 37 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 60 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 63 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure F-31 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures F-31 Item 9B. Other Information 67 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 67 Item 11. Executive Compensation 67 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 67 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 67 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 67 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 67 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary 71 Signatures 72 2Table of ContentsSPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTSThis Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if theynever materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning ofSection 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, orExchange Act. Such forward-looking statements include any expectation of earnings, revenue or other financial items; any statements of the plans,strategies and objectives of management for future operations; factors that may affect our operating results; statements related to adding employees;statements related to potential benefits of the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Unicorn Media, Inc. and certain of its subsidiaries;statements related to future capital expenditures; statements related to future economic conditions or performance; statements as to industry trends andother matters that do not relate strictly to historical facts or statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Forward-looking statements areoften identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,”“may,” “will,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-lookingstatements. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available to management.Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certainevents to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to suchdifferences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included in Item 1A of Part Iof this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the risks discussed in our other Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, filings. Furthermore, suchforward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-Kmay include statements about: • our ability to achieve profitability; • our competitive position and the effect of competition in our industry; • our ability to retain and attract new customers; • our ability to penetrate existing markets and develop new markets for our services; • our ability to retain or hire qualified accounting and other personnel; • our ability to protect our intellectual property and operate our business without infringing upon the intellectual property rights of others; • our ability to maintain the security and reliability of our systems; • our estimates with regard to our future performance and total potential market opportunity; • our estimates regarding our anticipated results of operations, future revenue, bookings growth, capital requirements and our needs foradditional financing; and • our goals and strategies, including those related to revenue and bookings growth. 3Table of ContentsPART I Item 1.BusinessOverviewBrightcove Inc., or Brightcove, is a leading global provider of cloud-based services for video. Brightcove was incorporated in Delaware inAugust 2004 and our headquarters are in Boston, Massachusetts. Our suite of products and services reduces the cost and complexity associated withpublishing, distributing, measuring and monetizing video across devices.Brightcove Video Cloud, or Video Cloud, our flagship product released in 2006, is the world’s leading online video platform. Video Cloudenables our customers to publish and distribute video to Internet-connected devices quickly, easily and in a cost-effective and high-quality manner.Brightcove Zencoder, or Zencoder, is a cloud-based video encoding service. Brightcove SSAI, or SSAI (formerly named Once), is an innovative, cloud-based ad insertion and video stitching service that addresses the limitations of traditional online video ad insertion technology. Brightcove Player, orPlayer (formerly named Perform), is a cloud-based service for creating and managing video player experiences. Brightcove OTT Flow, powered byAccedo, or OTT Flow, is a service for media companies and content owners to rapidly deploy high-quality, direct-to-consumer, live and on-demandvideo services across platforms. Brightcove Video Marketing Suite, or Video Marketing Suite, is a comprehensive suite of video technologies designedto address the needs of marketers to drive awareness, engagement and conversion. Brightcove Enterprise Video Suite, or Enterprise Video Suite, is anenterprise-class platform for internal communications, employee training, live streaming, marketing and ecommerce videos.Since 2014, our go-to-market approach for our solutions has been focused primarily on (i) media companies and (ii) digital marketers in a widerange of enterprises and organizations.As of December 31, 2017, we had 4,168 customers in over 70 countries, including many of the world’s leading media companies, broadcasters,publishers, brands and corporations, as well as governments, educational institutions and non-profit organizations.We primarily generate revenue by offering our products to customers on a subscription-based, software as a service, or SaaS, model. Our revenuegrew from $150.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2016 to $155.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2016, wehad 4,571 customers, of which 2,564 used our volume offerings and 2,007 used our premium offerings. As of December 31, 2017, we had 4,168customers, of which 2,001 used our volume offerings and 2,167 used our premium offerings. Substantially all of our revenue has historically beenattributable to our Video Cloud product, and we expect that revenue from Video Cloud will continue to comprise a significant portion of our revenue.In addition to being offered on a stand-alone basis, Video Cloud is also a core component of OTT Flow, Video Marketing Suite and Enterprise VideoSuite.Our SolutionsOur solutions provide our customers with the following key benefits: • Comprehensive, modular and scalable solutions. Video Cloud provides a single, integrated solution to meet a range of video publishingand distribution needs. OTT Flow, Video Marketing Suite and Enterprise Video Suite are end-to-end solutions of video technologies builtfor media companies, marketers and enterprises, respectively. Each of Zencoder, SSAI and Player are modular solutions that customers canlicense on a stand-alone basis and integrate into their existing video workflows. In addition, our multi-tenant architecture enables us todeliver each of our solutions across our customer base with a single version of our software for each product, making it easier to scale oursolutions as our customer and end user base expands. 4Table of Contents • Easy to use and low total cost of ownership. Our products were designed to be intuitive and easy to use. We provide reliable, cost-effective,on-demand solutions to our customers, relieving them of the cost, time and resources associated with in-house solutions and enabling themto be up and running quickly after signing with us. • Open platforms and extensive ecosystem. Our open and extensible platforms enable our customers to customize standard features andfunctionality and easily integrate third-party technology to meet their own specific requirements and business objectives. We have anextensive ecosystem of partners, which we refer to as the Brightcove Partner Program. More than 150 members of the Brightcove PartnerProgram have built solutions that rely upon, or are already integrated with, our platforms. This ecosystem includes leading technologycompanies such as Akamai, comScore, Google and Oracle and providers of niche technology services. These integrated technologiesprovide our customers with enhanced flexibility, functionality and ease of use. • Help customers achieve business objectives. Our customers use our products to achieve key business objectives such as driving site traffic,increasing viewer engagement on their sites, monetizing content, increasing conversion rates for transactions, increasing brand awarenessand expanding their audiences, internal communications, employee training and customer support. We believe our customers view us as astrategic partner in part because our business model is not dependent on building our own audience or generating our own ad revenue. Ourbusiness interests align with our customers’ interests as we each benefit from the success of our customers’ online strategy. • Ongoing customer-driven development. Through our account managers, customer support teams, product teams and regular outreach fromsenior leadership, we solicit and capture feedback from our customer base for incorporation into ongoing enhancements to our solutions.We regularly provide our customers with enhancements to our products. For example, in 2017, we introduced Brightcove Live, a livestreaming service for delivering and monetizing live events and linear channels, we launched Dynamic Delivery, a new media deliveryplatform that enhances video reach, flexibility and performance while reducing storage requirements, we introduced Context AwareEncoding, an innovative solution for performing per-file encoding, which uses machine learning and deep video analysis to achieveoptimum quality for each video with the fewest bits necessary, we added In-Page Experiences to our Gallery product, which allows users toincorporate calls-to-action and dynamic capabilities to deliver different video experiences, and we added a Hubspot integration toBrightcove Audience, which is used to send video engagement data to popular marketing automation platforms. Delivering cloud-basedsolutions allows us to serve additional customers with little incremental expense and to deploy innovations and best practices quickly andefficiently to our existing customers.Our Business StrengthsWe believe that the following business strengths differentiate us from our competitors and are key to our success: • We are the recognized online video platform market leader. In 2017, our customers used Video Cloud to deliver an average ofapproximately 3.7 billion video streams per month, which we believe is more video streams per month than any other professional solution.We have in recent years received numerous awards for our market leadership from industry analysts such as Frost & Sullivan, Forrester andGartner. • We have established a global presence. We have established a global presence, beginning with our first non-U.S. customer in 2007, andcontinuing with the expansion of our operations into Europe, Japan, Asia Pacific, India and the Middle East. Today, we have employees inseven countries. We built our solutions to be localized into almost any language and currently offer 24/7 customer support worldwide. Asof December 31, 2017, organizations throughout the world used Video Cloud to reach viewers in approximately 246 countries andterritories. 5Table of Contents • We have high visibility and predictability in our business. We sell our subscription and support services through monthly, quarterly orannual contracts and recognize revenue ratably over the committed term. The majority of our revenue comes from annual contracts. Ourexisting contracts provide us with visibility into revenue that has not yet been recognized. We have also achieved an overall recurringdollar retention rate of at least 85% in each of the last four fiscal quarters, including 85%, 91%, 95% and 87% for the three months endedMarch 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Our business model and customer loyaltyprovide greater levels of recurring revenue and predictability compared to traditional, perpetual-license business models. • We have customers of all sizes across multiple industries. We offer different editions of our products tailored to meet the needs oforganizations of various sizes and across industries. Our offerings range from entry-level editions to enterprise-level editions used bymultiple departments in a single organization. • Our management team has experience building and scaling software companies. Our senior leadership team has built innovative softwareplatform businesses. Members of our senior leadership team have held senior product, business and technology roles at companies such asAdobe, Allaire, Amazon Web Services, AT&T, Lycos and Macromedia.Our CustomersAs of December 31, 2017, we had 4,168 customers in over 70 countries. We provide our solutions to many of the world’s leading mediacompanies, broadcasters, publishers, brands and corporations, as well as governments, educational institutions and non-profit organizations. While oursolutions are tailored to meet the needs of media companies and digital marketers in a wide range of enterprises and organizations, we believe oursolutions can benefit any organization with a website or digital content.Our Products and ServicesVideo CloudVideo Cloud, the world’s leading online video platform, enables our customers to publish and distribute video to Internet-connected devicesquickly, easily and in a cost-effective and high-quality manner. Our innovative technology and intuitive user interface give customers control over awide range of features and functionality needed to publish and deliver a compelling user experience, including the following: • Uploading and Encoding. Using Video Cloud, customers may upload videos in various formats for adaptive encoding that maximizesquality and minimizes file size. Video Cloud then automatically enables the content to be delivered to end users via a third-party contentdelivery network, or CDN, such as Akamai Technologies, Inc., or Akamai, Limelight Networks, Inc., or Limelight, or Fastly, Inc., or Fastly. • Content Management. Whether a customer has a few short video clips or thousands of full-length episodes, Video Cloud makes it easy toorganize a media library. Videos can be grouped together with drag-and-drop controls or smart playlists that automatically organizecontent. Customers can set rules for geographic access and schedules to define where and when their videos can be viewed. • Video Players. Video Cloud includes leading video player technology, with fast load times and fast video starts. Video Cloud allows forpoint-and-click styling and configuration of video players that can reflect the brand or design of the customer. Our video players alsoinclude built-in support for advertising, analytics and content protection, and provide a consistent cross-platform playback experience.Developers can also take advantage of a set of tools to create completely custom video player experiences. • Multi-platform video experiences. We have built Video Cloud to support numerous operating systems, formats and devices. In addition toweb-based experiences, Video Cloud provides publishing and 6Table of Contents delivery services for cross-platform devices including smartphones, tablets, media streaming devices and Connected TVs. Our solutionincludes automated device detection and manages multiple renditions of the same video encoded in different forms with optimizeddelivery protocols for different target formats. • Live Video Streaming. In addition to on-demand video distribution, Video Cloud includes support for live video broadcasts. Video Cloudaccepts multiple live streams at different quality levels and delivers the rendition that best matches each viewer’s available bandwidth,processor utilization and player size. • Distribution and Syndication. Video Cloud supports a blended distribution strategy across the Internet, allowing customers to distributevideos on their own website, partner websites or video-sharing sites such as YouTube. These tools help content owners to drive site traffic,increase brand awareness and expand their audience. • Social Media. Customers can expand their audience by leveraging the social network of their viewers. Through integrated Video Cloudcapabilities, users can share complete videos or video clips through Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and other social media destinations.Brightcove Social allows customers to manage their video presence across social networks from a single interface. With Brightcove Social,customers can clip and publish videos to the native playback environments of Facebook, YouTube and Twitter, as well as their ownwebsites, from Video Cloud and track performance in a single location. • Advertising and Monetization. Video Cloud can help customers grow and monetize their audience with video ad features such as tools forad insertions and built-in ad server and network integrations. Video Cloud includes tools to support synchronized in-player ads withembedded link functionality and overlays for persistent branding. • Analytics. Video Cloud’s integrated video analytics present information to optimize and support customers’ online video publishing anddistribution strategy. Online publishers can also choose to integrate web analytics solutions such as Adobe Omniture or Google Analyticswith Video Cloud. • APIs, SDKs and Developer Resources. Video Cloud includes comprehensive APIs to customize, extend and integrate with our platform. OurSDKs for iOS, tvOS, Android and AndroidTV offer customers tools to jump-start projects and deliver high quality mobile videoapplications and connected TV experiences. Our developer center gives customers unlimited access to comprehensive productdocumentation, sample code, developer articles and technical videos, making it easy for them to access additional information.ZencoderZencoder is a cloud-based video encoding service. Zencoder provides our customers with high-quality, reliable encoding of live and on-demandvideo and access to highly scalable encoding power without having to pay for, manage and scale expensive hardware and software. Zencoder includesthe following principal features and functionality: • File Support. Zencoder accepts files in an extensive range of formats and codecs and supports video output to a multitude of devices. • Quality and Control. Zencoder includes tools to support high quality video output and to adjust and edit video. • Speed and Reliability. Zencoder provides extremely fast transcoding and industry leading reliability. • Platform and Security. Zencoder is scalable, globally distributed and includes advanced security features designed to protect content. • Account and Integration. Zencoder provides a simple API for streamlined integration, supports most major transfer protocols andaccelerated file transfers and allows users to manage their accounts and encoding jobs from an intuitive, online dashboard. 7Table of ContentsSSAISSAI is an innovative, cloud-based ad insertion and video stitching service that addresses the limitations of traditional online video ad insertiontechnology. SSAI reduces or eliminates the need for platform-specific ad technology and makes it possible for customers to reliably deliver live oron-demand video with dynamically customized programming and targeted ads to the maximum range of devices. SSAI includes the followingprincipal features and functionality: • Reach. SSAI features cloud-based ad monetization of video on demand across devices, apps and websites. • Integrations. SSAI is pre-integrated with ad networks and ad decision systems. • Server-Side Solution. SSAI is a server-side solution, requiring no SDKs, plug-ins or client-side code. • Simplicity. SSAI uses a single URL with automatic device detection to deliver high bit-rate broadcast quality video ads.PlayerPlayer is a cloud-based service for creating and managing video player experiences. This service provides customers with leading video playertechnology, a robust set of management APIs and performance optimization services. Player delivers cross-platform playback experiences and includesbuilt-in support for advertising, analytics and content protection. Player includes the following principal features and functionality: • Leading Video Player Technology. Player includes a fast HTML5-first video player, responsive design, social sharing and integration toolsand support for adaptive bitrate streaming across all major mobile and desktop platforms. • Speed. Player is designed to have the fastest load times and the fastest video starts. Player’s precompiled plugins, skinned assets andthumbnails minimize download size. Player is optimized to reduce network traffic. Player also allows customers to deploy changes tothousands of player embeds with batch publishing to accelerate time-to-market. • Wide Reach. Player allows customers to reach the maximum range of Internet-connected devices and operating systems with consistentplayback across desktop and mobile devices. • Powerful APIs, Plugins and SDKs. The developer-friendly, HTML5 video player is easily customized with CSS and JavaScript APIs.Player’s Management APIs also allow customers to easily control player configurations. Player has a robust ecosystem of plugins andintegrations, including built-in support for advertising, analytics and content protection, as well as numerous open-source plugins from theVideo.js community. Player also includes native player SDKs for easy development and deployment of native applications.OTT FlowOTT Flow is a service for media companies and content owners to rapidly deploy high-quality, direct-to-consumer, live and on-demand videoservices across platforms. OTT Flow enables video content delivery with a consistent user interface across multiple platforms, including desktop, Appleand Android smartphones and tablets, and Google Chromecast. OTT Flow also includes support for ad-supported and subscription video-on-demandmodels with ecommerce, customer relationship management, or CRM, and billing engine interfaces. This product also features a flexible and intuitiveweb-based administrative console for user interface and user experience configuration, rules-based content packaging and scheduling capabilities,robust analytics and subtitle and caption support. 8Table of ContentsVideo Marketing SuiteVideo Marketing Suite is a comprehensive suite of video technologies designed to address the needs of marketers to drive awareness,engagement and conversion. Video Marketing Suite is a bundled offering of Video Cloud, Brightcove Gallery, or Gallery, and Brightcove Social.Gallery is a cloud-based service that enables customers to create and publish video portals. This service combines portal templates with best practicesfor search engine optimization, responsive design, social sharing and conversion in a single solution that can be implemented and updated with ease.Gallery allows customers to create engaging video experiences such as video channels, product showcases, event microsites and video support centers.Brightcove Social allows customers to manage their video presence across social networks from a single interface. With Brightcove Social, customerscan edit, publish and track their videos in the native playback environments of Facebook, YouTube and Twitter, as well as their own websites, fromVideo Cloud.Enterprise Video SuiteEnterprise Video Suite is an enterprise-class platform for internal communications, employee training, live streaming, marketing and ecommercevideos. Enterprise Video Suite is a bundled offering of Video Cloud, Gallery, and Brightcove Live. Brightcove Live is an optional add-on to VideoCloud designed to enable non-technical users to set up live events and deliver multi-bitrate streams to multiple devices, without the need for hardwareencoders or development work.EditionsEach of our products is offered to customers on a subscription-based SaaS model, with varying levels of usage entitlements, support and, incertain cases, functionality. Our customers pay us a monthly, quarterly or annual subscription fee for access to our products. This model allows ourcustomers to scale their level of investment and usage based on the size and complexity of their needs.Video Cloud is offered in two product lines. The first product line is comprised of our premium product editions. All premium editions includefunctionality to publish and distribute video to Internet-connected devices, with higher levels of the premium editions providing additional featuresand functionality. The second product line is comprised of our volume product edition. Our volume editions target small and medium-sized businesses,or SMBs. The volume editions provide customers with the same basic functionality that is offered in our premium product editions but have beendesigned for customers who have lower usage requirements and do not typically require advanced features and functionality.Video Marketing Suite and Enterprise Video Suite are each generally available in Starter, Pro and Enterprise editions. The Starter edition for eachprovides customers with the same basic functionality that is offered in the Pro and Enterprise editions but has been designed for customers who havelower usage requirements and do not typically require advanced features and functionality. All Video Marketing Suite and Enterprise Video Suitecustomers are considered premium customers.Zencoder customers are considered premium customers other than Zencoder customers on month-to-month contracts or pay-as-you-go contracts,which are considered volume customers.All SSAI, Player, and OTT Flow customers are considered premium customers.Account ManagementAn important component of our sales strategy is our account management organization. This organization is focused on ongoing customersuccess and engagement, as well as contract renewals and upsells to our customer base. 9Table of ContentsProfessional ServicesWhile our products are easy for customers to use and deploy without any additional specialized services, we offer a range of professional servicesfor customers who seek customization of our products or assistance with their implementations. These professional services are priced on a time andmaterials basis or a per project basis and include projects such as content migrations from other vendors or in-house solutions, video playerenhancements, mobile and connected TV app development and the creation of web pages optimized for video.SupportOur products generally include basic support for technical and operational issues from our support team via web-based submission or email. Thepremium editions of our products generally include additional support options such as phone support, live chat, dedicated live event support,24x7x365 support and more. Our award-winning, TSIA certified team supports our customers from our offices in Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo,South Korea and Tempe. We also have a dedicated customer success team that offers various onboarding and related services to new and existingcustomers looking to get the most out of our products and services.TrainingWe offer free basic online training to registered users of our products. We also offer customized, onsite training for customers that is priced on aper engagement basis.Sales and MarketingWe sell our products primarily through our global direct sales organization. Our sales team is organized by the following geographic regions:Americas, Europe and the Middle East, Asia Pacific, and Japan. We further organize our go-to-market approach by focusing our sales and marketingteams on selling primarily to (i) media companies, who generally want to distribute video content to a broad audience and (ii) digital marketers in awide range of enterprises and organizations, who generally use video for marketing or enterprise communication purposes. A small amount of sales aregenerated through referral partners, channel partners and resellers. We also sell some of our products online through our website.We generate customer leads, accelerate sales opportunities and build brand awareness through our marketing programs. Our marketing programstarget executives, technology professionals and senior business leaders. Like our sales teams, our marketing team and programs are organized bygeography and industry segment. Our principal marketing programs include: • public relations and social media; • online event marketing activities, direct email, search engine marketing and display ads and blogs; • field marketing events for customers and prospects; • participation in, and sponsorship of, user conferences, trade shows and industry events; • use of our website to provide product and organization information, as well as learning opportunities for potential customers; • cooperative marketing efforts with partners, including joint press announcements, joint trade show activities, channel marketing campaignsand joint seminars; • telemarketing and lead generation representatives who respond to incoming leads to convert them into new sales opportunities; and • customer programs, including user meetings and our online customer community. 10Table of ContentsOperationsWe use a number of third-party cloud computing platforms to provide our products and services to customers. We take advantage of thisgeographically dispersed, third-party, cloud computing capacity to improve the responsiveness of our service and lower network latency for ourcustomers. We also operate data center facilities in the greater Boston area and operate our own servers for systems that manage meta-data, businessrules and archival storage of media assets.Media delivery to end users, including video, audio, images and JavaScript components, is served primarily through CDN providers, includingAkamai, Limelight and Fastly. We believe our agreements with our CDN providers are based on competitive market terms and conditions, includingservice level commitments from these CDN providers.We entered into our agreement with Akamai in July 2010. It enables us to use Akamai CDN services for our own benefit and to resell AkamaiCDN services to our customers in every geographic location in which we offer our products. The current expiration date of the agreement isDecember 31, 2018.We entered into our agreement with Limelight in March 2006. It enables us to use Limelight CDN services for our own benefit and to resellLimelight CDN services to our customers in every geographic location in which we offer our products. The agreement is currently renewing on a monthto month basis. Either party may terminate the agreement with 60 days’ notice.We entered into our agreement with Fastly in April 2017. It enables us to use Fastly CDN services for our own benefit and to resell Fastly CDNservices to our customers in every geographic location in which we offer our products. The current expiration date of the agreement is January 31,2019.Our agreements with Akamai and Limelight contain a service continuation period following expiration of the agreement, which we believe issufficient to enable transition to an alternative provider to avoid material disruption to our business or to our customers. Our agreement with Akamaiprovides that, upon termination for any reason, Akamai will continue to provide CDN services to our existing customers for up to twelve months. Ouragreement with Limelight provides that, upon termination for any reason, Limelight will continue to provide CDN services for our benefit for up to sixmonths.Intellectual PropertyWe rely principally on a combination of trademark, patent, copyright and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well asconfidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary technology, confidential information, business strategies and brands.We also believe that factors such as the technological and creative skills of our employees coupled with the creation of new features, functionality andproducts are essential to establishing and maintaining a technology leadership position. We enter into confidentiality and invention assignmentagreements with our employees and consultants and confidentiality agreements with other third parties, and we rigorously control access to ourproprietary technology.In the United States, we have 35 issued and/or allowed patents and 8 patent applications pending. Internationally, we have 17 issued and/orallowed patents and 18 patent applications pending, including two patent applications undergoing examination at the European Patent Office. Wecurrently have patent applications pending in Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, Hong Kong and Japan, and we may seek coverage in additionaljurisdictions to the extent we determine such coverage is appropriate and cost-effective. Our issued patents cover a variety of technical domainsrelevant to our business, including aspects of publishing and distributing digital media online, cloud-based stream delivery and ad insertion.Our registered trademarks in the United States include “BRIGHTCOVE”, “ZENCODER”, ONCEVOD and our logo. These trademarks are alsoregistered in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions, including the European Union 11Table of Contentsand Canada. We may apply for registrations for these and other marks in additional jurisdictions to the extent we determine such coverage isappropriate and cost-effective.Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or obtain and use our technology to developproducts with the same functionality as our solutions. Policing unauthorized use of our technology is difficult and expensive. Our competitors couldalso independently develop technologies equivalent to ours, and our intellectual property rights may not be broad enough for us to preventcompetitors from selling products incorporating those technologies.CompetitionWe compete with video-sharing sites such as YouTube, in-house solutions, online video platforms and a broad range of other technologyproviders. Some of our actual and potential competitors may enjoy competitive advantages over us, such as larger marketing budgets and larger salesteams, as well as greater financial, technical and other resources. The overall markets for our products are fragmented, rapidly evolving and highlycompetitive.We expect that the competitive landscape will change as our markets consolidate and mature. We believe the principal competitive factors in ourindustry include the following: • total cost of ownership; • breadth and depth of product functionality; • ability to innovate and respond to customer needs rapidly; • level of resources and investment in sales, marketing, product and technology; • ease of deployment and use of solutions; • level of integration into existing workflows, configurability, scalability and reliability; • customer service; • brand awareness and reputation; • ability to integrate with third-party applications and technologies; • size and scale of provider; and • size of customer base and level of user adoption.The mix of factors relevant in any given situation varies with regard to each prospective customer. We believe we compete favorably with respectto all of these factors.Some of our competitors have made or may make acquisitions or enter into partnerships or other strategic relationships to offer a morecomprehensive service than we do. These combinations may make it more difficult for us to compete effectively, including on the basis of price, salesand marketing programs, technology or service functionality. We expect these trends to continue as organizations attempt to strengthen or maintaintheir market positions.Research and DevelopmentWe have focused our research and development efforts on expanding the functionality and scalability of our products and enhancing their easeof use, as well as creating new product offerings. We expect research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we intend to continueto regularly release new features and functionality, expand our product offerings, continue the localization of our products in various languages, 12Table of Contentsupgrade and extend our service offerings, and develop new technologies. Over the long term, we believe that research and development expenses as apercentage of revenue will decrease, but will vary depending upon the mix of revenue from new and existing products, features and functionality, aswell as changes in the technology that our products must support, such as new operating systems or new Internet-connected devices.Our research and development expenses were $31.9 million, $30.2 million and $29.3 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, whichincluded stock-based compensation expense of $1.6 million, $1.3 million and $1.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, we had 155employees in research and development.EmployeesAs of December 31, 2017, we had 498 employees, of which 381 were located in the United States and 117 were located outside of the UnitedStates. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relationship with ouremployees to be good.Information about Segment and Geographic RevenueInformation about segment and geographic revenue is set forth in Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of thisAnnual Report on Form 10-K.Available InformationOur principal executive offices are located at 290 Congress Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02210. Our telephone number is (888) 882-1880. Ourwebsite address is www.brightcove.com. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K andamendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of chargethrough the investor relations page of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, theSecurities and Exchange Commission. Alternatively, these reports may be accessed at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Item 1A.Risk FactorsYou should carefully review the risk factors described below and those described in other reports we file with the Securities and ExchangeCommission, as well as the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in evaluating our business. Our business, prospects,financial condition, or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currentlyconsider immaterial. If any of such risks and uncertainties actually occurs, our business, financial condition or operating results could differmaterially from the plans, projections and other forward-looking statements included in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis ofFinancial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report and in our other public filings. The trading price of our common stockcould decline due to any of these risks, and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment.We have a history of losses, we expect to continue to incur losses and we may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.We have incurred significant losses in each fiscal year since our inception in 2004. We experienced a consolidated net loss of $7.6 million for theyear ended December 31, 2015, a consolidated net loss of $10.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and a consolidated net loss of$19.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. These losses were due to the substantial investments we made to build our products and services,grow and maintain our business and acquire customers. Key elements of our growth strategy include acquiring new customers and continuing toinnovate and build our brand. As a result, we expect our operating expenses to increase in the future due to expected increased sales and marketingexpenses, operations 13Table of Contentscosts, research and development costs and general and administrative costs and, therefore, our operating losses will continue or even potentiallyincrease for the foreseeable future. In addition, as a public company we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as aprivate company. Furthermore, to the extent that we are successful in increasing our customer base, we will also incur increased expenses because costsassociated with generating and supporting customer agreements are generally incurred up front, while revenue is generally recognized ratably over thecommitted term of the agreement. You should not rely upon our recent bookings or revenue growth as indicative of our future performance. We cannotassure you that we will reach profitability in the future or at any specific time in the future or that, if and when we do become profitable, we will sustainprofitability. If we are ultimately unable to generate sufficient revenue to meet our financial targets, become profitable and have sustainable positivecash flows, investors could lose their investment.Substantially all of our revenue has historically come from a single product, Video Cloud.We have historically been substantially dependent on revenue from a single product, Video Cloud, and we expect that revenue from VideoCloud will continue to comprise a significant portion of our revenue. Our business would be harmed by a decline in the market for Video Cloud,increased competition in the market for online video platforms, or our failure or inability to provide sufficient investment to support Video Cloud asneeded to maintain or grow its competitive position.If we are unable to retain our existing customers, our revenue and results of operations will be adversely affected.We sell our products pursuant to agreements that are generally for annual terms. Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptionsafter their subscription period expires, and we have experienced losses of customers that elected not to renew, in some cases, for reasons beyond ourcontrol. For example, our largest customer during 2016 faced distressing financial circumstances and, as a result, we lost substantially all of the revenuewe expected to generate from this customer in 2017. In addition, even if subscriptions are renewed, they may not be renewed on the same or on moreprofitable terms. As a result, our ability to retain our existing customers and grow depends in part on subscription renewals. We may not be able toaccurately predict future trends in customer renewals, and our customers’ renewal rates have and may continue to decline or fluctuate because ofseveral factors, including their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our services, the cost of our services and the cost of services offered by ourcompetitors, reductions in our customers’ spending levels or the introduction by competitors of attractive features and functionality. If our customerretention rate decreases, we may need to increase the rate at which we add new customers in order to maintain and grow our revenue, which may requireus to incur significantly higher advertising and marketing expenses than we currently anticipate, or our revenue may decline. If our customers do notrenew their subscriptions for our services, renew on less favorable terms, or do not purchase additional functionality or subscriptions, our revenue maygrow more slowly than expected or decline, and our profitability and gross margins may be harmed or affected.Our long term financial targets are predicated on bookings and revenue growth and operating margin improvements that we may fail to achieve,which could reduce our expected earnings and cause us to fail to meet the expectations of analysts or investors and cause the price of our securitiesto decline.We are projecting long-term bookings, revenue and earnings growth. Our projections are based on the expected growth potential in our premiumcustomer base, as well as the market for on-demand software solutions generally. We may not achieve the expected bookings and revenue growth if themarkets we serve do not grow at expected rates, if customers do not purchase or renew subscriptions as we expect, and/or if we are not able to deliverproducts desired by customers and potential customers. Our long-term operating margin improvement targets are predicated on operating leverage aslong term revenue increases and improved operating efficiencies from moving to additional cloud-based delivery of services, together with lower costof goods sold, research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue. If operating margins donot improve, our earnings could be adversely affected and the price of our securities could decline. 14Table of ContentsThe actual market for our solutions could be significantly smaller than our estimates of our total potential market opportunity, and if customerdemand for our services does not meet expectations, our ability to generate revenue and meet our financial targets could be adversely affected.While we expect strong growth in the markets for our products, it is possible that the growth in some or all of these markets may not meet ourexpectations, or materialize at all. The methodology on which our estimate of our total potential market opportunity is based includes several keyassumptions based on our industry knowledge and customer experience. If any of these assumptions proves to be inaccurate, then the actual market forour solutions could be significantly smaller than our estimates of our total potential market opportunity. If the customer demand for our services or theadoption rate in our target markets does not meet our expectations, our ability to generate revenue from customers and meet our financial targets couldbe adversely affected.Our business is substantially dependent upon the continued growth of the market for on-demand software solutions.We derive, and expect to continue to derive, substantially all of our revenue from the sale of our on-demand solutions. As a result, widespreadacceptance and use of the on-demand business model is critical to our future growth and success. Under the perpetual or periodic license model forsoftware procurement, users of the software would typically install and operate the applications on their hardware. Because many companies aregenerally predisposed to maintaining control of their information technology, or IT, systems and infrastructure, there may be resistance to the conceptof accessing software as a service provided by a third party. In addition, the market for on-demand software solutions is still evolving, and competitivedynamics may cause pricing levels to change as the market matures and as existing and new market participants introduce new types of solutions anddifferent approaches to enable organizations to address their technology needs. As a result, we may be forced to reduce the prices we charge for ourproducts and may be unable to renew existing customer agreements or enter into new customer agreements at the same prices and upon the same termsthat we have historically. If the market for on-demand software solutions fails to grow, grows more slowly than we currently anticipate or evolves andforces us to reduce the prices we charge for our products, our bookings growth, revenue, gross margin and other operating results could be materiallyadversely affected.Our operating results may fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which could make them difficult to predict.Our quarterly operating results are tied to certain financial and operational metrics that have fluctuated in the past and may fluctuatesignificantly in the future. As a result, you should not rely upon our past quarterly operating results as indicators of future performance. Our operatingresults depend on numerous factors, many of which are outside of our control. In addition to the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section, thefollowing risks could cause our operating results to fluctuate: • our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers; • the rates at which our customers renew; • the amount of revenue generated from our customers’ use of our products or services in excess of their committed contractual entitlements; • the timing and amount of costs of new and existing marketing and advertising efforts; • the timing and amount of operating costs and capital expenditures relating to expansion of our business, operations and infrastructure; • the cost and timing of the development and introduction of new product and service offerings by us or our competitors; and • system or service failures, security breaches or network downtime. 15Table of ContentsWe have a relatively short operating history in a relatively new and rapidly developing market, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business andfuture prospects.Our business has a relatively short operating history and the market for our products and services is relatively new and rapidly developing, whichmakes it difficult to evaluate our business and future prospects. We have been in existence since 2004, and much of our growth has occurred in recentperiods. We have encountered, and will continue to encounter, risks and difficulties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changingindustries, including those related to: • market acceptance of our current and future products and services; • customer renewal rates; • our ability to compete with other companies that are currently in, or may in the future enter, the market for our products; • our ability to successfully expand our business, especially internationally; • our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses; • the amount and timing of operating expenses, particularly sales and marketing expenses, related to the maintenance and expansion of ourbusiness, operations and infrastructure; • network outages or security breaches and any associated expenses; • foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; • write-downs, impairment charges or unforeseen liabilities in connection with acquisitions; • our ability to successfully manage acquisitions; and • general economic and political conditions in our domestic and international markets.If we do not manage these risks successfully, our business will be harmed.Our long-term success depends, in part, on our ability to expand the sales of our products to customers located outside of the United States, and thusour business is susceptible to risks associated with international sales and operations.We currently maintain offices and have sales personnel in Australia, France, India, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, the United ArabEmirates and the United Kingdom, and we intend to expand our international operations. Any international expansion efforts that we may undertakemay not be successful. In addition, conducting international operations subjects us to new risks that we have not generally faced in the United States.These risks include: • unexpected costs and errors in the localization of our products, including translation into foreign languages and adaptation for localpractices and regulatory requirements; • lack of familiarity with and burdens of complying with foreign laws, legal standards, regulatory requirements, tariffs, and other barriers; • unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, taxes, trade laws, tariffs, export quotas, custom duties or other trade restrictions; • difficulties in managing systems integrators and technology partners; • differing technology standards; • longer accounts receivable payment cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable; • difficulties in managing and staffing international operations and differing employer/employee relationships; 16Table of Contents • fluctuations in exchange rates that may increase the volatility of our foreign-based revenue; • potentially adverse tax consequences, including the complexities of foreign value added tax (or other tax) systems and restrictions on therepatriation of earnings; • uncertain political and economic climates; and • reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights in some countries.These factors may cause our costs of doing business in these geographies to exceed our comparable domestic costs. Operating in internationalmarkets also requires significant management attention and financial resources. Any negative impact from our international business efforts couldnegatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition as a whole.We must keep up with rapid technological change to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving industry.Our markets are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product and service introductions and evolving industry standards.Our future success will depend on our ability to adapt quickly to rapidly changing technologies, to adapt our services and products to evolvingindustry standards and to improve the performance and reliability of our services and products. To achieve market acceptance for our products, we musteffectively anticipate and offer products that meet changing customer demands in a timely manner. Customers may require features and functionalitythat our current products do not have. If we fail to develop products that satisfy customer preferences in a timely and cost-effective manner, our abilityto renew our contracts with existing customers and our ability to create or increase demand for our products will be harmed.We may experience difficulties with software development, industry standards, design or marketing that could delay or prevent our development,introduction or implementation of new products and enhancements. The introduction of new products by competitors, the emergence of new industrystandards or the development of entirely new technologies to replace existing offerings could render our existing or future products obsolete.If we are unable to successfully develop or acquire new features and functionality, enhance our existing products to anticipate and meet customerrequirements or sell our products into new markets, our bookings growth, revenue and results of operations will be adversely affected.We face significant competition and may be unsuccessful against current and future competitors. If we do not compete effectively, our operatingresults and future growth could be harmed.We compete with video sharing sites, in-house solutions, online video platforms and certain niche technology providers, as well as largercompanies that offer multiple services, including those that may be used as substitute services for our products. Competition is already intense in thesemarkets and, with the introduction of new technologies and market entrants, we expect competition to further intensify in the future. In addition, someof our competitors may make acquisitions, be acquired, or enter into strategic relationships to offer a more comprehensive service than we do. Thesecombinations may make it more difficult for us to compete effectively. We expect these trends to continue as competitors attempt to strengthen ormaintain their market positions.Demand for our services is sensitive to price. Many factors, including our advertising, customer acquisition and technology costs,commoditization of our products and services and our current and future competitors’ pricing and marketing strategies, can significantly affect ourpricing strategies. There can be no assurance that we will not be forced to engage in price-cutting initiatives, or to increase our advertising and otherexpenses to attract and retain customers in response to competitive pressures, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue,operating results and resources.We will likely encounter significant, growing competition in our business from many sources, including portals and digital media retailers,search engines, social networking and consumer-sharing services companies, 17Table of Contentsbroadband media distribution platforms, technology suppliers, direct broadcast satellite television service companies and digital and traditional cablesystems. Many of our present and likely future competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing, technological and other resources than wedo. Some of these companies may even choose to offer services competitive with ours at no cost as a strategy to attract or retain customers of their otherservices. Technological and commercial developments may lead to the increasing commoditization of our products and services, including datadelivery and storage, further increasing downward pressure on the prices we can charge. If we are unable to compete successfully with traditional andother emerging providers of competing services, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.We depend on the experience and expertise of our executive officers, senior management team and key technical employees, and the loss of any keyemployee could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.Our success depends upon the continued service of our executive officers, senior management team and key technical employees, as well as ourability to continue to attract and retain additional highly qualified personnel. Each of our executive officers, senior management team, key technicalpersonnel and other employees could terminate his or her relationship with us at any time. The loss of any member of our senior management team orkey personnel might significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives and could materially harm our business and ourcustomer relationships. In addition, because of the nature of our business, the loss of any significant number of our existing engineering, projectmanagement and sales personnel could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.Our business and operations have experienced rapid growth and organizational change in recent periods, which has placed, and may continue toplace, significant demands on our management and infrastructure. If we fail to manage our growth effectively and successfully recruit additionalhighly-qualified employees, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service or address competitive challengesadequately.We increased our number of full-time employees from 413 as of December 31, 2015, to 490 as of December 31, 2016 and to 498 as ofDecember 31, 2017, and our revenue grew from $134.7 million in 2015 to $150.3 million in 2016 and to $155.9 million in 2017. Our headcount andoperations have grown, both domestically and internationally, since our inception. This growth has placed, and will continue to place, a significantstrain on our management, administrative, operational and financial infrastructure. We anticipate further growth will be required to address increases inour product and service offerings and continued international expansion. Our success will depend in part upon the ability of our senior managementteam to manage this growth effectively. To do so, we must continue to recruit, hire, train, manage and integrate a significant number of qualifiedmanagers, technical personnel and employees in specialized roles within our company, including in technology, sales and marketing. If our newemployees perform poorly, or if we are unsuccessful in recruiting, hiring, training, managing and integrating these new employees, or retaining these orour existing employees, our business may suffer.In addition, to manage the expected continued growth of our headcount, operations and geographic expansion, we will need to continue toimprove our information technology infrastructure, operational, financial and management systems and procedures. Our expected additionalheadcount and capital investments will increase our costs, which will make it more difficult for us to address any future revenue shortfalls by reducingexpenses in the short term. If we fail to successfully manage our growth we will be unable to successfully execute our business plan, which could havea negative impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. 18Table of ContentsPotential future acquisitions could be difficult to integrate, divert the attention of key personnel, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value andimpair our financial results.As part of our business strategy, we intend to consider acquisitions of companies, technologies and products that we believe could accelerate ourability to compete in our core markets or allow us to enter new markets. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, any of which could harm our business,including: • difficulties in integrating the technologies, products, operations and existing contracts of a target company and realizing the anticipatedbenefits of the combined businesses; • difficulties in integrating the personnel of a target company; • difficulties in supporting and transitioning customers, if any, of a target company; • diversion of financial and management resources from existing operations; • the price we pay or other resources that we devote may exceed the value we realize, or the value we could have realized if we had allocatedthe purchase price or other resources to another opportunity; • risks of entering new markets in which we have limited or no experience; • potential loss of key employees, customers and strategic alliances from either our current business or a target company’s business; and • inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition costs.Acquisitions also frequently result in the recording of goodwill and other intangible assets which are subject to potential impairments in thefuture that could harm our financial results. In addition, if we finance acquisitions by issuing equity securities, our existing stockholders may bediluted. As a result, if we fail to properly evaluate acquisitions or investments, we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of any such acquisitions,and we may incur costs in excess of what we anticipate. The failure to successfully evaluate and execute acquisitions or investments or otherwiseadequately address these risks could materially harm our business and financial results.We may experience delays in product and service development, including delays beyond our control, which could prevent us from achieving ourgrowth objectives and hurt our business.Many of the problems, delays and expenses we may encounter may be beyond our control. Such problems may include, but are not limited to,problems related to the technical development of our products and services, problems with the infrastructure for the distribution and delivery of onlinemedia, the competitive environment in which we operate, marketing problems, consumer and advertiser acceptance and costs and expenses that mayexceed current estimates. Problems, delays or expenses in any of these areas could have a negative impact on our business, financial conditions orresults of operations.Delays in the timely design, development, deployment and commercial operation of our product and service offerings, and consequently theachievement of our revenue targets and positive cash flow, could result from a variety of causes, including many causes that are beyond our control.Such delays include, but are not limited to, delays in the integration of new offers into our existing offering, changes to our products and services madeto correct or enhance their features, performance or marketability or in response to regulatory developments or otherwise, delays encountered in thedevelopment, integration or testing of our products and services and the infrastructure for the distribution and delivery of online media and othersystems, unsuccessful commercial launches of new products and services, delays in our ability to obtain financing, insufficient or ineffective marketingefforts and slower-than-anticipated consumer acceptance of our products. Delays in any of these matters could hinder or prevent our achievement of ourgrowth objectives and hurt our business.There is no assurance that the current cost of Internet connectivity and network access will not rise with the increasing popularity of online mediaservices.We rely on third-party service providers for our principal connections to the Internet and network access, and to deliver media to consumers. Asdemand for online media increases, there can be no assurance that Internet 19Table of Contentsand network service providers will continue to price their network access services on reasonable terms. The distribution of online media requiresdelivery of digital content files and providers of network access and distribution may change their business models and increase their pricessignificantly, which could slow the widespread adoption of such services. In order for our services to be successful, there must be a reasonable pricemodel in place to allow for the continuous distribution of digital media files. We have limited or no control over the extent to which any of thesecircumstances may occur, and if network access or distribution prices rise, our business, financial condition and results of operations would likely beadversely affected.Failure of our infrastructure for the distribution and delivery of online media could adversely affect our business.Our success as a business depends, in large part, on our ability to provide a consistently high-quality digital experience to consumers via ourrelationships and infrastructure for the distribution and delivery of online media generally. There is no guarantee that our relationships andinfrastructure will not experience problems or other performance issues, which could seriously impair the quality and reliability of our delivery ofdigital media to end users. For example, we primarily use three content delivery networks, or CDNs, to deliver content to end users. If one or more ofthese CDNs were to experience sustained technical failures, it could cause delays in our service and we could lose customers. If we do not accuratelypredict our infrastructure capacity requirements, our customers could experience service outages or service degradation that may subject us to financialpenalties and liabilities and result in customer losses. In the past we have, on limited occasions, suffered temporary interruptions of certain aspects ofour service, including our customers’ ability to upload new content into our system, our customers’ ability to access administrative control of theiraccounts, and our ability to deliver content to end users in certain geographic locations. These service interruptions were the results of human error,hardware and software failures or failures of third-party networks. On a limited number of occasions, these service interruptions have required us toprovide service credits to customers. We cannot guarantee that service interruptions will not occur again or predict the duration of interruptions of ourservice or the impact of such interruptions on our customers. Failures and interruptions of our service may impact our reputation, result in our paymentof compensation or service credits to our customers, result in loss of customers and adversely affect our financial results and ability to grow ourbusiness. In addition, if our hosting infrastructure capacity fails to keep pace with increased sales or if our delivery capabilities fail, customers mayexperience delays as we seek to obtain additional capacity or enable alternative delivery capability, which could harm our reputation and adverselyaffect our revenue growth.We may have difficulty scaling and adapting our existing infrastructure to accommodate increased traffic and storage, technology advances orcustomer requirements.In the future, advances in technology, increases in traffic and storage, and new customer requirements may require us to change our infrastructure,expand our infrastructure or replace our infrastructure entirely. Scaling and adapting our infrastructure is likely to be complex and require additionaltechnical expertise. If we are required to make any changes to our infrastructure, we may incur substantial costs and experience delays or interruptionsin our service. These delays or interruptions may cause customers and partners to become dissatisfied with our service and move to competing serviceproviders. Our failure to accommodate increased traffic and storage, increased costs, inefficiencies or failures to adapt to new technologies or customerrequirements and the associated adjustments to our infrastructure could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.We rely on software and services licensed from other parties. The loss of software or services from third parties could increase our costs and limit thefeatures available in our products and services.Components of our service and product offerings include various types of software and services licensed from unaffiliated parties. If any of thesoftware or services we license from others or functional equivalents thereof were either no longer available to us or no longer offered on commerciallyreasonable terms, we would be 20Table of Contentsrequired to either redesign our services and products to function with software or services available from other parties or develop these componentsourselves. In either case, the transition to a new service provider or an internally-developed solution could result in increased costs and could result indelays in our product launches and the release of new service and product offerings. Furthermore, we might be forced to temporarily limit the featuresavailable in our current or future products and services. If we fail to maintain or renegotiate any of these software or service licenses, we could facesignificant delays and diversion of resources in attempting to license and integrate functional equivalents.If our software products contain serious errors or defects, then we may lose revenue and market acceptance and may incur costs to defend or settleclaims.Complex software applications such as ours often contain errors or defects, particularly when first introduced or when new versions orenhancements are released. Despite internal testing and testing by our customers, our current and future products may contain serious defects, whichcould result in lost revenue, lost customers, slower growth or a delay in market acceptance.Since our customers use our products for critical business applications, such as online video, errors, defects or other performance problems couldresult in damage to our customers. They could seek significant compensation from us for the losses they suffer. Although our customer agreementstypically contain provisions designed to limit our exposure to claims, existing or future laws or unfavorable judicial decisions could negate theselimitations. Even if not successful, a claim brought against us would likely be time-consuming and costly and could seriously damage our reputationin the marketplace, making it harder for us to sell our products.Unauthorized disclosure of data, unauthorized access to our service and misuse of our service could adversely affect our business.Any security breaches, unauthorized access, unauthorized usage, virus or similar breach or disruption could result in loss of confidentialinformation, personal data and customer content, damage to our reputation, early termination of our contracts, litigation, regulatory investigations,increased costs or other liabilities. If our security measures, or those of our partners or service providers, are breached as a result of third-party action,employee error, malfeasance or otherwise and, as a result, someone obtains unauthorized access to confidential information, personal data or customercontent, our reputation will be damaged, our business may suffer or we could incur significant liability. If the measures we have put in place to limit orrestrict access to and use of functionality, usage entitlements and support for customers or prospective customers are breached, circumvented orineffective as a result of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise and, as a result, someone obtains unauthorized access to and useof functionality, usage entitlements and support, our business may suffer or we could incur significant liability and/or costs.Techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or use or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until launchedagainst a target. As a result, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. If an actual or perceivedsecurity breach occurs, the market perception of our security measures could be harmed and we could lose sales and customers. Any significantviolations of data privacy or unauthorized disclosure of information could result in the loss of business, litigation and regulatory investigations andpenalties that could damage our reputation and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, if a security breachoccurs with respect to another software as a service, or SaaS, provider, our customers and potential customers may lose trust in the security of the SaaSbusiness model generally, which could adversely impact our ability to retain existing customers or attract new ones.We use a limited number of data centers and cloud computing services facilities to deliver our services. Any disruption of service at these facilitiescould harm our business.We manage our services and serve all of our customers from a limited number of third-party data center facilities and cloud computing servicesfacilities. While we control the actual computer and storage systems upon 21Table of Contentswhich our software runs, and deploy them to the data center facilities, we do not control the operation of these facilities.The owners of these facilities have no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unableto renew these agreements on commercially reasonable terms, we may be required to transfer to new facilities, and we may incur significant costs andpossible service interruption in connection with doing so.Any changes in third-party service levels at these facilities or any errors, defects, disruptions or other performance problems at or related to thesefacilities that affect our services could harm our reputation and may damage our customers’ businesses. Interruptions in our services might reduce ourrevenue, cause us to issue credits to customers, subject us to potential liability, and cause customers to terminate their subscriptions or harm ourrenewal rates.These facilities are vulnerable to damage or service interruption resulting from human error, intentional bad acts, security breaches, earthquakes,hurricanes, floods, fires, war, terrorist attacks, power losses, hardware failures, systems failures, telecommunications failures and similar events. Forexample, on September 18, 2014, we suffered a service disruption resulting from a distributed denial-of-service attack at third-party data centerfacilities used by us. By September 20, 2014, we had restored the services impacted by the attack. We contacted federal law enforcement authoritiesregarding the denial-of-service attack and cooperated with them. We also conducted an assessment of our internet service providers and data centerproviders, potential future vulnerability to malicious activity, and the sufficiency of our infrastructure to withstand and recover rapidly from suchattacks. While this matter did not have a material adverse effect on our operating results, there can be no assurance that such incidents will not occuragain, and they could occur more frequently and on a more significant scale. The occurrence of a natural disaster or an act of terrorism, or vandalism orother misconduct, or a decision to close the facilities without adequate notice or other unanticipated problems could result in lengthy interruptions inour services.Our business may be adversely affected by third-party claims, including by governmental bodies, regarding the content and advertising distributedthrough our service.We rely on our customers to secure the rights to redistribute content over the Internet, and we do not screen the content that is distributed throughour service. There is no assurance that our customers have licensed all rights necessary for distribution, including Internet distribution. Other partiesmay claim certain rights in the content of our customers.In the event that our customers do not have the necessary distribution rights related to content, we may be required to cease distributing suchcontent, or we may be subject to lawsuits and claims of damages for infringement of such rights. If these claims arise with frequency, the likelihood ofour business being adversely affected would rise significantly. In some cases, we may have rights to indemnification or claims against our customers ifthey do not have appropriate distribution rights related to specific content items, however there is no assurance that we would be successful in any suchclaim.We operate an “open” publishing platform and do not screen the content that is distributed through our service. Content may be distributedthrough our platform that is illegal or unlawful under international, federal, state or local laws or the laws of other countries. We may face lawsuits,claims or even criminal charges for such distribution, and we may be subject to civil, regulatory or criminal sanctions and damages for suchdistribution. Any such claims or investigations could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 22Table of ContentsWe could incur substantial costs as a result of any claim of infringement of another party’s intellectual property rights.In recent years, there has been significant litigation in the United States involving patents and other intellectual property rights. Companiesproviding Internet-related products and services are increasingly bringing and becoming subject to suits alleging infringement of proprietary rights,particularly patent rights. These risks have been amplified by the increase in third parties whose sole or primary business is to assert such claims, someof whom have sent letters to and/or filed suit alleging infringement against some of our customers. From time to time, third parties claim that we areinfringing upon their intellectual property rights. For information regarding these claims, see Part I, Item 3, “Legal Proceedings.” We could incursubstantial costs in prosecuting or defending any intellectual property litigation. Additionally, the defense or prosecution of claims could be time-consuming, and could divert our management’s attention away from the execution of our business plan.Moreover, any settlement or adverse judgment resulting from a claim could require us to pay substantial amounts or obtain a license to continueto use the technology that is the subject of the claim, or otherwise restrict or prohibit our use of the technology. There can be no assurance that wewould be able to obtain a license from the third party asserting the claim on commercially reasonable terms, if at all, that we would be able to developalternative technology on a timely basis, if at all, or that we would be able to obtain a license to use a suitable alternative technology to permit us tocontinue offering, and our customers to continue using, our affected product or service. In addition, we may be required to indemnify our customers forthird-party intellectual property infringement claims, which would increase the cost to us. An adverse determination could also prevent us fromoffering our products or services to others. Infringement claims asserted against us may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition andresults of operations.Our agreements with customers often include contractual obligations to indemnify them against claims that our products infringe the intellectualproperty rights of third parties. The results of any intellectual property litigation to which we might become a party, or for which we are required toprovide indemnification, may force us to do one or more of the following: • cease selling or using products or services that incorporate the challenged intellectual property; • make substantial payments for costs or damages; • obtain a license, which may not be available on reasonable terms, to sell or use the relevant technology; or • redesign those products or services to avoid infringement.If we are required to make substantial payments or undertake any of the other actions noted above as a result of any intellectual propertyinfringement claims against us or any obligation to indemnify our customers for such claims, such payments or costs could have a material adverseeffect upon our business and financial results.Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could substantially harm our business and operating results.Because our business depends substantially on our intellectual property, the protection of our intellectual property rights is important to thesuccess of our business. We rely upon a combination of trademark, patent, trade secret and copyright law and contractual restrictions to protect ourintellectual property. These afford only limited protection. Despite our efforts to protect our property rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copyaspects of our products, service, software and functionality or obtain and use information that we consider proprietary. Moreover, policing ourproprietary rights is difficult and may not always be effective. In addition, we may need to enforce our rights under the laws of countries that do notprotect proprietary rights to as great an extent as do the laws of the United States.Litigation or proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or other governmental authorities and administrative bodies in the UnitedStates and abroad may be necessary in the future to enforce our 23Table of Contentsintellectual property rights, to protect our patent rights, trade secrets, trademarks and domain names, and to determine the validity and scope of theproprietary rights of others. Such litigation or proceedings may be very costly and impact our financial performance. We may also incur substantialcosts defending against frivolous litigation or be asked to indemnify our customers against the same. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietaryrights may prove to be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could substantially harm our operating results.Our exposure to risks associated with the use of intellectual property may increase as a result of acquisitions, as we have less opportunity to havevisibility into the development process with respect to acquired technology or the care taken to safeguard against infringement risks. Third parties maymake infringement and similar or related claims after we have acquired technology that had not been asserted prior to our acquisition.Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.We have devoted substantial resources to the development of our technology, business operations and business plans. In order to protect ourtrade secrets and proprietary information, we rely in significant part on confidentiality agreements with our employees, licensees, independentcontractors, advisers and customers. These agreements may not be effective to prevent disclosure of confidential information, including trade secrets,and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independentlydiscover trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases we would not be able to assert trade secret rights against such parties. To theextent that our employees and others with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as tothe rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. Laws regarding trade secret rights in certain markets in which we operate may afford little orno protection to our trade secrets. The loss of trade secret protection could make it easier for third parties to compete with our products by copyingfunctionality. In addition, any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, the trade secret and other intellectual property laws in any country inwhich we operate may compromise our ability to enforce our trade secret and intellectual property rights. Costly and time-consuming litigation couldbe necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adverselyaffect our competitive business position.Our use of “open source” software could negatively affect our ability to sell our services and subject us to possible litigation.A portion of the technology licensed by us incorporates “open source” software, and we may incorporate open source software in the future. Suchopen source software is generally licensed by its authors or other third parties under open source licenses. If we fail to comply with these licenses, wemay be subject to certain conditions, including requirements that we offer our services that incorporate the open source software for no cost, that wemake available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon, incorporating or using the open source software and that welicense such modifications or alterations under the terms of the particular open source license. If an author or other third party that distributes suchopen source software were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, we could be required to incursignificant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from the sale of our services thatcontained the open source software and required to comply with the foregoing conditions, which could disrupt the distribution and sale of some of ourservices.Fluctuations in the exchange rate of foreign currencies could result in currency translation losses.We currently have foreign sales denominated in Australian dollars, British pound sterling, Euros, Japanese yen and New Zealand dollars andmay, in the future, have sales denominated in the currencies of additional countries in which we establish or have established sales offices. In addition,we incur a portion of our operating 24Table of Contentsexpenses in British pound sterling, Euros, Japanese yen and, to a lesser extent, other foreign currencies. Any fluctuation in the exchange rate of theseforeign currencies may negatively impact our business, financial condition and operating results. We have not previously engaged in foreign currencyhedging. If we decide to hedge our foreign currency exposure, we may not be able to hedge effectively due to lack of experience, unreasonable costs orilliquid markets.We may be required to collect sales and use taxes on the services we sell in additional jurisdictions in the future, which may decrease sales, and wemay be subject to liability for sales and use taxes and related interest and penalties on prior sales.State and local taxing jurisdictions have differing rules and regulations governing sales and use taxes and these rules and regulations are subjectto varying interpretations that may change over time. In particular, the applicability of sales and use taxes to our subscription services in variousjurisdictions is unclear. We cannot assure you that we will not be subject to sales and use taxes or related penalties for past sales in states where wepresently believe sales and use taxes are not due. We reserve estimated sales and use taxes in our financial statements but we cannot be certain that wehave made sufficient reserves to cover all taxes that might be assessed.If one or more taxing authorities determines that taxes should have, but have not, been paid with respect to our services, we may be liable for pasttaxes in addition to being required to collect sales or similar taxes in respect of our services going forward. Liability for past taxes may also includesubstantial interest and penalty charges. Our client contracts typically provide that our clients must pay all applicable sales and similar taxes.Nevertheless, clients may be reluctant to pay back taxes and may refuse responsibility for interest or penalties associated with those taxes or we maydetermine that it would not be feasible to seek reimbursement. If we are required to collect and pay back taxes and the associated interest and penaltiesand if our clients do not reimburse us for all or a portion of these amounts, we will incur unplanned expenses that may be substantial. Moreover,imposition of such taxes on our services going forward will effectively increase the cost of such services to our clients and may adversely affect ourability to retain existing clients or to gain new clients in the areas in which such taxes are imposed.Government and industry regulation of the Internet is evolving and could directly restrict our business or indirectly affect our business by limitingthe growth of our markets. Unfavorable changes in government regulation or our failure to comply with regulations could harm our business andoperating results.Federal, state and foreign governments and agencies have adopted and could in the future adopt regulations covering issues such as user privacy,content, and taxation of products and services. Government regulations could limit the market for our products and services or impose burdensomerequirements that render our business unprofitable. Our products enable our customers to collect, manage and store a wide range of data. The UnitedStates and various state governments have adopted or proposed limitations on the collection, distribution and use of personal information. Severalforeign jurisdictions, including the European Union and the United Kingdom, have adopted legislation (including directives or regulations) thatincrease or change the requirements governing data collection and storage in these jurisdictions. If our privacy or data security measures fail to complywith current or future laws and regulations, we may be subject to litigation, regulatory investigations or other liabilities, or our customers mayterminate their relationships with us.In addition, although many regulations might not apply to our business directly, we expect that laws regulating the solicitation, collection orprocessing of personal and consumer information could affect our customers’ ability to use and share data, potentially reducing demand for ourservices. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 and the European Union Data Protection Directive along with other similar laws and regulationsprohibit certain types of information and content from being transmitted over the Internet. The scope of this prohibition and the liability associatedwith a violation are currently unsettled. In addition, although substantial portions of the Communications Decency Act were held to beunconstitutional, we cannot be certain that similar 25Table of Contentslegislation will not be enacted and upheld in the future. Legislation like the Telecommunications Act and the Communications Decency Act coulddampen the growth in web usage and decrease its acceptance as a medium of communications and commerce. Moreover, if future laws and regulationslimit our customers’ ability to use and share consumer data or our ability to store, process and share data with our customers over the Internet, demandfor our products could decrease, our costs could increase, and our results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.In addition, taxation of services provided over the Internet or other charges imposed by government agencies or by private organizations foraccessing the Internet may be imposed. Any regulation imposing greater fees for Internet use or restricting information exchange over the Internetcould result in a decline in the use of the Internet and the viability of Internet-based services, which could harm our business and operating results.Our stock price has been volatile and is likely to be volatile in the future.The market price of our common stock has been and is likely to be highly volatile and could be subject to significant fluctuations in response to,among other things, the risk factors described in this report and other factors beyond our control. Market prices for securities of early stage companieshave historically been particularly volatile. Some, but not all, of the factors that may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate include: • fluctuations in our quarterly or annual financial results or the quarterly or annual financial results of companies perceived to be similar tous or relevant for our business; • changes in estimates of our financial results or recommendations by securities analysts; • failure of our products to achieve or maintain market acceptance; • changes in market valuations of similar or relevant companies; • success of competitive service offerings or technologies; • changes in our capital structure, such as the issuance of securities or the incurrence of debt; • announcements by us or by our competitors of significant services, contracts, acquisitions or strategic alliances; • regulatory developments in the United States, foreign countries, or both; • litigation; • additions or departures of key personnel; • investors’ general perceptions; and • changes in general economic, industry or market conditions.In addition, if the market for technology stocks, or the stock market in general, experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of ourcommon stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition, or results of operations. If any of the foregoing occurs, it couldcause our stock price to fall and may expose us to lawsuits that, even if unsuccessful, could be costly to defend and a distraction to management.Our business and operations could be adversely affected if we are subject to stockholder activism, which could cause us to incur significant expenseand impact the market price of our common stock.In recent years, proxy contests and other forms of stockholder activism have been directed against numerous public companies. Stockholderactivism, including potential proxy contests, could result in substantial costs and divert the attention of our management and our board of directorsand resources from our business. Activist 26Table of Contentscampaigns can create perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, strategy or leadership and may result in the loss of potential businessopportunities and harm our ability to attract new customers, employees and investors. In addition, we may be required to incur significant legal feesand other expenses related to any activist stockholder matters. Further, the market price of our common stock could be subject to significantfluctuation or otherwise be adversely affected by the events, risks, and uncertainties of any stockholder activism.If securities or industry analysts do not publish, or cease publishing, research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they adverselychange their recommendations regarding our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by research and reports that industry or security analysts may publish about us, ourbusiness, our market or our competitors. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendations regarding our stock, orprovide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were tocease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause ourstock price or trading volume to decline.We are an “emerging growth company” and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companieswill make our common stock less attractive to investors.We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, and we may takeadvantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growthcompanies” including, but not limited to, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxystatements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of anygolden parachute payments not previously approved. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely onthese exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stockand our stock price may be more volatile. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an “emerging growthcompany.”In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition periodprovided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growthcompany” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. However, wechose to “opt out” of such extended transition period, and as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates onwhich adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision to opt out ofthe extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable.We do not expect to declare any dividends in the foreseeable future.We do not anticipate declaring any dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. Consequently, investors may need to relyon sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.Investors seeking dividends should not purchase our common stock.We may be unable to meet our future capital requirements, which could limit our ability to grow.We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital and capital expenditure needs overat least the next 12 months. We may, however, need, or could elect to seek, additional funding at any time. To the extent that existing resources areinsufficient to fund our business 27Table of Contentsoperations, our future activities for the expansion of our service and our product offerings, developing and sustaining our relationships andinfrastructure for the distribution and delivery of digital media online, marketing, and supporting our office facilities, we may need to raise additionalfunds through equity or debt financing. Additional funds may not be available on terms favorable to us or our stockholders. Furthermore, if we issueequity securities, our stockholders may experience additional dilution or the new equity securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior tothose of our existing classes of stock. If we cannot raise funds on acceptable terms, we may not be able to develop or enhance our products, takeadvantage of future opportunities or respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated requirements.Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in our failure to accurately report our financial results. Anyinability to report and file our financial results accurately and timely could harm our business and adversely impact investor confidence in ourcompany and, as a result, the value of our common stock.We are required to evaluate our internal control over financial reporting in connection with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and ourindependent registered public accounting firm is required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessmentincludes the disclosure of any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting identified by our management, as well as ourindependent registered public accounting firm’s attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting. During the evaluation and testingprocess, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internalcontrol over financial reporting is effective. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independentregistered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we could loseinvestor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have a material adverse effect on the price of our commonstock.Anti-takeover provisions contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as provisionsof Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, and Delaware law, contain provisions that could have the effect of renderingmore difficult or discouraging an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Our corporate governance documents include provisions: • authorizing blank check preferred stock, which could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend, and other rights superior to our commonstock; • limiting the liability of, and providing indemnification to, our directors and officers; • limiting the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings and to take action by written consent in lieu of ameeting; • requiring advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations ofcandidates for election to our board of directors; • controlling the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of board of directors and stockholder meetings; • providing our board of directors with the express power to postpone previously scheduled annual meetings and to cancel previouslyscheduled special meetings; • establishing a classified board of directors so that not all members of our board are selected at one time; • limiting the determination of the number of directors on our board of directors and the filling of vacancies or newly created seats on theboard to our board of directors then in office; and • providing that directors may be removed by stockholders only for cause. 28Table of ContentsThese provisions, alone or together, could delay hostile takeovers and changes in control of our company or changes in our management.As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law,which prevents some stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations withoutapproval of the holders of substantially all of our outstanding common stock. Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation orbylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive apremium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.We record substantial expenses related to our issuance of equity awards that may have a material adverse impact on our operating results for theforeseeable future.We expect our stock-based compensation expenses will continue to be significant in future periods, which will have an adverse impact on ouroperating results. The model used by us requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the price volatility of the option’s underlyingstock. If facts and circumstances change and we employ different assumptions for estimating stock-based compensation expense in future periods, or ifwe decide to use a different valuation model, the future period expenses may differ significantly from what we have recorded in the current period andcould materially affect the fair value estimate of stock-based payments, our operating income, net income and net income per share.Failure of our customers to pay the amounts owed to us, or to pay such amounts in a timely manner, may adversely affect our financial condition andoperating results.If any of our significant customers have insufficient liquidity, we could encounter significant delays or defaults in payments owed to us by suchcustomers, and we may need to extend our payment terms or restructure the receivables owed to us, which could have a significant adverse effect on ourfinancial condition, including impacting the timing of revenue recognition. Any deterioration in the financial condition of our customers will increasethe risk of uncollectible receivables. Global economic uncertainty could also affect our customers’ ability to pay our receivables in a timely manner orat all or result in customers going into bankruptcy or reorganization proceedings, which could also affect our ability to collect our receivables.If we do not successfully manage the transition associated with the resignation of our former Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and the appointmentof a new CEO, it could be viewed negatively by our customers and shareholders and could have an adverse impact on our business.David Mendels resigned from his position as the Company’s CEO and resigned from the Board effective July 24, 2017. Andrew Feinberg,formerly the Company’s President and Chief Operations Officer, is serving as the Company’s acting CEO. The Board has an active search processunderway to select the next CEO from internal and external candidates. Such leadership transitions can be inherently difficult to manage, and aninadequate transition of our CEO may cause disruption to our business, including to our relationships with customers, vendors and employees. Inaddition, if we are unable to attract and retain a qualified candidate to become our permanent CEO in a timely manner, our ability to meet our financialand operational goals and strategic plans may be adversely impacted, as well as our financial performance. It may also make it more difficult to retainand hire key employees.Changes in interpretations of financial accounting standards may cause an adverse impact to our reported results of operations.In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued new revenue recognition rules under Accounting Standards Codification 606,Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or ASC 606, which is effective 29Table of Contentsfor interim and annual periods beginning after December 31, 2017. We have elected to adopt the new standard effective January 1, 2018 using themodified retrospective method.In order to comply with the requirements of ASC 606 on January 1, 2018, we are continuing to update and enhance our internal accountingsystems and our internal controls over financial reporting. If we are not successful in updating our policies, procedures, information systems andinternal controls over financial reporting, the revenue that we recognize and the related disclosures that we provide under ASC 606 may not becomplete or accurate, which could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations.The effect of comprehensive U.S. tax reform legislation on the Company and its affiliates, whether adverse or favorable, is uncertain.On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law H.R. 1, “An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrentresolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018” (informally titled the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act”). Among a number of significant changes to the U.S.federal income tax rules, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act reduces the marginal U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, limits the deduction for netinterest expense, shifts the United States toward a more territorial tax system, and imposes new taxes to combat erosion of the U.S. federal income taxbase. The effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on the Company and its affiliates, whether adverse or favorable, is uncertain, and may not become evidentfor some period of time. Item 1B.Unresolved Staff CommentsNot applicable. Item 2.PropertiesOur corporate headquarters are located in Boston, Massachusetts. We lease 82,184 square feet pursuant to a lease that terminates March 31, 2022.We have sales and marketing offices in Tokyo, Japan; Sydney, Australia; Seoul, South Korea; and Singapore. Our offices in New York, New York;London, England; Seattle, Washington; San Francisco, California; and Tempe, Arizona are used for sales and marketing as well as research anddevelopment. We believe our facilities are adequate for our current needs.The Company’s primary office lease has the option to renew the lease for two successive periods of five years each. In connection with the officelease, the Company entered into a letter of credit in the amount of $2.4 million. Item 3.Legal ProceedingsOn May 22, 2017, a lawsuit was filed against us and two individuals by Ooyala, Inc. (“Ooyala”) and Ooyala Mexico S. de R.L. de C.V. (“OoyalaMexico”). The lawsuit, which was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, concerns allegations that the twoindividuals, who are former employees of Ooyala Mexico, misappropriated customer information and other trade secrets and used that information inworking for Brightcove. The complaint was amended on June 1, 2017 to remove claims against the two former employees of Ooyala Mexico. Theremaining claims against us are for violation of the Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016 (18 U.S.C. §1836), violation of the Massachusetts trade secretstatute (M.G.L. c. 93, §42), violation of Massachusetts Chapter 93A (M.G.L. c. 93A, §11), and tortious interference with advantageous businessrelationships. Ooyala and Ooyala Mexico also filed a motion for preliminary injunction (amended at the same time the complaint was amended),seeking to enjoin us from using any of the allegedly misappropriated information or communicating with customers whose information was taken, andseeking the return of any information that was allegedly taken. On June 16, 2017, we filed an opposition to the motion for preliminary injunction, andalso moved to dismiss the lawsuit. Brightcove’s motion to dismiss was denied on September 6, 2017. The court has not ruled on Ooyala’s motion forpreliminary injunction. We expect the court to issue a schedule order in the near term. We cannot yet determine whether it is probable that a loss willbe incurred in connection with this complaint, nor can we reasonably estimate the potential loss, if any. 30Table of ContentsOn October 26, 2017, Realtime Adaptive Streaming LLC filed a complaint against us and our subsidiary Brightcove Holdings, Inc. in the UnitedStates District Court for the District of Delaware. The complaint alleges that Brightcove infringed five patents related to file compression technology.The complaint seeks monetary damages and injunctive relief. On December 1, 2017, Realtime filed an amended complaint, adding two additionalpatents to its claims. Brightcove filed a motion to dismiss on January 26, 2018. The plaintiff filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss onFebruary 9, 2018 and Brightcove filed a reply on February 16, 2018. A ruling on the motion to dismiss has not yet been issued by the court. We cannotyet determine whether it is probable that a loss will be incurred in connection with this complaint, nor can the Company reasonably estimate thepotential loss, if any.In addition, we are, from time to time, party to litigation arising in the ordinary course of our business. Management does not believe that theoutcome of these claims will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows based on thestatus of proceedings at this time. Item 4.Mine Safety DisclosuresNot applicable. 31Table of ContentsPART II Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity SecuritiesOur common stock has been traded on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “BCOV” since our initial public offering on February 17,2012. Prior to this time, there was no public market for our common stock. The following table shows the high and low sale prices per share of ourcommon stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market for the periods indicated: High Low 2016 First Quarter 2016 6.31 4.82 Second Quarter 2016 8.88 5.97 Third Quarter 2016 13.29 8.77 Fourth Quarter 2016 13.60 7.65 2017 First Quarter 2017 9.05 6.95 Second Quarter 2017 8.80 5.85 Third Quarter 2017 7.25 6.15 Fourth Quarter 2017 8.00 6.75 On February 23, 2018, the last reported sale price for our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market was $7.15 per share.Dividend PolicyWe have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any cash flow to finance the growth anddevelopment of our business, and we do not expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Payment of futuredividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capitalrequirements, restrictions contained in current or future financing instruments and other factors our board of directors deems relevant.StockholdersAs of February 23, 2018, there were approximately 109 holders of record of our common stock (not including beneficial holders of stock held instreet name).Stock Performance GraphThe graph set forth below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock between February 17, 2012 (the date of ourinitial public offering) and December 31, 2017, with the cumulative total return of (a) the NASDAQ Computer & Data Processing Index and (b) theNASDAQ Composite Index, over the same period. This graph assumes the investment of $100 on February 17, 2012 in our common stock, theNASDAQ Computer & Data Processing Index and the NASDAQ Composite Index and assumes the reinvestment of dividends, if any. The graphassumes our closing sales price on February 17, 2012 of $14.30 per share as the initial value of our common stock and not the initial offering price tothe public of $11.00 per share.The comparisons shown in the graph below are based upon historical data. We caution that the stock price performance shown in the graph belowis not necessarily indicative of, nor is it intended to forecast, the potential future performance of our common stock. Information used in the graph wasobtained from the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC, a financial data provider and a source believed to be reliable. The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC is notresponsible for any errors or omissions in such information. 32Table of Contents 2/17/2012 12/31/2012 12/31/2013 12/31/2014 12/31/2015 12/31/2016 12/31/2017 Brightcove Inc. 100.0 63.2 98.9 54.4 43.4 56.3 49.7 NASDAQ Composite Index 100.0 102.3 141.5 160.4 169.6 182.4 233.9 NASDAQ Computer & Data ProcessingIndex 100.0 97.4 128.5 154.0 163.6 183.7 254.9 Sales of Unregistered SecuritiesNot applicable.Use of Proceeds from Public Offering of Common StockOn February 16, 2012, our registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-176444) was declared effective for our initial public offering. OnFebruary 23, 2012, we closed our initial public offering of 5,750,000 shares of common stock, including 750,000 shares pursuant to the underwriters’overallotment option, at an offering price of $11.00 per share. The managing underwriters of the offering were Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, and Stifel,Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated. Following the sale of the shares in connection with the closing of our initial public offering, the offeringterminated.As a result of the offering, including the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares, we received net proceeds of approximately$54.5 million, after deducting total expenses of approximately $8.7 million, consisting of underwriting discounts and commissions of $4.4 million andoffering-related expenses reasonably estimated to be $4.3 million. None of such payments were direct or indirect payments to any of our directors orofficers or their associates, to persons owning 10% or more of our common stock, or to any of our affiliates.We have used $7.0 million of the net proceeds from our initial public offering to repay certain indebtedness. None of such payments were director indirect payments to any of our directors or officers or their associates, to persons owning 10% or more of our common stock, or to any of ouraffiliates. We also used approximately $27.4 million of the net proceeds from our initial public offering as consideration for the purchase of Zencoderin 33Table of ContentsAugust 2012. On January 31, 2014, we acquired substantially all of the assets of Unicorn for total consideration of approximately $39.7 million, whichwas funded by approximately $9.1 million of the net proceeds from our initial public offering and 2,850,547 shares of our common stock.There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our initial public offering as described in our final prospectus filed withthe SEC on February 17, 2012 pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act.Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer or Affiliated PurchasersThere were no repurchases of shares of common stock made during the year ended December 31, 2017. 34Table of ContentsItem 6.Selected Consolidated Financial DataThe following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of FinancialCondition and Results of Operations”, the consolidated financial statements and related notes, and other financial information included in this AnnualReport on Form 10-K.We derived the consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 and as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 fromour audited consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We derived the consolidatedfinancial data for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 and as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 from our audited consolidated financialstatements, which are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected infuture periods. Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2014 (1) 2013 (in thousands, except per share data) Consolidated statements of operations data: Revenue: Subscription and support revenue $143,159 $142,022 $131,010 $120,324 $103,116 Professional services and other revenue 12,754 8,244 3,696 4,693 6,779 Total revenue 155,913 150,266 134,706 125,017 109,895 Cost of revenue: (3) (4) Cost of subscription and support revenue 50,664 48,011 41,735 38,015 29,205 Cost of professional services and other revenue 13,954 7,836 4,742 5,718 7,585 Total cost of revenue 64,618 55,847 46,477 43,733 36,790 Gross profit 91,295 94,419 88,229 81,284 73,105 Operating expenses: (3) (4) Research and development 31,850 30,171 29,302 28,252 21,052 Sales and marketing 57,294 54,038 45,795 46,014 41,000 General and administrative 21,847 19,167 19,862 19,136 18,478 Merger-related — 21 201 3,075 2,069 Total operating expenses 110,991 103,397 95,160 96,477 82,599 Loss from operations (19,696) (8,978) (6,931) (15,193) (9,494) Other income (expense): Interest income 124 99 6 11 58 Interest expense (26) (63) (96) (96) — Other expense, net 449 (634) (168) (1,355) (594) Total other expense, net 547 (598) (258) (1,440) (536) Loss before income taxes and non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiary (19,149) (9,576) (7,189) (16,633) (10,030) Provision for (benefit from) income taxes 370 410 391 260 212 Consolidated net loss (19,519) (9,986) (7,580) (16,893) (10,242) Net income attributable to non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiary — — — — (20) Net loss attributable to common stockholders $(19,519) $(9,986) $(7,580) $(16,893) $(10,262) Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders — basic and diluted $(0.57) $(0.30) $(0.23) $(0.53) $(0.36) Weighted-average number of common shares used in computing net loss pershare attributable to common stockholders — basic and diluted 34,376 33,189 32,598 31,949 28,351 35Table of Contents(1)The results of operations for Unicorn have been included in our consolidated financial statements since the date of acquisition on January 31,2014. Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 (in thousands) (3)   Stock-based compensation included in above line items: Cost of subscription and support revenue $439 $324 $181 $218 $248 Cost of professional services and other revenue 251 217 181 141 149 Research and development 1,563 1,275 1,392 1,399 1,191 Sales and marketing 2,750 2,320 2,155 2,193 2,225 General and administrative 2,240 1,876 2,105 2,436 2,588 Total stock-based compensation $7,243 $6,012 $6,014 $6,387 $6,401 (4)   Amortization of acquired intangible assets included in above line items: Cost of subscription and support revenue $2,031 $2,031 $2,031 $1,946 $1,013 Research and development 11 126 126 140 39 Sales and marketing 692 959 955 1,114 667 Total amortization of acquired intangible assets $2,734 $3,116 $3,112 $3,200 $1,719 As of December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 (in thousands) Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash and cash equivalents $26,132 $36,813 $27,637 $22,916 $36,108 Accounts receivable, net 25,236 21,575 21,213 21,463 21,560 Property and equipment, net 9,143 9,264 8,689 10,372 8,795 Working capital (983) 7,792 6,592 4,582 20,634 Total assets 127,615 136,424 127,668 127,584 103,126 Current and long-term deferred revenue 39,614 34,756 29,931 29,704 23,818 Total stockholders’ equity 66,756 78,196 78,135 80,763 60,380 36Table of ContentsItem 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsThe following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financialstatements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains forward-looking statementsthat reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements.Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K,particularly in “Risk Factors.”OverviewWe are a leading global provider of cloud-based services for video. We were incorporated in Delaware in August 2004 and our headquarters arein Boston, Massachusetts. Our suite of products and services reduce the cost and complexity associated with publishing, distributing, measuring andmonetizing video across devices.Brightcove Video Cloud, or Video Cloud, our flagship product released in 2006, is the world’s leading online video platform. Video Cloudenables our customers to publish and distribute video to Internet-connected devices quickly, easily and in a cost-effective and high-quality manner.Brightcove Zencoder, or Zencoder, is a cloud-based video encoding service. Brightcove SSAI, or SSAI, is an innovative, cloud-based ad insertion andvideo stitching service that addresses the limitations of traditional online video ad insertion technology. Brightcove Player, or Player, is a cloud-basedservice for creating and managing video player experiences. Brightcove OTT Flow, powered by Accedo, or OTT Flow, is a service for media companiesand content owners to rapidly deploy high-quality, direct-to-consumer, live and on-demand video services across platforms. Brightcove VideoMarketing Suite, or Video Marketing Suite, is a comprehensive suite of video technologies designed to address the needs of marketers to driveawareness, engagement and conversion. Brightcove Enterprise Video Suite, or Enterprise Video Suite, is an enterprise-class platform for internalcommunications, employee training, live streaming, marketing and ecommerce videos.Our philosophy for the next few years will continue to be to invest in our product strategy and development, sales, and go-to-market activities tosupport our long-term revenue growth. We believe these investments will help us address some of the challenges facing our business such as demandfor our products by existing and potential customers, rapid technological change in our industry, increased competition and resulting price sensitivity.These investments include support for the expansion of our infrastructure within our hosting facilities, the hiring of additional technical and salespersonnel, the innovation of new features for existing products and the development of new products. We believe this strategy will help us retain ourexisting customers, increase our average annual subscription revenue per premium customer and lead to the acquisition of new customers.Additionally, we believe customer growth will enable us to achieve economies of scale which will reduce our cost of goods sold, research anddevelopment and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue.As of December 31, 2017, we had 498 employees and 4,168 customers, of which 2,001 used our volume offerings and 2,167 used our premiumofferings. As of December 31, 2016, we had 490 employees and 4,571 customers, of which 2,564 used our volume offerings and 2,007 used ourpremium offerings.We generate revenue by offering our products to customers on a subscription-based, software as a service, or SaaS, model. Our revenue grew from$150.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2016 to $155.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily related to an increase inrevenue from professional services engagements and to a lesser extent our subscription-based SaaS. Our consolidated net loss was $19.5 million and$10.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Included in consolidated net loss for the year ended December 31, 2017was stock-based compensation expense and amortization of acquired intangible assets of $7.2 million and $2.7 million, respectively. Included inconsolidated net loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 was stock-based compensation expense and amortization of acquired intangible assets of$6.0 million and $3.1 million, respectively. 37Table of ContentsFor the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, our revenue derived from customers located outside North America was 41% and 38%,respectively. We expect the percentage of total net revenue derived from outside North America to increase in future periods as we continue to expandour international operations.Key MetricsWe regularly review a number of metrics, including the following key metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trendsaffecting our business, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. • Number of Customers. We define our number of customers at the end of a particular quarter as the number of customers generatingsubscription revenue at the end of the quarter. We believe the number of customers is a key indicator of our market penetration, theproductivity of our sales organization and the value that our products bring to our customers. We classify our customers by including themin either premium or volume offerings. Our premium offerings include our premium Video Cloud customers (Enterprise and Pro editions),our Zencoder customers (other than Zencoder customers on month-to-month contracts and pay-as-you-go contracts), our SSAI customers,our Player customers, our OTT Flow customers, our Video Marketing Suite customers and our Enterprise Video Suite customers. Ourvolume offerings include our Video Cloud Express customers and our Zencoder customers on month-to-month contracts and pay-as-you-gocontracts.As of December 31, 2017, we had 4,168 customers, of which 2,001 used our volume offerings and 2,167 used our premium offerings. As ofDecember 31, 2016, we had 4,571 customers, of which 2,564 used our volume offerings and 2,007 used our premium offerings. During2013, we shifted our go-to-market focus and growth strategy to expanding our premium customer base, as we believe our premiumcustomers represent a greater opportunity for our solutions. Volume customers decreased in recent periods primarily due to ourdiscontinuation of the promotional Video Cloud Express offering. As a result, we have experienced attrition of this base level offeringwithout a corresponding addition of customers. We expect customers using our volume offerings to continue to decrease in 2018 andbeyond as we continue to focus on the market for our premium solutions. • Recurring Dollar Retention Rate. We assess our ability to retain customers using a metric we refer to as our recurring dollar retention rate.We calculate the recurring dollar retention rate by dividing the retained recurring value of subscription revenue for a period by theprevious recurring value of subscription revenue for the same period. We define retained recurring value of subscription revenue as thecommitted subscription fees for all contracts that renew in a given period, including any increase or decrease in contract value. We defineprevious recurring value of subscription revenue as the recurring value from committed subscription fees for all contracts that expire in thatsame period. We typically calculate our recurring dollar retention rate on a monthly basis. Recurring dollar retention rate providesvisibility into our ongoing revenue. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the recurring dollar retention rate was 89% and96%, respectively. The decrease is primarily due to the loss of certain customers as well as a reduction in contract value for certain recurringcustomers, based on certain commodity elements being repriced within our media market. • Average Annual Subscription Revenue Per Premium Customer. We define average annual subscription revenue per premium customer asthe total subscription revenue from premium customers for an annual period, excluding professional services revenue, divided by theaverage number of premium customers for that period. We believe that this metric is important in understanding subscription revenue forour premium offerings in addition to the relative size of premium customer arrangements. We began selling our Starter edition to customersin the second quarter of 2016. We consider Starter to be a premium offering and thus include Starter customers as premium customers. OurStarter edition has a price point of $199 or $499 per month, and as of the first quarter of 2017, sales of our Starter edition reached such alevel that we determined that the overall average annual subscription revenue per premium customer is a more meaningful metric if weexclude revenue from Starter edition customers. 38Table of Contents As such, we now disclose the average annual subscription revenue per premium customer separately for Starter edition customers and allother premium customers.The following table includes our key metrics for the periods presented: Year EndedDecember 31, 2017 2016 Customers (at period end) Volume 2,001 2,564 Premium 2,167 2,007 Total customers (at period end) 4,168 4,571 Recurring dollar retention rate 89% 96% Average annual subscription revenue per premium customer, excluding Starter editioncustomers (in thousands) $70.1 $70.7 Average annual subscription revenue per premium customer for Starter edition customers only(in thousands) $4.3 $4.9 Components of Consolidated Statements of OperationsRevenueSubscription and Support Revenue — We generate subscription and support revenue from the sale of our products.Video Cloud is offered in two product lines. The first product line is comprised of our premium product editions. All premium editions includefunctionality to publish and distribute video to Internet-connected devices, with higher levels of premium editions providing additional features andfunctionality. Customer arrangements are typically one year contracts, which include a subscription to Video Cloud, basic support and apre-determined amount of video streams, bandwidth, transcoding and storage. We also offer gold support or platinum support to our premiumcustomers for an additional fee, which includes extended phone support. The pricing for our premium editions is based on the value of our software, aswell as the number of users, accounts and usage, which is comprised of video streams, bandwidth, transcoding and storage. Should a customer’s usageexceed the contractual entitlements, the contract will provide the rate at which the customer must pay for actual usage above the contractualentitlements. We believe that our bundled pricing approach has made it easier for our customers to purchase all of the elements required to manage,store and deliver their video assets to their viewers. Pricing for some of the non-software elements of our products, however—such as bandwidth andstorage—has been subject to moderate but consistent pricing pressure as a result of competition among bandwidth and cloud infrastructure providers.This pricing pressure has not historically had a meaningful impact on our results of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2017, weexperienced an unexpected, significant increase in the impact of the price competition among bandwidth and cloud infrastructure providers in themarkets for these increasingly commoditized non-software services. As a result, our recurring dollar retention rate decreased in the year endedDecember 31, 2017. We have taken steps to reduce the portion of our revenue that is subject to such pricing pressure by bringing new solutions, suchas Dynamic Delivery (formerly known as Bolt), to market. We believe that these new solutions increase the value of our software platform to customersand allow us to retain a larger portion of the customers’ total contract value while reducing the revenue related to non-software elements. However, as aresult of the impact of the commoditization of the non-software elements, we now expect that our subscription revenue growth rate will be impactedthrough the first quarter of 2018.The second product line is comprised of our volume product edition. Our volume editions target small and medium-sized businesses, or SMBs.The volume editions provide customers with the same basic functionality that is offered in our premium product editions but have been designed forcustomers who have lower usage 39Table of Contentsrequirements and do not typically require advanced features and functionality. We discontinued the lower level pricing options for the Express editionof our volume offering and expect the total number of customers using the Express edition to continue to decrease. Customers who purchase thevolume editions generally enter into month-to-month agreements. Volume customers are generally billed on a monthly basis and pay via a credit card.Zencoder is offered to customers on a subscription basis, with either committed contracts or pay-as-you-go contracts. The pricing is based onusage, which is comprised of minutes of video processed. The committed contracts include a fixed number of minutes of video processed. Should acustomer’s usage exceed the contractual entitlements, the contract will provide the rate at which the customer must pay for actual usage above thecontractual entitlements. Zencoder customers are considered premium customers other than Zencoder customers on month-to-month contractsor pay-as-you-go contracts, which are considered volume customers.SSAI is offered to customers on a subscription basis, with varying levels of functionality, usage entitlements and support based on the size andcomplexity of a customer’s needs.Player is offered to customers on a subscription basis. Customer arrangements are typically one-year contracts, which include a subscription toPlayer, basic support and a pre-determined amount of video streams. We also offer gold support or platinum support to our Player customers for anadditional fee, which includes extended phone support. The pricing for Player is based on the number of users, accounts and usage, which is comprisedof video streams. Should a customer’s usage exceed the contractual entitlements, the contract will provide the rate at which the customer must pay foractual usage above the contractual entitlements.OTT Flow is offered to customers on a subscription basis, with varying levels of functionality, usage entitlements and support based on the sizeand complexity of a customer’s needs. Customer arrangements are typically one-year contracts.Video Marketing Suite and Enterprise Video Suite are offered to customers on a subscription basis in Starter, Pro and Enterprise editions. The Proand Enterprise customer arrangements are typically one-year contracts, which typically include a subscription to Video Cloud, Gallery, BrightcoveSocial (for Video Marketing Suite customers) or Brightcove Live (for Enterprise Video Suite customers), basic support and a pre-determined amount ofvideo streams or plays (for Video Marketing Suite customers), viewers (for Enterprise Video Suite customers), bandwidth and storage or videos. We alsogenerally offer gold support or platinum support to these customers for an additional fee, which includes extended phone support. The pricing for ourPro and Enterprise editions is based on the number of users, accounts and usage, which is comprised of video streams or plays, viewers, bandwidth andstorage or videos. Should a customer’s usage exceed the contractual entitlements, the contract will provide the rate at which the customer must pay foractual usage above the contractual entitlements. The Starter edition provides customers with the same basic functionality that is offered in our Pro andEnterprise editions but has been designed for customers who have lower usage requirements and do not typically seek advanced features andfunctionality. Customers who purchase the Starter edition may enter into one-year agreements or month-to-month agreements. Starter customers withmonth-to-month agreements are generally billed on a monthly basis and pay via a credit card.All SSAI, Player, OTT Flow, Video Marketing Suite and Enterprise Video Suite customers are considered premium customers.Professional Services and Other Revenue — Professional services and other revenue consists of services such as implementation, softwarecustomizations and project management for customers who subscribe to our premium editions. These arrangements are priced either on a fixed fee basiswith a portion due upon contract signing and the remainder due when the related services have been completed, or on a time and materials basis.Our backlog consists of the total future value of our committed customer contracts, whether billed or unbilled. As of December 31, 2017, we hadbacklog of approximately $106 million compared to backlog of 40Table of Contentsapproximately $99 million as of December 31, 2016. Of the approximately $106 million in backlog as of December 31, 2017, between $83 million and$85 million is expected to be recognized as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2017,approximately $73 million of revenue was recognized from backlog as of December 31, 2016. Because revenue for any period is a function of revenuerecognized from backlog at the beginning of the period as well as from contract renewals and new customer contracts executed during the period,backlog at the beginning of any period is not necessarily indicative of future performance. Our presentation of backlog may differ from that of othercompanies in our industry.Cost of RevenueCost of subscription, support and professional services revenue primarily consists of costs related to supporting and hosting our product offeringsand delivering our professional services. These costs include salaries, benefits, incentive compensation and stock-based compensation expense relatedto the management of our data centers, our customer support team and our professional services staff. In addition to these expenses, we incur third-partyservice provider costs such as data center and content delivery network, or CDN, expenses, allocated overhead, depreciation expense and amortizationof capitalized internal-use software development costs and acquired intangible assets. We allocate overhead costs such as rent, utilities and supplies toall departments based on relative headcount. As such, general overhead expenses are reflected in cost of revenue in addition to each operating expensecategory. The costs associated with providing professional services are significantly higher as a percentage of related revenue than the costs associatedwith delivering our subscription and support services due to the labor costs of providing professional services.Cost of revenue increased in absolute dollars from 2016 to 2017. In future periods we expect our cost of revenue will increase in absolute dollarsas our revenue increases. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue could fluctuate from period to period depending on the growth of our professionalservices business and any associated costs relating to the delivery of subscription services and the timing of significant expenditures. To the extent thatour customer base grows, we intend to continue to invest additional resources in expanding the delivery capability of our products and other services.The timing of these additional expenses could affect our cost of revenue, both in terms of absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenue, in anyparticular quarterly or annual period.Operating ExpensesWe classify our operating expenses as follows:Research and Development. Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses for our research anddevelopment staff, including salaries, benefits, incentive compensation and stock-based compensation, in addition to the costs associated withcontractors and allocated overhead. We have focused our research and development efforts on expanding the functionality and scalability of ourproducts and enhancing their ease of use, as well as creating new product offerings. We expect research and development expenses to increase inabsolute dollars as we intend to continue to periodically release new features and functionality, expand our product offerings, continue the localizationof our products in various languages, upgrade and extend our service offerings, and develop new technologies. Over the long term, we believe thatresearch and development expenses as a percentage of revenue will decrease, but will vary depending upon the mix of revenue from new and existingproducts, features and functionality, as well as changes in the technology that our products must support, such as new operating systems or newInternet-connected devices.Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses for our sales and marketing staff,including salaries, benefits, incentive compensation, commissions, stock-based compensation and travel costs, amortization of acquired intangibleassets, in addition to costs associated with marketing and promotional events, corporate communications, advertising, other brand building andproduct marketing expenses and allocated overhead. Our sales and marketing expenses have increased in absolute dollars in each of the last threeyears. We intend to continue to invest in sales and marketing and increase the number of 41Table of Contentssales representatives to add new customers and expand the sale of our product offerings within our existing customer base, build brand awareness andsponsor additional marketing events. Accordingly, in future periods we expect sales and marketing expense to increase in absolute dollars andcontinue to be our most significant operating expense. Over the long term, we believe that sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenue willdecrease, but will vary depending upon the mix of revenue from new and existing customers and from small, medium-sized and enterprise customers, aswell as changes in the productivity of our sales and marketing programs.General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses for executive, legal,finance, information technology and human resources functions, including salaries, benefits, incentive compensation and stock-based compensation,in addition to the costs associated with professional fees, insurance premiums, other corporate expenses and allocated overhead. In future periods weexpect general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to incur additional personnel and professional services costsin order to support the growth of our business. Over the long term, we believe that general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue willdecrease.Merger-related. Merger-related costs consisted of transaction expenses incurred as part of the acquisition of substantially all of the assets ofUnicorn Media, Inc. and certain of its subsidiaries, or Unicorn, as well as costs associated with the retention of key employees of Unicorn.Approximately $1.5 million was required to be paid to retain certain key employees from the Unicorn acquisition. The period in which these serviceswere performed varies by employee. Given that the retention amount was related to a future service requirement, the related expense was recorded asmerger-related compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations over the expected service period.Other ExpenseOther expense consists primarily of interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents, foreign exchange gains and losses and interest expensepayable on our debt.Income TaxesAs part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our taxes in each of the jurisdictions inwhich we operate. We account for income taxes in accordance with the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilitiesare recognized based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using statutory rates. Inaddition, this method requires a valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not thatsome or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We have provided a valuation allowance against our existing net deferred tax assets atDecember 31, 2017, with the exception of the deferred tax assets related to Brightcove KK.On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was enacted in the United States. Refer to Note 7, Income Taxes, for additional informationregarding this new tax legislation.Stock-Based Compensation ExpenseOur cost of revenue, research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses include stock-based compensationexpense. Stock-based compensation expense represents the fair value of outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards, which is recognized asexpense over the respective stock option and restricted stock award service periods. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, werecorded stock-based compensation expense of $7.2 million, $6.0 million and $6.0 million, respectively. We expect stock-based compensationexpense to increase in absolute dollars in future periods. 42Table of ContentsForeign Currency TranslationWith regard to our international operations, we frequently enter into transactions in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. As a result, our revenue,expenses and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in the euro, British pound,Australian dollar, and Japanese yen. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, 45%, 42% and 40%, respectively, of our revenue wasgenerated in locations outside the United States. During the same periods, 29%, 28% and 27%, respectively, of our revenue was in currencies otherthan the U.S. dollar, as were some of the associated expenses. In periods when the U.S. dollar declines in value as compared to the foreign currencies inwhich we conduct business, our foreign currency-based revenue and expenses generally increase in value when translated into U.S. dollars. We expectour foreign currency-based revenue to remain relatively unchanged in absolute dollars and as a percentage of total revenue.Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesOur consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Thepreparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and thedisclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during thereporting periods. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under thecircumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparentfrom other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.We believe that the following significant accounting policies, which are more fully described in the notes to our consolidated financialstatements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, involve a greater degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, these are thepolicies we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.Revenue RecognitionWe primarily derive revenue from the sale of our online video platform, which enables our customers to publish and distribute video to Internet-connected devices quickly, easily and in a cost-effective and high-quality manner. Revenue is derived from three primary sources: (1) the subscriptionto our technology and related support; (2) hosting, bandwidth and encoding services; and (3) professional services, which include customizationservices.We recognize revenue when all of the following conditions are satisfied: (1) there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement; (2) the service hasbeen provided to the customer; (3) the collection of fees is probable; and (4) the amount of fees to be paid by the customer is fixed or determinable.Our subscription arrangements provide customers the right to access our hosted software applications. Customers do not have the right to takepossession of our software during the hosting arrangement. Accordingly, we recognize revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification(ASC) 605, Revenue Recognition. Contracts for premium customers generally have a term of one year and are non-cancellable. These contractsgenerally provide the customer with an annual level of usage, and provide the rate at which the customer must pay for actual usage above the annualallowable usage. For these services, we recognize the annual fee ratably as revenue each month. Should a customer’s usage of our services exceed theannual allowable level, revenue is recognized for such excess in the period of the usage. Contracts for volume customers are generally month-to-montharrangements, have a maximum monthly level of usage and provide the rate at which the customer must pay for actual usage above the monthlyallowable usage. The monthly volume subscription and support and usage fees are recognized as revenue during the period in which the related cash iscollected. 43Table of ContentsRevenue recognition commences upon the later of when the application is placed in a production environment, or when all revenue recognitioncriteria have been met.Professional services and other revenue sold on a stand-alone basis are recognized as the services are performed, subject to any refund or otherobligation.Deferred revenue includes amounts billed to customers for which revenue has not been recognized, and primarily consists of the unearnedportion of annual software subscription and support fees, and deferred professional service fees.Revenue is presented net of any taxes collected from customers.Multiple-Element ArrangementsWe periodically enter into multiple-element service arrangements that include platform subscription fees, support fees, and, in certain cases, otherprofessional services.We assess arrangements with multiple deliverables under Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2009-13, Revenue Recognition (Topic 605),Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangements — a Consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force . Arrangement consideration is allocated todeliverables based on their relative selling price.In order to treat deliverables in a multiple-element arrangement as separate units of accounting, the deliverables must have stand-alone valueupon delivery. If the deliverables have stand-alone value upon delivery, we account for each deliverable separately. Subscription services have stand-alone value as such services are often sold separately. In determining whether professional services have stand-alone value, we consider the followingfactors for each professional services agreement: availability of the services from other vendors, the nature of the professional services, the timing ofwhen the professional services contract was signed in comparison to the subscription service start date, and the contractual dependence of thesubscription service on the customer’s satisfaction with the professional services work. To date, we have concluded that all of the professional servicesincluded in multiple-element arrangements executed have stand-alone value.When multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separated into different units of accounting, the arrangement consideration isallocated to the identified separate units based on a relative selling price hierarchy. We determine the relative selling price for a deliverable based onits vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value (VSOE), if available, or its best estimate of selling price (BESP), if VSOE is not available. We havedetermined that third-party evidence of selling price is not a practical alternative due to differences in our service offerings compared to other partiesand the availability of relevant third party pricing information. The amount of revenue allocated to delivered items is limited by contingent revenue, ifany.We have not established VSOE for our offerings due to the lack of pricing consistency, the introduction of new services and other factors.Accordingly, we use our BESP to determine the relative selling price. We determine BESP by considering our overall pricing objectives and marketconditions. Significant pricing practices taken into consideration include our discounting practices, the size and volume of our transactions, thegeographic area where services are sold, price lists, our go-to-market strategy, historical contractually stated prices and prior relationships and futuresubscription service sales with certain classes of customers.The determination of BESP is made through consultation with and approval by our management, taking into consideration the go-to-marketstrategy. As our go-to-market strategies evolve, we may modify our pricing practices in the future, which could result in changes in selling prices,including both VSOE and BESP. We analyze the selling prices used in our allocation of arrangement consideration, at a minimum, on an annual basis.Selling prices are analyzed on a more frequent basis if a significant change in our business necessitates a more timely analysis or if we experiencesignificant variances in our selling prices. 44Table of ContentsAllowance for Doubtful AccountsWe offset gross trade accounts receivable with an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is our best estimate ofthe amount of probable credit losses in our existing accounts receivable and is based upon historical loss patterns, the number of days that billings arepast due and an evaluation of the potential risk of loss associated with specific accounts. Provisions for allowances for doubtful accounts are recordedin general and administrative expense. If, upon signing a customer arrangement, the related account receivable is not considered collectable, we willdefer the associated revenue until we collect the cash. To date, we have not incurred any significant write-offs of accounts receivable and have not beenrequired to revise any of our assumptions or estimates used in determining our allowance for doubtful accounts. As of December 31, 2017, ourallowance for doubtful accounts was $146,000.Software Development CostsCosts incurred to develop software applications used in our on-demand application services consist of (a) certain external direct costs of materialsand services incurred in developing or obtaining internal-use computer software and (b) payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who aredirectly associated with, and who devote time to, the project. These costs generally consist of internal labor during configuration, coding and testingactivities. Research and development costs incurred during the preliminary project stage or costs incurred for data conversion activities, training,maintenance and general and administrative or overhead costs are expensed as incurred. Capitalization begins when the preliminary project stage iscomplete, management with the relevant authority authorizes and commits to the funding of the software project, it is probable the project will becompleted, and the software will be used to perform the functions intended and certain functional and quality standards have been met. Qualified costsincurred during the operating stage of our software applications relating to upgrades and enhancements are capitalized to the extent it is probable thatthey will result in added functionality, while costs that cannot be separated between maintenance of, and minor upgrades and enhancements to,internal-use software are expensed as incurred. These capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life of thesoftware, which is three years. We capitalized $3.2 million in 2017, $4.0 million in 2016 and $1.5 million in 2015, respectively, of internal-usesoftware development costs. Amortization of internal-use software development costs was $1.9 million in 2017, $690,000 in 2016 and $469,000 in2015, respectively.Income TaxesWe are subject to income taxes in both the United States and international jurisdictions, and we use estimates in determining our provision forincome taxes. We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method for accounting and reporting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets andliabilities are recognized based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and income tax basis of assets and liabilities using statutoryrates. This process requires us to project our current tax liability and estimate our deferred tax assets and liabilities, including net operating losses andtax credit carryforwards. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we considered our recent operating results, future taxable income projectionsand feasible tax planning strategies. We have provided a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2017 with theexception of the deferred tax assets related to Brightcove KK. Due to the evolving nature and complexity of tax regulations combined with the numberof jurisdictions in which we operate, it is possible that our estimates of our tax liability could change in the future, which may result in additional taxliabilities and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had no material unrecognized tax benefits.Business CombinationsWe record tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations under the purchase method of accounting.Amounts paid for each acquisition are allocated to the assets acquired and 45Table of Contentsliabilities assumed based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. We then allocate the purchase price in excess of net tangible assets acquired toidentifiable intangible assets based on detailed valuations that use information and assumptions provided by management. We allocate any excesspurchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed to goodwill. If the fair value of the assetsacquired exceeds our purchase price, the excess is recognized as a gain.Significant management judgments and assumptions are required in determining the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities, particularlyacquired intangible assets. The valuation of purchased intangible assets is based upon estimates of the future performance and cash flows from theacquired business. Each asset is measured at fair value from the perspective of a market participant.If different assumptions are used, it could materially impact the purchase price allocation and adversely affect our results of operations, financialcondition and cash flows.Goodwill and Acquired Intangible AssetsWe record goodwill when consideration paid in a purchase acquisition exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is notamortized, but rather is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if facts and circumstances warrant a review. Conditions that could trigger amore frequent impairment assessment include, but are not limited to, a significant adverse change in certain agreements, significant underperformancerelative to historical or projected future operating results, an economic downturn in customers’ industries, increased competition, a significantreduction in our stock price for a sustained period or a reduction of our market capitalization relative to net book value. We evaluate impairment bycomparing the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. We estimate fair value primarily utilizing the market approach, whichcalculates fair value based on the market values of comparable companies or comparable transactions. Actual results may differ materially from theseestimates. The estimates we make in determining the fair value of our reporting unit involve the application of judgment, which could affect the timingand size of any future impairment charges. Impairment of our goodwill could significantly affect our operating results and financial position.Intangible assets are recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. We amortize our intangible assets over their estimated usefullives based on the pattern of consumption of the economic benefit or, if that pattern cannot be readily determined, on a straight-line basis.Amortization is recorded over the estimated useful lives ranging from two to fourteen years.We review our intangible assets subject to amortization to determine if any adverse conditions exist or a change in circumstances has occurredthat would indicate impairment or a change in the remaining useful life. If the carrying value of an asset exceeds its undiscounted cash flows, we willwrite down the carrying value of the intangible asset to its fair value in the period identified. In assessing recoverability, we must make assumptionsregarding estimated future cash flows and discount rates. If these estimates or related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to recordimpairment charges. We generally calculate fair value as the present value of estimated future cash flows to be generated by the asset using a riskadjusted discount rate. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, we will amortize the remaining carrying value of theintangible asset prospectively over the revised remaining useful life.We adopted ASU No. 2011-08, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) Testing Goodwill for Impairment. Under ASU 2011-08, we havethe option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely thannot that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. Based on theassessment of these qualitative factors, we determined that no impairment indicators were noted, allowing us to forego the quantitative analysis. 46Table of ContentsStock-based CompensationWe value our shares of common stock in connection with the issuance of stock-based equity awards using the closing price of our shares ofcommon stock on the NASDAQ Global Market on the date of the grant. Accounting guidance requires employee stock-based payments to beaccounted for under the fair value method. Under this method, we are required to record compensation cost based on the estimated fair value for stock-based awards granted over the requisite service periods for the individual awards, which generally equals the vesting periods. We use the straight-lineamortization method for recognizing stock-based compensation expense associated with equity awards to employees. Upon the adoption ofASU 2016-09 on January 1, 2017, we have elected to recognize prospectively gross share based compensation expense with actual forfeituresrecognized as they occur. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-09, we estimated forfeitures at the time of grant and revised those estimates in subsequentperiods if actual forfeitures differed from estimates.We estimate the fair value of employee stock options on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which requires the useof highly subjective estimates and assumptions. For restricted stock awards issued we estimate the fair value of each grant based on the stock price ofour common stock on the date of grant. The expected volatility of options granted has been determined using a weighted average of the historicalvolatility measures of a peer group of companies that issued options with substantially similar terms as well as the historical volatility of our owncommon stock. The expected life assumption is based on the “simplified method” for estimating expected term as we do not have sufficient stockoption exercise experience to support a reasonable estimate of the expected term. The risk-free interest rate is based on a treasury instrument whoseterm is consistent with the expected life of the stock options. We use an expected dividend rate of zero as we currently have no history or expectationof paying dividends on our common stock.The relevant data used to determine the value of the stock option grants is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Risk-free interest rate 2.08% 1.75% 1.96% Expected volatility 42% 45% 46% Expected life (in years) 6.1 6.2 6.2 Expected dividend yield — — — 47Table of ContentsResults of OperationsThe following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is notnecessarily indicative of future results. Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in thousands, except share and per sharedata) Revenue: Subscription and support revenue $143,159 $142,022 $131,010 Professional services and other revenue 12,754 8,244 3,696 Total revenue 155,913 150,266 134,706 Cost of revenue: Cost of subscription and support revenue 50,664 48,011 41,735 Cost of professional services and other revenue 13,954 7,836 4,742 Total cost of revenue 64,618 55,847 46,477 Gross profit 91,295 94,419 88,229 Operating expenses: Research and development 31,850 30,171 29,302 Sales and marketing 57,294 54,038 45,795 General and administrative 21,847 19,167 19,862 Merger-related — 21 201 Total operating expenses 110,991 103,397 95,160 Loss from operations (19,696) (8,978) (6,931) Other expense, net 547 (598) (258) Loss before income taxes (19,149) (9,576) (7,189) Provision for income taxes 370 410 391 Net loss $(19,519) $(9,986) $(7,580) Net loss per share - basic and diluted $(0.57) $(0.30) $(0.23) Weighted-average number of common shares used in computing net loss per share - basic and diluted 34,376 33,189 32,598 Overview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016Total revenue increased by 4%, or $5.6 million, in 2017 compared to 2016 due to an increase in subscription and support revenue of 1%, or$1.1 million, primarily related to the continued growth of our customer base for our premium offerings including sales to both new and existingcustomers. The increase in professional services and other revenue of 55%, or $4.5 million, primarily related to the size and number of professionalservices engagements in 2017 compared to 2016. The increases are offset by the loss of a major customer, during the first quarter of 2017, and a$1.5 million reduction in revenue due to changes in foreign exchange rates compared to the exchange rates that were in effect during 2016. In addition,our revenue from premium offerings grew by $7.5 million, or 5%, in 2017 compared to 2016. Our ability to continue to provide the productfunctionality and performance that our customers require will be a major factor in our ability to continue to increase revenue.Our gross profit decreased by $3.1 million, or 3%, in 2017 compared to 2016, primarily due to increases in the cost of subscription and supportrevenue and the cost of professional services revenue without corresponding increases in revenue. Cost of subscription and support revenue increaseddue to additional content delivery network expenses and network hosting services incurred in order to support the launch of a major customer. Cost 48Table of Contentsof professional services revenue increased due to a higher level of contractor costs and project hours during the year ended December 31, 2017. Ourability to continue to maintain our overall gross profit will depend primarily on our ability to continue controlling our costs of delivery. Loss fromoperations was $19.7 million in 2017 compared to $9.0 million in 2016. Loss from operations in 2017 included stock-based compensation expenseand amortization of acquired intangible assets of $7.2 million and $2.7 million, respectively. Loss from operations in 2016 included stock-basedcompensation expense and amortization of acquired intangible assets of $6.0 million and $3.1 million, respectively. We expect operating income toimprove from increased sales to both new and existing customers and from improved efficiencies throughout our organization as we continue to growand scale our operations.As of December 31, 2017, we had $26.1 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, a decrease of $10.7 million from $36.8 million atDecember 31, 2016, due primarily to $6.4 million of cash used in operating activities, $3.0 million in capitalized internal-use software costs, and$1.1 million in capital expenditures. There were also cash outflows of $489,000 in payments under capital lease obligations, $307,000 for payments onequipment financing and $268,000 in payments of withholding tax on RSU vesting.Revenue Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change Revenue by Product Line Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Premium $150,304 96% $142,840 95% $7,464 5% Volume 5,609 4 7,426 5 (1,817) (24) Total $155,913 100% $150,266 100% $5,647 4% During 2017, revenue increased by $5.6 million, or 4%, compared to 2016, primarily due to an increase in revenue from our premium offerings,which consist of subscription and support revenue, as well as professional services and other revenue. The increase in premium revenue of $7.5 million,or 5%, is partially the result of an 8% increase in the number of premium customers from 2,007 at December 31, 2016 to 2,167 at December 31, 2017, inaddition to a $4.5 million, or 55%, increase in professional services revenue. The increases are offset by the loss of a major customer and a $1.5 millionreduction in revenue due to changes in foreign exchange rates compared to the exchange rates that were in effect during 2016. During 2017, volumerevenue decreased by $1.8 million, or 24%, compared to 2016, as we continue to focus on the market for our premium solutions. Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change Revenue by Type Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Subscription and support $143,159 92% $142,022 95% $1,137 1% Professional services and other 12,754 8 8,244 5 4,510 55 Total $155,913 100% $150,266 100% $5,647 4% During 2017, subscription and support revenue increased by $1.1 million, or 1%, compared to 2016. The increase was primarily related to thecontinued growth of our customer base for our premium offerings, including sales to both new and existing customers during 2017. The increases areoffset by the loss of a major customer during the first quarter of 2017. In addition, professional services and other revenue increased by $4.5 million, or55%, primarily related to the size and number of professional services engagements during 2017compared to the prior year. During 2017, the increasein professional services revenue was primarily related to an increase in OTT 49Table of Contentsapplication development projects. Professional services and other revenue will vary from period to period depending on the number ofimplementations and other projects that are in process. Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change Revenue by Geography Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) North America $91,358 59% $92,912 62% $(1,554) (2)% Europe 24,425 16 25,196 17 (771) (3) Japan 16,881 11 15,230 10 1,651 11 Asia Pacific 22,539 14 15,617 10 6,922 44 Other 710 0 1,311 1 (601) (46) International subtotal 64,555 41 57,354 38 7,201 13 Total $155,913 100% $150,266 100% $5,647 4% For purposes of this section, we designate revenue by geographic regions based upon the locations of our customers. North America is comprisedof revenue from the United States, Canada and Mexico. International is comprised of revenue from locations outside of North America. Depending onthe timing of new customer contracts, revenue mix from a geographic region can vary from period to period.During 2017, total revenue for North America decreased $1.6 million, or 2%, compared to 2016. The reduction in revenue for North America isprimarily related to the loss of a major customer in the first quarter of 2017 partially offset by increases in sales to new and existing customers. During2017, total revenue outside of North America increased $7.2 million, or 13%, compared to 2016. The increase in revenue from international regions isprimarily related to an increase in revenue in Asia Pacific and Japan. The increase in revenue from Asia Pacific and Japan is primarily related to anincrease in revenue from professional services engagements related to OTT application development projects. These increases were partially offset by a$1.5 million reduction in revenue due to changes in foreign exchange rates compared to the exchange rates that were in effect during 2016.Cost of Revenue Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change Cost of Revenue Amount Percentage ofRelatedRevenue Amount Percentage ofRelatedRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Subscription and support $50,664 35% $48,011 34% $2,653 6% Professional services and other 13,954 109 7,836 95 6,118 78 Total $64,618 41% $55,847 37% $8,771 16% During 2017, cost of subscription and support revenue increased $2.7 million, or 6%, compared to 2016. The increase resulted primarily fromincreases in content delivery network expenses, amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs, partner commission expense andnetwork hosting services of $1.2 million, $1.2 million, $799,000 and $791,000, respectively. Partner commission expense primarily relates topayments to third parties for the use of technology that is integrated with our Video Cloud product. There were also increases in maintenance expense,employee-related expense, costs associated with third-party software integrated with our service offering and stock-based compensation expense of$474,000, $316,000, $248,000 and $115,000, respectively. These increases were partially offset by decreases in depreciation expense, costs 50Table of Contentsassociated with the closure of certain facilities, and bandwidth costs, of $1.2 million, $843,000 and $426,000, respectively.During 2017, cost of professional services and other revenue increased $6.1 million, or 78%, compared to 2016. This increase corresponds to theincrease in professional services revenue and resulted primarily from increases in contractor and employee-related expenses of $4.4 million and$1.4 million, respectively. There was an increase in the mix of contractor expenses versus internal expenses in order to support various professionalservices projects.Gross Profit Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change Gross Profit Amount Percentage ofRelatedRevenue Amount Percentage ofRelatedRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Subscription and support $92,495 65% $94,011 66% $(1,516) (2)% Professional services and other (1,200) (9) 408 5 (1,608) nm Total $91,295 59% $94,419 63% $(3,124) (3)% nm – not meaningfulThe overall gross profit percentage was 59% and 63% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease is primarilydue to an increase in revenue from professional services engagements, which has a lower gross margin as compared to subscription and supportrevenue. Subscription and support gross profit decreased $1.5 million, or 2%, compared to 2016 due to additional content delivery network expensesand network hosting services incurred in order to support the launch of a major customer. In addition, professional services and other gross profitdecreased $1.6 million compared to 2016 due to the increase in contractor expenses in order to support various professional services projects.Operating Expenses Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change Operating Expenses Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Research and development $31,850 20% $30,171 20% $1,679 6% Sales and marketing 57,294 37 54,038 36 3,256 6 General and administrative 21,847 14 19,167 13 2,680 14 Merger-related — — 21 — (21) (100) Total $110,991 71% $103,397 69% $7,594 7% Research and Development. During 2017, research and development expense increased by $1.7 million, or 6%, compared to 2016 primarily dueto increases in employee-related, computer maintenance and support, stock-based compensation and contractor expenses of $1.7 million, $465,000,$288,000 and $246,000, respectively. These increases were partially offset by decreases in recruiting and relocation expense, travel expense, andamortization of acquired intangible assets of $382,000, $299,000 and $116,000, respectively. In future periods, we expect that our research anddevelopment expense will increase in absolute dollars as we continue to add employees, develop new features and functionality for our products,introduce additional software solutions and expand our product and service offerings. 51Table of ContentsSales and Marketing. During 2017, sales and marketing expense increased by $3.3 million, or 6%, compared to 2016 primarily due to employee-related expense, commission expense, marketing programs and stock-based compensation expense of $2.2 million, $825,000, $565,000 and $430,000,respectively. There were also increases in computer maintenance and support and rent expense of $361,000 and $168,000, respectively. Theseincreases were partially offset by decreases in travel expense, amortization of acquired intangible assets, contractor expense, and recruiting andrelocation expense of $508,000, $267,000, $258,000 and $244,000, respectively. We expect that our sales and marketing expense will increase inabsolute dollars along with our revenue, as we continue to expand sales coverage and build brand awareness through what we believe are cost-effectivechannels. We expect that such increases may fluctuate from period to period, however, due to the timing of marketing programs.General and Administrative. During 2017, general and administrative expense increased by $2.7 million, or 14%, compared to 2016 primarilydue to increases in outside accounting and legal fees, employee-related expense, and stock-based compensation expense of $2.2 million, $929,000 and$364,000, respectively. There were also increases in commission and travel expenses of $209,000 and $109,000, respectively. These increases wereoffset by decreases in contractor and recruiting and relocation expenses of $241,000 and $182,000, respectively, and the reversal of a sales tax accrualof $635,000. In future periods, we expect general and administrative expense to remain relatively unchanged.Merger-related. During 2017, merger-related expenses decreased $21,000, or 100%, when compared to 2016 due to a $21,000 decrease in costsassociated with the retention of certain employees of Unicorn.Other Expense, Net Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change Other Expense Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Interest income, net $124 — % $99 — % $25 25% Interest expense (26) — (63) — 37 (59) Other expense, net 449 — (634) — 1,083 (171) Total $547 — % $(598) — % $1,145 (191)% The interest expense during 2017 is primarily comprised of interest paid on capital leases and an equipment financing. The increase in otherexpenses, net was primarily due to foreign currency exchange gains recorded during 2017 upon collection of foreign denominated accounts receivable,compared to losses recorded in the corresponding period of the prior year.Provision for Income Taxes Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Change Provision for Income Taxes Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Provision for income taxes $370 — % $410 — % $(40) (10)% During 2017 and 2016, the provision for income taxes was primarily comprised of income tax expenses related to foreign jurisdictions. 52Table of ContentsOverview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015Total revenue increased by 12%, or $15.6 million, in 2016 compared to 2015 due to an increase in subscription and support revenue of 8%, or$11.0 million. The increase in professional services and other revenue of 123%, or $4.5 million primarily related to the size and number of professionalservices engagements, in 2016 compared to 2015. The increase in subscription and support revenue resulted primarily from an increase in revenue fromnew and existing customers. In addition, our revenue from premium offerings grew by $17.1million, or 14%, in 2016 compared to 2015. Our ability tocontinue to provide the product functionality and performance that our customers require will be a major factor in our ability to continue to increaserevenue.Our gross profit increased by $6.2 million, or 7%, in 2016 compared to 2015, primarily due to an increase in revenue. Our ability to continue tomaintain our overall gross profit will depend primarily on our ability to continue controlling our costs of delivery. Loss from operations was$9.0 million in 2016 compared to $6.9 million in 2015. Loss from operations in 2016 included stock-based compensation expense and amortization ofacquired intangible assets of $6.0 million and $3.1 million, respectively. Loss from operations in 2015 included stock-based compensation expenseand amortization of acquired intangible assets of $6.0 million and $3.1 million, respectively. We expect operating income to improve from increasedsales to both new and existing customers and from improved efficiencies throughout our organization as we continue to grow and scale our operations.As of December 31, 2016, we had $36.8 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, an increase of $9.2 million from $27.6 million atDecember 31, 2015, due primarily to $11.1 million of cash provided by operating activities, $4.6 million in proceeds from exercises of stock optionsand $604,000 in proceeds from an equipment financing. These increases were offset in part by $3.9 million in capitalization of internal-use softwarecosts, $1.3 million in capital expenditures and $850,000 in payments under capital lease obligations.Revenue Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 Change Revenue byProduct Line Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Premium $142,840 95% $125,767 93% $17,073 14% Volume 7,426 5 8,939 7 (1,513) (17) Total $150,266 100% $134,706 100% $15,560 12% 53Table of ContentsDuring 2016, revenue increased by $15.6 million, or 12%, compared to 2015, primarily due to an increase in revenue from our premiumofferings, which consist of subscription and support revenue, as well as professional services and other revenue. The increase in premium revenue of$17.1million, or 14%, is partially the result of an 8% increase in the number of premium customers from 1,863 at December 31, 2015 to 2,007 atDecember 31, 2016 and a 6% increase in the average annual subscription revenue per premium customer during 2016. In addition, during 2016,professional services and other revenue increased by $4.5 million compared to 2015. During 2016, volume revenue decreased by $1.5 million, or 17%,compared to 2015, as we continue to focus on the market for our premium solutions. Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 Change Revenue by Type Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Subscription and support $142,022 95% $131,010 97% $11,012 8% Professional services and other 8,244 5 3,696 3 4,548 123 Total $150,266 100% $134,706 100% $15,560 12% During 2016, subscription and support revenue increased by $11.0 million, or 8%, compared to 2015. The increase was primarily related to thecontinued growth of our customer base for our premium offerings, including sales to both new and existing customers, and a 6% increase in the averageannual subscription revenue per premium customer during 2016. In addition, professional services and other revenue increased by $4.5 million, or123%, primarily related to the size and number of professional services engagements during 2016 compared to the prior year. We engaged in severallarge professional services engagements in 2016 to support our various subscription sales, including $4.7 million of revenue recognized fromcustomers in Japan compared to $1.4 million in the prior year. Professional services and other revenue will vary from period to period depending on thenumber of implementations and other projects that are in process. Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 Change Revenue by Geography Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) North America $92,912 62% $86,106 64% $6,806 8% Europe 25,196 17 25,380 19 (184) (1) Japan 15,230 10 9,061 7 6,169 68 Asia Pacific 15,617 10 12,380 9 3,237 26 Other 1,311 1 1,779 1 (468) (26) International subtotal 57,354 38 48,600 36 8,754 18 Total $150,266 100% $134,706 100% $15,560 12% For purposes of this section, we designate revenue by geographic regions based upon the locations of our customers. North America is comprisedof revenue from the United States, Canada and Mexico. International is comprised of revenue from locations outside of North America. Depending onthe timing of new customer contracts, revenue mix from a geographic region can vary from period to period.During 2016, total revenue for North America increased $6.8 million, or 8%, compared to 2015. The increase in revenue for North Americaresulted primarily from an increase in subscription and support revenue from our premium offerings. During 2016, total revenue outside of NorthAmerica increased $8.8 million, or 18%, compared to 2015. The increase in revenue from international regions is primarily related to an increase inrevenue in Japan and Asia Pacific. Revenue from customers in Japan increased by $6.2 million of which $3.3 million was from professional servicearrangements. This increase is partially offset by a $1.1 million 54Table of Contentsreduction in revenue due to changes in foreign exchange rates compared to the exchange rates that were in effect during 2015.Cost of Revenue Year Ended December 31, Change 2016 2015 Cost of Revenue Amount Percentage ofRelatedRevenue Amount Percentage ofRelatedRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Subscription and support $48,011 34% $41,735 32% $6,276 15% Professional services and other 7,836 95 4,742 128 3,094 65 Total $55,847 37% $46,477 35% $9,370 20% During 2016, cost of subscription and support revenue increased $6.3 million, or 15%, compared to 2015. The increase resulted primarily fromincreases in content delivery network expenses, network hosting service expenses, employee-related expenses, and costs associated with the closure ofcertain facilities of $3.2 million, $2.4 million, $738,000 and $696,000, respectively. There were also increases in bandwidth, third-party softwareintegrated with our service offerings and stock-based compensation expenses of $239,000, $208,000 and $143,000, respectively. These increases werepartially offset by a decrease in depreciation expense of $1.2 million.During 2016, cost of professional services and other revenue increased $3.1 million, or 65%, compared to 2015. The increase resulted primarilyfrom increases in contractor and employee-related expenses of $2.3 million and $605,000, respectively. The increase primarily related to an increase inprofessional services projects in 2016.Gross Profit Year Ended December 31, Change 2016 2015 Gross Profit Amount Percentage ofRelatedRevenue Amount Percentage ofRelatedRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Subscription and support $94,011 66% $89,275 68% $4,736 5% Professional services and other 408 5 (1,046) (28) 1,454 139 Total $94,419 63% $88,229 65% $6,190 7% The overall gross profit percentage was 63% and 65% for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Subscription and supportgross profit increased $4.7 million, or 5%, compared to 2015. Professional services and other gross profit increased $1.5 million, or 139% compared to2015. The increase in the number of professional service engagements has allowed for greater leverage of fixed costs, which has resulted in marginexpansion for this revenue stream. The decrease in subscription and support gross margin is primarily related to additional costs incurred in deliveringour subscription service in addition to the costs incurred to close certain facilities. During 2016 we moved certain operating activities to cloud-basedservices while maintaining existing data centers until the fourth quarter at which time we closed certain facilities and incurred an additional expense of$845,000. We expect to continue to seek opportunities to move operating activities to additional cloud-based services, and as a result, to achieve amoderate increase in subscription and support gross margin. It is likely that gross profit, as a percentage of revenue, will fluctuate quarter by quarterdue to the timing and mix of subscription and support revenue and professional services and other revenue, and the type, timing and duration ofservice required in delivering certain projects. 55Table of ContentsOperating Expenses Year Ended December 31, Change 2016 2015 Operating Expenses Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Research and development $30,171 20% $29,302 22% $869 3% Sales and marketing 54,038 36 45,795 34 8,243 18 General and administrative 19,167 13 19,862 15 (695) (3) Merger-related 21 — 201 — (180) (90) Total $103,397 69% $95,160 71% $8,237 9% Research and Development. During 2016, research and development expense increased by $869,000, or 3%, compared to 2015 primarily due toincreases in employee-related and contractor expenses of $1.1 million and $248,000 respectively. These increases were partially offset by decreases inrent, travel and stock-based compensation expenses of $186,000, $149,000 and $117,000, respectively. In future periods, we expect that our researchand development expense will increase in absolute dollars as we continue to add employees, develop new features and functionality for our products,introduce additional software solutions and expand our product and service offerings.Sales and Marketing. During 2016, sales and marketing expense increased by $8.2 million, or 18%, compared to 2015 primarily due toemployee-related, commission and travel expenses of $4.5 million, $2.2 million and $652,000 respectively. There were also increases in computermaintenance and support, marketing programs and stock-based compensation expenses of $388,000, $364,000 and $165,000, respectively. Theseincreases were partially offset by a decrease in contractor expense of $283,000. We expect that our sales and marketing expense will increase inabsolute dollars along with our revenue, as we continue to expand sales coverage and build brand awareness through what we believe are cost-effectivechannels. We expect that such increases may fluctuate from period to period, however, due to the timing of marketing programs.General and Administrative. During 2016, general and administrative expense decreased by 695,000, or 3%, compared to 2015 primarily due todecreases in outside accounting and legal fees, stock-based compensation expense, bad debt expense, and rent expense of $1.3 million, $229,000,$179,000 and $109,000, respectively. These decreases were offset by increases in employee-related, recruiting and amortization of internal-usesoftware development expenses of $700,000, $247,000 and $165,000, respectively. There were also increases in computer maintenance and supportand commission expenses of $148,000 and $131,000, respectively. In future periods, we expect general and administrative expense will increase inabsolute dollars as we add personnel and incur additional costs related to the growth of our business and operations.Merger-related. During 2016, merger-related expenses decreased $180,000, or 90%, when compared to 2015 primarily due to an $182,000decrease in costs associated with the retention of certain employees of Unicorn. 56Table of ContentsOther Expense, Net Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 Change Other Expense Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Interest income, net $99 — % $6 — % $93 nm% Interest expense (63) — (96) — 33 (34) Other expense, net (634) — (168) — (466) 277 Total $(598) — % $(258) — % $(340) 132% nm – not meaningfulDuring 2016, interest income, net, increased by $93,000 compared to 2015. The increase is primarily due to a higher average cash balance asinterest income is generated from the investment of our cash balances, less related bank fees.The interest expense during 2016 is primarily comprised of interest paid on capital leases and an equipment financing. The increase in otherexpenses, net is primarily due to a gain of $871,000 in 2015 upon the return of shares from escrow in connection with a business combination. Thisincrease is offset in part by a decrease of $413,000 in foreign currency exchange losses that are recorded upon collection of foreign denominatedaccounts receivable.Provision for Income Taxes Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 Change Provision for Income Taxes Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount Percentage ofRevenue Amount % (in thousands, except percentages) Provision for income taxes $410 — % $391 — % $19 5% During 2016 and 2015, the provision for income taxes was primarily comprised of income tax expenses related to foreign jurisdictions.Liquidity and Capital ResourcesIn connection with our initial public offering in February 2012, we received aggregate proceeds of approximately $58.8 million, including theproceeds from the underwriters’ exercise of their overallotment option, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions, but before deducting offeringexpenses of approximately $4.3 million. Prior to our initial public offering, we funded our operations primarily through private placements of preferredand common stock, as well as through borrowings of $7.0 million under our bank credit facilities. In February 2012, we repaid the $7.0 million balanceunder our bank credit facilities. All of the preferred stock was converted into shares of our common stock in connection with our initial public offering. Year Ended December 31, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow Data 2017 2016 2015 (in thousands) Purchases of property and equipment $(1,102) $(1,307) $(1,390) Depreciation and amortization 7,257 7,796 8,687 Cash flows (used in) provided by operating activities (6,441) 11,077 9,081 Cash flows used in investing activities (4,112) (5,293) (2,846) Cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities (544) 3,633 (1,412) 57Table of ContentsCash and cash equivalents.Our cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2017 were held for working capital purposes and were invested primarily in money market funds.We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had $7.8 million and $5.9 million,respectively, of cash and cash equivalents held by subsidiaries in international locations, including subsidiaries located in Japan and the UnitedKingdom. As a result of changes in tax law, these earnings can be repatriated to the United States tax-free but will still be subject to foreignwithholding taxes. The Company is still in the process of analyzing the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on its indefinite reinvestment assertion.We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital and capital expenditure needs over atleast the next 12 months.Accounts receivable, net.Our accounts receivable balance fluctuates from period to period, which affects our cash flow from operating activities. The fluctuations varydepending on the timing of our billing activity, cash collections, and changes to our allowance for doubtful accounts. In many instances we receivecash payment from a customer prior to the time we are able to recognize revenue on a transaction. We record these payments as deferred revenue, whichhas a positive effect on our accounts receivable balances. We use days’ sales outstanding, or DSO, calculated on a quarterly basis, as a measurement ofthe quality and status of our receivables. We define DSO as (a) accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, divided by total revenue forthe most recent quarter, multiplied by (b) the number of days in that quarter. DSO was 59 days at December 31, 2017 and 53 days at December 31,2016.Cash flows (used in) provided by operating activities.Cash used in operating activities consists primarily of net loss adjusted for certain non-cash items including depreciation and amortization,stock-based compensation expense, the provision for bad debts and the effect of changes in working capital and other activities. Cash used inoperating activities during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $6.4 million. The cash flows used in operating activities resulted from net losses of$19.5 million and changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $1.6 million, partially offset by net non-cash charges of $14.7 million. Uses of cashincluded increases in accounts receivable and prepaid expenses of $3.8 million and $1.5 million, respectively, and a decrease in accrued expense of$2.9 million. These outflows were offset in part by increases in deferred revenue and accounts payable of $4.7 million and $1.8 million, respectively.Net non-cash expenses consisted primarily of $7.3 million for depreciation and amortization expense and $7.2 million for stock-based compensationexpense.Cash flows used in investing activities.Cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $4.1 million, consisting primarily of $3.0 million for thecapitalization of internal-use software costs and $1.1 million in capital expenditures to support the business.Cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities.Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $545,000, consisting of payments under capital lease obligation,equipment financing and withholding tax on RSU vesting of $489,000, $307,000 and $269,000, respectively, offset in part by the proceeds receivedon the exercise of common stock options of $520,000. 58Table of ContentsCredit facility borrowings.On November 19, 2015, we entered into an amended and restated loan and security agreement with a lender (the “Loan Agreement”) providingfor up to a $20.0 million asset based line of credit (the “Line of Credit”). Under the Line of Credit, we can borrow up to $20.0 million. Borrowingsunder the Line of Credit are secured by substantially all of our assets, excluding our intellectual property. Outstanding amounts under the Line ofCredit accrue interest at a rate equal to the prime rate or the LIBOR rate plus 2.5%. Under the Loan Agreement, we must comply with certain financialcovenants, including maintaining a minimum asset coverage ratio. If the outstanding principal during any month is at least $15.0 million, theCompany must also maintain a minimum net income threshold based on non-GAAP operating measures. Failure to comply with these covenants, or theoccurrence of an event of default, could permit the Lenders under the Line of Credit to declare all amounts borrowed under the Line of Credit, togetherwith accrued interest and fees, to be immediately due and payable. We were in compliance with all covenants under the Line of Credit as ofDecember 31, 2017.On December 31, 2015, the Company entered into an equipment financing agreement with a lender (the “December 2015 Equipment FinancingAgreement”) to finance the purchase of $604,000 in computer equipment. In February 2016, the Company drew down $604,000 under the December2015 Equipment Financing Agreement, and the liability was recorded at fair value using a market interest rate. The Company repaid its obligation overa two year period through January 2018, and the amount outstanding was $26,000 as of December 31, 2017.Net operating loss carryforwards.As of December 31, 2017, we had federal and state net operating losses of approximately $161.9 million and $66.7 million, respectively, whichare available to offset future taxable income, if any, through 2037. We had federal and state research and development tax credits of $6.1 million and$3.9 million, respectively, which expire in various amounts through 2037. Our net operating loss and tax credit amounts are subject to annuallimitations under Section 382 change of ownership rules of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. We completed an assessment todetermine whether there may have been a Section 382 ownership change and determined that it is more likely than not that our net operating and taxcredit amounts as disclosed are not subject to any material Section 382 limitations.In assessing our ability to utilize our net deferred tax assets, we considered whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of our netdeferred tax assets will not be realized. Based upon the level of our historical U.S. losses and future projections over the period in which the netdeferred tax assets are deductible, at this time, we believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize the benefits of these deductible differences.Accordingly, we have provided a valuation allowance against our U.S. deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.Based upon the level of historical income in Japan and future projections, we believe it is probable that we will realize the benefits of our futuredeductible differences. As such, we have not provided a valuation allowance against out net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. 59Table of ContentsContractual Obligations and CommitmentsOur principal commitments consist primarily of obligations under our leases for our office space and contractual commitments for capital leasesand equipment financing as well as content delivery network services, hosting and other support services. Other than these lease obligations andcontractual commitments, we do not have commercial commitments under lines of credit, standby repurchase obligations or other such debtarrangements. The following table summarizes these contractual obligations at December 31, 2017: Payment Due by Period Total Less than1 Year 1 - 3Years 3 - 5Years More than5 Years Operating lease obligations $29,597 $8,384 $12,155 $6,964 $2,094 Capital lease obligations 231 231 — — — Outstanding purchase obligations 23,829 15,833 7,996 — — Total $53,657 $24,448 $20,151 $6,964 $2,094 Anticipated Cash FlowsWe expect to incur significant operating costs, particularly related to services delivery costs, sales and marketing and research and development,for the foreseeable future in order to execute our business plan. We anticipate that such operating costs, as well as planned capital expenditures willconstitute a material use of our cash resources. As a result, our net cash flows will depend heavily on the level of future sales, changes in deferredrevenue and our ability to manage infrastructure costs.We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditures for at least the next 12months. Our future working capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the rate of our revenue growth, our introduction of newproducts and enhancements, and our expansion of sales and marketing and product development activities. To the extent that our cash and cashequivalents, short and long-term investments and cash flow from operating activities are insufficient to fund our future activities, we may need to raiseadditional funds through bank credit arrangements or public or private equity or debt financings. We also may need to raise additional funds in theevent we determine in the future to acquire businesses, technologies and products that will complement our existing operations. In the event funding isrequired, we may not be able to obtain bank credit arrangements or equity or debt financing on terms acceptable to us or at all.Off-Balance Sheet ArrangementsWe do not have any special purpose entities or off-balance sheet arrangements.Recent Accounting PronouncementsFor information on recent accounting pronouncements, see Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Standards in the notes to the condensedconsolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 7A.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKQuantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market RiskWe have operations both within the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business.These risks include primarily foreign exchange risks, interest rate and inflation. 60Table of ContentsFinancial instrumentsFinancial instruments meeting fair value disclosure requirements consist of cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable. The fairvalue of these financial instruments approximates their carrying amount.Foreign currency exchange riskOur results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in theeuro, British pound, Australian dollar and Japanese yen. Except for revenue transactions in Japan, we enter into transactions directly with substantiallyall of our foreign customers.Percentage of revenues and expenses in foreign currency is as follows: Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Revenues generated in locations outside the United States 45% 42% Revenues in currencies other than the United States dollar (1) 29% 28% Expenses in currencies other than the United States dollar (1) 15% 15% (1)Percentage of revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currency for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016: Twelve Months EndedDecember 31, 2017 Revenues Expenses Euro 6% 1% British pound 7 6 Japanese Yen 11 4 Other 5 4 Total 29% 15% Twelve Months EndedDecember 31, 2016 Revenues Expenses Euro 7% 2% British pound 7 6 Japanese Yen 10 4 Other 4 3 Total 28% 15% As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had $7.3 million and $5.6 million, respectively, of receivables denominated in currencies other than theU.S. dollar. We also maintain cash accounts denominated in currencies other than the local currency, which exposes us to foreign exchange ratemovements.In addition, although our foreign subsidiaries have intercompany accounts that are eliminated upon consolidation, these accounts expose us toforeign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Exchange rate fluctuations on short-term intercompany accounts are recorded in our consolidatedstatements of operations under “other income (expense), net”, while exchange rate fluctuations on long-term intercompany accounts are recorded inour consolidated balance sheets under “accumulated other comprehensive income” in stockholders’ equity, as they are considered part of our netinvestment and hence do not give rise to gains or losses. 61Table of ContentsCurrently, our largest foreign currency exposures are the euro and British pound, primarily because our European operations have a higherproportion of our local currency denominated expenses. Relative to foreign currency exposures existing at December 31, 2017, a 10% unfavorablemovement in foreign currency exchange rates would expose us to significant losses in earnings or cash flows or significantly diminish the fair value ofour foreign currency financial instruments. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we estimated that a 10% unfavorable movement in foreign currencyexchange rates would have decreased revenues by $4.5 million, decreased expenses by $2.6 million and decreased operating income by $1.9 million.The estimates used assume that all currencies move in the same direction at the same time and the ratio of non-U.S. dollar denominated revenue andexpenses to U.S. dollar denominated revenue and expenses does not change from current levels. Since a portion of our revenue is deferred revenue thatis recorded at different foreign currency exchange rates, the impact to revenue of a change in foreign currency exchange rates is recognized over time,and the impact to expenses is more immediate, as expenses are recognized at the current foreign currency exchange rate in effect at the time theexpense is incurred. All of the potential changes noted above are based on sensitivity analyses performed on our financial results as of December 31,2017 and 2016.Interest rate riskWe had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents totaling $26.1 million at December 31, 2017. Cash and cash equivalents were invested primarilyin money market funds and are held for working capital purposes. We do not use derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio. Declinesin interest rates, however, would reduce future interest income. We incurred $26,000 and $63,000 of interest expense during the years endedDecember 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to interest paid on capital leases and an equipment financing. While we continue to incur interestexpense in connection with our capital leases and equipment financing, the interest expense is fixed and not subject to changes in market interest rates.In the event that we borrow under our line of credit, which bears interest at the prime rate or the LIBOR rate plus the LIBOR rate margin, the relatedinterest expense recorded would be subject to changes in the rate of interest.Inflation riskWe do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If our costs were to becomesubject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to doso could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. 62Table of ContentsItem 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary DataBrightcove Inc.Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Page No. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F-1 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 F-2 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 F-3 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 F-4 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 F-5 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 F-6 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-7 63Table of ContentsReport of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmTo the Shareholders and theBoard of Directors of Brightcove Inc.Opinion on the Financial StatementsWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Brightcove Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the relatedconsolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period endedDecember 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidatedfinancial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of itsoperations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accountingprinciples.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’sinternal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by theCommittee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 28, 2018 expressed anunqualified opinion thereon.Basis for OpinionThese financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’sfinancial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respectto the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and ExchangeCommission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtainreasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits includedperforming procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing proceduresthat respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financialstatements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluatingthe overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion./s/ Ernst & Young LLPWe have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010.Boston, MassachusettsFebruary 28, 2018 F-1Table of ContentsBrightcove Inc.Consolidated Balance Sheets December 31, 2017 2016 (in thousands, except shareand per share data) Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $26,132 $36,813 Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $146 and $154 at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016,respectively 25,236 21,575 Prepaid expenses 3,991 3,729 Other current assets 3,045 2,168 Total current assets 58,404 64,285 Property and equipment, net 9,143 9,264 Intangible assets, net 8,236 10,970 Goodwill 50,776 50,776 Deferred tax asset 87 121 Other assets 969 1,008 Total assets $127,615 $136,424 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable $6,142 $5,327 Accrued expenses 13,621 15,705 Capital lease liability 228 489 Equipment financing 26 307 Deferred revenue 39,370 34,665 Total current liabilities 59,387 56,493 Deferred revenue, net of current portion 244 91 Other liabilities 1,228 1,644 Total liabilities 60,859 58,228 Commitments and contingencies (Note 5) Stockholders’ equity: Undesignated preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued — — Common stock, $0.001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 34,933,408 and 34,143,148 shares issued atDecember 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively 35 34 Additional paid-in capital 238,700 230,788 Treasury stock, at cost; 135,000 shares (871) (871) Accumulated other comprehensive loss (809) (1,172) Accumulated deficit (170,299) (150,583) Total stockholders’ equity 66,756 78,196 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $127,615 $136,424 See accompanying notes. F-2Table of ContentsBrightcove Inc.Consolidated Statements of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in thousands, except per share data) Revenue: Subscription and support revenue $143,159 $142,022 $131,010 Professional services and other revenue 12,754 8,244 3,696 Total revenue 155,913 150,266 134,706 Cost of revenue: (1) (2) Cost of subscription and support revenue 50,664 48,011 41,735 Cost of professional services and other revenue 13,954 7,836 4,742 Total cost of revenue 64,618 55,847 46,477 Gross profit 91,295 94,419 88,229 Operating expenses: (1) (2) Research and development 31,850 30,171 29,302 Sales and marketing 57,294 54,038 45,795 General and administrative 21,847 19,167 19,862 Merger-related — 21 201 Total operating expenses 110,991 103,397 95,160 Loss from operations (19,696) (8,978) (6,931) Other income (expense): Interest income 124 99 6 Interest expense (26) (63) (96) Other income (expense), net 449 (634) (168) Total other income (expense), net 547 (598) (258) Loss before income taxes (19,149) (9,576) (7,189) Provision for income taxes 370 410 391 Net loss $(19,519) $(9,986) $(7,580) Net loss per share — basic and diluted $(0.57) $(0.30) $(0.23) Weighted-average number of common shares used in computing net loss per share — basic and diluted 34,376 33,189 32,598 (1)   Stock-based compensation included in above line items: Cost of subscription and support revenue $439 $324 $181 Cost of professional services and other revenue 251 217 181 Research and development 1,563 1,275 1,392 Sales and marketing 2,750 2,320 2,155 General and administrative 2,240 1,876 2,105 (2)   Amortization of acquired intangible assets included in above line items: Cost of subscription and support revenue $2,031 $2,031 $2,031 Research and development 11 126 126 Sales and marketing 692 959 955 See accompanying notes. F-3Table of ContentsBrightcove Inc.Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in thousands) Net loss $(19,519) $(9,986) $(7,580) Other comprehensive (loss) income: Foreign currency translation adjustments 363 (284) (112) Comprehensive loss $(19,156) $(10,270) $(7,692) See accompanying notes. F-4Table of ContentsBrightcove Inc.Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity(in thousands, except share data) AdditionalPaid-inCapital AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncome AccumulatedDeficit TotalStockholders’Equity Common Stock Treasury Stock Shares Par Value Shares Value Balance at December 31, 2014 32,424,554 $32 $214,524 — $— $(776) $(133,017) $80,763 Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options 58,449 — 129 — — — — 129 Issuance of common stock pursuant to restricted stockunits 327,628 1 — — — — — 1 Return of common stock issued pursuant to settlementagreement — — (135,000) (871) — — (871) Withholding tax on restricted stock units vesting — — (209) — — — — (209) Stock-based compensation expense — — 6,014 — — — — 6,014 Foreign currency translation adjustment — — — — — (112) — (112) Net loss — — — — — — (7,580) (7,580) Balance at December 31, 2015 32,810,631 33 220,458 (135,000) (871) (888) (140,597) 78,135 Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options 886,085 1 4,554 — — — — 4,555 Issuance of common stock pursuant to restricted stockunits 425,904 — — — — — — — Withholding tax on restricted stock units vesting — — (405) — — — — (405) Stock-based compensation expense — — 6,181 — — — — 6,181 Issuance of common stock upon net exercise of stockwarrants 20,528 — Foreign currency translation adjustment — — — — — (284) — (284) Net loss — — — — — — (9,986) (9,986) Balance at December 31, 2016 34,143,148 34 230,788 (135,000) (871) (1,172) (150,583) 78,196 Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options 229,127 — 520 — — — — 520 Issuance of common stock pursuant to restricted stockunits 561,133 1 (1) — — — — — Withholding tax on restricted stock units vesting — — (268) — — — — (268) Stock-based compensation expense — — 7,464 — — — — 7,464 Impact of adoption of ASU 2016-09 as of January 1,2017 — — 197 — — — (197) — Foreign currency translation adjustment — — — — — 363 — 363 Net loss — — — — — — (19,519) (19,519) Balance at December 31, 2017 34,933,408 $35 $238,700 (135,000) $(871) $(809) $(170,299) $66,756 F-5Table of ContentsBrightcove Inc.Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (in thousands) Operating activities Net loss $(19,519) $(9,986) $(7,580) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 7,257 7,796 8,687 Stock-based compensation 7,243 6,012 6,014 Deferred income taxes 38 (47) (27) Provision for reserves on accounts receivable 203 230 408 Loss on disposal of equipment — 155 68 Gain from settlement of escrow claim — — (871) Changes in assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable (3,811) (559) (157) Prepaid expenses and other current assets (1,484) (894) 680 Other assets 56 (299) (256) Accounts payable 1,758 733 1,751 Accrued expenses (2,930) 3,172 137 Deferred revenue 4,748 4,764 227 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities (6,441) 11,077 9,081 Investing activities Cash paid for purchase of intangible asset — (300) — Purchases of property and equipment, net of returns (Note 2) (1,102) (1,307) (1,390) Capitalized internal-use software costs (3,010) (3,887) (1,456) Decrease in restricted cash — 201 — Net cash used in investing activities (4,112) (5,293) (2,846) Financing activities Proceeds from exercise of stock options 520 4,555 129 Payments of withholding tax on RSU vesting (268) (405) (209) Proceeds from equipment financing — 604 1,704 Payments on equipment financing (Note 8) (307) (271) (1,704) Payments under capital lease obligation (489) (850) (1,332) Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (544) 3,633 (1,412) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 416 (241) (102) Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents (10,681) 9,176 4,721 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 36,813 27,637 22,916 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $26,132 $36,813 $27,637 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Cash paid for income taxes $500 $351 $263 Cash paid for interest $26 $63 $96 Supplemental disclosure of non-cash operating activities Capitalization of stock-based compensation related to internal use software $221 $169 $— Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities Unpaid internal-use software costs $28 $20 $38 Unpaid purchases of property and equipment $138 $83 $1,177 See accompanying notes. F-6Table of ContentsBrightcove Inc.Notes to Consolidated Financial StatementsYears Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015(in thousands, except share and per share data, unless otherwise noted)1. Business DescriptionBrightcove Inc. (the Company) is a leading global provider of cloud services for video which enable its customers to publish and distribute videoto Internet-connected devices quickly, easily and in a cost-effective and high-quality manner.The Company is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts and was incorporated in the state of Delaware on August 24, 2004. At December 31,2017, the Company had nine wholly-owned subsidiaries: Brightcove UK Ltd, Brightcove Singapore Pte. Ltd., Brightcove Korea, Brightcove AustraliaPty Ltd, Brightcove Holdings, Inc., Brightcove Kabushiki Kaisha (Brightcove KK), Zencoder Inc. (Zencoder), Brightcove FZ-LLC, and CactiAcquisition LLC.2. Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesThe accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect the application of certain significant accounting policies as described below andelsewhere in these notes to the consolidated financial statements.The Company believes that a significant accounting policy is one that is both important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial conditionand results, and requires management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, often as the result of the need to make estimates about theeffect of matters that are inherently uncertain.Basis of PresentationThe accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in theUnited States of America (GAAP). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative United States generallyaccepted accounting principles as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) and Accounting Standards Update (ASU) of the FinancialAccounting Standards Board (FASB).Use of Estimates and UncertaintiesThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect thereported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reportedamounts expensed during the reporting period.Significant estimates relied upon in preparing these consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition and revenue reserves,allowances for doubtful accounts, contingent liabilities, the expensing and capitalization of research and development costs for internal-use software,intangible asset valuations, amortization periods, expected future cash flows used to evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets, the determinationof the fair value of stock awards issued, stock-based compensation expense, and the recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and relatedvaluation allowance.Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates arerecorded in the period in which they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that itbelieves to be reasonable under the F-7Table of Contentscircumstances. Actual results may differ from management’s estimates if these results differ from historical experience, or other assumptions do not turnout to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made.The Company is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties common to companies in similar industries and stages of development including,but not limited to, rapid technological changes, competition from substitute products and services from larger companies, customer concentration,management of international activities, protection of proprietary rights, patent litigation, and dependence on key individuals.Principles of ConsolidationThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompanybalances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.Subsequent Events ConsiderationsThe Company considers events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but prior to the issuance of the financial statements toprovide additional evidence for certain estimates or to identify matters that require additional disclosure. Subsequent events have been evaluated asrequired. The Company has evaluated all subsequent events and determined that there are no material recognized or unrecognized subsequent events.Foreign Currency TranslationThe reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries is the local currency ofeach subsidiary. All assets and liabilities in the balance sheets of entities whose functional currency is a currency other than the U.S. dollar aretranslated into U.S. dollar equivalents at exchange rates as follows: (1) asset and liability accounts at period-end rates, (2) income statement accounts atweighted-average exchange rates for the period, and (3) stockholders’ equity accounts at historical exchange rates. The resulting translationadjustments are excluded from income (loss) and reflected as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains andlosses are included in net loss for the period. The Company may periodically have certain intercompany foreign currency transactions that are deemedto be of a long-term investment nature; exchange adjustments related to those transactions are made directly to a separate component of stockholders’equity.Cash and Cash EquivalentsThe Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cashequivalents. Management determines the appropriate classification of investments at the time of purchase, and re-evaluates such determination at eachbalance sheet date. The Company did not have any short-term or long-term investments at December 31, 2017 or 2016.Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash on deposit with banks and amounts held in interest-bearing money market accounts. Cashequivalents are carried at cost, which approximates their fair market value. F-8Table of ContentsCash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 consist of the following: December 31, 2017 Description ContractedMaturity Amortized Cost Fair MarketValue Balance PerBalanceSheet Cash Demand $17,972 $17,972 $17,972 Money market funds Demand 8,160 8,160 8,160 Total cash and cash equivalents $26,132 $26,132 $26,132 December 31, 2016 Description ContractedMaturity Amortized Cost Fair MarketValue Balance PerBalanceSheet Cash Demand $23,942 $23,942 $23,942 Money market funds Demand 12,871 12,871 12,871 Total cash and cash equivalents $36,813 $36,813 $36,813 Disclosure of Fair Value of Financial InstrumentsThe carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, which include cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable,accrued expenses, capital lease liabilities and equipment financing, approximated their fair values at December 31, 2017 and 2016, due to the short-term nature of these instruments.The Company has evaluated the estimated fair value of financial instruments using available market information and management’s estimates.The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies could have a significant impact on the estimated fair value amounts. SeeNote 4 for further discussion.Revenue RecognitionThe Company primarily derives revenue from the sale of its online video platform, which enables its customers to publish and distribute video toInternet-connected devices quickly, easily and in a cost-effective and high-quality manner. Revenue is derived from three primary sources: (1) thesubscription to its technology and related support; (2) hosting, bandwidth and encoding services; and (3) professional services, which includeinitiation, set-up and customization services.The Company recognizes revenue when all of the following conditions are satisfied: (1) there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement; (2) theservice has been provided to the customer; (3) the collection of fees is probable; and (4) the amount of fees to be paid by the customer is fixed ordeterminable.The Company’s subscription arrangements provide customers the right to access its hosted software applications. Customers do not have theright to take possession of the Company’s software during the hosting arrangement. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue in accordance withASC 605, Revenue Recognition. Contracts for premium customers generally have a term of one year and are non-cancellable. These contracts generallyprovide the customer with a maximum annual level of usage, and provide the rate at which the customer must pay for actual usage above the annualallowable usage. For these services, the Company recognizes the annual fee ratably as revenue each month. Should a customer’s usage of theCompany’s services exceed the annual allowable level, revenue is recognized for such excess in the period of the usage. Contracts for volumecustomers are generally month-to-month arrangements, have a maximum monthly level of usage and provide the rate at which the customer must payfor actual usage above the monthly allowable usage. The monthly volume subscription and support and usage fees are recognized as revenue duringthe period in which the related cash is collected. F-9Table of ContentsRevenue recognition commences upon the later of when the application is placed in a production environment, or when all revenue recognitioncriteria have been met.Professional services and other revenue sold on a stand-alone basis are recognized as the services are performed, subject to any refund or otherobligation.Deferred revenue includes amounts billed to customers for which revenue has not been recognized, and primarily consists of the unearnedportion of annual software subscription and support fees, and deferred professional service fees.Revenue is presented net of any taxes collected from customers.Multiple-Element ArrangementsThe Company periodically enters into multiple-element service arrangements that include platform subscription fees, support fees, and, in certaincases, other professional services.The Company assesses arrangements with multiple deliverables under ASU No. 2009-13, Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangements — a Consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force, which amended the previous multiple-elementarrangements accounting guidance. Pursuant to ASU 2009-13, objective and reliable evidence of fair value of the undelivered elements is no longerrequired in order to account for deliverables in a multiple-element arrangement separately. Instead, arrangement consideration is allocated todeliverables based on their relative selling price. The guidance also eliminated the use of the residual method.In order to treat deliverables in a multiple-element arrangement as separate units of accounting, the deliverables must have stand-alone valueupon delivery. If the deliverables have stand-alone value upon delivery, the Company accounts for each deliverable separately. Subscription serviceshave stand-alone value as such services are often sold separately. In determining whether professional services have stand-alone value, the Companyconsiders the following factors for each professional services agreement: availability of the services from other vendors, the nature of the professionalservices, the timing of when the professional services contract was signed in comparison to the subscription service start date, and the contractualdependence of the subscription service on the customer’s satisfaction with the professional services work. To date, the Company has concluded that allof the professional services included in multiple-element arrangements executed have stand-alone value.When multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separated into different units of accounting, the arrangement consideration isallocated to the identified separate units based on a relative selling price hierarchy. The Company determines the relative selling price for a deliverablebased on its vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value (VSOE), if available, or its best estimate of selling price (BESP), if VSOE is not available.The Company has determined that third-party evidence of selling price (TPE) is not a practical alternative due to differences in its service offeringscompared to other parties and the availability of relevant third-party pricing information. The amount of revenue allocated to delivered items is limitedby contingent revenue, if any.The Company has not established VSOE for its offerings due to the lack of pricing consistency, the introduction of new services and otherfactors. Accordingly, the Company uses its BESP to determine the relative selling price. The Company determines BESP by considering its overallpricing objectives and market conditions. Significant pricing practices taken into consideration include the Company’s discounting practices, the sizeand volume of the Company’s transactions, the geographic area where services are sold, price lists, historical contractually stated prices and priorrelationships and future subscription service sales with certain classes of customers. F-10Table of ContentsThe determination of BESP is made through consultation with and approval by the Company’s management, taking into consideration thego-to-market strategy. As the Company’s go-to-market strategies evolve, the Company may modify its pricing practices in the future, which couldresult in changes in selling prices, including both VSOE and BESP. The Company analyzes the selling prices used in its allocation of arrangementconsideration, at a minimum, on an annual basis. Selling prices are analyzed on a more frequent basis if a significant change in the Company’s businessnecessitates a more timely analysis or if the Company experiences significant variances in its selling prices.Cost of RevenueCost of revenue primarily consists of costs related to supporting and hosting the Company’s product offerings and delivering professionalservices. These costs include salaries, benefits, incentive compensation and stock-based compensation expense related to the management of theCompany’s data centers, customer support team and the Company’s professional services staff, in addition to third-party service provider costs such asdata center and networking expenses, allocated overhead, amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs and intangible assetsand depreciation expense.Allowance for Doubtful AccountsThe Company offsets gross trade accounts receivable with an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is theCompany’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company’s existing accounts receivable and is based upon historical losspatterns, the number of days that billings are past due, and an evaluation of the potential risk of loss associated with specific accounts. Accountbalances are charged against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.Provisions for allowances for doubtful accounts are recorded in general and administrative expense.Below is a summary of the changes in the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015: Balance atBeginningof Period Provision Write-offs Balance atEnd ofPeriod Year ended December 31, 2017 $154 $203 $(211) $146 Year ended December 31, 2016 332 230 (408) 154 Year ended December 31, 2015 181 408 (257) 332 Off-Balance Sheet Risk and Concentration of Credit RiskThe Company has no significant off-balance sheet risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedgingarrangements. Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalentsand trade accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents principally with accredited financial institutions of high creditstanding. Although the Company deposits its cash with multiple financial institutions, its deposits, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. TheCompany routinely assesses the creditworthiness of its customers. The Company generally has not experienced any material losses related toreceivables from individual customers, or groups of customers. The Company does not require collateral. Due to these factors, no additional credit riskbeyond amounts provided for collection losses is believed by management to be probable in the Company’s accounts receivable.For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, no individual customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenue. F-11Table of ContentsAs of December 31, 2017 and 2016, no individual customer accounted for more than 10% of net accounts receivable.Concentration of Other RisksThe Company is dependent on certain content delivery network providers who provide digital media delivery functionality enabling theCompany’s on-demand application service to function as intended for the Company’s customers and ultimate end-users. The disruption of theseservices could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial position, and results of operations.Software Development CostsCosts incurred to develop software applications used in the Company’s on-demand application services consist of (a) certain external direct costsof materials and services incurred in developing or obtaining internal-use computer software, and (b) payroll and payroll-related costs for employeeswho are directly associated with, and who devote time to, the project. These costs generally consist of internal labor during configuration, coding, andtesting activities. Research and development costs incurred during the preliminary project stage or costs incurred for data conversion activities,training, maintenance and general and administrative or overhead costs are expensed as incurred. Capitalization begins when the preliminary projectstage is complete, management, with the relevant authority, authorizes and commits to the funding of the software project, it is probable the projectwill be completed, the software will be used to perform the functions intended and certain functional and quality standards have been met. Qualifiedcosts incurred during the operating stage of the Company’s software applications relating to upgrades and enhancements are capitalized to the extent itis probable that they will result in added functionality, while costs that cannot be separated between maintenance of, and minor upgrades andenhancements to, internal-use software are expensed as incurred. These capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected usefullife of the software, which is estimated to be three years. Capitalized internal-use software development costs are classified as “Software” within“Property and Equipment, net” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company capitalized $3,239, $4,038 and $1,488, respectively, of internal-usesoftware development costs. The Company recorded amortization expense associated with its capitalized internal-use software development costs of$1,867, $690 and $469 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.Property and EquipmentProperty and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Leaseholdimprovements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the related asset. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assetsdisposed of, and the related accumulated depreciation, are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is included in the determinationof net income or loss in the period of retirement. F-12Table of ContentsProperty and equipment consists of the following: Estimated Useful Life(in Years) December 31, 2017 2016 Computer equipment 3 17,157 $18,750 Software 3 - 6 17,996 14,648 Furniture and fixtures 5 2,396 1,995 Leasehold improvements Shorter of leaseterm or theestimated useful life 1,366 1,202 38,915 36,595 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization 29,772 27,331 $9,143 $9,264 Depreciation and amortization expense, which includes amortization expense associated with capitalized internal-use software developmentcosts, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $4,523, $4,860 and $5,575, respectively.Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, whereas major improvements are capitalized as additions toproperty and equipment.On December 31, 2015, the Company entered into an equipment financing agreement with a lender (the “December 2015 Equipment FinancingAgreement”) to finance the purchase of $604 in computer equipment. In February 2016, the Company drew down $604 under the December 2015Equipment Financing Agreement. Refer to Note 8 for a discussion of the equipment financing.On December 31, 2016, the Company disposed of a cost value of $1.9 million in computer equipment in connection with the closure of certainfacilities for the purpose of consolidating its data centers. The Company recorded cost of revenue of $845, of which $695 represented the settlementamount due upon signing a termination agreement relating to the facilities and $150 represented a loss on disposal of assets in connection with theclosure of the facilities.Long-Lived AssetsThe Company reviews long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstancesindicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. During this review, the Company re-evaluates the significant assumptions used indetermining the original cost and estimated lives of long-lived assets. Although the assumptions may vary from asset to asset, they generally includeoperating results, changes in the use of the asset, cash flows, and other indicators of value. Management then determines whether the remaining usefullife continues to be appropriate, or whether there has been an impairment of long-lived assets based primarily upon whether expected futureundiscounted cash flows are sufficient to support the assets’ recovery. If impairment exists, the Company adjusts the carrying value of the asset to fairvalue, generally determined by a discounted cash flow analysis.For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company has not identified any impairment of its long-lived assets.Business CombinationsThe Company records tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations under the purchase method ofaccounting. Amounts paid for each acquisition are allocated to the F-13Table of Contentsassets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. The Company then allocates the purchase price in excess ofnet tangible assets acquired to identifiable intangible assets based on detailed valuations that use information and assumptions provided bymanagement. Any excess purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed is allocated togoodwill. If the fair value of the assets acquired exceeds the purchase price, the excess is recognized as a gain.Significant management judgments and assumptions are required in determining the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities, particularlyacquired intangible assets. The valuation of purchased intangible assets is based upon estimates of the future performance and cash flows from theacquired business. Each asset is measured at fair value from the perspective of a market participant.If different assumptions are used, it could materially impact the purchase price allocation and adversely affect our results of operations, financialcondition and cash flows.Intangible Assets and GoodwillIntangible assets that have finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives based on the pattern of consumption of the economicbenefit or, if that pattern cannot be readily determined, on a straight-line basis and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes incircumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, as discussed above.Goodwill is not amortized, but is evaluated for impairment annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carryingvalue may not be recoverable.In assessing the recoverability of goodwill, the Company must make assumptions regarding the estimated future cash flows, and other factors, todetermine the fair value of these assets. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, the Company may be required to recordimpairment charges against these assets in the reporting period in which the impairment is determined. The Company has determined, based on itsorganizational structure, that it had one reporting unit as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.For goodwill, the impairment evaluation includes a comparison of the carrying value of the reporting unit to the fair value of the reporting unit. Ifthe reporting unit’s estimated fair value exceeds the reporting unit’s carrying value, no impairment of goodwill exists. If the fair value of the reportingunit does not exceed its carrying value, then further analysis would be required to determine the amount of the impairment, if any.In accordance with ASU No. 2011-08, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) Testing Goodwill for Impairment, the Company has theoption to assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than notthat the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. Based on the resultsof the qualitative review of goodwill performed as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company did not identify any indicators of impairment. Assuch, the two-phase process described above was not necessary.Comprehensive Income (Loss)Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions, other events, andcircumstances from non-owner sources. Accumulated other comprehensive loss is presented separately on the consolidated balance sheets and consistsentirely of cumulative foreign translation adjustments as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.Net Loss per ShareThe Company calculates basic and diluted net loss per common share by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of commonshares outstanding during the period. The Company has excluded (a) all F-14Table of Contentsunvested restricted shares that are subject to repurchase and (b) the Company’s other potentially dilutive shares, which include warrants to purchasecommon stock and outstanding common stock options and unvested restricted stock units, from the weighted-average number of common sharesoutstanding as their inclusion in the computation for all periods would be anti-dilutive due to net losses incurred.The following potentially dilutive common shares have been excluded from the computation of dilutive net loss per share as of December 31,2017, 2016 and 2015, as their effect would have been antidilutive: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Options outstanding 4,127 4,291 4,139 Restricted stock units outstanding 2,050 1,668 1,043 Warrants — 19 28 Income TaxesThe Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilitiesare recognized based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using statutory rates. Inaddition, this method requires a valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not thatsome or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions recognized in the consolidated financial statements by prescribing a more-likely-than-notthreshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Interest and penalties, ifapplicable, related to uncertain tax positions would be recognized as a component of income tax expense. The Company has no recorded liabilities foruncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2017 or 2016.Stock-Based CompensationAt December 31, 2017, the Company had four stock-based compensation plans, which are more fully described in Note 6.For stock options issued under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans, the fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date ofgrant. For service-based options, the Company recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award.For restricted stock units issued under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans, the fair value of each grant is calculated based on theCompany’s stock price on the date of grant.The fair value of each option grant issued under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The expected volatility of options granted has been determined using a weighted-average of the historical volatility measures of a peergroup of companies that issued options with substantially similar terms as well as the historical volatility of the Company’s own common stock. Theexpected life of options has been determined utilizing the “simplified method”. The simplified method is based on the average of the vesting tranchesand the contractual life of each grant. The risk-free interest rate is based on a treasury instrument whose term is consistent with the expected life of thestock options. The Company has not paid, and does not anticipate paying, cash dividends on its common stock; therefore, the expected dividend yieldis assumed to be zero. F-15Table of ContentsThe weighted-average fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, was $3.08, $4.01 and $3.10 pershare, respectively. The weighted-average assumptions utilized to determine such values are presented in the following table: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Risk-free interest rate 2.08% 1.75% 1.96% Expected volatility 42% 45% 46% Expected life (in years) 6.1 6.2 6.2 Expected dividend yield — — — For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, total stock-based compensation expense was $7,243, $6,012 and $6,014, respectively.As of December 31, 2017, there was $18,232 of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock based awards that is expected tobe recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.06 years.In July 2017, the Company entered into a separation agreement with its former Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), which accelerated the vestingschedule of certain existing stock-based awards held by the CEO. The incremental stock-based compensation expense as a result of the modification ofthese stock-based awards was $186 for the year ended December 31, 2017. Further, the vesting schedule of certain other stock-based awards held by theCEO accelerates upon a change in control of the Company on or prior to December 31, 2017, which would result in an additional $220 of stock-basedcompensation expense upon such change in control. As there was not a change in control of the Company, the additional stock-based compensationwas not recognized.On January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09. ASU 2016-09 identifies areas for simplification involving several aspects ofaccounting for share based payments, including income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, an option to make apolicy election to recognize gross share based compensation expense with actual forfeitures recognized as they occur as well as certain classificationchanges on the statement of cash flows. In connection with the adoption of this standard, the Company changed its accounting policy to record actualforfeitures as they occur, rather than estimating forfeitures by applying a forfeiture rate. As this policy change was applied prospectively, prior periodshave not been adjusted. The Company recorded a cumulative effect adjustment in the three months ended March 31, 2017, which increasedaccumulated deficit and additional paid-in-capital by $197.Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-09 on January 1, 2017, the Company estimated forfeitures at the time of grant and revised those estimates insubsequent periods if actual forfeitures differed from estimates. The Company used historical data to estimate pre-vesting option forfeitures to theextent that actual forfeitures differed from our estimates, and the difference was recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period the estimates wererevised. Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated financial statements is based on awards that are ultimately expected tovest. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company applied an estimated forfeiture rate of approximately 17%, and 17%,respectively.The Company accounts for transactions in which services are received from non-employees in exchange for equity instruments based on the fairvalue of such services received, or of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measured. The Company determines the total stock-based compensation expense related to non-employee awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Additionally, in accordance with ASC505, Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees, the Company accounts for awards to non-employees prospectively, such that the fair value of theawards is remeasured at each reporting date until the earlier of (a) the performance commitment date or (b) the date the services required under thearrangement have been completed.For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, stock-based compensation expense for stock options granted to non-employees in theaccompanying consolidated statements of operations was not material. F-16Table of ContentsSee Note 6 for a summary of the stock option and restricted stock activity under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans for the yearended December 31, 2017.Advertising CostsAdvertising costs are charged to operations as incurred. The Company incurred advertising costs of $2,485, $2,137 and $2,081 for the yearsended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.Recent Accounting PronouncementsRevenue RecognitionIn May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic606), which modifies how all entities recognize revenue, and consolidates into one ASC Topic (ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts withCustomers) (“ASC 606”), the current guidance found in ASC Topic 605, and various other revenue accounting standards for specialized transactionsand industries. ASC 606 outlines a comprehensive five-step revenue recognition model based on the principle that an entity should recognize revenueto depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitledin exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 may be applied using either a full retrospective approach, under which all years included in thefinancial statements will be presented under the revised guidance, or a modified retrospective approach, under which financial statements will beprepared under the revised guidance for the year of adoption, but not for prior years. Under the latter method, entities will recognize acumulative catch-up adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at the effective date for contracts that still require performance by theentity at the date of adoption. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral ofEffective Date, which defers the effective date of ASC 606 by one year. ASC 606 is now effective for annual reporting periods beginning afterDecember 15, 2017, including interim periods within those annual reporting periods.The Company will adopt ASC 606 on January 1, 2018. The Company has elected to apply the modified retrospective method of adoption. Theadoption of ASC 606 is expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In addition to the enhanced footnotedisclosures related to customer contracts, the Company anticipates that the most significant impact of the new standard will relate to variableconsideration and costs to obtain a contract. In order to complete this assessment, the Company is continuing to update and enhance its internalaccounting systems and internal controls over financial reporting.Variable ConsiderationContracts for premium customers generally provide the customer with a maximum annual level of entitlements and provide the rate at which thecustomer must pay for actual usage above the annual entitlement allowance. Under ASC 605, if usage exceeds the annual allowance level for aparticular customer arrangement, the associated revenue is recognized in the period that the additional usage occurs. Under ASC 606, when thetransaction price includes a variable amount, an entity is required to estimate the consideration that is expected to be received for a particular customerarrangement. The Company will evaluate variable consideration for usage based fees at contract inception and re-evaluate quarterly over the course ofthe contract. Specifically, the Company will estimate the revenue pertaining to a customer’s usage that is expected to exceed the annual entitlementallowance and allocate such revenue to the distinct service within the related contract that gives rise to the variable payment. Estimates of variableconsideration relating to customer usage should not include amounts for which it is probable that a significant reversal will occur. Determining theamount of variable consideration to recognize as revenue involves significant judgment on the part of management and it is possible that actualrevenue will deviate from estimates over the course of a customer’s committed contract term. The Company has not yet completed its assessment ofvariable consideration relating to customer usage under ASC 606 and is still evaluating the impact on its results of operations. However, theCompany’s preliminary assessment is that there will be a material impact to retained earnings upon adoption. F-17Table of ContentsCosts to Obtain a ContractCommissions are paid to internal sales representatives as compensation for obtaining contracts. Under ASC 606, the Company will capitalizecommissions that are incremental as a result of costs incurred to obtain a customer contract if those costs are not within the scope of another topicwithin the accounting literature and meet the specified criteria. Assets recognized for costs to obtain a contract will be amortized over the period ofperformance for the underlying customer contracts. The commission expense on contracts with new customers was previously recorded over therespective contract term. Under ASC 606, the commission expense on contracts with new customers will be recorded over the average life of a customergiven the commission amount associated with sales to new customers is not commensurate with the commission amount associated with the contractrenewal for those same customers. The commission amount associated with the renewal of a contract in addition to any related incremental sale waspreviously recorded as expense in the quarter the commission was earned; however, under ASC 606 these commission amounts will be recorded asexpense over the term of the renewed contract. These assets will be periodically assessed for impairment. The Company has not yet completed itsassessment of costs to obtain a contract under ASC 606 and is still evaluating the impact on its results of operations. However, the Company’spreliminary assessment is that there will be a material impact to retained earnings upon adoption.Other Recent Accounting PronouncementsIn February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), Amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification, whichreplaces the existing guidance for leases. ASU 2016-02 requires the identification of arrangements that should be accounted for as leases by lessees. Ingeneral, lease arrangements exceeding a twelve month term must now be recognized as assets and liabilities on the balance sheet of the lessee. UnderASU 2016-02, a right-of-use asset and lease obligation will be recorded for all leases, whether operating or financing, while the income statement willreflect lease expense for operating leases and amortization/interest expense for financing leases. The balance sheet amount recorded for existing leasesat the date of adoption of ASU 2016-02 must be calculated using the applicable incremental borrowing rate at the date of adoption. In addition,ASU 2016-02 requires the use of the modified retrospective method, which will require adjustment to all comparative periods presented in theconsolidated financial statements. This guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and requiresretrospective application. The Company is currently assessing the impact that adopting ASU 2016-02 will have on its consolidated financialstatements and related disclosures.In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and CashPayments, which reduces the diversity in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 is effective for publiccompanies for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance requires application using aretrospective transition method. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financialstatements or disclosures.In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, which requires an entity to reconcileand explain the period-over-period change in total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash within its statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 iseffective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. A reporting entity must apply theamendments in ASU 2016-18 using a full retrospective approach. The adoption of ASU 2016-18 is not expected to have a material effect on theCompany’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures.In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.The updated guidance eliminates Step 2 of the impairment test, which requires entities to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure agoodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over F-18Table of Contentsits fair value, determined in Step 1. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption ispermitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company does not plan to early adoptASU 2017-04, and the Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and relateddisclosures.In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, whichclarifies when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as modifications. ASU 2017-09 will reducediversity in practice and result in fewer changes to the terms of an award being accounted for as modifications. Under ASU 2017-09, an entity will notapply modification accounting to a share-based payment award if the award’s fair value, vesting conditions and classification as an equity or liabilityinstrument are the same immediately before and after the change. ASU 2017-09 will be applied prospectively to awards modified on or after theadoption date. The guidance is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. TheCompany has adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2018 and does not expect this new guidance to have a material impact on the Company’sconsolidated financial statements.On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was enacted in the United States. The Act reduces the U.S. federal corporate taxrate from 34% to 21%, requires companies to pay a one-time transition tax on earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries that were previously tax deferredand creates new taxes on certain foreign sourced earnings. In December 2017, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) issued guidance underStaff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“SAB 118”) directing taxpayers to consider theimpact of the U.S. legislation as “provisional” when it does not have the necessary information available, prepared or analyzed (includingcomputations) in reasonable detail to complete its accounting for the change in tax law. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had not yet completedits accounting for all of the tax effects of the enactment of the Act; however, the Company has made a reasonable estimate of the effects on our existingdeferred tax balances and one-time transition tax. Refer to Note 7, Income Taxes, for additional information regarding this new tax legislation.In addition to the reduction in the federal corporate tax rate and the one-time transition tax, which the Company has accounted for withprovisional estimates at December 31, 2017, the Company continues to analyze the provisions of tax reform that become effective for the Company in2018 including the provisions related to Global Intangible Low Taxed Income, Foreign Derived Intangible Income, Base Erosion Anti-Abuse Tax, aswell as other provisions which would limit the deductibility of future expenses.3. Intangible Assets and GoodwillFinite-lived intangible assets consist of the following as of December 31, 2017: Description WeightedAverageEstimatedUseful Life(in years) GrossCarryingValue AccumulatedAmortization NetCarryingValue Developed technology 7 $14,223 $9,431 $4,792 Customer relationships 11 6,257 2,813 3,444 Non-compete agreements 3 1,912 1,912 — Tradename 3 368 368 — Total $22,760 $14,524 $8,236 F-19Table of ContentsFinite-lived intangible assets consist of the following as of December 31, 2016: Description WeightedAverageEstimatedUseful Life(in years) GrossCarryingValue AccumulatedAmortization NetCarryingValue Developed technology 7 $14,223 $7,400 $6,823 Customer relationships 11 6,257 2,147 4,110 Non-compete agreements 3 1,912 1,875 37 Tradename 3 368 368 — Total $22,760 $11,790 $10,970 Amortization expense related to intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $2,734, $3,116 and $3,112,respectively.The estimated remaining amortization expense for each of the five succeeding years and thereafter is as follows: Year Ending December 31, Amount 2018 $2,317 2019 1,603 2020 1,585 2021 1,327 2022 370 2023 and thereafter 1,034 Total $8,236 The carrying amount of goodwill was $50,776 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.4. Fair Value MeasurementsASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value thatdistinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observableinputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of theCompany. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing theasset or liability, and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.ASC 820 identifies fair value as an exit price, representing the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in anorderly transaction between market participants based on the highest and best use of the asset or liability. As such, fair value is a market-basedmeasurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The Company usesvaluation techniques to measure fair value that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. These inputs areprioritized as follows: • Level 1: Observable inputs, such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; • Level 2: Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices forsimilar assets or liabilities, or market-corroborated inputs; and F-20Table of Contents • Level 3: Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptionsabout how market participants would price the assets or liabilities.The valuation techniques that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:A. Market approach — Uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets orliabilities.B. Income approach — Uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based on current market expectationsabout those future amounts, including present value techniques, option-pricing models, and excess earnings method.C. Cost approach — Based on the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (replacement cost).The following tables set forth the Company’s financial instruments carried at fair value using the lowest level of input as of December 31, 2017and 2016: December 31, 2017 QuotedPrices inActiveMarkets forIdenticalItems(Level 1) SignificantOtherObservableInputs(Level 2) SignificantUnobservableInputs(Level 3) Total Assets: Money market funds $8,160 $— $— $8,160 Total assets $8,160 $— $— $8,160 December 31, 2016 QuotedPrices inActiveMarkets forIdenticalItems(Level 1) Significant OtherObservableInputs(Level 2) SignificantUnobservableInputs(Level 3) Total Assets: Money market funds $12,871 $— $— $12,871 Total assets $12,871 $— $— $12,871 Realized gains and losses from sales of the Company’s investments are included in “Other income (expense), net”.The Company measures eligible assets and liabilities at fair value, with changes in value recognized in earnings. Fair value treatment may beelected either upon initial recognition of an eligible asset or liability or, for an existing asset or liability, if an event triggers a new basis of accounting.The Company did not elect to remeasure any of its existing financial assets or liabilities, and did not elect the fair value option for any financial assetsand liabilities transacted in the years ended December 31, 2017 or 2016. F-21Table of Contents5. Commitments and ContingenciesOperating Lease CommitmentsThe Company leases its facilities under non-cancelable operating leases. These operating leases expire at various dates through January 2024.Future minimum rental commitments under operating leases at December 31, 2017 are as follows: Year Ending December 31, OperatingLeaseCommitments 2018 $8,384 2019 6,990 2020 5,165 2021 4,952 2022 2,013 2023 and thereafter 2,094 $29,598 Certain amounts included in the table above relating to co-location leases for the Company’s servers include usage based charges in addition tobase rent.The Company’s primary office lease has the option to renew the lease for two successive periods of five years each. In connection with the officelease, the Company entered into a letter of credit in the amount of $2,404.Certain of the Company’s operating leases include escalating payment amounts and lease incentives. The Company is recognizing the relatedrent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The lease incentives are considered an inseparable part of the lease agreement, and arerecognized as a reduction of rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company haddeferred rent and rent incentives of $1,464 and $1,579, respectively, of which $1,102 and $1,320, respectively, is classified as a long-term liability inthe accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $6,608, $6,334 and $6,831,respectively. Income from sublease rental activity amounted to $285, $219 and $185, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and2015.In addition to the operating obligations noted in the table above, during the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded cost ofrevenue of $845, $695 of which represented the settlement amount due upon signing a termination agreement relating to the facilities and $150represented a loss on disposal of assets in connection with the closure of the facilities for the purpose of consolidating data centers.Capital Lease CommitmentsThe Company leases certain computer equipment and support under non-cancelable capital leases. The lease arrangements expire at variousdates through September 2018. Future minimum rental commitments under capital leases at December 31, 2017 are as follows: Year Ending December 31, Capital LeaseCommitments 2018 $231 Less – interest on capital leases 3 $228 F-22Table of ContentsAt December 31, 2017, total assets under capital leases were $1.2 million and related accumulated amortization was $940,000.In addition to the operating lease and capital lease commitments discussed above, as of December 31, 2017, the Company had non-cancelablecommitments of $15,833, $7,823 and $173 payable in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively, primarily for content delivery network services, hosting andother support services.Legal MattersThe Company, from time to time, is party to litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. Management does not believe that the outcomeof these claims will have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company based onthe status of proceedings at this time.On May 22, 2017, a lawsuit was filed against Brightcove and two individuals by Ooyala, Inc. (“Ooyala”) and Ooyala Mexico S. de R.L. de C.V.(“Ooyala Mexico”). The lawsuit, which was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, concerns allegations that the twoindividuals, who are former employees of Ooyala Mexico, misappropriated customer information and other trade secrets and used that information inworking for Brightcove. The complaint was amended on June 1, 2017 to remove claims against the two former employees of Ooyala Mexico. Theremaining claims against Brightcove are for violation of the Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016 (18 U.S.C. §1836), violation of the Massachusetts tradesecret statute (M.G.L. c. 93, §42), violation of Massachusetts Chapter 93A (M.G.L. c. 93A, §11), and tortious interference with advantageous businessrelationships. Ooyala and Ooyala Mexico also filed a motion for preliminary injunction (amended at the same time the complaint was amended),seeking to enjoin Brightcove from using any of the allegedly misappropriated information or communicating with customers whose information wasallegedly taken, and seeking the return of any information that was taken. On June 16, 2017, Brightcove filed an opposition to the motion forpreliminary injunction, and also moved to dismiss the lawsuit. Brightcove’s motion to dismiss was denied on September 6, 2017. The court has notruled on Ooyala’s motion for preliminary injunction. The Company expects the court to issue a schedule order in the near term. The Company cannotyet determine whether it is probable that a loss will be incurred in connection with this complaint, nor can the Company reasonably estimate thepotential loss, if any.On October 26, 2017, Realtime Adaptive Streaming LLC filed a complaint against Brightcove and Brightcove’s subsidiary Brightcove Holdings,Inc. (collectively, in this paragraph, “Brightcove”) in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware. The complaint alleges thatBrightcove infringed five patents related to file compression technology. The complaint seeks monetary damages and injunctive relief. OnDecember 1, 2017, Realtime filed an amended complaint, adding two additional patents to its claims. Brightcove filed a motion to dismiss onJanuary 26, 2018. Realtime filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss on February 9, 2018 and Brightcove filed a reply on February 16, 2018. Aruling on the motion to dismiss has not yet been issued by the court. We cannot yet determine whether it is probable that a loss will be incurred inconnection with this complaint, nor can the Company reasonably estimate the potential loss, if any.Guarantees and Indemnification ObligationsThe Company typically enters into indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these agreements, the Companyindemnifies and agrees to reimburse the indemnified party for losses and costs incurred by the indemnified party, generally the Company’s customers,in connection with patent, copyright, trade secret, or other intellectual property or personal right infringement claim by third parties with respect to theCompany’s technology. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual after execution of the agreement. Based on whencustomers first subscribe for the Company’s service, the maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make undercertain of these indemnification agreements is unlimited, however, more recently the Company has typically limited the maximum potential value F-23Table of Contentsof such potential future payments in relation to the value of the contract. Based on historical experience and information known as of December 31,2017, the Company has not incurred any costs for the above guarantees and indemnities. The Company has received requests for indemnification fromcustomers in connection with patent infringement suits brought against the customer by a third party. To date, the Company has not agreed that therequested indemnification is required by the Company’s contract with any such customer.In certain circumstances, the Company warrants that its products and services will perform in all material respects in accordance with its standardpublished specification documentation in effect at the time of delivery of the licensed products and services to the customer for the warranty period ofthe product or service. To date, the Company has not incurred significant expense under its warranties and, as a result, the Company believes theestimated fair value of these agreements is immaterial.6. Stockholders’ EquityCommon StockCommon stockholders are entitled to one vote per share. Holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends, when and if declared by theBoard.Treasury StockThe Company has recorded 135,000 shares as treasury stock as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.Equity Incentive PlansAt December 31, 2017, the Company had four stock-based compensation plans, the Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Option and IncentivePlan (the 2004 Plan), the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (the 2012 Plan), the Brightcove Inc. 2012 RSU Inducement Plan (the RSU Plan), and theBrightcove Inc. 2014 Stock Option Inducement Plan (the 2014 Stock Inducement Plan).The 2004 Plan provided for the issuance of incentive and non-qualified stock options, restricted stock, and other equity awards to the Company’semployees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors, up to an aggregate of 7,397,843 shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company alsoestablished a UK Sub-Plan of the 2004 Plan under which the Company was permitted to make grants of options to employees subject to tax in theUnited Kingdom. In conjunction with the effectiveness of the 2012 Plan, the Board voted that no further stock options or other equity-based awardsmay be granted under the 2004 Plan.In 2012, the Board and stockholders adopted the 2012 Plan, which became effective on February 16, 2012. The 2012 Plan provides for theissuance of incentive and non-qualified stock options, restricted stock and other stock-based awards to the Company’s officers, employees,non-employee directors and certain other key persons of the Company as are selected by the Board or the compensation committee thereof. Inconnection with the approval of the 2012 Plan, the Company reserved 1,700,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2012 Plan, and124,703 shares were transferred from the 2004 Plan. The number of shares reserved and available for issuance under the 2012 Plan automaticallyincreases each January 1, beginning in 2013, by 4% of the outstanding number of shares of the Company’s common stock on the immediatelypreceding December 31 or such lesser number of shares as determined by the Company’s compensation committee subject to an overall overhang limitof 30%. This number is subject to adjustment in the event of a stock split, stock dividend or other change in the Company’s capitalization.In 2012, the Company adopted the RSU Plan and made awards of restricted stock units pursuant to the RSU Plan to 15 new employees inconnection with the acquisition of Zencoder. The awards of restricted stock units cover an aggregate of 77,100 shares of the Company’s common stockand were made as a material inducement to the employees entering into employment with the Company in connection with the acquisition ofZencoder. The restricted stock units were settled in shares of the Company’s common stock upon vesting. F-24Table of ContentsIn 2014, the Company adopted the 2014 Stock Inducement Plan and made awards of options pursuant to the 2014 Stock Inducement Plan to 61new employees in connection with the asset purchase agreement. The awards of options cover an aggregate of 578,350 shares of the Company’scommon stock in the form of options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock as an inducement to the employees entering intoemployment with the Company in connection with the asset purchase agreement.At December 31, 2017, 1,429,022 shares were available for issuance under all stock-based compensation plans.The following is a summary of the stock option activity for all stock option plans during the year ended December 31, 2017: Number ofShares Weighted-AverageExercisePrice Weighted-AverageRemainingContractualTerm(In Years) AggregateIntrinsicValue (1) Outstanding at December 31, 2016 4,150,584 $7.17 Granted 483,727 7.03 Exercised (229,127) 2.27 $1,243 Cancelled (480,871) 8.05 Outstanding at December 31, 2017 3,924,313 $7.33 6.30 $3,783 Exercisable at December 31, 2017 2,430,839 $7.23 5.37 $3,052 (1)The aggregate intrinsic value was calculated based on the positive difference between the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stockon December 31, 2017 of $7.10 per share, or the date of exercise, as appropriate, and the exercise price of the underlying options.The aggregate intrinsic value for options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $5,159 and $281, respectively.The Company has entered into restricted stock unit (RSU) agreements with certain of its employees pursuant to the 2012 Plan and the RSU Plan.Vesting occurs periodically at specified time intervals, ranging from three months to four years, and in specified percentages. Upon vesting, the holderwill receive one share of the Company’s common stock for each unit vested.The following table summarizes the RSU activity during the year ended December 31, 2017: Shares WeightedAverageGrantDate FairValue Unvested by December 31, 2016 1,902,577 $7.84 Granted 1,189,973 6.95 Vested and issued (561,133) 7.47 Cancelled (312,713) 7.80 Unvested by December 31, 2017 2,218,704 $7.44 WarrantsIn September 2006, the Company issued fully vested warrants to purchase an aggregate of 46,713 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, at a purchaseprice of $3.21 per share, to two lenders in connection with a line of credit F-25Table of Contentsagreement. The warrants were exercisable at any time up until the expiration date of August 31, 2016. The fair value of the warrants was recorded as adiscount on the related debt, and was amortized to interest expense over the life of the debt. The debt was fully repaid in March 2007. The warrantliability was reported at fair value until completion of the Company’s IPO in February 2012, whereupon the warrants automatically converted intowarrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. At the time of conversion of the warrants in connection with the Company’s IPO, the fairvalue of the warrants was $395, which was reclassified as a component of additional paid-in capital.During 2012, 18,685 shares exercisable under the warrants were exercised pursuant to a net exercise provision, which resulted in the issuance of15,781 common shares. In August 2016, the remaining 28,028 shares exercisable under the warrants were exercised pursuant to a net exerciseprovision, which resulted in the issuance of 20,528 common shares.Common Stock Reserved for Future IssuanceAt December 31, 2017, the Company has reserved the following shares of common stock for future issuance: December 31,2017 Common stock options outstanding 3,924,313 Restricted stock unit awards outstanding 2,218,704 Shares available for issuance under all stock-based compensation plans 1,429,022 Total shares of authorized common stock reserved for future issuance 7,572,039 7. Income TaxesLoss before the provision for income taxes consists of the following: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Domestic $(20,528) $(10,756) $(8,028) Foreign 1,379 1,180 839 Total $(19,149) $(9,576) $(7,189) The provision for income taxes in the accompanying consolidated financial statements consists of the following: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Current provision: Federal $— $— $— State 21 33 29 Foreign 311 424 389 Total current 332 457 418 Deferred (benefit): Federal — — — State — — — Foreign 38 (47) (27) Total deferred 38 (47) (27) Total provision $370 $410 $391 F-26Table of ContentsA reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Tax at statutory rates (34.0)% (34.0)% (34.0)% State income taxes (4.1) (6.1) 3.4 Change in tax rate 103.9 0.1 3.0 Permanent differences 7.1 11.7 34.7 Foreign rate differential (0.7) (1.1) (1.2) Research and development credits (3.7) (6.7) (9.6) Change in valuation allowance (66.3) 40.8 7.7 Other, net (0.3) (0.4) 1.4 Effective tax rate 1.9% 4.3% 5.4% The approximate income tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 is as follows: As of December 31, 2017 2016 Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carry-forwards $37,964 $45,850 Tax credit carry-forwards 9,173 7,654 Stock-based compensation 1,856 2,236 Fixed Assets 267 154 Account receivable reserves 189 219 Accrued compensation 851 2,232 Capitalized start-up costs 138 279 Other temporary differences 371 761 Total deferred tax assets 50,809 59,385 Deferred tax liabilities: Intangible assets (3,611) (5,962) Total deferred tax liabilities (3,611) (5,962) Valuation allowance (47,111) (53,302) Net deferred tax assets $87 $121 The Company is required to compute income tax expense in each jurisdiction in which it operates. This process requires the Company to projectits current tax liability and estimate its deferred tax assets and liabilities, including net operating loss (NOL) and tax credit carry-forwards. In assessingthe ability to realize the net deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred taxassets will not be realized.The Company has provided a valuation allowance against its remaining U.S. net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, as basedupon the level of historical U.S. losses and future projections over the period in which the net deferred tax assets are deductible, at this time,management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefits of these deductible differences. The decrease in thevaluation allowance from 2016 to 2017 of $6.2 million principally relates to the reduction in federal deferred tax rate offset by the current year taxableloss. F-27Table of ContentsBased upon the level of historical income in Japan and future projections, the Company believes it is probable it will realize the benefits of itsfuture deductible differences. As such, the Company has not recorded a valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets in Japan as ofDecember 31, 2017 and 2016.As of December 31, 2017, the Company had federal and state net operating losses of approximately $161.9 million and $66.7 million,respectively, which are available to offset future taxable income, if any, through 2037. The Company also had federal and state research anddevelopment tax credits of $6.1 million and $3.9 million, respectively, which expire in various amounts through 2037. The net operating loss and taxcredit amounts are subject to annual limitations under Section 382 change of ownership rules under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, asamended. Through June 30, 2014, the Company completed an assessment to determine whether there may have been a Section 382 ownership changeand determined that it is more-likely-than-not that the Company’s net operating and tax credit amounts as disclosed are not subject to any materialSection 382 limitations.On January 1, 2009, the Company adopted the provision for uncertain tax positions under ASC 740, Income Taxes. The adoption did not have animpact on the Company’s retained earnings balance. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had no recorded liabilities for uncertain taxpositions.At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal tax jurisdiction, various state and various foreign jurisdictions. The Company iscurrently open to examination under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service and state jurisdictions for the tax years ended 2014through 2017. Since the Company is in a U.S. loss carryforward position, carryforward tax attributes generated in prior years may still be adjusted uponfuture examination if they have or will be used in a future period. Additionally, certain non-U.S. jurisdictions are no longer subject for income taxexaminations by authorities for tax years before 2012.On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was enacted in the United States. The Act reduces the U.S. federal corporate taxrate from 34% to 21%, requires companies to pay a one-time transition tax on earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries that were previously tax deferredand creates new taxes on certain foreign sourced earnings. In December 2017, the SEC issued SAB 118, which directs taxpayers to consider the impactof the U.S. legislation as “provisional” when it does not have the necessary information available, prepared or analyzed (including computations) inreasonable detail to complete its accounting for the change in tax law.As of December 31, 2017, the Company had not yet completed its accounting for all of the tax effects of the enactment of the Act; however, theCompany has made a reasonable estimate of the effects on its existing deferred tax balances and the one-time transition tax. The Company willcontinue to refine its calculations as additional analysis is completed. The Company expects that any additional changes will be offset by an increaseor decrease in the Company’s valuation allowance as any transition tax will result in use of the net operating loss deferred tax asset, which is fullyoffset by a valuation allowance along with all other net deferred tax assets.No additional U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes have been provided for any additional outside basis differences inherent in theCompany’s foreign entities as these amounts continue to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations based on management’s current intentions.Determining the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to any remaining undistributed foreign earnings not subject to the transition taxand additional outside basis difference in these entities (i.e., basis difference in excess of that subject to the one-time transition tax) is not practicable.The Company is still in the process of analyzing the impact of the Act on its indefinite reinvestment assertion. F-28Table of Contents8. DebtOn November 19, 2015, the Company entered into an amended and restated loan and security agreement with a lender (the “Loan Agreement”)providing for up to a $20.0 million asset based line of credit (the “Line of Credit”). Under the Line of Credit, the Company can borrow up to$20.0 million. Borrowings under the Line of Credit are secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets, excluding intellectual property.Outstanding amounts under the Line of Credit accrue interest at a rate equal to the prime rate or the LIBOR rate plus 2.5%. Under the Loan Agreement,the Company must comply with certain financial covenants, including maintaining a minimum asset coverage ratio. If the outstanding principal duringany month is at least $15.0 million, the Company must also maintain a minimum net income threshold based on non-GAAP operating measures.Failure to comply with these covenants, or the occurrence of an event of default, could permit the lender under the Line of Credit to declare all amountsborrowed under the Line of Credit, together with accrued interest and fees, to be immediately due and payable. The Company was in compliance withall covenants under the Line of Credit as of December 31, 2017. As the Company has not drawn on the Line of Credit, there are no amountsoutstanding as of December 31, 2017.On December 31, 2015, the Company entered into an equipment financing agreement with a lender (the “December 2015 Equipment FinancingAgreement”) to finance the purchase of $604 in computer equipment. In February 2016, the Company drew down $604 under the December 2015Equipment Financing Agreement, and the liability was recorded at fair value using a market interest rate. The Company repaid its obligation over a twoyear period through January 2018, and the amount outstanding was $26 as of December 31, 2017.9. Accrued ExpensesAccrued expenses consist of the following: December 31, 2017 2016 Accrued payroll and related benefits $4,436 $7,089 Accrued sales and other taxes 1,363 2,275 Accrued professional fees and outside contractors 2,021 1,082 Accrued content delivery 2,390 2,013 Accrued other liabilities 3,411 3,246 Total $13,621 $15,705 10. Segment InformationDisclosure requirements about segments of an enterprise and related information establishes standards for reporting information regardingoperating segments in annual financial statements and requires selected information of those segments to be presented in interim financial reportsissued to stockholders. Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information isavailable for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker, or decision-making group, in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assessperformance. The Company’s chief decision maker is its chief executive officer. The Company and the chief decision maker view the Company’soperations and manage its business as one operating segment. F-29Table of ContentsGeographic DataTotal revenue to unaffiliated customers by geographic area, based on the location of the customer, was as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Revenue: North America $91,358 $92,912 $86,106 Europe 24,425 25,196 25,380 Japan 16,881 15,230 9,061 Asia Pacific 22,539 15,617 12,380 Other 710 1,311 1,779 Total revenue $155,913 $150,266 $134,706 North America is comprised of revenue from the United States, Canada and Mexico. Revenue from customers located in the United States was$85,459, $87,302 and $80,455 during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Revenue from customers located in Japan was$16,881, $15,230 and $9,061 during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Other than the United States and Japan, noother country contributed more than 10% of the Company’s total revenue during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, property and equipment at locations outside the U.S. was not material.11. 401(k) Savings PlanThe Company maintains a defined contribution savings plan covering all eligible U.S. employees under Section 401(k) of the Internal RevenueCode. Company contributions to the plan may be made at the discretion of the Board. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, theCompany has made contributions to the plan of $425, $336 and $276, respectively.12. Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)The following table presents certain unaudited quarterly financial information for the eight quarters in the period ended December 31, 2017. Thisinformation has been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements and includes all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurringadjustments) necessary to present fairly the unaudited quarterly results of operations set forth herein. For the three months ended: Dec. 31,2017 Sep. 30,2017 Jun. 30,2017 Mar. 31,2017 Dec. 31,2016 Sep. 30,2016 Jun. 30,2016 Mar. 31,2016 Revenue $40,101 $39,487 $38,753 $37,572 $38,625 $38,389 $36,960 $36,292 Gross profit 23,783 22,983 22,175 22,354 23,272 24,612 23,507 23,028 Loss from operations (1,331) (5,349) (7,884) (5,132) (3,684) (1,552) (2,211) (1,531) Net loss (1,372) (5,396) (7,678) (5,073) (4,363) (1,618) (2,398) (1,607) Basic net loss per share (0.04) (0.16) (0.22) (0.15) (0.13) (0.05) (0.07) (0.05) Diluted net loss per share (0.04) (0.16) (0.22) (0.15) (0.13) (0.05) (0.07) (0.05) F-30Table of ContentsItem 9.Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial DisclosureNone. Item 9A.Controls and ProceduresEvaluation of Disclosure Controls and ProceduresOur management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of ourdisclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the“Exchange Act”)), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officerand principal financial officer have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. F-31Table of ContentsManagement’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial ReportingOur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f)or 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding thereliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accountingprinciples, and includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairlyreflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparationof financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only inaccordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection ofunauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of anyevaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that thedegree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 using the criteria set forth bythe Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in its Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on thisassessment and those criteria, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, anindependent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein.Changes in Internal Control Over Financial ReportingThere were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or arereasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 64Table of ContentsReport of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmTo the Shareholders and theBoard of Directors of Brightcove Inc.Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial ReportingWe have audited Brightcove Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in InternalControl-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSOcriteria). In our opinion, Brightcove Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as ofDecember 31, 2017, based on the COSO criteria.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), theconsolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss,stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and our report datedFebruary 28, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.Basis for OpinionThe Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of theeffectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control overFinancial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We area public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S.federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtainreasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists,testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as weconsidered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial ReportingA company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financialreporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’sinternal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail,accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions arerecorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts andexpenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) providereasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could havea material effect on the financial statements. 65Table of ContentsBecause of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of anyevaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that thedegree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate./s/ Ernst & Young LLPBoston, MassachusettsFebruary 28, 2018 66Table of ContentsItem 9B.Other InformationNone.PART III Item 10.Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate GovernanceIncorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with theSEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. Item 11.Executive CompensationIncorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with theSEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder MattersIncorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with theSEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director IndependenceIncorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with theSEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates. Item 14.Principal Accountant Fees and ServicesIncorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with theSEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates.PART IV Item 15.Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules(a)(1) Financial Statements.The response to this portion of Item 15 is set forth under Item 8 above.(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules.All schedules have been omitted because they are not required or because the required information is given in the Consolidated FinancialStatements or Notes thereto set forth under Item 8 above.(a)(3) Exhibits. 67Table of ContentsThe exhibits listed below are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Exhibits 2.1* (1) Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of July 26, 2012, by and among the Registrant, Zebra Acquisition Corporation,Zencoder Inc. and the Securityholders’ Representative named therein.2.2* (2) Asset Purchase Agreement and Plan of Reorganization, dated as of January 6, 2014, by and among the Registrant, CactiAcquisition LLC, Unicorn Media, Inc., Unicorn Media of Arizona, Inc., U Media Limited and the Securityholders’Representative named therein.3.1* (3) Eleventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation.3.2* (4) Amended and Restated By-Laws.4.1* (5) Form of Common Stock certificate of the Registrant.4.2* (6) Second Amended and Restated Investor Rights Agreement dated January 17, 2007, by and among the Registrant, theinvestors listed therein, and Jeremy Allaire, as amended.4.3* (7) Warrant to Purchase Stock dated August 31, 2006 issued by the Registrant to TriplePoint Capital LLC.4.4* (8) Brightcove Inc. RSU Inducement Plan.4.5* (9) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Brightcove Inc. 2012 RSU Inducement Plan.10.1* (10) Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its directors and executive officers.10.2†* (11) Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Option and Incentive Plan of the Registrant, together with forms of award agreement.10.3†* (12) 2012 Stock Incentive Plan of the Registrant.10.4†* (13) Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan.10.5†* (14) Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Company Employees under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan.10.6* (15) Lease dated February 28, 2007 between Mortimer B. Zuckerman, Edward H. Linde and Michael A. Cantalupa, as Trusteesof One Cambridge Center Trust and Brightcove Inc., as amended.10.7* (16) Lease dated June 15, 2011 between BP Russia Wharf LLC and Brightcove Inc.10.8* (17) Loan and Security Agreement dated March 30, 2011 between Silicon Valley Bank and Brightcove Inc., as amended.10.9* (18) Second Loan Modification Agreement dated April 29, 2013 between Silicon Valley Bank and Brightcove Inc.10.10* (19) Third Loan Modification Agreement dated October 3, 2014 between Silicon Valley Bank and Brightcove Inc.10.11* (20) Loan and Security Agreement dated November 19, 2015 between Silicon Valley Bank and Brightcove Inc.10.12†* (21) Employment Agreement dated August 8, 2011 between the Registrant and Jeremy Allaire.10.13†* (22) Employment Agreement dated August 8, 2011 between the Registrant and David Mendels. 68Table of ContentsExhibits 10.14†* (23) Employment Agreement dated August 8, 2011 between the Registrant and Edward Godin.10.15†* (24) Employment Agreement dated August 8, 2011 between the Registrant and Andrew Feinberg.10.16* (25) Employment Separation Agreement dated January 2, 2013 between the Registrant and Edward Godin.10.17†* (26) Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated July 25, 2013 between Brightcove Inc. and Jeremy Allaire10.18†* (27) Letter Agreement dated August 25, 2014 between the Registrant and Christopher Menard related to Mr. Menard’sresignation and separation from employment with the Registrant.10.19†* (28) Employment Agreement dated October 1, 2014 between the Registrant and Jon Corley.10.20†* (29) Employment Agreement dated October 1, 2014 between the Registrant and Paul Goetz.10.21†* (30) Employment Agreement dated November 3, 2014 between the Registrant and Kevin R. Rhodes.10.22†* (31) Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy.10.23†* (32) Senior Executive Incentive Bonus Plan.10.24†* (33) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan.10.25†* (34) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Company Employees under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan.10.26†* (35) Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan.10.27* (36) Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan.10.28†* (37) Separation Agreement dated July 24, 2017 between the Registrant and David Mendels.10.29†* (38) Amendment to Employment Agreement dated July 24, 2017 between the Registrant and Andrew Feinberg.10.30†* (39) Employment Agreement dated September 20, 2017 between the Registrant and David Plotkin.21.1** Subsidiaries of the Registrant.23.1** Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.24.1** Power of Attorney (included on signature page).31.1** Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.31.2** Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.32.1**• Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of2002.101.INS** XBRL Instance Document.101.SCH** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.101.CAL** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.101.DEF** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 69Table of ContentsExhibits 101.LAB** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.101.PRE** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. (1)Filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 26, 2012.(2)Filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 6, 2014.(3)Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on February 6, 2012.(4)Filed as Exhibit 3.3 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on February 6, 2012.(5)Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on February 6, 2012.(6)Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24,2011.(7)Filed as Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24,2011.(8)Filed as Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 14,2012.(9)Filed as Exhibit 4.5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 14,2012.(10)Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on February 6, 2012.(11)Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24,2011.(12)Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on February 6, 2012.(13)Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on February 6, 2012.(14)Filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on February 6, 2012.(15)Filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24,2011.(16)Filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24,2011.(17)Filed as Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24,2011.(18)Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2013.(19)Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 7, 2014.(20)Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2015.(21)Filed as Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24,2011.(22)Filed as Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24,2011.(23)Filed as Exhibit 10.11 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24,2011. 70Table of Contents(24)Filed as Exhibit 10.13 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24,2011.(25)Filed as Exhibit 10.14 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 5, 2013.(26)Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 25, 2013.(27)Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 3,2014.(28)Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 3,2014.(29)Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 3,2014.(30)Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 10, 2014.(31)Filed as Exhibit 10.14 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on February 6, 2012.(32)Filed as Exhibit 10.15 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on February 6, 2012.(33)Filed as Exhibit 10.16 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on February 6, 2012.(34)Filed as Exhibit 10.17 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on February 6, 2012.(35)Filed as Exhibit 10.18 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on February 6, 2012.(36)Filed as Exhibit 10.19 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on February 6, 2012.(37)Filed as Exhibit 99.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange commission on July 26, 2017.(38)Filed as Exhibit 99.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange commission on July 26, 2017.(39)Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 26,2017.*Incorporated herein by reference.**Filed herewith.• The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto are deemed to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K and will not be deemed “filed”for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such certifications will not be deemed to be incorporated byreference into any filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extentthat the Registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.†Indicates a management contract or any compensatory plan, contract or arrangement. Item 16.Form 10-K SummaryNot applicable. 71Table of ContentsSignaturesPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signedon its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on the 28th day of February 2018. BRIGHTCOVE INC.By: /s/ Andrew Feinberg Andrew Feinberg Chief Executive Officer 72Table of ContentsPOWER OF ATTORNEYEach person whose individual signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Kevin R. Rhodes and David Plotkin, and each of them,with full power of substitution and resubstitution and full power to act without the other, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent to actin his or her name, place and stead and to execute in the name and on behalf of each person, individually and in each capacity stated below, and to fileany and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connectiontherewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority todo and perform each and every act and thing, ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them or their or his substituteor substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of theregistrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Name Title Date/s/ Andrew FeinbergAndrew Feinberg Chief Executive Officer(Principal Executive Officer) February 28, 2018/s/ Kevin R. RhodesKevin R. Rhodes Chief Financial Officer(Principal Financial Officer) February 28, 2018/s/ Christopher StagnoChristopher Stagno Chief Accounting Officer(Principal Accounting Officer) February 28, 2018/s/ Gary HaroianGary Haroian Chairman of the Board of Directors February 28, 2018/s/ Deborah BesemerDeborah Besemer Director February 28, 2018/s/ Derek HarrarDerek Harrar Director February 28, 2018/s/ Diane HessanDiane Hessan Director February 28, 2018/s/ Scott KurnitScott Kurnit Director February 28, 2018/s/ David OrfaoDavid Orfao Director February 28, 2018 73Exhibit 21.1Subsidiaries of the Registrant Name Jurisdiction of OrganizationBrightcove UK Ltd UKBrightcove Singapore Pte. Ltd. SingaporeBrightcove K.K. JapanBrightcove Korea KoreaBrightcove Australia Pty Ltd AustraliaBrightcove Holdings, Inc. DelawareZencoder Inc. DelawareBrightcove FZ-LLC United Arab EmiratesCacti Acquisition LLC Delaware Exhibit 23.1Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmWe consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (1)Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-179966) pertaining to the Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Option and Incentive Plan ofBrightcove Inc. and the Brightcove Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, (2)Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-183315) pertaining to the Brightcove Inc. 2012 RSU Inducement Plan, (3)Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-187051) pertaining to the Brightcove Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, (4)Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-192131) of Brightcove Inc., (5)Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-193701) pertaining to the Brightcove Inc. 2014 Stock Option Inducement Plan and theBrightcove Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, (6)Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-202540) pertaining to the Brightcove Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, (7)Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-209770) pertaining to the Brightcove Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, and (8)Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-216140) pertaining to the Brightcove Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan;of our reports dated February 28, 2018, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Brightcove Inc. and the effectiveness of internal controlover financial reporting of Brightcove Inc. included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Brightcove Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2017. /s/ Ernst & Young LLPBoston, MassachusettsFebruary 28, 2018Exhibit 31.1CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OR 15d-14(a) OFTHE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OFTHE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Andrew Feinberg, certify that: 1.I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Brightcove Inc.; 2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary tomake the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the periodcovered by this report; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all materialrespects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (asdefined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under oursupervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known tous by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designedunder our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation offinancial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions aboutthe effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on suchevaluation; d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’smost recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or isreasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financialreporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalentfunctions): a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which arereasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’sinternal control over financial reporting. Date: February 28, 2018 By: /s/ Andrew Feinberg Andrew Feinberg Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Exhibit 31.2CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OR 15d-14(a) OFTHE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OFTHE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Kevin R. Rhodes, certify that: 1.I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Brightcove Inc.; 2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary tomake the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the periodcovered by this report; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all materialrespects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (asdefined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under oursupervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known tous by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designedunder our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation offinancial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions aboutthe effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on suchevaluation; d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’smost recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or isreasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financialreporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalentfunctions): a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which arereasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’sinternal control over financial reporting. Date: February 28, 2018 By: /s/ Kevin R. Rhodes Kevin R. Rhodes Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Exhibit 32.1CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICERPURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TOSECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Brightcove Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2017 as filed with the Securities andExchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Andrew Feinberg, as Chief Executive Officer of Brightcove Inc., hereby certifies, pursuant to18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of his knowledge the Report fullycomplies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the information contained in the Report fairlypresents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Brightcove Inc. Date: February 28, 2018 By: /s/ Andrew Feinberg Andrew Feinberg Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Brightcove Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2017 as filed with the Securities andExchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Kevin R. Rhodes, as Chief Financial Officer of Brightcove Inc., hereby certifies, pursuant to18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of his knowledge the Report fullycomplies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the information contained in the Report fairlypresents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Brightcove Inc. Date: February 28, 2018 By: /s/ Kevin R. Rhodes Kevin R. Rhodes Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above