Brookdale Senior Living
Annual Report 2008

Plain-text annual report

2008 Annual Report T h e B ro o k d a l e E X P E R I E N C E “I really enjoy being able to live at my own pace.” James Moncrief “The pressure and responsibilities of taking care of a house are gone.” Melvin Erlinger “Good friends, good food, great care.” Dan Hixenbaugh “The food, the people and the events are just fantastic.” Pauline Howard “We have terrific rehab people and facilities here.” William R. Cabe ”The support and amenities are exceptionally good.” Kermit Fox “There’s always something to do and I never have to eat dinner alone.” Nancy Frazier FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS (in thousands, except per share data) As of and for the years ended December 31, 2008 2007 Selected Operating Data Total revenue ..................................................................................... Loss from operations(1)....................................................................... Net loss .............................................................................................. Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted .................... Adjusted EBITDA(2)............................................................................ Cash From Facility Operations(3) ....................................................... Facility Operating Income(4) .............................................................. Selected Balance Sheet Data Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net.......... Cash and cash equivalents................................................................. Total assets......................................................................................... Debt obligations................................................................................. Stockholders’ equity .......................................................................... Weighted average shares used in computing basic and diluted loss per share............................................................. Stock Performance Data Closing share price on December 31, 2008....................................... Closing share price on December 31, 2007....................................... Dividends declared for the year ended December 31, 2008 .............. Dividends declared for the year ended December 31, 2007 .............. $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,928,054 (240,143) (373,241) (3.67) 302,562 130,144 637,454 3,694,784 53,973 4,449,258 2,552,929 960,601 101,667 5.58 0.75 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,839,296 (41,207) (161,979) (1.60) 306,379 143,241 642,329 3,760,453 100,904 4,811,622 2,335,224 1,419,538 101,511 28.41 1.95 (1) Includes impairment charges of $220 million in the fourth quarter of 2008 primarily driven by adverse equity market conditions. (2) Adjusted EBITDA is a measure of operating performance that is not calculated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income, income from operations or cash flows provided by or used in operations, as determined in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA is a key measure of the Company's operating performance used by management to focus on operating performance and management without mixing in items of income and expense that relate to long-term contracts and the financing and capitalization of the business. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes, non-operating (income) loss items, depreciation and amortization (including non-cash impairment charges), straight-line rent expense (income), amortization of deferred gain, amortization of deferred entrance fees, and non-cash compensation expense and including entrance fee receipts and refunds. (3) Cash From Facility Operations (“CFFO”) is a measurement of liquidity that is not calculated in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered in isolation as a substitute for cash flows provided by or used in operations, as determined in accordance with GAAP. We define CFFO as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities adjusted for changes in operating assets and liabilities, deferred interest and fees added to principal, refundable entrance fees received, entrance fee refunds disbursed, lease financing debt amortization with fair market value or no purchase options, other, and recurring capital expenditures. Recurring capital expenditures include expenditures capitalized in accordance with GAAP that are funded from CFFO. Amounts excluded from recurring capital expenditures consist primarily of unusual or non-recurring capital items (including integration capital expenditures), community purchases and/or major projects or renovations that are funded using financing proceeds and/or proceeds from the sale of communities that are held for sale. Beginning in 2008, our calculation of CFFO was modified to subtract principal amortization related to our capital leases that contain fair market value or no purchase options. (4) Facility Operating Income is not a measurement of operating performance calculated in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered in isolation as a substitute for net income, income from operations, or cash flows provided by or used in operations, as determined in accordance with GAAP. We define Facility Operating Income as net income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes, non-operating (income) loss items, depreciation and amortization (including non-cash impairment charges), facility lease expense, general and administrative expense, including non- cash stock compensation expense, amortization of deferred entrance fee revenue and management fees. Note: See enclosed Form 10-K for non-GAAP reconciliations. D e f i n i n g O U R C O M PA N Y Brookdale Senior Living is a leading dementia care, and skilled nursing delivered national provider of active and caring in our healthcare and rehabilitation centers. lifestyles and services in senior living We also offer continuing care communities communities. With almost 52,000 residents with multiple levels of care. Some are entry living in Brookdale’s 548 senior living fee communities which provide payment communities in 35 states, the Company has alternatives to rental, with Life Care grown dramatically over the previous five protection and enhanced healthcare years, largely through acquisitions of benefits. communities that complemented the Another element of our strategy is to Company’s existing portfolio. provide a full array of services. In markets Since the beginning of 2006, resident where we have a large number of residents capacity has increased by 73 percent and we have created an effective, economical revenues have more than doubled. While model for providing ancillary services much of the revenue growth resulted from within our communities. Our rehabilitative acquisitions, it is also attributable in part to therapy component now covers more diversified product offerings, the approximately 35,000 units, while home addition and growth of rehabilitation and health covers more than 17,000 units. The home health businesses as ancillary services growth of these services has further and vibrant marketing programs. established Brookdale’s industry leadership Brookdale’s strategy is to provide and stands as testimony to our Company’s multiple community types to meet the innovative approach to the marketplace – diverse needs of its residents: independent addressing the needs of our residents in a living, assisted living, Alzheimer’s and comprehensive manner. Experiences of a Lifetime. Brookdale’s Experiences of a Lifetime program is a component of our culture of Optimum Life in which residents at Brookdale Senior Living communities nationwide submit their wishes for a life-fulfilling experience. Recent winners and their experiences are featured as sidebar articles in this year’s Annual Report. The Brookdale Experience 1 To O u r S H A R E H O L D E R S In our planning for creative problem-solving. Those experiences 2008, we anticipated that have encouraged us to transcend our we would face a very individual legacy company identities and challenging economic focus on the current task at hand. In the environment. We did process, we have made great progress toward not, of course, anticipate the formation of a new and singular Brookdale the dramatic sequence of identity and corporate culture. For this reason extraordinary events that alone, and despite the devastating economic resulted in the current, environment and the decline of our market severe recession. But we capitalization, 2008 was a pivotal year for us. Bill Sheriff, Chief Executive Officer knew we were up against a difficult residential We are a much stronger company now than real estate market and facing weak consumer we were a year ago. confidence. We nevertheless entered the year absolutely dedicated to our goal of creating a The Brookdale Platform cohesive, visible corporate culture focused on The senior services industry is a young the care of our residents. one that will witness many changes and Brookdale Senior Living doubled in size as experience tremendous growth before recently as 2006, and is built on a foundation reaching its maturity. We believe that because comprising three major companies with of its unique platform, Brookdale is best- unique corporate histories and diverse positioned among its peers to thrive during strengths. Bringing all these elements together the formative years ahead. The animating is every bit as difficult as it is crucial to our spirit behind the Company’s strategy is that future success. If there is a silver lining in the we are dedicated to providing our residents current economic storm, it accrues from one the services they want and need, where they of the grace-notes of human nature — that want them and for the best value. How we good people respond to difficult times with achieve those goals is what distinguishes redoubled efforts. I am proud that our Brookdale as the industry leader that we see associates have responded to the current ourselves as being. Our operational platform environment by pulling together to produce is characterized by the following key many shared experiences of hard work and features. 2 2008 Annual Report • Brookdale Senior Living • The breadth of our product offering – major investments in technological we provide independent living, assisted support systems that equip our living, memory care, skilled nursing, management teams with the tools they companion services, therapy services, need to master the multi-variable home health and private duty care. We logistics that they deal with on a daily also offer alternative financial structures basis. such as entry fee and monthly rentals. • Our market concentrations – our scope Strengthening the Platform is national, and includes a number of Our single and most significant major markets wherein we have a dense accomplishment of 2008 was the formation concentration of synergistic product of a new operational structure designed to offerings that span the entire continuum integrate the best elements of our three of senior care services. legacy companies into geographical regions. • Our national branding program – our These regions now operate with a market- brand emphasizes our commitment to oriented focus that leverages the broad array the continual improvement of programs of our product offerings into a cohesive that are directed at enhancing the most continuum. Our communities are moving important aspects of the senior lifestyle beyond the vestiges of their previous legacy as it is lived each day – food service, company identities in order to participate health and wellness, life enrichment fully in the goal of directing prospective activities and the maintenance of a safe residents to whatever Brookdale setting will and comfortable residential setting best serve their physical, social and financial provided at an excellent value – needs. And as these new operating teams particularly as embodied in our strive to meet the difficult challenges posed Optimum Life program. by the current economic environment, they • Industry experience – the know-how are expanding their knowledge of our unique and dedication of our associates is product offerings, and even more second to none; we are proud to be importantly, they are developing a cohesive associated with them and we strive to ethic built on shared challenges, shared make them proud to be part of our team. experiences, hard work and dedication to our • Investment in technology – the senior residents. care business is comprehensive and Our new operational structure is keenly complex, and demands a sophisticated focused on sales and marketing. A number technological underpinning; we have of our continuing and significant made -- and will continue to make -- information technology initiatives are aimed The Brookdale Experience 3 at providing enhanced sales and marketing communities that they serve. These services information. These initiatives include tools enhance the wellness of our residents while that allow us to respond more quickly to also adding approximately ten percent to the prospective residents, tools that enable us to economic value of our communities. price our services more efficiently, and an improved website that is yielding Renewed Emphasis on Cost Control significantly increased leads. We also rolled As we began to finalize our budgets for out a very successful Major Market 2009 in the fall of 2008, our team realized Management (M3) program in key markets that the economic uncertainty that was where we have a significant, multi- unfolding would exert increasing pressure on community, multi-product presence, our business. We responded to this enhancing the ability of our team members realization by, in effect, starting over, and to re-direct leads as well as move residents as focusing more aggressively on cost control at their needs change to the most suitable all levels of the organization. Although we Brookdale offering in a given locale. have been very careful not to make decisions We also succeeded in reducing open that would compromise our commitment to positions in key areas of our field quality of care, we have made comprehensive organization in 2008, a development that changes affecting virtually all of our major produced increased costs in the short run, cost items. Some of these will be permanent, but is proving to be very cost-effective in the and some may be temporary. But owing to mid-to-long term. Moreover, we continue to the pressures of the times, these measures drive up our already high associate retention have had a very receptive audience, rates, and we believe that we are achieving including both our associates and our greater consistency in the caliber of our field residents. These efforts began to be visible organization. in late 2008, but have been even more Another vital area in which we continued pronounced in the first months of 2009. to make solid gains in 2008 was in the ongoing rollout of our Innovative Senior Direction for 2009 Care services. We now provide therapy We have focused intently on enhancing services in 2/3 of our locations, and we our liquidity. We suspended our dividend provide home health care in 1/3 of them. after the third quarter of 2008, and in Brookdale is unique in the industry in our February 2009, we renewed our credit line ability to provide these services, and as of the through August 2010. Factoring in extension fourth quarter they were adding $143 of options, we have virtually no mortgage debt monthly operating income per unit in the that matures in 2009 or 2010, which is a very 4 2008 Annual Report • Brookdale Senior Living major advantage in today’s lending resident expectations. All of these trends environment, and we intend to devote augur well for us. Furthermore, our general substantially all of our cash flow to the and administrative cost as a percentage of repayment in full of our credit line before its revenues is the lowest in the industry, and we maturity. We also intend to explore believe that is a key element of our story. opportunities to extend our 2011 and 2012 By doing what it takes to succeed in this debt maturities now, instead of letting them challenging environment, we are becoming go to term. Our goal is to substantially more efficient and more focused on our de-lever the company as well as to minimize mission. We believe it is clear that we have our mortgage refinancing risk. the most comprehensive operating platform Operationally, we expect to keep our in the industry, and we have made focus on the key areas we stressed in 2008. tremendous progress in bringing its various We will further expand our therapy services elements into alignment. Our Company’s and home health. We will be very internal communication organ is called One aggressive and comprehensive about cost Voice, a name which is expressive of the very control. We will continue to give our sales important goal we set for ourselves of forging and marketing personnel the tools they a Brookdale identity and culture that is in need to compete from a position of relative harmony with itself and our residents. strength in the very difficult economic Although we cannot predict the future, we environment we expect to experience in can be assured that we have equipped our 2009. And we will be innovative in seeking team of dedicated, experienced professionals low-cost alternatives for residents, such as with a clear strategic focus and the support the use of shared suites, smaller units and systems and timely information they need to assistance programs. make good decisions. We enter 2009 with a The population pool of age and income sound plan, a strong team and a mission that qualified residents continues to grow. New inspires us each day to do our best. supply has been minimal over the last few Sincerely, years, and will cease almost entirely over the next few years. Refinancing pressure on our peers will create below-market acquisition opportunities and further differentiate the stronger operators. Ongoing advancements Bill Sheriff in geriatric wellness will create new Chief Executive Officer opportunities for senior care providers to serve their residents, and will raise the bar on The Brookdale Experience 5 E m b r a c i n g C H A L L E N G E Faced with a declining economy pilot markets to a dozen metro areas. As a Brookdale turned to its marketing team for complement to the M3 program, the strategies to generate visibility and entice Brookdale Benefit provides transfer prospects to our communities. The opportunities for residents between Company’s marketing initiatives generated different Brookdale communities as their a record number of sales leads and enabled needs change. These benefits include free us to maintain high occupancy levels. days in higher healthcare settings and a We continued to implement our Major tenure benefit to buffer longstanding Market Management (M3) initiative in residents from future price increases. markets where we operate multiple product Successful lead generation and types, creating networks of virtual management is a key to marketing success Continuing Care Retirement Communities in any venue. Brookdale’s new website, (CCRCs). These enable Brookdale to retain launched at the end of 2007, greatly residents within our system as their care improved our online capability over the past needs change and also provide for lead year and our site ranks among the top ten sharing between communities. The M3 search results for 25 of the most common concept has now expanded from its five senior living industry keywords. Our online “We’re here with people just like us – the same age and the same concerns and problems. And it’s very peaceful.” -John and Kathleen Vigneaux, Jacksonville, FL 6 2008 Annual Report • Brookdale Senior Living marketing strategy has also succeeded in expanding online partnerships with senior living directories and referral sites. Brookdale’s internal advertising and public relations department helped minimize marketing costs without sacrificing visibility by successfully increasing publicity placements, which positioned our communities with our target audiences and generated additional leads. We optimized leads generated using SIMS, our proprietary approach to collecting, tracking and managing leads. These marketing initiatives, coupled with a strategic pricing program that encourages prospects to act with urgency, enabled Brookdale to produce stable occupancy throughout most of 2008. EXPERIENCE OF A LIFETIME Attending the Inauguration of a U.S. President “I felt born again,” said Alfred Bouey as he described his experience of witnessing the inauguration of Barack Obama as President of the United States. A resident of Holley Court Terrace, a Brookdale Senior Living community in Oak Park, Illinois, Alfred Bouey is also the grandson of slaves. He was raised in a segregated south, joined a segregated U.S. Army and was in the first class of African American men to serve as Chicago Police officers. According to Mr. Bouey, he never dreamed this day would come. But, when it did, he and members of his family reveled in his Experience of a Lifetime as they traveled to Washington, D.C. for the inaugural festivities, courtesy of Brookdale. “When I saw Barack Obama come out to make his acceptance speech, I started crying and never stopped,” said Bouey. “I have witnessed not only my greatest wish, but also the dream of my parents.” The Brookdale Experience 7 C e l e b r a t i n g S U C C E S S Retirement living and senior services associates who serve them each day. At the today are unlike those available to earlier same time, the existence of senior living generations. For many seniors, their lives communities has made a significant positive in modern retirement communities impact upon the families of those with represent the most sublime existence to Alzheimer’s and dementia – or those who which they can aspire for its freedoms, its need nursing or rehabilitative care and opportunities to cultivate meaningful services. friendships and for its positive social, Residents of Brookdale communities who intellectual and emotional impacts on the engage in a comprehensive health and body, mind, spirit and physical well-being wellness program such as the ancillary of the individual. Brookdale residents view services provided by our Innovative Senior retirement not just as a phase of life, but as Care staff are more likely to maintain their a grand celebration of it. sense of wellness, thus ensuring greater Even those who require help with independence for them, along with higher activities of daily living can find a sense of occupancy and increased profitability for the serenity and purpose in the company of Company. We deliver our ancillary services peers and the care of compassionate on site at our communities for the “Living here has enabled me to have more time to learn more things, visit new places, meet good people and have more fun. Most of all, it’s given me a lot of time to fill with rewarding activities.” -Carolyn Simon Tucson, AZ 8 2008 Annual Report • Brookdale Senior Living convenience of our residents. These services have provided our Company with perhaps its most significant point of differentiation from our competition. The longevity of our residents is a tribute to their resilient spirits, just as their life quality is, in some measure, a tribute to the work of our approximately 32,000 associates who serve them daily in their respective celebrations of life while fulfilling our Company mission: Enriching the lives of those we serve with compassion, respect, excellence and integrity. In living up to that mission, we embrace each day, secure in the knowledge that our residents depend upon us – and we strive always to meet their expectations. EXPERIENCE OF A LIFETIME Lifting Spirits on the Wind Bob Atkinson’s wish was to take a hot air balloon ride and, although it was his wish that was granted, he would not be the one to take the ride. The experience was to be fulfilled at the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta in New Mexico. Unfortunately, Mr. Atkinson was unable to travel when it was his turn to take the trip. So, Brookdale quickly found two replacement balloon riders at the Grand Court in Albuquerque, a Brookdale Senior Living community. Enter Michelle Koetter and Mary Schultz from New Mexico. Accompanied by Dr. Kevin O’Neil, medical director for Brookdale, the two ladies took Bob Atkinson’s ride. They also took with them a sign that read: “Bob Atkinson: Keep Your Spirits High,” which they hung from the balloon. Back in Connecticut, Bob Atkinson received photos of the balloon ride and was pleased that two fellow Brookdale residents got to share his experience. The Brookdale Experience 9 I n s p i r i n g O U R R E S I D E N T S As Brookdale residents enjoy their Life program, which helps to promote lifestyles in our communities or receive the wellness across six dimensions: physical, quality care we provide, we welcome the social, intellectual, emotional, purposeful opportunity to celebrate their positive and spiritual. attitudes, which may be singularly Within the Brookdale lifestyle model, our responsible for their longevity. unique “Celebrations” program provides a Our residents have been eyewitnesses to monthly template for our residents to the drama of human history from before continue to learn, imagine and explore. This World War I to the present day. They have year’s “Celebrations” theme, “Dream. Dare. seen firsthand the great moments and Discover!” inspires our residents’ creativity cataclysmic events that have shaped our by allowing them to experience a different existence through the most prolific era of focus each month. Through shared growth and technological advancement the experiences, special events and themed world has ever experienced. Today, they dining, “Celebrations” unifies all Brookdale choose to live in our communities for the residents in a common program of opportunity to achieve a sense of well-being participation, continued learning, by participating in Brookdale’s Optimum intellectual stimulation and imagination. “My friends have become my family – my sisters and brothers. And there’s the possibility of making new friends each day. I laugh with some. I cry with others.” -Isabel Sampson Seminole, FL 10 2008 Annual Report • Brookdale Senior Living Experiences of a Lifetime is yet another exclusive Brookdale program operated under the banner of Optimum Life that helps our residents explore and experience a sense of life fulfillment. Launched in 2008, this program celebrates the rich diversity of our residents and actualizes fulfillment of their unique interests. These two examples of signature Brookdale programs demonstrate how we engage our residents in a full range of physical and mental experiences to promote their wellness and active participation in life. In the process, they share the satisfaction of having found comfort, security and companionship in the environments we offer. EXPERIENCE OF A LIFETIME Life in the Fast Lane The day may have dawned overcast, but the sun was shining in Eve Stovall’s heart as she rode in the lead Corvette from her home at The Heritage at Gaines Ranch, a Brookdale retirement community, down the MoPac Expressway to the State Capitol in Austin, Texas. The yellow Corvette in which she rode that day was the official pace car of the 1986 Indianapolis 500. Eve Stovall returned from her ride with a wide smile to a reception in her honor at her home community, complete with refreshments, a live band and a proclamation from the Mayor declaring that day as “Eve Stovall’s Experience of a Lifetime.” She was also accepted as an honorary member of the Longhorn Corvette Club, which provided the wheels for the event. “This day is the happiest day of my life, fulfilling my wish to have one more ride in my dream car, a yellow Corvette,” said Ms. Stovall. “The love of a yellow Corvette knows no age.” The Brookdale Experience 11 A n t i c i p a t i n g O U R F U T U R E We recognize that our global economy is that our Company is optimally positioned currently experiencing very rapid changes for growth as the economy rebounds and we and we understand that those changes will are optimistic about Brookdale’s position as require us to alter our business operations both an industry pioneer and as an industry as we move forward. We were successful in leader. 2008 in innovating new products, Brookdale associates at every level are expanding supportive services and honored to serve members of what has adjusting our cost structure. come to be called The Greatest Generation, Our objective is to minimize costs for our to whom we owe the mantel of freedom residents without compromising on either under which we live. Their spirit and zest the quality or availability of services to for vibrant lifestyles inspire our associates. them. While we understand that these We are also energized by the business measures will impact our Company and that challenges we face in today’s marketplace the cost-saving impacts are profound, and we are proud of our ability to maintain Brookdale accepts the challenges and our occupancy levels during difficult embraces the opportunities of the prevailing economic times while delivering excellence business environment. We remain confident in resident service. “My life is purposeful here because I’m associated with people who have lived productive lives and don’t mind sharing the past, creating a diversity which proves interesting and entertaining.” -Kermit Fox, M.D., Austin, TX 12 2008 Annual Report • Brookdale Senior Living Finally, we are eager to embrace the future with all of its uncertainty, secure in the knowledge that our people and our Company are prepared to endure the tests, meet the challenges and share the reward of the future success that awaits Brookdale Senior Living. Most of all, we are privileged to serve those who rely upon us each day, our residents and their families, and to join in their daily celebrations of life that occur in our senior living and retirement communities as part of the Brookdale Experience. EXPERIENCE OF A LIFETIME A Visit to the World War II Memorial Sometimes we are the instruments b Sometimes we are the instruments by which the wishes of others come true. That’s how it was for Clella Adams, a resident of Bradford Village, a continuing care retirement community in Edmond, Oklahoma managed by Brookdale, who fulfilled the dream of her deceased husband to visit the World War II Memorial. Mrs. Adams was accompanied on the trip by her two sons. A military family, Mrs. Adams’ husband served in the U.S. Navy from 1940 to 1960; he saw action in both World War II and the Korean War. Her oldest son followed in his father’s footsteps, serving as a Lieutenant in the Navy from 1968-1974. Her youngest son retired from the U.S. Air Force as a Colonel in the Chaplain’s Corps, serving from 1970 to 2000. “The trip was very special and truly wonderful,” said Mrs. Adams. “It was very emotional for me and it meant a lot to my family.” The Brookdale Experience 13 C O R P O R AT E D ATA Corporate Office 111 Westwood Place, Suite 200 Brentwood, TN 37027 615.221.2250 www.brookdaleliving.com Transfer Agent American Stock Transfer & Trust Company 59 Maiden Lane Plaza Level New York, NY 10038 800.937.5449 Governance & Certifications Stock Listing NYSE: BKD Approximate Number of Record Holders (as of April 24, 2009): 544 Investor Relations Contact Ross Roadman Brookdale Senior Living 111 Westwood Place, Suite 200 Brentwood, TN 37027 615.376.2412 Independent Auditors Ernst & Young LLP 233 S. Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60606 2009 Annual Meeting June 23, 2009 • 10:00 a.m. CDT Brookdale Senior Living 111 Westwood Place, Suite 200 Brentwood, TN 37027 615.221.2250 Brookdale’s corporate governance guidelines, code of business conduct and ethics, the charters of the principal board committees and other governance information can be accessed through the Investor Relations portion of our website, www.brookdaleliving.com. Certifications by the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of Brookdale Senior Living pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 have been filed as exhibits to the Company’s 2008 Annual Report on Form 10-K. We also have submitted to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) the annual CEO Certification for 2008 regarding the Company’s compliance with the NYSE’s corporate governance listing standards. Forward-Looking Statements Certain statements in this Annual Report are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including, but not limited to, statements relating to our operational initiatives and our expectations regarding their effect on our results; our expectations regarding occupancy, revenue, expense levels, the demand for senior housing and acquisition opportunities; our belief regarding our growth prospects; our ability to secure financing or repay, replace or extend existing debt at or prior to maturity; our expectations regarding liquidity; our expectations regarding financings and refinancings of assets; and our ability to increase revenues, earnings, and/or Cash From Facility Operations. Words such as “anticipate(s),” “expect(s),” “intend(s),” “plan(s),” “target(s),” project(s),” “believe(s),” “will,” “would,” “seek(s),” “estimate(s)” and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. We can give no assurance that our expectations will be attained. These statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could lead to actual results materially different from our expectations, which include, but are not limited to, the risk associated with the current global economic crisis and its impact upon capital markets and liquidity; our inability to extend (or refinance) debt as it matures or replace our amended credit facility when it matures; the risk that we may not be able to satisfy the conditions precedent to exercising the extension options associated with certain of our debt agreements; events which adversely affect the ability of seniors to afford our monthly resident fees or entrance fees; the conditions of housing markets in certain geographic areas; our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to cover required interest and long-term operating lease payments; the effect of our indebtedness and long-term operating leases on our liquidity; the possibilities that changes in the capital markets, including changes in interest rates and/or credit spreads, or other factors could make financing more expensive or unavailable to us; delays in obtaining regulatory approvals; competition for the acquisition of assets; a decrease in the overall demand for senior housing; our vulnerability to economic downturns; and the other risks detailed from time to time in our filings with the SEC, including those listed under “Risk Factors” in the accompanying Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. We expressly disclaim any obligation to release publicly any updates or revisions to any such statements. 14 2008 Annual Report • Brookdale Senior Living B O A R D O F D I R E C T O R S Wesley R. Edens, Chairman; Chief Executive Officer & Chairman of the Board, Fortress Investment Group LLC Frank M. Bumstead 2, Director; Chairman and Principal Shareholder, Flood, Bumstead, McCready and McCarthy Jackie M. Clegg 1,3, Director; Managing Partner, Clegg International Consultants, LLC Tobia Ippolito, Director; Managing Director, Fortress Investment Group LLC Jeffrey R. Leeds 1,2,3, Director; Self-Employed Consultant Mark J. Schulte, Director; Former Co-Chief Executive Officer, Brookdale Senior Living Inc. James R. Seward 1, Director; Private Investor, Consultant Dr. Samuel Waxman 2,3, Director; Distinguished Service Professor, Mount Sinai School of Medicine (1) Audit Committee (2) Compensation Committee (3) Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee EXECUTIVE OFFICERS W.E. Sheriff Chief Executive Officer Kristin A. Ferge Executive Vice President & Treasurer Mark W. Ohlendorf Co-President and Chief Financial Officer George T. Hicks Executive Vice President – Finance John P. Rijos Co-President and Chief Operating Officer H. Todd Kaestner Executive Vice President – Corporate Development T. Andrew Smith Executive Vice President, General Counsel & Secretary Gregory B. Richard Executive Vice President – Field Operations Bryan D. Richardson Executive Vice President & Chief Administrative Officer The Brookdale Experience 15 B ro o k d a l e S e n i o r L i v i n g P E R F O R M A N C E G R A P H Comparison of Cumulative Return since Corporation, Sunrise Senior Living, Inc., November 22, 2005 (the date of Brookdale’s Capital Senior Living Corporation, Five Star initial public offering) through December 31, Quality Care, Inc., HCP, Inc., and Ventas, 2008, for Brookdale, the Russell 2000 Index Inc. The graph assumes $100 invested on and a Peer Group. November 22, 2005, the date of Brookdale’s The graph below compares the cumulative initial public offering, and $100 invested at total return for Brookdale common stock that same time in each of the Russell 2000 with the comparable cumulative return of Index and the peer group. The comparison the Russell 2000 Index and a peer group of assumes that all dividends are reinvested. companies composed of Emeritus AMONG BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC., THE RUSSELL 2000 INDEX AND A PEER GROUP COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN (cid:2) (cid:1) (cid:3) (cid:1) (cid:2) (cid:3) (cid:2) (cid:1)(cid:3) (cid:2) (cid:1) (cid:3) (cid:2) 11/22/05 12/31/05 12/31/06 12/31/07 12/31/08 BKD $100.00 $118.20 $197.18 $122.73 $25.02 Russell 2000 $100.00 $98.81 $116.95 $115.12 $76.23 Peer Group $100.00 $98.92 $127.54 $126.22 $87.68 16 2008 Annual Report • Brookdale Senior Living OUR MISSION Enriching the lives of those we serve with compassion, respect, excellence and integrity. OUR CORNERSTONES • Take ownership and pride in everything we do. • Recognize that good people make the difference and are the key to our success. • Work together as one team. • Provide meaningful rewards for residents, associates and shareholders. • Respect others through honesty, understanding and trust. • Put the resident first and the “bottom line” will take care of itself. • Have fun and celebrate life every day. Corporate Headquarters 111 Westwood Place, Suite 200, Brentwood, TN 37027 (615) 221-2250 For more information visit our website: www.brookdaleliving.com Brookdale Senior Living Resident Programs: Brookdale, Optimum Life, Innovative Senior Care and other trademarks and service marks herein are the registered and unregistered trademarks and service marks of Brookdale Senior Living Inc. 2008 Annual Report • Brookdale Senior Living UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K [X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 or [ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission File Number 001-32641 BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 20-3068069 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 111 Westwood Place, Suite 200 Brentwood, Tennessee 37027 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Registrant’s telephone number including area code) (615) 221-2250 SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT: Title of Each Class Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value Per Share Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered New York Stock Exchange SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [ ] No [X] Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes [ ] No [X] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ] Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [ ] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer [X] Accelerated filer [ ] Non-accelerated filer [ ] (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company [ ] Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes [ ] No [X] The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2008, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $761.1 million. The market value calculation was determined using a per share price of $20.36, the price at which the registrant’s common stock was last sold on the New York Stock Exchange on such date. For purposes of this calculation, shares held by non-affiliates excludes only those shares beneficially owned by the registrant’s executive officers, directors, and stockholders owning 10% or more of the outstanding common stock (and, in each case, their immediate family members and affiliates). As of February 23, 2009, 101,722,806 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.01 par value, were outstanding (excluding unvested restricted shares). DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Certain sections of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. TABLE OF CONTENTS BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC. FORM 10-K FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2008 PART I Item 1 Item 1A Item 1B Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 PART II Item 5 Item 6 Item 7 Item 7A Item 8 Item 9 Item 9A Item 9B PART III Item 10 Item 11 Item 12 Item 13 Item 14 PART IV Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services Item 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules PAGE 5 17 32 32 33 33 35 36 37 66 68 109 109 109 110 110 110 111 111 111 Table of Contents SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT UNDER THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995 Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and other information we provide from time to time may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Those forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical statements of fact and those regarding our intent, belief or expectations, including, but not limited to, statements relating to our operational initiatives and our expectations regarding their effect on our results; our expectations regarding occupancy, revenue, expense levels, the demand for senior housing, acquisition opportunities and asset dispositions; our belief regarding our growth prospects; our ability to secure financing or replace or extend existing debt as it matures; our ability to remain in compliance with all of our debt and lease agreements (including the financial covenants contained therein); our expectations regarding liquidity; our expectations regarding financings and refinancings of assets; our plans to generate growth organically through occupancy improvements, increases in annual rental rates and the achievement of operating efficiencies and cost savings; our plans to expand our offering of ancillary services (therapy and home health); our plans to expand existing communities; the expected project costs for our expansion program; our expected levels of expenditures and reimbursements (and the timing thereof); the anticipated cost and expense associated with the resolution of pending litigation and our expectations regarding the disposition thereof; our expectations for the performance of our entrance fee communities; our ability to anticipate, manage and address industry trends and their effect on our business; our expectations regarding the payment of dividends; and our ability to increase revenues, earnings, Adjusted EBITDA, Cash From Facility Operations, and/or Facility Operating Income (as such terms are defined herein). Words such as “anticipate(s)”, “expect(s)”, “intend(s)”, “plan(s)”, “target(s)”, “project(s)”, “predict(s)”, “believe(s)”, “may”, “will”, “would”, “could”, “should”, “seek(s)”, “estimate(s)” and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These statements are based on management’s current expectations and beliefs and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could lead to actual results differing materially from those projected, forecasted or expected. Although we believe that the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that our expectations will be attained. Factors which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects or which could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations include, but are not limited to, the risk associated with the current global economic crisis and its impact upon capital markets and liquidity; our inability to extend (or refinance) debt as it matures or replace our amended credit facility when it matures; the risk that we may not be able to satisfy the conditions precedent to exercising the extension options associated with certain of our debt agreements; events which adversely affect the ability of seniors to afford our monthly resident fees or entrance fees; the conditions of housing markets in certain geographic areas; our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to cover required interest and long-term operating lease payments; the effect of our indebtedness and long-term operating leases on our liquidity; the risk of loss of property pursuant to our mortgage debt and long-term lease obligations; the possibilities that changes in the capital markets, including changes in interest rates and/or credit spreads, or other factors could make financing more expensive or unavailable to us; the risk that we may be required to post additional cash collateral in connection with our interest rate swaps; the risk that continued market deterioration could jeopardize certain of our counterparties’ obligations; changes in governmental reimbursement programs; our limited operating history on a combined basis; our ability to effectively manage our growth; our ability to maintain consistent quality control; delays in obtaining regulatory approvals; our ability to integrate acquisitions into our operations; competition for the acquisition of assets; our ability to obtain additional capital on terms acceptable to us; a decrease in the overall demand for senior housing; our vulnerability to economic downturns; acts of nature in certain geographic areas; terminations of our resident agreements and vacancies in the living spaces we lease; increased competition for skilled personnel; increased union activity; departure of our key officers; increases in market interest rates; environmental contamination at any of our facilities; failure to comply with existing environmental laws; an adverse determination or resolution of complaints filed against us; the cost and difficulty of complying with increasing and evolving regulation; and other risks detailed from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, press releases and other communications, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. We expressly disclaim any obligation to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any statement is based. 4 Table of Contents Item 1. Business. Overview PART I As of December 31, 2008, we are the largest operator of senior living communities in the United States based on total capacity, with 548 communities in 35 states and the ability to serve over 51,800 residents. We offer our residents access to a full continuum of services across the most attractive sectors of the senior living industry. As of December 31, 2008, we operated in four business segments: retirement centers, assisted living, continuing care retirement communities (“CCRCs”) and management services. As of December 31, 2008, we operated 85 retirement center communities with 15,251 units/beds, 409 assisted living communities with 21,021 units/beds, 32 CCRCs with 11,183 units/beds and 22 communities with 4,349 units/beds where we provide management services for third parties. The majority of our units/beds are located in campus settings or communities containing multiple services, including CCRCs. As of December 31, 2008, our communities were 89.5% occupied. We generate approximately 86.2% of our revenues from private pay customers. For the year ended December 31, 2008, 39.5% of our revenues were generated from owned communities, 60.1% from leased communities and 0.4% from management fees from communities we operate on behalf of third parties. The table below presents a summary of our operating results and certain other financial metrics for each of the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 (dollars in millions, except dividends per share): For the Years Ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 Total revenues Net loss(1) Adjusted EBITDA(2) Cash From Facility Operations(3) Facility Operating Income(2) Dividends declared per share of common stock __________ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,928.1 (373.2) 302.6 130.1 637.5 0.75 $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,839.3 (162.0) 306.4 143.2 642.3 1.95 $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,309.9 (108.1) 200.6 88.7 476.3 1.55 (1) (2) (3) Net loss for 2008 includes non-cash impairment charges of $220.0 million. Adjusted EBITDA and Facility Operating Income are non-GAAP financial measures we use in evaluating our operating performance. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for an explanation of how we define each of these measures, a detailed description of why we believe such measures are useful and the limitations of each measure, and a reconciliation of net loss to each of these measures. Cash From Facility Operations is a non-GAAP financial measure we use in evaluating our liquidity. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for an explanation of how we define this measure, a detailed description of why we believe such measure is useful and the limitations of such measure, and a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to such measure. In the first quarter of 2008 we changed our definition of Cash From Facility Operations to include lease financing debt amortization with fair market value or no purchase options. Prior periods have been restated for comparative purposes. During 2008, our operating results were favorably impacted by an increase in our total revenues and average monthly revenue per unit/bed across all segments. Although we made progress in certain areas of our business, our recent operating results have been negatively impacted by unfavorable conditions in the housing, credit and financial markets and by deteriorating conditions in the overall economy, resulting in lower than anticipated occupancy rates and increased levels of expenses. In response to these conditions, we are focusing on maintaining occupancy, increasing our ancillary services programs, and controlling expenses (including by limiting our capital expenditures). We are also taking steps to preserve our liquidity and increase our financial flexibility during 2009. For example, we have suspended our quarterly dividend payments and have terminated our share repurchase program. As 5 Table of Contents discussed in more detail elsewhere in the Annual Report on Form 10-K, we also recently entered into an amended credit facility with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, providing for a $230.0 million revolving credit facility that matures on August 31, 2010. Furthermore, we have extended the maturity of a number of mortgage loans, and, after giving effect to contractual extension options, will have virtually no mortgage debt maturities until 2011. Finally, we have taken steps to reduce materially our exposure to collateralization requirements associated with interest rate swaps. In the fourth quarter of 2008, similar to many companies, we experienced a significant decline in the market value of our common stock due primarily to the depressed macroeconomic environment and volatility in the equity markets. As a result, our market capitalization eroded in the fourth quarter when compared to previous periods and was significantly below book value. In accordance with the requirements of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (“SFAS 142”), we performed an impairment test of the goodwill for each of our reporting units as of the end of the fourth quarter. As a result of our impairment tests, we recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $215.0 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2008. The non-cash charge does not impact our ongoing business operations, liquidity, cash flows from operating activities or financial covenants and will not result in any future cash expenditure. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information regarding the impairment charge. We believe that we are positioned to take advantage of favorable demographic trends and future supply-demand dynamics in the senior living industry. We also believe that we operate in the most attractive sectors of the senior living industry with significant opportunities to increase our revenues through providing a combination of housing, hospitality services, ancillary services and health care services. Our senior living communities offer residents a supportive “home-like” setting, assistance with activities of daily living, or ADLs, and, in several communities, licensed skilled nursing services. We also provide ancillary services, including therapy and home health services, to our residents. By providing residents with a range of service options as their needs change, we provide greater continuity of care, enabling seniors to “age-in-place” and thereby maintain residency with us for a longer period of time. The ability of residents to age-in-place is also beneficial to our residents and their families who are concerned with care decisions for their elderly relatives. We believe that there are substantial organic growth opportunities inherent in our existing portfolio. We intend to take advantage of those opportunities by growing revenues, while tightening expense control, at our existing communities, driving our ancillary services business across our existing portfolio and, to a lesser extent, expanding our existing communities. Growth Strategy Our primary growth objectives are to grow our revenues, Adjusted EBITDA, Cash From Facility Operations and Facility Operating Income. Key elements of our strategy to achieve these objectives include: · Organic growth in our core business, including expense control and the realization of economies of scale. We plan to grow our existing operations by increasing revenues through a combination of occupancy growth and monthly service fee increases as a result of our competitive strength and growing demand for senior living communities. In addition, we intend to take advantage of our sophisticated operating and marketing expertise to retain existing residents and attract new residents to our communities. We also plan to continue our efforts to achieve cost savings through the realization of additional economies of scale. The size of our business has allowed us to achieve savings in the procurement of goods and services and increased efficiencies with respect to various corporate functions, and we expect that we can achieve additional savings and efficiencies. · Growth through the continued expansion of our ancillary services programs (including therapy services and home health). We plan to grow our revenues by further expanding our Innovative Senior Care program throughout our retirement centers, assisted living, CCRCs and management services segments. This expansion includes both continuing to roll out our services to communities not currently serviced as well as expanding the scope of services provided at the communities currently served. Through the Innovative Senior Care program, we currently provide therapy, home health and other ancillary services, as well as education and wellness programs, to residents of many of our communities. These programs are focused on wellness and physical fitness to allow residents to maintain maximum 6 Table of Contents independence. These services provide many continuing education opportunities for residents and their families through health fairs, seminars, and other consultative interactions. The therapy services we provide include physical, occupational, speech and other specialized therapy and home health services. The home health services we provide include skilled nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech language pathology, home health aide services as well as social services as needed. In addition to providing these in-house therapy and wellness services at our communities, we also provide these services to other senior living communities that we do not own or operate. These services may be reimbursed under the Medicare program or paid directly by residents from private pay sources and revenues are recognized as services are provided. We believe that our Innovative Senior Care program is unique in the senior living industry and that we have a significant advantage over our competitors with respect to providing ancillary services because of our established infrastructure and experience. We believe there is a significant opportunity to grow our revenues by continuing to expand these services to communities at which they are not presently offered, which we believe will increase our revenue per unit/bed in the future. As of December 31, 2008 we offered therapy services in our communities containing 35,049 units and home health in our communities containing 16,730 units. · Growth through the expansion of existing communities. We intend to grow our revenues and cash flows through the expansion of certain of our existing communities where economically advantageous. Certain of our communities with stabilized occupancies and excess demand in their respective markets may benefit from additions and expansions (which additions and expansions may be subject to landlord, lender and other third party consents) offering increased capacity. Additionally, the community, as well as our presence in the market, may benefit from adding a new level of service for residents. Given the current market environment, the stressed credit environment and limitations imposed by our new line of credit, we are focusing on integrating previous acquisitions and on the significant organic growth opportunities inherent in our growth strategy. Over the longer-term, we plan to take advantage of the fragmented continuing care, independent living and assisted living sectors by selectively purchasing existing operating companies and communities. Additionally, as opportunities arise, we may also grow through the selective acquisition and consolidation of additional communities, asset portfolios and other senior living companies, as well as through the acquisition of the fee interest in communities that we currently lease or manage. Our acquisition strategy will continue to focus primarily on communities where we can improve service delivery, occupancy rates and cash flow. The Senior Living Industry The senior living industry is highly fragmented and characterized by numerous local and regional operators. We are one of a limited number of national operators that provide a broad range of community locations and service level offerings at varying price levels. The industry has seen significant growth in recent years and has been marked by the emergence of the assisted living segment in the mid-1990’s. Since the beginning of 2007, the industry has been affected by the downturn in the housing market and by the declining economy in general. In spite of these factors, occupancy in the industry has only decreased by 340 basis points for the independent living industry and 220 basis points for the assisted living industry since that time according to the National Investment Center for the Seniors Housing & Care Industry. Construction of new senior housing units, which, according to The American Seniors Housing Association, peaked at more than 62,064 units in 1999, has now moderated to a projected 14,000 units annually for 2009 and is projected to decrease further in the next several years. Despite current economic conditions, we believe that a number of trends will contribute to the continued growth of the senior living industry in coming years. The primary market for senior living services is individuals age 70 and older. According to U.S. Census data, the group is expected to grow by 4.1 million through 2015. As a result of these demographic trends, we expect an increase in the demand for senior living services in future years. We believe the senior living industry has been and will continue to be impacted by several other trends. The use of long-term care insurance is increasing among current and future seniors as a means of planning for the costs of senior living services. In addition, as a result of increased mobility in society, reduction of average family size and increased number of two-wage earner couples, more seniors are looking for alternatives outside of their family for their care. Growing consumer awareness among seniors and their families concerning the types of 7 Table of Contents services provided by independent and assisted living operators has further contributed to the opportunities in the senior living industry. Also, seniors currently possess greater financial resources than in the past, which makes it more likely that they are able to afford to live in market-rate senior housing. Seniors in the geographic areas in which we operate tend to have a significant amount of assets generated from savings, pensions and, despite weakening in national housing markets, equity from the sale of private homes. Challenges in our industry include increased state and local regulation of the assisted living and skilled nursing industries, which has led to an increase in the cost of doing business. The regulatory environment continues to intensify in the number and types of laws and regulations affecting us, accompanied by increased enforcement activity by state and local officials. In addition, like other companies, our financial results may be negatively impacted by increasing employment costs including salaries, wages and benefits, such as health care, for our employees. Increases in the costs of utilities, insurance, and real estate taxes may also have a negative impact on our financial results. Certain per person annual limits on Medicare reimbursement for therapy services became effective in 2006, subject to certain exceptions. These exceptions are currently scheduled to expire on December 31, 2009. If these exceptions are modified or not extended beyond that date, there may be reductions in our therapy services revenue and the profitability of those services. There continues to be various federal and state legislative and regulatory proposals to implement cost containment measures that would limit payments to healthcare providers in the future. Changes in the reimbursement policies of the Medicare and Medicaid programs could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flow. Our History We were formed as a Delaware corporation in June 2005 for the purpose of combining two leading senior living operating companies, Brookdale Living Communities, Inc., or BLC, and Alterra Healthcare Corporation, or Alterra. BLC and Alterra had been operating independently since 1986 and 1981, respectively. Beginning in December 2003, BLC and Alterra were under the common control of Fortress Investment Group LLC (“Fortress” or “FIG”). On November 22, 2005, we completed our initial public offering of common stock, and on July 25, 2006, we acquired American Retirement Corporation, or ARC, another leading senior living provider which had been operating independently since 1978. Funds managed by affiliates of Fortress beneficially own 60,875,826 shares, or approximately 57.8% of our outstanding common stock (including unvested restricted shares), as of December 31, 2008. Our Product Offerings We offer a variety of senior living housing and service alternatives in communities located across the United States. Our primary product offerings consist of (i) retirement center communities; (ii) assisted living communities; and (iii) CCRCs. As discussed below under “Segments”, we also operate certain communities on behalf of third parties pursuant to management agreements. Retirement centers. Our retirement center communities are primarily designed for middle to upper income seniors generally age 70 and older who desire an upscale residential environment providing the highest quality of service. The majority of our retirement center communities consist of both independent and assisted living units in a single community, which allows residents to “age-in-place” by providing them with a continuum of senior independent and assisted living services. While the number varies depending upon the particular community, approximately 77.8% of all of the units at our retirement center communities are independent living units, with the balance of units licensed for assisted living. Our retirement center communities are large multi-story buildings containing on average 184 units/beds with extensive common areas and amenities. Residents may choose from studio, one-bedroom and two-bedroom units, depending upon the specific community. Each retirement center community provides residents with basic services such as meal service, 24-hour emergency response, housekeeping, concierge services, transportation and recreational activities. Most of these communities also offer custom tailored supplemental care services at an additional charge, which may include 8 Table of Contents medication reminders, check-in services and escort and companion services. In addition, our Innovative Senior Care program is currently available in most of our retirement centers communities. Through the program, we are able to offer our residents various education, wellness, therapy, home health and other ancillary services. In addition to the basic services, our retirement center communities that include assisted living also provide residents with supplemental care service options to provide assistance with ADLs. The levels of care provided to residents vary from community to community depending, among other things, upon the licensing requirements of the state in which the community is located. Residents in our retirement center communities are able to maintain their residency for an extended period of time due to the range of service options available to residents (not including skilled nursing) as their needs change. Residents with cognitive or physical frailties and higher level service needs are accommodated with supplemental services in their own units or, in certain communities, are cared for in a more structured and supervised environment on a separate wing or floor. These communities also generally have a dedicated assisted living staff, including nurses at the majority of communities, and separate assisted living dining rooms and activity areas. Our retirement center communities represent approximately 29.4% of our total senior living capacity. Assisted Living. Our assisted living communities offer housing and 24-hour assistance with ADLs to mid-acuity frail and elderly residents. Our assisted living communities include both freestanding, multi-story communities with more than 30 beds and smaller, freestanding single story communities with less than 30 beds. Depending upon the specific location, the community may include (i) private studio, one-bedroom and one-bedroom deluxe apartments, or (ii) individual rooms for one or two residents in wings or “neighborhoods” scaled to a single-family home, which includes a living room, dining room, patio or enclosed porch, laundry room and personal care area, as well as a caregiver work station. Under our Clare Bridge brand, we also operate 75 memory care communities, which are freestanding assisted living communities specially designed for residents with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias requiring the attention, personal care and services needed to help cognitively impaired residents maintain a higher quality of life. Our memory care communities have from 20 to 60 beds and some are part of a campus setting, which includes a freestanding assisted living community. All residents at our assisted living and memory care communities receive the basic care level, which includes ongoing health assessments, three meals per day and snacks, coordination of special diets planned by a registered dietitian, assistance with coordination of physician care, social and recreational activities, housekeeping and personal laundry services. In some locations we offer our residents exercise programs and programs designed to address issues associated with early stages of Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia. In addition, we offer at additional cost higher levels of personal care services to residents at these communities who are very physically frail or experiencing early stages of Alzheimer’s disease or other dementia and who require more frequent or intensive physical assistance or increased personal care and supervision due to cognitive impairments. We also offer our Innovative Senior Care program at certain of our assisted living and memory care communities. As a result of their progressive decline in cognitive abilities, residents at our memory care communities typically require higher levels of personal care and services and therefore pay higher monthly service fees. Specialized services include assistance with ADLs, behavior management and an activities program, the goal of which is to provide a normalized environment that supports residents’ remaining functional abilities. Whenever possible, residents participate in all facets of daily life at the residence, such as assisting with meals, laundry and housekeeping. Our assisted living communities (including our memory care communities) represent approximately 40.6% of our total senior living capacity. CCRCs. Our CCRCs are large communities that offer a variety of living arrangements and services to accommodate all levels of physical ability and health. Most of our CCRCs have retirement centers, assisted living and skilled nursing available on one campus, and some also include memory care/Alzheimer’s units. 9 Table of Contents Ten of our CCRCs are entry fee communities, in which residents in the retirement centers apartment units pay a one-time upfront entrance fee, typically $100,000 to $400,000 or more, which fee is partially refundable in certain circumstances. The amount of the entrance fee varies depending upon the type and size of the dwelling unit, the type of contract plan selected, whether the contract contains a lifecare benefit (i.e., a healthcare discount) for the resident, the amount and timing of refund, and other variables. These agreements are subject to regulations in various states. In addition to their initial entrance fee, residents under all of our entrance fee agreements also pay a monthly service fee, which entitles them to the use of certain amenities and services. Since we receive entrance fees upon initial occupancy, the monthly fees are generally less than fees at a comparable rental community. The refundable portion of a resident’s entrance fee is generally refundable within a certain number of months or days following contract termination or upon the sale of the unit, or in certain agreements, upon the resale of a comparable unit or 12 months after the resident vacates the unit. In addition, certain entrance fee agreements entitle the resident to a refund of the original entrance fee paid plus a percentage of the appreciation of the unit upon resale. We also offer a broad array of ancillary services, including therapy, home health, and other services through our Innovative Senior Care program, to the residents of each of our CCRCs. Our CCRCs represent approximately 21.6% of our total senior living capacity. The retirement centers units at our entry fee communities (those units on which entry fees are paid) represent 11.1% of our total senior living capacity. Excluding managed communities and equity homes (which are residences located on certain of our CCRC campuses that we do not generally own), entry fee communities represent 9.2% of our total senior living capacity. Competitive Strengths We believe our nationwide network of senior living communities is well positioned to benefit from the growth and increasing demand in the industry. Some of our most significant competitive strengths are: · Skilled management team with extensive experience. Our senior management team has extensive experience in acquiring, operating and managing a broad range of senior living assets, including experience in the senior living, healthcare, hospitality and real estate industries. · Geographically diverse, high-quality, purpose-built communities. As of December 31, 2008, we operate a nationwide base of 548 purpose- built communities in 35 states, including 88 communities in nine of the top ten standard metropolitan statistical areas. · Ability to provide a broad spectrum of care. Given our diverse mix of independent and assisted living communities and CCRCs, we are able to meet a wide range of our customers’ needs. We believe that we are one of the few companies in the senior living industry with this capability. We believe that our multiple product offerings create marketing synergies and cross-selling opportunities. · The size of our business allows us to realize cost and operating efficiencies. We are the largest operator of senior living communities in the United States based on total capacity. The size of our business allows us to realize cost savings and economies of scale in the procurement of goods and services. Our scale also allows us to achieve increased efficiencies with respect to various corporate functions. We intend to utilize our expertise and size to capitalize on economies of scale resulting from our national platform. Our geographic footprint and centralized infrastructure provide us with a significant operational advantage over local and regional operators of senior living communities. In connection with our formation transactions and our acquisitions, we negotiated new contracts for food, insurance and other goods and services. In addition, we have and will continue to consolidate corporate functions such as accounting, finance, human resources, legal, information technology and marketing. We began to realize these savings upon the completion of our formation transactions in September 2005 and have realized additional savings as we continued to consolidate and integrate various corporate functions. 10 Table of Contents · Significant experience in providing ancillary services. Through our Innovative Senior Care program, we provide a range of education, wellness, therapy, home health and other ancillary services to residents of certain of our retirement centers, assisted living, and CCRC communities. Having therapy clinics and home health agencies located in our buildings to provide needed services to our residents is a distinctive competitive difference. We have significant experience in providing these ancillary services and expect to receive additional revenues as we expand our ancillary service offerings to additional communities. Segments As of December 31, 2008, we had four reportable segments: retirement centers; assisted living; CCRCs; and management services. These segments were determined based on the way that our chief operating decision makers organize our business activities for making operating decisions and assessing performance. Our management services segment includes the results of communities that we operate on behalf of third parties pursuant to management agreements. Information regarding the other segments is included above under “Our Product Offerings”. Operating results from our four business segments are discussed further in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 22 to our consolidated financial statements included herein. Operations Operations Overview We believe that successful senior living operators must effectively combine the expertise and business disciplines of housing, hospitality, health care, marketing, finance and real estate. We continually review opportunities to expand the types of services we provide to our residents. To date, we have been able to increase our monthly revenue per unit each year and we have generally experienced increasing facility operating margins through a combination of the implementation of efficient operating procedures and the economies of scale associated with the size and number of our communities. Our operating procedures include securing national vendor contracts to obtain the lowest possible pricing for certain services such as food, energy and insurance, implementing effective budgeting and financial controls at each community, and establishing standardized training and operations procedures. We have implemented intensive standards, policies and procedures and systems, including detailed staff manuals, which we believe have contributed to high levels of customer service and to improved facility operating margins. We have centralized accounting controls, finance and other operating functions in our support centers so that, consistent with our operating philosophy, community-based personnel can focus on resident care and efficient operations. We have established company-wide policies and procedures relating to, among other things: resident care; community design and community operations; billings and collections; accounts payable; finance and accounting; risk management; development of employee training materials and programs; marketing activities; the hiring and training of management and other community-based personnel; compliance with applicable local and state regulatory requirements; and implementation of our acquisition, development and leasing plans. Consolidated Corporate Operations Support We have developed a centralized infrastructure and services platform, which provides us with a significant operational advantage over local and regional operators of senior living communities. The size of our business also allows us to achieve increased efficiencies with respect to various corporate functions such as human resources, finance, accounting, legal, information technology and marketing. We are also able to realize cost efficiencies in the purchasing of food, supplies, insurance, benefits, and other goods and services. In addition, we have established centralized operations groups to support all of our product lines and communities in areas such as training, regulatory affairs, asset management, dining and procurement. 11 Table of Contents Community Staffing and Training Each community has an Executive Director responsible for the overall day-to-day operations of the community, including quality of service, social services and financial performance. Each Executive Director receives specialized training from us. In addition, a portion of each Executive Director’s compensation is directly tied to the operating performance of the community and key service quality measures. We believe that the quality of our communities, coupled with our competitive compensation philosophy, has enabled us to attract high-quality, professional community Executive Directors. Depending upon the size of the community, each Executive Director is supported by a community staff member who is directly responsible for day-to-day care of the residents and either community staff or regional support to oversee the community’s marketing and community outreach programs. Other key positions supporting each community may include individuals responsible for food service, activities, housekeeping, and engineering. We believe that quality of care and operating efficiency can be maximized by direct resident and staff contact. Employees involved in resident care, including the administrative staff, are trained in the support and care needs of the residents and emergency response techniques. We have adopted formal training and evaluation procedures to help ensure quality care for our residents. We have extensive policy and procedure manuals and hold frequent training sessions for management and staff at each site. Quality Assurance We maintain quality assurance programs at each of our communities through our corporate and regional staff. Our quality assurance program is designed to achieve a high degree of resident and family member satisfaction with the care and services that we provide. Our quality control measures include, among other things, community inspections conducted by corporate staff on a regular basis. These inspections cover the appearance of the exterior and grounds; the appearance and cleanliness of the interior; the professionalism and friendliness of staff; quality of resident care (including assisted living services, nursing care, therapy and home health programs); the quality of activities and the dining program; observance of residents in their daily living activities; and compliance with government regulations. Our quality control measures also include the survey of residents and family members on a regular basis to monitor their perception of the quality of services provided to residents. In order to foster a sense of community as well as to respond to residents’ desires, at many of our communities, we have established a resident council or other resident advisory committee that meets monthly with the Executive Director of the community. Separate resident committees also exist at many of these communities for food service, activities, marketing and hospitality. These committees promote resident involvement and satisfaction and enable community management to be more responsive to the residents’ needs and desires. Marketing and Sales Our marketing strategy is intended to create awareness of us, our communities, our products and our services among potential residents and their family members and among referral sources, including hospital discharge planners, physicians, clergy, area agencies for the elderly, skilled nursing facilities, home health agencies and social workers. Our marketing staff develops overall strategies for promoting our communities and monitors the success of our marketing efforts, including outreach programs. In addition to direct contacts with prospective referral sources, we also rely on print advertising, yellow pages advertising, direct mail, signage and special events, health fairs and community receptions. Certain resident referral programs have been established and promoted within the limitations of federal and state laws at many communities. In order to mitigate the impact of weakness in the housing market, we have recently implemented several new sales and marketing initiatives designed to increase our entrance fee sales results. These include the acceptance of short-term promissory notes in satisfaction of a resident’s required entrance fee from certain pre-qualified, prospective residents who are waiting for their homes to sell. In addition, we have implemented the MyChoice program, which allows new and existing residents in certain communities the option to pay additional refundable entrance fee amounts in return for a reduced monthly service fee, thereby offering choices to residents desiring a more affordable ongoing monthly service fee. 12 Table of Contents Competition The senior living industry is highly competitive. We compete with numerous other organizations that provide similar senior living alternatives, such as home health care agencies, community-based service programs, retirement communities, convalescent centers and other senior living providers. In general, regulatory and other barriers to competitive entry in the retirement centers and assisted living segments of the senior living industry are not substantial, except in the skilled nursing segment. Although new construction of senior living communities has declined in recent years, we have experienced and expect to continue to experience competition in our efforts to acquire and operate senior living communities. Some of our present and potential senior living competitors have, or may obtain, greater financial resources than us and may have a lower cost of capital. Consequently, we may encounter competition that could limit our ability to attract residents or expand our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and earnings. Our major publicly-traded competitors are Sunrise Senior Living, Inc., Emeritus Corporation and Capital Senior Living Corporation and our major private competitors include Professional Community Management Life Care Services, LLC and Atria Senior Living Group, as well as a large number of not-for-profit entities. Customers Our target retirement center residents are senior citizens age 70 and older who desire or need a more supportive living environment. The average retirement center resident resides in a retirement center community for 37 months. A number of our retirement center residents relocate to one of our communities in order to be in a metropolitan area that is closer to their adult children. Our target assisted living residents are predominantly senior citizens age 80 and older who require daily assistance with two or three ADLs. The average assisted living resident resides in an assisted living community for 23 months. Residents typically enter an assisted living community due to a relatively immediate need for services that might have been triggered by a medical event or need. Our target CCRC residents are senior citizens who are seeking a community that offers a variety of services and a continuum of care so that they can “age in place.” These residents generally first enter the community as a resident of an retirement centers unit and may later move into an assisted living or skilled nursing unit as their needs change. We believe our combination of retirement center and assisted living operating expertise and the broad base of customers that this enables us to target creates a unique opportunity for us to invest in a broad spectrum of assets in the senior living industry, including retirement center, assisted living, CCRC and skilled nursing communities. Employees As of December 31, 2008, we had approximately 22,200 full-time employees and approximately 9,000 part-time employees, of which 199 work in our Nashville headquarters office, 350 work in our Milwaukee office, 60 work in our Chicago office and 83 work in a variety of field-based management positions. We currently consider our relationship with our employees to be good. Government Regulation The regulatory environment surrounding the senior living industry continues to intensify in the number and type of laws and regulations affecting it. In addition, federal, state and local officials are increasingly focusing their efforts on enforcement of these laws and regulations. This is particularly true for large for-profit, multi-community providers like us. Some of the laws and regulations that impact our industry include: state and local laws impacting licensure, protecting consumers against deceptive practices, and generally affecting the communities’ management of property and equipment and how we otherwise conduct our operations, such as fire, health and safety laws and regulations and privacy laws; federal and state laws designed to protect Medicare and Medicaid, which mandate what are allowable costs, pricing, quality of services, quality of care, food service, resident rights (including abuse and neglect) and fraud; federal and state residents’ rights statutes and regulations; Anti-Kickback and physicians referral (“Stark”) laws; and safety and health standards set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. We are unable to predict the future course of federal, state and local legislation or regulation. Changes in the regulatory framework could have a material adverse effect on our business. 13 Table of Contents Many senior living communities are also subject to regulation and licensing by state and local health and social service agencies and other regulatory authorities. Although requirements vary from state to state, these requirements may address, among others, the following: personnel education, training and records; community services, including administration of medication, assistance with self-administration of medication and the provision of nursing, home health and therapy services; staffing levels; monitoring of resident wellness; physical plant specifications; furnishing of resident units; food and housekeeping services; emergency evacuation plans; professional licensing and certification of staff prior to beginning employment; and resident rights and responsibilities, including in some states the right to receive health care services from providers of a resident’s choice that are not our employees. In several of the states in which we operate or may operate, we are prohibited from providing certain higher levels of senior care services without first obtaining the appropriate licenses. In addition, in several of the states in which we operate or intend to operate, assisted living communities, home health agencies and/or skilled nursing facilities require a certificate of need before the community can be opened or the services at an existing community can be expanded. Senior living communities may also be subject to state and/or local building, zoning, fire and food service codes and must be in compliance with these local codes before licensing or certification may be granted. These laws and regulatory requirements could affect our ability to expand into new markets and to expand our services and communities in existing markets. In addition, if any of our presently licensed communities operates outside of its licensing authority, it may be subject to penalties, including closure of the community. The intensified regulatory and enforcement environment impacts providers like us because of the increase in the number of inspections or surveys by governmental authorities and consequent citations for failure to comply with regulatory requirements. Unannounced surveys or inspections may occur annually or bi-annually, or following a regulator’s receipt of a complaint about the community. From time to time in the ordinary course of business, we receive deficiency reports from state regulatory bodies resulting from such inspections or surveys. Most inspection deficiencies are resolved through an agreed-to plan of corrective action relating to the community’s operations, but the reviewing agency typically has the authority to take further action against a licensed or certified community, which could result in the imposition of fines, imposition of a provisional or conditional license, suspension or revocation of a license, suspension or denial of admissions, loss of certification as a provider under federal health care programs or imposition of other sanctions, including criminal penalties. Loss, suspension or modification of a license may also cause us to default under our loan or lease agreements and/or trigger cross-defaults. Sanctions may be taken against providers or facilities without regard to the providers’ or facilities’ history of compliance. We may also expend considerable resources to respond to federal and state investigations or other enforcement action under applicable laws or regulations. To date, none of the deficiency reports received by us has resulted in a suspension, fine or other disposition that has had a material adverse effect on our revenues. However, any future substantial failure to comply with any applicable legal and regulatory requirements could result in a material adverse effect to our business as a whole. In addition, states Attorneys General vigorously enforce consumer protection laws as those laws relate to the senior living industry. State Medicaid Fraud and Abuse Units may also investigate assisted living communities even if the community or any of its residents do not receive federal or state funds. Regulation of the senior living industry is evolving at least partly because of the growing interests of a variety of advocacy organizations and political movements attempting to standardize regulations for certain segments of the industry, particularly assisted living. Our operations could suffer if future regulatory developments, such as federal assisted living laws and regulations, as well as mandatory increases in the scope and severity of deficiencies determined by survey or inspection officials or increase the number of citations that can result in civil or criminal penalties. Certain current state laws and regulations allow enforcement officials to make determinations on whether the care provided by one or more of our communities exceeds the level of care for which the community is licensed. A finding that a community is delivering care beyond its license might result in the immediate transfer and discharge of residents, which may create market instability and other adverse consequences. Furthermore, certain states may allow citations in one community to impact other communities in the state. Revocation or suspension of a license, or a citation, at a given community could therefore impact our ability to obtain new licenses or to renew existing licenses at other communities, which may also cause us to be in default under our loan or lease agreements and trigger cross-defaults or may also trigger defaults under certain of our credit agreements, or adversely affect our ability to operate and/or obtain financing in the future. If a state were to find that one community’s citation will impact another of our communities, this will also increase costs and result in increased surveillance by the state survey agency. If regulatory requirements increase, whether 14 Table of Contents through enactment of new laws or regulations or changes in the enforcement of existing rules, including increased enforcement brought about by advocacy groups, in addition to federal and state regulators, our operations could be adversely affected. In addition, any adverse finding by survey and inspection officials may serve as the basis for false claims lawsuits by private plaintiffs and may lead to investigations under federal and state laws, which may result in civil and/or criminal penalties against the community or individual. There are various extremely complex federal and state laws governing a wide array of referrals, relationships and arrangements and prohibiting fraud by health care providers, including those in the senior living industry, and governmental agencies are devoting increasing attention and resources to such anti-fraud initiatives. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, and the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 expanded the penalties for health care fraud. In addition, with respect to our participation in federal health care reimbursement programs, the government or private individuals acting on behalf of the government may bring an action under the False Claims Act alleging that a health care provider has defrauded the government and seek treble damages for false claims and the payment of additional monetary civil penalties. Recently, other health care providers have faced enforcement action under the False Claims Act. The False Claims Act allows a private individual with knowledge of fraud to bring a claim on behalf of the federal government and earn a percentage of the federal government’s recovery. Because of these incentives, so-called “whistleblower” suits have become more frequent. Also, if any of our communities exceeds its level of care, we may be subject to private lawsuits alleging “transfer trauma” by residents. Such allegations could also lead to investigations by enforcement officials, which could result in penalties, including the closure of communities. The violation of any of these regulations may result in the imposition of fines or other penalties that could jeopardize our business. Additionally, we operate communities that participate in federal and/or state health care reimbursement programs, including state Medicaid waiver programs for assisted living communities, the Medicare skilled nursing facility benefit program and other healthcare programs such as therapy and home health services, or other federal and/or state health care programs. Consequently, we are subject to federal and state laws that prohibit anyone from presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for reimbursement which are false, fraudulent or are for items or services that were not provided as claimed. Similar state laws vary from state to state and we cannot be sure that these laws will be interpreted consistently or in keeping with past practices. Violation of any of these laws can result in loss of licensure, claims for recoupment, civil or criminal penalties and exclusion of health care providers or suppliers from furnishing covered items or services to beneficiaries of the applicable federal and/or state health care reimbursement program. Loss of licensure may also cause us to default under our leases and loan agreements and/or trigger cross-defaults. We are also subject to certain federal and state laws that regulate financial arrangements by health care providers, such as the Federal Anti-Kickback Law, the Stark laws and certain state referral laws. The Federal Anti-Kickback Law makes it unlawful for any person to offer or pay (or to solicit or receive) “any remuneration ... directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind” for referring or recommending for purchase any item or service which is eligible for payment under the Medicare and/or Medicaid programs. Authorities have interpreted this statute very broadly to apply to many practices and relationships between health care providers and sources of patient referral. If we were to violate the Federal Anti-Kickback Law, we may face criminal penalties and civil sanctions, including fines and possible exclusion from government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, which may also cause us to default under our leases and loan agreements and/or trigger cross-defaults. Adverse consequences may also result if we violate federal Stark laws related to certain Medicare and Medicaid physician referrals. While we endeavor to comply with all laws that regulate the licensure and operation of our senior living communities, it is difficult to predict how our revenues could be affected if we were subject to an action alleging such violations. We are also subject to federal and state laws designed to protect the confidentiality of patient health information. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, has issued rules pursuant to HIPAA relating to the privacy of such information. Rules that became effective April 14, 2003 govern our use and disclosure of health information at certain HIPAA covered communities. We established procedures to comply with HIPAA privacy requirements at these communities. We were required to be in compliance with the HIPAA rule establishing administrative, physical and technical security standards for health information by April 2005. To the best of our knowledge, we are in compliance with these rules. Environmental Matters Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, a current or previous owner or operator of real property, such as us, may be held liable in certain circumstances for the costs of investigation, removal or 15 Table of Contents remediation of certain hazardous or toxic substances, including, among others, petroleum and materials containing asbestos, that could be located on, in, at or under a property, regardless of how such materials came to be located there. Additionally, such an owner or operator of real property may incur costs relating to the release of hazardous or toxic substances, including government fines and payments for personal injuries or damage to adjacent property. The cost of any required investigation, remediation, removal, mitigation, compliance, fines or personal or property damages and our liability therefore could exceed the property’s value and/or our assets’ value. In addition, the presence of such substances, or the failure to properly dispose of or remediate the damage caused by such substances, may adversely affect our ability to sell such property, to attract additional residents and retain existing residents, to borrow using such property as collateral or to develop or redevelop such property. In addition, such laws impose liability for investigation, remediation, removal and mitigation costs on persons who disposed of or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances at third-party sites. Such laws and regulations often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence, release or disposal of such substances as well as without regard to whether such release or disposal was in compliance with law at the time it occurred. Moreover, the imposition of such liability upon us could be joint and several, which means we could be required to pay for the cost of cleaning up contamination caused by others who have become insolvent or otherwise judgment proof. We do not believe that we have incurred such liabilities that would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our operations are subject to regulation under various federal, state and local environmental laws, including those relating to: the handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of medical waste products generated at our communities; identification and warning of the presence of asbestos- containing materials in buildings, as well as removal of such materials; the presence of other substances in the indoor environment; and protection of the environment and natural resources in connection with development or construction of our properties. Some of our communities generate infectious or other hazardous medical waste due to the illness or physical condition of the residents, including, for example, blood-soaked bandages, swabs and other medical waste products and incontinence products of those residents diagnosed with an infectious disease. The management of infectious medical waste, including its handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal, is subject to regulation under various federal, state and local environmental laws. These environmental laws set forth the management requirements for such waste, as well as related permit, record-keeping, notice and reporting obligations. Each of our communities has an agreement with a waste management company for the proper disposal of all infectious medical waste. The use of such waste management companies does not immunize us from alleged violations of such medical waste laws for operations for which we are responsible even if carried out by such waste management companies, nor does it immunize us from third-party claims for the cost to cleanup disposal sites at which such wastes have been disposed. Any finding that we are not in compliance with environmental laws could adversely affect our business operations and financial condition. Federal regulations require building owners and those exercising control over a building’s management to identify and warn, via signs and labels, their employees and certain other employers operating in the building of potential hazards posed by workplace exposure to installed asbestos-containing materials and potential asbestos-containing materials in their buildings. The regulations also set forth employee training, record-keeping requirements and sampling protocols pertaining to asbestos-containing materials and potential asbestos-containing materials. Significant fines can be assessed for violation of these regulations. Building owners and those exercising control over a building’s management may be subject to an increased risk of personal injury lawsuits by workers and others exposed to asbestos-containing materials and potential asbestos-containing materials. The regulations may affect the value of a building containing asbestos-containing materials and potential asbestos-containing materials in which we have invested. Federal, state and local laws and regulations also govern the removal, encapsulation, disturbance, handling and/or disposal of asbestos-containing materials and potential asbestos-containing materials when such materials are in poor condition or in the event of construction, remodeling, renovation or demolition of a building. Such laws may impose liability for improper handling or a release to the environment of asbestos-containing materials and potential asbestos-containing materials and may provide for fines to, and for third parties to seek recovery from, owners or operators of real properties for personal injury or improper work exposure associated with asbestos-containing materials and potential asbestos-containing materials. 16 Table of Contents The presence of mold, lead-based paint, contaminants in drinking water, radon and/or other substances at any of the communities we own or may acquire may lead to the incurrence of costs for remediation, mitigation or the implementation of an operations and maintenance plan. Furthermore, the presence of mold, lead-based paint, contaminants in drinking water, radon and/or other substances at any of the communities we own or may acquire may present a risk that third parties will seek recovery from the owners, operators or tenants of such properties for personal injury or property damage. In some circumstances, areas affected by mold may be unusable for periods of time for repairs, and even after successful remediation, the known prior presence of extensive mold could adversely affect the ability of a community to retain or attract residents and could adversely affect a community’s market value. We believe that we are in material compliance with applicable environmental laws. We are unable to predict the future course of federal, state and local environmental regulation and legislation. Changes in the environmental regulatory framework could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, because environmental laws vary from state to state, expansion of our operations to states where we do not currently operate may subject us to additional restrictions on the manner in which we operate our communities. Available Information Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to such reports, are available free of charge through our web site as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission, at the following address: www.brookdaleliving.com. The information within, or that can be accessed through, the web site is not part of this report. We have posted our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the charters of our Audit, Compensation, Investment, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees on our web site at www.brookdaleliving.com. In addition, our Code of Ethics for Chief Executive and Senior Financial Officers, which applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Co-Presidents, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Controller, is also available on our website. Our corporate governance materials are available in print free of charge to any stockholder upon request to our Corporate Secretary, Brookdale Senior Living Inc., 111 Westwood Place, Suite 200, Brentwood, Tennessee 37027. Item 1A. Risk Factors. Risks Related to Our Business Recent disruptions in the financial markets could affect our ability to obtain financing or to extend or refinance debt as it matures, which could negatively impact our liquidity, financial condition and the market price of our common stock. The United States stock and credit markets have recently experienced significant price volatility, dislocations and liquidity disruptions, which have caused market prices of many stocks to fluctuate substantially and the spreads on prospective debt financings to widen considerably. These circumstances have materially impacted liquidity in the financial markets, making terms for certain financings less attractive, and in some cases have resulted in the unavailability of financing. Continued uncertainty in the stock and credit markets may negatively impact our ability to access additional financing (including any refinancing or extension of our existing debt) on reasonable terms, which may negatively affect our business. Subsequent to December 31, 2008, we now have an available secured line of credit of $230.0 million (including a $25.0 million letter of credit sublimit) and separate letter of credit facilities of up to $48.5 million in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2008, we also had $158.5 million of debt that is scheduled to mature during the twelve months ending December 31, 2009 (excluding the $4.5 million current portion of our line of credit). If we are unable to extend our amended credit facility, or enter into a new credit facility, at or prior to its August 31, 2010 maturity date or extend (or refinance, as applicable) any of our other debt or letter of credit facilities prior to their scheduled maturity dates, our liquidity and financial condition could be adversely impacted. In addition, even if we are able to extend or replace our credit facility at or prior to its maturity or extend or refinance our 17 Table of Contents other maturing debt or letter of credit facilities, the terms of the new financing may not be as favorable to us as the terms of the existing financing. A prolonged downturn in the financial markets may cause us to seek alternative sources of potentially less attractive financing, and may require us to further adjust our business plan accordingly. These events also may make it more difficult or costly for us to raise capital, including through the issuance of common stock. Continued disruptions in the financial markets could have an adverse effect on us and our business. If we are not able to obtain additional financing on favorable terms, we also may have to delay or abandon some or all of our growth strategies, which could adversely affect our revenues and results of operations. If we are not able to satisfy the conditions precedent to exercising the extension options associated with certain of our debt agreements, our liquidity and financial condition could be negatively impacted. Our consolidated financial statements reflect approximately $158.5 million of debt obligations (excluding the $4.5 million current portion of our line of credit) due on or prior to December 31, 2009. Although these debt obligations are scheduled to mature on or prior to December 31, 2009, we have the option, subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions (such as the absence of a material adverse change), to extend the maturity of approximately $131.0 million of certain mortgages payable included in such debt until 2011, as the instruments associated with such mortgages payable provide that we can extend the respective maturity dates for up to two terms of 12 months each from the existing maturity dates. We presently anticipate that we will exercise the extension options and will satisfy the conditions precedent for doing so with respect to each of these obligations. If we are not able to satisfy the conditions precedent to exercising these extension options, our liquidity and financial condition could be adversely impacted. Due to the dependency of our revenues on private pay sources, events which adversely affect the ability of seniors to afford our monthly resident fees or entrance fees (including downturns in the economy, housing market, consumer confidence or the equity markets) could cause our occupancy rates, revenues and results of operations to decline. Costs to seniors associated with independent and assisted living services are not generally reimbursable under government reimbursement programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. Only seniors with income or assets meeting or exceeding the comparable median in the regions where our communities are located typically can afford to pay our monthly resident fees. Economic downturns, softness in the housing market, lower levels of consumer confidence, stock market volatility and/or changes in demographics could adversely affect the ability of seniors to afford our resident fees or entrance fees. If we are unable to retain and/or attract seniors with sufficient income, assets or other resources required to pay the fees associated with independent and assisted living services and other service offerings, our occupancy rates, revenues and results of operations could decline. The inability of seniors to sell real estate may delay their moving into our communities, which could negatively impact our occupancy rates, revenues, cash flows and results of operations. Recent housing price declines and reduced home mortgage availability have negatively affected the U.S. housing market, with certain geographic areas experiencing more acute deterioration than others. Downturns in the housing markets, such as the one we have recently experienced, could adversely affect the ability (or perceived ability) of seniors to afford our entrance fees and resident fees as our customers frequently use the proceeds from the sale of their homes to cover the cost of our fees. Specifically, if seniors have a difficult time selling their homes, these difficulties could impact their ability to relocate into our communities or finance their stays at our communities with private resources. If the recent volatility in the housing market continues for a protracted period, our occupancy rates, revenues, cash flows and results of operations could be negatively impacted. General economic factors could adversely affect our financial performance and other aspects of our business. General economic conditions, such as inflation, commodity costs, fuel and other energy costs, costs of labor, insurance and healthcare, interest rates, and tax rates, affect our community operating and general and administrative expenses, and we have no control or limited ability to control such factors. In addition, current global economic conditions and uncertainties, the potential impact of a prolonged recession, the potential for failures or realignments of financial institutions, and the related impact on available credit may affect us and our business partners, landlords, counterparties and residents or prospective residents in an adverse manner including, 18 Table of Contents but not limited to, reducing access to liquid funds or credit, increasing the cost of credit, limiting our ability to manage interest rate risk, increasing the risk that certain of our business partners, landlords or counterparties would be unable to fulfill their obligations to us, and other impacts which we are unable to fully anticipate. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow to cover required interest and lease payments, this would result in defaults of the related debt or leases and cross-defaults under other debt or leases, which would adversely affect our ability to continue to generate income. We have significant indebtedness and lease obligations, and we intend to continue financing our communities through mortgage financing, long-term leases and other types of financing, including borrowings under our line of credit and future credit facilities we may obtain. We cannot give any assurance that we will generate sufficient cash flow from operations to cover required interest, principal and lease payments. Any non-payment or other default under our financing arrangements could, subject to cure provisions, cause the lender to foreclose upon the community or communities securing such indebtedness or, in the case of a lease, cause the lessor to terminate the lease, each with a consequent loss of income and asset value to us. Furthermore, in some cases, indebtedness is secured by both a mortgage on a community (or communities) and a guaranty by us and/or one or more of our subsidiaries. In the event of a default under one of these scenarios, the lender could avoid judicial procedures required to foreclose on real property by declaring all amounts outstanding under the guaranty immediately due and payable, and requiring the respective guarantor to fulfill its obligations to make such payments. The realization of any of these scenarios would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and capital structure. Additionally, a foreclosure on any of our properties could cause us to recognize taxable income, even if we did not receive any cash proceeds in connection with such foreclosure. Further, because our mortgages and leases generally contain cross-default and cross-collateralization provisions, a default by us related to one community could affect a significant number of our communities and their corresponding financing arrangements and leases. Our indebtedness and long-term leases could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to operate our business and our ability to execute our growth strategy. Our level of indebtedness and our long-term leases could adversely affect our future operations and/or impact our stockholders for several reasons, including, without limitation: · We may have little or no cash flow apart from cash flow that is dedicated to the payment of any interest, principal or amortization required with respect to outstanding indebtedness and lease payments with respect to our long-term leases; · Increases in our outstanding indebtedness, leverage and long-term leases will increase our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic and industry conditions, as well as to competitive pressure; · Increases in our outstanding indebtedness may limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, expansions, new developments, acquisitions, general corporate and other purposes; and · Our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders may be limited. Our ability to make payments of principal and interest on our indebtedness and to make lease payments on our leases depends upon our future performance, which will be subject to general economic conditions, industry cycles and financial, business and other factors affecting our operations, many of which are beyond our control. Our business might not continue to generate cash flow at or above current levels. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations in the future to service our debt or to make lease payments on our leases, we may be required, among other things, to seek additional financing in the debt or equity markets, refinance or restructure all or a portion of our indebtedness, sell selected assets, reduce or delay planned capital expenditures or delay or abandon desirable acquisitions. Such measures might not be sufficient to enable us to service our debt or to make lease payments on our leases. The failure to make required payments on our debt or leases or the delay or abandonment of our planned growth strategy could result in an adverse effect on our future ability to generate revenues and sustain profitability. In addition, any such financing, refinancing or sale of assets might not be available on economically favorable terms to us. 19 Table of Contents Our existing credit facilities, mortgage loans and lease arrangements contain covenants that restrict our operations and any default under such facilities, loans or arrangements could result in the acceleration of indebtedness, termination of the leases or cross-defaults, any of which would negatively impact our liquidity and inhibit our ability to grow our business and increase revenues. Our outstanding indebtedness and leases contain restrictions and covenants and require us to maintain or satisfy specified financial ratios and coverage tests, including maintaining prescribed net worth levels, leverage ratios and debt service and lease coverage ratios on a consolidated basis, and on a community or communities basis based on the debt or lease securing the communities. In addition, certain of our leases require us to maintain lease coverage ratios on a lease portfolio basis (each as defined in the leases) and maintain stockholders’ equity or tangible net worth amounts. The debt service coverage ratios are generally calculated as revenues less operating expenses, including an implied management fee and a reserve for capital expenditures, divided by the debt (principal and interest) or lease payment. Net worth is generally calculated as stockholders’ equity as calculated in accordance with GAAP, and in certain circumstances, reduced by intangible assets or liabilities or increased by deferred gains from sale-leaseback transactions and deferred entrance fee revenue. These restrictions and covenants may interfere with our ability to obtain financing or to engage in other business activities, which may inhibit our ability to grow our business and increase revenues. If we fail to comply with any of these requirements, then the related indebtedness could become immediately due and payable. We cannot assure you that we could pay this debt if it became due. Our outstanding indebtedness and leases are secured by our communities and, in certain cases, a guaranty by us and/or one or more of our subsidiaries. Therefore, an event of default under the outstanding indebtedness or leases, subject to cure provisions in certain instances, would give the respective lenders or lessors, as applicable, the right to declare all amounts outstanding to be immediately due and payable, terminate the lease, foreclose on collateral securing the outstanding indebtedness and leases, and restrict our ability to make additional borrowings under the outstanding indebtedness or continue to operate the properties subject to the lease. Certain of our outstanding indebtedness and leases contain cross-default provisions so that a default under certain outstanding indebtedness would cause a default under certain of our leases. Certain of our outstanding indebtedness and leases also restrict, among other things, our ability to incur additional debt. The substantial majority of our lease arrangements are structured as master leases. Under a master lease, we may lease a large number of geographically dispersed properties through an indivisible lease. As a result, it is difficult to restructure the composition of the portfolio or economic terms of the lease without the consent of the landlord. Failure to comply with Medicare or Medicaid provider requirements is a default under several of our master lease and debt financing instruments. In addition, potential defaults related to an individual property may cause a default of an entire master lease portfolio and could trigger cross-default provisions in our outstanding indebtedness and other leases, which would have a negative impact on our capital structure and our ability to generate future revenues, and could interfere with our ability to pursue our growth strategy. Certain of our master leases also contain radius restrictions, which limit our ability to own, develop or acquire new communities within a specified distance from certain existing communities covered by such master leases. These radius restrictions could negatively affect our expansion, development and acquisition plans. Mortgage debt and lease obligations expose us to increased risk of loss of property, which could harm our ability to generate future revenues and could have an adverse tax effect. Mortgage debt and lease obligations increase our risk of loss because defaults on indebtedness secured by properties or pursuant to the terms of the lease may result in foreclosure actions initiated by lenders or lessors and ultimately our loss of the property securing any loans for which we are in default or cause the lessor to terminate the lease. For tax purposes, a foreclosure of any of our properties would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would recognize taxable income on foreclosure, but would not receive any cash proceeds, which could negatively impact our earnings and liquidity. Further, our mortgage debt and leases generally contain cross-default and cross-collateralization provisions and a default on one community could affect a significant number of our communities, financing arrangements and leases. 20 Table of Contents Increases in market interest rates could significantly increase the costs of our unhedged debt and lease obligations, which could adversely affect our liquidity and earnings. Our unhedged floating-rate debt and lease payment obligations and any unhedged floating-rate debt incurred in the future, exposes us to interest rate risk. Therefore, increases in prevailing interest rates could increase our payment obligations, which would negatively impact our liquidity and earnings. Changes in the value of our interest rate swaps could require us to post additional cash collateral with our counterparties, which could negatively impact our liquidity and financial condition. In the normal course of our business, we use a variety of financial instruments to manage or hedge interest rate risk. We have entered into certain interest rate protection and swap agreements to effectively cap or convert floating rate debt to a fixed rate basis, as well as to hedge anticipated future financing transactions. Pursuant to our hedge agreements, we are required to secure our obligation to our counterparty if the fair value liability exceeds a specified threshold by posting cash or other collateral. In periods of significant volatility in the credit markets, the value of our swaps can change significantly and, as a result, the amount of collateral we are required to post can change significantly. If we are required to post additional collateral due to changes in the fair value liability of our existing or future swaps, our liquidity and financial condition could be negatively impacted. We will rely on reimbursement from governmental programs for a greater portion of our revenues than in the past, and will be subject to changes in reimbursement levels, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow. We will rely on reimbursement from governmental programs for a greater portion of our revenues than before, and we cannot assure you that reimbursement levels will not decrease in the future, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow. Certain per person annual limits on Medicare reimbursement for therapy services became effective in 2006, subject to certain exceptions. These exceptions are currently scheduled to expire on December 31, 2009. If these exceptions are modified or not extended beyond that date, there may be reductions in our therapy services revenue and the profitability of those services. There continue to be various federal and state legislative and regulatory proposals to implement cost containment measures that would limit payments to healthcare providers in the future. Changes in the reimbursement policies of the Medicare program could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flow. We have a limited operating history on a combined basis and we are therefore subject to the risks generally associated with the formation of any new business and the combination of existing businesses. In June 2005, we were formed for the purpose of combining two leading senior living operating companies, Brookdale Living Communities, Inc., or BLC, and Alterra Healthcare Corporation, or Alterra, through a series of mergers that occurred in September 2005. Prior to this combination, we had no operations or assets. We are therefore subject to the risks generally associated with the formation of any new business and the combination of existing businesses, including the risk that we will not be able to realize expected efficiencies and economies of scale or implement our business strategies. As such, we only have a brief combined and consolidated operating history upon which investors may evaluate our performance as an integrated entity and assess our future prospects. In addition, from the date of our initial public offering in November 2005, we have purchased over 220 additional communities, including 83 communities from American Retirement Corporation, or ARC. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully integrate and oversee the combined operations of BLC, Alterra and ARC and the additional communities purchased in these acquisitions. Accordingly, our financial performance to date may not be indicative of our long-term future performance and may not necessarily reflect what our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows would have been had we operated as a combined entity throughout the periods presented. We have a history of losses and we may not be able to achieve profitability. We have incurred net losses in every quarter since our formation in June 2005. Given our history of losses, there can be no assurance that we will be able to achieve and/or maintain profitability in the future. If we do not effectively manage our cash flow and combined business operations going forward or otherwise achieve profitability, our stock price would be adversely affected. 21 Table of Contents If we do not effectively manage our growth and successfully integrate new or recently-acquired or initiated operations into our existing operations, our business and financial results could be adversely affected. Our growth has and will continue to place significant demands on our current management resources. Our ability to manage our growth effectively and to successfully integrate new or recently-acquired or initiated operations (including expansions, developments, acquisitions and the expansion of our ancillary services program) into our existing business will require us to continue to expand our operational, financial and management information systems and to continue to retain, attract, train, motivate and manage key employees. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in attracting qualified individuals to the extent necessary, and management may expend significant time and energy attracting the appropriate personnel to manage assets we purchase in the future and our expansion and development activities. Also, the additional communities and expansion activities will require us to maintain consistent quality control measures that allow our management to effectively identify deviations that result in delivering care and services that are substandard, which may result in litigation and/or loss of licensure or certification. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, successfully integrate new or recently-acquired or initiated operations into our existing business, or maintain consistent quality control measures, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Delays in obtaining regulatory approvals could hinder our plans to expand our ancillary services program, which could negatively impact our anticipated revenues, results of operations and cash flows. We plan to continue to expand our offering of ancillary services (including therapy and home health) to additional communities. In the current environment, it is difficult to obtain certain required regulatory approvals. Delays in obtaining required regulatory approvals could impede our ability to expand to additional communities in accordance with our plans, which could negatively impact our anticipated revenues, results of operations and cash flows. If we are unable to expand our communities in accordance with our plans, our anticipated revenues and results of operations could be adversely affected. We are currently working on projects that will expand several of our existing senior living communities over the next several years. We are also developing certain new senior living communities. These projects are in various stages of development and are subject to a number of factors over which we have little or no control. Such factors include the necessity of arranging separate leases, mortgage loans or other financings to provide the capital required to complete these projects; difficulties or delays in obtaining zoning, land use, building, occupancy, licensing, certificate of need and other required governmental permits and approvals; failure to complete construction of the projects on budget and on schedule; failure of third-party contractors and subcontractors to perform under their contracts; shortages of labor or materials that could delay projects or make them more expensive; adverse weather conditions that could delay completion of projects; increased costs resulting from general economic conditions or increases in the cost of materials; and increased costs as a result of changes in laws and regulations. We cannot assure you that we will elect to undertake or complete all of our proposed expansion and development projects, or that we will not experience delays in completing those projects. In addition, we may incur substantial costs prior to achieving stabilized occupancy for each such project and cannot assure you that these costs will not be greater than we have anticipated. We also cannot assure you that any of our expansion or development projects will be economically successful. Our failure to achieve our expansion and development plans could adversely impact our growth objectives, and our anticipated revenues and results of operations. We may encounter difficulties in acquiring communities at attractive prices or integrating acquisitions with our operations, which may adversely affect our operations and financial condition. We will continue to selectively target strategic acquisitions as opportunities arise. The process of integrating acquired communities into our existing operations may result in unforeseen operating difficulties, divert managerial attention or require significant financial resources. These acquisitions and other future acquisitions may require us to incur additional indebtedness and contingent liabilities, and may result in unforeseen expenses or compliance issues, which may limit our revenue growth, cash flows, and our ability to achieve profitability. Moreover, any future acquisitions may not generate any additional income for us or provide any benefit to our business. In addition, we cannot assure you that we will be able to locate and acquire communities at attractive prices in locations that are compatible with our strategy or that competition for the acquisition of communities 22 Table of Contents will not increase. Finally, when we are able to locate communities and enter into definitive agreements to acquire or lease them, we cannot assure you that the transactions will be completed. Failure to complete transactions after we have entered into definitive agreements may result in significant expenses to us. Unforeseen costs associated with the acquisition of communities could reduce our future profitability. Our growth strategy contemplates selected future acquisitions of existing senior living operating companies and communities. Despite our extensive underwriting and due diligence procedures, communities that we have previously acquired or may acquire in the future may generate unexpectedly low or no returns or may not meet a risk profile that our investors find acceptable. In addition, we might encounter unanticipated difficulties and expenditures relating to any of the acquired communities, including contingent liabilities, or newly acquired communities might require significant management attention that would otherwise be devoted to our ongoing business. For example, a community may require capital expenditures in excess of budgeted amounts, or it may experience management turnover that is higher than we project. These costs may negatively affect our future profitability. Competition for the acquisition of strategic assets from buyers with lower costs of capital than us or that have lower return expectations than we do could limit our ability to compete for strategic acquisitions and therefore to grow our business effectively. Several real estate investment trusts, or REITs, have similar asset acquisition objectives as we do, along with greater financial resources and lower costs of capital than we are able to obtain. This may increase competition for acquisitions that would be suitable to us, making it more difficult for us to compete and successfully implement our growth strategy. There is significant competition among potential acquirers in the senior living industry, including REITs, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully implement our growth strategy or complete acquisitions, which could limit our ability to grow our business effectively. We may need additional capital to fund our operations and finance our growth, and we may not be able to obtain it on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which may limit our ability to grow. Continued expansion of our business through the expansion of our existing communities, the development of new communities and the acquisition of existing senior living operating companies and communities will require additional capital, particularly if we were to accelerate our expansion and acquisition plans. Financing may not be available to us or may be available to us only on terms that are not favorable. In addition, certain of our outstanding indebtedness and long-term leases restrict, among other things, our ability to incur additional debt. If we are unable to raise additional funds or obtain them on terms acceptable to us, we may have to delay or abandon some or all of our growth strategies. Further, if additional funds are raised through the issuance of additional equity securities, the percentage ownership of our stockholders would be diluted. Any newly issued equity securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock. We are susceptible to risks associated with the lifecare benefits that we offer the residents of our lifecare entrance fee communities. As of December 31, 2008, we operated ten lifecare entrance fee communities that offer residents a limited lifecare benefit. Residents of these communities pay an upfront entrance fee upon occupancy, of which a portion is generally refundable, with an additional monthly service fee while living in the community. This limited lifecare benefit is typically (a) a certain number of free days in the community’s health center during the resident’s lifetime, (b) a discounted rate for such services, or (c) a combination of the two. The lifecare benefit varies based upon the extent to which the resident’s entrance fee is refundable. The pricing of entrance fees, refundability provisions, monthly service fees, and lifecare benefits are determined utilizing actuarial projections of the expected morbidity and mortality of the resident population. In the event the entrance fees and monthly service payments established for our communities are not sufficient to cover the cost of lifecare benefits granted to residents, the results of operations and financial condition of these communities could be adversely affected. Residents of these entrance fee communities are guaranteed a living unit and nursing care at the community during their lifetime, even if the resident exhausts his or her financial resources and becomes unable to satisfy his or her obligations to the community. In addition, in the event a resident requires nursing care and there is insufficient capacity for the resident in the nursing facility at the community where the resident lives, the 23 Table of Contents community must contract with a third party to provide such care. Although we screen potential residents to ensure that they have adequate assets, income, and reimbursements from government programs and third parties to pay their obligations to our communities during their lifetime, we cannot assure you that such assets, income, and reimbursements will be sufficient in all cases. If insufficient, we have rights of set-off against the refundable portions of the residents’ deposits, and would also seek available reimbursement under Medicaid or other available programs. To the extent that the financial resources of some of the residents are not sufficient to pay for the cost of facilities and services provided to them, or in the event that our communities must pay third parties to provide nursing care to residents of our communities, our results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected. The geographic concentration of our communities could leave us vulnerable to an economic downturn, regulatory changes or acts of nature in those areas, resulting in a decrease in our revenues or an increase in our costs, or otherwise negatively impacting our results of operations. We have a high concentration of communities in various geographic areas, including the states of Florida, Texas, North Carolina, California, Colorado, Ohio and Arizona. As a result of this concentration, the conditions of local economies and real estate markets, changes in governmental rules and regulations, particularly with respect to assisted living communities, acts of nature and other factors that may result in a decrease in demand for senior living services in these states could have an adverse effect on our revenues, costs and results of operations. In addition, given the location of our communities, we are particularly susceptible to revenue loss, cost increase or damage caused by other severe weather conditions or natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes or tornados. Any significant loss due to a natural disaster may not be covered by insurance and may lead to an increase in the cost of insurance. Termination of our resident agreements and vacancies in the living spaces we lease could adversely affect our revenues, earnings and occupancy levels. State regulations governing assisted living communities require written resident agreements with each resident. Several of these regulations also require that each resident have the right to terminate the resident agreement for any reason on reasonable notice. Consistent with these regulations, many of our assisted living resident agreements allow residents to terminate their agreements upon 0 to 30 days’ notice. Unlike typical apartment leasing or independent living arrangements that involve lease agreements with specified leasing periods of up to a year or longer, in many instances we cannot contract with our assisted living residents to stay in those living spaces for longer periods of time. Our retirement center resident agreements generally provide for termination of the lease upon death or allow a resident to terminate his or her lease upon the need for a higher level of care not provided at the community. If multiple residents terminate their resident agreements at or around the same time, our revenues, earnings and occupancy levels could be adversely affected. In addition, because of the demographics of our typical residents, including age and health, resident turnover rates in our communities are difficult to predict. As a result, the living spaces we lease may be unoccupied for a period of time, which could adversely affect our revenues and earnings. Increases in the cost and availability of labor, including increased competition for or a shortage of skilled personnel or increased union activity, would have an adverse effect on our profitability and/or our ability to conduct our business operations. Our success depends on our ability to retain and attract skilled management personnel who are responsible for the day-to-day operations of each of our communities. Each community has an Executive Director responsible for the overall day-to-day operations of the community, including quality of care, social services and financial performance. Depending upon the size of the community, each Executive Director is supported by a community staff member who is directly responsible for day-to-day care of the residents and either community staff or regional support to oversee the community’s marketing and community outreach programs. Other key positions supporting each community may include individuals responsible for food service, healthcare services, therapy services, activities, housekeeping and engineering. We compete with various health care service providers, including other senior living providers, in retaining and attracting qualified and skilled personnel. Increased competition for or a shortage of nurses, therapists or other trained personnel, or general inflationary pressures may require that we enhance our pay and benefits package to compete effectively for such personnel. We may not be able to offset such added costs by increasing the rates we charge to our residents or our service charges, which would negatively impact our results of operations. Turnover rates and the magnitude of the shortage of nurses, 24 Table of Contents therapists or other trained personnel varies substantially from market to market. Although reliable industry-wide data on key employee retention does not exist, we believe that our employee retention rates are consistent with those of other national senior housing operators. If we fail to attract and retain qualified and skilled personnel, our ability to conduct our business operations effectively, our ability to implement our growth strategy, and our overall operating results could be harmed. In addition, efforts by labor unions to unionize any of our community personnel could divert management attention, lead to increases in our labor costs and/or reduce our flexibility with respect to certain workplace rules. Recently proposed legislation known as the Employee Free Choice Act, or card check, could make it significantly easier for union organizing drives to be successful, leading to increased organizational activity, and could give third- party arbitrators the ability to impose terms of collective bargaining agreements upon us and a labor union if we and such union are unable to agree to the terms of a collective bargaining agreement. If we experience an increase in organizing activity, if onerous collective bargaining agreement terms are imposed upon us, or if we otherwise experience an increase in our staffing and labor costs, our profitability and cash flows from operations would be negatively affected. Departure of our key officers could harm our business. Our future success depends, to a significant extent, upon the continued service of our senior management personnel, particularly: W.E. Sheriff, our Chief Executive Officer; Mark W. Ohlendorf, our Co-President and Chief Financial Officer; John P. Rijos, our Co-President and Chief Operating Officer; and T. Andrew Smith, our Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary. If we were to lose the services of any of these individuals, our business and financial results could be adversely affected. Environmental contamination at any of our communities could result in substantial liabilities to us, which may exceed the value of the underlying assets and which could materially and adversely effect our liquidity and earnings. Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, a current or previous owner or operator of real property, such as us, may be held liable in certain circumstances for the costs of investigation, removal or remediation of, or related to the release of, certain hazardous or toxic substances, that could be located on, in, at or under a property, regardless of how such materials came to be located there. The cost of any required investigation, remediation, removal, mitigation, compliance, fines or personal or property damages and our liability therefore could exceed the property’s value and/or our assets’ value. In addition, the presence of such substances, or the failure to properly dispose of or remediate the damage caused by such substances, may adversely affect our ability to sell such property, to attract additional residents and retain existing residents, to borrow using such property as collateral or to develop or redevelop such property. In addition, such laws impose liability, which may be joint and several, for investigation, remediation, removal and mitigation costs on persons who disposed of or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances at third party sites. Such laws and regulations often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence, release or disposal of such substances as well as without regard to whether such release or disposal was in compliance with law at the time it occurred. Although we do not believe that we have incurred such liabilities as would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, we could be subject to substantial future liability for environmental contamination that we have no knowledge about as of the date of this report and/or for which we may not be at fault. Failure to comply with existing environmental laws could result in increased expenditures, litigation and potential loss to our business and in our asset value, which would have an adverse effect on our earnings and financial condition. Our operations are subject to regulation under various federal, state and local environmental laws, including those relating to: the handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of medical waste products generated at our communities; identification and warning of the presence of asbestos- containing materials in buildings, as well as removal of such materials; the presence of other substances in the indoor environment; and protection of the environment and natural resources in connection with development or construction of our properties. Some of our communities generate infectious or other hazardous medical waste due to the illness or physical condition of the residents. Each of our communities has an agreement with a waste management company for the 25 Table of Contents proper disposal of all infectious medical waste, but the use of such waste management companies does not immunize us from alleged violations of such laws for operations for which we are responsible even if carried out by such waste management companies, nor does it immunize us from third-party claims for the cost to cleanup disposal sites at which such wastes have been disposed. Federal regulations require building owners and those exercising control over a building’s management to identify and warn their employees and certain other employers operating in the building of potential hazards posed by workplace exposure to installed asbestos-containing materials and potential asbestos-containing materials in their buildings. Significant fines can be assessed for violation of these regulations. Building owners and those exercising control over a building’s management may be subject to an increased risk of personal injury lawsuits. Federal, state and local laws and regulations also govern the removal, encapsulation, disturbance, handling and/or disposal of asbestos-containing materials and potential asbestos-containing materials when such materials are in poor condition or in the event of construction, remodeling, renovation or demolition of a building. Such laws may impose liability for improper handling or a release to the environment of asbestos-containing materials and potential asbestos-containing materials and may provide for fines to, and for third parties to seek recovery from, owners or operators of real properties for personal injury or improper work exposure associated with asbestos-containing materials and potential asbestos-containing materials. The presence of mold, lead-based paint, contaminants in drinking water, radon and/or other substances at any of the communities we own or may acquire may lead to the incurrence of costs for remediation, mitigation or the implementation of an operations and maintenance plan and may result in third party litigation for personal injury or property damage. Furthermore, in some circumstances, areas affected by mold may be unusable for periods of time for repairs, and even after successful remediation, the known prior presence of extensive mold could adversely affect the ability of a community to retain or attract residents and could adversely affect a community’s market value. Although we believe that we are currently in material compliance with applicable environmental laws, if we fail to comply with such laws in the future, we would face increased expenditures both in terms of fines and remediation of the underlying problem(s), potential litigation relating to exposure to such materials, and potential decrease in value to our business and in the value of our underlying assets. Therefore, our failure to comply with existing environmental laws would have an adverse effect on our earnings, our financial condition and our ability to pursue our growth strategy. We are unable to predict the future course of federal, state and local environmental regulation and legislation. Changes in the environmental regulatory framework could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, because environmental laws vary from state to state, expansion of our operations to states where we do not currently operate may subject us to additional restrictions on the manner in which we operate our communities. We are subject to risks associated with complying with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. We are subject to various regulatory requirements, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our management is required to include a report with each Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding our internal control over financial reporting. We have implemented processes documenting and evaluating our system of internal controls. Complying with these requirements is expensive, time consuming and subject to changes in regulatory requirements. The existence of one or more material weaknesses, management’s conclusion that its internal control over financial reporting is not effective, or the inability of our auditors to express an opinion that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, could result in a loss of investor confidence in our financial reports, adversely affect our stock price and/or subject us to sanctions or investigation by regulatory authorities. Risks Related to Pending Litigation Complaints filed against us could, if adversely determined, subject us to a material loss. We have been and are currently involved in litigation and claims incidental to the conduct of our business which are comparable to other companies in the senior living industry. Certain claims and lawsuits allege large damage amounts and may require significant costs to defend and resolve. Similarly, the senior living industry is 26 Table of Contents continuously subject to scrutiny by governmental regulators, which could result in litigation related to regulatory compliance matters. As a result, we maintain insurance policies in amounts and with coverage and deductibles we believe are adequate, based on the nature and risks of our business, historical experience and industry standards. Effective January 1, 2009, our current policies provide for deductibles of $250,000 for each claim. Accordingly, we are, in effect, self-insured for most claims. If we experience a greater number of losses than we anticipate under these policies, or if certain claims are not ultimately covered by insurance, our results of operation and financial condition could be adversely affected. Risks Related to Our Industry The cost and difficulty of complying with increasing and evolving regulation and enforcement could have an adverse effect on our business operations and profits. The regulatory environment surrounding the senior living industry continues to evolve and intensify in the amount and type of laws and regulations affecting it, many of which vary from state to state. In addition, many senior living communities are subject to regulation and licensing by state and local health and social service agencies and other regulatory authorities. In several of the states in which we operate or may operate, we are prohibited from providing certain higher levels of senior care services without first obtaining the appropriate licenses. Also, in several of the states in which we operate or intend to operate, assisted living communities and/or skilled nursing facilities require a certificate of need before the community can be opened or the services at an existing community can be expanded. Furthermore, federal, state and local officials are increasingly focusing their efforts on enforcement of these laws, particularly with respect to large for-profit, multi-community providers like us. These requirements, and the increased enforcement thereof, could affect our ability to expand into new markets, to expand our services and communities in existing markets and, if any of our presently licensed communities were to operate outside of its licensing authority, may subject us to penalties including closure of the community. Future regulatory developments as well as mandatory increases in the scope and severity of deficiencies determined by survey or inspection officials could cause our operations to suffer. We are unable to predict the future course of federal, state and local legislation or regulation. If regulatory requirements increase, whether through enactment of new laws or regulations or changes in the enforcement of existing rules, our earnings and operations could be adversely affected. The intensified regulatory and enforcement environment impacts providers like us because of the increase in the number of inspections or surveys by governmental authorities and consequent citations for failure to comply with regulatory requirements. We also expend considerable resources to respond to federal and state investigations or other enforcement action. From time to time in the ordinary course of business, we receive deficiency reports from state and federal regulatory bodies resulting from such inspections or surveys. Although most inspection deficiencies are resolved through an agreed-to plan of corrective action, the reviewing agency typically has the authority to take further action against a licensed or certified facility, which could result in the imposition of fines, imposition of a provisional or conditional license, suspension or revocation of a license, suspension or denial of admissions, loss of certification as a provider under federal health care programs or imposition of other sanctions, including criminal penalties. Furthermore, certain states may allow citations in one community to impact other communities in the state. Revocation of a license at a given community could therefore impact our ability to obtain new licenses or to renew existing licenses at other communities, which may also cause us to be in default under our leases, trigger cross-defaults, trigger defaults under certain of our credit agreements or adversely affect our ability to operate and/or obtain financing in the future. If a state were to find that one community’s citation would impact another of our communities, this would also increase costs and result in increased surveillance by the state survey agency. To date, none of the deficiency reports received by us has resulted in a suspension, fine or other disposition that has had a material adverse effect on our revenues. However, the failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory requirements in the future could result in a material adverse effect to our business as a whole. There are various extremely complex federal and state laws governing a wide array of referral relationships and arrangements and prohibiting fraud by health care providers, including those in the senior living industry, and governmental agencies are devoting increasing attention and resources to such anti-fraud initiatives. Some examples are the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, and the False Claims Act, which gives private individuals the ability to bring an action on behalf of the federal government. The violation of any of these laws or regulations may result in the imposition of fines or other penalties that could increase our costs and otherwise jeopardize our business. Under the Deficit Reduction 27 Table of Contents Act of 2005, or DRA 2005, every entity that receives at least $5 million annually in Medicaid payments must have established written policies for all employees, contractors or agents, providing detailed information about false claims, false statements and whistleblower protections under certain federal laws, including the federal False Claims Act, and similar state laws. Failure to comply with this new compliance requirement may potentially give rise to potential liability. DRA 2005 also creates an incentive for states to enact false claims laws that are comparable to the federal False Claims Act. Additionally, we provide services and operate communities that participate in federal and/or state health care reimbursement programs, which makes us subject to federal and state laws that prohibit anyone from presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for reimbursement which are false, fraudulent or are for items or services that were not provided as claimed. Similar state laws vary from state to state and we cannot be sure that these laws will be interpreted consistently or in keeping with past practice. Violation of any of these laws can result in loss of licensure, civil or criminal penalties and exclusion of health care providers or suppliers from furnishing covered items or services to beneficiaries of the applicable federal and/or state health care reimbursement program. Loss of licensure may also cause us to default under our leases and/or trigger cross-defaults. We are also subject to certain federal and state laws that regulate financial arrangements by health care providers, such as the Federal Anti-Kickback Law, the Stark laws and certain state referral laws. Authorities have interpreted the Federal Anti-Kickback Law very broadly to apply to many practices and relationships between health care providers and sources of patient referral. This could result in criminal penalties and civil sanctions, including fines and possible exclusion from government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, which may also cause us to default under our leases and/or trigger cross-defaults. Adverse consequences may also result if we violate federal Stark laws related to certain Medicare and Medicaid physician referrals. While we endeavor to comply with all laws that regulate the licensure and operation of our business, it is difficult to predict how our revenues could be affected if we were subject to an action alleging such violations. Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (especially as recently amended), Fair Housing Act and fire, safety and other regulations may require us to make unanticipated expenditures, which could increase our costs and therefore adversely affect our earnings and financial condition. All of our communities are required to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act, or ADA. The ADA has separate compliance requirements for “public accommodations” and “commercial properties,” but generally requires that buildings be made accessible to people with disabilities. Compliance with ADA requirements could require removal of access barriers and non-compliance could result in imposition of government fines or an award of damages to private litigants. We must also comply with the Fair Housing Act, which prohibits us from discriminating against individuals on certain bases in any of our practices if it would cause such individuals to face barriers in gaining residency in any of our communities. Additionally, the Fair Housing Act and other state laws require that we advertise our services in such a way that we promote diversity and not limit it. We may be required, among other things, to change our marketing techniques to comply with these requirements. In addition, we are required to operate our communities in compliance with applicable fire and safety regulations, building codes and other land use regulations and food licensing or certification requirements as they may be adopted by governmental agencies and bodies from time to time. Like other health care facilities, senior living communities are subject to periodic survey or inspection by governmental authorities to assess and assure compliance with regulatory requirements. Surveys occur on a regular (often annual or bi-annual) schedule, and special surveys may result from a specific complaint filed by a resident, a family member or one of our competitors. We may be required to make substantial capital expenditures to comply with those requirements. Capital expenditures we have made to comply with any of the above to date have been immaterial, however, the increased costs and capital expenditures that we may incur in order to comply with any of the above would result in a negative effect on our earnings, and financial condition. 28 Table of Contents Significant legal actions and liability claims against us in excess of insurance limits could subject us to increased operating costs and substantial uninsured liabilities, which may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. The senior living business entails an inherent risk of liability, particularly given the demographics of our residents, including age and health, and the services we provide. In recent years, we, as well as other participants in our industry, have been subject to an increasing number of claims and lawsuits alleging that our services have resulted in resident injury or other adverse effects. Many of these lawsuits involve large damage claims and significant legal costs. Many states continue to consider tort reform and how it will apply to the senior living industry. We may continue to be faced with the threat of large jury verdicts in jurisdictions that do not find favor with large senior living providers. We maintain liability insurance policies in amounts and with the coverage and deductibles we believe are adequate based on the nature and risks of our business, historical experience and industry standards. We have formed a wholly-owned “captive” insurance company for the purpose of insuring certain portions of our risk retention under our general and professional liability insurance programs. There can be no guarantee that we will not have any claims that exceed our policy limits in the future. If a successful claim is made against us and it is not covered by our insurance or exceeds the policy limits, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In some states, state law may prohibit or limit insurance coverage for the risk of punitive damages arising from professional liability and general liability claims and/or litigation. As a result, we may be liable for punitive damage awards in these states that either are not covered or are in excess of our insurance policy limits. Also, the above deductibles, or self-insured retention, are accrued based on an actuarial projection of future liabilities. If these projections are inaccurate and if there are an unexpectedly large number of successful claims that result in liabilities in excess of our self-insured retention, our operating results could be negatively affected. Claims against us, regardless of their merit or eventual outcome, also could have a material adverse effect on our ability to attract residents or expand our business and could require our management to devote time to matters unrelated to the day-to-day operation of our business. We also have to renew our policies every year and negotiate acceptable terms for coverage, exposing us to the volatility of the insurance markets, including the possibility of rate increases. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain liability insurance in the future or, if available, that such coverage will be available on acceptable terms. Overbuilding and increased competition may adversely affect our ability to generate and increase our revenues and profits and to pursue our business strategy. The senior living industry is highly competitive, and we expect that it may become more competitive in the future. We compete with numerous other companies that provide long-term care alternatives such as home healthcare agencies, therapy services, life care at home, community-based service programs, retirement communities, convalescent centers and other independent living, assisted living and skilled nursing providers, including not-for- profit entities. In general, regulatory and other barriers to competitive entry in the independent living and assisted living segments of the senior living industry are not substantial. We have experienced and expect to continue to experience increased competition in our efforts to acquire and operate senior living communities. Consequently, we may encounter increased competition that could limit our ability to attract new residents, raise resident fees or expand our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and earnings. In addition, overbuilding in the late 1990’s in the senior living industry reduced the occupancy rates of many newly constructed buildings and, in some cases, reduced the monthly rate that some newly built and previously existing communities were able to obtain for their services. This resulted in lower revenues for certain of our communities during that time. While we believe that overbuilt markets have stabilized and should continue to be stabilized for the immediate future, we cannot be certain that the effects of this period of overbuilding will not effect our occupancy and resident fee rate levels in the future, nor can we be certain that another period of overbuilding in the future will not have the same effects. Moreover, while we believe that the new construction dynamics and the competitive environments in the states in which we operate are substantially similar to the national market, taken as a whole, if the dynamics or environment were to be significantly adverse in one or more of those states, it would have a disproportionate effect on our revenues (due to the large portion of our revenues that are generated in those states). 29 Table of Contents Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure If the ownership of our common stock continues to be highly concentrated, it may prevent you and other stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions and may result in conflicts of interest. As of December 31, 2008, funds managed by affiliates of Fortress beneficially own 60,875,826 shares, or approximately 57.8% of our outstanding common stock (including unvested restricted shares). In addition, two of our directors are associated with Fortress. As a result, funds managed by affiliates of Fortress are able to control fundamental and significant corporate matters and transactions, including: the election of directors; mergers, consolidations or acquisitions; the sale of all or substantially all of our assets and other decisions affecting our capital structure; the amendment of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated by-laws; and the dissolution of the Company. Fortress’s interests, including its ownership of the North American operations of Holiday Retirement Corp., one of our competitors, may conflict with your interests. Their control of the Company could delay, deter or prevent acts that may be favored by our other stockholders such as hostile takeovers, changes in control of the Company and changes in management. As a result of such actions, the market price of our common stock could decline or stockholders might not receive a premium for their shares in connection with a change of control of the Company. Anti-takeover provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated by-laws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that you may consider favorable or prevent the removal of our current board of directors and management. Certain provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated by-laws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that you may consider favorable or prevent the removal of our current board of directors and management. We have a number of anti-takeover devices in place that will hinder takeover attempts, including: · a staggered board of directors consisting of three classes of directors, each of whom serve three-year terms; · removal of directors only for cause, and only with the affirmative vote of at least 80% of the voting interest of stockholders entitled to vote; · blank-check preferred stock; · provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated by-laws preventing stockholders from calling special meetings (with the exception of Fortress and its affiliates, so long as they collectively beneficially own at least 50.1% of our issued and outstanding common stock); · advance notice requirements for stockholders with respect to director nominations and actions to be taken at annual meetings; and · no provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation for cumulative voting in the election of directors, which means that the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock can elect all the directors standing for election. Additionally, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which restricts certain business combinations with interested stockholders in certain situations, will not apply to us. This may make it easier for a third party to acquire an interest in some or all of us with Fortress’ approval, even though our other stockholders may not deem such an acquisition beneficial to their interests. We are a holding company with no operations and rely on our operating subsidiaries to provide us with funds necessary to meet our financial obligations. We are a holding company with no material direct operations. Our principal assets are the equity interests we directly or indirectly hold in our operating subsidiaries. As a result, we are dependent on loans, dividends and 30 Table of Contents other payments from our subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations. Our subsidiaries are legally distinct from us and have no obligation to make funds available to us. Risks Related to Our Common Stock The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile, which could result in rapid and substantial losses for our stockholders. The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our common stock declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares at or above your purchase price. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect our share price or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our common stock include: · variations in our quarterly operating results; · changes in our earnings estimates; · the contents of published research reports about us or the senior living industry or the failure of securities analysts to cover our common stock; · additions or departures of key management personnel; · any increased indebtedness we may incur or lease obligations we may enter into in the future; · actions by institutional stockholders; · changes in market valuations of similar companies; · announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments; · speculation or reports by the press or investment community with respect to the Company or the senior living industry in general; · increases in market interest rates that may lead purchasers of our shares to demand a higher yield; · changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations affecting the senior living industry or enforcement of these laws and regulations, or announcements relating to these matters; and · general market and economic conditions. Future offerings of debt or equity securities by us may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by offering debt or additional equity securities, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes, series of preferred shares or shares of our common stock. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and preferred stock, and lenders with respect to other borrowings, would receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Additional equity offerings may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our common stock, or both. Shares of our preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference with respect to liquidating distributions or a preference with respect to dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our common stock bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting their share holdings in us. 31 Table of Contents We may issue all of the shares of our common stock that are authorized but unissued and not otherwise reserved for issuance under our stock incentive plans without any action or approval by our stockholders. We intend to continue to pursue selected acquisitions of senior living communities and may issue shares of common stock in connection with these acquisitions. Any shares issued in connection with our acquisitions or otherwise would dilute the holdings of our current stockholders. The market price of our common stock could be negatively affected by sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets. At February 23, 2009, 101,722,806 shares of our common stock were outstanding (excluding unvested restricted shares). All of the shares of our common stock are freely transferable, except for any shares held by our “affiliates,” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, or any shares otherwise subject to the limitations of Rule 144. Pursuant to our Stockholders Agreement, Fortress and certain of its affiliates and permitted third-party transferees have the right, in certain circumstances, to require us to register their shares of our common stock under the Securities Act for sale into the public markets. Upon the effectiveness of such a registration statement, all shares covered by the registration statement will be freely transferable. In addition, as of December 31, 2008, we had registered under the Securities Act an aggregate of 5,700,000 shares for issuance under our Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan and an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares for issuance under our Associate Stock Purchase Plan. In accordance with the terms of the Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan, the number of shares available for issuance automatically increases by 400,000 shares on January 1 of each year. Pursuant to the terms of the Associate Stock Purchase Plan, the number of shares available for purchase under the plan will automatically increase by 200,000 shares on the first day of each calendar year beginning January 1, 2010. Subject to any restrictions imposed on the shares and options granted under our stock incentive programs, shares registered under these registration statements will be available for sale into the public markets. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. Item 2. Properties. Facilities At December 31, 2008, we operated 548 communities across 35 states, with the capacity to serve over 51,800 residents. Of the communities we operated at December 31, 2008, we owned 168, we leased 358 pursuant to operating and capital leases, and 22 were managed by us and fully or majority owned by third parties. The following table sets forth certain information regarding our communities at December 31, 2008: Occupancy Ownership Status State Alabama Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Massachusetts Units/Beds Rate(1) Owned Leased 1,113 2,154 3,067 2,895 289 54 8,817 568 228 2,465 1,139 139 1,319 291 84 281 2 3 13 5 - 1 35 4 2 1 4 1 10 - 1 - 90.7% 88.7% 89.7% 86.1% 80.3% 100.0% 85.9% 78.7% 95.6% 91.4% 85.5% 95.0% 88.0% 100.0% 100.0% 94.0% 32 Managed 5 11 7 19 2 - 39 - 1 10 10 - 10 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - - 3 1 - - - - 2 - - - Total 7 16 20 26 2 1 77 5 3 11 14 1 22 1 1 1 Table of Contents Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin Total 2,489 763 54 937 306 534 343 1,196 4,013 2,385 1,177 830 999 563 1,399 5,855 1,403 1,181 474 51,804 93.3% 83.6% 35.3% 89.5% 94.1% 79.4% 92.7% 94.4% 99.8% 82.7% 88.2% 92.5% 85.4% 83.4% 86.2% 91.6% 93.1% 86.3% 89.4% 89.3% 5 - - 2 - 2 - 6 3 14 3 4 4 4 14 17 2 4 2 168 26 16 1 1 3 6 2 10 50 19 24 8 3 7 8 33 3 9 13 358 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - 7 - - - 22 33 17 1 3 3 8 2 16 53 33 28 12 8 11 22 57 5 13 15 548 (1) Includes the impact of managed properties. A significant majority of our owned properties are subject to mortgages. Corporate Offices Our main corporate offices are all leased, including our 51,988 square foot facility in Nashville, Tennessee, our 93,573 square foot facility in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and our 30,314 square foot facility in Chicago, Illinois. Item 3. Legal Proceedings. The information contained in Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference. Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders. Not applicable. Executive Officers of the Registrant The following table sets forth certain information concerning our executive officers as of February 23, 2009: Name W.E. Sheriff Mark W. Ohlendorf John P. Rijos T. Andrew Smith Bryan D. Richardson Kristin A. Ferge George T. Hicks H. Todd Kaestner Gregory B. Richard Age 66 48 56 48 50 35 51 53 54 Position Chief Executive Officer Co-President and Chief Financial Officer Co-President and Chief Operating Officer Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer Executive Vice President and Treasurer Executive Vice President – Finance Executive Vice President – Corporate Development Executive Vice President – Field Operations W.E. Sheriff has served as our Chief Executive Officer since February 2008. He previously served as our Co-Chief Executive Officer from July 2006 until February 2008. Previously, Mr. Sheriff served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of ARC and its predecessors since April 1984 and as its President since November 2003. 33 Table of Contents From 1973 to 1984, Mr. Sheriff served in various capacities for Ryder System, Inc., including as President and Chief Executive Officer of its Truckstops of America division. Mr. Sheriff also serves on the boards of various educational and charitable organizations and in varying capacities with several trade organizations. Mark W. Ohlendorf became our Co-President in August 2005 and our Chief Financial Officer in March 2007. Mr. Ohlendorf previously served as Chief Executive Officer and President of Alterra from December 2003 until August 2005. From January 2003 through December 2003, Mr. Ohlendorf served as Chief Financial Officer and President of Alterra, and from 1999 through 2002 he served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Alterra. Mr. Ohlendorf has over 25 years of experience in the health care and long-term care industries, having held leadership positions with such companies as Sterling House Corporation, Vitas Healthcare Corporation and Horizon/CMS Healthcare Corporation. He is a member of the board of directors of the Assisted Living Federation of America. John P. Rijos became our Co-President in August 2005 and our Chief Operating Officer in January 2008. Previously, Mr. Rijos served as President and Chief Operating Officer and as a director of BLC since August 2000. Prior to joining BLC in August 2000, Mr. Rijos spent 16 years with Lane Hospitality Group, owners and operators of over 40 hotels and resorts, as its President and Chief Operating Officer. From 1981 to 1985 he served as President of High Country Corporation, a Denver-based hotel development and management company. Prior to that time, Mr. Rijos was Vice President of Operations and Development of several large real estate trusts specializing in hotels. Mr. Rijos has over 25 years of experience in the acquisition, development and operation of hotels and resorts. He serves on many tourist-related operating boards and committees, as well as advisory committees for Holiday Inns, Sheraton Hotels and the City of Chicago and the Board of Trustees for Columbia College. Mr. Rijos is a certified hospitality administrator. T. Andrew Smith became our Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary in October 2006. Previously, Mr. Smith was with Bass, Berry & Sims PLC in Nashville, Tennessee from 1985 to 2006. Mr. Smith was a member of that firm’s corporate and securities group, and served as the chair of the firm’s healthcare group. Bryan D. Richardson became our Executive Vice President in July 2006 and our Chief Administrative Officer in January 2008. Mr. Richardson also served as our Chief Accounting Officer from September 2006 through April 2008. Previously, Mr. Richardson served as Executive Vice President – Finance and Chief Financial Officer of ARC since April 2003 and previously served as its Senior Vice President – Finance since April 2000. Mr. Richardson was formerly with a national graphic arts company from 1984 to 1999 serving in various capacities, including Senior Vice President of Finance of a digital prepress division from May 1994 to October 1999, and Senior Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer from 1989 to 1994. Mr. Richardson was previously with the national public accounting firm PriceWaterhouseCoopers. Kristin A. Ferge became our Executive Vice President and Treasurer in August 2005. Ms. Ferge also served as our Chief Administrative Officer from March 2007 through December 2007. She previously served as Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of Alterra from December 2003 until August 2005. From April 2000 through December 2003, Ms. Ferge served as Alterra’s Vice President of Finance and Treasurer. Prior to joining Alterra, she worked in the audit division of KPMG LLP. Ms. Ferge is a certified public accountant. George T. Hicks became our Executive Vice President – Finance in July 2006. Previously, Mr. Hicks served as Executive Vice President – Finance and Internal Audit, Secretary and Treasurer of ARC since September 1993. Mr. Hicks had served in various capacities for ARC’s predecessors since 1985, including Chief Financial Officer from September 1993 to April 2003 and Vice President – Finance and Treasurer from November 1989 to September 1993. H. Todd Kaestner became our Executive Vice President – Corporate Development in July 2006. Previously, Mr. Kaestner served as Executive Vice President – Corporate Development of ARC since September 1993. Mr. Kaestner served in various capacities for ARC’s predecessors since 1985, including Vice President – Development from 1988 to 1993 and Chief Financial Officer from 1985 to 1988. Gregory B. Richard has served as our Executive Vice President – Field Operations since January 2008. He previously served as our Executive Vice President – Operations from July 2006 through December 2007. Previously, Mr. Richard served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of ARC since January 34 Table of Contents 2003 and previously served as its Executive Vice President-Community Operations since January 2000. Mr. Richard was formerly with a pediatric practice management company from May 1997 to May 1999, serving as President and Chief Executive Officer from October 1997 to May 1999. Prior to this, Mr. Richard was with Rehability Corporation, a publicly traded outpatient physical rehabilitation service provider, from July 1986 to October 1996, serving as Senior Vice President of Operations and Chief Operating Officer from September 1992 to October 1996. Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. PART II Market Information Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, under the symbol “BKD”. The following table sets forth the range of high and low sales prices of our common stock and dividend information for each quarter for the last two fiscal years. First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Fiscal 2008 High Low 28.29 27.22 27.05 21.84 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 20.46 20.15 14.06 3.03 Fiscal 2007 High Low 49.94 48.36 48.41 41.70 $ $ $ $ 43.13 41.73 33.53 27.50 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Dividends Declared 0.25 0.25 0.25 — Dividends Declared 0.45 0.50 0.50 0.50 The closing sale price of our common stock as reported on the NYSE on February 23, 2009 was $3.99 per share. As of that date, there were approximately 544 holders of record of our common stock. Dividend Policy On December 30, 2008, our Board of Directors voted to suspend our quarterly cash dividend indefinitely. Although we anticipate that, over the intermediate and longer-term, we will pay regular quarterly dividends to the holders of our common stock, over the near term we are focused on preserving liquidity. Accordingly, we do not expect to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. In addition, our amended credit facility currently prohibits us from paying dividends or making cash distributions on our common stock. Our ability to pay and maintain cash dividends in the future will be based on many factors, including then-existing contractual restrictions or limitations, our ability to execute our growth strategy, our ability to negotiate favorable lease and other contractual terms, anticipated operating expense levels, the level of demand for our units/beds, occupancy rates, entrance fee sales results, the rates we charge, our liquidity position and actual results that may vary substantially from estimates. Some of the factors are beyond our control and a change in any such factor could affect our ability to pay or maintain dividends. We can give no assurance as to our ability to pay or maintain dividends in the future. We also cannot assure you that the level of dividends will be maintained or increase over time or that increases in demand for our units/beds and monthly resident fees will increase our actual cash available for dividends to stockholders. As we have done in the past, we may also pay dividends in the future that exceed our net income for the relevant period as calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. 35 Table of Contents Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities None. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers None. Item 6. Selected Financial Data. The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the sections entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Business” and our historical consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere herein. The consolidated financial data includes Brookdale Living Communities, Inc. and Alterra Healthcare Corporation for all periods presented and the acquisition of ARC, effective July 25, 2006. Other acquisitions are discussed in Note 4 in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. Our historical statement of operations data and balance sheet data as of and for each of the years in the five-year period ended December 31, 2008 have been derived from our audited financial statements. 2008 For the Years Ended December 31, (1) 2005 2006 2007 2004 Fiscal Year ended December 31, (in thousands, except per share data) Total revenue Facility operating expense General and administrative expense Facility lease expense Depreciation and amortization Goodwill and asset impairment Total operating expense (Loss) income from operations Interest income Interest expense Debt Amortization of deferred financing costs Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization (Loss) gain on extinguishment of debt Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures Other non-operating income (loss) Loss before taxes Benefit (provision) for income taxes Loss before minority interest Minority interest Loss before discontinued operations and cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle Loss on discontinued operations Net loss $ $ 1,928,054 1,261,581 140,919 269,469 276,202 220,026 2,168,197 (240,143) 7,618 (147,389) (9,707) (68,146) (3,052) (861) 1,708 (459,972) 86,731 (373,241) — 1,839,296 $ 1,170,937 138,013 271,628 299,925 — 1,880,503 (41,207) 7,519 (143,991) (7,064) (73,222) (2,683) (3,386) 402 (263,632) 101,260 (162,372) 393 (373,241) — (373,241) $ (161,979) — (161,979) $ $ 1,309,913 $ 819,801 117,897 228,779 188,129 — 1,354,606 (44,693) 6,810 (97,694) (5,061) (38) (1,526) (3,705) — (145,907) 38,491 (107,416) (671) (108,087) — (108,087) $ 790,577 $ 493,887 81,696 189,339 47,048 — 811,970 (21,393) 3,788 (46,248) (2,835) 3,992 (3,996) (838) — (67,530) 97 (67,433) 16,575 (50,858) (128) (50,986) $ 660,872 415,169 43,640 99,997 50,153 — 608,959 51,913 637 (63,634) (2,154) 3,176 1,051 (931) (114) (10,056) (11,111) (21,167) 11,734 (9,433) (361) (9,794) Basic and diluted loss per share Loss before discontinued operations and cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle Loss on discontinued operations Net loss $ $ $ (3.67) — (3.67) $ (1.60) $ — (1.60) $ (1.34) $ — (1.34) $ (1.35) $ — (1.35) $ (0.49) (0.02) (0.51) 36 Table of Contents Weighted average shares of common stock used computing basic and diluted loss per share Dividends declared per share of common stock in $ 101,667 0.75 $ 101,511 1.95 $ 80,842 1.55 $ 37,636 0.50 $ 19,185 — Other Operating Data: Total number of facilities (at end of period) Total units/beds operated(2) Occupancy rate at period end Average monthly revenue per unit/bed(3) Cash and cash equivalents Total assets Total debt Total stockholders’ equity __________ $ $ 548 51,804 89.5% 3,791 $ 550 52,086 90.6% 3,577 $ 546 51,271 91.1% 3,247 $ 383 30,057 89.6% 2,991 $ 367 26,208 89.4% 2,827 2008 For the Years Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2005 2004 $ 53,973 4,449,258 2,552,929 960,601 $ 100,904 4,811,622 2,335,224 1,419,538 $ 68,034 4,756,000 1,874,939 1,764,012 $ 77,682 1,697,811 754,301 630,403 86,858 746,625 371,037 40,091 (1) Prior to October 1, 2006, the effective portion of the change in fair value of derivatives was recorded in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion was included in the change in fair value of derivatives in the consolidated statements of operations. On October 1, 2006, we elected to discontinue hedge accounting prospectively for the previously designated swap instruments. Gains and losses accumulated in other comprehensive income at that date of $1.3 million related to the previously designated swap instruments are being amortized to interest expense over the life of the underlying hedged debt payments. Although hedge accounting was discontinued on October 1, 2006, the swap instruments remained outstanding and are carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets and the change in fair value beginning October 1, 2006 has been included in the consolidated statements of operations. (2) Total units/beds operated represent the total units/beds operated as of the end of the period. (3) Average monthly revenue per unit/bed represents the average of the total monthly revenues, excluding amortization of entrance fees, divided by average occupied units/beds. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The following information should be read in conjunction with our “Selected Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis may contain forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, which could cause actual results to differ materially from management’s expectations. Please see additional risks and uncertainties described in “Safe Harbor Statement Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995” for more information. Factors that could cause such differences include those described in “Risk Factors” which appears elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Executive Overview During 2008, we continued to make progress in implementing our long-term growth strategy, integrating our previous acquisitions, and building a platform for future growth. Our primary long-term growth objectives are to grow our revenues, Adjusted EBITDA, Cash From Facility Operations and Facility Operating Income primarily through a combination of: (i) organic growth in our core business, including expense control and the realization 37 Table of Contents of economies of scale; (ii) continued expansion of our ancillary services programs (including therapy and home health services); and (iii) expansion of our existing communities. Our operating results for the twelve months ended December 31, 2008 were favorably impacted by an increase in our total revenues and average monthly revenue per unit/bed across all segments. Although we made progress in certain areas of our business, our recent operating results have been negatively impacted by unfavorable conditions in the housing, credit and financial markets and by deteriorating conditions in the overall economy, resulting in lower than anticipated occupancy rates and increased levels of expenses. In response to these conditions, we are focusing on maintaining occupancy, increasing our ancillary services programs, and controlling expenses (including by limiting our capital expenditures). We are also taking steps to preserve our liquidity and increase our financial flexibility during 2009. For example, we have suspended our quarterly dividend payments and have terminated our share repurchase program. As discussed in more detail under “Credit Facilities - Refinancing of Existing Line of Credit” below, we also recently entered into an amended credit facility with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, providing for a $230.0 million revolving credit facility that matures on August 31, 2010. Furthermore, we have extended the maturity of a number of mortgage loans, and, after giving effect to contractual extension options, will have virtually no mortgage debt maturities until 2011. Finally, we have taken steps to reduce materially our exposure to collateralization requirements associated with interest rate swaps. In the fourth quarter of 2008, similar to many companies, we experienced a significant decline in the market value of our common stock due primarily to the depressed macroeconomic environment and volatility in the equity markets. As a result, our market capitalization eroded in the fourth quarter when compared to previous periods and was significantly below book value. In accordance with the requirements of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (“SFAS 142”), we performed an impairment test of the goodwill for each of our reporting units as of the end of the fourth quarter. We determined fair values of the reporting units and their underlying assets using discounted cash flows. As a result of our impairment tests, we recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $215.0 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2008. The impairment charge was primarily driven by the adverse equity market conditions intensifying in the fourth quarter of 2008 that caused a decrease in current market multiples and our stock price at December 31, 2008 compared with our stock price at September 30, 2008. Our reporting units under SFAS 142 are our operational segments and the goodwill impairment charge related entirely to our CCRCs segment. The non-cash charge does not impact our ongoing business operations, liquidity, cash flows from operating activities or financial covenants and will not result in any future cash expenditure. We also evaluated all long-lived depreciable assets using the same cash flow data used to evaluate goodwill and determined that the undiscounted cash flows exceeded the carrying value of the assets for all except for four communities within the Assisted Living segment. As a result, we recorded a non-cash asset impairment charge of $5.0 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2008. The table below presents a summary of our operating results and certain other financial metrics for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 and the amount and percentage of increase or decrease of each applicable item (dollars in millions). Total revenue Net loss(1) Adjusted EBITDA Cash From Facility Operations Facility Operating Income Years Ended December 31, Increase (Decrease) 2008 2007 Amount Percent $ $ $ $ $ 1,928.1 (373.2) 302.6 130.1 637.5 $ $ $ $ $ 1,839.3 (162.0) 306.4 143.2 642.3 $ $ $ $ $ 88.8 (211.2) (3.8) (13.1) (4.8) 4.8% (130.4%) (1.2%) (9.1%) (0.7%) (1) Net loss for 2008 includes non-cash impairment charges of $220.0 million. Adjusted EBITDA and Facility Operating Income are non-GAAP financial measures we use in evaluating our operating performance. Cash From Facility Operations is a non-GAAP financial measure we use in evaluating our liquidity. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for an explanation of how we define each of these measures, a detailed description of why we believe such measures are useful and the limitations of each measure, 38 Table of Contents a reconciliation of net loss to each of Adjusted EBITDA and Facility Operating Income and a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to Cash From Facility Operations. In the first quarter of 2008 we changed our definition of Cash From Facility Operations to include lease financing debt amortization with fair market value or no purchase options. Prior periods have been restated for comparative purposes. Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2008 increased to $1.9 billion, an increase of $88.8 million, or approximately 4.8%, over our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2007. The increase in revenues in the current year was primarily a result of an increase in the average revenue per unit/bed compared to the prior year and growing revenues from our ancillary services programs, partially offset by a decline in occupancy from the prior year. Our weighted average occupancy rate for the year ended December 31, 2008 was 89.6% compared to 90.7% for the year ended December 31, 2007. Although our revenues increased period over period, our overall financial results for the year ended December 31, 2008 were negatively impacted by a higher than customary level of expense growth. During the year ended December 31, 2008, our Adjusted EBITDA, Cash From Facility Operations and Facility Operating Income decreased by 1.2%, 9.1% and 0.7%, respectively, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2007. Adjusted EBITDA and Cash From Facility Operations for the year ended December 31, 2008 were negatively impacted by $4.8 million of hurricane and named tropical storms expense and an $8.0 million charge to general and administrative expense relating to the establishment of a reserve for certain litigation (Note 21). During 2008, we repurchased 1,211,301 shares of our common stock at a cost of approximately $29.2 million. Our Board of Directors terminated our share repurchase program on February 25, 2009. In addition, our amended credit facility effectively prohibits us from repurchasing shares of our common stock. During the year, we continued to expand our ancillary services offerings. As of December 31, 2008, we offered therapy services to 35,049 of our units and home health services to 16,730 of our units. We expect to continue to expand our ancillary services programs to additional units and to open or acquire additional home health agencies. We also continue to see positive results from the maturation of previously-opened therapy and home health clinics. During the year, we advanced our expansion program, completing expansions at seven communities (with a total of 186 units). We currently have seven projects under construction with a total of 753 units. We believe that the deteriorating housing market, credit crisis and general economic uncertainty have caused some potential customers (or their adult children) to delay or reconsider moving into our communities, resulting in a decrease in occupancy rates and occupancy levels when compared to the prior year periods. We remain cautious about the economy and the adverse credit and financial markets and their effect on our customers and our business. In addition, we continue to experience volatility in the entrance fee portion of our business. The timing of entrance fee sales is subject to a number of different factors (including the ability of potential customers to sell their existing homes) and is also inherently subject to variability (positively or negatively) when measured over the short-term. These factors also impact our potential independent living customers to a significant extent. We expect occupancy to decline slightly over the near term and we expect occupancy and entrance fee sales to normalize over the longer term. Consolidated Results of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, statement of operations items and the amount and percentage of change of these items. The results of operations for any particular period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period. The following data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, which are included herein. Our results reflect the inclusion of acquisitions that occurred during the respective reporting periods. Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed February 29, 2008, and the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein for additional information regarding 2007 acquisitions. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. 39 Table of Contents (dollars in thousands) Statement of Operations Data: Total revenue Resident fees Retirement Centers Assisted Living CCRCs Total resident fees Management fees Total revenue Expense Facility operating expense(1) Retirement Centers Assisted Living CCRCs Total facility operating expense General and administrative expense Facility lease expense Depreciation and amortization Goodwill and asset impairment Total operating expense Loss from operations Interest income Interest expense Debt Amortization of deferred financing costs Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization Loss on extinguishment of debt Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures Other non-operating income Loss before income taxes Benefit for income taxes Loss before minority interest Minority interest Net loss Selected Operating and Other Data: Total number of communities (at end of period) Total units/beds operated(2) Owned/leased communities units/beds Owned/leased communities occupancy rate: Period end Weighted average Average monthly revenue per unit/bed(3) Selected Segment Operating and Other Data Retirement Centers Number of communities (period end) Total units/beds(2) Occupancy rate: Period end Weighted average Average monthly revenue per unit/bed(3) 40 Years Ended December 31, Increase (Decrease) 2008 2007 Amount Percent $ $ 542,180 845,348 533,532 1,921,060 6,994 1,928,054 $ 532,680 799,070 500,757 1,832,507 6,789 1,839,296 313,469 563,210 384,902 1,261,581 140,919 269,469 276,202 220,026 2,168,197 (240,143) 7,618 (147,389) (9,707) (68,146) (3,052) (861) 1,708 (459,972) 86,731 (373,241) — (373,241) $ 548 51,804 47,455 299,086 514,130 357,721 1,170,937 138,013 271,628 299,925 — 1,880,503 (41,207) 7,519 (143,991) (7,064) (73,222) (2,683) (3,386) 402 (263,632) 101,260 (162,372) 393 (161,979) $ 550 52,086 47,670 $ 89.5% 89.6% 90.6% 90.7% $ 3,791 $ 3,577 85 15,251 87 15,805 89.9% 90.3% 91.7% 92.4% $ 3,229 $ 3,067 9,500 46,278 32,775 88,553 205 88,758 14,383 49,080 27,181 90,644 2,906 (2,159) (23,723) 220,026 287,694 (198,936) 99 (3,398) (2,643) 5,076 (369) 2,525 1,306 (196,340) (14,529) (210,869) (393) (211,262) (2) (282) (215) (1.1%) (1.1%) 214 (2) (554) (1.8%) (2.1%) 162 1.8% 5.8% 6.5% 4.8% 3.0% 4.8% 4.8% 9.5% 7.6% 7.7% 2.1% (0.8%) (7.9%) 100% 15.3% (482.8%) 1.3% (2.4%) (37.4%) 6.9% (13.8%) 74.6% 324.9% (74.5%) (14.3%) (129.9%) (100%) (130.4%) (0.4%) (0.5%) (0.5%) (1.2%) (1.2%) 6.0% (2.3%) (3.5%) (2.0%) (2.3%) 5.3% Table of Contents Assisted Living Number of communities (period end) Total units/beds(2) Occupancy rate: Period end Weighted average Average monthly revenue per unit/bed(3) CCRCs Number of communities (period end) Total units/beds(2) Occupancy rate: Period end Weighted average Average monthly revenue per unit/bed(3) Management Services Number of communities (period end) Total units/beds(2) Occupancy rate: Period end Weighted average Selected Entrance Fee Data: Non-refundable entrance fees sales Refundable entrance fees sales(4) Total entrance fee receipts Refunds Net entrance fees Non-refundable entrance fees sales Refundable entrance fees sales(4) Total entrance fee receipts Refunds Net entrance fees __________ 409 21,021 409 21,012 90.2% 89.9% 89.7% 89.7% $ 3,738 $ 3,537 32 11,183 32 10,853 — 9 0.5% 0.2% 201 — 330 87.7% 87.9% 90.8% 90.0% (3.1%) (2.1%) $ 4,759 $ 22 4,349 4,481 22 4,416 278 — (67) 87.1% 84.9% 83.1% 87.1% 4.0% (2.2%) — 0.0% 0.6% 0.2% 5.7% — 3.0% (3.4%) (2.3%) 6.2% — (1.5%) 4.8% (2.5%) Q1 Q2 2,780 $ 3,492 6,272 (3,632) $ 2,640 5,177 $ 7,420 12,597 (4,843) 7,754 $ Q1 Q2 3,916 $ 4,258 8,174 (6,315) $ 1,859 4,726 $ 4,064 8,790 (4,089) 4,701 $ $ $ $ $ 2008 Q3 7,253 $ 4,273 11,526 (5,856) 5,670 $ 2007 Q3 5,673 $ 8,696 14,369 (5,084) 9,285 $ Q4 YTD 7,391 $ 4,686 12,077 (4,819) 7,258 $ 22,601 19,871 42,472 (19,150) 23,322 Q4 YTD 5,015 $ 8,901 13,916 (4,069) 9,847 $ 19,330 25,919 45,249 (19,557) 25,692 (1) (2) (3) Segment facility operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2008 includes hurricane and named tropical storms expense totaling $4.8 million consisting of $1.3 million for Retirement Centers, $2.0 million for Assisted Living and $1.5 million for CCRCs. There was no hurricane and named tropical storms expense in 2007. Facility operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2007 includes $7.0 million of charges comprised of $5.9 million of estimated uncollectible accounts and $1.1 million of accounting conformity adjustments pertaining to inventory and certain accrual policies. Total units/beds operated represent the total units/beds operated as of the end of the period. Average monthly revenue per unit/bed represents the average of the total monthly revenues, excluding amortization of entrance fees, divided by average occupied units/beds. 41 Table of Contents (4) Refundable entrance fee sales for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 include amounts received from residents participating in the MyChoice program, which allows new and existing residents the option to pay additional refundable entrance fee amounts in return for a reduced monthly service fee. MyChoice amounts received from existing residents totaled $0.4 million, $0.8 million, $0.6 million and $0.5 million in the first, second, third and fourth quarters of 2008, respectively, and $0.2 million, $3.6 million and $4.7 million in the second, third and fourth quarters of 2007, respectively. We did not receive any MyChoice amounts from existing residents during the first quarter of 2007. As of December 31, 2008, our total operations included 548 communities with a capacity to serve 51,804 residents. During 2008, our total portfolio decreased by two communities with our resident capacity decreasing by 282 units as a result of a terminated management agreement and the consolidation of two communities into one. Our 2008 results were also affected by our continuing implementation of our ancillary services programs at a number of our locations as described above. Resident Fees The increase in resident fees occurred across all business segments. Resident fees increased over the prior-year primarily due to an increase in average monthly revenue per unit/bed during the current year which includes an increase in our ancillary services revenue as we continue to roll out therapy and home health services to many of our communities. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in occupancy in the Retirement Centers and CCRCs segments. During the current year, same-store revenues grew 4.4% at the 515 properties we operated in both years with a 6.0% increase in the average monthly revenue per unit/bed and a 1.4% decrease in occupancy. Retirement Centers revenue increased $9.5 million, or 1.8%, primarily due to an increase in the average monthly revenue per unit/bed at the communities we operated during both years as well as an increase in revenues related to the expansion of our ancillary service. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in occupancy at our same-store communities year over year. Assisted Living revenue increased $46.3 million, or 5.8%, primarily due to an increase in the average monthly revenue per unit/bed at the communities we operated during both years as well as an increase in revenues relate to the expansion of our ancillary service programs. Occupancy at our same-store communities was approximately flat year over year. CCRCs revenue increased $32.8 million, or 6.5%, primarily due to an increase in the average monthly revenue per unit/bed at the communities we operated during both years as well as an increase in revenues related to the expansion of our ancillary services. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in occupancy at our same-store communities year over year. Management Fees Management fees were comparable year over year as the number of management contracts maintained was largely consistent during both years. Facility Operating Expense Facility operating expense increased over the prior-year primarily due to an increase in salaries, wages and benefits related to normal salary increases, increased employee hours worked and reduced open positions, as well as an increase in expenses incurred in connection with the continued rollout of our ancillary services program during the current year. Retirement Centers operating expenses increased $14.4 million, or 4.8%, primarily due to an increase in salaries, wages and benefits related to normal salary increases, increased employee hours worked and reduced open positions, $1.3 million of expense incurred in connection with hurricanes and other named tropical storms, an increase in insurance and utility expenses period over period as well as an increase in expense incurred in connection with the continued rollout of our ancillary services program. 42 Table of Contents Assisted Living operating expenses increased $49.1 million, or 9.5%, due to an increase in salaries, wages and benefits related to normal salary increases, increased employee hours worked and reduced open positions, $2.0 million of expense incurred in connection with hurricanes and other named tropical storms as well as an increase in expense incurred in connection with the continued rollout of our ancillary services program. CCRCs operating expenses increased $27.2 million, or 7.6%, due to an increase in salaries, wages and benefits due to normal salary increases and increased employee count, increased pharmacy, medical, and other health care supplies, as well as $1.5 million of expense incurred in connection with hurricanes and other named tropical storms. General and Administrative Expense General and administrative expense increased $2.9 million, or 2.1%, primarily as a result of an increase in non-controllable expenses related to the $8.0 million reserve established for certain litigation during the second quarter (Note 21) and non-cash stock-based compensation expense in connection with restricted stock grants period over period offset by a decrease in integration and merger costs that were significantly higher in the prior year. General and administrative expense as a percentage of total revenue, including revenue generated by the communities we manage, was 4.5% and 5.0% for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, calculated as follows (dollars in thousands): Resident fee revenues Resident fee revenues under management Total General and administrative expenses (excluding merger and integration expenses and non-cash stock compensation expense totaling $48.4 million and $39.2 million in 2008 and 2007, respectively) General and administrative expenses as % of total revenues Facility Lease Expense Year Ended December 31, 2008 1,921,060 152,970 2,074,030 $ $ 2007 1,832,507 150,204 1,982,711 92,473 $ 4.5% 98,858 5.0% $ $ $ Facility lease expense decreased by $2.2 million, or 0.8%, primarily as a result of lower variable interest rates within certain lease agreements. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by $23.7 million, or 7.9%, primarily as a result of resident in-place lease intangibles becoming fully amortized during the year ended December 31, 2008, which was partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense related to depreciation on capital expenditures that we made during the latter part of 2007. Goodwill and Asset Impairment During the year we recognized $220.0 million of impairment charges mainly related to the CCRCs operating segment. The non-cash charges consisted of $215.0 million of goodwill impairment related to the CCRCs segment and $5.0 million of asset impairment for property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for certain communities within the Assisted Living segment. The impairment charge was primarily driven by adverse equity market conditions intensifying in the fourth quarter of 2008 that caused a decrease in current market multiples and our stock price at December 31, 2008 compared with our stock price at September 30, 2008. Interest Income Interest income remained relatively constant year over year. 43 Table of Contents Interest Expense Interest expense remained relatively constant period over period. During the year ended December 31, 2008, we recognized approximately $68.1 million of interest expense on our interest rate swaps due to unfavorable changes in the LIBOR yield curve which resulted in a change in the fair value of the swaps, as compared to approximately $73.2 million of interest expense on our interest rate swaps for the year ended December 31, 2007. Interest expense incurred on debt remained relatively consistent year over year as interest from additional borrowings was offset by a reduction in interest from refinancing outstanding debt at a more favorable rate as well as the payoff of certain debt during the current year. Income Taxes The decrease in the income tax benefit over the same prior year period is due to a decrease in the effective tax rate from 38.4 % in 2007 to 18.9 % in 2008. This decrease is primarily to the impact of the impairment charge taken for financial statement purposes, which is not deductible for tax. The rate was also impacted by the Company’s stock based compensation tax deduction as compared to the financial expense for 2008, and for an additional valuation allowance recorded in the year. Year Ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, statement of operations items and the amount and percentage of increase or decrease of these items. The results of operations for any particular period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period. The following data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, which are included herein. Our results reflect the inclusion of acquisitions that occurred during the respective reporting periods. Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006, filed March 16, 2007, and the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein for additional information regarding 2007 and 2006 acquisitions. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. (dollars in thousands) Statement of Operations Data: Total revenue Resident fees Retirement Centers Assisted Living CCRCs Total resident fees Management fees Total revenue Expense Facility operating expense(1) Retirement Centers Assisted Living CCRCs Total facility operating expense General and administrative expense Facility lease expense Depreciation and amortization Total operating expense Loss from operations Interest income Interest expense Debt Amortization of deferred financing costs Years Ended December 31, Increase (Decrease) 2007 2006 Amount Percent $ $ 532,680 799,070 500,757 1,832,507 6,789 1,839,296 $ 432,673 614,973 256,650 1,304,296 5,617 1,309,913 299,086 514,130 357,721 1,170,937 138,013 271,628 299,925 1,880,503 (41,207) 7,519 248,062 383,987 187,752 819,801 117,897 228,779 188,129 1,354,606 (44,693) 6,810 (143,991) (7,064) (97,694) (5,061) 100,007 184,097 244,107 528,211 1,172 529,383 51,024 130,143 169,969 351,136 20,116 42,849 111,796 525,897 3,486 709 (46,297) (2,003) 23.1% 29.9% 95.1% 40.5% 20.9% 40.4% 20.6% 33.9% 90.5% 42.8% 17.1% 18.7% 59.4% 38.8% 7.8% 10.4% (47.4%) (39.6%) 44 Table of Contents Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization Loss on extinguishment of debt Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures Other non-operating income Loss before income taxes Benefit for income taxes Loss before minority interest Minority interest Net loss Selected Operating and Other Data: Total number of communities (at end of period) Total units/beds operated(2) Owned/leased communities units/beds Owned/leased communities occupancy rate: Period end Weighted average Average monthly revenue per unit/bed(3) Selected Segment Operating and Other Data Retirement Centers Number of communities (period end) Total units/beds(2) Occupancy rate: Period end Weighted average Average monthly revenue per unit/bed(3) Assisted Living Number of communities (period end) Total units/beds(2) Occupancy rate: Period end Weighted average Average monthly revenue per unit/bed(3) CCRCs Number of communities (period end) Total units/beds(2) Occupancy rate: Period end Weighted average Average monthly revenue per unit/bed(3) Management Services Number of communities (period end) Total units/beds(2) Occupancy rate: Period end Weighted average (73,222) (2,683) (3,386) 402 (263,632) 101,260 (162,372) 393 (161,979) $ 550 52,086 47,670 (38) (1,526) (3,705) — (145,907) 38,491 (107,416) (671) (108,087) $ 546 51,271 46,723 $ 90.6% 90.7% 91.1% 90.4% $ 3,577 $ 3,247 $ 87 15,805 85 15,556 91.7% 92.4% 92.4% 92.4% $ 3,067 $ 2,864 $ 409 21,012 405 20,687 89.7% 89.7% 89.7% 89.7% $ 3,537 $ 3,285 $ 32 10,853 32 10,480 (73,184) (1,157) 319 402 (117,725) 62,769 (54,956) 1,064 (53,892) 4 815 947 (0.5%) 0.3% 330 2 249 (0.7%) — 203 4 325 — — 252 — 373 90.8% 90.0% 91.9% 88.2% (1.1%) 1.8% $ 4,481 $ 4,048 $ 22 4,416 24 4,548 433 (2) (132) 83.1% 87.1% 92.6% 92.3% (9.5%) (5.2%) NM (75.8%) 8.6% 100% (80.7%) 163.1% (51.2%) 158.6% (49.9%) 0.7% 1.6% 2.0% (0.5%) 0.3% 10.2% 2.4% 1.6% (0.8%) — 7.1% 1.0% 1.6% — — 7.7% — 3.6% (1.2%) 2.0% 10.7% (8.3%) (2.9%) (10.3%) (5.6%) 45 Table of Contents Selected Entrance Fee Data: Non-refundable entrance fees sales Refundable entrance fees sales(4) Total entrance fee receipts Refunds Net entrance fees Non-refundable entrance fees sales Refundable entrance fees sales Total entrance fee receipts Refunds Net entrance fees __________ Q1 Q2 3,916 $ 4,258 8,174 (6,315) $ 1,859 4,726 $ 4,064 8,790 (4,089) 4,701 $ Q1 Q2 2007 Q3 5,673 $ 8,696 14,369 (5,084) 9,285 $ 2006 Q3 Q4 YTD 5,015 $ 8,901 13,916 (4,069) 9,847 $ 19,330 25,919 45,249 (19,557) 25,692 Q4 YTD $ 448 1,621 2,069 (703) $ 1,366 165 $ 1,135 1,300 (308) 992 $ 3,716 $ 4,144 7,860 (3,529) 4,331 $ 8,467 $ 7,860 16,327 (4,648) 11,679 $ 12,796 14,760 27,556 (9,188) 18,368 $ $ $ $ (1) (2) (3) (4) Facility operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2007 includes $7.0 million of charges comprised of $5.9 million of estimated uncollectible accounts and $1.1 million of accounting conformity adjustments pertaining to inventory and certain accrual policies. Total units/beds operated represent the total units/beds operated as of the end of the period. Average monthly revenue per unit/bed represents the average of the total monthly revenues, excluding amortization of entrance fees, divided by average occupied units/beds. Refundable entrance fee sales for the year ended December 31, 2007 include amounts received from residents participating in the MyChoice program, which allows new and existing residents the option to pay additional refundable entrance fee amounts in return for a reduced monthly service fee. MyChoice amounts received from existing residents totaled $0.2 million, $3.6 million and $4.7 million in the second, third and fourth quarters of 2007, respectively. We did not receive any MyChoice amounts from existing residents during the first quarter of 2007 or in 2006. As of December 31, 2007, our total operations included 550 communities with a capacity to serve 52,086 residents. During 2007, our total portfolio grew by three communities and our resident capacity increased by 815 units. During 2007, we focused substantial resources on furthering the integration of the communities that we acquired during 2006. Our 2007 results were also affected by our continuing implementation of our ancillary services programs at a number of our locations as described above. Resident Fees The increase in resident fees was driven by revenue growth across all business segments. Resident fees increased over the prior-year primarily due to the number of acquisitions that we completed during 2006 and 2007, as resident fees from these acquisitions are partially or entirely excluded from the prior period results. Including the effect of the historical results of the ARC facilities only partially included in our results of operations in 2006, resident fees increased by approximately $94.4 million, or 6.9%, at the 425 communities we operated during both periods, driven primarily by an increase of 6.9% in the average monthly revenue per unit/bed. Average occupancy at these 425 communities was 90.9% in 2007 and 2006. Retirement Centers revenue increased $100.0 million, or 23.1%, primarily due to the inclusion of facilities acquired during 2006 and 2007, as resident fees from these acquisitions are partially or entirely excluded from the prior period results. Revenue growth was also impacted by an increase in the average monthly revenue per 46 Table of Contents unit/bed at the facilities we operated during both periods. Occupancy at these facilities remained fairly constant period over period. Assisted Living revenue increased $184.1 million, or 29.9%, primarily due to the 2006 and 2007 acquisitions. In addition, resident fees increased as a result of an increase in the average monthly revenue per unit/bed, coupled with relatively constant occupancy as compared to the same period in the prior-year. CCRCs revenue increased $244.1 million, or 95.1%, primarily due to the acquisition of ARC in the third quarter of 2006. Management Fees The increase in management fees over the prior-year is primarily due to the acquisition of management contracts in conjunction with the ARC acquisition in July 2006. The increase is partially offset by the termination of ten management agreements during 2006. Facility Operating Expense Facility operating expense increased over the prior-year same period mainly due to the ARC acquisition as well as other 2006 and 2007 acquisitions. The increase was primarily due to additional salaries, wages and benefits resulting from these acquisitions. In addition, for the quarter ended December 31, 2007, we recorded $7.0 million of charges to facility operating expenses comprised of $5.9 million of estimated uncollectible accounts, and $1.1 million of accounting conformity adjustments pertaining to inventory and certain accrual policies. Including the effect of the historical results of the ARC facilities only partially included in our results of operations in 2006, facility operating expense increased by 6.5% at the 425 communities we operated in both periods. Retirement Centers operating expenses increased $51.0 million, or 20.6%, primarily due to increased salaries, wages and benefits primarily as a result of the 2006 acquisitions and additional 2007 acquisitions. Assisted Living operating expenses increased $130.1 million, or 33.9%, primarily due to increased salaries, wages and benefits primarily as a result of the 2006 acquisitions and additional 2007 acquisitions. CCRCs operating expenses increased $170.0 million, or 90.5%, primarily due to the 2006 acquisition of ARC. General and Administrative Expense General and administrative expenses increased $20.1 million, or 17.1%, primarily as a result of an increase in salaries, wages and benefits due to an increase in the number of employees in connection with the 2006 acquisition of ARC. Additionally, general and administrative expense was positively impacted during the year by a receivable related to a collateral recovery of $4.2 million from an insurance carrier recorded in the second quarter which was largely offset by other insurance activity and a decrease of $6.5 million in non-cash compensation expense in connection with previously expensed performance-based restricted stock grants. General and administrative expense as a percentage of total revenue, including revenue generated by the facilities we manage, was 5.0% and 5.4% for the year ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, calculated as follows (dollars in thousands): Resident fee revenues Resident fee revenues under management Total General and administrative expenses (excluding merger and integration expenses and non-cash stock compensation expense totaling $39.2 million and $43.4 million in 2007 and 2006, respectively) General and administrative expenses as % of total revenues Year Ended December 31, 2007 1,832,507 150,204 1,982,711 $ $ 2006 1,304,296 73,507 1,377,803 98,858 $ 5.0% 74,449 5.4% $ $ $ 47 Table of Contents Facility Lease Expense Lease expense increased by $42.8 million, or 18.7%, primarily due to the ARC acquisition in July 2006 as well as other 2006 and 2007 acquisitions and expense increases based on rent escalators included in the lease agreements. The increase in expense is partially offset by a decrease in lease expense resulting from the purchase of previously leased assets in the fourth quarter of 2006. Lease expense includes straight-line rent expense of $25.4 million and $24.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, and is partially offset by $4.3 million of additional deferred gain amortization for both periods. Depreciation and Amortization Total depreciation and amortization expense increased by $111.8 million, or 59.4%, primarily due to the acquisition of ARC as well as other 2006 and 2007 acquisitions. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in expense for resident in-place lease intangibles which were fully depreciated at the end of 2006. Interest Income Interest income increased $0.7 million, or 10.4%, primarily due to the acquisition of ARC in July 2006. Interest Expense Interest expense increased $121.5 million, or 118.2%, primarily due to additional debt incurred in connection with our acquisitions as well as the change in fair value of our interest rate swaps for the year ended December 31, 2007. During the year, we recognized approximately $73.2 million of interest expense related to the change in fair value and amortization of our interest rate swaps due to declines in the LIBOR yield curve which resulted in a change in the fair value of the swaps. We have entered into certain interest rate protection and swap agreements to effectively cap or convert floating rate debt to fixed rate. Pursuant to certain of our hedge agreements, we are required to secure our obligation to the counterparty by posting cash or other collateral if the fair value liability exceeds specified thresholds. In periods of significant volatility in the credit markets, the value of these swaps can change significantly. The effective portion of the change in fair value of derivatives was excluded from interest expense and was included in other comprehensive loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2006. On October 1, 2006, we discontinued hedge accounting and the changes in fair value of derivatives have been included in interest expense prospectively. Income Taxes The increase in the income tax benefit over the same prior year period is due to an increase in the effective tax rate from 26.4% in 2006 to 38.4% in 2007. This increase is primarily due to the ability of the Company to record a tax benefit on its entire 2007 loss, compared to benefiting the losses in 2006 after the acquisition of ARC, which occurred in July 2006. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP, requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if it requires assumptions to be made that were uncertain at the time the estimate was made and changes in the estimate, or different estimates that could have been selected, could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial condition. We have identified the following critical accounting policies that affect significant estimates and judgments. Revenue Recognition and Assumptions at Entrance Fee Communities Our ten entrance fee communities provide housing and healthcare services through entrance fee agreements with residents. Under certain of these agreements, residents pay an entrance fee upon entering into the contract and are contractually guaranteed certain limited lifecare benefits in the form of healthcare discounts. The recognition of entrance fee income requires the use of various actuarial estimates. We recognize this revenue by recording the 48 Table of Contents nonrefundable portion of the residents’ entrance fees as deferred entrance fee income and amortizing it into revenue using the straight-line method over the estimated remaining life expectancy of each resident or couple. In addition, certain entrance fee agreements entitle the resident to a refund of the original entrance fee paid plus a percentage of the appreciation of the unit contingent upon resale. We estimate the portion of such entrance fees that will be repaid to the resident from other contingently refundable entrance fees received or non-refundable entrance fees received and record that portion as deferred revenue with the remainder classified as refundable entrance fees. The portion recorded as deferred revenue is amortized over the life of the entrance fee building. We periodically assess the reasonableness of these mortality tables and other actuarial assumptions, and measurement of future service obligations. Obligation to Provide Future Services Annually, we calculate the present value of the net cost of future services and the use of communities to be provided to current residents of certain of our CCRCs and compare that amount with the balance of non-refundable deferred revenue from entrance fees received. If the present value of the net cost of future services and the use of communities exceeds the non-refundable deferred revenue from entrance fees, a liability is recorded (obligation to provide future services and use of communities) with a corresponding charge to income. Self-Insurance Liability Accruals We are subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business. Although we maintain general liability and professional liability insurance policies for our owned, leased and managed communities under a master insurance program, our current policy provides for deductibles for each and every claim ($3.0 million on or prior to December 31, 2008 and $250,000 effective January 1, 2009). The amount of liquid assets available to satisfy these deductible obligations is $10.9 million (classified as cash and escrow deposits – restricted in the consolidated balance sheets). As a result, we are effectively self-insured for most claims. In addition, we maintain a self-insured workers compensation program (with excess loss coverage above $0.5 million per individual claim) and a self-insured employee medical program (with excess loss coverage above $0.3 million per individual claim). We are self-insured for amounts below these excess loss coverage amounts. We have formed a wholly-owned “captive” insurance company, Senior Services Insurance Limited (“SSIL”) for the purpose of insuring certain portions of our risk retention under our general and professional liability insurance programs. SSIL issues policies of insurance to and receives premiums from Brookdale Senior Living Inc. that are reimbursed through expense allocation to each operated community and us. SSIL pays the costs for each claim above a deductible up to a per claim limit. Third-party insurers are responsible for claim costs above this limit. These third-party insurers carry an A.M. Best rating of A-/VII or better. The cost of our employee health and dental benefits, net of employee contributions, is shared by us and our communities based on the respective number of participants working directly either at our corporate headquarters or at the communities. Cash received is used to pay the actual costs of administering the program which include paid claims, third-party administrative fees, network provider fees, communication costs, and other related administrative costs incurred by us. Claims are paid as they are submitted to the plan administrator. Outstanding losses and expenses for general liability and professional liability and workers compensation are based on the recommendations of independent actuaries and management’s estimates. Outstanding losses and expenses for our self-insured medical program are estimated based on the recommendation of our third party administrator. We review the adequacy of our accruals related to these liabilities on an ongoing basis, using historical claims, actuarial valuations, third-party administrator estimates, consultants, advice from legal counsel and industry data, and adjust accruals periodically. Estimated costs related to these self- insurance programs are accrued based on known claims and projected claims incurred but not yet reported. Subsequent changes in actual experience are monitored and estimates are updated as information is available. Income Taxes We account for income taxes under the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 109, Accounting for Income Taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using tax rates in effect for 49 Table of Contents the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are expected to be realized. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, we have a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets of approximately $9.7 million and $6.4 million, respectively. When we determine that it is more likely than not that we will be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of our net recorded amount, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset would be made and reflected in either income or as an adjustment to goodwill. This determination will be made by considering various factors, including our expected future results, that in our judgment will make it more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will be realized. Lease Accounting We determine whether to account for our leases as either operating or capital leases depending on the underlying terms. As of December 31, 2008, we operated 358 communities under long-term leases with operating, capital and financing lease obligations. The determination of this classification is complex and in certain situations requires a significant level of judgment. Our classification criteria is based on estimates regarding the fair value of the leased communities, minimum lease payments, effective cost of funds, the economic life of the community and certain other terms in the lease agreements as stated in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Communities under operating leases are accounted for in our statement of operations as lease expenses for actual rent paid plus or minus straight-line adjustments for fixed or estimated minimum lease escalators and amortization of deferred gains. For communities under capital lease and lease financing obligation arrangements, a liability is established on our balance sheet and a corresponding long-term asset is recorded. Lease payments are allocated between principal and interest on the remaining base lease obligations and the lease asset is depreciated over the shorter of its useful life or the term of the lease. In addition, we amortize leasehold improvements purchased during the term of the lease over the shorter of their economic life or the lease term. Sale-leaseback transactions are recorded as lease financing obligations when the transactions include a form of continuing involvement, such as purchase options. One of our leases provides for various additional lease payments based on changes in the interest rates on the debt underlying the lease. All of our leases contain fixed or formula based rent escalators. To the extent that the escalator increases are tied to a fixed index or rate, lease payments are accounted for on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. In addition, we recognize all rent-free or rent holiday periods in operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including the rent holiday period. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Accounts receivable are reported net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, and represent our estimate of the amount that ultimately will be realized in cash. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $13.3 million, and $15.5 million as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. The adequacy of our allowance for doubtful accounts is reviewed on an ongoing basis, using historical payment trends, write-off experience, analyses of receivable portfolios by payor source and aging of receivables, as well as a review of specific accounts, and adjustments are made to the allowance as necessary. Changes in legislation are not expected to have a material impact on collections; however, changes in economic conditions could have an impact on the collection of existing receivable balances or future allowance considerations. Approximately 86.2% and 13.8% of our resident and healthcare revenues for the year ended December 31, 2008 were derived from private pay customers and services covered by various third-party payor programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. Billings for services under third-party payor programs are recorded net of estimated retroactive adjustments, if any, under reimbursement programs. Retroactive adjustments are accrued on an estimated basis in the period the related services are rendered and adjusted in future periods or as final settlements are determined. We accrue contractual or cost related adjustments from Medicare or Medicaid when assessed (without regard to when the assessment is paid or withheld), even if we have not agreed to or are appealing the assessment. Subsequent positive or negative adjustments to these accrued amounts are recorded in net revenues when known. Long-Lived Assets, Goodwill and Purchase Accounting As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, our long-lived assets were comprised primarily of $3.7 billion and $3.8 billion, respectively, of property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles. In accounting for our long-lived 50 Table of Contents assets, other than goodwill, we apply the provisions of SFAS No. 141, Business Combinations, and SFAS No. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets (“SFAS 144”). In connection with our formation transactions, for financial reporting purposes we recorded the non- controlling stockholders’ interest at fair value. Acquisitions are accounted for using the purchase method of accounting and the purchase prices are allocated to acquired assets and liabilities based on their estimated fair values. Goodwill associated with our acquisition of ARC and our formation transactions was allocated to the reportable segment and included in our application of the provisions of SFAS No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (“SFAS 142”). We account for goodwill under the provisions of SFAS 142. During the year ended December 31, 2008, we recorded a $215.0 million goodwill impairment charge in connection with our annual impairment test. The impairment charge was primarily driven by adverse equity market conditions intensifying in the fourth quarter of 2008 that caused a decrease in current market multiples and our stock price at December 31, 2008 compared with our stock price at September 30, 2008. We also evaluated the related long-lived depreciable assets using the same cash flow data used to evaluate goodwill and determined that the undiscounted cash flows exceeded the carrying value of these assets for all except for four communities. As a result, we recorded a non-cash asset impairment charge of $5.0 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2008 for these four communities within the Assisted Living segment. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, we had $110.0 million and $325.5 million of goodwill, respectively. We test long-lived assets other than goodwill for recoverability annually during our fourth quarter or whenever changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Recoverability of an asset group is estimated by comparing its carrying value to the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If this comparison indicates that the carrying value of an asset group is not recoverable, we are required to recognize an impairment loss. The impairment loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. When an impairment loss is recognized for assets to be held and used, the carrying amount of those assets is permanently adjusted and depreciated over its remaining useful life. Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to annual or more frequent impairment testing. We test goodwill for impairment annually during our fourth quarter, or whenever indicators exist that our goodwill may not be recoverable. The recoverability of goodwill is required to be assessed using a two-step process. The first step requires a comparison of the estimated fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, the second step requires a comparison of the implied fair value of goodwill (based on a putative purchase price allocation methodology) with its carrying value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the excess. In estimating the fair value of a reporting unit or long-lived assets other than goodwill, we use the income approach. The income approach utilizes future cash flow projections that are developed internally. Any estimates of future cash flow projections necessarily involve predicting an unknown future and require significant management judgments and estimates. In arriving at our cash flow projections, we consider our historic operating results, approved budgets and business plans, future demographic factors, expected growth rates, and other factors. Future events may indicate differences from management’s current judgments and estimates, which could, in turn, result in future impairments. Future events that may result in impairment charges include increases in interest rates, which could impact discount rates, differences in the projected occupancy rates and changes in the cost structure of existing communities. In using the income approach to estimate fair value of a reporting unit or long-lived assets other than goodwill, we make certain key assumptions. Those assumptions include assumptions related to future revenues, future facility operating expenses, future cash flows that we would receive upon a future sale of the communities using estimated cap rates. We attempt to corroborate the cap rates we use in these calculations with cap rates observable from recent market transactions. Where required, future cash flows are discounted at a rate that is consistent with a weighted average cost of capital for a potential market participant. The weighted average cost of capital is an estimate of the overall after-tax rate of return required by equity and debt holders of a business enterprise. Although we make every reasonable effort to ensure the accuracy of our estimate of the fair value of our reporting units, future changes in the assumptions used to make these estimates could result in the recording of an impairment loss. 51 Table of Contents Hedging We periodically enter into certain interest rate swap or cap agreements to effectively convert floating rate debt to a fixed rate basis or to hedge anticipated future financings. Amounts paid or received under these agreements are recognized as an adjustment to interest expense when such amounts are incurred or earned. For effective cash flow hedges, settlement amounts paid or received in connection with settled or unwound interest rate swap agreements are deferred and recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income. For effective fair value hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative will be offset against the corresponding change in fair value of the hedged asset or liability through earnings or recognized in other comprehensive income until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The ineffective portion of a derivative’s change in fair value will be recognized in earnings. All derivative instruments are recorded at fair value. Derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recorded at fair value through earnings. On October 1, 2006, we elected to discontinue hedge accounting prospectively for the previously designated swap instruments. Consequently, the net gain accumulated in other comprehensive income at that date of approximately $1.3 million related to the previously designated swap instruments is being reclassified to interest expense over the life of the underlying hedged debt. In the future, if the underlying hedged debt is extinguished or refinanced, the remaining unamortized gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income will be recognized in net income. In measuring our derivative instruments at fair value, we have considered nonperformance risk in our valuation. In so doing, we review the netting arrangement and collateral requirements of each instrument and counterparty to determine appropriate reductions of credit exposure. Remaining credit exposure is estimated by reference to market prices for credit default swaps and/or other methods of estimating probabilities of default. Stock-Based Compensation We adopted SFAS No. 123 (revised), Share-Based Payment (“SFAS No. 123R”), in connection with initial grants of restricted stock effective August 2005, which were converted into shares of our restricted stock on September 30, 2005 in connection with our formation transaction. This Statement requires measurement of the cost of employee services received in exchange for stock compensation based on the grant-date fair value of the employee stock awards. Incremental compensation costs arising from subsequent modifications of awards after the grant date must be recognized when incurred. Certain of our employee stock awards vest only upon the achievement of performance targets. SFAS No. 123R requires recognition of compensation cost only when achievement of performance conditions is considered probable. Consequently, our determination of the amount of stock compensation expense requires a significant level of judgment in estimating the probability of achievement of these performance targets. Additionally, we must make estimates regarding employee forfeitures in determining compensation expense. Subsequent changes in actual experience are monitored and estimates are updated as information is available. Litigation Litigation is inherently uncertain and the outcome of individual litigation matters is not predictable with assurance. We are involved in various legal actions and claims incidental to the conduct of our business which are comparable to other companies in the senior living industry, some for specific matters as described in Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements and others arising in the ordinary course of business. We have established loss provisions for matters in which losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. In other instances, we may not be able to make a reasonable estimate of any liability because of uncertainties related to the outcome and/or the amount or range of losses. Changes in our current estimates, due to unanticipated events or otherwise, could have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations. New Accounting Pronouncements The information required by this Item is provided in Note 2 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements contained in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”. 52 Table of Contents Liquidity and Capital Resources The following is a summary of cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities, as reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (dollars in thousands): Cash provided by operating activities Cash used in investing activities Cash (used in) provided by financing activities Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Year Ended December 31, 2008 2007 $ $ $ 136,767 (166,439) (17,259) (46,931) 100,904 53,973 $ 199,662 (358,419) 191,627 32,870 68,034 100,904 The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was attributable to an increase in accounts receivable due to the timing of billings and payments and an increase in billings in conjunction with the rollout of our therapy and home health services to many of our communities. Also contributing to the decrease was an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets offset by a decrease in working capital year over year. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily attributable to a decrease in acquisition activity in the current year as well as cash received on outstanding notes receivable. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in additions to our property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles year over year. The change in cash related to financing activities year over year was primarily attributable to a decrease in borrowings in the current year and an increase in repayments on debt related to financing activities partially offset by a decrease in the payment of dividends in the current year and the buyout of a capital lease in the prior year. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2008, we repurchased 1,211,301 shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $29.2 million. Our principal sources of liquidity have historically been from: cash balances on hand; cash flows from operations; proceeds from our credit facilities; proceeds from mortgage financing or refinancing of various assets; funds generated through joint venture arrangements or sale-leaseback transactions; and · · · · · · with somewhat lesser frequency, funds raised in the debt or equity markets and proceeds from the selective disposition of underperforming assets. Over the longer-term, we expect to continue to fund our business through these principal sources of liquidity. Over the near-term, however, we expect a reduced level of mortgage refinancing activity. As described under “Credit Facilities” below, the revolving loan commitment under our amended credit agreement decreases on a quarterly basis beginning March 31, 2009. As such, we anticipate a reduced level of reliance on proceeds from our credit facility over the near-term compared to historical levels. In addition, given current conditions in the credit and equity markets, we also expect a reduced level of debt and equity financing activity over the near-term when compared to historical levels. Our liquidity requirements have historically arisen from: · working capital; · · · · operating costs such as employee compensation and related benefits, general and administrative expense and supply costs; debt service and lease payments; acquisition consideration and transaction costs; cash collateral required to be posted in connection with our interest rate swaps and related financial instruments; 53 Table of Contents · · · · capital expenditures and improvements, including the expansion of our current communities and the development of new communities; dividend payments; purchases of common stock under our previous share repurchase authorization; and other corporate initiatives (including integration and branding). Over the near-term, we expect that our liquidity requirements will primarily arise from: · working capital; · · · · · operating costs such as employee compensation and related benefits, general and administrative expense and supply costs; debt service and lease payments; capital expenditures and improvements, including the expansion of our current communities and the development of new communities; other corporate initiatives (including integration); and to a lesser extent, cash collateral required to be posted in connection with our interest rate swaps and related financial instruments. We are highly leveraged, and have significant debt and lease obligations. We have two principal corporate-level indebtednesses: our $230.0 million amended credit facility and our unsecured facilities providing for up to $48.5 million of letters of credit in the aggregate. The remainder of our indebtedness is generally comprised of non-recourse property-level mortgage financings. At December 31, 2008, we had $2.1 billion of debt outstanding, excluding our line of credit and capital lease obligations, at a weighted-average interest rate of 4.91%. At December 31, 2008, we had $318.4 million of capital and financing lease obligations, $159.5 million was drawn on our revolving loan facility and $149.7 million of letters of credit had been issued under our letter of credit facilities. Approximately $158.5 million of our debt obligations (excluding the $4.5 million current portion of our line of credit) are due on or before December 31, 2009, subject in the case of debt obligations totaling $131.0 million to extension at our option, as described below under “Contractual Commitments”. We also have substantial operating lease obligations and capital expenditure requirements. For the year ending December 31, 2009, we will be required to make approximately $261.9 million of payments in connection with our existing operating leases. We had $54.0 million of cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2008, excluding cash and escrow deposits-restricted and lease security deposits of $136.3 million. Additionally, as of December 31, 2008, we had $41.4 million available under our corporate credit facility and $16.9 million of unused capacity under our letter of credit facilities. As of December 31, 2008, we had $158.5 million of current debt maturities (excluding the $4.5 million current portion of our line of credit) and $107.2 million of letters of credit issued under facilities that were scheduled to mature prior to December 31, 2009. After giving effect to our amended credit agreement, our $48.5 million unsecured letter of credit facilities, and the extension in early 2009 of $87.7 million of mortgage debt that was initially due in 2009 until 2011, we have approximately $139.6 million of debt maturities due during the year ending December 31, 2009, comprised of the following: non-recourse mortgage debt maturities of $131.0 million, which we expect will be extended to 2011 pursuant to the exercise of contractual extension options, and $8.6 million of scheduled periodic principal amortization and other required principal payments. At December 31, 2008, we had $365.2 million of negative working capital, which includes the classification of $206.5 million of refundable entrance fees, $30.0 million in tenant deposits and $131.0 million of debt for which we have extension rights as current liabilities. Based upon our historical operating experience, we anticipate that only 9.0 % to 12.0% of those entrance fee liabilities will actually come due, and be required to be settled in cash, during the next 12 months. We expect that any entrance fee liabilities due within the next 12 months will be fully offset by the proceeds generated by subsequent entrance fee sales. Entrance fee sales, net of refunds paid, provided $23.3 million of cash for the year ended December 31, 2008. For the year ending December 31, 2009, we anticipate that we will make investments of approximately $60.0 million for capital expenditures (net of approximately $108.0 million expected to be reimbursed from lenders/lessors or funded through construction financing), comprised of approximately $25.0 million of net 54 Table of Contents recurring capital expenditures, approximately $5.0 million of net capital expenditures in connection with our community expansion and development program, and approximately $30.0 million of expenditures relating to other major projects (including corporate initiatives). These major projects include unusual or non-recurring capital projects, projects which create new or enhanced economics, such as major renovations or repositioning projects at our communities (including deferred expenditures in connection with recently acquired communities), integration related expenditures, and expenditures supporting the expansion of our ancillary services programs. For the year ended December 31, 2008, we spent approximately $27.3 million for net recurring capital expenditures, approximately $39.9 million for capital expenditures in connection with our expansion and development program (net of $65.6 million that had been reimbursed as of December 31, 2008) and approximately $53.5 million for expenditures relating to other major projects and corporate initiatives. During 2009, we anticipate funding the majority of capital expenditures relating to our expansion and development program through debt and lease financings for those projects (approximately $108.0 million in the aggregate). We expect that our other capital expenditures will be funded from cash on hand, cash flows from operations, and amounts drawn on our credit facility. Through 2007, we focused on growth primarily through acquisition, spending approximately $2.2 billion during 2007 and 2006 on acquiring communities and companies, excluding fees, expenses and assumption of debt. Given the current market environment and limitations imposed by our new credit facility, we are focusing on integrating previous acquisitions and on the significant organic growth opportunities inherent in our growth strategy. Consequently, we expect a reduced level of acquisition activity and spending over the near term. Over the longer-term, we plan to take advantage of the fragmented continuing care, independent living and assisted living sectors by selectively purchasing existing operating companies, asset portfolios and communities. In the normal course of business, we use a variety of financial instruments to mitigate interest rate risk. We have entered into certain interest rate protection and swap agreements to effectively cap or convert floating rate debt to a fixed rate basis. Pursuant to certain of our hedge agreements, we are required to secure our obligation to the counterparty by posting cash or other collateral if the fair value liability exceeds specified thresholds. In periods of significant volatility in the credit markets, the value of these swaps can change significantly and as a result, the amount of collateral we are required to post can change significantly. During 2008, we posted approximately $39.0 million of cash collateral pursuant to interest rate swaps. We have recently taken a number of steps to reduce this risk. In particular, during 2008, we terminated a number of interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $1.1 billion and purchased $445.2 million in aggregate notional amount of interest rate caps, which do not require the posting of cash collateral. Furthermore, during 2008, we obtained $37.6 million of swaps that are secured by underlying mortgaged assets and, hence, do not require cash collateralization. As of December 31, 2008, we have $670.5 million in aggregate notional amount of interest rate caps, $37.6 million in aggregate notional amount of swaps secured by underlying mortgaged assets, $314.2 million in aggregate notional amount of swaps that require cash collateralization and $119.8 million of variable rate debt that is not subject to any cap or swap agreements. We expect to continue to assess our financing alternatives periodically and access the capital markets opportunistically. If our existing resources are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, or if we enter into an acquisition or strategic arrangement with another company, we may need to sell additional equity or debt securities. Any such sale of additional equity securities will dilute the interests of our existing stockholders, and we cannot be certain that additional public or private financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all (particularly given current market conditions). If we are unable to obtain this additional financing, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more aspects of our business development activities, any of which could reduce the growth of our business. In light of the current uncertainty in the credit market and the deteriorating overall economy, we are taking steps to preserve our liquidity during 2009. For example, we have suspended our quarterly dividend payments, terminated our share repurchase program and initiated a number of cost control measures (including limitations on our capital expenditures). We currently estimate that our existing cash flows from operations, together with existing working capital, amounts drawn under our credit facility and, to a lesser extent, proceeds from anticipated refinancings of various assets, will be sufficient to fund our liquidity needs for at least the next 12 months, assuming that the overall economy does not substantially deteriorate further. 55 Table of Contents Our actual liquidity and capital funding requirements depend on numerous factors, including our operating results, the actual level of capital expenditures, our expansion, development and acquisition activity, general economic conditions and the cost of capital. Shortfalls in cash flows from operating results or other principal sources of liquidity may have an adverse impact on our ability to execute our business and growth strategies. The current volatility in the credit and financial markets may also have an adverse impact on our liquidity by making it more difficult for us to obtain financing or refinancing. As a result, this may impact our ability to grow our business, maintain capital spending levels, expand certain communities, or execute other aspects of our business strategy. In order to continue some of these activities at historical or planned levels, we may incur additional indebtedness or lease financing to provide additional funding. There can be no assurance that any such additional financing will be available or on terms that are acceptable to us (particularly in light of current adverse conditions in the credit market). As of December 31, 2008, we are in compliance with the financial covenants of our outstanding debt and lease agreements. Credit Facilities As of December 31, 2008, we had an available secured line of credit of $245.0 million (including a $70.0 million letter of credit sublimit), an associated letter of credit facility of up to $80.0 million, and separate letter of credit facilities of up to $42.5 million in the aggregate. The line of credit bore interest at the base rate plus 3.0% or LIBOR plus 4.0%, at our election, and was scheduled to mature on May 15, 2009. We were required to pay fees ranging from 2.5% to 4.0% of the amount of any outstanding letters of credit issued under the associated letter of credit facility and are required to pay a fee of 2.5% of the amount of any outstanding letters of credit issued under the separate letter of credit facilities. As of December 31, 2008, $159.5 million was drawn on the revolving loan facility and $149.7 million of letters of credit had been issued under our letter of credit facilities. Included in the $149.7 million of letters of credit outstanding at December 31, 2008 is $32.2 million of duplicative letters of credit posted with counterparties that were in process of being returned. As of February 27, 2009, these duplicative letters of credit were returned and are no longer outstanding. Refinancing of Existing Line of Credit We recently refinanced our line of credit by (i) entering into unsecured facilities with a financial institution providing for up to $48.5 million of letters of credit in the aggregate and (ii) entering into a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, Banc of America Securities LLC, as sole lead arranger and book manager, and the several lenders from time to time parties thereto. The amended credit agreement amended and restated our existing $245.0 million secured line of credit and terminated the associated $80.0 million letter of credit facility. The amended credit agreement consists of a $230.0 million revolving loan facility with a $25.0 million letter of credit sublimit and is scheduled to mature on August 31, 2010. Pursuant to the terms of the amended credit agreement, we will be required to make mandatory prepayments of (a) 65% of our Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the amended credit agreement) for each fiscal quarter beginning with the first fiscal quarter of 2009, (b) 85% of our net cash proceeds from refinancings, (c) 100% of our net cash proceeds from the issuance of equity (subject to certain exceptions), and (d) 100% of our net cash proceeds from asset dispositions (subject to certain exceptions and limited to 85% in the case of sale-leaseback transactions and dispositions of joint venture interests). The revolving loan commitment will be permanently reduced in a corresponding amount in connection with each mandatory prepayment, provided the commitment reduction with respect to any issuance of equity is limited to 65% of such net cash proceeds. To the extent that the revolving loan commitment has not been permanently reduced either voluntarily or as a result of mandatory prepayments, the revolving loan commitment will be further reduced as of the dates below to the following aggregate amounts: 56 Table of Contents March 31, 2009 June 30, 2009 September 30, 2009 December 31, 2009 March 31, 2010 June 30, 2010 $220.0 million $200.0 million $180.0 million $155.0 million $130.0 million $75.0 million Pursuant to the terms of the amended credit agreement, certain of our subsidiaries, as guarantors, will guarantee our obligations under the amended credit agreement and the other loan documents. Further, in connection with the amended credit agreement, (i) the company and certain guarantors executed and delivered a Pledge Agreement in favor of the administrative agent for the banks and other financial institutions from time to time parties to the amended credit agreement, pursuant to which such guarantors pledged certain assets for the benefit of the secured parties as collateral security for the payment and performance of our obligations under the amended credit agreement and the other loan documents and (ii) certain guarantors granted mortgages and executed and delivered a Security Agreement, in each case, in favor of the administrative agent for the banks and other financial institutions from time to time parties to the amended credit agreement encumbering certain real and personal property of such guarantors. The collateral includes, among other things, certain real property and related personal property owned by the guarantors, equity interests in certain of our subsidiaries, all related books and records and, to the extent not otherwise included, all proceeds and products of any and all of the foregoing. At our option, amounts drawn under the revolving loan facility will generally bear interest at either (i) LIBOR plus a margin of 7.0% or (ii) the greater of (a) the Bank of America prime rate or (b) the Federal Funds rate plus 0.5%, plus a margin of 7%. For purposes of determining the interest rate, in no event shall the base rate or LIBOR be less than 3.0%. In connection with the loan commitments, we will pay a quarterly commitment fee of 1.0% per annum on the average daily amount of undrawn funds. We will also be required to pay a fee equal to 7.0% of the amount of any issued and outstanding letters of credit; provided, with respect to drawable amounts that have been cash collateralized, the letter of credit fee shall be payable at a rate per annum equal to 2.0%. The proceeds of the loans under the amended credit agreement will be used to refinance our existing indebtedness under the existing credit agreement and to provide ongoing working capital and for other general corporate purposes. The amended credit agreement contains typical representations and covenants for loans of this type, including restrictions on our ability to pay dividends, make distributions, make acquisitions, incur capital expenditures, incur new liens, or repurchase shares of our common stock. The amended credit agreement also contains financial covenants, including covenants with respect to maximum consolidated adjusted leverage, minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage, minimum tangible net worth, and maximum total capital expenditures. A violation of any of these covenants (including any failure to remain in compliance with any financial covenants contained therein) could result in a default under the amended credit agreement, which would result in termination of all commitments and loans under the amended credit agreement and all other amounts owing under the amended credit agreement and certain other loan agreements becoming immediately due and payable. After giving effect to the amended credit facility and other transactions completed subsequent to year-end, as of February 27, 2009, we have an available secured line of credit of $230.0 million (including a $25.0 million letter of credit sublimit) and separate letter of credit facilities of up to $48.5 million in the aggregate. As of February 27, 2009, $195.0 million was drawn on the revolving loan facility and $71.7 million of letters of credit had been issued under our letter of credit facilities. Since the amended credit facility matures on August 31, 2010, amounts drawn against the line of credit as of December 31, 2008 have been classified as a long-term liability on the consolidated balance sheet to the extent of the revolving loan commitment availability under the amended credit facility at December 31, 2009, with the $4.5 million remaining amount classified as a current liability. Contractual Commitments The following table presents a summary of our material indebtedness, including the related interest payments, lease and other contractual commitments, as of December 31, 2008. 57 Table of Contents Contractual Obligations: Long-term debt obligations(1)(2)(3) Capital lease obligations(1) Operating lease obligations(4) Refundable entrance fee obligations(5) Total contractual obligations Total commercial construction commitments Total 2009 2010 2011 (dollars in thousands) 2012 2013 Thereafter Payments Due by Twelve Months Ending December 31, $ 2,685,190 $ 109,433 $ 259,914 $ 529,471 $ 923,466 $ 500,087 $ 531,825 2,679,422 206,461 6,102,898 $ 46,710 261,890 48,792 264,482 50,101 267,517 49,154 268,400 48,418 262,032 25,808 443,841 $ 25,808 598,996 $ 25,808 25,808 872,897 $ 1,266,828 $ 25,808 836,345 $ $ 362,819 288,650 1,355,101 77,421 2,083,991 $ 66,585 $ 61,480 $ 5,105 $ — $ — $ — $ — (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Includes contractual interest for all fixed-rate obligations and assumes interest on variable rate instruments at the December 31, 2008 rate after giving effect to in-place interest rate swaps. $131.0 million has been classified beyond its 2009 initial maturity date to 2011 due to our unilateral option to extend the initial maturity date. Includes the following amounts of scheduled principal payments due on such long-term debt obligations for the respective periods: $2,234,489 in total; $13,072 in 2009 (inclusive of the current portion of the line of credit of $4,453, which was refinanced in February 2009); $166,742 in 2010 (inclusive of the long term portion of the line of credit of $155,000, which was refinanced in February 2009); $452,564 in 2011; $868,358 in 2012; $476,254 in 2013; and $257,499 thereafter. Reflects future cash payments after giving effect to non-contingent lease escalators and assumes payments on variable rate instruments at the December 31, 2008 rate. Future refunds of entrance fees are estimated based on historical payment trends. These refund obligations are generally offset by proceeds received from resale of the vacated apartment units. Historically, proceeds from resales of entrance fee units each year generally offset refunds paid and generate excess cash to us. The foregoing amounts exclude outstanding letters of credit of $149.7 million as of December 31, 2008. Included in the $149.7 million of letters of credit outstanding at December 31, 2008 is $32.2 million of duplicative letters of credit posted with counterparties that were in process of being returned. As of February 27, 2009, these duplicative letters of credit were returned and are no longer outstanding. Company Indebtedness, Long-term Leases and Hedging Agreements Indebtedness We have two principal corporate-level indebtednesses: our $230.0 million amended credit facility and our unsecured facilities providing for up to $48.5 million of letters of credit in the aggregate. The remainder of our indebtedness is generally comprised of non-recourse property-level mortgage financings. As of December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, our outstanding property-level secured debt and capital leases were $2.4 billion, $2.1 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively. During 2008, we incurred $547.3 million of additional property-level debt primarily related to the financing of acquisitions, the expansion of certain communities and the releveraging of certain assets. Approximately $158.5 million of the new debt was issued at a variable interest rate (subject to hedge agreements that may effectively cap or convert the debt to a fixed rate) and the remaining $388.8 million was issued at a fixed interest rate. Refer to the notes to the consolidated financial statements for a detailed discussion of the new debt and related terms. We have secured our self-insured retention risk under our workers’ compensation and general liability and professional liability programs and our lease security deposits with cash and letters of credit aggregating $10.9 million and $64.3 million, and $7.7 million and $36.4 million as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. As of December 31, 2008, we are in compliance with the financial covenants of our outstanding debt, including those covenants measuring facility operating income to gauge debt coverage. 58 Table of Contents Long-Term Leases As of December 31, 2008, we have 358 communities under long-term leases. The leases relating to these communities are generally fixed rate leases with annual escalators that are either fixed or tied to changes in leased property revenue or the consumer price index. Two portfolio leases have or had a floating-rate debt component built into the lease payments. We acquired one of the portfolios on December 30, 2005. Prior to the acquisition, the lease payment was a pass through of debt service, which includes $100.8 million of floating rate tax-exempt debt that was credit enhanced by Fannie Mae. Our variable rate exposure under this lease is partially hedged through an interest rate cap. The second lease includes $96.5 million of variable rate mortgages and/or tax exempt debt that is credit enhanced by Freddie Mac. For the year ended December 31, 2008, our minimum annual cash lease payments for our capital/financing leases and operating leases were $44.5 million and $251.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2008, we are in compliance with the financial covenants of our capital and operating leases, including those covenants measuring facility operating income to gauge lease coverage. Hedging In the normal course of business, we use a variety of financial instruments to hedge interest rate risk. We have historically entered into certain interest rate protection and swap agreements to effectively cap or convert floating rate debt to a fixed rate basis. Pursuant to certain of our hedge agreements, we are required to secure our obligation to the counterparty by posting cash or other collateral if the fair value liability exceeds specified thresholds. In periods of significant volatility in the credit markets, the value of these swaps can change significantly and as a result, the amount of collateral we are required to post can change significantly. During 2008, we posted approximately $39.0 million of cash collateral. We have recently taken a number of steps to reduce this risk. In particular, during 2008, we terminated a number of interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $1.1 billion and purchased $445.2 million in aggregate notional amount of interest rate caps, which do not require the posting of cash collateral. Furthermore, during 2008, we obtained $37.6 million of swaps that are secured by underlying mortgaged assets and, hence, do not require cash collateralization. As of December 31, 2008, we have $670.5 million in aggregate notional amount of interest rate caps, $37.6 million in aggregate notional amount of swaps secured by underlying mortgaged assets, $314.2 million in aggregate notional amount of swaps that require cash collateralization and $119.8 million of variable rate debt that is not subject to any cap or swap agreements. All derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. The following table summarizes our swap instruments at December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands): Current notional balance Highest possible notional Lowest interest rate Highest interest rate Average fixed rate Earliest maturity date Latest maturity date Weighted average original maturity Estimated liability fair value (included in other liabilities at December 31, 2008) Estimated asset fair value (included in other assets at December 31, 2008) $ $ 351,840 351,840 3.24% 4.47% 3.74% 2011 2014 5.0 years (20,931) — $ $ The following table summarizes our cap instruments at December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands): 59 Table of Contents Current notional balance Highest possible notional Lowest interest cap rate Highest interest cap rate Average fixed cap rate Earliest maturity date Latest maturity date Weighted average original maturity Estimated liability fair value (included in other liabilities at December 31, 2008) Estimated asset fair value (included in other assets at December 31, 2008) $ $ 670,521 670,521 4.96% 6.50% 6.02% 2011 2012 4.0 years — 350 $ $ Impacts of Inflation Resident fees from the communities we own or lease and management fees from communities we manage for third parties are our primary sources of revenue. These revenues are affected by the amount of monthly resident fee rates and community occupancy rates. The rates charged are highly dependent on local market conditions and the competitive environment in which our communities operate. Substantially all of our retirement center, assisted living, and CCRC residency agreements allow for adjustments in the monthly fee payable thereunder not less frequently than every 12 or 13 months thereby enabling us to seek increases in monthly fees due to inflation, increased levels of care or other factors. Any pricing increase would be subject to market and competitive conditions and could result in a decrease in occupancy in the facilities. We believe, however, that our ability to periodically adjust the monthly fee serves to reduce the adverse effect of inflation. In addition, employee compensation expense is a principal cost element of facility operations and is also dependent upon local market conditions. There can be no assurance that resident fees will increase or that costs will not increase due to inflation or other causes. At December 31, 2008, approximately $1.1 billion of our indebtedness, excluding our line of credit, bears interest at floating rates. We have mitigated our exposure to floating rates by using interest rate swaps and interest rate caps under our debt/lease arrangements. Inflation, and its impact on floating interest rates, could affect the amount of interest payments due on our line of credit. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements The equity method of accounting has been applied in the accompanying financial statements with respect to our investment in unconsolidated ventures that are not considered VIEs as we do not possess a controlling financial interest. We do not believe these off-balance sheet arrangements have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors. Non-GAAP Financial Measures A non-GAAP financial measure is generally defined as one that purports to measure historical or future financial performance, financial position or cash flows, but excludes or includes amounts that would not be so adjusted in the most comparable GAAP measure. In this report, we define and use the non- GAAP financial measures Adjusted EBITDA, Cash From Facility Operations and Facility Operating Income, as set forth below. Adjusted EBITDA Definition of Adjusted EBITDA We define Adjusted EBITDA as follows: Net income (loss) before: · provision (benefit) for income taxes; 60 Table of Contents · · · · · · non-operating (income) loss items; depreciation and amortization (including non-cash impairment charges); straight-line rent expense (income); amortization of deferred gain; amortization of deferred entrance fees; and non-cash compensation expense; and including: · entrance fee receipts and refunds. Management’s Use of Adjusted EBITDA We use Adjusted EBITDA to assess our overall financial and operating performance. We believe this non-GAAP measure, as we have defined it, is helpful in identifying trends in our day-to-day performance because the items excluded have little or no significance on our day-to-day operations. This measure provides an assessment of controllable expenses and affords management the ability to make decisions which are expected to facilitate meeting current financial goals as well as achieve optimal financial performance. It provides an indicator for management to determine if adjustments to current spending decisions are needed. Adjusted EBITDA provides us with a measure of financial performance, independent of items that are beyond the control of management in the short- term, such as depreciation and amortization (including non-cash impairment charges), straight-line rent expense (income), taxation and interest expense associated with our capital structure. This metric measures our financial performance based on operational factors that management can impact in the short-term, namely the cost structure or expenses of the organization. Adjusted EBITDA is one of the metrics used by senior management and the board of directors to review the financial performance of the business on a monthly basis. Adjusted EBITDA is also used by research analysts and investors to evaluate the performance of and value companies in our industry. Limitations of Adjusted EBITDA Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool. It should not be viewed in isolation or as a substitute for GAAP measures of earnings. Material limitations in making the adjustments to our earnings to calculate Adjusted EBITDA, and using this non-GAAP financial measure as compared to GAAP net income (loss), include: · the cash portion of interest expense, income tax (benefit) provision and non-recurring charges related to gain (loss) on sale of communities and extinguishment of debt activities generally represent charges (gains), which may significantly affect our financial results; and · depreciation and amortization, though not directly affecting our current cash position, represent the wear and tear and/or reduction in value of our communities, which affects the services we provide to our residents and may be indicative of future needs for capital expenditures. An investor or potential investor may find this item important in evaluating our performance, results of operations and financial position. We use non- GAAP financial measures to supplement our GAAP results in order to provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business. Adjusted EBITDA is not an alternative to net income, income from operations or cash flows provided by or used in operations as calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. You should not rely on Adjusted EBITDA as a substitute for any such GAAP financial measure. We strongly urge you to review the reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to GAAP net income (loss), along with our consolidated financial statements included herein. We also strongly urge you to not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business. In addition, because Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure of financial performance under GAAP and is susceptible to varying 61 Table of Contents calculations, the Adjusted EBITDA measure, as presented in this report, may differ from and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. The table below shows the reconciliation of our net loss to Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 (dollars in thousands): Net loss Benefit for income taxes Other non-operating income Minority interest Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures Loss on extinguishment of debt Interest expense Debt Capitalized lease obligation Amortization of deferred financing costs Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization Interest income Loss from operations Depreciation and amortization Goodwill and asset impairment Straight-line lease expense Amortization of deferred gain Amortization of entrance fees Non-cash compensation expense Entrance fee receipts(4) Entrance fee disbursements Adjusted EBITDA Years Ended December 31, (1) 2007(2)(3) 2006(2) 2008 $ (373,241) (86,731) (1,708) — 861 3,052 119,853 27,536 9,707 68,146 (7,618) (240,143) 276,202 220,026 20,585 (4,342) (22,025) 28,937 42,472 (19,150) 302,562 $ $ (161,979) (101,260) (402) (393) 3,386 2,683 114,518 29,473 7,064 73,222 (7,519) (41,207) 299,925 — 25,439 (4,342) (19,241) 20,113 45,249 (19,557) 306,379 $ (108,087) (38,491) — 671 3,705 1,526 74,133 23,561 5,061 38 (6,810) (44,693) 188,129 — 24,699 (4,345) (8,149) 26,612 27,556 (9,188) 200,621 $ $ __________ (1) (2) (3) (4) The calculation of Adjusted EBITDA includes merger, integration, and hurricane and named tropical storms expense as well as other non- recurring and acquisition transition costs totaling $24.3 million, $19.0 million and $16.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. The 2008 amount includes the effect of the $8.0 million reserve established for certain litigation (Note 21). Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 includes a non-cash benefit of $0.3 million and $4.1 million, respectively, related to a reversal of an accrual established in connection with Alterra’s emergence from bankruptcy in December 2003. Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2007 includes $7.0 million of charges to facility operating expenses in the quarter ended December 31, 2007, which relates to our desire to conform our policies across all of our platforms including $5.9 million related to estimated uncollectible accounts and $1.1 million of accounting conformity adjustments pertaining to inventory and certain accrual policies. Includes the receipt of refundable and nonrefundable entrance fees. Cash From Facility Operations Definition of Cash From Facility Operations We define Cash From Facility Operations (CFFO) as follows: Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities adjusted for: 62 Table of Contents · · · · · · · changes in operating assets and liabilities; deferred interest and fees added to principal; refundable entrance fees received; entrance fee refunds disbursed; lease financing debt amortization with fair market value or no purchase options; other; and recurring capital expenditures. Recurring capital expenditures include expenditures capitalized in accordance with GAAP that are funded from CFFO. Amounts excluded from recurring capital expenditures consist primarily of unusual or non-recurring capital items (including integration capital expenditures), community purchases and/or major projects or renovations that are funded using financing proceeds and/or proceeds from the sale of communities that are held for sale. Beginning in 2008, our calculation of CFFO was modified to subtract principal amortization related to capital leases that contain fair market value or no purchase options. Management’s Use of Cash From Facility Operations We use CFFO to assess our overall liquidity. This measure provides an assessment of controllable expenses and affords management the ability to make decisions which are expected to facilitate meeting current financial and liquidity goals as well as to achieve optimal financial performance. It provides an indicator for management to determine if adjustments to current spending decisions are needed. This metric measures our liquidity based on operational factors that management can impact in the short-term, namely the cost structure or expenses of the organization. CFFO is one of the metrics used by our senior management and board of directors (i) to review our ability to service our outstanding indebtedness (including our credit facilities and long-term leases), (ii) our ability to pay dividends to stockholders, (iii) our ability to make regular recurring capital expenditures to maintain and improve our communities on a period-to-period basis, (iv) for planning purposes, including preparation of our annual budget and (v) in setting various covenants in our credit agreements. These agreements generally require us to escrow or spend a minimum of between $250 and $450 per unit/bed per year. Historically, we have spent in excess of these per unit/bed amounts; however, there is no assurance that we will have funds available to escrow or spend these per unit/bed amounts in the future. If we do not escrow or spend the required minimum annual amounts, we would be in default of the applicable debt or lease agreement which could trigger cross default provisions in our outstanding indebtedness and lease arrangements. Limitations of Cash From Facility Operations CFFO has limitations as an analytical tool. It should not be viewed in isolation or as a substitute for GAAP measures of cash flow from operations. CFFO does not represent cash available for dividends or discretionary expenditures, since we may have mandatory debt service requirements or other non- discretionary expenditures not reflected in the measure. Material limitations in making the adjustment to our cash flow from operations to calculate CFFO, and using this non-GAAP financial measure as compared to GAAP operating cash flows, include: · the cash portion of interest expense, income tax (benefit) provision and non-recurring charges related to gain (loss) on sale of communities and extinguishment of debt activities generally represent charges (gains), which may significantly affect our financial results; and · depreciation and amortization, though not directly affecting our current cash position, represent the wear and tear and/or reduction in value of our communities, which affects the services we provide to our residents and may be indicative of future needs for capital expenditures. 63 Table of Contents We believe CFFO is useful to investors because it assists their ability to meaningfully evaluate (1) our ability to service our outstanding indebtedness, including our credit facilities and capital and financing leases, (2) our ability to pay dividends to stockholders and (3) our ability to make regular recurring capital expenditures to maintain and improve our communities. CFFO is not an alternative to cash flows provided by or used in operations as calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. You should not rely on CFFO as a substitute for any such GAAP financial measure. We strongly urge you to review the reconciliation of CFFO to GAAP net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, along with our consolidated financial statements included herein. We also strongly urge you to not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business. In addition, because CFFO is not a measure of financial performance under GAAP and is susceptible to varying calculations, the CFFO measure, as presented in this report, may differ from and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. The table below shows the reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to CFFO for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 (dollars in thousands): Net cash provided by operating activities Changes in operating assets and liabilities Refundable entrance fees received (4) Entrance fee refunds disbursed Recurring capital expenditures Lease financing debt amortization with fair market value or no purchase options Reimbursement of operating expenses and other Cash From Facility Operations Years Ended December 31,(1) 2007(2)(3) 2006(2) 2008 $ 136,767 25,865 $ 19,871 (19,150) (27,312) (6,691) 794 130,144 $ $ 199,662 (36,571) $ 25,919 (19,557) (25,048) (5,594) 4,430 143,241 $ 85,912 17,936 14,760 (9,188) (23,518) (2,213) 5,000 88,689 (1) (2) (3) (4) The calculation of CFFO includes merger, integration, and hurricane and named tropical storms expense as well as other non-recurring and acquisition transition costs totaling $24.3 million, $19.0 million and $16.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. The 2008 amount includes the effect of the $8.0 million reserve established for certain litigation (Note 21). The December 31, 2007 and 2006 amounts have been reclassified to conform to the modified definition of CFFO used during the year ended December 31, 2008. CFFO for the year ended December 31, 2007 includes $7.0 million of charges to facility operating expenses in the quarter ended December 31, 2007, which relates to our desire to conform our policies across all of our platforms including $5.9 million of estimated uncollectible accounts and $1.1 million of accounting conformity adjustments pertaining to inventory and certain accrual policies. Total entrance fee receipts for the year ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 were $42.5 million, $45.2 million and $27.6 million, respectively, including $22.6 million, $19.3 million and $12.8 million, respectively, of nonrefundable entrance fee receipts included in net cash provided by operating activities. Facility Operating Income Definition of Facility Operating Income We define Facility Operating Income as follows: Net income (loss) before: · · · provision (benefit) for income taxes; non-operating (income) loss items; depreciation and amortization (including non-cash impairment charges); 64 Table of Contents · · · facility lease expense; general and administrative expense, including non-cash stock compensation expense; amortization of deferred entrance fee revenue; and · management fees. Management’s Use of Facility Operating Income We use Facility Operating Income to assess our facility operating performance. We believe this non-GAAP measure, as we have defined it, is helpful in identifying trends in our day-to-day facility performance because the items excluded have little or no significance on our day-to-day facility operations. This measure provides an assessment of revenue generation and expense management and affords management the ability to make decisions which are expected to facilitate meeting current financial goals as well as to achieve optimal facility financial performance. It provides an indicator for management to determine if adjustments to current spending decisions are needed. Facility Operating Income provides us with a measure of facility financial performance, independent of items that are beyond the control of management in the short-term, such as depreciation and amortization, lease expense, taxation and interest expense associated with our capital structure. This metric measures our facility financial performance based on operational factors that management can impact in the short-term, namely the cost structure or expenses of the organization. Facility Operating Income is one of the metrics used by our senior management and board of directors to review the financial performance of the business on a monthly basis. Facility Operating Income is also used by research analysts and investors to evaluate the performance of and value companies in our industry by investors, lenders and lessors. In addition, Facility Operating Income is a common measure used in the industry to value the acquisition or sales price of communities and is used as a measure of the returns expected to be generated by a facility. A number of our debt and lease agreements contain covenants measuring Facility Operating Income to gauge debt or lease coverages. The debt or lease coverage covenants are generally calculated as facility net operating income (defined as total operating revenue less operating expenses, all as determined on an accrual basis in accordance with GAAP). For purposes of the coverage calculation, the lender or lessor will further require a pro forma adjustment to facility operating income to include a management fee (generally 4% to 5% of operating revenue) and an annual capital reserve (generally $250 to $450 per unit/bed). An investor or potential investor may find this item important in evaluating our performance, results of operations and financial position, particularly on a facility-by-facility basis. Limitations of Facility Operating Income Facility Operating Income has limitations as an analytical tool. It should not be viewed in isolation or as a substitute for GAAP measures of earnings. Material limitations in making the adjustments to our earnings to calculate Facility Operating Income, and using this non-GAAP financial measure as compared to GAAP net income (loss), include: · interest expense, income tax (benefit) provision and non-recurring charges related to gain (loss) on sale of communities and extinguishment of debt activities generally represent charges (gains), which may significantly affect our financial results; and · depreciation and amortization, though not directly affecting our current cash position, represent the wear and tear and/or reduction in value of our communities, which affects the services we provide to our residents and may be indicative of future needs for capital expenditures. An investor or potential investor may find this item important in evaluating our performance, results of operations and financial position on a facility-by- facility basis. We use non-GAAP financial measures to supplement our GAAP results in order to provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business. Facility Operating Income is not an alternative to net income, income from operations or cash flows provided by or used in operations as calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. You should not rely on Facility 65 Table of Contents Operating Income as a substitute for any such GAAP financial measure. We strongly urge you to review the reconciliation of Facility Operating Income to GAAP net income (loss), along with our consolidated financial statements included herein. We also strongly urge you to not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business. In addition, because Facility Operating Income is not a measure of financial performance under GAAP and is susceptible to varying calculations, the Facility Operating Income measure, as presented in this report, may differ from and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. The table below shows the reconciliation of net loss to Facility Operating Income for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 (dollars in thousands): Net loss Loss on discontinued operations Benefit for income taxes Other non-operating income Minority interest Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures Loss on extinguishment of debt Interest expense Debt Capitalized lease obligation Amortization of deferred financing costs Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization Interest income Loss from operations Depreciation and amortization Goodwill and asset impairment Facility lease expense General and administrative (including non-cash stock compensation expense) Amortization of entrance fees Management fees Facility Operating Income Years Ended December 31, 2007(1)(2) 2006(1) 2008 $ (373,241) — (86,731) (1,708) — 861 3,052 119,853 27,536 9,707 68,146 (7,618) (240,143) 276,202 220,026 269,469 140,919 (22,025) (6,994) 637,454 $ $ (161,979) — (101,260) (402) (393) 3,386 2,683 114,518 29,473 7,064 73,222 (7,519) (41,207) 299,925 — 271,628 138,013 (19,241) (6,789) 642,329 $ (108,087) — (38,491) — 671 3,705 1,526 74,133 23,561 5,061 38 (6,810) (44,693) 188,129 — 228,779 117,897 (8,149) (5,617) 476,346 $ $ __________ (1) (2) Facility Operating Income for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 includes a non-cash benefit of $0.3 million and $4.1 million, respectively, related to a reversal of an accrual established in connection with Alterra’s emergence from bankruptcy in December 2003. Facility operating income for the year ended December 31, 2007 includes $7.0 million of charges to facility operating expenses in the quarter ended December 31, 2007, which relates to our desire to conform our policies across all of our platforms including $5.9 million of estimated uncollectible accounts and $1.1 million of accounting conformity adjustments pertaining to inventory and certain accrual policies. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. We are subject to market risks from changes in interest rates charged on our credit facilities, other floating-rate indebtedness and lease payments subject to floating rates. The impact on earnings and the value of our long-term debt and lease payments are subject to change as a result of movements in market rates and prices. As of December 31, 2008, excluding our line of credit and capital and financing lease obligations, we had approximately $932.9 million of fixed rate debt, of which $930.1 is classified as long-term, $1.1 billion of variable rate debt, of which $1.0 billion is classified as long-term, and $318.4 million of capital and financing lease obligations. As of December 31, 2008, our total fixed-rate debt and variable-rate debt outstanding had weighted-average interest rates of 4.91%. 66 Table of Contents We enter into certain interest rate swap agreements with major financial institutions to manage our risk on variable rate debt. Additionally, during 2008, we entered into certain cap agreements to effectively manage our risk above certain interest rates. As of December 31, 2008, $1.3 billion, or 61.9%, of our debt, excluding our line of credit and capital and financing lease obligations, either has fixed rates or variable rates that are subject to swap agreements. As of December 31, 2008, $670.5 million, or 32.3%, of our debt, excluding our line of credit and capital and financing lease obligations, is subject to cap agreements. The remaining $119.8 million, or 5.8%, of our debt is variable rate debt, not subject to any cap or swap agreements. A change in interest rates would have impacted our interest rate expense related to all outstanding variable rate debt, excluding our line of credit and capital and financing lease obligations, as follows: a one, five and ten percent change in interest rates would have an impact of $7.8 million, $38.8 million and $48.9 million, respectively. As noted above, we have entered into certain interest rate protection and swap agreements to effectively cap or convert floating rate debt to a fixed rate basis, as well as to hedge anticipated future financing transactions. Pursuant to certain of our hedge agreements, we are required to secure our obligation to the counterparty by posting cash or other collateral if the fair value liability exceeds a specified threshold. A change in the interest rates of 25 basis points would impact our cash or other collateral by $1.6 million. 67 Table of Contents Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC. INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts 68 PAGE 69 70 71 72 73 74 76 108 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Brookdale Senior Living Inc. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Brookdale Senior Living Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated statements of operations, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index to the financial statements. These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedule based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company at December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 27, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Chicago, Illinois February 27, 2009 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP 69 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Brookdale Senior Living Inc. We have audited Brookdale Senior Living Inc.’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO criteria). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Assessment of Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 and the related consolidated statements of operations, equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008, and our report dated February 27, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Chicago, Illinois February 27, 2009 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP 70 Table of Contents BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands, except stock amounts) Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents Cash and escrow deposits – restricted Accounts receivable, net Deferred tax asset Prepaid expenses and other current assets, net Total current assets Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net Cash and escrow deposits – restricted Investment in unconsolidated ventures Goodwill Other intangible assets, net Other assets, net Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current liabilities Current portion of long-term debt Current portion of line of credit Trade accounts payable Accrued expenses Refundable entrance fees and deferred revenue Tenant security deposits Dividends payable Total current liabilities Long-term debt, less current portion Line of credit, less current portion Deferred entrance fee revenue Deferred liabilities Deferred tax liability Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ Equity Preferred stock, $.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2008 and 2007; no shares issued and outstanding Common stock, $.01 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2008 and 2007; 106,467,764 and 104,962,211 shares issued and 105,256,463 and 104,962,211 outstanding (including 3,542,801 and 3,020,341 unvested restricted shares), respectively Additional paid-in-capital Treasury stock, at cost; 1,211,301 shares at December 31, 2008 Accumulated deficit Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 71 $ $ $ December 31, 2008 2007 $ 53,973 86,723 91,646 14,677 33,766 280,785 3,694,784 29,988 28,420 109,967 231,589 73,725 4,449,258 $ $ 158,476 4,453 29,105 170,366 253,647 29,965 — 646,012 2,235,000 155,000 76,410 135,947 178,647 61,641 3,488,657 100,904 76,962 66,807 13,040 34,122 291,835 3,760,453 17,989 41,520 325,453 260,534 113,838 4,811,622 18,007 — 37,137 156,253 254,582 31,891 51,897 549,767 2,119,217 198,000 77,477 119,726 266,583 61,314 3,392,084 — — 1,053 1,690,851 (29,187) (700,720) (1,396) 960,601 4,449,258 $ 1,050 1,752,581 — (332,692) (1,401) 1,419,538 4,811,622 $ Table of Contents Revenue Resident fees Management fees Total revenue Expense BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (In thousands, except per share data) Facility operating expense (excluding depreciation and amortization of $195,517, $222,315 and $159,349, respectively) General and administrative expense (including non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $28,937, $20,113 and $26,612, respectively) Hurricane and named tropical storms expense Facility lease expense Depreciation and amortization Goodwill and asset impairment Total operating expense Loss from operations Interest income Interest expense Debt Amortization of deferred financing costs Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization Loss on extinguishment of debt Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures Other non-operating income Loss before income taxes Benefit for income taxes Loss before minority interest Minority interest Net loss Basic and diluted loss per share Weighted average shares used in computing basic and diluted loss per share Dividends declared per share For the Years Ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 $ 1,921,060 $ 6,994 1,928,054 1,832,507 $ 6,789 1,839,296 1,304,296 5,617 1,309,913 1,256,781 1,170,937 819,801 140,919 4,800 269,469 276,202 220,026 2,168,197 (240,143) 138,013 — 271,628 299,925 — 1,880,503 (41,207) 117,897 — 228,779 188,129 — 1,354,606 (44,693) 7,618 7,519 6,810 (147,389) (9,707) (68,146) (3,052) (861) 1,708 (459,972) 86,731 (373,241) — (373,241) $ (3.67) $ 101,667 0.75 $ (143,991) (7,064) (73,222) (2,683) (3,386) 402 (263,632) 101,260 (162,372) 393 (161,979) $ (1.60) $ 101,511 1.95 $ (97,694) (5,061) (38) (1,526) (3,705) — (145,907) 38,491 (107,416) (671) (108,087) (1.34) 80,842 1.55 $ $ $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 72 Table of Contents BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY Years Ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 (In thousands) Common Stock Shares Amount Additional Paid-In- Capital Treasury Stock Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Balances at January 1, 2006 Dividends Compensation expense related to restricted stock grants Issuance of common stock from equity offering and to employees, net Issuance of common stock from vested restricted stock grants Unvested restricted stock Net loss Reclassification of net gains on derivatives into earnings Amortization of payments from settlement of forward interest rate swaps Unrealized loss on derivative, net of tax Unrealized loss on investments Balances at December 31, 2006 Dividends Compensation expense related to restricted stock grants Net loss Reclassification of net gains on derivatives into earnings Amortization of payments from settlement of forward interest rate swaps Unrealized loss on derivative, net of tax Other Balances at December 31, 2007 Dividends Compensation expense related to restricted stock grants Net loss Reclassification of net gains on derivatives into earnings Amortization of payments from settlement of forward interest rate swaps Purchase of Treasury Stock Deconsolidation of an entity pursuant to FIN 46(R) Other Balances at December 31, 2008 65,007 — $ 650 — $ 690,950 (134,224) $ — — 26,612 36,026 360 1,351,268 228 3,282 — — — — — 3 33 — — — — — (3) (33) — — — — — 104,543 — 1,046 — 1,934,570 (202,136) — — — — — 419 — — — — — 4 20,113 — — — — 34 104,962 — 1,050 — 1,752,581 (77,559) — — — — — — 294 105,256 $ — — — — — — 28,937 — — — — (13,287) 3 179 1,053 $ 1,690,851 $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (29,187) $ (62,626) — $ $ 1,429 — Total 630,403 (134,224) — — — — (108,087) — — — — (170,713) — — (161,979) — — — — (332,692) — — (373,241) — — — — 26,612 — 1,351,628 — — — — — (108,087) (393) (393) 376 (2,247) 376 (2,247) (56) 1,764,012 (202,136) (56) (891) — — — 20,113 (161,979) (1,680) (1,680) 376 125 669 376 125 707 1,419,538 (77,559) (1,401) — — — 262 376 — 28,937 (373,241) 262 376 (29,187) — — (29,187) $ 5,212 1 (700,720) $ — (633) (1,396) $ (8,075) (450) 960,601 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 73 Table of Contents BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands) Cash Flows from Operating Activities Net loss Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: Non cash portion of loss on extinguishment of debt Depreciation and amortization Goodwill and asset impairment Minority interest (Gain) loss on sale of assets Equity in loss of unconsolidated ventures Distributions from unconsolidated ventures from cumulative share of net earnings Amortization of deferred gain Amortization of entrance fees Proceeds from deferred entrance fee revenue Deferred income tax benefit Change in deferred lease liability Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization Non cash stock-based compensation Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable, net Prepaid expenses and other assets, net Accounts payable and accrued expenses Tenant refundable fees and security deposits Net cash provided by operating activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities Decrease in lease security deposits and lease acquisition deposits, net (Increase) decrease in cash and escrow deposits – restricted Net proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment Distributions received from unconsolidated ventures Additions to property, plant and equipment, and leasehold intangibles, net of related payables Acquisition of assets, net of related payables and cash received Payment on (issuance of) notes receivable, net Investment in unconsolidated ventures Proceeds from sale of business Proceeds from sale of unconsolidated venture Net cash used in investing activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities Proceeds from debt Repayment of debt and capital lease obligation Buyout of capital lease obligation Proceeds from line of credit Repayment of line of credit Payment of dividends Payment of financing costs, net of related payables Cash portion of loss on extinguishment of debt Other Refundable entrance fees: Proceeds from refundable entrance fees Refunds of entrance fees For the Years Ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 $ (373,241) $ (161,979) $ (108,087) 3,052 285,909 220,026 — (2,131) 861 3,752 (4,342) (22,025) 22,601 (89,498) 20,585 68,146 28,937 (25,150) (14,850) 15,428 (1,293) 136,767 3,481 (21,760) — 3,916 (189,028) (6,731) 39,362 (2,779) 2,935 4,165 (166,439) 511,344 (255,489) — 339,453 (378,000) (129,455) (14,292) (1,240) (2,974) 19,871 (19,150) 2,683 306,989 — (393) (457) 3,386 1,521 (4,342) (19,241) 19,330 (103,180) 25,439 73,222 20,113 (6,134) 14,783 21,512 6,410 199,662 2,620 (15,002) 6,700 2,038 (169,556) (172,101) (11,133) (1,985) — — (358,419) 591,524 (115,253) (51,114) 671,500 (637,000) (196,827) (14,012) (2,040) (1,010) 25,919 (19,557) 1,526 193,190 — 671 123 3,705 336 (4,345) (8,149) 12,796 (39,267) 24,699 38 26,612 (23,022) 6,598 (4,156) 2,644 85,912 9,144 35,555 — 1,240 (68,313) (1,968,391) (9,850) (2,071) — — (2,002,686) 743,190 (230,177) — 378,500 (215,000) (104,183) (22,404) — — 14,760 (9,188) 74 Table of Contents Recouponing and payment of swap termination Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net Costs incurred related to initial public and follow-on equity offerings Purchase of treasury stock Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year (58,140) — — (29,187) (17,259) (46,931) 100,904 53,973 $ (60,503) — — — 191,627 32,870 68,034 100,904 $ — 1,354,063 (2,435) — 1,907,126 (9,648) 77,682 68,034 $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 75 Table of Contents BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Description of Business and Organization Brookdale Senior Living Inc. (“Brookdale”, “BSL” or the “Company”) is a leading owner and operator of senior living communities throughout the United States. The Company provides an exceptional living experience through properties that are designed, purpose-built and operated to provide the highest quality service, care and living accommodations for residents. The Company owns, leases and operates retirement centers, assisted living and dementia- care communities and continuing care retirement centers (“CCRCs”). The Company was formed as a Delaware corporation on June 28, 2005. Under its Certificate of Incorporation, the Company was initially authorized to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of common stock and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. On September 30, 2005, the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation was amended and restated to authorize up to 200,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock. Acquisition of American Retirement Corporation On July 25, 2006, the acquisition of American Retirement Corporation (“ARC”) was completed. Under the terms of the merger agreement, BSL acquired all outstanding shares of ARC for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $1.2 billion, or $33.00 per share, in cash, plus the assumption of $268.3 million of debt and capitalized lease obligations (the “ARC Merger”). In connection with the ARC Merger, RIC Coinvestment Fund LP (the “Investor”), a fund managed by an affiliate of Fortress Investment Group (“FIG”), committed to purchase up to $1.3 billion in the aggregate of the Company’s common stock at a price of $36.93 per share. Prior to closing the ARC Merger, the right to reduce the Investor’s commitment to $650.0 million was exercised and on July 25, 2006, the Company issued the Investor 17,600,867 shares of common stock at $36.93 per share for aggregate net proceeds of $650.0 million. The acquisition of ARC was recorded using the purchase method and the purchase price was allocated to ARC’s assets and liabilities based on their estimated fair values. On July 25, 2006, a follow-on equity offering was completed, pursuant to which 17,721,519 primary shares were issued and sold, and an existing stockholder, Health Partners, which is an affiliate of Capital Z Partners, sold 4,399,999 shares (including 2,885,415 shares pursuant to the option granted by Health Partners to the underwriters to purchase up to an additional 2,885,415 shares of common stock to cover over-allotments). The shares were issued at a price of $39.50 per share. The Company did not receive any proceeds from the shares sold by Health Partners. In addition, in connection with the acquisition of ARC, certain employees of ARC purchased 475,681 shares of common stock at $38.07 per share. Additional compensation expense of $0.7 million was recorded based on the difference between the $38.07 purchase price and the stock price of BSL on the date of the purchase. In connection with the follow-on equity offering, net proceeds of approximately $672.8 million, after deducting an aggregate of $24.5 million in underwriting discounts and commissions paid to the underwriters and $2.4 million in other direct expenses incurred in connection with the offering was received by the Company. Funds managed by affiliates of FIG, which beneficially owned approximately 65% of the Company’s common stock prior to the consummation of the offering, did not sell any shares in the offering and after completion of the offering continued to own approximately 60% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The significant accounting policies are summarized below: Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include BSL and its wholly-owned subsidiaries Brookdale Living Communities, Inc. (“BLC”), Brookdale Senior Living Communities, Inc. (formerly known as Alterra Healthcare Corporation) (“Alterra”), Fortress CCRC Acquisition LLC (“Fortress CCRC”) and ARC. In December 2003, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued a revised Interpretation No. 46, Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities, an interpretation of ARB No. 51 (“FIN 46R”). FIN 46R addresses the consolidation by 76 Table of Contents business enterprises of primary beneficiaries in variable interest entities (“VIE”) as defined in the Interpretation. A company that holds variable interests in an entity will need to consolidate the entity if its interest in the VIE is such that it will absorb a majority of the VIE’s losses and/or receive a majority of expected residual returns, if they occur. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company had no communities considered VIEs which were consolidated pursuant to FIN 46R. Investments in affiliated companies that the Company does not control, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over governance and operations, are accounted for by the equity method. The results of facilities and companies acquired are included in the consolidated financial statements from the effective date of the respective acquisition. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Use of Estimates The preparation of the financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, the evaluation of asset impairments, the accounting for future service obligations, self-insurance reserves, performance-based compensation, the allowance for doubtful accounts, depreciation and amortization, income taxes and any contingencies. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and actions that the Company may undertake in the future, actual results may be different from the estimates. Revenue Recognition Resident Fees Resident fee revenue is recorded when services are rendered and consist of fees for basic housing, support services and fees associated with additional services such as personalized health and assisted living care. Residency agreements are generally for a term of 30 days to one year, with resident fees billed monthly in advance. Revenue for certain skilled nursing services and ancillary charges is recognized as services are provided and is billed monthly in arrears. Entrance Fees Certain of the Company’s communities have residency agreements which require the resident to pay an upfront fee prior to occupying the community. In addition, in connection with the Company’s MyChoice program, new and existing residents are allowed to pay additional entrance fee amounts in return for a reduced monthly service fee. The non-refundable portion of the entrance fee is recorded as deferred revenue and amortized over the estimated stay of the resident based on an actuarial valuation. The refundable portion of a resident’s entrance fee is generally refundable within a certain number of months or days following contract termination or upon the sale of the unit, or in certain agreements, upon the resale of a comparable unit or 12 months after the resident vacates the unit. In such instances the refundable portion of the fee is not amortized and included in refundable entrance fees and deferred revenue. Certain contracts require the refundable portion of the entrance fee plus a percentage of the appreciation of the unit, if any, to be refunded only upon resale of a comparable unit (“contingently refundable”). Upon resale the Company may receive reoccupancy proceeds in the form of additional contingently refundable fees, refundable fees, or non-refundable fees. The Company estimates the amount of reoccupancy proceeds to be received from additional contingently refundable fees or non-refundable fees and records such amount as deferred revenue. The deferred revenue is amortized over the life of the community and was approximately $63.4 million and $69.7 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. All remaining contingently refundable fees not recorded as deferred revenue and amortized are included in refundable entrance fees and deferred revenue. All refundable amounts due to residents at any time in the future, including those recorded as deferred revenue are classified as current liabilities. 77 Table of Contents The non-refundable portion of entrance fees expected to be earned and recognized in revenue in one year is recorded as a current liability. The balance of the non-refundable portion is recorded as a long-term liability. Community Fees Substantially all community fees received are non-refundable and are recorded initially as deferred revenue. The deferred amounts, including both the deferred revenue and the related direct resident lease origination costs, are amortized over the estimated stay of the resident which is consistent with the implied contractual terms of the resident lease. Management Fees Management fee revenue is recorded as services are provided to the owners of the communities. Revenues are determined by an agreed upon percentage of gross revenues (as defined). Purchase Accounting In determining the allocation of the purchase price of companies and communities to net tangible and identified intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, the Company makes estimates of the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed using information obtained as a result of pre-acquisition due diligence, marketing, leasing activities and independent appraisals. The Company allocates the purchase price of communities to net tangible and identified intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values in accordance with the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 141, Business Combinations. The determination of fair value involves the use of significant judgment and estimation. The Company determines fair values as follows: Current assets and current liabilities assumed are valued at carryover basis which approximates fair value. Property, plant and equipment are valued utilizing discounted cash flow projections that assume certain future revenue and costs, and considers capitalization and discount rates using current market conditions. The Company allocates a portion of the purchase price to the value of resident leases acquired based on the difference between the communities valued with existing in-place leases adjusted to market rental rates and the communities valued with current leases in place based on current contractual terms. Factors management considers in its analysis include an estimate of carrying costs during the expected lease-up periods considering current market conditions and costs to execute similar resident leases. In estimating carrying costs, management includes estimates of lost rentals during the lease-up period and estimated costs to execute similar leases. The value of in-place leases is amortized to expense over the remaining initial term of the respective leases. Leasehold operating intangibles are valued utilizing discounted cash flow projections that assume certain future revenues and costs over the remaining lease term. The value assigned to leasehold operating intangibles is amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Community purchase options are valued at the estimated value of the underlying community less the cost of the option payment discounted at current market rates. Management contracts and other acquired contracts are valued at a multiple of management fees and operating income and amortized over the estimated term of the agreement. Long-term debt assumed is recorded at fair market value based on the current market rates and collateral securing the indebtedness. Capital lease obligations are valued based on the present value of the minimum lease payments applying a discount rate equal to the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate at the date of acquisition. Deferred entrance fee revenue is valued at the estimated cost of providing services to residents over the terms of the current contracts to provide such services. Refundable entrance fees are valued at cost pursuant to the resident lease plus the resident's share of any appreciation of the community unit at the date of acquisition, if applicable. 78 Table of Contents A deferred tax liability is recognized at statutory rates for the difference between the book and tax bases of the acquired assets and liabilities. The excess of the fair value of liabilities assumed and cash paid over the fair value of assets acquired is allocated to goodwill. Deferred Costs Deferred financing and lease costs are recorded in other assets and amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the level yield method, over the term of the related debt or lease. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability approach which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance reduces deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. To the extent the Company’s valuation allowance is reduced or eliminated as a result of a business combination, the reduction in the valuation allowance is recorded as part of the purchase price allocation. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Cash and cash equivalents, cash and escrow deposits-restricted and derivative financial instruments are reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at amounts considered by management to reasonably approximate fair value. Management estimates the fair value of its long-term debt using a discounted cash flow analysis based upon the Company’s current borrowing rate for debt with similar maturities and collateral securing the indebtedness. The Company had outstanding debt with a carrying value of $2,552.9 million and $2,335.2 million as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. The fair value of debt as of December 31, 2008 was $2,423.5 million. As of December 31, 2007, the fair value of the long-term debt approximated its book value. FASB Statement No. 157, Fair Value Measurement (“SFAS 157”) establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels are defined as follows: Level 1 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 – Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s derivative positions are valued using models developed internally by the respective counterparty that use as their basis readily observable market parameters (such as forward yield curves) and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company considers its own credit risk as well as the credit risk of its counterparties when evaluating the fair value of its derivatives. Any adjustments resulting from credit risk are recorded as a change in fair value of derivatives and amortization in the current period statement of operations (Note 16). Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company defines cash and cash equivalents as cash and investments with maturities of 90 days or less when purchased. 79 Table of Contents Cash and Escrow Deposits - Restricted Cash and escrow deposits - restricted consist principally of deposits required by certain lenders and lessors pursuant to the applicable agreement and consist of the following (dollars in thousands): Current: Real estate taxes Tenant security deposits Replacement reserve and other Subtotal Long term: Insurance reserves Debt service and other deposits Subtotal Total December 31, 2008 2007 $ $ $ 35,855 10,175 40,693 86,723 11,346 18,642 29,988 116,711 $ 35,216 10,967 30,779 76,962 8,025 9,964 17,989 94,951 As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, ten and nine communities, respectively, located in Illinois are required to make escrow deposits under the Illinois Life Care Facility Act. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, required deposits were $20.8 million and $15.5 million, respectively, all of which were made in the form of letters of credit. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are reported net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, to represent the Company’s estimate of the amount that ultimately will be realized in cash. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $13.3 million and $15.5 million as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. The adequacy of the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts is reviewed on an ongoing basis, using historical payment trends, write-off experience, analyses of receivable portfolios by payor source and aging of receivables, as well as a review of specific accounts, and adjustments are made to the allowance as necessary. Approximately 86.2% and 13.8% of the Company’s resident and healthcare revenues for the year ended December 31, 2008 were derived from private pay customers and services covered by various third-party payor programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, respectively. Billings for services under third- party payor programs are recorded net of estimated retroactive adjustments, if any, under reimbursement programs. Retroactive adjustments are accrued on an estimated basis in the period the related services are rendered and adjusted in future periods or as final settlements are determined. Contractual or cost related adjustments from Medicare or Medicaid are accrued when assessed (without regard to when the assessment is paid or withheld). Subsequent positive or negative adjustments to these accrued amounts are recorded in net revenues when known. Property, Plant and Equipment and Leasehold Intangibles Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, which include amounts recorded under capital leases, are recorded at cost. Depreciation and amortization is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which are as follows: Asset Category Buildings and improvements Leasehold improvements Furniture and equipment Resident lease intangibles Leasehold operating intangibles 80 Estimated Useful Life (in years) 40 1 – 18 3 – 7 1 – 4 1 – 18 Table of Contents Expenditures for ordinary maintenance and repairs are expensed to operations as incurred. Renovations and improvements, which improve and/or extend the useful life of the asset, are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful life, or if the renovations or improvements are made with respect to communities subject to an operating lease, over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the renovations or improvements, or the term of the operating lease. Facility operating expense excludes depreciation and amortization directly attributable to the operation of the facility. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of long-lived assets held for use are assessed by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If estimated future undiscounted net cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, the asset is considered impaired and expense is recorded in an amount required to reduce the carrying amount of the asset to fair value. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed for impairment annually or more frequently if indicators arise. The evaluation is based upon a comparison of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned with the reporting unit’s carrying value. The fair values used in this evaluation are estimated based upon discounted future cash flow projections for the reporting unit. These cash flow projections are based upon a number of estimates and assumptions. Acquired intangible assets are initially valued at fair market value using generally accepted valuation methods appropriate for the type of intangible asset. Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are reviewed for impairment if indicators of impairment arise. The evaluation of impairment is based upon a comparison of the carrying amount of the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If estimated future undiscounted net cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, the asset is considered impaired. The impairment expense is determined by comparing the estimated fair value of the intangible asset to its carrying value, with any shortfall from fair value recognized as an expense in the current period. Amortization of the Company’s definite lived intangible assets are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which are as follows: Asset Category Facility purchase options Management contracts and other Stock-Based Compensation Estimated Useful Life (in years) 40 3 – 5 The Company adopted SFAS No. 123 (revised), Share-Based Payment (“SFAS No. 123R”), in connection with initial grants of restricted stock effective August 2005, which were converted into shares of the Company’s restricted stock on September 30, 2005 in connection with the Company’s formation transaction. This Statement requires measurement of the cost of employee services received in exchange for stock compensation based on the grant-date fair value of the employee stock awards. Incremental compensation costs arising from subsequent modifications of awards after the grant date must be recognized when incurred. Certain of the Company’s employee stock awards vest only upon the achievement of performance targets. SFAS No. 123R requires recognition of compensation cost only when achievement of performance conditions is considered probable. Consequently, the Company’s determination of the amount of stock compensation expense requires a significant level of judgment in estimating the probability of achievement of these performance targets. Additionally, the Company must make estimates regarding employee forfeitures in determining compensation expense. Subsequent changes in actual experience are monitored and estimates are updated as information is available. 81 Table of Contents Derivative Financial Instruments In the normal course of business, a variety of financial instruments are used to manage or hedge interest rate risk. The Company entered into certain interest rate protection and swap agreements to effectively cap or convert floating rate debt to a fixed rate basis, as well as to hedge anticipated future financing transactions. All derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The change in mark-to-market of the value of the derivative is recorded as an adjustment to income or other comprehensive income (loss) depending upon whether it has been designated and qualifies as an accounting hedge. Prior to October 1, 2006, the Company qualified for hedge accounting on designated swap instruments pursuant to SFAS No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Certain Hedging Activities, with the effective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative recorded in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion included in the change in fair value of derivatives in the statement of operations. On October 1, 2006, the Company elected to discontinue hedge accounting prospectively for the previously designated swap instruments. Consequently, the net gains and losses accumulated in other comprehensive income at that date of $1.3 million related to the previously designated swap instruments are being amortized to interest expense over the life of the underlying hedged debt payments. In the future, if the underlying hedged debt is extinguished or refinanced, the remaining unamortized gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income will be recognized in net income. Although hedge accounting was discontinued on October 1, 2006, some of the swap instruments remain outstanding and are carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheet and the change in fair value beginning October 1, 2006 has been included in the statements of operations. Derivative contracts are not entered into for trading or speculative purposes. Furthermore, the Company has a policy of only entering into contracts with major financial institutions based upon their credit rating and other factors. Obligation to Provide Future Services Annually, the Company calculates the present value of the net cost of future services and the use of communities to be provided to current residents of certain of its CCRCs and compares that amount with the balance of non-refundable deferred revenue from entrance fees received. If the present value of the net cost of future services and the use of communities exceeds the non-refundable deferred revenue from entrance fees, a liability is recorded (obligation to provide future services and use of communities) with a corresponding charge to income. Self-Insurance Liability Accruals The Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Although the Company maintains general liability and professional liability insurance policies for its owned, leased and managed communities under a master insurance program, the Company’s current policy provides for deductibles for each and every claim ($3.0 million on or prior to December 31, 2008 and $250,000 effective January 1, 2009). As a result, the Company is, in effect, self-insured for most claims. In addition, the Company maintains a self-insured workers compensation program and a self-insured employee medical program for amounts below excess loss coverage amounts, as defined. The Company reviews the adequacy of its accruals related to these liabilities on an ongoing basis, using historical claims, actuarial valuations, third party administrator estimates, consultants, advice from legal counsel and industry data, and adjusts accruals periodically. Estimated costs related to these self-insurance programs are accrued based on known claims and projected claims incurred but not yet reported. Subsequent changes in actual experience are monitored and estimates are updated as information is available. Community Leases The Company, as lessee, makes a determination with respect to each of the community leases whether each should be accounted for as operating leases or capital leases. The classification criteria is based on estimates regarding the fair value of the leased community, minimum lease payments, effective cost of funds, the economic life of the community and certain other terms in the lease agreements. In a business combination, the Company assumes the lease classification previously determined by the prior lessee absent a modification, as determined by 82 Table of Contents SFAS No. 13, Accounting for Leases, in the assumed lease agreement. Payments made under operating leases are accounted for in the Company’s statement of operations as lease expense for actual rent paid plus or minus a straight-line adjustment for estimated minimum lease escalators and amortization of deferred gains in situations where sale-leaseback transactions have occurred. For communities under capital lease and lease financing obligation arrangements, a liability is established on the Company’s balance sheet representing the present value of the future minimum lease payments and a corresponding long-term asset is recorded in property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles in the consolidated balance sheet. The asset is depreciated over the remaining lease term unless there is a bargain purchase option in which case the asset is depreciated over the useful life. Leasehold improvements purchased during the term of the lease are amortized over the shorter of their economic life or the lease term. All of the Company’s leases contain fixed or formula based rent escalators. To the extent that the escalator increases are tied to a fixed index or rate, lease payments are accounted for on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. In addition, all rent-free or rent holiday periods are recognized in operating leases on a straight-line basis over the leased term, including the rent holiday period. Sale-leaseback accounting is applied to transactions in which an owned community is sold and leased back from the buyer. Under sale-leaseback accounting, the Company removes the community and related liabilities from the balance sheet. Gain on the sale is deferred and recognized as a reduction of rent expense for operating leases and a reduction of interest expense for capital leases. Treasury Stock The Company accounts for treasury stock under the cost method and includes treasury stock as a component of stockholders’ equity. Dividends On December 30, 2008, the Company’s board of directors voted to suspend the Company’s quarterly cash dividend indefinitely. New Accounting Pronouncements In September 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued FASB Statement No. 157, Fair Value Measurements (“SFAS 157”). SFAS 157 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and expands disclosure about fair value measurements. The Company adopted SFAS 157 as required effective January 1, 2008. The adoption of SFAS 157 did not have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. See Note 16 in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. In February 2007, the FASB issued FASB Statement No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities—Including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 115 (“SFAS 159”). This Statement permits entities to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value that are not currently required to be measured at fair value. This Statement is effective as of the beginning of an entity’s first fiscal year that begins after November 15, 2007. SFAS 159 is effective January 1, 2008, but the Company has decided not to adopt this optional standard. In June 2007, the Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) ratified EITF 06-11, Accounting for Income Tax Benefits of Dividends on Share-Based Payment Awards (“EITF 06-11”). EITF 06-11 requires that a realized income tax benefit from dividends or dividend equivalents that are charged to retained earnings and are paid to employees for equity classified nonvested equity shares, nonvested equity share units, and outstanding equity share options should be recognized as an increase to additional paid-in-capital. The amount recognized in additional paid-in capital for the realized income tax benefit from dividends on those awards should be included in the pool of excess tax benefits available to absorb tax deficiencies on share-based payment awards. EITF 06-11 is effective for fiscal years after December 15, 2007 (Note 18). EITF 06-11 will not have an effect on the Company so long as the Company is not paying dividends. 83 Table of Contents In December 2007, the FASB issued FASB Statement No. 141 (revised 2007), Business Combinations (“SFAS 141R”). SFAS 141R was issued to improve the relevance, representational faithfulness, and comparability of the information that a reporting entity provides in its financial reports about a business combination and its effects. This Statement establishes principles and requirements for how the acquirer recognizes and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree, recognizes and measures the goodwill acquired in the business combination or a gain from a bargain purchase and determines what information to disclose to enable users of the financial statements to evaluate the nature and financial effects of the business combination. The Statement is to be applied prospectively to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2008. In December 2007, the FASB issued FASB Statement No. 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements - An Amendment of ARB No. 51 (“SFAS 160”). SFAS 160 was issued to improve the relevance, comparability, and transparency of the financial information that a reporting entity provides in its consolidated financial statements by establishing accounting and reporting standards for the noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. SFAS 160 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning on or after December 15, 2008. The Company does not expect the adoption of SFAS 160 to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. In February 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS 157-2, Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157 (“SFAS 157-2”), which delays the effective date of SFAS 157 for all nonfinancial assets and liabilities, except those that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually). SFAS 157-2 partially defers the effective date of SFAS 157 to fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008 and as a result is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2009. The Company does not expect the adoption of this FSP to have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. In March 2008, the FASB issued FASB Statement No. 161, Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities – An Amendment of FASB Statement No. 133 (“SFAS 161”). SFAS 161 amends and expands the disclosure requirements of Statement 133 with the intent to provide users of financial statements with an enhanced understanding of how and why an entity uses derivative instruments, how derivative instruments and related hedged items are accounted for under Statement 133 and its related interpretations, and how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. SFAS 161 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning on or after November 15, 2008. The Company will adopt SFAS 161 in January 2009 and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. In April 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS 142-3, Determination of the Useful Life of Intangible Assets (“FSP FAS 142-3”). FSP FAS 142-3 amends the factors that should be considered in developing renewal or extension assumptions used to determine the useful life of a recognized intangible asset and provides for enhanced disclosures regarding intangible assets. The intent of this FSP is to improve the consistency between the useful life of a recognized intangible asset and the period of expected cash flows used to measure the fair value of the asset. The disclosure provisions are effective as of the adoption date and the guidance for determining the useful life applies prospectively to all intangible assets acquired after the effective date. Adoption of FSP FAS 142-3 had no impact on the consolidated financial statements. In May 2008, the FASB issued FASB Statement No. 162, The Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“SFAS 162”). SFAS 162 identifies the sources of accounting principles and the framework for selecting the principles used in the preparation of financial statements of nongovernmental entities that are presented in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the United States. SFAS 162 will be effective 60 days following the SEC’s approval of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board’s amendments to AU Section 411, The Meaning of Present Fairly in Conformity With Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The Company does not expect that SFAS 162 will result in a change in its current practices. In June 2008, the FASB issued Staff Position EITF 03-06-1, Determining Whether Instruments Granted in Share-Based Payment Transactions Are Participating Securities (“FSP EITF 03-06-1”). FSP EITF 03-06-1 provides that unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and shall be included in the computation of earnings per 84 Table of Contents share pursuant to the two-class method in SFAS No. 128, Earnings per Share. FSP EITF 03-06-1 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008, and interim periods within those years and requires all prior-period earnings per share data to be adjusted retrospectively. FSP EITF 03-06-1 will not have an effect on the Company so long as the Company is not paying dividends. In October 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS 157-3, Determining the Fair Value of a Financial Asset When the Market for That Asset Is Not Active (“FAS 157-3”). FAS 157-3 clarifies the application of SFAS 157 in a market that is not active and became effective upon issuance, including prior periods for which financial statements have not been issued. The adoption of FAS 157-3 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. Reclassifications Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation, with no effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations. Operating results of communities are reflected in the results of the segment in which they are classified as of the end of the period. Prior period results are recast to conform to the current period-end roll-up of communities by segment. 3. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted EPS includes the components of basic EPS and also gives effect to dilutive common stock equivalents. For purposes of calculating basic and diluted earnings per share, vested restricted stock awards are considered outstanding. Under the treasury stock method, diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other instruments that are convertible into common stock were exercised or could result in the issuance of common stock. Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents include unvested restricted stock. During fiscal 2008, 2007 and 2006 the Company reported a consolidated net loss. As a result of the net loss, unvested restricted stock awards were antidilutive for the year and were not included in the computation of diluted weighted average shares. The weighted average restricted stock grants excluded from the calculations of diluted net loss per share was 1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2008. 4. Acquisitions The Company’s financial results are impacted by the timing, size and number of acquisitions and leases the Company completes in a period. The number of facilities owned or leased by the Company decreased by one during the year ended December 31, 2008 and increased by three during the year ended December 31, 2007. The number of facilities owned or leased was unchanged by the Company’s acquisition of joint venture partner interests, its acquisition of remaining portions of owned facilities and its acquisition of service businesses. The results of facilities and companies acquired are included in the consolidated financial statements from the effective date of the acquisition. 2008 Acquisitions During the year ended December 31, 2008 the Company purchased 11 home health agencies as part of its growth strategy for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $6.7 million. The entire purchase price of the acquisitions has been ascribed to an indefinite useful life intangible and recorded on the consolidated balance sheet under other intangible assets, net. 85 Table of Contents 2007 Acquisitions Seller Closing Date Purchase Price Excluding Fees, Expenses and Assumption of Debt (dollars in thousands) Segment McClaren Medical Management, Inc. and FP Flint, LLC January 24, 2007 $ 3,900 Assisted Living American Senior Living of Jacksonville-SNF, LLC February 1, 2007 6,800 CCRCs 1st Choice Home Health, Inc. February 15, 2007 3,000 CCRCs, Assisted Living and Retirement Centers Health Care Property Investors, Inc. February 28, 2007 9,500 Assisted Living Chancellor Health Care of California L.L.C. Seminole Nursing Pavilion and Seminole Properties Cleveland Retirement Properties, LLC and Countryside ALF, LLC Paradise Retirement Center, L.P. Darby Square Property, Ltd and Darby Square Services, LLC Health Care REIT, Inc. West Oak Associates, L.P. Total 2007 Acquisitions April 1, 2007 April 4, 2007 April 18, 2007 May 31, 2007 July 1, 2007 August 31, 2007 October 12, 2007 10,800 Retirement Centers 51,100 CCRCs 102,000 CCRCs 15,300 Retirement Centers 7,500 CCRCs 9,800 Assisted Living 3,900 Retirement Centers $ 223,600 On January 24, 2007, the Company acquired the interests held by its joint venture partners in a facility located in Flint, Michigan for approximately $3.9 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company obtained $12.6 million of first mortgage financing bearing interest at LIBOR plus 1.15% payable interest only through February 1, 2012 and also entered into interest rate swaps to convert the loan from floating to fixed. On February 1, 2007, the Company acquired the skilled nursing portion of a CCRC facility located in Jacksonville, Florida for approximately $6.8 million. The assisted living and retirement centers portions of the facility were acquired in 2006 by the Company. In connection with the acquisition, the Company assumed a first mortgage note secured by the property in the amount of $3.7 million. The note bears interest at 6.10% with principal and interest payable until maturity on September 1, 2039. On February 15, 2007, the Company acquired certain home health care assets for approximately $3.0 million. The purchase price was assigned entirely to intangible assets (Note 7). On February 28, 2007, the Company acquired a previously leased facility in Richmond Heights, Ohio for approximately $9.5 million. 86 Table of Contents Effective as of April 1, 2007, the Company acquired the leasehold interests of three assisted living facilities located in California for approximately $10.8 million. On April 4, 2007, the Company purchased the real property underlying an entrance fee continuing care retirement community located in Tampa, Florida for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $51.1 million. The community consists of retirement centers retirement apartments, a skilled nursing facility and an assisted living facility. The Company previously managed this community pursuant to a cash-flow management agreement and accounted for this community as a capital lease. On April 18, 2007, the Company acquired two facilities located in Ohio and North Carolina for approximately $102.0 million. The facilities were previously operated by the Company under long term operating lease agreements. On May 31, 2007, the Company acquired a facility in Phoenix, Arizona in which it held partnership interests for approximately $15.3 million. On July 1, 2007, the Company acquired the skilled nursing portion of a CCRC facility located in Lexington, Kentucky for approximately $7.5 million. The assisted living and retirement centers portions of the facility are operated pursuant to an operating lease previously entered into by the Company. On August 31, 2007, the Company acquired three facilities located in South Carolina and Oklahoma for approximately $9.8 million. The facilities were previously operated by the Company under long term operating lease agreements. On October 12, 2007, the Company acquired one facility located in Michigan in which it held partnership interests for approximately $3.9 million. The above acquisitions were accounted for using the purchase method of accounting and the purchase prices were allocated to the associated assets and liabilities based on their estimated fair values. The Company has made purchase price allocations for these transactions resulting in approximately $3.1 million of intangible assets (Note 7) being recorded in the CCRCs segment. 5. Investment in Unconsolidated Ventures The Company had investments in unconsolidated joint ventures ranging from 10% to 25% in six entities for the year ended December 31, 2008 and from 10% to 49% in seven entities for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006. The Company sold its investment in one joint venture during the third quarter of 2008 for $4.2 million, the loss on sale of which is reported in other non-operating income in the consolidated statements of operations. Combined summarized financial information of the unconsolidated joint ventures accounted for using the equity method as of December 31, and for the years then ended are as follows (dollars in thousands): Statement of Operations Data Total revenue Expense Facility operating expense Depreciation and amortization Interest expense Other expense Total expense Interest income Net income (loss) 87 2008 2007 2006 $ 113,246 $ 133,103 $ 88,518 73,126 17,186 17,975 2,475 110,762 3,932 6,416 $ 88,641 21,557 22,347 2,959 135,504 1,717 (684) $ 60,384 13,307 19,128 4,616 97,435 339 (8,578) $ Table of Contents Balance Sheet Data Cash and cash equivalents Property, plant and equipment, net Other Total assets Accounts payable and accrued expenses Long-term debt Members’ equity Total liabilities and members’ equity Members’ equity consists of: Invested capital Cumulative net income (loss) Cumulative distributions Members’ equity 2008 2007 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 5,662 492,920 132,261 630,843 $ $ 108,441 335,678 186,724 630,843 $ $ 288,376 16,572 (118,224) 186,724 $ 7,102 536,356 123,492 666,950 86,858 304,688 275,404 666,950 332,874 (10,719) (46,751) 275,404 6. Property, Plant and Equipment and Leasehold Intangibles, Net As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, net property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, which include assets under capital leases, consisted of the following (dollars in thousands): Land Buildings and improvements Furniture and equipment Resident and operating lease intangibles Construction in progress Assets under capital and financing leases Accumulated depreciation and amortization Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net $ 2008 $ 253,453 2,624,544 277,680 607,256 96,903 555,872 4,415,708 (720,924) $ 3,694,784 $ 2007 259,336 2,585,751 223,475 596,623 65,879 517,506 4,248,570 (488,117) 3,760,453 Long-lived assets with definite useful lives are depreciated or amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives and are tested for impairment whenever indicators of impairment arise. During the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company evaluated property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles for impairment. Through December 31, 2008, $5.0 million of non-cash charges were recorded in the Company’s operating results and shown within goodwill and asset impairment in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. These charges are reflected as a decrease to the gross carrying value of the asset. The impairment charges are primarily due to lower than expected performance of the underlying business. Fair value was determined based upon the estimated fair value per unit of the underlying communities. For the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, the Company recognized depreciation and amortization expense on its property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles of $242.8 million, $251.2 million and $155.1 million, respectively. Future amortization expense for resident and operating lease intangibles is estimated to be as follows (dollars in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2009 2010 2011 2012 88 Future Amortization 44,029 $ 42,484 40,700 39,838 Table of Contents 2013 Thereafter Total 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net 37,949 150,227 355,227 $ The Company adopted SFAS No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, on October 1, 2002 and tests goodwill for impairment annually or whenever indicators of impairment arise. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2008, the Company performed its annual impairment review of goodwill allocated to its operating segments. This review resulted in a charge of $215.0 million related to goodwill recorded on the CCRC segment and is recorded as a component of operating results and shown within goodwill and asset impairment in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. The impairment charge is non-cash in nature. The Company determined the fair value of the reporting unit based on estimates of future cash flows developed by management. In determining the amount of goodwill impairment, the Company estimated fair value using estimated cash flows of the underlying businesses to value significant assets of the reporting unit. The impairment charge was primarily driven by adverse equity market conditions intensifying in the fourth quarter of 2008 that caused a decrease in current market multiples and the Company’s stock price at December 31, 2008 compared with the Company’s stock price at September 30, 2008. The Company also evaluated all long-lived depreciable assets using the same cash flow data used to evaluate goodwill and determined that the undiscounted cash flows exceeded the carrying value of the assets for all except for four communities within the Assisted Living segment. As a result, a non-cash asset impairment charge of $5.0 million was recorded for the quarter ended December 31, 2008. During the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, no goodwill impairments were recognized. Following is a summary of changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2008 presented on an operating segment basis (dollars in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2007 Impairment Adjustments Balance at December 31, 2008 Retirement Centers Assisted Living CCRCs Total $ $ 7,642 $ — (487) 7,155 $ 102,812 $ — — 102,812 $ 214,999 $ (214,999) — — $ 325,453 (214,999) (487) 109,967 Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated lives and are tested for impairment whenever indicators of impairment arise. The following is a summary of other intangible assets at December 31, 2008 and 2007 (dollars in thousands): December 31, 2008 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Gross Carrying Amount December 31, 2007 Accumulated Amortization Community purchase options Management contracts and other Home health licenses Total $ $ 147,682 158,041 10,130 315,853 $ $ (6,457) $ (77,807) — (84,264) $ 141,225 $ 80,234 10,130 231,589 $ 147,682 $ 158,048 3,399 309,129 $ (2,773) $ (45,822) — (48,595) $ Net 144,909 112,226 3,399 260,534 Amortization expense related to definite-lived intangible assets for the twelve months ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 was $35.7 million, $34.5 million and $14.1 million, respectively. Estimated amortization expense related to intangible assets with definite lives at December 31, 2008, for each of the years in the five-year period ending December 31, 2013 and thereafter is as follows (dollars in thousands): 89 Table of Contents Year Ending December 31, 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Thereafter Total 8. Other Assets Other assets consist of the following components as of December 31, (dollars in thousands): Deferred costs Notes receivable Lease security deposits Other Total Future Amortization 35,268 $ 34,829 21,208 3,690 3,690 122,774 221,459 $ 2008 2007 $ 25,244 22,168 19,561 6,752 73,725 $ 22,478 59,528 23,042 8,790 113,838 $ $ 9. Debt Long-term Debt, Capital Leases and Financing Obligations Long-term debt, capital leases and financing obligations consist of the following (dollars in thousands): Mortgage notes payable due 2009 through 2039; weighted average interest at rates of 5.33% in 2008 (weighted average interest rate 6.57% in 2007) December 31, 2008 2007 $ 1,246,204 $ 853,694 Mortgages payable, due from 2009 through 2038; weighted average interest rate of 8.38% for the four months ended April 30, 2008, the date of repayment (weighted average interest rate of 7.01% in 2007) — 74,549 $150,000 Series A notes payable, secured by five facilities, bearing interest at LIBOR plus 0.88% effective August 2006 (3.05% prior to that date), payable in monthly installments of interest only until August 2011 and payable in monthly installments of principal and interest through maturity in August 2013, and secured by a $7.0 million guaranty by BLC and a $3.0 million letter of credit Mortgages payable due 2012, weighted average interest rate of 5.64% (weighted average interest rate of 5.64% in 2007), payable interest only through July 2010 and payable in monthly installments of principal and interest through maturity in July 2012 secured by the underlying assets of the portfolio Mortgages payable due 2010, bearing interest at LIBOR plus 2.25%, payable in monthly installments of interest only through the first quarter of 2008, the dates of repayment, secured by the underlying assets of the portfolio Variable rate tax-exempt bonds credit-enhanced by Fannie Mae (weighted average interest rates of 4.40% and 5.03% at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively), due 2032 secured by the underlying assets of the portfolio, payable interest only until maturity Capital and financing lease obligations payable through 2020; weighted average interest rate of 8.84% in 2008 (weighted average interest rate of 8.97% in 2007) Mortgage note, bearing interest at a variable rate of LIBOR plus 0.70%, payable interest only through maturity in August 2012. The note is secured by 15 of the Company’s facilities and a $11.5 million guaranty by the Company 150,000 150,000 212,407 — 100,841 318,440 212,407 105,756 100,841 299,228 315,180 325,631 90 Table of Contents Construction financing due 2011 through 2023; weighted average interest rate of 6.02% in 2008 (weighted average interest rate of 8.5% in 2007) Mezzanine loan payable to Brookdale Senior Housing, LLC joint venture with respect to The Heritage at Gaines Ranch facility, payable to the extent of all available cash flow (as defined) Total debt Less current portion Total long-term debt 50,404 2,379 — 2,393,476 158,476 2,235,000 $ 12,739 2,137,224 18,007 2,119,217 $ The annual aggregate scheduled maturities of long-term debt obligations outstanding as of December 31, 2008 are as follows (dollars in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Thereafter Total obligations Less amount representing interest (8.84%) Total Long-term Debt $ $ $ 139,619 11,742 321,564 868,358 476,254 257,499 2,075,036 — 2,075,036 $ Capital and Financing Lease Obligations Total Debt $ 46,710 48,792 50,101 49,154 48,418 288,650 531,825 (213,385) 318,440 $ 186,329 60,534 371,665 917,512 524,672 546,149 2,606,861 (213,385) 2,393,476 In accordance with applicable accounting pronouncements, as of December 31, 2008, the Company’s consolidated financial statements reflect approximately $158.5 million of non-recourse debt obligations due within the next 12 months. Although certain of the Company’s debt obligations are scheduled to mature on or prior to December 31, 2009, the Company has the option, subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions (such as the absence of a material adverse change), to extend the maturity of approximately $131.0 million of certain non-recourse mortgages payable included in current maturities of debt until 2011, as the instruments associated with these mortgages payable provide that the Company can extend the respective maturity dates for up to two terms of 12 months each from the existing maturity dates. In addition to the foregoing maturities, as of December 31, 2008, the Company had an available secured line of credit of $245.0 million (including a $70.0 million letter of credit sublimit), an associated letter of credit facility of up to $80.0 million, and separate letter of credit facilities of up to $42.5 million in the aggregate. The line of credit bore interest at the base rate plus 3.0% or LIBOR plus 4.0%, at the Company’s election, and was scheduled to mature on May 15, 2009. The Company was required to pay fees ranging from 2.5% to 4.0% of the amount of any outstanding letters of credit issued under the associated letter of credit facility and is required to pay a fee of 2.5% of the amount of any outstanding letters of credit issued under the separate letter of credit facilities. As of December 31, 2008, $159.5 million was drawn on the revolving loan facility and $149.7 million of letters of credit had been issued under letter of credit facilities. Included in the $149.7 million of letters of credit outstanding at December 31, 2008 is $32.2 million of duplicative letters of credit posted with counterparties that were in process of being returned. As of February 27, 2009, these duplicative letters of credit were returned and are no longer outstanding. On February 27, 2009, the Company entered into a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, Banc of America Securities LLC, as sole lead arranger and book manager, and the several lenders from time to time parties thereto. The amended credit agreement amended and 91 Table of Contents restated the Company’s existing $245.0 million secured line of credit and terminated the associated $80.0 million letter of credit facility. The amended credit agreement consists of a $230.0 million revolving loan facility with a $25.0 million letter of credit sublimit and is scheduled to mature on August 31, 2010. Pursuant to the terms of the amended credit agreement, the Company will be required to make mandatory prepayments of (a) 65% of the Company’s Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the amended credit agreement) for each fiscal quarter beginning with the first fiscal quarter of 2009, (b) 85% of the Company’s net cash proceeds from refinancings, (c) 100% of the Company’s net cash proceeds from the issuance of equity (subject to certain exceptions), and (d) 100% of the Company’s net cash proceeds from asset dispositions (subject to certain exceptions and limited to 85% in the case of sale-leaseback transactions and dispositions of joint venture interests). The revolving loan commitment will be permanently reduced in a corresponding amount in connection with each mandatory prepayment, provided the commitment reduction with respect to any issuance of equity is limited to 65% of such net cash proceeds. To the extent that the revolving loan commitment has not been permanently reduced either voluntarily or as a result of mandatory prepayments, the revolving loan commitment will be further reduced as of the dates below to the following aggregate amounts: March 31, 2009 June 30, 2009 September 30, 2009 December 31, 2009 March 31, 2010 June 30, 2010 $220.0 million $200.0 million $180.0 million $155.0 million $130.0 million $75.0 million Pursuant to the terms of the amended credit agreement, certain of the Company’s subsidiaries, as guarantors, will guarantee obligations under the amended credit agreement and the other loan documents. Further, in connection with the amended credit agreement, (i) the Company and certain guarantors executed and delivered a Pledge Agreement in favor of the administrative agent for the banks and other financial institutions from time to time parties to the amended credit agreement, pursuant to which such guarantors pledged certain assets for the benefit of the secured parties as collateral security for the payment and performance of the Company’s obligations under the amended credit agreement and the other loan documents and (ii) certain guarantors granted mortgages and executed and delivered a Security Agreement, in each case, in favor of the administrative agent for the banks and other financial institutions from time to time parties to the amended credit agreement encumbering certain real and personal property of such guarantors. The collateral includes, among other things, certain real property and related personal property owned by the guarantors, equity interests in certain of the Company’s subsidiaries, all related books and records and, to the extent not otherwise included, all proceeds and products of any and all of the foregoing. At the option of the Company, amounts drawn under the revolving loan facility will generally bear interest at either (i) LIBOR plus a margin of 7.0% or (ii) the greater of (a) the Bank of America prime rate or (b) the Federal Funds rate plus 0.5%, plus a margin of 7%. For purposes of determining the interest rate, in no event shall the base rate or LIBOR be less than 3.0%. In connection with the loan commitments, the Company will pay a quarterly commitment fee of 1.0% per annum on the average daily amount of undrawn funds. The Company will also be required to pay a fee equal to 7.0% of the amount of any issued and outstanding letters of credit; provided, with respect to drawable amounts that have been cash collateralized, the letter of credit fee shall be payable at a rate per annum equal to 2.0%. The amended credit agreement contains typical representations and covenants for loans of this type, including restrictions on the Company’s ability to pay dividends, make distributions, make acquisitions, incur capital expenditures, incur new liens or repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The amended credit agreement also contains financial covenants, including covenants with respect to maximum consolidated adjusted leverage, minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage, minimum tangible net worth, and maximum total capital expenditures. A violation of any of these covenants (including any failure to remain in compliance with any financial covenants contained therein) could result in a default under the amended credit agreement, which would result in termination of all commitments and loans under the amended credit agreement and all other amounts owing under the amended credit agreement and certain other loan agreements becoming immediately due and payable. 92 Table of Contents After giving effect to the amended credit facility and other transactions completed subsequent to year-end, as of February 27, 2009, the Company has an available secured line of credit of $230.0 million (including a $25.0 million letter of credit sublimit) and separate letter of credit facilities of up to $48.5 million in the aggregate. As of February 27, 2009, $195.0 million was drawn on the revolving loan facility and $71.7 million of letters of credit had been issued under the letter of credit facilities. Since the amended credit facility matures on August 31, 2010, amounts drawn against the line of credit as of December 31, 2008 have been classified as a long-term liability on the consolidated balance sheet to the extent of the revolving loan commitment availability under the amended credit facility at December 31, 2009, with the $4.5 million remaining amount classified as a current liability. On January 25, 2008, the Company financed two previously acquired communities with $47.3 million of first mortgage financing bearing interest at LIBOR plus 1.8% payable interest only through January 25, 2011. The initial draw on the loan was $37.6 million. The Company entered into interest rate swaps to convert the loan from floating to fixed. The loan is secured by the underlying properties. On February 15, 2008, the Company financed a previously acquired community with $46.0 million of first mortgage financing bearing interest at 6.21% payable interest only through August 5, 2012. The loan is secured by the underlying property. On March 13, 2008, the Company financed a previously acquired community with $64.1 million of first mortgage financing bearing interest initially at 5.5% and adjusted monthly commencing on May 1, 2008. The adjusted rate is calculated as LIBOR plus 2.45%, but will not be less than 5.45%. The note is payable interest only through April 1, 2011. The Company entered into interest rate swaps to convert the loan from floating to fixed. The loan is secured by the underlying property. On March 27, 2008, the Company financed a previously acquired community with $20.0 million of first mortgage financing bearing interest initially at 5.5% and adjusted monthly commencing on May 1, 2008. The adjusted rate is calculated as LIBOR plus 2.45%, but will not be less than 5.45%. The note is payable interest only through April 1, 2011. The Company entered into interest rate swaps to convert the loan from floating to fixed. The loan is secured by the underlying property. The financings entered into on January 25, 2008, February 15, 2008, March 13, 2008 and March 27, 2008 were all related to the same portfolio. In conjunction with these refinancings, the Company repaid $105.8 million of existing debt. On March 26, 2008, the Company obtained $119.4 million of first mortgage financing bearing interest at 5.41%. The debt matures on April 1, 2013, with one extension term of up to five years from the maturity date. The loan is secured by 19 of the Company’s communities, with an additional loan commitment not to exceed $6.0 million in connection with the addition of a property into the collateral pool. In conjunction with the financing, the Company repaid $71.2 million of existing debt. The net proceeds from the transaction were used to pay down amounts drawn against the Company’s revolving credit facility and fund other working capital needs. On April 4, 2008, the Company entered into a construction loan agreement for up to $99.0 million to finance a portion of construction on a previously acquired community. As of December 31, 2008, $30.1 million has been drawn against this loan. Future advances will be disbursed based on satisfaction of agreed upon conditions. The note bears interest at the LIBOR rate or a base rate plus an applicable margin and is payable interest only with the principal due on April 4, 2013. The loan is secured by the underlying property, with an additional loan commitment not to exceed $10.0 million. In conjunction with the financing, the Company repaid $10.5 million of existing debt. On April 30, 2008, the Company obtained an additional $6.0 million loan related to the March 26, 2008 financing and repaid $3.3 million of existing debt on the property added into the collateral pool. All terms of the debt remain the same as the original first mortgage financing. On June 3, 2008, the Company obtained $50.0 million of third mortgage financing bearing interest at 6.07%. The debt matures on May 1, 2013 and is secured by the underlying properties. The net proceeds from the transaction 93 Table of Contents were used to pay down amounts drawn against the Company’s revolving credit facility and fund other working capital needs. On June 12, 2008, the Company obtained $87.1 million of second mortgage financing bearing interest at 6.20%. The debt matures on August 1, 2013. The loan is secured by the underlying property. The net proceeds from the transaction were used to pay down amounts drawn against the Company’s revolving credit facility and fund other working capital needs. On June 30, 2008, the Company entered into a 15 year lease agreement related to a community previously managed by the Company. The Company has the right to renew the lease for an additional 15 year term upon satisfaction of certain conditions. The lease contains a purchase option deemed to be a bargain purchase option. Consequently, the lease has been categorized as a capital lease, which resulted in the recognition of $34.5 million of property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net, and a corresponding $34.5 million capital lease obligation. On August 28, 2008, the Company obtained $8.4 million of second mortgage financing bearing interest at 6.49%. The debt matures on February 1, 2013. The loan is secured by the underlying property. The net proceeds from the transaction were used to pay down amounts drawn against the Company’s revolving credit facility and fund other working capital needs. On October 21, 2008, the Company entered into a First Modification Agreement which extends the maturity date on $33.0 million of debt due on June 30, 2009 as of December 31, 2008 to June 30, 2011 and obtained the right to extend the maturity date for two additional one-year periods. As such, the Company has recorded the debt as long-term as of December 31, 2008. On January 30, 2009, the Company amended and restated a $52.6 million first mortgage loan, secured by the underlying properties, which was payable interest only through maturity in March 2009. Pursuant to the amendment, the maturity date has been extended to March 31, 2011. The amended and restated loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 4.0% and requires principal amortization. In connection with the amendment, the Company made a $3.0 million payment to reduce the outstanding principal amount of the loan. The loan has been classified as a long-term liability on the consolidated balance sheet other than the related principal amounts paid and scheduled to be paid in 2009 which have been classified as a current liability. On February 25, 2009, the Company amended a $41.0 million first mortgage loan, secured by the underlying properties, which was payable interest only through maturity in June 2009. Pursuant to the amendment, the maturity date has been extended to June 2011. The amended loan is evidenced by two promissory notes, the first of which is in the principal amount of $26.0 million and bears interest at LIBOR plus 3.0%. The second promissory note is in the amount of $15.0 million and bears interest at LIBOR plus 5.6%. Both notes require principal amortization. In connection with the amendment, the Company made a $2.0 million payment to reduce the outstanding principal amount of the loan. The loan has been classified as a long-term liability on the consolidated balance sheet other than the related principal amounts paid and scheduled to be paid in 2009 which have been classified as a current liability. As of December 31, 2008, the Company is in compliance with the financial covenants of its outstanding debt. In the normal course of business, a variety of financial instruments are used to manage or hedge interest rate risk. Interest rate protection and swap agreements were entered into to effectively cap or convert floating rate debt to a fixed rate basis, as well as to hedge anticipated future financing transactions. Pursuant to the hedge agreements, the Company is required to secure its obligation to the counterparty if the fair value liability exceeds a specified threshold. Cash collateral pledged to the Company’s counterparty was $13.9 million and $5.0 million as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. All derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. The change in mark-to-market of the value of the derivative is recorded as an adjustment to income or other comprehensive loss depending upon whether it has been designated and qualifies as an accounting hedge. Derivative contracts are not entered into for trading or speculative purposes. Furthermore, the Company has a policy of only entering into contracts with major financial institutions based upon their credit rating and other 94 Table of Contents factors. Under certain circumstances, the Company may be required to replace a counterparty in the event that the counterparty does not maintain a specified credit rating. The following table summarizes the Company’s swap instruments at December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands): Current notional balance Highest possible notional Lowest interest rate Highest interest rate Average fixed rate Earliest maturity date Latest maturity date Weighted average original maturity Estimated liability fair value (included in other liabilities at December 31, 2008) Estimated asset fair value (included in other assets at December 31, 2008) The following table summarizes the Company’s cap instruments at December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands): Current notional balance Highest possible notional Lowest interest cap rate Highest interest cap rate Average fixed cap rate Earliest maturity date Latest maturity date Weighted average original maturity Estimated liability fair value (included in other liabilities at December 31, 2008) Estimated asset fair value (included in other assets at December 31, 2008) $ $ 351,840 351,840 3.24% 4.47% 3.74% 2011 2014 5.0 years (20,931) — $ $ $ $ 670,521 670,521 4.96% 6.50% 6.02% 2011 2012 4.0 years — 350 $ $ Prior to October 1, 2006, the Company qualified for hedge accounting on designated swap instruments pursuant to SFAS No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Certain Hedging Activities, with the effective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative recorded in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion included in the change in fair value of derivatives in the statement of operations. On October 1, 2006, the Company elected to discontinue hedge accounting prospectively for the previously designated swap instruments. Consequently, the net gains and losses accumulated in other comprehensive income at that date of $1.3 million related to the previously designated swap instruments are being amortized to interest expense over the life of the underlying hedged debt payments. In the future, if the underlying hedged debt is extinguished or refinanced, the remaining unamortized gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income will be recognized in net income. Although hedge accounting was discontinued on October 1, 2006, some of the swap instruments remain outstanding and are carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheet and the change in fair value beginning October 1, 2006 has been included in the statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company terminated 23 swap and cap agreements with a total notional amount of $1.1 billion. Notional amounts of $726.5 million were recouponed at more favorable interest rates and one new swap agreement with a notional amount of $108.5 million was entered into. The Company also entered into two new interest rate cap agreements with a notional amount of $445.2 million. In conjunction with these transactions, $58.6 million was paid to the respective counterparties and the Company recorded a $1.6 million receivable and a $0.4 million payable. The Company recorded a $1.6 million reserve on the aforementioned receivable as the counterparty to the swap which originated the receivable has filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. The reserve was included in the change in fair value of derivatives and amortization in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. 95 Table of Contents 10. Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses consist of the following components as of December 31, (dollars in thousands): Salaries and wages Real estate taxes Insurance reserves Vacation Lease payable Interest Income taxes Other Total 11. Facility Operating Leases 2008 2007 $ $ $ 43,346 30,829 27,516 18,504 7,952 7,397 2,005 32,817 170,366 $ 36,506 25,661 24,138 18,737 7,913 6,881 2 36,415 156,253 The Company has entered into sale leaseback and lease agreements with certain real estate investment trusts (REITs). Under these agreements facilities are either sold to the REIT and leased back or a long-term lease agreement is entered into for the facilities. The initial lease terms vary from 10 to 20 years and include renewal options ranging from 5 to 30 years. The Company is responsible for all operating costs, including repairs, property taxes and insurance. The substantial majority of the Company’s lease arrangements are structured as master leases. Under a master lease, numerous facilities are leased through an indivisible lease. The Company typically guarantees its performance and the lease payments under the master lease and is subject to net worth, minimum capital expenditure requirements per facility per annum and minimum lease coverage ratios. Failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default. Certain leases contain cure provisions generally requiring the posting of an additional lease security deposit if the required covenant is not met. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company operated 358 and 357 facilities, respectively, under long-term leases (298 operating leases and 60 capital and financing leases at December 31, 2008). The remaining base lease terms vary from 1.3 to 39 years and generally provide for renewal, extension and purchase options. The Company expects to renew, extend or exercise purchase options in the normal course of business; however, there can be no assurance that these rights will be exercised in the future. One lease required posting of a lease security deposit in an interest bearing account at closing. The lease security deposit will be released upon achieving certain lease coverage ratios. The Company agreed to spend a minimum of $450 per unit per year on capital improvements of which the lessor will reduce the security deposit by the same amount up to $600 per unit, or $2.7 million per year. For the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, a release of $2.7 million, $2.4 million and $2.7 million, respectively, was received from the lease security deposit. A summary of facility lease expense and the impact of straight-line adjustment and amortization of deferred gains are as follows (dollars in thousands): Cash basis payment Straight-line expense Amortization of deferred gain Facility lease expense 12. Self-Insurance For the Years Ended December 31, 2007 2008 $ 253,226 20,585 (4,342) 269,469 $ $ 250,531 25,439 (4,342) 271,628 $ $ $ 2006 208,425 24,699 (4,345) 228,779 The Company obtains various insurance coverages from commercial carriers at stated amounts as defined in the applicable policy. Losses related to deductible amounts are accrued based on the Company’s estimate of expected losses plus incurred but not reported claims. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company accrued $56.7 96 Table of Contents million and $56.3 million for self-insured programs of which $29.2 million and $32.2 million is classified as long-term, respectively. During 2007, the Company received a $4.2 million collateral recovery from an insurance carrier relating to an adjustment of an Alterra preconfirmation contingency. The Company has secured self-insured retention risk under workers’ compensation and general liability and professional liability programs with cash and letters of credit aggregating $10.9 million and $64.3 million, and $7.7 million and $36.4 million as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. 13. Retirement Plans The Company maintains 401(k) Retirement Savings Plans for all employees that meet minimum employment criteria. The plan provides that the participants may defer eligible compensation on a pre-tax basis subject to certain Internal Revenue Code maximum amounts. The Company makes matching contributions in amounts equal to 50% of the employee’s contribution to the plan, up to a maximum of 4.0% of contributed compensation. Employees are always 100% vested in their own contributions and vest in the Company’s contributions over five years. Contributions to these plans were $4.8 million, $3.6 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. These amounts are included in facility operating expense and general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Subsequent to December 31, 2008, the Company indefinitely suspended the matching contribution. 14. Related Party Transactions Pursuant to the terms of his employment agreement, BLC loaned approximately $2.0 million to Mark J. Schulte, the Company’s former Co-Chief Executive Officer and a current member of the Company’s Board of Directors. In exchange, BLC received a ten-year, secured, non-recourse promissory note, which note bears interest at a rate of 6.09% per annum, of which 2.0% is payable in cash and of which the remainder accrues and is due at maturity on October 2, 2010. The note is secured by a portion of Mr. Schulte’s stock. There has been no modification to the terms of the loan since the date of enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. During 2008, certain funds affiliated with Fortress Investment Group LLC became participating lenders under the Company’s previous revolving credit facility. Immediately prior to the replacement of the previous credit facility, such funds, in the aggregate, were committed for $138.8 million of the $245.0 million line of credit limit. Based on actual borrowings in effect immediately prior to the replacement of the previous credit facility, the Company was indebted to these funds in the aggregate amount of $108.6 million. These Fortress funds are also participating lenders under the Company's amended credit facility. In the aggregate, these funds are currently committed for $99.5 million of the $230.0 million line of credit limit. 15. Stock-Based Compensation In December 2004, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123 (revised), Share-Based Payment (“SFAS 123R”), which addresses the accounting for transactions in which an entity exchanges its equity instruments for goods or services, with a primary focus on transactions in which an entity obtains employee services in share-based payment transactions. SFAS No. 123R is a revision to SFAS No. 123 and supersedes Accounting Principles Board (APB) Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, and its related implementation guidance. This Statement requires measurement of the cost of employee services received in exchange for stock compensation based on the grant-date fair value of the employee stock awards. Incremental compensation costs arising from subsequent modifications of awards after the grant date must be recognized when incurred. The Company adopted SFAS 123R in connection with its initial grants of restricted stock effective August 2005, which were converted into BSL restricted stock on September 30, 2005. On August 5, 2005, BLC and Alterra adopted employee restricted stock plans to attract, motivate, and retain key employees. The plans provide for the grant of restricted securities to those participants selected by their board of directors. At September 30, 2005 these restricted shares were converted into a total of 2.6 million shares of restricted stock in BSL at a value of $19.00 per share. Pursuant to the plans, the awards vest through 2010. As of December 31, 2008, 588,000 shares of unvested restricted stock issued under the plans were outstanding. On October 14, 2005, the Company adopted a new equity incentive plan for its employees, the Brookdale Senior Living Inc. Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan (“Incentive Plan”), which was approved by its stockholders on October 97 Table of Contents 14, 2005. A total of 2,000,000 shares of common stock were initially reserved for issuance under the Incentive Plan; provided, however, that commencing on the first day of the fiscal year beginning in calendar year 2006, the number of shares reserved and available for issuance was increased by an amount equal to the lesser of (1) 400,000 shares or (2) 2% of the number of outstanding shares of common stock on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year. The maximum aggregate number of shares subject to stock options or stock appreciation rights that may be granted to any individual during any fiscal year may not exceed 400,000, and the maximum aggregate number of shares that will be subject to awards of restricted stock, deferred shares, unrestricted shares or other stock-based awards that may be granted to any individual during any fiscal year will be 400,000. In connection with the ARC Merger, the Company’s board of directors approved an amendment to the Incentive Plan (the “Plan Amendment”) to reserve an additional 2,500,000 shares of common stock for issuance thereunder to satisfy (i) obligations to provide for certain purchases of common stock by ARC officers and employees and (ii) obligations to make corresponding grants of restricted shares of common stock under the Incentive Plan to those ARC officers and employees who purchased such shares of common stock pursuant to employment agreements and optionee agreements entered into in connection with the ARC Merger, and for such other grants that may be made from time to time pursuant to the Incentive Plan. Upon completion of the ARC Merger, the Company issued 475,681 shares of common stock to certain officers of ARC at $38.07 per share for aggregate proceeds of $18.1 million and granted the officers 475,681 shares of restricted stock at $48.00 per share. On May 12, 2006, funds managed by affiliates of Fortress Investment Group, which then held approximately 65% of the Company’s common stock, executed a written consent approving the Plan Amendment effective upon consummation of the ARC Merger. This consent constituted the consent of a majority of the total number of shares of outstanding common stock and was sufficient to approve the Plan Amendment. On June 15, 2006, the Company registered 2,900,000 shares of common stock (2,500,000 shares of common stock in connection with the ARC Merger and 400,000 shares of common stock resulting from the automatic annual increase for fiscal year 2006), under the Incentive Plan. Pursuant to the automatic annual increase provisions of the Incentive Plan, an additional 400,000 shares of common stock became available for issuance on each of January 1, 2007, 2008 and 2009. During 2006, the employee restricted stock plans described above were merged into the Incentive Plan. Certain participants receive dividends on unvested shares. Where participants do not receive dividends on unvested shares during the vesting period, the grant-date per share fair value has been reduced for the present value of the expected dividend stream during the vesting period. The shares are subject to certain transfer restrictions and may be forfeited upon termination of a participant's employment for any reason, absent a change in control of the Company. On September 15, 2006, the Company entered into Separation and General Release Agreements (“Agreements”) with two officers that accelerated the vesting provision of a portion of their restricted stock grants upon satisfying certain conditions. As a result of the modification, the previous compensation expense related to these grants was reversed and a charge based on the fair value of the stock at the modification date will be recorded over the modified vesting period. The net impact of the adjustment was $4.1 million and $5.6 million of additional expense for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively. On February 7, 2008, the Company entered into a Separation Agreement and General Release with an officer that accelerated the vesting provision of his restricted stock grants as of March 3, 2008 upon satisfying certain conditions. As a result of the modification, the previous compensation expense related to these grants was reversed and a charge based on the fair value of the stock at the modification date was recorded over the modified vesting period. The net impact of the adjustment was $2.7 million of additional expense for the year ended December 31, 2008. For all awards with graded vesting other than awards with performance-based vesting conditions, the Company records compensation expense for the entire award on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For graded-vesting awards with performance-based vesting conditions, total compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche of the award as if the award is, in substance, multiple awards once the performance target is deemed probable of achievement. Performance goals are evaluated quarterly. If such goals are not ultimately met or it is not probable the goals will be achieved, no compensation expense is recognized and any previously recognized compensation expense is reversed. During 98 Table of Contents the current year the Company reversed approximately $1.2 million of previously recognized compensation expense related to performance-based awards granted in 2006 and 2007. The following table sets forth information about the Company’s restricted stock awards (amounts in thousands): Outstanding on January 1, Granted Vested Cancelled/forfeited Outstanding on December 31, Number of Shares 2007 2006 2008 3,020 1,975 (944) (508) 3,543 3,282 662 (680) (244) 3,020 2,168 1,548 (226) (208) 3,282 As of December 31, 2008, there was approximately $49.0 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested share-based compensation arrangements granted. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.24 years. Current year grants of restricted shares under the Company’s Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan were as follows (amounts in thousands except for value per share amounts): Three months ended March 31, 2008 Three months ended June 30, 2008 Three months ended September 30, 2008 Three months ended December 31, 2008 Shares Granted Value Per Share Total Value 2,971 6,332 20,947 1,602 19.62 – 25.95 $ 20.76 – 24.31 12.50 – 18.22 5.92 – 11.11 146 263 1,414 152 $ Compensation expense of $28.9 million, $20.1 million and $26.6 million in connection with the grants of restricted stock was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, compensation expense was calculated net of forfeitures estimated from 0% - 6%, 5% and 5%, respectively, of the shares granted. The Company has an employee stock purchase plan for all eligible employees. The plan became effective on October 1, 2008. Under the plan, eligible employees of the Company can purchase shares of the Company’s common stock on a quarterly basis at a discounted price through accumulated payroll deductions. Each eligible employee may elect to deduct up to 15% of his or her base pay each quarter. Subject to certain limitations specified in the plan, on the last trading date of each calendar quarter, the amount deducted from each participant’s pay over the course of the quarter will be used to purchase whole shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price equal to 90% of the closing market price on the New York Stock Exchange on that date. Initially, the Company has reserved 1,000,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the plan. The employee stock purchase plan also contains an “evergreen” provision that automatically increases the number of shares reserved for issuance under the plan by 200,000 shares on the first day of each calendar year beginning January 1, 2010. The impact on the Company’s current year consolidated financial statements is de minimis. 16. Fair Value Measurements The following table provides the Company’s derivative assets and liabilities carried at fair value as measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands): Derivative assets Derivative liabilities Total Carrying Value at December 31, 2008 Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) $ $ 350 $ (20,931) (20,581) $ — $ — — $ 350 $ (20,931) (20,581) $ Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) — — — 99 Table of Contents The Company’s derivative assets and liabilities include interest rate caps and interest rate swaps that effectively convert a portion of the Company’s variable rate debt to fixed rate debt. The derivative positions are valued using models developed internally by the respective counterparty that use as their basis readily observable market parameters (such as forward yield curves) and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company considers its own credit risk as well as the credit risk of its counterparties when evaluating the fair value of its derivatives. Any adjustments resulting from credit risk are recorded as a change in fair value of derivatives and amortization in the current period statement of operations. 17. Share Repurchase Program On March 19, 2008, the Company’s board of directors approved a share repurchase program that authorized the Company to purchase up to $150.0 million in the aggregate of the Company’s common stock. Purchases could be made from time to time using a variety of methods, which could include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or block trades, or by any combination of such methods, in accordance with applicable insider trading and other securities laws and regulations. The size, scope and timing of any purchases was to be based on business, market and other conditions and factors, including price, regulatory and contractual requirements or consents, and capital availability. The repurchase program did not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of common stock and the program could be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion without prior notice. Shares of stock repurchased under the program were to be held as treasury shares. Pursuant to this authorization, during the twelve months ended December 31, 2008, the Company purchased 1,211,301 shares at a cost of approximately $29.2 million. No shares were repurchased during the three months ended December 31, 2008. As of December 31, 2008, approximately $120.9 million remained available under this share repurchase authorization. On February 25, 2009, the Company’s board of directors terminated this share repurchase authorization. In addition, the Company’s amended credit facility effectively prohibits the Company from repurchasing shares of its common stock. 18. Income Taxes The (provision) benefit for income taxes is comprised of the following (dollars in thousands): Federal Current Deferred State: Current Deferred (included in Federal above) Total For the Years Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 $ $ (77) $ 89,498 89,421 $ (339) $ 103,180 102,841 (2,690) — (2,690) 86,731 $ (1,581) — (1,581) 101,260 $ — 39,267 39,267 (776) — (776) 38,491 A reconciliation of the (provision) benefit for income taxes to the amount computed at the U.S. Federal statutory rate of 35.0% is as follows (dollars in thousands): 100 Table of Contents Tax benefit at U.S. statutory rate State taxes, net of federal income tax Goodwill impairment Stock compensation Valuation allowance Other, net Total For the Years Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 $ $ $ 160,990 16,449 (83,850) (3,682) (3,328) 152 86,731 $ $ 92,271 9,521 — — — (532) 101,260 $ 51,068 5,666 — — (17,510) (733) 38,491 The Company adopted FIN 46R as of December 31, 2003 and consolidated the VIEs for financial reporting purposes. For federal and state income tax purposes, the Company is not the legal owner of the entities and is not entitled to receive tax benefits generated from the losses associated with these VIEs. By December 31, 2007, all of these entities had been acquired by the Company. Significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31 are as follows (dollars in thousands): Deferred income tax assets: Operating loss carryforwards Capital lease obligations Accrued expenses Prepaid revenue Deferred lease liability Deferred gain on sale leaseback Fair value of interest rate swaps Tax credits Other Total gross deferred income tax asset Valuation allowance Net deferred income tax assets Deferred income tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment Other Total gross deferred income tax liability Net deferred tax liability $ 2008 2007 $ 183,331 106,872 49,816 43,693 35,988 15,755 8,339 5,239 2,407 451,440 (9,735) 441,705 112,207 112,956 44,411 47,849 28,063 17,199 7,198 4,256 6,195 380,334 (6,407) 373,927 (602,913) (2,762) (605,675) (163,970) $ (625,585) (1,885) (627,470) (253,543) $ A reconciliation of the net deferred tax liability to the consolidated balance sheets at December 31 is as follows (dollars in thousands): Deferred tax asset – current Deferred tax liability – noncurrent Net deferred tax liability 2008 $ $ 14,677 $ (178,647) (163,970) $ 2007 13,040 (266,583) (253,543) In connection with Alterra’s emergence from bankruptcy in December 2003, its assets and liabilities were recorded at their respective fair market values. Deferred tax assets and liabilities were recognized for the tax effects of the difference between the fair values and the tax bases of Alterra’s assets and liabilities. In addition, deferred tax assets were recognized for the future use of net operating losses. The valuation allowance established to reduce deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2004 was $28.4 million. The reduction in this valuation allowance relating to net deferred tax items existing at the Effective Date will increase additional paid in capital. 101 Table of Contents At December 31, 2004, Alterra increased additional paid-in capital by $4.8 million as a result of a reduction in valuation allowance related to net deferred tax assets not benefited under fresh-start accounting, but realized in the year ended December 31, 2004. During 2005, Alterra reduced additional paid-in capital by $0.9 million due to a reversal of the valuation allowance, related to net deferred tax asset. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $468.6 million and $285.6 million, respectively, which are available to offset future taxable income through 2028. The Company believes it is more likely than not that it will utilize all of its federal losses prior to expiration. The Company has recorded valuation allowances of $8.2 million and $6.4 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively against its state net operating losses, as the Company anticipates these losses will not be utilized prior to expiration. In 2008, the Company recorded $1.5 million of valuation allowance against pre-2007 federal tax credits, which the Company believes will expire prior to utilization. Included in the Company’s net operating loss carryforward is $10.8 million of losses relating to restricted stock grants. Under SFAS 123R, this loss will be recorded in additional paid-in capital in the period in which the loss is effectively used to reduce taxes payable. The impact to the income tax expense relating to the dividends on the unvested shares for the period ended December 31, 2008 is now included in the stock based compensation computation under SFAS 123R. The formation of BSL, reorganization of Alterra, and the acquisitions of ARC and SALI constitute ownership changes under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended. As a result, BSL’s ability to utilize the net operating loss carryforward to offset future taxable income is subject to certain limitations and restrictions. As disclosed in Note 2, the Company adopted the provision of FIN 48 as of January 1, 2007. At December 31, 2008, the Company had gross tax affected unrecognized tax benefits of $4.4 million, of which the majority of the benefit, if recognized, would be recorded against goodwill. Interest and penalties related to these tax positions are classified as tax expense in the Company’s financial statements. Total interest and penalties reserved is $1.7 million at December 31, 2008. Tax returns for all wholly owned subsidiaries for years 2002 through 2006 are subject to future examination by tax authorities, with the exception of ARC which has been audited by the federal tax authorities through 2004. In addition, for Alterra, tax returns are open from 1999 to 2001 to the extent of the net operating losses generated during those periods. The Company does not expect that unrecognized tax benefits for tax positions taken with respect to 2008 and prior years will significantly change in 2009. A reconciliation of the unrecognized tax benefits for the year 2008 is as follows (dollars in thousands): Balance at January 1, 2008 Additions for tax positions related to the current year Additions for tax positions related to prior years Reductions for tax positions related to prior years Settlements Balance at December 31, 2008 $ $ 4,453 0 511 (434) (106) 4,424 19. Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information (dollars in thousands) Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information: Interest paid Income taxes paid For the Years Ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 $ $ 148,377 $ 1,591 $ 143,930 $ 1,415 $ 95,429 490 102 Table of Contents Supplemental Schedule of Noncash Operating, Investing and Financing Activities: De-consolidation of leased development property: Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net Long-term debt Net Capital leases: Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net Long-term debt Net Acquisitions of assets, net of related payables and cash received, net: Cash and escrow deposits-restricted Account receivable, net Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles Investment in unconsolidated ventures Goodwill Other intangible assets, net Other assets, net Other liabilities Long-term debt and capital and financing lease obligations Deferred tax liability Minority interest Net De-consolidation of an entity pursuant to FIN 46(R): Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Property, plant and equipment and leasehold intangibles, net Other assets, net Investment in unconsolidated ventures Long-term debt Accrued expenses Trade accounts payable Tenant security deposits Refundable entrance fees and deferred revenue Additional paid-in-capital Accumulated deficit Net $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Consolidation of three limited partnerships pursuant to EITF 04-5 on January 1, 2006 and subsequent sale and termination of one limited partnership: Property, plant and equipment, net Accounts receivable Cash and escrow deposits - restricted Prepaid and other Accrued expenses Tenant security deposits Debt Minority interest Net $ $ 103 (6,387) $ 6,387 — $ 35,942 $ (35,942) — $ $ — — — — — 6,731 — — — — — 6,731 $ 92 $ 1,870 36,613 7 186 (29,159) (1,252) (20) (173) (89) (13,287) 5,212 — $ $ — — — — — — — — — $ (2,978) $ 2,978 — $ — $ — — $ $ 387 64 172,074 (1,342) 3,395 (668) (173) (3,201) (2,786) — 4,351 172,101 $ — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ — — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — 57,253 25,302 2,375,304 259,104 306,531 — (225,159) (433,354) (396,590) — 1,968,391 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 14,745 40 88 381 (2,009) (82) (9,269) (3,894) — Table of Contents 20. Commitments and Contingencies The Company has three operating lease agreements for 30,314, 51,988 and 93,573 square feet of corporate office space that extend through 2010, 2010 and 2014, respectively. The leases require the payment of base rent which escalates annually, plus operating expenses (as defined). The Company incurred rent expense of $4.0 million, $4.5 million and $2.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively, under the corporate office leases. The aggregate amounts of all future minimum operating lease payments, including community and office leases, as of December 31, 2008, are as follows (dollars in thousands): Year Ending December 31, 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Thereafter Total Operating Leases $ 261,890 264,482 267,517 268,400 262,032 1,355,101 $ 2,679,422 The Company has employment agreements with certain officers of the Company that grant these employees the right to receive their base salary and continuation of certain benefits, for a defined period of time, in the event of certain terminations of the officers’ employment, as described in those agreements. 21. Litigation The Company has settled or tentatively settled the litigation specifically described below. In connection with the sale of certain communities to Ventas Realty Limited Partnership (“Ventas”) in 2004, two legal actions have been filed. The first action was filed on September 15, 2005, by current and former limited partners in 36 investing partnerships in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York captioned David T. Atkins et al. v. Apollo Real Estate Advisors, L.P., et al. (the “Action”). On March 17, 2006, a third amended complaint was filed in the Action. The third amended complaint was brought on behalf of current and former limited partners in 14 investing partnerships. It names as defendants, among others, the Company, Brookdale Living Communities, Inc. (“BLC”), a subsidiary of the Company, GFB-AS Investors, LLC (“GFB-AS”), a subsidiary of BLC, the general partners of the 14 investing partnerships, which are alleged to be subsidiaries of GFB-AS, Fortress Investment Group LLC (“Fortress”), an affiliate of the Company’s largest stockholder, and R. Stanley Young, the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer. The nine count third amended complaint alleged, among other things, (i) that the defendants converted for their own use the property of the limited partners of 11 partnerships, including through the failure to obtain consents the plaintiffs contend were required for the sale of communities indirectly owned by those partnerships to Ventas; (ii) that the defendants fraudulently persuaded the limited partners of three partnerships to give up a valuable property right based upon incomplete, false and misleading statements in connection with certain consent solicitations; (iii) that certain defendants, including GFB-AS, the general partners, and the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer, but not including the Company, BLC, or Fortress, committed mail fraud in connection with the sale of communities indirectly owned by the 14 partnerships at issue in the Action to Ventas; (iv) that certain defendants, including GFB-AS and the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer, but not including the Company, BLC, the general partners, or Fortress, committed wire fraud in connection with certain communications with plaintiffs in the Action and another investor in a limited partnership; (v) that the defendants, with the exception of the Company, committed substantive violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”); (vi) that the defendants conspired to violate RICO; (vii) that GFB-AS and the general partners violated the partnership agreements of the 14 investing partnerships; (viii) that GFB-AS, the general partners, and the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer breached fiduciary duties to the plaintiffs; and (ix) that the defendants were unjustly enriched. The plaintiffs asked for damages in excess of $100.0 million on each of the counts described above, including treble damages for the RICO claims. On April 18, 2006, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the claims with prejudice. On April 30, 2008, the court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss the third amended 104 Table of Contents complaint, but granted the plaintiffs’ motion for leave to amend. Subsequently, the parties agreed to settle the case and the case was formally dismissed by the court on November 3, 2008. A putative class action lawsuit was also filed on March 22, 2006 by certain limited partners in four of the same partnerships involved in the Action in the Court of Chancery for the State of Delaware captioned Edith Zimmerman et al. v. GFB-AS Investors, LLC and Brookdale Living Communities, Inc. (the “Second Action”). On November 21, 2006, an amended complaint was filed in the Second Action. The putative class in the Second Action consists only of those limited partners in the four investing partnerships who were not plaintiffs in the Action. The Second Action names as defendants BLC and GFB- AS. The complaint alleges a claim for breach of fiduciary duty arising out of the sale of communities indirectly owned by the investing partnerships to Ventas and the subsequent lease of those communities by Ventas to subsidiaries of BLC. The plaintiffs seek, among other relief, an accounting, damages in an unspecified amount, and disgorgement of unspecified amounts by which the defendants were allegedly unjustly enriched. On December 12, 2006, the Company filed an answer denying the claim asserted in the amended complaint and providing affirmative defenses. On December 27, 2006, the plaintiffs moved to certify the Second Action as a class action. Subsequent to December 31, 2008, the parties agreed to settle the case and are in the process of preparing a release and stipulation and order for dismissal. During the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company recorded an $8.0 million reserve related to the foregoing matters. In addition, the Company has been and is currently involved in other litigation and claims incidental to the conduct of its business which are comparable to other companies in the senior living industry. Certain claims and lawsuits allege large damage amounts and may require significant costs to defend and resolve. Similarly, the senior living industry is continuously subject to scrutiny by governmental regulators, which could result in litigation related to regulatory compliance matters. As a result, the Company maintains insurance policies in amounts and with coverage and deductibles the Company believes are adequate, based on the nature and risks of its business, historical experience and industry standards. Effective January 1, 2009, the Company’s current policies provide for deductibles of $250,000 for each claim. Accordingly, the Company is, in effect, self-insured for most claims. 22. Segment Information The Company has four reportable segments: retirement centers; assisted living; CCRCs; and management services. These segments were determined based on the way that the chief operating decision makers organize the Company’s business activities for making operating decisions and assessing performance. During the fourth quarter of 2008, five communities moved between segments to more accurately reflect the underlying product offering of each segment. The movement did not change the Company’s reportable segments, but it did impact the revenues and cost reported within each segment. The net impact of the change was a decrease of one community to the CCRCs segment. Retirement Centers. Retirement center communities are primarily designed for middle to upper income senior citizens age 70 and older who desire an upscale residential environment providing the highest quality of service. The majority of the Company’s retirement center communities consist of both independent living and assisted living units in a single community, which allows residents to “age-in-place” by providing them with a continuum of senior independent and assisted living services. Assisted Living. Assisted living communities offer housing and 24-hour assistance with activities of daily life to mid-acuity frail and elderly residents. Assisted living communities include both freestanding, multi-story communities and freestanding single story communities. The Company also operates memory care communities, which are freestanding assisted living communities specially designed for residents with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. CCRCs. CCRCs are large communities that offer a variety of living arrangements and services to accommodate all levels of physical ability and health. Most of the Company’s CCRCs have retirement centers, assisted living and skilled nursing available on one campus, and some also include memory care and Alzheimer’s units. 105 Table of Contents Management Services. The Company's management services segment includes communities owned by others and operated by the Company pursuant to management agreements. Under management agreements for these communities, the Company receives management fees as well as reimbursed expenses, which represent the reimbursement of certain expenses it incurs on behalf of the owners. The accounting policies of the Company’s reporting segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The following table sets forth certain segment financial and operating data (dollars in thousands): For the Years Ended December 31, 2007 2008 2006 Revenue(1): Retirement Centers Assisted Living CCRCs Management Services Segment Operating Income(2): Retirement Centers Assisted Living CCRCs Management Services General and administrative (including non-cash stock compensation expense)(3) Facility lease expense Depreciation and amortization Goodwill and asset impairment Loss from operations Total Assets: Retirement Centers Assisted Living CCRCs Corporate and Management Services __________ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 542,180 845,348 533,532 6,994 1,928,054 $ $ 532,680 799,070 500,757 6,789 1,839,296 $ 432,673 614,973 256,650 5,617 1,309,913 228,711 282,138 148,630 4,896 664,375 $ $ 138,821 269,469 276,202 220,026 (240,143) $ 233,594 284,940 143,036 4,752 666,322 $ $ 135,976 271,628 299,925 — (41,207) $ 184,611 230,986 68,898 3,932 488,427 116,212 228,779 188,129 — (44,693) $ 1,233,268 1,393,223 1,476,206 346,561 4,449,258 $ $ 1,369,323 1,405,381 1,651,467 385,451 4,811,622 $ 1,420,534 1,409,137 1,591,927 334,402 4,756,000 (1) (2) All revenue is earned from external third parties in the United States. Segment operating income is defined as segment revenues less segment operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization). Alterra emerged from bankruptcy on December 4, 2003, and had accrued an estimated liability for certain insurance claims related to periods prior to the emergence from Chapter 11 proceedings. For the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, a non-cash benefit of approximately $0.3 million and $4.1 million, respectively, was recorded related to the reversal of an accrual established in connection with Alterra’s emergence from bankruptcy in December 2003. (3) Net of general and administrative costs allocated to management services reporting segment. 23. Quarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited) The following is a summary of quarterly results of operations for each of the fiscal quarters in 2008 and 2007 (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts): 106 Table of Contents For the Quarters Ended March 31, 2008 June 30, 2008 September 30, 2008 December 31, 2008 Revenues Loss from operations(1) Loss before income taxes Net loss Weighted average basic and diluted loss per share Weighted average shares used in computing basic and diluted loss per share Cash dividends declared per share $ 480,648 $ 478,201 $ 482,277 $ (551) (84,980) (55,093) (0.54) $ (4,697) (6,256) (3,485) (0.03) $ 101,995 101,856 0.25 $ 0.25 $ (10,968) (58,215) (35,877) (0.36) $ 101,398 0.25 $ $ $ 486,928 (223,927) (310,521) (278,786) (2.75) 101,424 — For the Quarters Ended March 31, 2007 June 30, 2007 September 30, 2007 December 31, 2007 Revenues Loss from operations(2) Loss before income taxes Net loss Weighted average basic and diluted loss per share Weighted average shares used in computing basic and diluted loss per share Cash dividends declared per share $ 446,834 $ 458,410 $ 464,594 $ (16,093) (55,577) (35,140) (12,861) (32,032) (18,675) $ $ (0.35) $ (0.18) $ 101,302 101,520 0.45 $ 0.50 $ (12,079) (94,047) (58,927) (0.58) $ 101,564 0.50 $ 469,458 (174) (81,976) (49,237) (0.49) 101,656 0.50 (1) (2) Fourth quarter results include non-cash impairment charges of $220.0 million. For the quarter ended December 31, 2007, a non-cash benefit of $0.3 million was recorded related to the reversal of an accrual established in connection with Alterra’s emergence from bankruptcy in December 2003. 107 Table of Contents SCHEDULE II VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS December 31, 2008 (In thousands) Description Deferred Tax Valuation Account: Year ended December 31, 2006 Year ended December 31, 2007 Year ended December 31, 2008 Additions Balance at Beginning of Period Charged to costs and expenses Charged To other Accounts Acquisitions Deductions Balance at End of Period $ $ $ 47,511 6,000 6,407 $ $ $ — — — $ $ $ — $ 407(2) $ 3,328(2) (41,511)(1) — $ $ — — $ $ $ 6,000 6,407 9,735 (1) (2) Change in valuation allowance due to generation of deferred tax liabilities in connection with ARC and SALI acquisitions. Adjustment to valuation allowance for state net operating losses of $1,800. Establishment of valuation allowance against federal tax credits of $1,528. See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm. 108 Table of Contents Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Management’s Assessment of Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a- 15(f). Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2008. Management reviewed the results of their assessment with our Audit Committee. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as stated in their report which is included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer each concluded that, as of December 31, 2008, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There has not been any change in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2008 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information. The disclosure regarding our amended credit agreement transaction contained under “Credit Facilities - Refinancing of Existing Line of Credit” in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” is incorporated herein by reference. The summaries contained therein of certain provisions of the amended credit agreement, pledge agreement and security agreement do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the amended credit agreement, pledge agreement and security agreement filed as Exhibits 10.30, 10.31 and 10.32 hereto, which are incorporated herein by reference. In addition, on February 25, 2009, William B. Doniger notified us of his resignation as a member of our Board of Directors (including in his capacities as Vice Chairman and as a member of our Investment Committee), effective as of such date. There are no disagreements between Mr. Doniger and us on any matter relating to our operations, policies or practices that caused or contributed to his decision to tender his resignation as a director. In order to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Mr. Doniger, on February 25, 2009, upon the recommendation of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, our Board of Directors elected Tobia Ippolito as a Class II director, to serve until our 2010 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and until his successor is duly elected and qualified. Mr. Ippolito has also been appointed to serve as a member of our Investment Committee. Mr. Ippolito is a managing director of Fortress and was designated by FIG Advisors LLC, an affiliate of Fortress, to serve as a member of our Board of Directors pursuant to the terms of that certain Stockholders Agreement, dated as of November 28, 2005, by and among the company, FIT-ALT Investor LLC, Fortress Brookdale Acquisition LLC, Fortress Investment Trust II and Health Partners, as amended to date. The disclosure regarding the participation of certain funds affiliated with Fortress in our previous credit facility and 109 Table of Contents amended credit facility set forth in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements contained in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” is incorporated herein by reference. The disclosure contained in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” regarding the $215.0 million non-cash goodwill impairment charge we recorded for the quarter ended December 31, 2008 is incorporated herein by reference. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. PART III The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the discussions under the headings “Proposal Number One - Election of Directors” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Pursuant to General Instruction G(3), certain information concerning our executive officers is contained in the discussion entitled “Executive Officers of the Registrant” under Item 4 of Part I of this report. We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all employees, directors and officers, including our principal executive officer, our principal financial officer, our principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, as well as a Code of Ethics for Chief Executive and Senior Financial Officers, which applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Co-Presidents, Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice Presidents of Finance and Controller, both of which are available on our website at www.brookdaleliving.com. Any amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of such codes of ethics granted to a principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or person performing similar functions, will be posted on our website. Item 11. Executive Compensation. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the discussions under the headings “Compensation of Directors” and “Compensation of Executive Officers” in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. The information required by this item regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. The following table provides certain information as of December 31, 2008 with respect to our equity compensation plans: Plan category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders(2) Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Total Equity Compensation Plan Information Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a)(1) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and, rights (b) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c) — — — 110 — — — 1,003,784 — 1,003,784 Table of Contents __________ (1) (2) In addition to options, warrants, and rights, our Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan allows awards to be made in the form of shares of restricted stock or other forms of equity-based compensation. As of December 31, 2008, 2,954,147 shares of unvested restricted stock issued under our Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan were outstanding. In addition, as of such date, 588,106 shares of unvested restricted stock issued under the plans of our predecessor entities were outstanding. Such shares are not reflected in the table above. Under the terms of our Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan, the number of shares reserved and available for issuance will increase annually each January 1 by an amount equal to the lesser of (1) 400,000 shares or (2) 2% of the number of outstanding shares of our common stock on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the discussions under the headings “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Director Independence” in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services. The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading “Proposal Number Two - Approval of Appointment of Ernst & Young LLP as Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules. The following documents are filed as part of this report: 1) Our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts 2) Exhibits – See Exhibit Index immediately following the signature page hereto, which Exhibit Index is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. 111 Table of Contents Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. BROOKDALE SENIOR LIVING INC. SIGNATURES /s/ W.E. Sheriff By: Name: W.E. Sheriff Title: Date: Chief Executive Officer March 2, 2009 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title /s/ Wesley R. Edens Wesley R. Edens /s/ W.E. Sheriff W.E. Sheriff /s/ Mark W. Ohlendorf Mark W. Ohlendorf /s/ Frank M. Bumstead Frank M. Bumstead /s/ Jackie M. Clegg Jackie M. Clegg /s/ Tobia Ippolito Tobia Ippolito /s/ Jeffrey R. Leeds Jeffrey R. Leeds /s/ Mark J. Schulte Mark J. Schulte /s/ James R. Seward James R. Seward /s/ Samuel Waxman Samuel Waxman Chairman of the Board Chief Executive Officer Co-President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 112 Date March 2, 2009 March 2, 2009 March 2, 2009 March 2, 2009 March 2, 2009 March 2, 2009 March 2, 2009 March 2, 2009 March 2, 2009 March 2, 2009 Table of Contents Exhibit No. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 4.1 EXHIBIT INDEX Description Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated June 29, 2005, by and among NW Select LLC, Emeritus Corporation, FIT-ALT Investor LLC and Brookdale Senior Living Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.11 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-127372) filed on August 9, 2005). Conveyance Agreement, dated as of September 30, 2005, by and among Brookdale Senior Living Inc., Brookdale Living Communities, Inc., BSL Brookdale Merger Inc., BSL CCRC Merger Inc., BSL FEBC Merger Inc., Emeritus Corporation, FEBC-ALT Investors LLC, FIT-ALT Investor LLC, Fortress CCRC Acquisition LLC, Fortress Investment Trust II, Fortress Registered Investment Trust, Fortress Brookdale Acquisition LLC, Health Partners and NW Select LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.12 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 2) (No. 333-127372) filed on October 11, 2005). Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 30, 2006, by and between BLC Acquisitions, Inc., SALI Merger Sub Inc., and Southern Assisted Living, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.10 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2006). Stock Purchase Agreement, dated December 30, 2005, by and between Brookdale Living Communities, Inc. and Capstead Mortgage Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 30, 2005). Asset Purchase Agreement, dated January 11, 2006, by and between BLC Acquisitions, Inc., as buyer, and Health Care Properties I, LLC; Health Care Properties IV, LLC; Health Care Properties VI, LLC; Health Care Properties VII, LLC; Health Care Properties VIII, LLC; Health Care Properties IX, LLC; Health Care Properties X, LLC; Health Care Properties XI, LLC; Health Care Properties XII, LLC; Health Care Properties XIII, LLC; Health Care Properties XV, Ltd.; Health Care Properties XVI, LLC; Health Care Properties XVII, Ltd.; Health Care Properties XVIII, LLC; Health Care Properties XX, LLC; Health Care Properties XXIII, LLC; Health Care Properties XXIV, LLC; Health Care Properties XXV, LLC; Health Care Properties XXVII, LLC; Cleveland Health Care Investors, LLC; and Wellington SPE, LLC, as sellers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.12 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2006). Asset Purchase Agreement, dated January 12, 2006, by and between AHC Acquisitions, Inc., as buyer, and American Senior Living Limited Partnership; American Senior Living of Fort Walton Beach, FL, LLC; American Senior Living of Jacksonville, LLC; American Senior Living of Jacksonville-SNF, LLC; American Senior Living of Titusville, FL, LLC; ASL Senior Housing, LLC; American Senior Living of Destin, FL, LLC; and American Senior Living of New Port Richey, FL, LLC, as sellers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.13 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2006). Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated February 7, 2006, among PG Santa Monica Senior Housing, LP; PC Tarzana Senior Housing, LP; PG Chino Senior Lousing, LP; The Fairways Senior Housing, LLC; AEW/Careage — Federal Way, LLC; AEW/Careage — Bakersfield, LLC; and AEW/Careage — Bakersfield SNF, LLC, as sellers, and BLC Acquisitions, Inc., as buyer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.14 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2006). Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 12, 2006, by and among Brookdale Senior Living, Inc., Beta Merger Sub Corporation, and American Retirement Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 12, 2006). Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2006). Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 20, 2007). Form of Certificate for common stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 3) (No. 333-127372) filed on November 7, 2005). 113 Table of Contents 4.2 4.3 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 Stockholders Agreement, dated as of November 28, 2005, by and among Brookdale Senior Living Inc., FIT-ALT Investor LLC, Fortress Brookdale Acquisition LLC, Fortress Investment Trust II and Health Partners (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2006). Amendment No. 1 to Stockholders Agreement, dated as of July 25, 2006, by and among Brookdale Senior Living Inc., FIT-ALT Investor LLC, Fortress Registered Investment Trust, Fortress Brookdale Investment Fund LLC, FRIT Holdings LLC, and FIT Holdings LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2006). Employment Agreement dated August 9, 2005, by and between Brookdale Senior Living Inc., Brookdale Living Communities, Inc. and Mark J. Schulte (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.69 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 1) (No. 333-127372) filed on September 21, 2005).* Employment Agreement dated September 8, 2005, by and between Brookdale Senior Living Inc., Alterra Healthcare Corporation and Mark W. Ohlendorf (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.70 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 1) (No. 333-127372) filed on September 21, 2005).* Employment Agreement dated August 9, 2005, by and between Brookdale Senior Living Inc., Brookdale Living Communities, Inc. and John P. Rijos (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.71 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 1) (No. 333-127372) filed on September 21, 2005).* Employment Agreement dated September 8, 2005, by and between Brookdale Senior Living Inc., a Delaware corporation, Alterra Healthcare Corporation and Kristin A. Ferge (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.73 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 1) (No. 333-127372) filed on September 21, 2005).* Brookdale Living Communities, Inc. Employee Restricted Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.75 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 1) (No. 333-127372) filed on September 21, 2005).* Award Agreement dated August 9, 2005, by and between Brookdale Living Communities, Inc. and Mark J. Schulte (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.76 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 1) (No. 333-127372) filed on September 21, 2005).* Award Agreement dated August 9, 2005, by and between Brookdale Living Communities, Inc. and John P. Rijos (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.77 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 1) (No. 333-127372) filed on September 21, 2005).* FEBC-ALT Investors LLC Employee Restricted Securities Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.80 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 1) (No. 333-127372) filed on September 21, 2005).* Award Agreement dated August 5, 2005, by and between FEBC-ALT Investors LLC and Mark W. Ohlendorf (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.81 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 1) (No. 333-127372) filed on September 21, 2005).* Award Agreement dated August 5, 2005, by and between FEBC-ALT Investors LLC and Kristin A. Ferge (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.82 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 1) (No. 333-127372) filed on September 21, 2005).* Exchange and Stockholder Agreement, dated September 30, 2005, by and among Brookdale Senior Living Inc., Fortress Brookdale Acquisition LLC and Mark J. Schulte (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.86 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 2) (No. 333-127372) filed on October 11, 2005).* 114 Table of Contents 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21.1 10.21.2 Consent to Change of Control and Third Amendment to Master Lease, dated April 1, 2006, by and between Health Care Property Investors, Inc., Texas HCP Holding, L.P., ARC Richmond Place Real Estate Holdings, LLC, ARC Holland Real Estate Holdings, LLC, ARC Sun City Center Real Estate Holdings, LLC, and ARC LaBarc Real Estate Holdings, LLC, on the one hand, and Fort Austin Limited Partnership, ARC Santa Catalina, Inc., ARC Richmond Place, Inc., Freedom Village of Holland, Michigan, Freedom Village of Sun City Center, Ltd., LaBarc, L.P. and Park Place Investments, LLC, on the other hand, and ARCPI Holdings, Inc. and American Retirement Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2006). Second Amended and Restated Master Lease Agreement, dated as of April 7, 2006, among Health Care REIT, Inc., HCRI North Carolina Properties III, Limited Partnership, HCRI Tennessee Properties, Inc., HCRI Indiana Properties, LLC, HCRI Wisconsin Properties, LLC, and HCRI Texas Properties, Ltd., and Alterra Healthcare Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-135030) filed on June 14, 2006). Investment Agreement, dated as of May 12, 2006, by and among Brookdale Senior Living Inc. and RIC Coinvestment Fund LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 12, 2006). Form of Option Agreement, by and among Brookdale Senior Living Inc. and RIC Coinvestment Fund LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 12, 2006). Employment Agreement, dated May 12, 2006, by and between Brookdale Senior Living Inc. and W.E. Sheriff (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 12, 2006).* Form of Employment Agreement for Gregory B. Richard, George T. Hicks, Bryan D. Richardson and H. Todd Kaestner (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 12, 2006).* Separation Agreement and General Release, dated September 15, 2006, between Brookdale Senior Living Inc. and R. Stanley Young (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 18, 2006).* Separation Agreement and General Release dated September 15, 2006 between Brookdale Senior Living Inc. and Deborah C. Paskin (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 18, 2006).* Employment Agreement, dated September 25, 2006, by and between Brookdale Senior Living Inc. and T. Andrew Smith (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 26, 2006).* Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2006, among Brookdale Senior Living Inc., as Borrower, the several lenders from time to time parties thereto, Lehman Brothers Inc. and Citigroup Global Markets Inc., as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners, Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., LaSalle Bank National Association and Banc of America Securities LLC, as co-arrangers, LaSalle Bank National Association and Bank of America, N.A., as co-syndication agents, Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P. and Citicorp North America, Inc., as co-documentation agents, and Lehman Commercial Paper Inc., as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2006). Amended and Restated Guarantee and Pledge Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2006, made by Brookdale Senior Living Inc. and certain of its Subsidiaries in favor of Lehman Commercial Paper Inc., as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2006). 115 Table of Contents 10.21.3 10.22.1 10.22.2 10.22.3 10.22.4 10.22.5 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 First Amendment, Consent and Waiver, dated as of October 10, 2007, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2006, among Brookdale Senior Living Inc., the several lenders from time to time parties thereto, Lehman Brothers Inc. and Citigroup Global Markets Inc., as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners, Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., LaSalle Bank National Association and Banc of America Securities LLC, as co-arrangers, LaSalle Bank National Association and Bank of America, N.A., as co-syndication agents, Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P. and Citicorp North America, Inc., as co-documentation agents, and Lehman Commercial Paper Inc., as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2007). Brookdale Senior Living Inc. Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective June 12, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2007).* Form of Restricted Share Agreement under the Brookdale Senior Living Inc. Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan (Three Year Time- Vesting; No Dividends) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2007).* Form of Restricted Share Agreement under the Brookdale Senior Living Inc. Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan (Five Year Time-Vesting; With Dividends) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2007).* Form of Restricted Share Agreement under the Brookdale Senior Living Inc. Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan (Four Year Performance/Time-Vesting; With Dividends) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2007).* Form of Restricted Share Agreement under the Brookdale Senior Living Inc. Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan (Four Year Performance/Time-Vesting; No Dividends) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2007).* Separation Agreement and General Release, dated February 7, 2008, between Brookdale Senior Living Inc. and Mark J. Schulte (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 11, 2008).* Separation Agreement and General Release and Consulting Agreement, dated February 11, 2008, between Brookdale Senior Living Inc. and Paul A. Froning (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 11, 2008).* Second Amendment, dated as of May 12, 2008, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2006, among Brookdale Senior Living Inc., the several lenders from time to time parties thereto, Lehman Brothers Inc. and Citigroup Global Markets Inc., as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners, Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., LaSalle Bank National Association and Banc of America Securities LLC, as co-arrangers, LaSalle Bank National Association and Bank of America, N.A., as co- syndication agents, Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P. and Citicorp North America, Inc., as co-documentation agents, and Lehman Commercial Paper Inc., as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 14, 2008). Brookdale Senior Living Inc. Associate Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 11, 2008).* Third Amendment, effective as of October 27, 2008, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2006, among Brookdale Senior Living Inc., the several lenders parties thereto, and Bank of America, N.A., as successor administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 31, 2008). Fourth Amendment, dated as of January 14, 2009, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2006, among Brookdale Senior Living Inc., the several lenders parties thereto, and Bank of America, N.A., as successor administrative agent. Fifth Amendment, dated as of February 9, 2009, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2006, among Brookdale Senior Living Inc., the several lenders parties thereto, and Bank of America, N.A., as successor administrative agent. Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of February 27, 2009, among Brookdale Senior Living Inc., certain of its subsidiaries, the several lenders parties thereto, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent. 116 Table of Contents 10.31 10.32 21 23 31.1 31.2 32 Pledge Agreement, dated as of February 27, 2009, among Brookdale Senior Living Inc., certain of its subsidiaries, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent. Security Agreement, dated as of February 27, 2009, among certain subsidiaries of Brookdale Senior Living Inc. and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent. Subsidiaries of the Registrant. Consent of Ernst & Young LLP. Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. * Management Contract or Compensatory Plan 117 EXHIBIT 31.1 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, W.E. Sheriff, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Brookdale Senior Living Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 2, 2009 /s/ W.E. Sheriff W.E. Sheriff Chief Executive Officer EXHIBIT 31.2 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Mark W. Ohlendorf, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Brookdale Senior Living Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 2, 2009 /s/ Mark W. Ohlendorf Mark W. Ohlendorf Chief Financial Officer EXHIBIT 32 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Brookdale Senior Living Inc. (the “Company”) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), W.E. Sheriff, as Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Mark W. Ohlendorf, as Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ W.E. Sheriff Name: W.E. Sheriff Title: Date: Chief Executive Officer March 2, 2009 /s/ Mark W. Ohlendorf Name: Mark W. Ohlendorf Title: Date: Chief Financial Officer March 2, 2009 

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