2018 ANNUAL POSITIONED FOR REPORT ADVANTAGED GROWTH Cabot Corporation is a leading global specialty chemicals and performance materials company headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. We strive to be the most innovative, respected and responsible leader in our markets — delivering performance that makes a difference. As a market leader, we collaborate with customers to find innovative solutions that will help them advance their own products for a wide range of industries, from transportation and infrastructure to environment and consumer goods. Our customers worldwide trust our solutions to help them address their needs and accelerate innovation in key applications — creating value and delivering an advantage over the competition. Our global network consists of 45 manufacturing facilities throughout 21 countries. All are joined by our commitment and continued dedication to safety, health and environmental leadership and progress. 2 OUR BUSINESS SEGMENTS PERFORMANCE CHEMICALS Specialty Carbons and Formulations; Metal Oxides Specialty additives that enable performance in: plastics, wire and cable, toners, coatings, adhesives and sealants, electronics, batteries, inks, inkjet printing, composites, silicones, building construction materials, industrial insulation PURIFICATION SOLUTIONS Activated Carbon Activated carbon for purification in various applications including: air and water, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, catalysts REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS Rubber Blacks; Elastomer Composites Carbon black to reinforce and optimize the performance of rubber products including: tires, hoses, belts, molded goods SPECIALTY FLUIDS Cesium Formate Brines; Fine Cesium Chemicals Advanced cesium products for use in: oil and gas well drilling and completion fluids, catalysts, titanium dioxide, glass, brazing fluxes 3 CABOT CORPORATION A MESSAGE TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS Fiscal 2018 was an exceptional year for Cabot Corporation, as we delivered record-setting performance and advanced strategic long-term advantaged growth investments. Our success is due to the remarkable efforts put forth by the entire Cabot team, who worked tirelessly to execute our “Advancing the Core” strategy. ” Since the launch of our strategy in 2016, we have met or exceeded the financial targets we set forth and have invested our free cash flow in a balanced fashion to drive long-term growth and return capital to shareholders. Our strategy is built on three pillars: (cid:139) Investing for growth in our core businesses (cid:139) Driving application innovation with our customers (cid:139) Generating strong cash flows through efficiency and optimization We are guided by our long-term strategy and Cabot is in a unique position to leverage long-term structural shifts in our core value chains to extend our leadership positions. Over the past 20 years, the tire industry has migrated to Asia Pacific, particularly China. Today, nearly 40% of the world’s tires are produced in China. Our customers depend on us for our leading products and supply reliability, and our Reinforcement Materials segment is a recognized leader among global carbon black players in China in terms of scale, energy recovery, environmental controls and reputation. In our fumed silica business, we have witnessed a similar structural shift in which approximately 40% of the world’s silicones are now produced in China. Cabot has developed unique and durable partnerships with key silicone players to establish the leading fumed silica franchise in China. Finally, our specialty compounds network of plants has been repositioned to leverage the growth in plastics converting in the low cost polymer producing regions of North America and the Middle East. Each of these value chains is critical for Cabot’s long-term success and we are positioned for advantaged growth as we move forward. Throughout 2018, we continued to invest for advantaged growth. We made strategic investments to increase our network capacity and optimize our assets to meet the growing demand for our products. The acquisition of Tech Blend, a leading North American producer of black masterbatches, expanded our global capabilities of our specialty compounds business, and the acquisition of a new carbon black plant in Pizhou, China is a highly capital efficient plant acquisition that we intend to convert and upgrade to support long-term growth in our specialty carbons product line. Additionally, we announced investments for additional capacity in our global carbon black network through capital efficient debottlenecks and an expansion at our facility in Cilegon, Indonesia. Driving application innovation with our customers is a key pillar of our strategy and in 2018 we advanced strategic opportunities by bringing together the unique benefits of our upstream particle expertise and downstream formulation development. A great example of this effort is our success in batteries. There is no doubt that energy storage will become a large market for the materials industry and Cabot is well positioned to capitalize on this trend given the importance of conductive carbon additives in battery formulations. We are the technology leader for advanced lead-acid batteries and our LITX® conductive additives are being adopted by major OEMs in next-generation lithium-ion RETURNED $222 MILLION TO SHAREHOLDERS ADJUSTED EPS GROWTH 14% INCREASE* DISCRETIONARY FREE CASH FLOW $253 MILLION* 4 * Non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to non-GAAP reconciliations on page 10. 2018 ANNUAL REPORT batteries. To further our leadership in this area, we also acquired a unique technology for advanced carbon materials that will enable differentiated performance in conductive and reinforcing applications. Our application “know-how” and suite of technologies for batteries drove revenue growth of over 70% in our energy materials product line in 2018 and will enable significant growth in this application over the next five to ten years. I am immensely proud of our achievements in sustainability. We recognize that responsible business practices are essential to our success, and throughout the past year we focused on further integrating sustainability in our product innovation, operations and business strategy. In 2018, we were recognized as one of the 100 Best Corporate Citizens by Corporate Responsibility Magazine. We also became the first chemical company in China to be RC14001® certified by auditors from the international registrar, BSI. For the third consecutive year, we achieved a gold rating from EcoVadis for our performance in sustainability. We have long believed that sustainability plays a crucial role in our long-term growth strategy, and our achievements underscore the need to continue our relentless pursuit of safety, health and environmental excellence, particularly as our customers and communities around the world continue to demand more of corporate citizens. Our aim is to sustainably grow the earnings and cash flow of Cabot over the long-term so that we can invest in advantaged growth projects while returning capital to shareholders. I am very pleased with the Company’s financial performance this year. In 2018, we delivered a record adjusted earnings per share (EPS) of $4.03, an increase of 14% from the prior fiscal year. Additionally, we delivered on our commitment to return cash to our shareholders, as we generated discretionary free cash flow of $253 million and returned $222 million to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. Our success is due to our dedicated and talented team whose diverse skills, passion and perspectives are driving our business forward. We recognize that sustainable growth won’t come simply from working harder. It requires us to pursue our work with an external orientation in everything we do. On this front, we welcomed new colleagues to our executive committee and key leadership teams whose new ideas and perspectives are driving innovations across the organization. As we look ahead, I am confident that our industry leadership and investments in our core businesses position us to deliver advantaged growth. We are a company that is driven to generate lasting value for our customers, shareholders, employees and the communities where we operate. Thank you for your continued interest and support of Cabot. This is a great time to be at Cabot, and I am excited for the years ahead. Thank you, Sean D. Keohane Sean D Keohane President and Chief Executive Officer “ I am confident that our industry leadership and investments in our core businesses position us to deliver advantaged growth.” 5 CABOT CORPORATION 2 0 1 8 M I L E S T O N E S ANNOUNCED PATRICIA HUBBARD AS CTO We started off the year by welcoming Patricia Hubbard to Cabot in the position of Chief Technology Officer. Patricia plays an instrumental role in shaping and driving our technology strategy to support our business objectives. ACQUIRED TECH BLEND LAUNCHED DIVERSITY & INCLUSION COMMITTEE As we continue our journey toward creating a more inclusive and diverse organization, we hired a director of Diversity and Inclusion and launched our Diversity and Inclusion Steering Committee, comprised of business leaders from across the company who will help set objectives and support global and local initiatives to make Cabot a model organization of diversity and inclusiveness. ACQUIRED NANOSTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY We completed the acquisition of Tech Blend, a leading North American producer of black masterbatches, which now operates as Cabot Plastics Canada, LP within our global specialty compounds business. Cabot acquired a unique nanostructure technology that will aid our efforts to develop new carbon solutions for applications such as energy materials and conductive compounds. RECEIVED RC14001® CERTIFICATION IN TIANJIN Our manufacturing facility in Tianjin became the first chemical plant in China to be certified by auditors from the international registrar, BSI, in accordance with the Responsible Care® 14001 standard. We continue to work toward certification for every Cabot site in China. 6 2018 ANNUAL REPORT CELEBRATED INAUGURATION OF NEW PRODUCTION LINE IN PEPINSTER Our masterbatch site in Pepinster, Belgium, celebrated the inauguration of a new production line that will increase capacity and enhance production capabilities for plastic formulations, including conductive and engineering thermoplastic formulations. CELEBRATED 30TH ANNIVERSARY IN CHINA LAUNCHED EXPANSION AND DEBOTTLENECKING PROJECTS In 1988, Cabot ventured to Shanghai as one of the first foreign-funded enterprises. Thirty years later, we’ve rooted ourselves in the Chinese market and expanded our footprint to also include facilities in Jiangxi, Tianjin, Xingtai, Pizhou and Wuhai. NAMED TO CR MAGAZINE’S 100 BEST CORPORATE CITIZENS We received the honor of being named to Corporate Responsibility (CR) Magazine’s 2018 list of the 100 Best Corporate Citizens. This is a testament to our values and demonstrates that we are making notable progress in our sustainability efforts. Corporate Responsibility Magazine’s 100 BEST CORPORATE CITIZENS 2018 We announced an expansion project at our facility in Cilegon, Indonesia, along with operational improvements and debottlenecking projects. These projects will expand our global carbon black capacity by over 300,000 metric tons. LAUNCHED SUSTAINABILITY ADVISORY COMMITTEE We formed a Sustainability Advisory Committee comprised of leaders representing a cross-section of our regions, functions and businesses to help support the strategic integration of sustainability throughout the company, while accelerating our sustainability progress. AWARDED DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (DOE) GRANT FOR ENERGY MATERIALS We were selected to participate in the Department of Energy’s (DOE) $80 million research program in advanced vehicle technologies. Our project will focus on researching and developing low-cobalt active cathode formulations for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. 7 CABOT CORPORATION CABOT CORPORATION FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS (dollars in USD millions, except per share amounts) Fiscal Year Operating Results Operating revenues Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation(2) Per diluted common share(2) Adjusted earnings per share(3) Financial Positions Total assets Net property, plant and equipment Stockholders’ equity 2016(1) 2017(1) 2018 $2,411 $147 $2.32 $3.10 $2,717 $3,242 $248 $3.91 $3.54 $(113) $(1.85) $4.03 $3,052 $3,338 $3,244 $1,290 $1,389 $1,305 $1,625 $1,296 $1,279 Adjusted EBIT ($M) (3) $M/fiscal year Adjusted Earnings Per Share ($) (3) $ per share/fiscal year $450 $400 $350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 2016 (1) 2017 (1) 2018 $4.50 $4.00 $3.50 $3.00 $2.50 $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 $ .50 $ 0 2016 (1) 2017 (1) 2018 (1) In fiscal 2018, the Company elected to change its inventory valuation method of accounting for its U.S. carbon black inventories from the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) method to the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. The Company applied this change retrospectively and fiscal 2017 and 2016 balances have been updated as discussed in Note A of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. (2) Fiscal 2018 results include after-tax certain items totaling a charge of $365 million, or $5.88 per share. The certain items charge is primarily due to the Purification Solutions impairment and the impact from the recent U.S. tax reform. (3) Non-GAAP financial measure, excludes financial results of divested businesses and certain items. Refer to non-GAAP reconciliations on page 10 for a reconciliation of these measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. 8 2018 ANNUAL REPORT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE GRAPH The graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on Cabot common stock for the five-year period ending September 30, 2018 with the S&P 500 Chemicals Index and the S&P Midcap 400 Index. The comparisons assume the investment of $100 on October 1, 2013 in Cabot’s common stock and in each of the indices and the reinvestment of all dividends. $200 $175 $150 $125 $100 $75 $50 $172.91 $163.23 $161.43 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Cabot Corporation S&P 500 Chemicals Index S&P Midcap 400 Index 9 CABOT CORPORATION FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE NON-GAAP RECONCILIATIONS Adjusted EPS, adjusted EBIT and discretionary free cash flow are not measures of financial performance under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and should not be considered in isolation from, or as replacements for, earnings per share from continuing operations or income from continuing operations before taxes determined in accordance with GAAP, nor as substitutes for measures of profitability or performance reported in accordance with GAAP. These non-GAAP measures exclude certain items of expense or income that management does not consider representative of our ongoing performance. The following tables reconcile non-GAAP measures used in this report to the closest GAAP measure. Reconciliation of Adjusted Earnings Per Share (EPS) Per Share / Fiscal Year Net income (loss) per share attributable to Cabot Corporation(1) Less: Net income (loss) per share from discontinued operations Net income (loss) per share from continuing operations(1) 2016 $2.32 $0.02 $2.30 2017 2018 $3.91 $(1.85) $ - $ - $3.91 $(1.85) Less: Certain items per share and dilutive impact of shares(1) $(0.80) $0.37 $(5.88) Adjusted earnings per share $3.10 $3.54 $4.03 Reconciliation of Adjusted Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) Dollars in Millions / Fiscal Year Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies(1) 2016 2017 2018 $191 $299 $117 Interest expense Certain items(1) General unallocated expense Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Adjusted EBIT $54 $81 $(4) $3 $53 $3 $(3) $7 $325 $359 Reconciliation of Discretionary Free Cash Flow Dollars in Millions / Fiscal Year Cash flow from operating activities(2) Less: Changes in net working capital(3) Less: Sustaining and compliance capital expenditures Discretionary Free Cash Flow $54 $248 $(2) $2 $419 2018 $298 $(110) $155 $253 (1) Fiscal 2018 results include after-tax certain items totaling a charge of $365 million, or $5.88 per share. The certain items charge is primarily due to the Purification Solutions impairment and the impact from the recent U.S. tax reform. (2) As provided in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the presented period. (3) Defined as changes in accounts receivable, inventory and accounts payable and accrued liabilities as presented on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the presented period. 10 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K (cid:3) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2018 or (cid:4) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 1-5667 Cabot Corporation (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) Two Seaport Lane, Suite 1300 Boston, Massachusetts (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 04-2271897 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 02210 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 345-0100 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: Common Stock, Par Value $1.00 per share, traded on the New York Stock Exchange. Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: None. Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:3) No (cid:4) Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:4) No (cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes (cid:3) No (cid:4) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes (cid:3) No (cid:4) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. (cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer (cid:3) Non-accelerated filer (cid:4) Emerging growth company (cid:4) Accelerated filer (cid:4) Smaller reporting company (cid:4) If an emerging growth company, indicate by checkmark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. (cid:4) Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes (cid:4) No (cid:3) As of the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (March 31, 2018), the aggregate market value of the Registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was $3,409,628,603. As of November 15, 2018, there were 60,029,055 shares of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding. Portions of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I ITEM 1. Business........................................................................................................................................................................... ITEM 1A. Risk Factors ..................................................................................................................................................................... ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments ........................................................................................................................................... ITEM 2. ITEM 3. ITEM 4. ITEM 5. ITEM 6. ITEM 7. Properties........................................................................................................................................................................ Legal Proceedings............................................................................................................................................................ Mine Safety Disclosures .................................................................................................................................................. PART II Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities ..... Selected Financial Data ................................................................................................................................................... Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ........................................... ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk......................................................................................... ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.............................................................................................................. ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure .......................................... ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures................................................................................................................................................. ITEM 9B. Other Information........................................................................................................................................................... PART III ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance ............................................................................................... ITEM 11. Executive Compensation ................................................................................................................................................. ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ............................ ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ............................................................... ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services ........................................................................................................................... ITEM 15. ITEM 16. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.......................................................................................................................... Form 10-K Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... PART IV 3 10 15 16 18 19 21 21 25 41 43 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 97 99 Signatures........................................................................................................................................................................................... 100 2 Information Relating to Forward-Looking Statements This annual report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” under the Federal securities laws. These forward- looking statements address expectations or projections about the future, including our expectations regarding our future business performance and overall prospects; segment growth; demand for our products; when we expect construction of our new fumed silica plants in Wuhai, China and Carrollton, Kentucky and the capacity expansion project at our Cilegon, Indonesia facility to be completed; when we expect production to begin at our new facility in Jiangsu Province, China; when we expect to receive cesium ore under our agreement with Pioneer Resources Limited; the sufficiency of our cash on hand, cash provided from operations and cash available under our credit and commercial paper facilities to fund our cash requirements; anticipated capital spending, including environmental-related capital expenditures; cash requirements and uses of available cash, including future cash outlays associated with repaying our debt that matures in December 2018, long-term contractual obligations, restructurings, contributions to employee benefit plans, environmental remediation costs and future respirator liabilities; exposure to interest rate and foreign exchange risk; future benefit plan payments we expect to make; future amortization expenses; the impact we expect tax reform legislation in the U.S. to have on our future after-tax earnings and liquidity position, and our expected tax rate for fiscal 2019; our ability to recover deferred tax assets; and the possible outcome of legal and environmental proceedings. From time to time, we also provide forward-looking statements in other materials we release to the public and in oral statements made by authorized officers. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties, potentially inaccurate assumptions, and other factors, some of which are beyond our control or difficult to predict. If known or unknown risks materialize, our actual results could differ materially from past results and from those expressed in the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements are described in Item 1A in this report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Investors are advised, however, to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our 10-Q and 8-K reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Item 1. General Business PART I Cabot is a global specialty chemicals and performance materials company headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. Our principal products are rubber and specialty grade carbon blacks, specialty compounds, fumed metal oxides, activated carbons, inkjet colorants, aerogel, cesium formate drilling fluids, and fine cesium chemicals. Cabot and its affiliates have manufacturing facilities and operations in the United States (“U.S.”) and over 20 other countries. Cabot’s business was founded in 1882 and incorporated in the State of Delaware in 1960. The terms “Cabot”, “Company”, “we”, and “our” as used in this report refer to Cabot Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries. Our vision is to be the most innovative, respected and responsible leader in our markets – delivering performance that makes a difference. Our strategy is to extend our leadership in performance materials by investing for growth in our core businesses, driving application innovation with our customers, and generating strong cash flows through efficiency and optimization. Our products are generally based on technical expertise and innovation in one or more of our four core competencies: making and handling very fine particles; modifying the surfaces of very fine particles to alter their functionality; designing particles to impart specific properties to a formulation; and combining particles with other ingredients to deliver a formulated performance intermediate or composite. We focus on creating particles, and formulations of those particles, with the composition, morphology, and surface functionalities to deliver the requisite performance to support our customers’ existing and emerging applications. Our four business segments are: Reinforcement Materials; Performance Chemicals; Purification Solutions; and Specialty Fluids. The business segments are discussed in more detail later in this section. Our internet address is www.cabotcorp.com. We make available free of charge on or through our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such material with, or furnishing it to, the SEC. Information appearing on our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated in, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 3 Reinforcement Materials Products Carbon black is a form of elemental carbon that is manufactured in a highly controlled process to produce particles and aggregates of varied structure and surface chemistry, resulting in many different performance characteristics for a wide variety of applications. Rubber grade carbon blacks are used to enhance the physical properties of the systems and applications in which they are incorporated. Our rubber blacks products are used in tires and industrial products. Rubber blacks have traditionally been used in the tire industry as a rubber reinforcing agent to increase tread durability and are also used as a performance additive to reduce rolling resistance and improve traction. In industrial products such as hoses, belts, extruded profiles and molded goods, rubber blacks are used to improve the physical performance of the product, including the product’s physical strength, fluid resistance, conductivity and resistivity. In addition to our rubber blacks products, we manufacture compounds of carbon black and rubber using our patented elastomer composites manufacturing process. These compounds improve abrasion/wear resistance, reduce fatigue of rubber parts and reduce rolling resistance compared to carbon black/rubber compounds made by conventional dry mix methods. Sales and Customers Sales of rubber blacks products are made by Cabot employees and through distributors and sales representatives. Sales to three major tire customers represent a material portion of Reinforcement Materials’ total net sales and operating revenues. The loss of any of these customers, or a significant reduction in volumes sold to them, could have a material adverse effect on the segment. Under appropriate circumstances, we have entered into supply arrangements with certain customers, the typical duration of which is one to two years. Most of these arrangements provide for sales price adjustments to account for changes in relevant feedstock indices and, in some cases, changes in other relevant costs (such as the cost of natural gas). In fiscal 2018, approximately half of our rubber blacks volume was sold under these supply arrangements. The majority of the volumes sold under these arrangements are sold to customers in the Americas and Europe. We licensed our patented elastomer composites manufacturing process to Manufacture Francaise des Pneumatiques Michelin for their exclusive use in tire applications through fiscal 2017, and for a period of limited exclusivity in tire applications through fiscal 2019. As consideration, we receive quarterly royalty payments extending through calendar year 2022. Much of the rubber blacks we sell is used in tires and automotive products and, therefore, our financial results may be affected by the cyclical nature of the automotive industry. However, a large portion of the market for our products is in replacement tires that historically have been less subject to automotive industry cycles. Competition We are one of the leading manufacturers of carbon black in the world. We compete in the sale of carbon black with two companies that operate globally and numerous other companies that operate regionally, a number of which export product outside their region. Competition for our Reinforcement Materials products is based on product performance, quality, reliability, price, service, technical innovation, and logistics. We believe our product differentiation, technological leadership, global manufacturing presence, operations and logistics excellence and customer service provide us with a competitive advantage. Raw Materials The principal raw material used in the manufacture of carbon black is a portion of the residual heavy oils derived from petroleum refining operations, the distillation of coal tars, and the production of ethylene throughout the world. Natural gas is also used in the production of carbon black. Raw materials are, in general, readily available and in adequate supply. Raw material costs generally are influenced by the availability of various types of carbon black feedstock and natural gas, supply and demand of such raw materials and related transportation costs. Operations We own, or have a controlling interest in, and operate plants that produce rubber blacks in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, the Czech Republic, France, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands and the U.S. An equity affiliate operates a carbon black plant in Venezuela. 4 The following table shows our ownership interest as of September 30, 2018 in rubber blacks operations in which we own less than 100%: Location Shanghai, China Tianjin, China Xingtai City, China Valasske Mezirici (Valmez), Czech Republic Cilegon, Indonesia Valencia, Venezuela Percentage Interest 70% (consolidated subsidiary) 70% (consolidated subsidiary) 60% (consolidated subsidiary) 52% (consolidated subsidiary) 98% (consolidated subsidiary) 49% (equity affiliate) In connection with our acquisition of our former joint venture partner’s interest in our plant in Altamira, Mexico, we issued the former partner shares of redeemable preferred stock in the Altamira entity. We repurchased the preferred stock in November 2018. During fiscal 2018, we announced that we will add approximately 160,000 metric tons of capacity through an expansion of our facility in Cilegon, Indonesia. We anticipate that product from this expansion will be available for sale starting in 2021. Performance Chemicals Performance Chemicals is composed of two businesses: (i) our Specialty Carbons and Formulations business, which manufactures and sells specialty grades of carbon black, specialty compounds and inkjet colorants and inks, and (ii) our Metal Oxides business, which manufactures and sells fumed silica, fumed alumina and dispersions thereof and aerogel. Beginning October 1, 2018, we will combine the specialty carbons, fumed metal oxides and aerogel product lines into our Performance Additives business, and our specialty compounds and inkjet product lines into our Formulated Solutions business. In Performance Chemicals, we design, manufacture and sell materials that deliver performance in a broad range of customer applications across the automotive, construction, infrastructure, energy, inkjet printing, electronics, and consumer products sectors. Products Specialty Carbons and Formulations Business Carbon black is a form of elemental carbon that is manufactured in a highly controlled process to produce particles and aggregates of varied structure and surface chemistry, resulting in many different performance characteristics for a wide variety of applications. Our specialty grades of carbon black are used to impart color, provide rheology control, enhance conductivity and static charge control, provide UV protection, enhance mechanical properties, and provide formulation flexibility through surface treatment. These specialty carbon products are used in a wide variety of applications, such as inks, coatings, plastics, adhesives, toners, batteries, and displays. Our masterbatch and conductive compound products, which we refer to as “specialty compounds”, are formulations derived from specialty grades of carbon black mixed with polymers and other additives. These products are generally used by plastic resin producers and converters in applications for the automotive, industrial, packaging, consumer products, and electronics industries. As an alternative to directly mixing specialty carbon blacks, these formulations offer greater ease of handling and help customers achieve their desired levels of dispersion and color and manage the addition of small doses of additives. In addition, our electrically conductive compound products generally are used to reduce risks associated with electrostatic discharge in plastics applications. Our inkjet colorants are high-quality pigment-based black and color dispersions based on our patented carbon black surface modification technology. The dispersions are used in aqueous inkjet inks to impart color, sharp print characteristics and durability, while maintaining high printhead reliability. These products are used in various inkjet printing applications, including commercial printing, small office/home office and corporate office, and niche applications that require a high level of dispersibility and colloidal stability. Our inkjet inks, which utilize our pigment-based colorant dispersions, are used in the commercial printing segment for digital print. Metal Oxides Business Fumed silica is an ultra-fine, high-purity particle used as a reinforcing, thickening, abrasive, thixotropic, suspending or anti- caking agent in a wide variety of products for the automotive, construction, microelectronics, batteries, and consumer products industries. These products include adhesives, sealants, cosmetics, batteries, inks, toners, silicone elastomers, coatings, polishing slurries and pharmaceuticals. Fumed alumina, also an ultra-fine, high-purity particle, is used as an abrasive, absorbent or barrier agent in a variety of products, such as inkjet media, lighting, coatings, cosmetics and polishing slurries. 5 Aerogel is a hydrophobic, silica-based particle with a high surface area that is used in a variety of thermal insulation and specialty chemical applications. In the building and construction industry, the product is used in insulative sprayable plasters and composite building products, as well as translucent skylight, window, wall and roof systems for insulating eco-daylighting applications. In the specialty chemicals industry, the product is used to provide matte finishing, insulating and thickening properties for use in a variety of applications. Sales and Customers Sales of these products are made by Cabot employees and through distributors and sales representatives. In our Specialty Carbons and Formulations business, sales are generally to a broad number of customers. In our Metal Oxides business, sales under contracts with two customers have accounted for a substantial portion of the revenue. Competition We are a leading producer of the products we sell in this segment. We compete in the sale of carbon black with two companies that operate globally and numerous other companies that operate regionally, a number of which export product outside their region. For fumed silica, we compete primarily with two companies with a global presence and several other companies which have a regional presence. For aerogel, we compete principally with one other company that produces aerogel products. We also compete with non-aerogel insulation products manufactured by regional companies throughout the world. We compete with several companies that produce specialty compounds. Our inkjet colorants and inks are designed to replace traditional pigment dispersions and dyes used in inkjet printing applications. Competitive products for inkjet colorants are organic dyes and other dispersed pigments manufactured and marketed by large chemical companies and small independent producers. Competition for our Performance Chemicals products is based on product performance, quality, reliability, service, technical innovation and price. We believe our product differentiation, technological leadership, operations excellence and customer service provide us with a competitive advantage. Raw Materials Raw materials for our products are, in general, readily available and in adequate supply. The principal raw material used in the manufacture of carbon black is a portion of the residual heavy oils derived from petroleum refining operations, the distillation of coal tars, and the production of ethylene throughout the world. Natural gas is also used in the production of carbon black. These raw material costs generally are influenced by the availability of various types of carbon black feedstock and natural gas, supply and demand of such raw materials and related transportation costs. Raw materials for the production of fumed silica are various chlorosilane feedstocks. We purchase feedstocks and for some customers convert their feedstock to product on a fee-basis (so called “toll conversion”). We also purchase aluminum chloride as feedstock for the production of fumed alumina. We have long-term procurement contracts or arrangements in place for the purchase of fumed silica feedstock, which we believe will enable us to meet our raw material requirements for the foreseeable future. In addition, we buy some raw materials in the spot market to help ensure flexibility and minimize costs. The principal raw materials for the production of aerogel are silica sol and/or sodium silicate. The primary raw materials used for our specialty compounds include carbon black, primarily sourced from our carbon black plants, thermoplastic resins and mineral fillers supplied from various sources. Raw materials for inkjet colorants include carbon black sourced from our carbon black plants, organic pigments and other treating agents available from various sources. Raw materials for inkjet inks include pigment dispersions, solvents and other additives. Operations We own, or have a controlling interest in, and operate plants that produce specialty grades of carbon black primarily in China, the Netherlands and the U.S. We also own, or have a controlling interest in, manufacturing plants that produce fumed metal oxides in China, Germany, the United Kingdom (“U.K”), and the U.S. and a manufacturing plant that produces aerogel in Frankfurt, Germany. An equity affiliate operates a fumed metal oxides plant in India. Our specialty compounds are produced in facilities that we own, or have a controlling interest in, located in Belgium, Canada, China and the United Arab Emirates. Our inkjet colorants and inks are manufactured at our facility in Haverhill, Massachusetts. The following table shows our ownership interest as of September 30, 2018 in these segment operations in which we own less than 100%: Location Tianjin, China Jiangxi Province, China Mettur Dam, India Percentage Interest 90% (consolidated subsidiary) 90% (consolidated subsidiary) 50% (equity affiliate) 6 As part of our strategy to invest for growth in our core businesses, we have announced a number of capacity expansions. In September 2018, we acquired NSCC Carbon (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd. from Nippon Steel Carbon Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Nippon Steel Chemical & Material Co., Ltd. We plan to modify this 50,000-metric ton manufacturing facility in Pizhou, Jiangsu Province, China to produce specialty carbons, and expect production to begin in 2021. In addition, during fiscal 2018, we purchased Tech Blend, a leading North American producer of black masterbatches, extending our geographic footprint in black masterbatch and compounds. The acquisition added a manufacturing facility in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada to our manufacturing network. We also continue to expand our fumed silica manufacturing capacity. During fiscal 2016, we entered into an agreement with Inner Mongolia Hengyecheng Silicone Co., Ltd (“HYC”) to build a fumed silica manufacturing facility in Wuhai, China in which we will hold an 80% interest and HYC will hold the remaining 20% interest. Construction of the plant began in June 2017, and we expect the plant to be completed in 2019. In addition, in fiscal 2017, we entered into an agreement with DowDuPont (“Dow”) to build a fumed silica manufacturing facility in Carrollton, Kentucky, U.S. adjacent to the existing Dow silicone monomer plant. Construction of the plant began in September 2017, and we expect the plant to be completed in 2020. Purification Solutions Products Activated carbon is a porous material consisting mainly of elemental carbon treated with heat, steam and/or chemicals to create high internal porosity, resulting in a large internal surface area that resembles a sponge. It is generally produced in two forms, powdered and granular, and is manufactured in different sizes, shapes and levels of purity and using a variety of raw materials for a wide variety of applications. Activated carbon is used to remove contaminants from liquids and gases using a process called adsorption, whereby the interconnected pores of activated carbon trap contaminants. Our activated carbon products are used for the purification of water, air, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals and other liquids and gases, as either a colorant or a decolorizing agent in the manufacture of products for food and beverage applications and as a chemical carrier in slow release applications. In gas and air applications, one of the uses of activated carbon is for the removal of mercury in flue gas streams. In certain applications, used activated carbon can be reactivated for further use by removing the contaminants from the pores of the activated carbon product. The most common applications for our reactivated carbon are water treatment and food and beverage purification. In addition to our activated carbon production and reactivation, we also provide activated carbon solutions through on-site equipment and services, including delivery systems for activated carbon injection in coal- fired utilities, mobile water filter units and carbon reactivation services. Sales and Customers Sales of activated carbon are made by Cabot employees and through distributors and sales representatives to a broad range of customers, including coal-fired utilities, food and beverage processors, water treatment plants, pharmaceutical companies and catalyst producers. Some of our sales of activated carbon are made under annual contracts or longer-term agreements, particularly in mercury removal applications. Competition We are one of the leading manufacturers of activated carbon in the world. We compete in the manufacture of activated carbon with a number of companies, some of which have a global presence and others that have a regional or local presence, although not all of these companies manufacture activated carbon for the range of applications for which we sell our products. Competition for activated carbon and activated carbon equipment and services is based on quality, price, performance, and supply-chain stability. We believe our commercial strengths include our product and application diversity, product differentiation, technological leadership, quality, cost-effective access to raw materials and scalable manufacturing capabilities. Raw Materials The principal raw materials we use in the manufacture of activated carbon are various forms of coal, including lignite, wood and other carbonaceous materials, which are, in general, readily available and we believe we have in adequate supply. We also own a lignite mine that is operated by Caddo Creek Resources Company, LLC, a subsidiary of the North American Coal Company, which supplies our Marshall, Texas facility. 7 Operations We own, or have a controlling interest in, and operate plants that produce activated carbon in Italy, the Netherlands, the U.K. and the U.S. Our affiliates operate activated carbon plants in Canada and Mexico, and during fiscal 2018 we entered into a joint venture with Eco Industrial Environmental Engineering Pte. Ltd. to construct and operate a reactivation manufacturing plant in Singapore for the manufacture and sale of reactivated carbon. The following table shows our ownership interest as of September 30, 2018 in activated carbon operations in which we own less than 100%: Location Estevan, Saskatchewan, Canada Atitalaquia, Hidalgo, Mexico Republic of Singapore Specialty Fluids Products Percentage Interest 50% (contractual joint venture) 49% (equity affiliate) 35% (equity affiliate) Our Specialty Fluids segment produces and markets a range of cesium products that include cesium formate brines and other fine cesium chemicals. Cesium formate brines are used as a drilling and completion fluid primarily in high pressure and high temperature oil and gas well construction. Cesium formate products are solids-free, high-density fluids that have a low viscosity, enabling safe and efficient well construction and workover operations. The fluid is resistant to high temperatures, minimizes damage to producing reservoirs and is readily biodegradable in accordance with the testing guidelines set by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In a majority of applications, cesium formate is blended with other formates or products. Fine cesium chemicals are used across a wide range of industries and applications that include catalysts, doping agents and brazing fluxes. Fine cesium chemicals enable process performance benefits and yield improvements, and help prevent or mitigate pollution in the applications they serve. Sales, Rental and Customers Sales of our cesium formate products are made to oil and gas operating companies directly by Cabot employees and sales representatives and indirectly through oil field service companies. We generally rent cesium formate to our customers for use in drilling operations on a short-term basis and on occasion make direct sales of cesium formate outside of the rental process. After completion of a job under our rental process, the customer returns the remaining fluid to Cabot and it is reprocessed for use in subsequent well operations. Any fluid that is not returned to Cabot is paid for by the customer. In prior years, a large portion of our fluids has been used for drilling and completion of wells in the North Sea with a limited number of customers, where we have supplied cesium formate-based fluids for both reservoir drilling and completion activities on large gas and condensate field projects in the Norwegian Continental Shelf. In fiscal 2018 we expanded the use of our fluids to drilling operations outside of the North Sea, particularly in Asia/the Middle East. Sales of our fine cesium chemicals are made by Cabot employees and through distributors and sales representatives. Competition Formate fluids compete mainly with traditional drilling fluid technologies. Competition in the well fluids business is based on product performance, quality, reliability, service, technical innovation, price, and proximity of inventory to customers’ drilling operations. We believe our commercial strengths include our unique product offerings and their performance, and our customer service. We are one of the leading manufacturers of fine cesium chemicals in the world and compete in the manufacture of fine cesium chemicals with multiple companies. We also compete with other technical solutions, which differ by application. Raw Materials The principal raw material used in this business is pollucite (cesium ore), of which we own, at our mine in Manitoba, Canada, a substantial portion of the world’s known reserves. In November 2015 we completed a development project at the mine, and in fiscal 2018 we completed an additional infrastructure improvement and mining project. We are continuing to assess options to access additional reserves in the mine, various technologies to augment our cesium supply and alternative sources of ore as demand for our cesium products warrants. In addition, during fiscal 2018, we entered into an offtake agreement with Pioneer Resources Limited to purchase 100% of the cesium ore extracted from the Sinclair Zone Cesium Deposit in Australia. We expect to receive this cesium ore in fiscal 2019. We believe we have sufficient raw material to enable us to continue to supply cesium products for the foreseeable future, based on our anticipated consumption. 8 Most oil and gas well construction jobs for which cesium formate is used require a large volume of the product. Accordingly, the Specialty Fluids business maintains a large supply of fluid. Operations Our mine and cesium formate and fine cesium chemical manufacturing facility are located in Manitoba, Canada, and we have fluid blending and reclamation facilities in Aberdeen, Scotland and in Bergen, Norway. In addition, we warehouse fluid and fine cesium chemical products at various locations around the world to support existing and potential operations. Patents and Trademarks We own and are a licensee of various patents, which expire at different times, covering many of our products as well as processes and product uses. Although the products made and sold under these patents and licenses are important to Cabot, the loss of any particular patent or license would not materially affect our business, taken as a whole. We sell our products under a variety of trademarks we own and take reasonable measures to protect them. While our trademarks are important to Cabot, the loss of any one of our trademarks would not materially affect our business, taken as a whole. Seasonality Our businesses are generally not seasonal in nature, although we may experience some regional seasonal declines during holiday periods and some weather-related seasonality in Purification Solutions. Backlog We do not consider backlog to be a significant indicator of the level of future sales activity. In general, we do not manufacture our products against a backlog of orders. Production and inventory levels are based on the level of incoming orders as well as projections of future demand. Therefore, we believe that backlog information is not material to understanding our overall business and is not a reliable indicator of our ability to achieve any particular level of revenue or financial performance. Employees As of September 30, 2018, we had approximately 4,600 employees. Some of our employees in the U.S. and abroad are covered by collective bargaining or similar agreements. We believe that our relations with our employees are generally satisfactory. Safety, Health and Environment (“SH&E”) Cabot has been named as a potentially responsible party under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (the “Superfund law”) and comparable state statutes with respect to several sites primarily associated with our divested businesses. (See “Legal Proceedings” below.) During the next several years, as remediation of various environmental sites is carried out, we expect to spend against our $15 million environmental reserve for costs associated with such remediation. Adjustments are made to the reserve based on our continuing analysis of our share of costs likely to be incurred at each site. Inherent uncertainties exist in these estimates due to unknown conditions at the various sites, changing governmental regulations and legal standards regarding liability, and changing technologies for handling site investigation and remediation. While the reserve represents our best estimate of the costs we expect to incur, the actual costs to investigate and remediate these sites may exceed the amounts accrued in the environmental reserve. While it is always possible that an unusual event may occur with respect to a given site and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in a particular period, we do not believe that the costs relating to these sites, in the aggregate, are likely to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position. Furthermore, it is possible that we may also incur future costs relating to environmental liabilities not currently known to us or as to which it is currently not possible to make an estimate. Our ongoing operations are subject to extensive federal, state, local, and foreign laws, regulations, rules, and ordinances relating to safety, health, and environmental matters (“SH&E Requirements”). These SH&E Requirements include requirements to obtain and comply with various environmental-related permits for constructing any new facilities and operating all of our existing facilities and for product registrations. We have expended and will continue to expend considerable sums to construct, maintain, operate, and improve facilities for safety, health and environmental protection and to comply with SH&E Requirements. We spent approximately $45 million in environmental-related capital expenditures at existing facilities in fiscal 2018. We anticipate spending approximately $46 million for such matters in fiscal 2019, a significant portion of which will be for the installation of air pollution control equipment and wastewater infrastructure improvements at certain of our plants. In recognition of the importance of compliance with SH&E Requirements to Cabot, our Board of Directors has a Safety, Health, Environmental, and Sustainability Committee. The Committee, which is comprised of a majority of independent directors, generally meets four times a year and oversees aspects of our sustainability program, including safety, health, and environmental performance, process safety, security, product stewardship, community engagement and governmental affairs. In particular, the Committee reviews metrics, audit results, emerging trends, overall performance, risks and opportunity assessments and management processes related to our safety, health, environmental and sustainability program. 9 The International Agency for Research on Cancer (“IARC”) classifies carbon black as a Group 2B substance (known animal carcinogen, possible human carcinogen). We have communicated IARC’s classification of carbon black to our customers and employees and have included that information in our safety data sheets and elsewhere, as appropriate. We continue to believe that the available evidence, taken as a whole, indicates that carbon black is not carcinogenic to humans, and does not present a health hazard when handled in accordance with good housekeeping and safe workplace practices as described in our safety data sheets. REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals), the European Union (“EU”) regulatory framework for chemicals developed by the European Commission (“EC”), applies to all chemical substances produced or imported into the EU in quantities greater than one metric ton a year. Manufacturers or importers of these chemical substances are required to submit specified health, safety, risk and use information about the substance to the European Chemical Agency. We have completed all required registrations under REACH to date and will continue to complete the registrations under REACH for our products in accordance with future registration deadlines. In addition, the EC recommended definition of nanomaterial is under review and an updated definition may be included in existing and future regulations. This definition, which may be used in the EU to identify materials for which special provisions such as risk assessment and ingredient labeling may be required, could apply to many of our existing products including carbon black, fumed silica, inkjet pigments and fumed alumina. Country-specific nanomaterial reporting programs have been implemented in some countries and are being developed by others. We will continue to monitor and address these requirements. Environmental agencies worldwide are increasingly implementing regulations and other requirements resulting in more restrictive air emission limits globally, particularly as they relate to nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide and particulate matter emissions. In addition, global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions impact the carbon black and activated carbon industries as carbon dioxide is emitted from those manufacturing processes. In Europe, the EU Emission Trading Scheme applies to our four carbon black facilities and one activated carbon facility. In China, two of our carbon black facilities participate in regional pilot greenhouse gas emissions trading programs associated with the development of a national trading program. The national program was implemented on a limited scale in 2018, with broader applicability expected in 2020. In Canada, our carbon black manufacturing facility was subject to the Province of Ontario’s emissions trading program, which was eliminated in 2018. That facility will be subject to the backstop Canadian carbon tax program beginning in 2019, which is still being determined. In Mexico, our carbon black facility will be subject to the recently announced cap and trade pilot program. In other regions where we operate, some of our facilities are required to report their greenhouse gas emissions, but are not currently subject to programs requiring trading or emission controls. We generally expect to purchase emission credits where necessary to respond to allocation shortfalls. In addition, air emission regulations may be adopted in the future in other regions and countries where we operate, which could have an impact on our operations. Increasing regulatory programs associated with greenhouse gas emissions and concerns regarding climate change could increase operational costs in the future. A number of organizations and regulatory agencies have become increasingly focused on the issue of water scarcity and water quality, particularly in certain geographic regions. We are engaged in various activities to promote water conservation and wastewater recycling. The costs associated with these activities are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our operations. Various U.S. agencies and international bodies have adopted security requirements applicable to certain manufacturing and industrial facilities and marine port locations. These security-related requirements involve the preparation of security assessments and security plans in some cases, and in other cases the registration of certain facilities with specified governmental authorities. We closely monitor all security-related regulatory developments and believe we are in compliance with all existing requirements. Compliance with such requirements is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our operations. Item 1A. Risk Factors In addition to factors described elsewhere in this report, the following are important factors that could adversely affect our business. The risks described below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations and financial results. Negative or uncertain worldwide or regional economic conditions or trade relations may adversely impact our business. Our operations and performance are affected by worldwide and regional economic conditions. Uncertainty or a deterioration in the economic conditions affecting the businesses to which, or geographic areas in which, we sell products could reduce demand for our products. We may also experience pricing pressure on products and services, which could decrease our revenues and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flows. In addition, during periods of economic uncertainty, our customers may temporarily pursue inventory reduction measures that exceed declines in the actual underlying demand. Our businesses are sensitive to industry capacity utilization, particularly Reinforcement Materials and Purification Solutions. As a result, pricing tends to fluctuate when capacity utilization changes occur, which could affect our financial performance. 10 In addition, current tensions in the U.S.-China trade relationship have led to the implementation by both countries of higher tariffs on imported goods from the other. If there is no satisfactory progress on trade negotiations between the countries, there could be adverse implications on our businesses and operating results in both the U.S. and China if, as a result, we encounter unexpected operating difficulties in China, more restrictive investment opportunities in China, greater difficulty transferring funds, or negative currency impacts. Further, the cost of our capital projects may be higher than anticipated because of these trade tariffs. As the U.K. has committed to a withdrawal from the EU, the future structure of trade between the U.K. and the rest of Europe is uncertain. We have production facilities within the U.K. that supply customers in the EU and customers within the U.K. that are supplied by production facilities in the EU and any future tariffs or other disruptions to these trade flows could negatively impact our business. As a chemical manufacturing company, our operations are subject to operational risks and have the potential to cause environmental or other damage as well as personal injury, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows. The operation of a chemical manufacturing business as well as the sale and distribution of chemical products are subject to operational as well as safety, health and environmental risks. For example, the production and/or processing of carbon black, specialty compounds, fumed metal oxides, aerogel, activated carbon and other chemicals involve the handling, transportation, manufacture or use of certain substances or components that may be considered toxic or hazardous. Our manufacturing processes and the transportation of our chemical products and/or the raw materials used to manufacture our products are subject to risks inherent in chemical manufacturing, including leaks, fires, explosions, toxic releases, mechanical failures or unscheduled downtime. If operational risks materialize, they could result in injury or loss of life, damage to the environment, or damage to property. In addition, the occurrence of material operating problems at our facilities or a disruption in our supply chain or distribution operations may result in loss of production, which, in turn, may make it difficult for us to meet customer needs. Accordingly, these events and their consequences could negatively impact the Company’s results of operations and cash flows, both during and after the period of operational difficulties, and could harm our reputation. A significant adverse change in a customer relationship or the failure of a customer to perform its obligations under agreements with us could harm our business or cash flows. Our success in strengthening relationships and growing business with our largest customers and retaining their business over extended time periods is important to our future results. We have a group of key customers across our businesses that together represent a significant portion of our total net sales and operating revenues. The loss of any of our important customers, or a significant reduction in volumes sold to them, could adversely affect our results of operations until such business is replaced or any temporary disruption ends. Further, in our Reinforcement Materials segment we enter into supply arrangements with a number of key customers, that have a duration of at least one year, which account for approximately half of our total rubber blacks volumes. Our success in negotiating the price and volume terms under these arrangements could have a material effect on our results. In addition, any deterioration in the financial condition of any of our customers that impairs our customers’ ability to make payments to us also could increase our uncollectible receivables and could affect our future results and financial condition. Volatility in the price and availability of raw materials and energy could impact our margins and working capital. Our manufacturing processes consume significant amounts of energy and raw materials, the costs of which are subject to worldwide supply and demand as well as other factors beyond our control. Our carbon black businesses use a variety of feedstocks as raw material including high sulfur fuel oils, low sulfur fuel oils, coal tar distillates, and ethylene cracker residue, the cost and availability of which vary, based in part on geography. Significant movements or volatility in our carbon black feedstock costs could have an adverse effect on our working capital and results of operations. In addition, regulatory changes may impact the prices of our feedstocks. For example, the International Maritime Organization regulation known as MARPOL will restrict the type of marine fuels that can be used for the shipping industry beginning January 1, 2020, which may impact the prices and availability of the feedstocks we purchase. Certain of our carbon black supply arrangements contain provisions that adjust prices to account for changes in relevant feedstock and natural gas price indices. We also attempt to offset the effects of increases in raw material and energy costs through selling price increases in our non-contract sales, productivity improvements and cost reduction efforts. Success in offsetting increased raw material and energy costs with price increases is largely influenced by competitive and economic conditions and could vary significantly depending on the segment served. Such increases may not be accepted by our customers, may not be sufficient to compensate for increased raw material and energy costs or may decrease demand for our products and our volume of sales. If we are not able to fully offset the effects of increased raw material or energy costs, it could have a significant impact on our financial results. Rapid declines in energy and raw material costs can also negatively impact our financial results, as such changes can negatively affect the returns we receive on our energy centers and yield improvement investments, and may negatively impact our contract pricing adjustments. In addition, we use a variety of feedstock indices in our supply arrangements to adjust our prices for changes in raw materials costs. Depending on feedstock markets and our choice of feedstocks, the indices we use in our supply arrangements may not precisely track our actual costs. This could result in an incongruity between our pricing adjustments and changes in our actual feedstock costs, which can affect our margins. 11 In addition, we obtain certain of our raw materials from selected key suppliers. Although we maintain raw material inventory, if any of these suppliers is unable to meet its obligations under supply agreements with us on a timely basis or at all, we may be forced to incur higher costs to obtain the necessary raw materials elsewhere or, in certain limited cases, may not be able to obtain the required raw materials. We may not be successful achieving our growth expectations from new products, new applications and technology developments, and money we spend on these efforts may not result in a proportional increase in our revenues or profits. We may not be successful achieving our growth expectations from developing new products or product applications. Moreover, we cannot be certain that the costs we incur investing in new product and technology development will result in a proportional increase in our revenues or profits. In addition, the timely commercialization of products that we are developing may be disrupted or delayed by manufacturing or other technical difficulties, market acceptance or insufficient market size to support a new product, competitors’ new products, and difficulties in moving from the experimental stage to the production stage. These disruptions or delays could affect our future business results. Information technology systems failures, data security breaches or network disruptions could compromise our information, disrupt our operations and expose us to liability, which may adversely impact our operations. In the ordinary course of our business, we store sensitive data, including intellectual property, our proprietary business information and certain information of our customers, suppliers, business partners, and employees in our information technology systems. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this data is critical to our operations. Information technology systems failures, including risks associated with upgrading our systems or in successfully integrating information technology and other systems in connection with the integration of businesses we acquire, network disruptions or unauthorized access could disrupt our operations by impeding our processing of transactions and our financial reporting, and our ability to protect our customer or company information, which could have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations. In addition, as with all enterprise information systems, our information technology systems could be penetrated by outside parties intent on extracting information, corrupting information, or disrupting business processes. Breaches of our security measures or the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure, or unapproved dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive or confidential information about the Company, our employees, our vendors, or our customers, could result in legal claims or proceedings and potential liability for us, and damage to our reputation, and could otherwise harm our business and our results of operations. Any failure to realize benefits from acquisitions, alliances or joint ventures could adversely affect future financial results. In achieving our strategic plan objectives, we may pursue acquisitions, alliances or joint ventures intended to complement or expand our existing businesses globally or add product technology, or both. The success of acquisitions of businesses, new technologies and products, or arrangements with third parties is not always predictable and we may not be successful in realizing our objectives as anticipated. We may not be able to integrate any acquired businesses successfully into our existing businesses, make such businesses profitable, or realize anticipated cost savings or synergies, if any, from these acquisitions, which could adversely affect our business results. Plant capacity expansions and site development projects may impact existing plant operations, be delayed and/or not achieve the expected benefits. Our ability to complete capacity expansions and site development projects as planned may be delayed or interrupted by the need to obtain environmental and other regulatory approvals, unexpected cost increases, availability of labor and materials, unforeseen hazards such as weather conditions, and other risks customarily associated with construction projects. These risks include the risk that existing plant operations are disrupted, which could make it difficult for us to meet our customer needs. Moreover, in the case of capacity expansions, the cost of these activities could have a negative impact on the financial performance of the relevant business until capacity utilization at the particular facility is sufficient to absorb the incremental costs associated with an expansion. In addition, our ability to expand capacity in emerging regions depends in part on economic and political conditions in these regions and, in some cases, on our ability to establish operations, construct additional manufacturing capacity or form strategic business alliances. An interruption in our operations as a result of fence-line arrangements could disrupt our manufacturing operations and adversely affect our financial results. At certain of our facilities we have fence-line arrangements with adjacent third party manufacturing operations (“fence-line partners”), who provide raw materials for our manufacturing operations and/or take by-products generated from our operations. Accordingly, any disruptions or curtailments in a fence-line partner’s production facilities that impacts their ability to supply us with raw materials or to take our manufacturing by-products could disrupt our manufacturing operations or cause us to incur increased operating costs to mitigate such disruption. 12 We are exposed to political or country risk inherent in doing business in some countries. Sales outside of the U.S. constituted a majority of our revenues in fiscal 2018. We conduct business in several countries that have less stable legal systems and financial markets, and potentially more corrupt business environments than the U.S. Our operations in some countries are subject to the following risks: changes in the rate of economic growth; unsettled political or economic conditions; non-renewal of operating permits or licenses; possible expropriation or other governmental actions; corruption by government officials and other third parties; social unrest, war, terrorist activities or other armed conflict; confiscatory taxation or other adverse tax policies; deprivation of contract rights; trade regulations affecting production, pricing and marketing of products; reduced protection of intellectual property rights; restrictions or additional costs associated with repatriating cash; exchange controls; inflation; currency fluctuations and devaluation; the effect of global health, safety and environmental matters on economic conditions and market opportunities; and changes in financial policy and availability of credit. The Chinese government has, from time to time, curtailed manufacturing operations, without notice, in industrial regions out of growing concern over air quality. The timing and length of these curtailments are difficult to predict and, at times, are applied to manufacturing operations without regard to whether the operations being curtailed comply with environmental regulations in the area. Accordingly, although we believe our operations are in compliance with applicable regulations, our manufacturing operations in China may be subject to these curtailments. These events could negatively impact the Company’s results of operations and cash flows both during and after the period of any curtailment affecting the Company’s operations. We face competition from other specialty chemical companies. We operate in a highly competitive marketplace. Our ability to compete successfully depends in part upon our ability to maintain a superior technological capability and to continue to identify, develop and commercialize new and innovative, high value- added products for existing and future customers. Increased competition from existing or newly developed products offered by our competitors or companies whose products offer a similar functionality as our products and could be substituted for our products, may negatively affect demand for our products. In addition, actions by our competitors could impair our ability to maintain or raise prices, successfully enter new markets or maintain or grow our market position. Litigation or legal proceedings could expose us to significant liabilities and thus negatively affect our financial results. As more fully described in “Legal Proceedings” in Item 3 below, we are a party to or the subject of lawsuits, claims, and proceedings, including, but not limited to, those involving environmental, and health and safety matters as well as product liability and personal injury claims relating to asbestosis, silicosis, and coal worker’s pneumoconiosis. We are also a potentially responsible party in various environmental proceedings and remediation matters wherein substantial amounts are at issue. Adverse rulings, judgments or settlements in pending or future litigation (including liabilities associated with respirator claims) or in connection with environmental remediation activities could adversely affect our financial results or cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in any forward-looking statements. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rates affect our financial results. We earn revenues, pay expenses, own assets and incur liabilities in countries using currencies other than the U.S. dollar. In fiscal 2018, we derived a majority of our revenues from sales outside the U.S. Because our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, we must translate revenues and expenses, as well as assets and liabilities, into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect during or at the end of each reporting period. Therefore, increases or decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar against other currencies in countries where we operate will affect our results of operations and the value of balance sheet items denominated in foreign currencies. Due to the geographic diversity of our operations, weaknesses in some currencies might be offset by strengths in others over time. In addition, we are exposed to adverse changes in interest rates. We manage both these risks through normal operating and financing activities and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative instruments as well as foreign currency debt. We cannot be certain, however, that we will be successful in reducing the risks inherent in exposures to foreign currency and interest rate fluctuations. Further, we have exposure to foreign currency movements because certain foreign currency transactions need to be converted to a different currency for settlement. These conversions can have a direct impact on our cash flows. Our tax rate is dependent upon a number of factors, a change in any of which could impact our future tax rates and net income. Our future tax rates may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including: future changes in the jurisdictions in which our profits are determined to be earned and taxed; changes in the estimated realization of our net deferred tax assets; the repatriation of non-U.S. earnings for which we have not previously provided for non-U.S. withholding taxes; adjustments to estimated taxes upon finalization of various tax returns; increases in expenses that are not deductible for tax purposes; changes in available tax credits; the resolution of issues arising from tax audits with various tax authorities; and changes in tax laws or the interpretation of such tax laws. Losses for which no tax benefits can be recorded could materially impact our tax rate and its volatility from one quarter to another. 13 We face operational risks inherent in mining operations and our mining operations have the potential to cause safety issues, including those that could result in significant personal injury. We own two mines, a cesium mine in Manitoba, Canada, a portion of which is located under Bernic Lake, and an above-ground lignite mine, which is located close to our Marshall, Texas facility and operated by a subsidiary of The North American Coal Company. Mining operations by their nature involve a high level of uncertainty and are often affected by risks and hazards outside of our control. At our lignite mine, the risks are primarily operational risks associated with the maintenance and operation of the heavy equipment required to dig and haul the lignite, and risks relating to lower than expected lignite quality or recovery rates. Our underground mine in Manitoba is subject to a number of risks, including industrial accidents, unexpected geological conditions, fall of ground accidents or structural collapses, which, in the case of our cesium mine, could lead to flooding. Following a fall of ground incident in 2013, we implemented additional safety measures and several types of monitoring devices in the mine that have indicated good structural stability in the mine since that time. However, the structural stability may change at any time and there remains a possibility of deterioration and flooding of this mine. The failure to adequately manage these risks could result in significant personal injury, loss of life, damage to mineral properties, production facilities or mining equipment, damage to the environment, delays in or reduced production, and potential legal liabilities. Our operations and products are subject to extensive safety, health and environmental requirements, which could increase our costs and/or impair our ability to manufacture and sell certain products. Our ongoing operations are subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign laws, regulations, rules and ordinances relating to safety, health and environmental matters, many of which provide for substantial monetary fines and criminal sanctions for violations. These include requirements to obtain and comply with various environmental-related permits for constructing any new facilities and operating all of our existing facilities. In addition, in certain geographic areas, our carbon black and activated carbon facilities are or may become subject to greenhouse gas emission trading schemes under which we may be required to purchase emission credits if our emission levels exceed our allocations. Greenhouse gas regulatory programs that have been adopted, such as cap-and-trade programs, have not had a significant impact on our businesses to date. Costs of complying with regulations could increase as concerns related to greenhouse gases and climate change continue to emerge. The enactment of new environmental laws and regulations and/or the more aggressive interpretation of existing requirements could require us to incur significant costs for compliance or capital improvements or limit our current or planned operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our earnings or cash flow. We attempt to offset the effects of these compliance costs through price increases, productivity improvements and cost reduction efforts. Success in offsetting any such increased regulatory costs is largely influenced by competitive and economic conditions and could vary significantly depending on the segment served. Such increases may not be accepted by our customers, may not be sufficient to compensate for increased regulatory costs or may decrease demand for our products and our volume of sales. (See “Legal Proceedings” in Item 3 below). In order to secure and maintain the right to produce or sell our products, we must satisfy product related regulatory requirements in different jurisdictions. Obtaining and maintaining these approvals requires a significant amount of product testing and data, and there is no certainty these approvals will be obtained. Certain national and international health organizations have classified carbon black as a possible or suspected human carcinogen. To the extent that, in the future, (i) these organizations re-classify carbon black as a known or confirmed carcinogen, (ii) other organizations or government authorities in other jurisdictions classify carbon black or any of our other finished products, raw materials or intermediates as suspected or known carcinogens or otherwise hazardous, or (iii) there is discovery of adverse health effects attributable to production or use of carbon black or any of our other finished products, raw materials or intermediates, we could be required to incur significantly higher costs to comply with environmental, health and safety laws, or to comply with restrictions on sales of our products, be subject to legal claims, and our reputation and business could be adversely affected. In addition, chemicals that are currently classified as non-hazardous may be classified as hazardous in the future, and our products may have characteristics that are not recognized today but may be found in the future to impair human health or to be carcinogenic. Action by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) related to its Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (“MATS”) that decreases demand for our mercury removal products, and/or the failure of tariffs placed on U.S. imports of Chinese activated carbon to adequately address the impact of low-priced imports from China, could have a material adverse effect on our Purification Solutions segment. Growth in the environmental portion of our Purification Solutions business depends on stable demand in the mercury removal related portion of the business, which is largely dependent on the amount of coal-based power generation used in the U.S. and the continued regulation of utilities under MATS. In August 2018, the EPA announced that it intends to reconsider the MATS rule and in September submitted its proposal to the White House Office of Management and Budget. Any action that the EPA takes related to MATS that decreases demand for our products for mercury removal will have a negative effect on the financial results of the Purification Solutions segment. 14 In addition, Purification Solutions faces competition in the U.S. from low-priced imports of activated carbon products. If the amounts of these low-priced imports increase, especially if they are sold at less than fair value, our sales of competing products could decline, which could have an adverse effect on the earnings of Purification Solutions. In addition, sales of these low-priced imports may negatively impact our pricing. To limit these activities, regulators in the U.S. have enacted an antidumping duty order on steam activated carbon products from China. In fiscal 2018, the order was extended for an additional five years. The amount of antidumping duties collected on imports of steam activated carbon from China is reviewed annually by the U.S. Department of Commerce. To the extent the antidumping margins do not adequately address the degree to which imports are unfairly traded, the antidumping order may be less effective in reducing the volume of these low-priced activated carbon imports in the U.S., which could negatively affect demand and/or pricing for our products. We have entered into a number of derivative contracts with financial counterparties. The effectiveness of these contracts is dependent on the ability of these financial counterparties to perform their obligations and their nonperformance could harm our financial condition. We have entered into forward foreign currency contracts and cross-currency swaps as part of our financial risk management strategy. The effectiveness of our risk management program using these instruments is dependent, in part, upon the counterparties to these contracts honoring their financial obligations. If any of our counterparties are unable to perform their obligations in the future, we could be exposed to increased earnings and cash flow volatility due to an instrument’s failure to hedge or adequately address a financial risk. The continued protection of our patents, trade secrets and other proprietary intellectual property rights are important to our success. Our patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights are important to our success and competitive position. We own various patents and other intellectual property rights in the U.S. and other countries covering many of our products, as well as processes and product uses. Where we believe patent protection is not appropriate or obtainable, we rely on trade secret laws and practices to protect our proprietary technology and processes, such as physical security, limited dissemination and access and confidentiality agreements with our employees, customers, consultants, business partners, potential licensees and others to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect and the protective measures we have put in place may not prevent disclosure or unauthorized use of our proprietary information or provide an adequate remedy in the event of misappropriation or other violations of our proprietary rights. In addition, we are a licensee of various patents and intellectual property rights belonging to others in the U.S. and other countries. Because the laws and enforcement mechanisms of some countries may not allow us to protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as we are able to do in the U.S., the strength of our intellectual property rights will vary from country to country. Irrespective of our proprietary intellectual property rights, we may be subject to claims that our products, processes or product uses infringe the intellectual property rights of others. These claims, even if they are without merit, could be expensive and time consuming to defend and if we were to lose such claims, we could be enjoined from selling our products or using our processes and/or be subject to damages, or be required to enter into licensing agreements requiring royalty payments and/or use restrictions. Licensing agreements may not be available to us, or if available, may not be available on acceptable terms. Natural disasters could affect our operations and financial results. We operate facilities in areas of the world that are exposed to natural hazards, such as floods, windstorms, hurricanes, and earthquakes. Extreme weather events present physical risks that may become more frequent as a result of factors related to climate change. Such events could disrupt our supply of raw materials or otherwise affect production, transportation and delivery of our products or affect demand for our products. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. 15 Item 2. Properties Cabot’s corporate headquarters are in leased office space in Boston, Massachusetts. We also own or lease office, manufacturing, storage, distribution, marketing and research and development facilities in the U.S. and in foreign countries. The locations of our principal manufacturing and/or administrative facilities are set forth in the table below. Unless otherwise indicated, all the properties are owned. Location by Region Americas Region Alpharetta, Georgia*(1) Tuscola, Illinois Canal, Louisiana Ville Platte, Louisiana Billerica, Massachusetts Haverhill, Massachusetts Midland, Michigan Pryor, Oklahoma Marshall, Texas Pampa, Texas Campana, Argentina Maua, Brazil Sao Paulo, Brazil*(1) Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba, Canada** Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada Sarnia, Ontario, Canada Cartagena, Colombia Altamira, Mexico Europe, Middle East and Africa Region Loncin, Belgium Pepinster, Belgium Valasske Mezirici (Valmez), Czech Republic** Port Jerome, France** Frankfurt, Germany* Rheinfelden, Germany Ravenna, Italy (2 plants) Riga, Latvia*(1) Bergen, Norway* Schaffhausen, Switzerland* Botlek, Netherlands** Amersfoort, Netherlands* Klazienaveen, Netherlands Zaandam, Netherlands Dubai, United Arab Emirates* Purton, United Kingdom (England) Aberdeen, United Kingdom (Scotland)* Glasgow, United Kingdom (Scotland) Barry, United Kingdom (Wales)** Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Purification Solutions Specialty Fluids X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 16 Location by Region Asia Pacific Region Jiangsu Province, China** Jiangxi Province, China** Tianjin, China** Shanghai, China*(1) Shanghai, China** (plant) Xingtai City, China** Mumbai, India* Cilegon, Indonesia** Jakarta, Indonesia*(1) Chiba, Japan Shimonoseki, Japan** Tokyo, Japan*(1) Port Dickson, Malaysia** Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Purification Solutions Specialty Fluids X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X (1) * ** Business service center Leased premises Building(s) owned by Cabot on leased land We conduct research and development for our various businesses primarily at facilities in Billerica, Massachusetts; Amersfoort, Netherlands; Pampa, Texas; Pepinster, Belgium; Frankfurt, Germany; and Shanghai, China. With our existing manufacturing plants and planned expansions, we generally have sufficient production capacity to meet current requirements and expected near-term growth. These plants are generally well maintained, in good operating condition and suitable and adequate for their intended use. Our administrative offices and other facilities are suitable and adequate for their intended purposes. 17 Item 3. Legal Proceedings Cabot is a party in various lawsuits and environmental proceedings wherein substantial amounts are claimed. The following is a description of the significant proceedings pending on September 30, 2018, unless otherwise specified. Environmental Proceedings In November 2013, Cabot entered into a Consent Decree with the EPA and the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (“LDEQ”) regarding Cabot’s three carbon black manufacturing facilities in the U.S. This settlement is related to the EPA’s national enforcement initiative focused on the U.S. carbon black manufacturing sector alleging non-compliance with certain regulatory and permitting requirements under The Clean Air Act, including the New Source Review (“NSR”) construction permitting requirements. Pursuant to this settlement, Cabot is in the process of installing technology controls for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. We expect that the total capital costs to install these controls will be between $100 million and $150 million and will be incurred through calendar year 2022. All carbon black manufacturers have settled with the EPA and will be installing similar technology controls. We continue to perform certain sampling and remediation activities at a former pine tar manufacturing site in Gainesville, Florida that we sold in the 1960s. Those activities are pursuant to a formal Record of Decision and 1991 Consent Decree with the EPA under which we installed a groundwater treatment system at the site in the early 1990s, which remains in operation. More recently, we have been requested by the EPA and other stakeholders to carry out various other additional work at the site, the scope of which has yet to be fully determined. We continue to work cooperatively with the EPA, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the local authorities on this matter. As of September 30, 2018, we had a $15 million reserve for environmental remediation costs at various sites. The operation and maintenance component of this reserve was $3 million. The $15 million reserve represents our current best estimate of costs likely to be incurred for remediation based on our analysis of the extent of cleanup required, alternative cleanup methods available, the ability of other responsible parties to contribute and our interpretation of laws and regulations applicable to each of our sites. Other Proceedings Respirator Liabilities We have exposure in connection with a safety respiratory products business that a subsidiary acquired from American Optical Corporation (“AO”) in an April 1990 asset purchase transaction. The subsidiary manufactured respirators under the AO brand and disposed of that business in July 1995. In connection with its acquisition of the business, the subsidiary agreed, in certain circumstances, to assume a portion of AO’s liabilities, including costs of legal fees together with amounts paid in settlements and judgments, allocable to AO respiratory products used prior to the 1990 purchase by the Cabot subsidiary. In exchange for the subsidiary’s assumption of certain of AO’s respirator liabilities, AO agreed to provide to the subsidiary the benefits of: (i) AO’s insurance coverage for the period prior to the 1990 acquisition and (ii) a former owner’s indemnity of AO holding it harmless from any liability allocable to AO respiratory products used prior to May 1982. Generally, these respirator liabilities involve claims for personal injury, including asbestosis, silicosis and coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, allegedly resulting from the use of respirators that are alleged to have been negligently designed and/or labeled. Neither Cabot, nor its past or present subsidiaries, at any time manufactured asbestos or asbestos-containing products. At no time did this respiratory product line represent a significant portion of the respirator market. The subsidiary transferred the business to Aearo Corporation (“Aearo”) in July 1995. Cabot agreed to have the subsidiary retain certain liabilities associated with exposure to asbestos and silica while using respirators prior to the 1995 transaction so long as Aearo paid, and continues to pay, Cabot an annual fee of $400,000. Aearo can discontinue payment of the fee at any time, in which case it will assume the responsibility for and indemnify Cabot against those liabilities which Cabot’s subsidiary had agreed to retain. We anticipate that we will continue to receive payment of the $400,000 fee from Aearo and thereby retain these liabilities for the foreseeable future. We have no liability in connection with any products manufactured by Aearo after 1995. In addition to Cabot’s subsidiary and as described above, other parties are responsible for significant portions of the costs of respirator liabilities, leaving Cabot’s subsidiary with a portion of the liability in only some of the pending cases. These parties include Aearo, AO, AO’s insurers, another former owner and its insurers, and a third-party manufacturer of respirators formerly sold under the AO brand and its insurers (collectively, with Cabot’s subsidiary, the “Payor Group”). 18 As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, there were approximately 35,000 and 37,000 claimants, respectively, in pending cases asserting claims against AO in connection with respiratory products. Cabot has contributed to the Payor Group’s defense and settlement costs with respect to a percentage of pending claims depending on several factors, including the period of alleged product use. In order to quantify our estimated share of liability for pending and future respirator liability claims, we have engaged, through counsel, the assistance of Nathan Associates, Inc. (“Nathan”), a leading consulting firm in the field of tort liability valuation. The methodology used by Nathan addresses the complexities surrounding our potential liability by making assumptions about future claimants with respect to periods of asbestos, silica and coal mine dust exposure and respirator use. Using those and other assumptions, Nathan estimates the number of future asbestos, silica and coal mine dust claims that will be filed and the related costs that would be incurred in resolving both currently pending and future claims. On this basis, Nathan then estimates the value of the share of these liabilities that reflect our period of direct manufacture and our contractual obligations. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, Nathan updated this estimate. Based on the Nathan estimates, as of September 30, 2018, we increased our reserve for our estimated share of the liability for pending and future respirator claims by $10 million to $25 million. The increase reflects higher costs of defending and resolving these claims. We made payments related to our respirator liability of $3f million in each of fiscal 2018, fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016. Our current estimate of the cost of our share of existing and future respirator liability claims is based on facts and circumstances existing at this time. Developments that could affect our estimate include, but are not limited to, (i) significant changes in the number of future claims, (ii) changes in the rate of dismissals without payment of pending claims, (iii) significant changes in the average cost of resolving claims, (iv) significant changes in the legal costs of defending these claims, (v) changes in the nature of claims received, (vi) changes in the law and procedure applicable to these claims, (vii) the financial viability of members of the Payor Group, (viii) a change in the availability of the insurance coverage of the members of the Payor Group or the indemnity provided by AO’s former owner, (ix) changes in the allocation of costs among the Payor Group, and (x) a determination that the assumptions that were used to estimate our share of liability are no longer reasonable. We cannot determine the impact of these potential developments on our current estimate of our share of liability for these existing and future claims. Accordingly, the actual amount of these liabilities for existing and future claims could be different than the reserved amount. Other Matters We have various other lawsuits, claims and contingent liabilities arising in the ordinary course of our business and with respect to our divested businesses. We do not believe that any of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial position; however, litigation is inherently unpredictable. We could incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise our expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could have a material impact on our results of operations in the period in which the amounts are accrued or our cash flows in the period in which the amounts are paid. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. Executive Officers of the Registrant Set forth below is certain information about Cabot’s executive officers as of November 21, 2018. Sean D. Keohane, age 51, is President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of Cabot’s Board of Directors, positions he has held since March 2016. Mr. Keohane joined Cabot in 2002. From November 2014 until March 2016 he was Executive Vice President and President of Reinforcement Materials. From March 2012 until November 2014, he was Senior Vice President and President of Performance Chemicals, and from May 2008 until March 2012, he was General Manager of Performance Chemicals. He was appointed Vice President in March 2005, Senior Vice President in March 2012 and Executive Vice President in November 2014. He was a member of the Interim Office of the Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO Office”), which was in place from December 2015 until March 2016. 19 Erica J. McLaughlin, age 42, is Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Ms. McLaughlin joined Cabot in 2002, and was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in May 2018. From June 2016 until May 2018 she was Vice President of Business Operations for Reinforcement Materials and General Manager of the tire business, and from July 2011 until June 2016, she was Vice President of Investor Relations and Corporate Communications. Prior to July 2011, she held a variety of leadership positions in Finance and Corporate Planning. Ms. McLaughlin assumed interim responsibility for Corporate Strategy and Development in October 2018. Brian A. Berube, age 56, is Senior Vice President and General Counsel. Mr. Berube joined Cabot in 1994. He was appointed General Counsel in March 2003. He was Business General Counsel from March 2002 to March 2003, Deputy General Counsel from June 2001 to March 2002, and an attorney in Cabot’s law department from 1994 until June 2001. In addition, he was interim Chief Human Resources Officer from July 2016 until March 2017. Mr. Berube was appointed Vice President in March 2002 and Senior Vice President in March 2012. He was a member of the CEO Office, which was in place from December 2015 until March 2016. John R. Doubman, age 47, is Senior Vice President, and, effective October 1, 2018, President of Performance Additives, Performance Chemicals. Mr. Doubman joined Cabot in 2006. Prior to assuming his current position in October 2018, he was Senior Vice President, Corporate Strategy and Development from April 2016 until September 2018 and President of Specialty Fluids from January 2017 until September 2018, Vice President and General Manager of the tire business from April 2015 until April 2016, Vice President Global Business Operation and Strategy, Reinforcement Materials from August 2014 until April 2015, and General Manager for the rubber blacks business in the Europe, Middle East and Africa region from February 2010 until August 2014. In addition, Mr. Doubman was Vice President and General Manager of the elastomer composites business from January 2013 until March 2016. Prior to 2010, he held a variety of leadership positions in Reinforcement Materials and Corporate Strategy. Hobart C. Kalkstein, age 48, is Senior Vice President and President of Reinforcement Materials. Mr. Kalkstein joined Cabot in 2005. Prior to assuming his current role in April 2016, he was Vice President of Corporate Strategy and Development from December 2015 to April 2016. From October 2013 to December 2015, he served as Vice President of Global Business Operations for Purification Solutions and from November 2012 to December 2015 as General Manager of Global Emission Control Solutions for Purification Solutions, and from January 2012 to November 2012 he served as Vice President of Business Operations and Executive Director of Marketing and Business Strategy for Performance Chemicals. Prior to that, he served as General Manager of the Aerogel business from October 2007 to February 2010. Friedrich von Gottberg, age 50, is Senior Vice President and President of Purification Solutions. Mr. von Gottberg joined Cabot in 1997. Prior to assuming his current role in January 2013, he was Senior Vice President and President of Advanced Technologies from March 2012 until January 2013, and Vice President of the New Business Group from March 2008 until March 2012. In addition, he was interim Chief Technology Officer from May 2017 until February 2018. Prior to 2008, Mr. von Gottberg held a variety of leadership positions in Research and Development and Finance. He was appointed Vice President in March 2005 and Senior Vice President in March 2012. 20 Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Cabot’s common stock is listed for trading (symbol CBT) on the New York Stock Exchange. As of November 15, 2018, there PART II were 662 holders of record of Cabot’s common stock. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities The table below sets forth information regarding Cabot’s purchases of its equity securities during the quarter ended September 30, 2018: Period July 1, 2018 — July 31, 2018 — — August 1, 2018 — August 31, 2018 — September 1, 2018 — September 30, 2018 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) — $ 630,000 $ 665,000 $ 1,295,000 Average Price Paid per Share — 65.02 63.95 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1) — 630,000 665,000 1,295,000 10,828,198 10,198,198 9,533,198 (1) On July 13, 2018, Cabot publicly announced that the Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to an additional ten million shares of its common stock on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, increasing the current balance of shares available for repurchase at that time to approximately eleven million shares. The current authorization does not have a set expiration date. Item 6. Selected Financial Data On November 18, 2013, Cabot purchased all of its joint venture partner’s common stock in NHUMO, S.A. de C.V. (“NHUMO”), which represented approximately 60% of the outstanding common stock of the joint venture. Prior to this transaction, the Company owned approximately 40% of the outstanding common stock of NHUMO, and the NHUMO entity was accounted for as an equity affiliate of the Company. The results of fiscal 2014 in the table below include 11 months of results at 100% consolidation and one month of results accounted for under the equity method at 40%. 21 The Company completed the sale of its Security Materials business on July 31, 2014. The results of operations for this business for all periods presented are reflected as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Consolidated Net Income (Loss) Net sales and other operating revenues Gross profit(1) Selling and administrative expenses Research and technical expenses Purification Solutions long-lived assets impairment charge Purification Solutions goodwill impairment charge Income (loss) from operations Net interest expense and other charges(2) Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies(1)(3) (Provision) benefit for income taxes(1)(4) Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax Net income (loss)(1) Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation(1) Common Share Data Diluted net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation: Income (loss) from continuing operations(1) Income (loss) from discontinued operations Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Dividends Closing prices Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding—millions Shares outstanding at year end—millions Consolidated Financial Position Current assets(1)(5) Net property, plant, and equipment Other assets(1)(5) Total assets Current liabilities(5) Long-term debt(5) Other long-term liabilities(5) Cabot Corporation stockholders’ equity(1) Noncontrolling interests Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity Selected Financial Ratios Net debt to capitalization ratio(1)(6) Adjusted return on net assets(7) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Years Ended September 30 2016 (In millions, except per share amounts and ratios) 2017 2015 $ 2018 3,242 781 305 66 162 92 156 (39) 117 (193) 2 — (74) 39 (113) $ (1.85) $ — (1.85) $ 1.29 62.72 61.7 60.4 1,386 1,296 562 3,244 952 719 294 1,154 125 3,244 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,717 663 260 56 — — 347 (48) 299 (33) 7 — 273 25 248 3.91 — 3.91 1.23 55.80 62.7 61.9 1,299 1,305 734 3,338 742 661 310 1,504 121 3,338 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,411 575 275 53 — — 247 (56) 191 (33) 3 1 162 15 147 2.30 0.02 2.32 1.04 52.41 62.9 62.2 1,073 1,290 689 3,052 397 914 352 1,291 98 3,052 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,871 585 282 58 210 352 (317) (60) (377) 45 4 2 (326) 8 (334) $ (5.29) $ 0.02 (5.27) $ 0.88 31.56 63.4 62.5 1,004 1,383 676 3,063 440 967 318 1,234 104 3,063 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2014 3,647 721 326 60 — — 335 (27) 308 (92) — 2 218 19 199 3.01 0.02 3.03 0.84 50.77 65.1 64.4 1,364 1,581 1,139 4,084 630 1,004 386 1,942 122 4,084 39% 14% 28% 13% 34% 11% 41% 9% 33% 10% (1) (2) In fiscal 2018, the Company elected to change its inventory valuation method of accounting for its U.S. carbon black inventories from the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) method to the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. The Company applied this change retrospectively and fiscal 2017 and 2016 balances have been updated as discussed in Note A of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (“Note A”). Fiscal 2015 and 2014 have not been updated to reflect this change and may not be comparable to the other years presented. Net interest expense and other charges includes foreign currency activity as follows: a loss of $4 million for both fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017, a gain of $5 million for fiscal 2016, a loss of $8 million for fiscal 2015, and a loss of $2 million for fiscal 2014. 22 (3) Income (loss) from continuing operations includes certain items as presented in the table below. A discussion of certain items is included in Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures in Results of Operations. Global restructuring activities (Note O) Legal and environmental matters and reserves Acquisition and integration-related charges Employee benefit plan settlement and other charges Impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets of Purification Solutions (Note F) Non-recurring gain (loss) on foreign exchange Gain on existing investment in NHUMO Gains (losses) on sale of investments Inventory adjustment (Note D) Executive transition costs Other certain items Total certain items, pre-tax Tax-related certain items: Tax impact of certain items(a) Discrete tax items Total tax-related certain items Total certain items, net of tax 2018 2017 $ $ $ 30 (16) (2) — (254) — — 10 (13) (2) (1) (248) 31 (148) (117) (365) $ — — — — — — (1) (3) 1 25 26 23 Years Ended September 30 2016 (In millions) (3) $ 1 — — (47) $ (17) — — 2015 2014 (21) $ — (5) (21) (562) (2) — — (6) — — (617) — (11) — — — (6) — (81) 31 — 31 (50) $ 94 13 107 (510) $ $ (29) (18) (7) — — (3) 29 — — — — (28) 17 (17) — (28) (a) The tax impact of certain items is determined by (1) starting with the current and deferred income tax expense or benefit, included in Net income attributable to Cabot Corporation, and (2) subtracting the tax expense or benefit on “adjusted earnings”. Adjusted earnings is defined as the pre-tax income attributable to Cabot Corporation excluding certain items. The tax expense or benefit on adjusted earnings is calculated by applying the operating tax rate, as defined under the section Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures in Results of Operations, to adjusted earnings. The Company’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2018 was a provision of 165% which included net discrete tax expense of $120 million, composed of $159 million net tax impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Act”), and $3 million tax expense upon the sale of assets, offset by net tax benefits of $29 million related to impairment and $15 million from a change in valuation allowance on a beginning of year tax balance, and net tax charge of $2 million related to other miscellaneous tax items. The Company’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2017 was a provision of 10% which included net discrete tax benefits of $25 million, composed of net tax benefits of $16 million associated with the generation of excess foreign tax credits upon repatriation of previously taxed foreign earnings and the accrual of U.S. tax on certain foreign earnings, a net tax benefit of $6f million from a change in valuation allowance on a beginning of year tax balance, net tax benefits of $4 million for various return to provision adjustments related to tax return filings and net tax charges of $1 million related to other miscellaneous tax items. The Company’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2016 was a provision of 18%, which included less than $1 million of discrete tax charges, composed of charges of $5 million for valuation allowances on beginning of the year tax balances, partially offset by benefits of $3 million for a currency loss and $1 million each for the renewal of the U.S. research and experimentation credit and net tax settlements. The Company’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2015 was a benefit of 12%, which included $13 million of discrete tax benefits composed of $7 million for tax settlements, $4 million for repatriation, and $2 million for the renewal of the U.S. research and experimentation credit. The Company’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2014 was a provision of 30% which included net discrete charges of $17 million, composed of a $20 million charge for a valuation allowance, offset by $3 million of net tax benefit primarily related to tax settlements. In fiscal 2017, the Company adopted two new accounting standards that impact the presentation of debt issuance costs and the classification of deferred taxes on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Fiscal 2014 has not been updated to reflect these new standards and may not be comparable to the other years presented. Net debt to capitalization ratio is calculated by dividing total debt (the sum of short-term and long-term debt less cash and cash equivalents) by total capitalization (the sum of Total stockholders’ equity plus total debt). (4) (5) (6) 23 (7) Adjusted return on net assets (“adjusted RONA”) measures how effectively and efficiently the Company uses its operating assets to generate earnings. Return on net assets (“RONA”) and adjusted RONA are not measures of financial performance under accounting principles generally accepted (“GAAP”) in the United States and should not be considered substitutes for measures of performance reported under GAAP. We believe adjusted RONA provides useful supplemental information to our investors because it allows investors to understand the basis on which management evaluates the Company’s operational effectiveness and because it is a performance metric used in our equity incentive compensation program. We calculate adjusted RONA by dividing the most recent twelve months’ adjusted net income (loss) (a non-GAAP numerator) by adjusted net assets (a non-GAAP denominator). In the numerator, we exclude “certain items” net of tax from income (loss) from continuing operations as calculated under GAAP. The items of expense and income we consider “certain items” are described in the discussion of Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures in Results of Operations. The denominator consists of our operating assets, which are: net property, plant and equipment; adjusted net working capital; assets held for rent; and investments in equity affiliates. We calculate the items in adjusted net assets using the most recent five quarters’ average to normalize the impact of large inter-period movements (e.g. working capital movements caused by feedstock price volatility). Our calculation of adjusted RONA is as follows: Return on Net Assets Income (loss) from continuing operations(a) (b) Net assets(b) (c) Return on net assets Adjusted Return on Net Assets Adjusted net income (loss)(a): Income (loss) from continuing operations(b) Less: Total certain items, net of tax(d) Adjusted net income (loss) Adjusted net assets(e): Adjusted net working capital(b) (f) Net property, plant and equipment Assets held for rent Equity affiliates Adjusted net assets 2018 2017 Years Ended September 30 2016 (In millions, except ratios) 2015 2014 $ $ $ $ $ $ (74) 1,279 $ $ (6)% 273 1,625 17% (74) (365) 291 568 1,290 110 56 2,024 $ $ $ $ 273 23 250 474 1,267 101 55 1,897 $ $ $ $ $ $ 161 1,389 12% 161 (50) 211 443 1,322 92 55 1,912 $ $ $ $ $ $ (328) 1,338 $ $ (25)% 216 2,064 10% (328) (510) 182 607 1,416 67 63 2,153 $ $ $ $ 216 (28) 244 680 1,612 54 82 2,428 Adjusted return on net assets 14% 13% 11% 9% 10% (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Income (loss) from continuing operations and Adjusted net income (loss) are aggregated four quarter rolling amounts. In fiscal 2018, the Company elected to change its inventory valuation method of accounting for its U.S. carbon black inventories from the LIFO method to the FIFO method. The Company applied this change retrospectively and fiscal 2017 and 2016 balances have been updated as discussed in Note A. Fiscal 2015 and 2014 have not been updated to reflect this change and may not be comparable to the other years presented. Net assets represents Total stockholders' equity. Total certain items, net of tax is detailed in the table in note (2) above. Each component of adjusted net assets is calculated by averaging previous five quarter ending balances. Adjusted net working capital is the average of the previous five quarter ending balances of Accounts receivable plus Inventory less Accounts payable and accruals. 24 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Critical Accounting Policies Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). This preparation of our financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical to the financial statements if (i) the estimate is complex in nature or requires a high degree of judgment and (ii) different estimates and assumptions were used, the results could have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and the application of our policies. We base our estimates on historical experience, current conditions and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The policies that we believe are critical to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are presented below. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. We generally are able to ensure that products meet customer specifications prior to shipment. If we are unable to determine that the product has met the specified objective criteria prior to shipment or if title has not transferred because of sales terms, the revenue is considered “unearned” and is deferred until the revenue recognition criteria are met. Shipping and handling charges related to sales transactions are recorded as sales revenue when billed to customers or included in the sales price. Taxes collected on sales to customers are excluded from revenues. The following table shows the relative size of the revenue recognized in each of our reportable segments: Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Purification Solutions Specialty Fluids Years Ended September 30 2017 2016 2018 57% 33% 9% 1% 53% 35% 11% 1% 48% 37% 13% 2% We derive the substantial majority of our revenues from the sale of products in our Reinforcement Materials, Performance Chemicals, and Purification Solutions segments. Revenue from these products is typically recognized when the product is shipped and title and risk of loss have passed to the customer. We offer cash discounts and volume rebates to certain customers as sales incentives. The discounts and volume rebates are recorded as a reduction in sales at the time revenue is recognized and are estimated based on historical experience and contractual obligations. We periodically review the assumptions underlying estimates of discounts and volume rebates and adjust revenues accordingly. Revenue in Specialty Fluids arises primarily from the rental of cesium formate. This revenue is recognized throughout the rental period based on the contracted rental terms. Customers are also billed and revenue is recognized, typically at the end of the job, for cesium formate product that is not returned. We also generate revenues from cesium formate sold outside of the rental process and from the sale of fine cesium chemicals. This revenue is recognized upon delivery of the product. Inventory Valuation Effective October 1, 2017, we changed our method of accounting for U.S. carbon black inventories from the LIFO method to the FIFO method. Total U.S. inventories accounted for utilizing the LIFO cost flow assumption represented 7% of total worldwide inventories as of September 30, 2017 prior to this change in method. We believe the FIFO method is preferable because it: (i) conforms the accounting for U.S. carbon black inventories to the inventory valuation methodology for the majority of our other inventories; (ii) better represents how management assesses and reports on the performance of the Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals operating segments that carry U.S. carbon black inventories, as the impact of accounting for this inventory on a LIFO basis has historically been excluded from segment results; (iii) better aligns the accounting for U.S. carbon black inventories with the physical flow of that inventory; and (iv) improves comparability with many of our peers. We applied this change retrospectively to all prior periods presented for which details are presented under the heading “Inventories” in Note A. The cost of Specialty Fluids inventories that are classified as inventory and assets held for rent is determined using the average cost method. The cost of all other inventories is determined using the FIFO method. 25 We periodically review inventory for both potential obsolescence and potential declines in anticipated selling prices. In this review, we make assumptions about the future demand for and market value of the inventory, and based on these assumptions estimate the amount of any obsolete, unmarketable, slow moving or overvalued inventory. We write down the value of our inventories by an amount equal to the difference between the cost of the inventory and its estimated net realizable value. Historically, such write-downs have not been material. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management at the time of the assessment, however, additional inventory write-downs may be required, which could reduce our gross profit and our earnings. Intangible Assets and Goodwill Impairment We record tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting. Amounts paid for an acquisition are allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. We use assumptions and estimates in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. The determination of the fair value of intangible assets requires the use of significant judgment with regard to assumptions used in the valuation model. We estimate the fair value of identifiable acquisition-related intangible assets principally based on projections of cash flows that will arise from these assets. The projected cash flows are discounted to determine the fair value of the assets at the dates of acquisition. As discussed in Note C of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we acquired Tech Blend in November 2017, and the purchase price allocation included separately identifiable intangible assets of $29 million. Definite-lived intangible assets, which are comprised of trademarks, customer relationships and developed technologies, are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are reviewed for impairment when indication of potential impairment exists, such as a significant reduction in cash flows associated with the assets. We recognized an impairment on intangible assets associated with the Purification Solutions business in the second fiscal quarter of 2018, which is discussed in detail below under the heading “Purifications Solutions Goodwill and Long-lived Assets Impairment Charges”. Goodwill is comprised of the purchase price of business acquisitions in excess of the fair value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for impairment annually as of May 31, or when events or changes in the business environment indicate that the carrying value of the reporting unit may exceed its fair value. A reporting unit, for the purpose of the impairment test, is at or below the operating segment level, and constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by segment management. Reinforcement Materials, and the Fumed Metal Oxides and Specialty Compounds businesses within Performance Chemicals, which are considered separate reporting units, carried our Goodwill balances as of May 31, 2018. The Purification Solutions reporting unit has no remaining goodwill balance subsequent to the goodwill impairment charge recorded in the second quarter of fiscal 2018. As part of the Tech Blend acquisition, goodwill of $33 million was generated and is reflected in the Specialty Compounds reporting unit. For the purpose of the goodwill impairment test, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If an initial qualitative assessment identifies that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, an additional quantitative evaluation is performed. Alternatively, we may elect to proceed directly to the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If based on the quantitative evaluation the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a goodwill impairment loss would result. The goodwill impairment loss would be the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The fair value of a reporting unit is based on discounted estimated future cash flows. The fair value is also benchmarked against a market approach using the guideline public companies method. The assumptions used to estimate fair value include management’s best estimates of future growth rates, operating cash flows, capital expenditures and discount rates over an estimate of the remaining operating period at the reporting unit level. Refer to the discussion under the heading “Purification Solutions Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets Impairment Charges” for details on the Purification Solutions goodwill impairment test and the resulting charge recorded in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 and refer to Note G of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the results of our annual goodwill impairment test performed as of May 31, 2018. Long-lived Assets Impairment Our long-lived assets primarily include property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, long-term investments and assets held for rent. The carrying values of long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. To test for impairment of assets, we generally use a probability-weighted estimate of the future undiscounted net cash flows of the assets over their remaining lives to determine if the value of the asset is recoverable. Long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which independent identifiable cash flows are determinable. 26 An asset impairment is recognized when the carrying value of the asset is not recoverable based on the analysis described above, in which case the asset is written down to its fair value. If the asset does not have a readily determinable market value, a discounted cash flow model may be used to determine the fair value of the asset. In circumstances when an asset does not have separate identifiable cash flows, an impairment charge is recorded when we no longer intend to use the asset. In the second quarter of fiscal 2018, we determined that the long-lived asset group of Purification Solutions was not recoverable and accordingly, we recorded an impairment charge for the carrying value in excess of the fair value of the asset group, as described below under the heading “Purification Solutions Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets Impairment Charges”. Purification Solutions Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets Impairment Charges During the second quarter of fiscal 2018 as a result of the impairment tests performed on goodwill and long-lived assets of the Purification Solutions reporting unit, we recorded impairment charges and an associated tax benefit in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows: Goodwill impairment charge Long-lived assets impairment charge Benefit for income taxes Impairment charges, net of tax Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 (In millions) $ $ 92 162 (30) 224 In the second quarter of fiscal 2018, the Purification Solutions reporting unit experienced further share losses, lower customer demand and declining prices in the mercury removal and North America powdered activated carbon applications, which led us to reassess our previous estimates for expected growth in volumes, prices and margins in the reporting unit. The forecasted demand and profit margins in mercury removal applications were lowered reflecting further unit closures at coal-fired utility plants, lower usage levels of activated carbon and lower plant utilization levels for coal-fired utilities, as well as lower pricing due to industry overcapacity, among other factors. While development programs continue to progress, growth estimates in other environmental and specialty applications were also lowered, reflecting heightened competition and updated timelines to commercialize certain new products. Due to these revised forecasts, we performed the quantitative goodwill impairment test and determined that the estimated fair value of the Purification Solutions reporting unit was lower than the reporting unit's carrying value, resulting in a goodwill impairment charge of $92 million. In determining the fair value of the Purification Solutions reporting unit, we used an income approach (a discounted cash flow analysis) which incorporated significant estimates and assumptions related to future periods, including growth rates in environmental and specialty applications and pricing assumptions of activated carbon, among others. In addition, an estimate of the reporting unit’s weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”) was used to discount future estimated cash flows to their present value. The WACC was based upon externally available data considering market participants’ cost of equity and debt, optimal capital structure and risk factors specific to the Purification Solutions reporting unit. Prior to determining the goodwill impairment charge, we considered whether the assets of the reporting unit, which is also considered the asset group, were recoverable. As a result of this assessment, we recorded an inventory reserve adjustment of $13 million and impairments to long lived assets of $162 million. The adjustment to inventory carrying value was determined based on reassessments of volumes, pricing, and margins described above and was recorded in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The impairment analysis to assess if definite-lived intangible assets and property, plant and equipment were recoverable was based on the estimated undiscounted cash flows of the reporting unit, and these cash flows were not sufficient to recover the carrying value of the long-lived assets over their remaining useful lives. Accordingly, we recorded impairment charges of $64 million and $98 million, to our definite-lived intangible assets and property, plant and equipment, respectively, in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 based on the lower of the carrying amount or fair value of the long-lived assets. We used the income approach to determine the fair value of the definite-lived intangible assets and the cost approach to determine the fair value of our property, plant and equipment. We will continue to monitor for events or changes in business circumstances that may indicate that the remaining carrying value of the asset group may not be recoverable. We recorded a tax benefit related to the impairment charges of $30 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 which was subsequently reduced by $1 million after the impairment charges by tax jurisdiction were finalized. 27 Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits We maintain both defined benefit and defined contribution plans for our employees. In addition, we provide certain postretirement health care and life insurance benefits for our retired employees. Plan obligations and annual expense calculations are based on a number of key assumptions. The assumptions, which are specific for each of our U.S. and foreign plans, are related to both the assets we hold to fund our plans (where applicable) and the characteristics of the benefits that will ultimately be provided to our employees. The most significant assumptions relative to our plan assets include the anticipated rates of return on these assets. Assumptions relative to our pension obligations are more varied; they include estimated discount rates, rates of compensation increases for employees, and mortality, employee turnover and other related demographic data. Projected health care and life insurance obligations also rely on the above mentioned demographic assumptions and assumptions surrounding health care cost trends. Actual results that differ from the assumptions are generally accumulated and amortized over future periods and could therefore affect the recognized expense and recorded obligation in such future periods. However, cash flow requirements may be different from the amounts of expense that are recorded in the consolidated financial statements. Litigation and Contingencies We are involved in litigation in the ordinary course of business, including personal injury and environmental litigation. After consultation with counsel, as appropriate, we accrue a liability for litigation when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The estimated reserves are recorded based on our best estimate of the liability associated with such matters or the low end of the estimated range of liability if we are unable to identify a better estimate within that range. Our best estimate is determined through the evaluation of various information, including claims, settlement offers, demands by government agencies, estimates performed by independent third parties, identification of other responsible parties and an assessment of their ability to contribute, and our prior experience. Litigation is highly uncertain and there is always the possibility of an unusual result in any particular case that may reduce our earnings and cash flows. The most significant reserves that we have established are for environmental remediation and respirator litigation claims. The amount accrued for environmental matters reflects our assumptions about remediation requirements at the contaminated sites, the nature of the remedies, the outcome of discussions with regulatory agencies and other potentially responsible parties at multi-party sites, and the number and financial viability of other potentially responsible parties. These liabilities can be affected by the availability of new information, changes in the assumptions on which the accruals are based, unanticipated government enforcement action or changes in applicable government laws and regulations, which could result in higher or lower costs. Our current estimate of the cost of our share of existing and future respirator liability claims is based on facts and circumstances existing at this time. Developments that could affect our estimate include, but are not limited to, (i) significant changes in the number of future claims, (ii) changes in the rate of dismissals without payment of pending claims, (iii) significant changes in the average cost of resolving claims, (iv) significant changes in the legal costs of defending these claims, (v) changes in the nature of claims received, (vi) changes in the law and procedure applicable to these claims, (vii) the financial viability of other parties that contribute to the settlement of respirator claims, (viii) a change in the availability of insurance coverage maintained by certain of the other parties that contribute to the settlement of respirator claims, or the indemnity provided by a former owner of the business, (ix) changes in the allocation of costs among the various parties paying legal and settlement costs and (x) a determination that the assumptions that were used to estimate our share of liability are no longer reasonable. We cannot determine the impact of these potential developments on our current estimate of our share of liability for these existing and future claims. Accordingly, the actual amount of these liabilities for existing and future claims could be different than the reserved amount. Income Taxes Our business operations are global in nature, and we are subject to taxes in numerous jurisdictions. Tax laws and tax rates vary substantially in these jurisdictions and are subject to change based on the political and economic climate in those countries. We file our tax returns in accordance with our interpretations of each jurisdiction’s tax laws. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes and recording the related tax assets and liabilities. In the ordinary course of our business, there are operational decisions, transactions, facts and circumstances, and calculations which make the ultimate tax determination uncertain. Furthermore, our tax positions are periodically subject to challenge by taxing authorities throughout the world. We have recorded reserves for taxes and associated interest and penalties that may become payable in future years as a result of audits by tax authorities. Any significant impact as a result of changes in underlying facts, law, tax rates, tax audit, or review could lead to adjustments to our income tax expense, our effective tax rate, and/or our cash flow. For instance, on December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted significant changes to federal income tax law affecting us. Refer to the discussion under the heading “Tax Reform” in Note R of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (“Note R”). 28 We record benefits for uncertain tax positions based on an assessment of whether the position is more likely than not to be sustained by the taxing authorities. If this threshold is not met, no tax benefit of the uncertain tax position is recognized. If the threshold is met, the tax benefit that is recognized is the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. This analysis presumes the taxing authorities’ full knowledge of the positions taken and all relevant facts, but does not consider the time value of money. We also accrue for interest and penalties on these uncertain tax positions and include such charges in the income tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Additionally, we have established valuation allowances against a variety of deferred tax assets, including net operating loss carry-forwards, foreign tax credits, and other income tax credits. Valuation allowances take into consideration our ability to use these deferred tax assets and reduce the value of such items to the amount that is deemed more likely than not to be recoverable. Our ability to utilize these deferred tax assets is dependent on achieving our forecast of future taxable operating income over an extended period of time. We review our forecast in relation to actual results and expected trends on a quarterly basis. Failure to achieve our operating income targets may change our assessment regarding the recoverability of our net deferred tax assets and such change could result in a valuation allowance being recorded against some or all of our net deferred tax assets. An increase in a valuation allowance would result in additional income tax expense, while a release of valuation allowances in periods when these tax attributes become realizable would reduce our income tax expense. Significant Accounting Policies We have other significant accounting policies that are discussed in Note A in Item 8 below. Certain of these policies include the use of estimates, but do not meet the definition of critical because they generally do not require estimates or judgments that are as difficult or subjective to measure. However, these policies are important to an understanding of the consolidated financial statements. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Refer to the discussion in Note B of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Results of Operations Cabot is organized into four reportable business segments: Reinforcement Materials, Performance Chemicals, Purification Solutions, and Specialty Fluids. Cabot is also organized for operational purposes into three geographic regions: the Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa; and Asia Pacific. The discussions of our results of operations for the periods presented reflect these structures. Our analysis of financial condition and operating results should be read with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Unless a calendar year is specified, all references to years in this discussion are to our fiscal years ended September 30. Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures When discussing our results of operations, we use several terms as described below. The term “product mix” refers to the mix of types and grades of products sold or the mix of geographic regions where products are sold, and the positive or negative impact this has on the revenue or profitability of the business and/or segment. Our discussion under the heading “Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes and Reconciliation of Effective Tax Rate to Operating Tax Rate” includes a discussion of our “effective tax rate” and our “operating tax rate” and includes a reconciliation of the two rates. Our operating tax rate is a non-GAAP financial measure and should not be considered as an alternative to our effective tax rate, the most comparable GAAP financial measure. In calculating our operating tax rate, we exclude discrete tax items, which include: i) unusual or infrequent items such as a significant release or establishment of a valuation allowance, ii) items related to uncertain tax positions such as the tax impact of audit settlements, interest on tax reserves, and the release of tax reserves from the expiration of statutes of limitations, and iii) other discrete tax items, such as the tax impact of legislative changes and, on a quarterly basis, the timing of losses in certain jurisdictions and the cumulative rate adjustment, if applicable. We also exclude the tax impact of certain items, as defined below in the discussion of Total segment EBIT, on both operating income and the tax provision. Our definition of the operating tax rate may not be comparable to the definition used by other companies. Management believes that the non-GAAP financial measure is useful supplemental information because it helps our investors compare our tax rate year to year on a consistent basis and understand what our tax rate on current operations would be without the impact of these items. 29 Our discussion under the heading “Fiscal 2018 compared to Fiscal 2017 and Fiscal 2017 compared to Fiscal 2016—By Business Segment” includes a discussion of Total segment EBIT, which is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings from affiliated companies less certain items and other unallocated items. Our Chief Operating Decision Maker, who is our President and Chief Executive Officer, uses segment EBIT to evaluate the operating results of each segment and to allocate resources to the segments. We believe Total segment EBIT, which reflects the sum of EBIT from our four reportable segments, provides useful supplemental information for our investors as it is an important indicator of our operational strength and performance, allows investors to see our results through the eyes of management, and provides context for our discussion of individual business segment performance. Total segment EBIT should not be considered an alternative for Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies, which is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. A reconciliation of Total segment EBIT to Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies is provided under the heading “Fiscal 2018 compared to Fiscal 2017 and Fiscal 2017 compared to Fiscal 2016—By Business Segment”. Investors should consider the limitations associated with this non-GAAP measure, including the potential lack of comparability of this measure from one company to another. In calculating Total segment EBIT, we exclude from our Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies (i) items of expense and income that management does not consider representative of our fundamental on-going segment results, which we refer to as “certain items”, and (ii) items that, because they are not controlled by the business segments and primarily benefit corporate objectives, are not allocated to our business segments, such as interest expense and other corporate costs, which include unallocated corporate overhead expenses such as certain corporate salaries and headquarter expenses, plus costs related to special projects and initiatives, which we refer to as “other unallocated items”. Management believes excluding the items identified as certain items facilitates operating performance comparisons from period to period by eliminating differences caused by the existence and timing of certain expense and income items that would not otherwise be apparent on a GAAP basis and also facilitates an evaluation of our operating performance without the impact of these costs or benefits. The items of income and expense that we have excluded from Total segment EBIT, as applicable, but that are included in our GAAP Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies, as applicable, are described below. • • • • • • • • • Asset impairment charges, which primarily include charges associated with an impairment of goodwill or other long- lived assets. Global restructuring activities include costs or benefits associated with cost reduction initiatives or plant closures, which primarily relate to (i) employee termination costs, (ii) asset impairment charges associated with restructuring actions, (iii) costs to close facilities, including environmental costs and contract termination penalties and (iv) gains realized on the sale of land or equipment associated with restructured plants or locations. Inventory reserve adjustment, which resulted from an evaluation performed as part of an impairment analysis. Acquisition and integration-related charges, which include transaction costs, redundant costs incurred during the period of integration, and costs associated with transitioning certain management and business processes to our processes. Legal and environmental reserves and matters, which consist of costs or benefits for matters typically related to former businesses or that are otherwise incurred outside of the ordinary course of business. Gains (losses) on sale of investments, which primarily relate to the sale of investments accounted for using the cost method. Non-recurring gains (losses) on foreign exchange, which primarily relate to the impact of controlled currency devaluations on our net monetary assets denominated in that currency. Executive transition costs, which include incremental charges, including stock compensation charges, associated with the retirement or termination of employment of senior executives of the Company. Employee benefit plan settlement charges, which consist of the costs associated with transferring the obligations and assets held by one of our defined benefit plans to a multi-employer plan. 30 Drivers of Demand and Key Factors Affecting Profitability Drivers of demand and key factors affecting our profitability differ by segment. In Reinforcement Materials, longer term demand is driven primarily by: i) the number of vehicle miles driven globally; ii) the number of original equipment and replacement tires produced; and iii) the number of automotive builds. Over the past several years, operating results have been driven by a number of factors, including: i) increases or decreases in our sales volumes driven by changes in production levels for tires or industrial rubber products and the level at which we service that demand; ii) changes in raw material costs and our ability to adjust the sales price for our products commensurate with changes in raw material costs; iii) changes in pricing and product mix, which includes customer pricing as well as the mix of products sold or the region in which they are sold; iv) global and regional capacity utilization for carbon black; v) fixed cost savings achieved through restructuring and other cost saving activities; vi) the growth of our volumes and market position in emerging economies; vii) capacity management and technology investments, including the impact of energy utilization and yield improvement technologies at our manufacturing facilities; and viii) royalties and technology payments related to our patented elastomer composites technology that is used in tire applications. In Performance Chemicals, longer term demand is driven primarily by the construction and infrastructure, automotive, electronics and consumer products industries. In recent years, operating results in Performance Chemicals have been driven by: i) increases or decreases in sales volumes to the industries previously noted; ii) our ability to deliver differentiated products that drive enhanced performance in customers’ applications; iii) our ability to obtain value pricing for this differentiation; iv) the cost of new capacity; v) changes in selling prices relative to variations in the cost of raw materials; and vi) the adoption of new products for use in our customers’ applications. In Purification Solutions, longer term demand is driven primarily by the demand for activated carbon based solutions for water, gas and air, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, catalysts and other chemical applications. Operating results in Purification Solutions have been influenced by: i) changes in our sales volumes in the various applications previously noted; ii) the amount of coal-based power generation utilized in the U.S. and the regulation of those utilities; iii) management of our operations, including inventory levels, and the commensurate costs; iv) changes in price and product mix; and v) industry capacity utilization. In Specialty Fluids, longer term demand is primarily driven by: i) the level of drilling activity utilizing cesium formate for high pressure oil and gas wells; ii) the petroleum industry’s acceptance of cesium formate as a drilling and completion fluid for this application; and iii) continued use of fine cesium chemicals in a variety of applications. Operating results in Specialty Fluids are influenced by the number of drilling projects as well as the size, type and duration of those drilling jobs and demand for fine cesium chemicals. Overview of Results for Fiscal 2018 During fiscal 2018, Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies decreased compared to fiscal 2017 primarily due to the Purification Solutions goodwill and long-lived asset impairment charge recorded in the second quarter of fiscal 2018. Fiscal 2018 compared to Fiscal 2017 and Fiscal 2017 compared to Fiscal 2016—Consolidated Net Sales and Other Operating Revenues and Gross Profit Net sales and other operating revenues Gross profit 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ $ 3,242 $ $ 781 2,717 $ 663 $ 2,411 575 The $525 million increase in net sales from fiscal 2017 to fiscal 2018 was due primarily to a more favorable price and product mix (combined $323 million), higher volumes ($110 million) and a favorable impact from foreign currency translation ($83 million). The more favorable price and product mix was primarily due to higher spot pricing in Asia and higher selling prices related to calendar year 2018 tire customer agreements. The $306 million increase in net sales from fiscal 2016 to fiscal 2017 was due primarily to a more favorable price and product mix (combined $248 million), an increase in volumes ($77 million), partially offset by an unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation ($24 million). The favorable price and product mix impact was primarily due to higher selling prices during the year from price adjustments to customers for increases in raw materials costs. Gross profit increased by $118 million in fiscal 2018 when compared to fiscal 2017 driven by higher volumes and unit margins in Reinforcement Materials, partially offset by higher fixed costs. Gross profit increased by $88 million in fiscal 2017 when compared to fiscal 2016 driven by higher margins and volumes in Reinforcement Materials. 31 Selling and Administrative Expenses 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 Selling and administrative expenses $ 305 $ 260 $ 275 Selling and administrative expenses increased by $45 million in fiscal 2018 when compared to fiscal 2017.The increase was principally driven by higher corporate administrative costs, an increase in the reserve for respirator liability matters and higher spending on projects and growth initiatives. Selling and administrative expenses decreased by $15 million in fiscal 2017 when compared to fiscal 2016 primarily due to lower spending on global restructuring activities in fiscal 2017 and a charge to the respirator reserve in fiscal 2016 that did not reoccur in fiscal 2017. Research and Technical Expenses 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 Research and technical expenses $ 66 $ 56 $ 53 Research and technical expenses increased by $10 million in fiscal 2018 when compared to fiscal 2017 primarily due to growth investment spending. Research and technical expenses increased by $3 million in fiscal 2017 when compared to fiscal 2016 due to continued spending on projects across the segments. Purification Solutions Long-Lived Assets and Goodwill Impairment Charges 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 Purification Solutions long-lived assets impairment charge Purification Solutions goodwill impairment charge $ $ 162 $ $ 92 — $ — $ — — The Purification Solutions long-lived assets and goodwill impairment charges recorded during fiscal 2018 are described in Note F of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (“Note F”). Interest and Dividend Income Interest and dividend income $ 10 $ 9 $ 5 Interest and dividend income increased by $1 million in fiscal 2018 when compared to fiscal 2017 due to higher interest rates and by $4 million in fiscal 2017 when compared to fiscal 2016 due primarily to interest earned on higher cash balances. 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 Interest Expense Interest expense 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ 54 $ 53 $ 54 Interest expense increased by $1 million in fiscal 2018 as compared to fiscal 2017. The increase was primarily due to higher interest rates and higher commercial paper borrowings throughout the fiscal year. Interest expense decreased by $1 million in fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016. The decrease was primarily due to lower interest rates on long-term debt partially offset by higher rates on commercial paper borrowings. Other Income (Expense) Other income (expense) 2018 $ Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 5 $ (4) $ 2016 (7) 32 Other income (expense) changed during fiscal 2018 by $9 million as compared to fiscal 2017 primarily due to a gain recorded in 2018 on the sale of investments. Other income (expense) changed by $3 million during fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016 due primarily to the impact of foreign currency movements. Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes and Reconciliation of Effective Tax Rate to Operating Tax Rate 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (Dollars in millions) 2016 Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 193 $ 33 $ 33 Effective tax rate(1) Impact of discrete tax items: Unusual or infrequent items(2): Items related to uncertain tax positions Other discrete tax items Impact of certain items Operating tax rate 165% (137)% (2)% 12% (17)% 21% 10% 6% (1)% 4% —% 19% 18% 2% 1% (2)% 5% 24% (1) (2) Refer to the reconciliation of computed tax expense at the federal statutory rate to the Provision (benefit) for income taxes in Note R. For fiscal 2018, fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, Impact of discrete tax items included net discrete tax expense of $148 million, net discrete tax benefit of $25 million and net discrete tax expense of less than $1 million, respectively. Discrete tax items for years ended September 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) Unusual or infrequent items during fiscal 2018 consisted of the net tax impacts of the Act (net tax expense of $159 million), cash management activities, foreign exchange gain/loss on the remeasurement of a deferred tax liability, and excludible foreign exchange gains and losses in certain jurisdictions. Unusual or infrequent items during fiscal 2017 consisted of the net tax impacts of excess foreign tax credits upon repatriation of previously taxed foreign earnings and the accrual of U.S. tax on certain foreign earnings. Unusual or infrequent items during fiscal 2016 included net tax impacts from the renewal of the U.S. Research and Experimentation credit, extraordinary dividends from subsidiaries, a claim for U.S. tax benefit, and other non-routine items; Items related to uncertain tax positions during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 included net tax impacts from the reversal of accruals for uncertain tax positions due to the expiration of statutes of limitations and settlement of tax audits, the accrual of interest on uncertain tax positions, and the accrual of prior year uncertain tax positions, and; Other discrete tax items during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 included changes in valuation allowances on beginning of year tax balances, the net tax impact of various return to provision adjustments related to tax return filings, changes in non-U.S. tax laws and audit settlements (fiscal 2018 only). Our effective and operating tax rates for fiscal 2019 are expected to be the same and in the range between 22% and 24%. We file U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. Cabot and certain subsidiaries are under audit in a number of jurisdictions. It is possible that some of these audits will be resolved in fiscal 2019 and could impact our anticipated effective tax rate. We have filed our tax returns in accordance with the tax laws in each jurisdiction and maintain tax reserves for uncertain tax positions. Tax Reform On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted significant changes to federal income tax law affecting us, including a permanent reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, as well as a 100% dividend received deduction for foreign dividends. Although the passage of the Act reduced the U.S. tax rate and effectively created a participation exemption regime, our future earnings could be negatively impacted by certain other aspects of the new legislation, including in particular, immediate U.S. taxation of global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) earned by foreign subsidiaries. In transitioning to this new full participation exemption regime for foreign earnings, we are also subject to a one-time tax on the deemed repatriation of certain foreign earnings. Refer to the discussion under the heading “Tax Reform” in Note R. 33 Equity in Earnings of Affiliated Companies and Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Net of Tax Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax $ $ 2 39 $ $ 7 25 $ $ 3 15 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax, decreased by $5 million in fiscal 2018 compared to fiscal 2017 and increased by $4 million in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016. The changes in both periods were primarily due to changes in earnings from our Venezuelan equity affiliate. Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax, increased by $14 million in fiscal 2018 compared to fiscal 2017 and increased by $10 million in fiscal 2017 compared to fiscal 2016 due to the higher profitability of our joint ventures in China and the Czech Republic. Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Cabot Corporation In fiscal 2018, we reported a net loss of $113 million ($1.85 loss per diluted common share). In fiscal 2017, we reported net income of $248 million ($3.91 per diluted common share). In fiscal 2016, we reported net income of $147 million ($2.32 per diluted common share). The loss in fiscal 2018 was driven by the Purification Solutions long-lived asset and goodwill impairment charges more fully discussed in Note F and the impact of tax reform in the U.S. Fiscal 2018 compared to Fiscal 2017 and Fiscal 2017 compared to Fiscal 2016—By Business Segment Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies, certain items, other unallocated items and Total segment EBIT for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 are set forth in the table below. The details of certain items and other unallocated items are shown below and in Note T of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies Less: Certain items, pre-tax Less: Other unallocated items Total segment EBIT $ $ 117 $ (248) (115) 480 $ 299 $ (3) (107) 409 $ 191 (81) (98) 370 In fiscal 2018, Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies decreased by $182 million, primarily due to the impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets of Purification Solutions ($254 million). Total segment EBIT increased by $71 million when compared to fiscal 2017. The increase in Total segment EBIT was driven by higher unit margins ($73 million), higher volumes ($53 million) and the favorable impact of foreign currency translation ($20 million), partially offset by higher fixed costs ($64 million). The increase in margins and volumes was driven by Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals. The increase in fixed costs in fiscal 2018 was due to several factors: (i) higher sales volumes, which led to higher costs in areas such as warehousing and shipping; (ii) costs associated with the construction of new manufacturing facilities in the fumed metal oxides business in North America and China that are not yet operational; (iii) higher maintenance costs to ensure asset reliability as our volumes grow; and (iv) higher commercial and technology investment to drive business and new product growth. In fiscal 2017, Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies increased by $108 million and Total segment EBIT increased by $39 million when compared to fiscal 2016. The increases were primarily driven by higher volumes across all segments except Specialty Fluids ($43 million), higher unit margins in Reinforcement Materials ($62 million), and a favorable impact from changing inventory levels ($23 million), partially offset by higher fixed costs ($49 million), and lower unit margins in Performance Chemicals ($33 million). 34 Certain Items: Details of the certain items for fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016 are as follows: Impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets of Purification Solutions (Note F) Global restructuring activities (Note O) Legal and environmental matters and reserves Inventory reserve adjustment (Note D) Gains (losses) on sale of investments Acquisition and integration-related charges Executive transition costs Non-recurring gain (loss) on foreign exchange Other certain items Total certain items, pre-tax Tax-related certain items: Tax impact of certain items Discrete tax items Total tax-related certain items Total certain items, net of tax 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ $ (254) $ 30 (16) (13) 10 (2) (2) — (1) (248) 31 (148) (117) (365) $ — $ (3) 1 — — — — — (1) (3) 1 25 26 23 $ — (47) (17) — — — (6) (11) — (81) 31 — 31 (50) An explanation of these items of expense and income is included in our discussion under the heading “Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures”. Additional information concerning several of these items is included in our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements as follows: Impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets (Note F); Global restructuring activities (Note O); and Inventory reserve adjustment (Note D). Tax-related certain items include discrete tax items, the nature of which are discussed under the heading “Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes and Reconciliation of Effective Tax Rate to Operating Tax Rate”. The tax impact of certain items is determined by (1) starting with the current and deferred income tax expense or benefit, included in Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation, and (2) subtracting the tax expense or benefit on “adjusted earnings”. Adjusted earnings is defined as the pre-tax income attributable to Cabot Corporation excluding certain items. The tax expense or benefit on adjusted earnings is calculated by applying the operating tax rate, as defined under the heading Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures, to adjusted earnings. Other Unallocated Items: 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 Interest expense Unallocated corporate costs General unallocated income (expense) Less: Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax Total other unallocated items $ $ (54) $ (61) 2 2 (115) $ (53) $ (50) 3 7 (107) $ (54) (45) 4 3 (98) A discussion of items that we refer to as “other unallocated items” can be found under the heading “Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures”. The balances of unallocated corporate costs are primarily comprised of expenditures related to managing a public company that are not allocated to the segments and corporate business development costs related to ongoing corporate projects. The balances of General unallocated income (expense) consists of gains (losses) arising from foreign currency transactions, net of other foreign currency risk management activities, interest income, dividend income, the profit or loss related to the corporate adjustment for unearned revenue, and the impact of including the full operating results of a contractual joint venture in Purification Solutions Segment EBIT. In fiscal 2018, Total other unallocated items changed by $8 million when compared to fiscal 2017, primarily driven by a change of $11 million in Unallocated corporate costs and a change of $1 million in General unallocated income, partially offset by a change of $5 million in Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax. The change in Unallocated corporate costs was primarily due to corporate project spending and higher incentive compensation. 35 In fiscal 2017, Total other unallocated items changed by $9 million when compared to fiscal 2016, primarily driven by a change of $4 million of Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax, due to lower earnings from our Venezuelan equity affiliate. In addition, Unallocated corporate costs changed by $5 million primarily associated with higher expenses related to incentive compensation. Reinforcement Materials Sales and EBIT for Reinforcement Materials for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Reinforcement Materials Sales Reinforcement Materials EBIT 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ $ 1,774 $ $ 279 1,381 $ 193 $ 1,108 137 In fiscal 2018, sales in Reinforcement Materials increased by $393 million when compared to fiscal 2017. The increase was principally driven by a more favorable price and product mix (combined $307 million), higher volumes ($44 million) and a favorable comparison from foreign currency translation ($42 million). The more favorable price and product mix was primarily due to higher pricing from 2018 tire customer agreements, higher spot pricing in Asia, and the passthrough of higher feedstock costs in our pricing. Higher volumes were driven by higher demand in the Americas and Europe. In fiscal 2017, sales in Reinforcement Materials increased by $273 million when compared to fiscal 2016. The increase was principally driven by a more favorable price and product mix (combined $260 million) and higher volumes ($27 million), partially offset by the unfavorable comparison of foreign currency translation ($12 million). The more favorable price and product mix was primarily driven by benefits from higher prices in our tire customer agreements and spot pricing in addition to a more favorable regional mix. Higher volumes were driven by an increase in rubber blacks volumes from higher contractual volumes in the Americas. In fiscal 2018, Reinforcement Materials EBIT increased by $86 million when compared to fiscal 2017 driven principally by higher unit margins ($89 million), higher volumes ($19 million) and the favorable comparison of foreign currency translation ($13 million), partially offset by higher fixed costs ($33 million). Higher unit margins were driven primarily by 2018 contract gains and a favorable spot market in Asia. The higher volumes were primarily due to higher demand in the Americas and Europe. The increase in fixed costs was due to several factors: (i) higher sales volumes, which led to higher costs in areas such as warehousing and shipping; (ii) higher maintenance costs to ensure asset reliability as our volumes grow; and (iii) higher commercial and technology investment to drive business and new product growth. In fiscal 2017, Reinforcement Materials EBIT increased by $56 million when compared to fiscal 2016 driven principally by higher rubber blacks unit margins ($62 million), higher rubber blacks volumes ($13 million) and the favorable impact from a change in inventory levels ($6 million), partially offset by higher fixed costs ($21 million) and an unfavorable comparison of foreign currency translation ($2 million). The favorable unit margins were due to benefits from customer agreement pricing gains and spot pricing as well as a more favorable regional mix, with higher sales in North America and lower sales in Asia. Higher rubber blacks fixed costs were primarily associated with the timing of required maintenance costs. Performance Chemicals Sales and EBIT for Performance Chemicals for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Specialty Carbons and Formulations Sales Metal Oxides Sales Performance Chemicals Sales Performance Chemicals EBIT 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ $ $ $ 731 297 1,028 $ 200 $ 623 $ 285 908 $ 201 $ 578 287 865 225 36 In fiscal 2018, sales in Performance Chemicals increased by $120 million when compared to fiscal 2017 due to a more favorable price and product mix (combined $36 million), higher volumes ($52 million) and the favorable comparison from foreign currency translation ($33 million). The higher volumes were driven by the acquisition of Tech Blend, which led to higher volumes in the Specialty Carbons and Formulations business. The more favorable price and product mix is primarily due to improved mix and price increases in excess of rising feedstock costs within the Specialty Carbons and Formulations business. In fiscal 2017, sales in Performance Chemicals increased by $43 million when compared to fiscal 2016 primarily due to higher volumes across all product lines ($51 million) and a favorable price and product mix (combined $2 million), partially offset by an unfavorable comparison of foreign currency translation ($11 million). The higher volumes were mainly driven by growth in sales in Asia and North America. In fiscal 2018, EBIT in Performance Chemicals was $1 million lower than in fiscal 2017. Higher volumes ($21 million), higher unit margins ($13 million) and the favorable impact of foreign currency translation ($8 million) were fully offset by higher fixed costs ($42 million) and the unfavorable impact from inventory changes ($1 million). Unit margins improved in fiscal 2018 due to successfully implementing price increases in excess of higher feedstock costs. Higher volumes were primarily due to growth in Specialty Compounds which includes the acquisition of Tech Blend during fiscal 2018. The increase in fixed costs was due to several factors: (i) higher sales volumes, which led to higher costs in areas such as warehousing and shipping; (ii) costs associated with the construction of new manufacturing facilities in the fumed metal oxides business in North America and China that are not yet operational; (iii) higher maintenance costs to ensure asset reliability as our volumes grow; and (iv) higher commercial and technology investment to drive business and new product growth. In fiscal 2017, EBIT in Performance Chemicals decreased by $24 million when compared to fiscal 2016 due to lower unit margins ($33 million), higher fixed costs ($23 million) and the unfavorable impact of foreign currency translation ($2 million). The decrease in unit margins was driven by higher raw material costs. Higher fixed costs were a result of increased maintenance, higher activity levels and growth investments. These decreases in EBIT were partially offset by higher volumes ($32 million) and the favorable impact from changing inventory levels ($2 million). The increase in volumes were primarily driven by growth across all Performance Chemicals product lines during fiscal 2017 with increases in volumes from Asia, North America and Europe. Purification Solutions Sales and EBIT for Purification Solutions for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Purification Solutions Sales Purification Solutions EBIT 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ $ 279 $ (7) $ 281 6 $ $ 290 (5) Sales in Purification Solutions decreased by $2 million in fiscal 2018 when compared to fiscal 2017 primarily due to lower volumes ($9 million) and a less favorable price and product mix (combined $2 million), partially offset by the favorable impact of foreign currency translation ($9 million). The lower volumes were due to increased competition, customer curtailments and reduced usage in the mercury removal application. Sales in Purification Solutions decreased by $9 million in fiscal 2017 when compared to fiscal 2016 due to a less favorable price and product mix (combined $16 million) and an unfavorable comparison of foreign currency translation ($1 million), partially offset by higher volumes ($8 million). The less favorable price and product mix was primarily due to price competition in North America for powder activated carbon and weaker mix in specialty applications. The increase in volumes during fiscal 2017 was primarily due to volume growth within mercury removal and specialty applications. EBIT in Purification Solutions decreased by $13 million in fiscal 2018 when compared to fiscal 2017 driven by lower unit margins ($11 million), lower volumes ($5 million), the unfavorable impact of changing inventory levels ($7 million) and the unfavorable impact of foreign currency translation ($1 million), partially offset by lower fixed costs ($12 million). Lower margins were due to increased competitive intensity in mercury removal and other North American powdered activated carbon applications. Lower fixed costs were due to the savings associated with restructuring actions put in effect during the first quarter of fiscal 2018 and the lower depreciation and amortization expense from recording an impairment during the second quarter of fiscal 2018 as discussed in Note F. 37 EBIT in Purification Solutions increased by $11 million in fiscal 2017 when compared to fiscal 2016 driven by the favorable impact of changing inventory levels ($15 million), higher volumes ($5 million) and the favorable comparison of foreign currency translation ($2 million). These improvements were partially offset by lower unit margins ($5 million) and higher fixed costs ($6 million). Higher volumes were due to sales to mercury removal and specialty customers. Higher fixed costs were a result of a plant disruption during the third quarter of fiscal 2017 and investment in research and development, marketing and sales resources as we focus on growing the specialty portion of the portfolio. Specialty Fluids Sales and EBIT for Specialty Fluids for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Specialty Fluids Sales Specialty Fluids EBIT 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ $ 45 8 $ $ 41 9 $ $ 47 13 Sales in Specialty Fluids increased by $4 million in fiscal 2018 when compared to fiscal 2017. The increase was primarily due to a higher level of project activity that resulted in higher rental and sales volumes for our drilling fluids. Sales in Specialty Fluids decreased by $6 million in fiscal 2017 when compared to fiscal 2016. The decrease was primarily due to lower volumes ($9 million) from lower project activity levels that resulted in lower rental and sales volumes for our drilling fluids. The decrease in volumes was partially offset by a more favorable price and product mix (combined $2 million). EBIT in Specialty Fluids decreased by $1 million in fiscal 2018 when compared to fiscal 2017. The decrease is primarily due to higher fixed costs ($1 million). EBIT in Specialty Fluids decreased by $4 million in fiscal 2017 when compared to fiscal 2016. The decrease was primarily due to lower volumes ($6 million), which was partially offset by an improved price and product mix ($2 million). Outlook Looking forward to fiscal 2019, we believe favorable industry dynamics and Cabot’s leadership positions will enable another year of strong growth. There are some near term uncertainties, largely related to trade tariffs between the U.S. and China, volatile commodity prices and new emission testing standards in Europe that are causing disruptions in auto production. These uncertainties are driving certain customers to be cautious in their short-term purchasing behavior, but we do not expect this to have a long-term impact on the business. We continue to expect EBIT growth across all segments in fiscal 2019. Reinforcement Materials is expected to benefit from favorable calendar 2019 customer agreements and our strong market position in Asia. We anticipate that Performance Chemicals EBIT will improve as we move through the year and we begin to see the anticipated benefits of our recent growth investments in the second half of fiscal 2019. We expect that Purification Solutions will benefit from a targeted improvement plan we are implementing to focus our portfolio, optimize our assets and streamline the organizational structure to support the new focus. In addition, we will continue to explore strategic alternatives for our Purification Solutions business. We anticipate that Specialty Fluids will continue its recent strong performance into fiscal 2019. Cash Flows and Liquidity Overview Our liquidity position, as measured by cash and cash equivalents plus borrowing availability, decreased by $354 million during fiscal 2018. The decrease was primarily attributable to increased commercial paper borrowings, which reduced our borrowing availability under our revolving credit agreement, and a decrease in our cash balances. As of September 30, 2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of $175 million and borrowing availability under our revolving credit agreement of $751 million. Our revolving credit agreement, which was amended in October 2017 to extend the maturity to October 2022, supports our commercial paper program and may be used for working capital, letters of credit and other general corporate purposes. At September 30, 2018, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants under our revolving credit facility including the total consolidated debt to consolidated EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) covenant. A significant portion of our business occurs outside the U.S. and our cash generation does not always align geographically with our cash needs. The vast majority of our cash and cash equivalent holdings tend to be held outside the U.S. Cash held by foreign subsidiaries is generally used to finance the subsidiaries’ operational activities and future investments. We use commercial paper throughout the year to manage short term U.S. cash needs. The commercial paper balance is generally reduced at quarter-end using cash derived from customer collections, settlement of intercompany balances and short-term intercompany loans. The balance of commercial paper outstanding as of September 30, 2018 was $249 million. If additional funds are needed in the U.S., we can repatriate offshore earnings. 38 We generally manage our cash and debt on a global basis to provide for working capital requirements as needed by region or site. Cash and debt are generally denominated in the local currency of the subsidiary holding the assets or liabilities, except where there are operational cash flow reasons to hold non-functional currency or debt. We anticipate sufficient liquidity from (i) cash on hand; (ii) cash flows from operating activities; and (iii) cash available from our revolving credit agreement and our commercial paper program to meet our operational and capital investment needs and financial obligations for the foreseeable future. The liquidity we derive from cash flows from operations is, to a large degree, predicated on our ability to collect our receivables in a timely manner, the cost of our raw materials, and our ability to manage inventory levels. We issued $30 million of 7.42% medium term notes in fiscal 1999 that mature on December 11, 2018 and are included in Current portion of long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018. We intend to pay off these notes at maturity with cash on hand and/or commercial paper borrowings. In November 2013, we purchased all of our joint venture partner’s common stock in the former NHUMO, S.A. de C.V. (“NHUMO”) joint venture. At the close of the transaction, NHUMO issued redeemable preferred stock to the joint venture partner with a repurchase value of $25 million and a fixed dividend rate of 6% per annum. In November 2018, we repurchased the preferred stock for $25 million and paid a final dividend payment of approximately $1.4 million. The following discussion of the changes in our cash balance refers to the various sections of our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Cash Flows from Operating Activities Cash provided by operating activities, which consists of net income adjusted for the various non-cash items included in income, changes in working capital and changes in certain other balance sheet accounts, totaled $298 million in fiscal 2018. Operating activities provided $348 million and $392 million in fiscal 2017 and in fiscal 2016, respectively. Cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2018 was driven primarily by net income, which, before non-cash depreciation, amortization and impairment charges, totaled $329 million from strong business performance and an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities, partially offset by increases in Accounts and notes receivable and Inventories largely driven by higher raw material costs. Cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2017 was driven primarily by net income of $273 million plus $155 million of non-cash depreciation and amortization. In addition, there was an increase in accounts payable and accruals and dividends from equity affiliates. These sources of cash were partially offset by increases in accounts receivable and inventories due to higher sales and raw material costs. Cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2016 was driven primarily by net income of $162 million plus $161 million of non-cash depreciation and amortization. In addition, there was a net decrease in accounts receivable and inventories largely driven by lower raw material costs and associated price reductions. These sources of cash were partially offset by a decrease in accounts payable. In addition to the factors noted above, the following other elements of operations have a bearing on operating cash flows: Restructurings — As of September 30, 2018, we had $5 million of total restructuring costs in accrued expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to our global restructuring activities. We made cash payments of $5 million during fiscal 2018 and received cash payments of $39 million related to the sale of land at our former sites in Thane, India and Merak, Indonesia. In fiscal 2019 and thereafter, we expect to make cash payments totaling approximately $5 million related to these restructuring plans. Environmental Reserves and Litigation Matters—As of September 30, 2018, we had a $15 million reserve for environmental remediation costs at various sites. These sites are primarily associated with businesses divested in prior years. Additionally, as of September 30, 2018, we had a $25 million reserve for respirator claims. Expenditures for each of these reserves will be incurred over many years. We also have other litigation costs arising in the ordinary course of business. Cash Flows from Investing Activities In fiscal 2018, investing activities consumed $246 million, which was primarily driven by $64 million of cash paid for our Specialty Compounds acquisition of Tech Blend, net of cash acquired of $1 million, and capital expenditures of $229 million. These capital expenditures were for sustaining and compliance capital projects at our operating facilities as well as capacity expansion capital expenditures in Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals. Offsetting these amounts was an inflow of cash related to the sales of land at our former sites in Merak, Indonesia, and Thane, India and proceeds from the sale of shares of a cost method investment in Asia. In fiscal 2017, capital expenditures were $147 million. Capital expenditures were primarily related to sustaining and compliance capital projects at our operating facilities. In fiscal 2016, capital expenditures were $112 million. Major capital project expenditures were related to sustaining and compliance activities. 39 Capital expenditures for fiscal 2019 are expected to be between $250 million and $300 million. Our planned capital spending program for fiscal 2019 is primarily for sustaining, compliance and improvement capital projects at our operating facilities as well as capacity expansion capital expenditures in Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals. Cash Flows from Financing Activities Financing activities consumed $141 million of cash in fiscal 2018 compared to $133 million in fiscal 2017 and $184 million in fiscal 2016. The use of cash in fiscal 2018 was primarily related to cash dividends paid to common stockholders of $80 million, purchases of common stock of $142 million, and cash dividends paid to noncontrolling interests of $21 million. This was offset by an increase in our overall debt balance of $80 million. The increase in debt was driven primarily by an increase in working capital and the acquisition of Tech Blend, partially offset by the proceeds from the Merak, Indonesia and Thane, India land sales. The use of cash in fiscal 2017 was primarily related to cash dividends paid to common stockholders of $77 million, purchases of common stock of $61 million, and cash dividends paid to noncontrolling interests of $14 million. Partially offsetting these uses of cash was $21 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options granted under our incentive compensation plans. The use of cash in fiscal 2016 was primarily related to cash dividends paid to common stockholders of $65 million, purchases of common stock of $45 million, cash dividends paid to noncontrolling interests of $16 million, and a decrease in our overall debt balance of $68 million. The decrease in debt was driven primarily by our redemption of our $300 million 5% fixed rate debt and a reduction in our outstanding commercial paper, partially offset by the issuance of $250 million in registered notes with a coupon of 3.4% that mature on September 15, 2026. At September 30, 2018, we had $751 million of availability under our credit agreement. Although generally we have an outstanding commercial paper balance during the quarter, we generally reduce the balance at quarter-end through cash receipts from collections, settlement of intercompany balances and short-term intercompany loans. There was $249 million of commercial paper outstanding at September 30, 2018. There was no commercial paper outstanding at September 30, 2017. Our long-term total debt, of which $35 million is current, matures at various times as presented in Note I of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The weighted-average interest rate on our fixed rate long-term debt was 3.5% as of September 30, 2018. Share Repurchases In July 2018, the Board of Directors’ authorized us to repurchase up to an additional 10 million shares of common stock. During fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, we repurchased approximately 2.2 million, 1.1 million, and 0.8 million shares of our common stock on the open market for $138 million, $59 million, and $39 million, respectively. Additionally, during fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, we repurchased less than one million shares of our common stock in each year associated with employee tax obligations on stock based compensation awards for $4 million, $2 million and $6 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2018, we had approximately 9.5 million shares available for repurchase under the Board of Directors’ share repurchase authorization. Dividend Payments In fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, we paid cash dividends on our common stock of $1.29, $1.23 and $1.04 per share, respectively. These cash dividend payments totaled $80 million in fiscal 2018, $77 million in fiscal 2017, and $65 million in fiscal 2016. Employee Benefit Plans As of September 30, 2018, we had a consolidated pension obligation, net of the fair value of plan assets, of $92 million, comprised of $44 million for pension benefit plan liabilities and $48 million for postretirement benefit plan liabilities. The $44 million of unfunded pension benefit plan liabilities is derived as follows: Fair Value of Plan Assets Benefit Obligation Funded (Unfunded) Status U.S. Foreign (In millions) Total $ $ 149 143 6 $ $ 323 $ 373 (50) $ 472 516 (44) In fiscal 2018, we made cash contributions totaling approximately $9 million to our foreign pension benefit plans. In fiscal 2019, we expect to make cash contributions of $8 million to our foreign pension plans. 40 The $48 million of unfunded postretirement benefit plan liabilities is comprised of $29 million for our U.S. and $19 million for our foreign postretirement benefit plans. These postretirement benefit plans provide certain health care and life insurance benefits for retired employees. Typical of such plans, our postretirement plans are unfunded and, therefore, have no plan assets. We fund these plans as claims or insurance premiums come due. In fiscal 2018, we paid postretirement benefits of $3 million under our U.S. postretirement plans and $1 million under our foreign postretirement plans. For fiscal 2019, our benefit payments for our postretirement plans are expected to be $4 million. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of September 30, 2018, we had no material transactions that meet the definition of an off-balance sheet arrangement. Contractual Obligations The following table sets forth our long-term contractual obligations. 2019 2020 2021 Purchase Commitments Long-term debt Capital lease obligations(1) Fixed interest on long-term debt Operating leases Total $ $ 454 34 1 29 22 540 $ $ 297 — 2 23 13 335 $ $ (1) Capital lease obligations include interest. Purchase Commitments $ $ Payments Due by Fiscal Year 2022 (In millions) 195 365 2 20 9 591 200 90 2 23 10 325 $ $ 2023 Thereafter Total 164 — 2 9 9 184 $ $ 2,168 258 8 28 69 2,531 $ $ 3,478 747 17 132 132 4,506 We have entered into long-term, volume-based purchase agreements primarily for the purchase of raw materials and natural gas with various key suppliers for all of our business segments. Under certain of these agreements the quantity of material being purchased is fixed, but the price we pay changes as market prices change. For purposes of the table above, current purchase prices have been used to quantify total commitments. We have also entered into long-term purchase agreements primarily for services related to information technology, which are not included in the table above, that total $14 million as of September 30, 2018, the majority of which is expected to be paid within the next 5 years. Capital Leases We have capital lease obligations primarily for certain equipment and buildings. These obligations are payable over the next 15 years. Operating Leases We have operating leases primarily comprised of leases for transportation vehicles, warehouse facilities, office space, and machinery and equipment. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We are exposed to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates because we finance certain operations through long- and short-term borrowings and denominate our transactions in a variety of foreign currencies. Changes in these rates may have an impact on future cash flows and earnings. We manage these risks through normal operating and financing activities and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments. We have policies governing our use of derivative instruments, and we do not enter into financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. By using derivative instruments, we are subject to credit and market risk. The derivative instruments are booked in our balance sheet at fair value and reflect the asset or liability position as of September 30, 2018. If a counterparty fails to fulfill its performance obligations under a derivative contract, our exposure will equal the fair value of the derivative. Generally, when the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes Cabot, thus creating a payment risk for Cabot. We minimize counterparty credit or repayment risk by entering into these transactions with major financial institutions of investment grade credit rating. Our exposure to market risk is not hedged in a manner that completely eliminates the effects of changing market conditions on earnings or cash flow. 41 Foreign Currency Risk Our international operations are subject to certain risks, including currency exchange rate fluctuations and government actions. We have cross-currency swaps designated as hedges of our net investments in certain Euro denominated subsidiaries. The following table summarizes the principal terms of our cross-currency swaps, including the aggregate notional amount of the swaps, the interest rate payment we receive from and pay to our swap counterparties, the term and fair value at September 30, 2018. Description Cross Currency Swaps Interest Rate Received Interest Rate Paid Fiscal Year Entered Into Maturity Year 3.40% 1.94% 2016 2026 Notional Amount USD 250 million swapped to EUR 223 million Fair Value at September 30, 2018 $(18) million We also have foreign currency exposures arising from the denomination of monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currencies other than the functional currency of a given subsidiary as well as the risk that currency fluctuations could affect the dollar value of future cash flows generated in foreign currencies. Accordingly, we use short-term forward contracts to minimize the exposure to foreign currency risk. At September 30, 2018, we had $18 million in net notional foreign currency contracts, which were denominated in Czech koruna. These forwards had a fair value of less than $1 million as of September 30, 2018. In certain situations where we have forecasted purchases under a long-term commitment or forecasted sales denominated in a foreign currency we may enter into appropriate financial instruments in accordance with our risk management policy to hedge future cash flow exposures. The primary currencies for which we have exchange rate exposure are the Euro, Japanese Yen, Brazilian Real, and Argentine Peso. In fiscal year 2018, foreign currency translations in the aggregate increased our business segment EBIT by $20 million, the majority of which affected the results of the Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals segments, partially offset by an unfavorable impact to the Purification Solutions segment. The overall favorable impact was driven by the translation of local currency denominated revenues and costs in Europe, where the U.S dollar weakened, and local currency denominated cost in Argentina, where the U.S. dollar strengthened. In addition, we recognized a $4 million net foreign exchange loss in Other income (expense) in fiscal 2018 from the revaluation of monetary assets and liabilities from transactional currencies to functional currency, largely attributable to changes in the value of the Brazilian Real and Indonesian Rupiah, offset by gains from movement in the Argentine Peso during the year. Effective July 1, 2018, we began to account for our Argentina carbon black operating entity as operating in a hyperinflationary economy and the operating entity began using our reporting currency, the U.S. dollar, as its functional currency. Included in the $4 million net foreign exchange loss is a $3 million net foreign exchange gain, which reflects the remeasurement of the Argentina operating entity’s net monetary liabilities denominated in Argentine peso. Refer to Note L of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details regarding Argentina hyperinflation. 42 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Description p (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Consolidated Statements of Operations............................................................................................................................. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income......................................................................................................... Consolidated Balance Sheets .............................................................................................................................................. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows............................................................................................................................. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity ........................................................................................... Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements................................................................................................................ Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm .............................................................................................. Pageg 44 45 46 48 49 50 93 43 CABOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Net sales and other operating revenues Cost of sales Gross profit Selling and administrative expenses Research and technical expenses Purification Solutions long-lived assets impairment charge (Note F) Purification Solutions goodwill impairment charge (Note F) Income (loss) from operations Interest and dividend income Interest expense Other income (expense) Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies (Provision) benefit for income taxes Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax Income (loss) from continuing operations Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax of $—, $— and $1 — Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax of $10, $6 and $4 Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic Diluted Earnings per common share: Basic: Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Cabot Corporation Income (loss) from discontinued operations Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Diluted: Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Cabot Corporation Income (loss) from discontinued operations Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Dividends per common share 2018 $ $ $ Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions, except per share amounts) 3,242 2,461 781 305 66 162 92 156 10 (54) 5 2,717 2,054 663 260 56 — — 347 9 (53) (4) 117 (193) 2 (74) — (74) 39 (113) $ 61.7 61.7 (1.85) $ — (1.85) $ (1.85) $ — (1.85) $ 1.29 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 299 (33) 7 273 — 273 25 248 62.3 62.7 3.94 — 3.94 3.91 — 3.91 1.23 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2016 2,411 1,836 575 275 53 — — 247 5 (54) (7) 191 (33) 3 161 1 162 15 147 62.4 62.9 2.32 0.02 2.34 2.30 0.02 2.32 1.04 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 44 CABOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax (provision) benefit of $1, $4, and $— Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period, net of tax provision of $—, $—, and $— Derivatives: net investment hedges (Gains) losses reclassified to interest expense, net of tax provision (benefit) of $2, $—, and $— (Gains) losses excluded from effectiveness testing and amortized to interest expense, net of tax provision (benefit) of $(1), $—, and $— Pension and other postretirement benefit liability adjustments Pension and other postretirement benefit liability adjustments arising during the period, net of tax Amortization of net loss and prior service credit included in net periodic pension cost, net of tax Other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ (74) $ 273 $ 162 (64) (1) (3) 1 6 (1) (62) (136) 39 (4) 35 $ (171) $ 25 — — — 41 2 68 341 25 2 27 314 $ 7 — — — (38) — (31) 131 15 (5) 10 121 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 45 CABOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts and notes receivable, net of reserve for doubtful accounts of $7 and $9 Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property, plant and equipment Accumulated depreciation Net property, plant and equipment Goodwill Equity affiliates Intangible assets, net Assets held for rent Deferred income taxes Other assets Total assets September 30 2018 2017 (In millions, except share and per share amounts) $ $ 175 637 511 63 1,386 3,520 (2,224) 1,296 93 52 98 118 134 67 3,244 $ $ 280 527 433 59 1,299 3,602 (2,297) 1,305 154 56 137 104 237 46 3,338 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 46 CABOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Short-term borrowings Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Income taxes payable Current portion of long-term debt Redeemable preferred stock Total current liabilities Long-term debt Deferred income taxes Other liabilities Redeemable preferred stock Commitments and contingencies (Note S) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock: Authorized: 2,000,000 shares of $1 par value Issued and Outstanding: None and none Common stock: Authorized: 200,000,000 shares of $1 par value Issued: 60,566,375 and 62,087,627 shares Outstanding 60,366,569 and 61,884,347 shares Less cost of 199,806 and 203,280 shares of common treasury stock Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Total Cabot Corporation stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity September 30 2018 2017 (In millions, except share and per share amounts) $ 249 613 29 35 26 952 719 42 252 — 7 457 22 256 — 742 661 38 245 27 — — 61 (7) — 1,417 (317) 1,154 125 1,279 3,244 $ 62 (6) — 1,707 (259) 1,504 121 1,625 3,338 $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 47 CABOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash provided by operating activities: $ (74) $ 273 $ Depreciation and amortization Long-lived asset impairment charge Goodwill impairment charge Deferred tax provision (benefit) Gain on sale of land Gain on sale of investments Equity in net income of affiliated companies Non-cash compensation Other non-cash (income) expense Changes in assets and liabilities: Accounts and notes receivable Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Income taxes payable Other liabilities Cash dividends received from equity affiliates Cash provided by operating activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Additions to property, plant and equipment Proceeds from the sale of land Change in assets held for rent Cash paid for acquisition of business, net of cash acquired of $1, $— and $— Proceeds from sales of investments Other — Cash used in investing activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Borrowings under financing arrangements Repayments under financing arrangements Increase in short-term borrowings, net Proceeds (repayments) from issuance of commercial paper, net Proceeds from long-term debt, net of issuance costs Repayments of long-term debt Purchases of common stock Proceeds from sales of common stock Cash dividends paid to noncontrolling interests Cash dividends paid to common stockholders Cash used in financing activities Effects of exchange rate changes on cash Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year Income taxes paid Interest paid $ $ $ 149 162 92 91 (39) (10) (2) 22 16 (127) (105) (27) 122 7 12 9 298 (229) 39 (3) (64) 11 — (246) — (4) (4) 249 90 (251) (142) 22 (21) (80) (141) (16) (105) 280 175 84 47 $ $ $ 155 — — (31) — — (7) 16 (3) (64) (61) (14) 91 (2) (16) 11 348 (147) — (6) — — 4 (149) 1 (3) 2 — — (2) (61) 21 (14) (77) (133) 14 80 200 280 69 48 $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 48 162 161 23 — (36) — — (3) 17 5 25 54 1 (27) (4) 5 9 392 (112) 16 (8) — — — (104) — (3) — (12) 248 (301) (45) 10 (16) (65) (184) 19 123 77 200 66 51 N O I T A R O P R O C T O B A C Y T I U Q E ’ S R E D L O H K C O T S N I S E G N A H C F O S T N E 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Significant Accounting Policies The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S.”). The significant accounting policies of Cabot Corporation (“Cabot” or “the Company”) are described below. Unless otherwise indicated, all disclosures and amounts in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements relate to the Company’s continuing operations. Effective October 1, 2017, the Company changed its method of accounting for its U.S. carbon black inventories from the last- in, first-out (“LIFO”) method to the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. The Company applied this change retrospectively to all prior periods presented, which is discussed in further detail under the heading “Inventories” below. As discussed in Note C, in fiscal 2018, the Company acquired 8755329 Canada Inc. (“Tech Blend”) and acquired NSCC Carbon (Jiangsu) Co. Ltd. (“NSCC Carbon”). The financial position, results of operations and cash flows of Tech Blend and NSCC Carbon are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cabot and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and majority-owned and controlled U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries. Additionally, Cabot considers consolidation of entities over which control is achieved through means other than voting rights, of which there were none in the periods presented. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents include all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at date of acquisition. Cabot continually assesses the liquidity of cash equivalents and, as of September 30, 2018, has determined that they are readily convertible to cash. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Effective October 1, 2017, the Company changed its method of accounting for its U.S. carbon black inventories from the LIFO method to the FIFO method. Total U.S. inventories accounted for utilizing the LIFO cost flow assumption represented 7% of the Company’s total worldwide inventories as of September 30, 2017. The Company believes the FIFO method is preferable because it: (i) conforms the accounting for U.S. carbon black inventories to the Company’s inventory valuation methodology for the majority of its other inventories; (ii) better represents how management assesses and reports on the performance of the Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals operating segments that carry the Company’s U.S. carbon black inventories, as the impact of accounting for this inventory on a LIFO basis has historically been excluded from segment results; (iii) better aligns the accounting for U.S. carbon black inventories with the physical flow of that inventory; and (iv) improves comparability with many of the Company’s peers. 50 The Company applied this change retrospectively to all prior periods presented. This change resulted in a $19 million increase in retained earnings as of October 1, 2015, from $1,478 million to $1,497 million. In addition, the following financial statement line items in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, its Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2017 and 2016, and its Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were adjusted: Consolidated Statements of Operations Years Ended September 30 As Originally Reported 2017 Effect of Change As Adjusted As Originally Reported (In millions, except per share amounts) 2016 Effect of Change As Adjusted Cost of sales Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies (Provision) benefit for income taxes Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Earnings per common share: Basic Diluted Consolidated Balance Sheets $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,065 $ (11) $ 2,054 $ 1,833 $ 3 $ 1,836 288 $ (29) $ $ 266 241 3.83 3.80 $ $ $ 11 $ (4) $ $ 7 7 0.11 0.11 $ $ $ 299 $ (33) $ $ 273 248 3.94 3.91 $ $ $ 194 $ (34) $ $ 164 149 2.38 2.36 $ $ $ (3) $ 1 $ (2) $ 191 (33) 162 (2) $ 147 (0.04) $ (0.04) $ 2.34 2.32 Inventories Deferred income taxes (assets) Retained earnings Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows As Originally Reported $ $ $ 396 250 1,683 September 30, 2017 Effect of Change (In millions) 37 $ $ (13) $ $ $ 24 $ As Adjusted As Originally Reported 433 237 1,707 $ $ $ 342 216 1,544 Years Ended September 30 September 30, 2016 Effect of Change (In millions) 26 $ $ (9) $ $ $ 17 $ As Adjusted 368 207 1,561 As Originally Reported 2017 Effect of Change As Adjusted As Originally Reported 2016 Effect of Change Net income (loss) Deferred tax provision (benefit) Inventories $ $ $ 266 $ (35) $ (50) $ $ 7 4 $ (11) $ (In millions) 273 $ (31) $ (61) $ 164 $ (35) $ $ 51 As Adjusted (2) $ (1) $ $ 3 162 (36) 54 If the Company had continued to account for its U.S. carbon black inventories under LIFO, there would have been an increase in Cost of Sales of $15 million, an additional benefit to the (Provision) benefit for income taxes of $4 million, an impact to the Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation of $11 million, and a decrease of $0.19 in both basic and diluted earnings per common share in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended September 30, 2018. The impact to the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018 would have been a decrease of $52 million in Inventories, an increase of $17 million in Deferred income taxes (assets), and a decrease of $35 million in Retained earnings. The cost of Specialty Fluids inventories that are classified as inventory and assets held for rent is determined using the average cost method. The cost of all other inventories is determined using the FIFO method. Cabot periodically reviews inventory for both potential obsolescence and potential declines in anticipated selling prices. In this review, the Company makes assumptions about the future demand for and market value of the inventory, and based on these assumptions estimates the amount of any obsolete, unmarketable, slow moving, or overvalued inventory. Cabot writes down the value of these inventories by an amount equal to the difference between the cost of the inventory and its estimated net realizable value. 51 Investments The Company has investments in equity affiliates and marketable securities. As circumstances warrant, all investments are subject to periodic impairment reviews. Unless consolidation is required, investments in equity affiliates, where Cabot generally owns between 20% and 50% of the affiliate, are accounted for using the equity method. Cabot records its share of the equity affiliate’s results of operations based on its percentage of ownership of the affiliate. Dividends declared from equity affiliates are a return on investment and are recorded as a reduction to the equity investment value. At September 30, 2018 and 2017, Cabot had equity affiliate investments of $52 million and $56 million, respectively. Dividends declared and received from these investments were $9 million, $11 million and $9 million in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Intangible Assets and Goodwill Impairment The Company records tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting. Amounts paid for an acquisition are allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. The Company uses assumptions and estimates in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. The determination of the fair value of intangible assets requires the use of significant judgment with regard to assumptions used in the valuation model. The Company estimates the fair value of identifiable acquisition-related intangible assets principally based on projections of cash flows that will arise from these assets. The projected cash flows are discounted to determine the fair value of the assets at the dates of acquisition. The Company acquired Tech Blend in November 2017, which included separately identifiable intangible assets of $29 million as part of the purchase price allocation as discussed in Note C. Definite-lived intangible assets, which are comprised of trademarks, customer relationships and developed technologies, are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are reviewed for impairment when indication of potential impairment exists, such as a significant reduction in cash flows associated with the assets. The Company recognized an impairment on intangible assets associated with the Purification Solutions business in second fiscal quarter of 2018, which is discussed in Note F. Goodwill is comprised of the purchase price of business acquisitions in excess of the fair value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for impairment annually as of May 31, or when events or changes in the business environment indicate that the carrying value of the reporting unit may exceed its fair value. A reporting unit, for the purpose of the impairment test, is at or below the operating segment level, and constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by segment management. Reinforcement Materials, and the Fumed Metal Oxides and Specialty Compounds businesses within Performance Chemicals, which are considered separate reporting units, carried the Company’s goodwill balances as of May 31, 2018. The Purification Solutions reporting unit had no remaining goodwill balance subsequent to the goodwill impairment charge recorded in the second quarter of fiscal 2018. As part of the Tech Blend acquisition, goodwill of $33 million was generated and is reflected in the Specialty Compounds reporting unit. For the purpose of the goodwill impairment test, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If an initial qualitative assessment identifies that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, an additional quantitative evaluation is performed. Alternatively, the Company may elect to proceed directly to the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If based on the quantitative evaluation the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a goodwill impairment loss would result. The goodwill impairment loss would be the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The fair value of a reporting unit is based on discounted estimated future cash flows. The fair value is also benchmarked against a market approach using the guideline public companies method. The assumptions used to estimate fair value include management’s best estimates of future growth rates, operating cash flows, capital expenditures and discount rates over an estimate of the remaining operating period at the reporting unit level. Refer to Note F and Note G for details on the Purification Solutions goodwill impairment test and the resulting charge recorded in the second quarter of fiscal 2018, and the results of the Company’s annual goodwill impairment test performed as of May 31, 2018, respectively. Long-lived Assets Impairment The Company’s long-lived assets primarily include property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, long-term investments and assets held for rent. The carrying values of long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. To test for impairment of assets, the Company generally uses a probability-weighted estimate of the future undiscounted net cash flows of the assets over their remaining lives to determine if the value of the asset is recoverable. Long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which independent identifiable cash flows are determinable. 52 An asset impairment is recognized when the carrying value of the asset is not recoverable based on the analysis described above, in which case the asset is written down to its fair value. If the asset does not have a readily determinable market value, a discounted cash flow model may be used to determine the fair value of the asset. In circumstances when an asset does not have separate identifiable cash flows, an impairment charge is recorded when the Company no longer intends to use the asset. In the second quarter of fiscal 2018, the Company determined that the long-lived asset group of Purification Solutions was not fully recoverable, and accordingly, the Company recorded an impairment charge for the carrying value in excess of the fair value of the asset group, as described in Note F. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. The depreciable lives for buildings, machinery and equipment, and other fixed assets are generally between twenty and twenty-five years, ten and twenty-five years, and three and twenty-five years, respectively. The cost and accumulated depreciation for property, plant and equipment sold, retired, or otherwise disposed of are removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheets and resulting gains or losses are included in earnings in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expenses as incurred. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments, which significantly extend the useful lives of existing plant and equipment, are capitalized and depreciated. Non-cash capital expenditures for significant projects was approximately $29 million and $7 million for the years ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and was included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cabot capitalizes interest costs when they are part of the historical cost of acquiring and constructing certain assets that require a period of time to prepare for their intended use. During fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, Cabot capitalized $2 million, $1 million and $1 million of interest costs, respectively. These amounts are amortized over the lives of the related assets when they are placed in service. Assets Held for Rent Assets held for rent represent Specialty Fluids cesium formate product that is available to customers in the normal course of business. At both September 30, 2018 and 2017, $5 million of cesium ore was included in assets held for rent, a majority of which will be converted into cesium formate. Assets held for rent are stated at average cost. Asset Retirement Obligations Cabot estimates incremental costs for special handling, removal and disposal of materials that may or will give rise to conditional asset retirement obligations (“ARO”) and then discounts the expected costs back to the current year using a credit adjusted risk free rate. Cabot recognizes ARO liabilities and costs when the timing and/or settlement can be reasonably estimated. In certain instances, Cabot has not recorded a reserve for AROs because of the indefinite life of certain assets. The ARO reserves were $28 million and $26 million at September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities and Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Foreign Currency Translation The functional currency of the majority of Cabot’s foreign subsidiaries is the local currency in which the subsidiary operates. Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet dates. Income and expense items are translated at average monthly exchange rates during the year. Unrealized currency translation adjustments are included as a separate component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) within stockholders’ equity. Realized and unrealized foreign currency gains and losses arising from transactions denominated in currencies other than the subsidiary’s functional currency are reflected in earnings with the exception of (i) intercompany transactions considered to be of a long-term investment nature; (ii) income taxes upon future repatriation of unremitted earnings from non-U.S. subsidiaries that are not indefinitely reinvested; and (iii) foreign currency borrowings designated as net investment hedges. Gains or losses arising from these transactions are included as a component of Other comprehensive income (loss). In fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, net foreign currency transaction losses of $4 million, $4 million, and $7 million, respectively, are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Effective July 1, 2018, the Company began to account for its wholly-owned Argentina subsidiary as a highly inflationary economy. As a result, the functional currency of the Argentina subsidiary was changed to the U.S. dollar, Cabot’s reporting currency, which is discussed in Note L. 53 Share Repurchases Periodically, Cabot repurchases shares of the Company’s common stock in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions under the authorization approved by the Board of Directors as discussed in Item 5 under the heading “Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities”. The Company retires the repurchased shares and records the excess of the purchase price over par value to additional paid-in capital (“APIC”) until such amount is reduced to zero and then charges the remainder against retained earnings. Financial Instruments Cabot’s financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, investments, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, short-term and long-term debt, and derivative instruments. The carrying values of Cabot’s financial instruments approximate fair value with the exception of fixed rate long-term debt, which is recorded at amortized cost. The fair values of the Company’s financial instruments are based on quoted market prices, if such prices are available. In situations where quoted market prices are not available, the Company relies on valuation models to derive fair value. Such valuation takes into account the ability of the financial counterparty to perform and the Company’s own credit risk. Cabot uses derivative financial instruments primarily for purposes of hedging the exposures to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, which exist as part of its on-going business operations. Cabot does not enter into derivative contracts for speculative purposes, nor does it hold or issue any derivative contracts for trading purposes. All derivatives are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. Where Cabot has a legal right to offset derivative settlements under a master netting agreement with a counterparty, derivatives with that counterparty are presented on a net basis. The changes in the fair value of derivatives are recorded in either earnings or AOCI, depending on whether or not the instrument is designated as part of a hedge transaction and, if designated as part of a hedge transaction, the type of hedge transaction. The gains or losses on derivative instruments reported in AOCI are reclassified to earnings in the period in which earnings are affected by the underlying hedged item. The ineffective portion of all hedges is recognized in earnings during the period in which the ineffectiveness occurs. In accordance with Cabot’s risk management strategy, the Company may enter into certain derivative instruments that may not be designated as hedges for hedge accounting purposes. Although these derivatives are not designated as hedges, the Company believes that such instruments are closely correlated with the underlying exposure, thus managing the associated risk. The Company records in earnings the gains or losses from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges. Cash movements associated with these instruments are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as Cash Flows from Operating Activities because the derivatives are designed to mitigate risk to the Company’s cash flow from operations. The cash flows related to the principal amount of outstanding debt instruments are presented in the Cash Flows from Financing Activities section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Revenue Recognition Cabot recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Cabot generally is able to ensure that products meet customer specifications prior to shipment. If the Company is unable to determine that the product has met the specified objective criteria prior to shipment or if title has not transferred because of sales terms, the revenue is considered “unearned” and is deferred until the revenue recognition criteria are met. Shipping and handling charges related to sales transactions are recorded as sales revenue when billed to customers or included in the sales price. Taxes collected on sales to customers are excluded from revenues. The following table shows the relative size of the revenue recognized in each of the Company’s reportable segments: Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Purification Solutions Specialty Fluids Years Ended September 30 2017 2016 2018 57% 33% 9% 1% 53% 35% 11% 1% 48% 37% 13% 2% Cabot derives the substantial majority of its revenues from the sale of products in its Reinforcement Materials, Performance Chemicals, and Purification Solutions segments. Revenue from these products is typically recognized when the product is shipped and title and risk of loss have passed to the customer. The Company offers cash discounts and volume rebates to certain of its customers as sales incentives. The discounts and volume rebates are recorded as a reduction in sales at the time revenue is recognized and are estimated based on historical experience and contractual obligations. Cabot periodically reviews the assumptions underlying its estimates of discounts and volume rebates and adjusts its revenues accordingly. 54 Revenue in Specialty Fluids arises primarily from the rental of cesium formate. This revenue is recognized throughout the rental period based on the contracted rental terms. Customers are also billed and revenue is recognized, typically at the end of the job, for cesium formate product that is not returned. The Company also generates revenues from cesium formate sold outside of the rental process and from the sale of fine cesium chemicals. This revenue is recognized upon delivery of the product. Cost of Sales Cost of sales consists of the cost of raw and packaging materials, direct manufacturing costs, depreciation, internal transfer costs, inspection costs, inbound and outbound freight and shipping and handling costs, plant purchasing and receiving costs and other overhead expenses necessary to manufacture the products. Accounts and Notes Receivable Trade receivables are recorded at the invoiced amount and generally do not bear interest. Trade receivables in China may at certain times be settled with the receipt of bank issued non-interest bearing notes. These notes totaled 32 million Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”) ($5 million) and 73 million RMB ($11 million) as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are included in Accounts and notes receivable on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cabot periodically sells a portion of these bank notes and other customer receivables at a discount and such sales are accounted for as asset sales. The Company does not have any continuing involvement with these notes or other customer receivables after the sale. The difference between the proceeds from the sale and the carrying value of these assets is recognized as a loss on the sale of receivables and is included in Other income (expense) in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. During fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded charges of $3 million, $2 million, and $1 million, respectively, for the sale of these assets. Cabot maintains allowances for doubtful accounts based on an assessment of the collectability of specific customer accounts, the aging of accounts receivable and other economic information on both a historical and prospective basis. Customer account balances are charged against the allowance when it is probable the receivable will not be recovered. There were no material changes in the allowance for any of the years presented. There is no material off-balance sheet credit exposure related to customer receivable balances. Stock-based Compensation Cabot recognizes compensation expense for stock-based awards granted to employees using the fair value method. Under the fair value recognition provisions, stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense over the service period, which generally represents the vesting period, and includes an estimate of what level of performance the Company will achieve for Cabot’s performance-based stock awards. Cabot calculates the fair value of its stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units is determined using the closing price of Cabot stock on the day of the grant. Selling and Administrative Expenses Selling and administrative expenses consist of salaries and fringe benefits of sales and office personnel, general office expenses and other expenses not directly related to manufacturing operations. Research and Technical Expenses Research and technical expenses include salaries, equipment and material expenditures, and contractor fees and are expensed as incurred. Income Taxes Deferred income taxes are determined based on the estimated future tax effects of differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that realization of those assets is considered to be more likely than not. A valuation allowance is established for deferred taxes when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Provisions are made for the U.S. income tax liability and additional non-U.S. taxes on the undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries, except for amounts Cabot has designated to be indefinitely reinvested. Cabot records benefits for uncertain tax positions based on an assessment of whether the position is more likely than not to be sustained by the taxing authorities. If this threshold is not met, no tax benefit of the uncertain tax position is recognized. If the threshold is met, the tax benefit that is recognized is the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. This analysis presumes the taxing authorities’ full knowledge of the positions taken and all relevant facts, but does not consider the time value of money. The Company also accrues for interest and penalties on its uncertain tax positions and includes such charges in its income tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. 55 Environmental Costs Cabot accrues environmental costs when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When a single liability amount cannot be reasonably estimated, but a range can be reasonably estimated, Cabot accrues the amount that reflects the best estimate within that range or the low end of the range if no estimate within the range is better. The amount accrued reflects Cabot’s assumptions about remediation requirements at the contaminated site, the nature of the remedy, the outcome of discussions with regulatory agencies and other potentially responsible parties at multi-party sites, and the number and financial viability of other potentially responsible parties. Cabot does not reduce its estimated liability for possible recoveries from insurance carriers. Proceeds from insurance carriers are recorded when realized by either the receipt of cash or a contractual agreement. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Note B. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued a new standard that amends the accounting standard for stock compensation by simplifying several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including the related accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, and the withholding of shares to satisfy the employer’s tax withholding requirements, as well as classification in the Statements of Cash Flows. The Company adopted the standard on October 1, 2017. The following guidance was updated under the new standard, and its impact to Cabot is described below: • • • • When accounting for forfeitures the Company may elect to estimate the number of forfeitures to be recognized over the term of an award, which was also permitted under the previous guidance, or account for forfeitures as they occur. The Company elected to modify its accounting policy and account for forfeitures as they occur. The Company applied the accounting change on a modified retrospective basis, which resulted in a cumulative-effect charge of less than $1 million to Retained earnings as of October 1, 2017. Excess tax benefits or deficiencies related to stock compensation that were previously recorded to APIC are now recognized as a discrete tax benefit or expense in (Provision) benefit for income taxes within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The impact on the (Provision) benefit for income taxes was a discrete tax benefit of $2 million during fiscal 2018. Excess tax benefits are no longer reclassified out of cash flows from operating activities to financing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company elected to apply this cash flow presentation requirement retrospectively, which resulted in the reclassification of $8 million of tax benefit from share-based compensation awards from cash flows from financing activities to cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for fiscal 2017. There was no impact to the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for fiscal 2016 as a result of applying this standard retrospectively. Cash paid by an employer when directly withholding shares for tax withholding purposes are required to be classified as a financing activity in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. This method of presentation is consistent with the Company's historical presentation. In January 2017, the FASB issued a new standard that amends the definition of a business. The standard clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. These amendments provide a screen to determine when an integrated set of assets and activities (collectively referred to as a “set”) should be accounted for as an asset rather than a business. In order to be considered a business, a set must include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create output. The guidance also removes the evaluation of whether a market participant could replace missing elements. The Company adopted the standard on October 1, 2017. The adoption of this standard did not impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In August 2017, the FASB issued a new standard that amends the hedge accounting recognition and presentation requirements under hedge accounting. The new standard will make more financial and nonfinancial hedging strategies eligible for hedge accounting, amends the presentation and disclosure requirements, and simplifies how companies assess effectiveness. The Company adopted the standard on October 1, 2017. The adoption of this standard did not impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements. 56 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued a new standard that amends the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. The standard requires entities to recognize revenue when they transfer promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. This standard is applicable for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company has completed its assessment of the new standard, which included reviewing a sample of contracts across the Company’s four business segments. Based on this assessment, the adoption of this standard will not have a material impact on how the Company recognizes revenue. The Company will implement the updates that are necessary to its revenue recognition policy, internal controls, processes and financial statement disclosures. The Company will adopt this standard on October 1, 2018 and expects to apply a modified retrospective approach. In February 2016, the FASB issued a new standard for the accounting for leases. This new standard requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases, but recognize expenses on their income statements in a manner that is similar to the current accounting treatment for leases. The standard is applicable for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and for interim periods within those years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company expects to adopt the standard on October 1, 2019. The Company has established a project plan and implementation team which will analyze the current portfolio of leases to determine the impact of adopting this new standard. The implementation team will also be responsible for evaluating and designing the necessary changes to the Company’s business processes, lease policies, systems and internal controls to support recognition and disclosure under the new guidance. In August 2016, the FASB issued final amendments to clarify how entities should classify certain cash receipts and cash payments on the statement of cash flows such as distributions received from equity method investees, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company will adopt this standard on October 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard is not expected to materially impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In March 2017, the FASB issued a new standard that amends the requirements on the presentation of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs. Currently, net benefit costs are reported as employee costs within operating income. The new standard requires the service cost component to be presented with other employee compensation costs. The other components will be reported separately outside of operations. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years, and early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of any annual period for which an entity’s financial statements (interim or annual) have not been issued. The Company will adopt this standard on October 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard is not expected to materially impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In February 2018, the FASB issued a new standard that allows entities to reclassify from AOCI to Retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Act”). The amendments in this new standard also require certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. The new standard is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating this standard and the timing of its adoption. The adoption of this standard is not expected to materially impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued a new standard that amends existing annual disclosure requirements applicable to all employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans by adding, removing, and clarifying certain disclosures. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating this standard and the timing of its adoption. The adoption of this standard is not expected to materially impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Note C. Acquisitions Tech Blend In November 2017, the Company acquired Tech Blend, a North American producer of black masterbatches, for a purchase price of $65 million, paid in cash. The purchase price was subject to a working capital adjustment, which was immaterial. The operating results of the business are included in the Company’s Performance Chemicals segment. The acquisition extends the Company’s global footprint in black masterbatch and compounds and provides a platform to serve global customers and grow in conductive formulations. Since the date of acquisition, Tech Blend revenues have totaled approximately $26 million through September 30, 2018. The Company incurred acquisition costs of less than $1 million through September 30, 2018 associated with the transaction, which are included in Selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. 57 The allocation of the purchase price set forth below was based on estimates of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. (In millions) Assets Cash Accounts receivable Inventories Property, plant and equipment Intangible assets Goodwill Total assets acquired Liabilities Current liabilities Deferred tax liabilities Total liabilities assumed Cash consideration paid $ $ 1 5 3 7 29 33 78 (3) (10) (13) 65 As part of the purchase price allocation, the Company determined the separately identifiable intangible assets are comprised of developed technologies of $21 million, which will be amortized over 25 years, and customer relationships of $8 million, which will be amortized over 12 years. The Company estimated the fair values of the identifiable acquisition-related intangible assets based on projections of cash flows that will arise from those assets. The projected cash flows were discounted to determine the fair value of the assets at the date of acquisition. The determination of the fair value of the intangible assets acquired required the use of significant judgment with regard to (i) assumptions in the discounted cash flow model used and (ii) determination of the useful lives of the developed technologies and customer relationships. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the tangible net assets and intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill recognized is attributable to the growth and operating synergies that the Company expects to realize from this acquisition. Goodwill generated from the acquisition will not be deductible for tax purposes. NSCC Carbon (Jiangsu) Co. Ltd In September 2018, the Company acquired NSCC Carbon, a carbon black manufacturing facility in Pizhou, Jiangsu Province, China for the purchase price of $8 million. The manufacturing facility will support the Company’s specialty carbons product line within the Performance Chemicals segment. The plant is temporarily mothballed to conduct maintenance and technology upgrades that are expected to occur over the next two years. The total purchase price of $8 million, which is payable upon satisfaction of certain conditions that are expected to be completed in less than 12 months, is recorded within Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Note D. Inventories Inventories, net of obsolete, unmarketable and slow moving reserves, are as follows: Raw materials Work in process Finished goods Other Total September 30 2018 2017 (In millions) 129 $ 3 329 50 511 $ 93 2 293 45 433 $ $ Effective October 1, 2017, the Company changed its method of accounting for its U.S. carbon black inventories from the LIFO method to the FIFO method. Total U.S. inventories accounted for utilizing the LIFO cost flow assumption represented 7% of the Company’s total worldwide inventories as of September 30, 2017. Refer to the discussion under the heading “Inventories” in Note A for details on the impact of the change on the consolidated financial statements. Other inventory is comprised of certain spare parts and supplies. 58 Cabot periodically reviews inventory for both obsolescence and loss of value. In this review, Cabot makes assumptions about the future demand for and market value of the inventory and, based on these assumptions, estimates the amount of obsolete, unmarketable or slow moving inventory. At September 30, 2018 and 2017, total inventory reserves were $38 million and $19 million, respectively. During fiscal year 2018, the Company recorded a lower of cost or market charge in the amount of $13 million related to its Purification Solutions inventory held at several sites in North America and Europe. Note E. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment consists of the following: Land and land improvements Buildings Machinery and equipment Other Construction in progress Total property, plant and equipment Less: Accumulated depreciation Net property, plant and equipment September 30 2018 2017 (In millions) 142 $ 514 2,373 249 242 3,520 (2,224) 1,296 $ 151 531 2,527 243 150 3,602 (2,297) 1,305 $ $ Depreciation expense was $142 million, $147 million and $154 million for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Note F. Purification Solutions Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets Impairment Charges During the second quarter of fiscal 2018, the Company recorded impairment charges relating to the goodwill and long-lived assets of the Purification Solutions reporting unit, and an associated deferred tax benefit, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows: Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 (In millions) Purification Solutions goodwill impairment charge Purification Solutions long-lived assets impairment charge Benefit for income taxes Impairment charges, after tax $ $ 92 162 (30) 224 59 In the second quarter of fiscal 2018, the Purification Solutions reporting unit experienced further share losses, lower customer demand and declining prices in the mercury removal and North America powdered activated carbon applications, which led the Company to reassess its previous estimates for expected growth in volumes, prices and margins in the reporting unit. The forecasted demand and profit margins in mercury removal applications were lowered reflecting further unit closures at coal-fired utility plants, lower usage levels of activated carbon and lower plant utilization levels for coal-fired utilities, as well as lower pricing due to industry overcapacity, among other factors. While development programs continue to progress, growth estimates in other environmental and specialty applications were also lowered, reflecting heightened competition and updated timelines to commercialize certain new products. Due to these revised forecasts, the Company performed the quantitative goodwill impairment test and determined that the estimated fair value of the Purification Solutions reporting unit was lower than the reporting unit's carrying value, resulting in a goodwill impairment charge of $92 million. In determining the fair value of the Purification Solutions reporting unit, the Company used an income approach (a discounted cash flow analysis) which incorporated significant estimates and assumptions related to future periods, including growth rates in environmental and specialty applications and pricing assumptions of activated carbon, among others. In addition, an estimate of the reporting unit’s weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”) was used to discount future estimated cash flows to their present value. The WACC was based upon externally available data considering market participants’ cost of equity and debt, optimal capital structure and risk factors specific to the Purification Solutions reporting unit. Prior to determining the goodwill impairment charge, the Company considered whether the assets of the reporting unit, which is also considered the asset group, were recoverable. As a result of this assessment, the Company recorded an inventory reserve adjustment of $13 million and impairments to long lived assets of $162 million. The adjustment to inventory carrying value was determined based on reassessments of volumes, pricing, and margins described above and was recorded in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The impairment analysis to assess if definite-lived intangible assets and property, plant and equipment were recoverable was based on the estimated undiscounted cash flows of the reporting unit, and these cash flows were not sufficient to recover the carrying value of the long-lived assets over their remaining useful lives. Accordingly, the Company recorded impairment charges of $64 million and $98 million, to its definite-lived intangible assets and property, plant and equipment, respectively, in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 based on the lower of the carrying amount or fair value of the long- lived assets. The Company used the income approach to determine the fair value of the definite-lived intangible assets and the cost approach to determine the fair value of its property, plant and equipment. Cabot will continue to monitor for events or changes in business circumstances that may indicate that the remaining carrying value of the asset group may not be recoverable. The Company recorded a tax benefit related to the impairment charges of $30 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 which was subsequently reduced by $1 million after the impairment charges by tax jurisdiction were finalized. Note G. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Cabot had goodwill balances of $93 million and $154 million at September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively. The carrying amount of goodwill attributable to each reportable segment with goodwill balances and the changes in those balances during the period ended September 30, 2018 are as follows: Balance at September 30, 2017 Goodwill acquired (1) Impairment charge (2) Foreign currency impact Balance at September 30, 2018 Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Purification Solutions Total $ $ 53 — — (1) 52 $ $ (In millions) 9 33 — (1) 41 $ $ $ 92 — (92) — — $ 154 33 (92) (2) 93 (1) (2) Consists of goodwill acquired in the acquisition of Tech Blend as described in Note C. Refer to Note F for details on the Purification Solutions goodwill impairment test and the resulting impairment charge recorded in the second fiscal quarter of 2018. Based on the Company’s most recent annual goodwill impairment test performed as of May 31, 2018, the fair values of the Reinforcement Materials, Fumed Metal Oxides, and Specialty Compounds reporting units were substantially in excess of their carrying values. 60 Accumulated impairment losses at September 30, 2017 Accumulated impairment losses at September 30, 2018 $ $ — $ — $ The following table provides information regarding the Company’s intangible assets: (In millions) — $ — $ (352) $ (444) $ (352) (444) Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Purification Solutions Total Intangible assets with finite lives (1) Developed technologies Trademarks Customer relationships Total intangible assets September 30, 2018 September 30, 2017 Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Net Intangible Assets Gross Carrying Value (In millions) Accumulated Amortization Net Intangible Assets $ $ 52 8 51 111 $ $ (2) $ — (11) (13) $ 50 8 40 98 $ $ 49 16 94 159 $ $ (7) $ (1) (14) (22) $ 42 15 80 137 (1) Refer to Note F for intangible assets impairment charges recorded in the second fiscal quarter of 2018. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives, which range between twelve and twenty-five years, with a weighted average amortization period of approximately 19 years. Amortization expense for the years ended September 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $7 million, $8 million and $7 million, respectively, and is included in Cost of sales and Selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Total amortization expense is estimated to be approximately $6 million each year for the next five fiscal years. Note H. Accounts Payable, Accrued Liabilities and Other Liabilities Accounts payable and accrued liabilities included in current liabilities consist of the following: Accounts payable Accrued employee compensation Other accrued liabilities Total Other long-term liabilities consist of the following: Employee benefit plan liabilities Non-current tax liabilities Other accrued liabilities Total September 30 2018 2017 (In millions) 446 $ 70 97 613 $ September 30 2018 2017 (In millions) 118 $ 19 115 252 $ 339 51 67 457 122 19 104 245 $ $ $ $ 61 Note I. Debt and Other Obligations Long-term Obligations The Company’s long-term obligations, the fiscal year in which they mature and their respective interest rates are summarized below: Variable Rate Debt: Revolving Credit Facility, expires fiscal 2023 Revolving Credit Facility - Canada, expires fiscal 2021 $ Total variable rate debt Fixed Rate Debt: 2.55% Notes matured fiscal 2018 3.7% Notes due fiscal 2022 3.4% Notes due fiscal 2026 Medium Term Notes: Notes due fiscal 2019, 7.42% Notes due fiscal 2022, 8.34% — 8.47%— Notes due fiscal 2028, 6.57% — 7.28%— Total Medium Term Notes Chinese Renminbi Debt, due fiscal 2018, 4.75% Chinese Renminbi Debt, due fiscal 2019, 4.35% Total fixed rate debt Capital lease obligations, due through fiscal 2033 Unamortized debt issuance costs and debt discount Total debt Less current portion of long-term debt Total long-term debt $ September 30 2018 2017 (In millions) — $ 90 90 — 350 250 30 15 8 53 — 4 657 11 (4) 754 (35) 719 $ — — — 250 350 250 30 15 8 53 5 — 908 13 (4) 917 (256) 661 Revolving Credit Facility, expiring fiscal 2023—The amount available for borrowing under the revolving credit agreement was $751 million as of September 30, 2018. The revolving credit agreement, which matures on October 23, 2022, subsequent to the exercise of the two one-year options to extend the maturity on the first and second anniversaries of the effective date, supports the Company’s commercial paper program. Borrowings may be used for working capital, letters of credit and other general corporate purposes. The revolving credit agreement contains affirmative and negative covenants, a single financial covenant (consolidated total debt to consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the credit agreement) and events of default customary for financings of this type. Revolving Credit Facility-Canada expiring fiscal 2021—In September 2018, a Canadian subsidiary entered into a revolving credit agreement with a loan commitment not to exceed $100 million United States dollars. The amount available for borrowing under this revolving credit agreement was $10 million as of September 30, 2018. The revolving credit agreement, which matures on September 24, 2021, subject to the right to request a one-year extension, may be used for working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes. The revolving credit agreement is guaranteed by Cabot Corporation. Chinese Renminbi Debt—The Company’s consolidated Chinese subsidiaries had $4 million and $5 million of unsecured long- term debt outstanding with a noncontrolling shareholder of a consolidated subsidiary as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 2.55% Notes matured fiscal 2018—In July 2012, Cabot issued $250 million in registered notes with a coupon of 2.55% that matured on January 15, 2018. These notes were unsecured and paid interest on January 15 and July 15. The net proceeds of this offering were $248 million after deducting discounts and issuance costs. The discount of less than $1 million was recorded at issuance and was amortized over the life of the notes. The notes were paid in full during the second quarter of fiscal 2018. 3.7% Notes due fiscal 2022—In July 2012, Cabot issued $350 million in registered notes with a coupon of 3.7% that mature on July 15, 2022. These notes are unsecured and pay interest on January 15 and July 15. The net proceeds of this offering were $347 million after deducting discounts and issuance costs. The discount of less than $1 million was recorded at issuance and is being amortized over the life of the notes. 62 3.4% Notes due fiscal 2026—In September 2016, Cabot issued $250 million in registered notes with a coupon of 3.4% that mature on September 15, 2026. These notes are unsecured and pay interest on March 15 and September 15. The net proceeds of this offering were $248 million after deducting discounts and issuance costs. The discount of less than $1 million was recorded at issuance and is being amortized over the life of the notes. Medium Term Notes—At both September 30, 2018 and 2017, there were $53 million of unsecured medium term notes outstanding issued to numerous lenders with various fixed interest rates and maturity dates. The weighted average maturity of the total outstanding medium term notes is 3 years with a weighted average interest rate of 7.65%. Capital Lease Obligations—Cabot had capital lease obligations for certain equipment and buildings with a recorded value of $11 million and $13 million at September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Cabot will make payments totaling $17 million over the next 15 years, including $6 million of imputed interest. At both September 30, 2018 and 2017, the original cost of capital lease assets was $20 million. At September 30, 2018 and 2017, the associated accumulated depreciation of assets under capital leases was $13 million and $12 million, respectively. The amortization related to those assets under capital lease is included in depreciation expense. Future Years Payment Schedule The aggregate principal amounts of long-term debt and capital lease obligations due in each of the five years from fiscal 2019 through 2023 and thereafter are as follows: Years Ending September 30 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Less: Interest Total Principal Payments on Long-Term Debt Payments on Capital Lease Obligations (In millions) Total $ $ 34 $ — 90 365 — 258 — 747 $ 1 $ 2 2 2 2 8 (6) 11 $ 35 2 92 367 2 266 (6) 758 Standby letters of credit—At September 30, 2018, the Company had provided standby letters of credit that were outstanding and not drawn totaling $7 million, which expire through fiscal 2019. Short-term Borrowings Commercial Paper—The Company has a commercial paper program and the maximum aggregate balance of commercial paper notes outstanding and the amounts borrowed under the revolving credit facility may not exceed the borrowing capacity of $1 billion under the revolving credit facility. The proceeds from the issuance of the commercial paper have been used for general corporate purposes, which may include working capital, refinancing existing indebtedness, capital expenditures, share repurchases, and acquisitions. The revolving credit facility is available to repay the outstanding commercial paper, if necessary. There was an outstanding balance of commercial paper of $249 million as of September 30, 2018 with a weighted average interest rate of 2.36% and no balance outstanding as of September 30, 2017. Short-term Notes Payable—The Company had unsecured notes with maturities of less than one year of $7 million at September 30, 2017, with a weighted-average interest rate of 8.1%. There were no short term notes payable as of September 30, 2018. Redeemable Preferred Stock In November 2013, the Company purchased all of its joint venture partner’s common stock in the former NHUMO, S.A. de C.V. (“NHUMO”) joint venture. At the close of the transaction, NHUMO issued redeemable preferred stock to the joint venture partner with a repurchase value of $25 million and a fixed dividend rate of 6% per annum. In November 2018, the Company repurchased the preferred stock for $25 million and paid a final dividend payment of approximately $1.4 million. The preferred stock was accounted for as a financing obligation and has been separately presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a current liability as of September 30, 2018 and as a long-term liability as of September 30, 2017. 63 Note J. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements The FASB authoritative guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value, provides a framework for measuring fair value, and requires certain disclosures about fair value measurements. The required disclosures focus on the inputs used to measure fair value. The guidance establishes the following hierarchy for categorizing these inputs: Level 1 — Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities Level 2 — Significant other observable inputs (e.g., quoted prices for similar items in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar items in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable such as interest rate and yield curves, and market-corroborated inputs) Level 3 — Significant unobservable inputs There were no transfers of financial assets or liabilities measured at fair value between Level 1 and Level 2, and there were no Level 3 investments during fiscal 2018 or 2017. At both September 30, 2018 and 2017, Cabot had derivatives relating to foreign currency risks carried at fair value. At September 30, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of these derivatives was a net liability of $18 million and $13 million, respectively, and was included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These derivatives are classified as Level 2 instruments within the fair value hierarchy as the fair value determination was based on observable inputs. At September 30, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of Guaranteed investment contracts, included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was $11 million and $12 million, respectively. Guaranteed investment contracts were classified as Level 2 instruments within the fair value hierarchy as the fair value determination was based on other observable inputs. At both September 30, 2018 and 2017, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and short term borrowings and variable rate debt approximated their carrying values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value and fair value of the long-term fixed rate debt were $0.75 billion and $0.74 billion, respectively, as of September 30, 2018 and $0.91 billion and $0.94 billion, respectively, as of September 30, 2017. The fair values of Cabot’s fixed rate long-term debt are estimated based on comparable quoted market prices at the respective period ends. The carrying amounts of Cabot’s floating rate long-term debt and capital lease obligations approximate their fair values. All such measurements are based on observable inputs and are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. The valuation technique used is the discounted cash flow model. Note K. Derivatives Risk Management Cabot’s business operations are exposed to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices because Cabot finances certain operations through long and short-term borrowings, denominates transactions in a variety of foreign currencies and purchases certain commoditized raw materials. Changes in these rates and prices may have an impact on future cash flows and earnings. The Company manages these risks through normal operating and financing activities and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments. The Company has policies governing the use of derivative instruments and does not enter into financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. By using derivative instruments, Cabot is subject to credit and market risk. If a counterparty fails to fulfill its performance obligations under a derivative contract, Cabot’s credit risk will equal the fair value of the derivative. Generally, when the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes Cabot, thus creating a payment risk for Cabot. The Company minimizes counterparty credit (or repayment) risk by entering into transactions with major financial institutions of investment grade credit rating. Cabot’s exposure to market risk is not hedged in a manner that completely eliminates the effects of changing market conditions on earnings or cash flow. No significant concentration of credit risk existed at September 30, 2018. Interest Rate Risk Management Cabot’s objective is to maintain a certain fixed-to-variable interest rate mix on the Company’s debt obligations. Cabot may enter into interest rate swaps as a hedge of the underlying debt instruments to effectively change the characteristics of the interest rate without changing the debt instrument. As of both September 30, 2018 and 2017, there were no derivatives held to manage interest rate risk. 64 Foreign Currency Risk Management Cabot’s international operations are subject to certain risks, including currency exchange rate fluctuations and government actions. Cabot endeavors to match the currency in which debt is issued to the currency of the Company’s major, stable cash receipts. In some situations, Cabot has issued debt denominated in U.S. dollars and then entered into cross-currency swaps that exchange the dollar principal and interest payments into Euro denominated principal and interest payments. Additionally, the Company has foreign currency exposure arising from its net investments in foreign operations. Cabot may enter into cross-currency swaps to mitigate the impact of currency rate changes on the Company’s net investments. The Company also has foreign currency exposure arising from the denomination of monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currencies other than the functional currency of a given subsidiary as well as the risk that currency fluctuations could affect the dollar value of future cash flows generated in foreign currencies. Accordingly, Cabot uses short-term forward contracts to minimize the exposure to foreign currency risk. In certain situations where the Company has forecasted purchases under a long-term commitment or forecasted sales denominated in a foreign currency, Cabot may enter into appropriate financial instruments in accordance with the Company’s risk management policy to hedge future cash flow exposures. The following table provides details of the derivatives held as of September 30, 2018 and 2017 to manage foreign currency risk. Description Borrowing Cross Currency Swaps 3.4% Notes Forward Foreign Currency Contracts(1) N/A Notional Amount September 30, 2018 USD 250 million swapped to EUR 223 million USD 18 million September 30, 2017 USD 250 million swapped to EUR 223 million USD 5 million Hedge Designation Net investment No designation (1) Cabot’s forward foreign exchange contracts are denominated in the Indonesian rupiah and Czech koruna. Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company determines the fair value of financial instruments using quoted market prices whenever available. When quoted market prices are not available for various types of financial instruments (such as forwards, options and swaps), the Company uses standard models with market-based inputs, which take into account the present value of estimated future cash flows and the ability of Cabot or the financial counterparty to perform. For interest rate and cross-currency swaps, the significant inputs to these models are interest rate curves for discounting future cash flows and are adjusted for credit risk. For forward foreign currency contracts, the significant inputs are interest rate curves for discounting future cash flows, and exchange rate curves of the foreign currency for translating future cash flows. Fair Value Hedge For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in current period earnings. Cash Flow Hedge For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in AOCI and reclassified to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Gains and losses on the derivative representing either hedge ineffectiveness or hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in current period earnings. Net Investment Hedge For net investment hedges, changes in the fair value of the effective portion of the derivatives’ gains or losses are reported as foreign currency translation gains or losses in AOCI while changes in the ineffective portion are reported in earnings. Effectiveness is assessed based on the hypothetical derivative method. The gains or losses on derivative instruments reported in AOCI are reclassified to earnings in the period in which earnings are affected by the underlying item, such as a disposal or substantial liquidations of the entities being hedged. Effective October 1, 2017, the Company elected to de-designate its existing net investment hedge instruments in which hedge effectiveness was assessed using the method based on changes in forward exchange rates and re- designate them to use the method based on changes in spot exchange rates. 65 The Company has cross-currency swaps with a notional amount of $250 million, which are designated as hedges of its net investments in certain Euro denominated subsidiaries. Cash settlements occur semi-annually on March 15th and September 15th for fixed rate interest payments and a cash exchange of the notional currency amount will occur at the end of the term in 2026. During fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017, the Company received net cash interest of $3 million and $4 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2018, the fair value of these swaps was a net liability of $18 million and was included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other liabilities, and the cumulative loss of $14 million was included in AOCI on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of September 30, 2017, the fair value of these swaps was a net liability of $13 million and was included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other liabilities, and the cumulative loss of $9 million was included in AOCI on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table summarizes the impact of the cross-currency swaps to AOCI and the Consolidated Statements of Operations: 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 Years Ended September 30 Description Gain/(Loss) Recognized in AOCI Cross-currency swaps (1) $ (2) $ (10) $ 1 (Gain)/Loss Reclassified from AOCI into Interest Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations (In millions) $ — $ (5) $ — $ 2018 2016 2017 (Gain)/Loss Recognized in Interest Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations (Amount Excluded from Effectiveness Testing) 2 $ — $ — (1) As noted above, effective October 1, 2017, the Company changed the method it uses to assess effectiveness from the method based on changes in forward exchange rates, in which all gains/losses were recognized in AOCI, to the method based on changes in spot exchange rates. Other Derivative Instruments From time to time, the Company may enter into certain derivative instruments that may not be designated as hedges for accounting purposes, which may include cross-currency swaps, foreign currency forward contracts and commodity derivatives. For cross-currency swaps and foreign currency forward contracts not designated as hedges, the Company uses standard models with market-based inputs. The significant inputs to these models are interest rate curves for discounting future cash flows, and exchange rate curves of the foreign currency for translating future cash flows. In determining the fair value of the commodity derivatives, the significant inputs to valuation models are quoted market prices of similar instruments in active markets. Although these derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting, Cabot believes that such instruments are closely correlated with the underlying exposure, thus managing the associated risk. The gains or losses from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are not accounted for as hedges are recognized in current period earnings. At both September 30, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of derivative instruments not designated as hedges were immaterial. At September 30, 2018 and 2017, these instruments were presented in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities and Prepaid expenses and other current assets, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Note L. Hyperinflationary Economies Argentina Cabot owns 100% of a carbon black operating entity in Argentina. Due to recent negative economic trends in Argentina, including multiple periods of increasing inflation rates, devaluation of the Argentine peso, and increasing borrowing rates locally, the cumulative three-year inflation rate for the country exceeds 100%, and is expected to exceed 100% for the foreseeable future. Therefore, effective July 1, 2018, the operating entity was considered to be functioning in a highly inflationary economy and began using Cabot’s reporting currency, the U.S. dollar, as its functional currency. There was no financial statement impact at the date of conversion due to the change in functional currency. Going forward, all impacts of foreign exchange changes between the reporting currency and Argentine peso will be reflected in earnings in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s income from operations is not expected to be significantly impacted from this change since the operating entity’s sales and a portion of its raw material purchases were already denominated in U.S. dollars. The operating entity’s net revenue represented approximately 2% of Cabot’s total net revenue for the year ended September 30, 2018. The operating entity’s monetary and non-monetary assets and liabilities held in local currency consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, inventories, property, plant and equipment and accounts payable and accrued liabilities, which make up less than 2% of Cabot’s total assets and total liabilities as of September 30, 2018. Changes in the Argentine peso exchange rate will result in foreign currency exchange gains or losses on the operating entity’s peso-denominated monetary assets and liabilities. Subsequent to the conversion, the Company recorded a $3 million net gain within Other (income) expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended September 30, 2018, which reflects the remeasurement of the operating entity’s net monetary liabilities denominated in Argentine peso using an exchange rate of 39.70 Argentine peso to the U.S. dollar at September 30, 2018. 66 The Company will continue to monitor the developments in Argentina and their potential impact the operating entity’s operations or carrying value. Venezuela Cabot owns 49% of a carbon black operating affiliate in Venezuela, which is accounted for as an equity affiliate, through wholly-owned subsidiaries that carry the investment and receive its dividends. As of September 30, 2018, these subsidiaries carried the operating affiliate investment of $13 million. During fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company received dividends in the amounts of $3 million, $4 million and $2 million, respectively, which were paid in U.S. dollars. A significant portion of the Company’s operating affiliate’s sales are exports denominated in U.S. dollars. The Venezuelan government mandates that a certain percentage of the dollars collected from these sales be converted into bolivars. The exchange rate made available to the Company as of September 30, 2017 was 3,345 bolivars to the U.S. dollar. During fiscal 2018, the bolivar experienced significant devaluation and reached 172,800 bolivars to the U.S. dollar at the end of July 2018. In August 2018, Venezuela issued the bolivar soberano to replace the existing bolivar in response to hyperinflation. The value of one bolivar soberano is equal to the value of 100,000 bolivars. The exchange rate made available to the Company as of September 30, 2018 was 62 bolivars soberano to the U.S. dollar. Due to a reduced level of export sales in recent periods, the exchange rate devaluation during fiscal 2018 had an immaterial impact on the Company’s results. The operating entity has historically been profitable. The Company continues to closely monitor developments in Venezuela and their potential impact on the recoverability of its equity affiliate investment. Any future change in the exchange rate made available to the Company could cause the Company to change the exchange rate it uses and result in gains or losses on the bolivar denominated assets held by its operating affiliate and wholly-owned subsidiaries. Note M. Employee Benefit Plans The information below provides detail concerning the Company’s benefit obligations under the defined benefit and postretirement benefit plans it sponsors. Defined benefit plans provide pre-determined benefits to employees that are distributed upon retirement. Cabot is making all sponsor required contributions to these plans. The accumulated benefit obligation was $143 million for the U.S. defined benefit plans and $349 million for the foreign plans as of September 30, 2018 and $160 million for the U.S. defined benefit plans and $351 million for the foreign plans as of September 30, 2017. In addition to benefits provided under the defined benefit and postretirement benefit plans, the Company provides benefits under defined contribution plans. Cabot recognized expenses related to these plans of $19 million in fiscal 2018, $18 million in fiscal 2017 and $17 million in fiscal 2016. The following provides information about projected benefit obligations, plan assets, the funded status and weighted-average assumptions of the defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans: Change in Benefit Obligations: Benefit obligation at beginning of year Service cost Interest cost Plan participants’ contribution Foreign currency exchange rate changes (Gain) Loss from changes in actuarial assumptions and plan experience Benefits paid Settlements or curtailments Other Benefit obligation at end of year 2018 U.S. Pension Benefits U.S. Foreign Years Ended September 30 2017 2018 2017 Postretirement Benefits Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign (In millions) $ $ 160 1 5 — — (10) (7) (5) (1) 143 $ $ 376 9 7 2 (7) 2 (13) (2) (1) 373 $ $ 67 175 1 4 — — (7) (7) (5) (1) 160 $ $ 400 10 6 2 16 (42) (12) (3) (1) 376 $ $ 33 — 1 — — (2) (3) — — 29 $ $ Years Ended September 30 20 — 1 — (1) — (1) — — 19 $ $ 37 — 1 — — (2) (3) — — 33 $ $ 20 — 1 — — (1) — — — 20 2018 2017 2018 2017 U.S. Pension Benefits U.S. Foreign Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign Postretirement Benefits (In millions) Change in Plan Assets: Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year Actual return on plan assets Employer contribution Plan participants’ contribution Foreign currency exchange rate changes Benefits paid Settlements Expenses paid from assets Fair value of plan assets at end of year Funded status Recognized asset (liability) Pension Assumptions and Strategy $ $ 156 4 1 — — (7) (4) (1) $ $ $ 149 6 6 $ $ $ 318 17 9 2 (7) (13) (2) (1) $ $ 157 12 1 — — (7) (6) (1) 305 6 9 2 12 (12) (3) (1) 323 $ 156 $ 318 (50) $ (50) $ (4) $ (4) $ $ — $ — $ — $ — 1 — — 3 — — 3 — — (3) — — — (1) — — — (3) — — $ — $ — $ — $ (33) $ (33) $ (29) $ (29) $ (19) $ (19) $ (58) $ (58) $ — — — — — — — — — (20) (20) The following assumptions were used to determine the pension benefit obligations and periodic benefit costs as of and for the years ended September 30: Actuarial assumptions as of the year-end measurement date: Discount rate Rate of increase in compensation Actuarial assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost during the year: Discount rate - benefit obligation Discount rate - service cost Discount rate - interest cost Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets Rate of increase in compensation 2018 2017 Pension Benefits 2016 U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign 4.2% N/A 3.6% N/A 3.0% 6.8% N/A 2.4% 2.7% 2.4% 2.4% 2.0% 4.9% 2.7% 3.6% N/A 3.4% N/A 2.7% 6.8% N/A 2.4% 2.7% 1.8% 1.8% 1.5% 4.7% 2.8% 3.4% N/A 4.2% N/A 3.3% 7.5% N/A 1.8% 2.8% 2.9% 2.8% 2.4% 5.1% 2.8% 68 Postretirement Assumptions and Strategy The following assumptions were used to determine the postretirement benefit obligations and net costs as of and for the years ended September 30: Actuarial assumptions as of the year-end measurement date: Discount rate Initial health care cost trend rate Actuarial assumptions used to determine net cost during the year: Discount rate - benefit obligation Discount rate - service cost Discount rate - interest cost Initial health care cost trend rate 2018 U.S. Foreign 2017 Postretirement Benefits Foreign U.S. 2016 U.S. Foreign 4.1% 7.0% 3.4% 3.1% 2.8% 7.0% 3.2% 7.0% 3.1% 3.6% 3.0% 7.1% 3.4% 7.0% 3.0% 2.6% 2.4% 7.0% 3.1% 7.1% 2.8% 3.2% 2.6% 6.1% 3.0% 7.0% 3.7% 3.4% 2.8% 6.5% 2.8% 6.1% 3.9% 4.1% 3.7% 6.8% Cabot uses discount rates as of September 30, the plans’ measurement date, to determine future benefit obligations under its U.S. and foreign defined benefit plans. The discount rates for the defined benefit plans in Canada, the Eurozone, Japan, Mexico, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the U.S. are derived from yield curves that reflect high quality corporate bond yield or swap rate information in each region and reflect the characteristics of Cabot’s employee benefit plans. The discount rates for the defined benefit plans in the Czech Republic and Indonesia are based on government bond indices that best reflect the durations of the plans, adjusted for credit spreads presented in selected AA corporate bond indices. The rates utilized are selected because they represent long-term, high quality, fixed income benchmarks that approximate the long-term nature of Cabot’s pension obligations and related payouts. Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2018 and 2017 related to the Company's defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans were as follows: 2018 2017 2018 2017 U.S. Pension Benefits U.S. Foreign Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign Postretirement Benefits September 30 Noncurrent assets Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities $ $ 10 $ — $ (4) $ $ 21 $ (1) $ (70) $ 1 $ (1) $ (4) $ (In millions) 12 (1) $ (69) $ $ — $ — $ — $ (3) $ (30) $ (3) $ (26) $ (1) $ (18) $ — (1) (19) Amounts recognized in AOCI at September 30, 2018 and 2017 related to the Company's defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans were as follows: Net actuarial (gain) loss Net prior service credit Balance in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), pretax $ $ 2018 2017 2018 2017 U.S. Pension Benefits U.S. Foreign Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign Postretirement Benefits September 30 (1) $ — $ 49 (1) $ 3 — (In millions) 52 (1) $ (7) $ (2) $ 4 — (6) $ (5) (1) $ 48 $ 3 $ 51 $ (9) $ 4 $ (11) $ 5 — 5 In fiscal 2019, the Company expects an estimated net loss of $3 million will be amortized from AOCI to net periodic benefit cost. In addition, the Company expects prior service credits of $2 million for other postretirement benefits will be amortized from AOCI to net periodic benefit costs in fiscal 2019. 69 Estimated Future Benefit Payments The Company expects that the following benefit payments will be made to plan participants in the years from 2019 to 2028: Years Ending September 30 U.S. Foreign Pension Benefits Postretirement Benefits Foreign U.S. 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 - 2028 $ $ $ $ $ $ 12 $ 11 $ 10 $ 10 $ 10 $ 48 $ (In millions) 14 $ 13 $ 17 $ 15 $ 15 $ 88 $ 3 $ 3 $ 3 $ 3 $ 3 $ 11 $ 1 1 1 1 1 4 Postretirement medical benefits are unfunded and impact Cabot’s cash flows as benefits become due, which is expected to be $4 million in fiscal 2019. The Company expects to contribute $8 million to its foreign pension plans in fiscal 2019. Net periodic defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit costs include the following components: 2018 U.S. Foreign 2017 Pension Benefits Foreign U.S. Years Ended September 30 2018 2016 2017 Postretirement Benefits 2016 U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign (In millions) Service cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of prior service cost Net losses Settlements or Curtailments cost Net periodic (benefit) cost $ $ 1 5 $ 9 7 $ 1 4 $ 10 6 $ 1 4 8 8 (10) (15) (9) (14) (10) (14) — — — (4) $ $ — 3 — 4 — — — (4) $ $ — 5 — 7 — — — (5) $ $ — 3 1 6 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — 1 1 1 1 1 1 — (3) (1) — (3) $ $ — — — — 1 — (3) — — (2) $ $ — — — — 1 — (3) — (1) (3) $ $ — — — — 1 Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows: 2018 U.S. Foreign 2017 Pension Benefits Foreign U.S. $ (4) $ — $ — — (9) $ — (35) $ — — — — — (3) — — — — — (5) — Years Ended September 30 2018 2016 2017 Postretirement Benefits 2016 U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign (In millions) $ 7 — — — — 31 — — (3) (1) $ (2) $ — (1) $ — (3) $ — (1) $ — 3 1 — — — — 3 — — — — — $ 2 — 3 — 1 5 — — — — $ (4) $ (3) $ (9) $ (40) $ 7 $ 27 $ 2 $ (1) $ — $ (1) $ 6 $ 5 Net (gains) losses Prior service (credit) cost Amortization of prior service credit Amortization of prior unrecognized loss Other Net changes recognized in Total other comprehensive (income) loss (1) (1) The tax impact on pension and other postretirement benefit liability adjustments arising during the period was a tax provision of $1 million, tax provision of $7 million, and tax benefit of $7 million for fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Curtailments and Settlements of Employee Benefit Plans In recent years, the Company incurred curtailments and settlements of certain of its employee benefit plans. Associated with these curtailments and settlements, the Company recognized net losses of less than $1 million in each of fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016. 70 Sensitivity Analysis Measurement of postretirement benefit expense is based on actuarial assumptions used to value the postretirement benefit liability at the beginning of the year. Assumed health care cost trend rates have an effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans. The fiscal 2018 weighted-average assumed health care cost trend rate is 7.0% for U.S. plans and 7.1 % for foreign plans. A one percentage point change in the 2018 assumed health care cost trend rate would have an immaterial impact to the aggregate of the service and interest cost components of the net periodic postretirement benefit and would have the following effect on the postretirement benefit obligation: 1-Percentage-Point Increase Decrease U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign Effect on postretirement benefit obligation $ — $ (In millions) 3 $ — $ (3) Plan Assets The Company’s defined benefit pension plans weighted-average asset allocations at September 30, 2018 and 2017 by asset category, are as follows: Equity securities Debt securities Cash and other securities(1) Total 2018 September 30 Pension Assets 2017 U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign 40% 60% —% 100% 39% 53% 8% 100% 48% 5% 47% 100% 39% 53% 8% 100% (1) Prior to year-end 2017, within the U.S. defined benefit pension plan, the Company transitioned the majority of its fixed income assets held in a mutual fund investment to a separately managed account. This transition process temporarily resulted in a larger percentage of the assets being held in cash or cash equivalents on September 30, 2017. To develop the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption, the Company used a capital asset pricing model. The model considers the current level of expected returns on risk-free investments comprised of government bonds, the historical level of the risk premium associated with the other asset classes in which the portfolio is invested, and the expectations for future returns for each asset class. The expected return for each asset class was then weighted based on the target asset allocation to develop the expected long-term rate of return for each plan. Cabot’s investment strategy for each of its defined benefit plans in the U.S. and abroad is generally based on a set of investment objectives and policies that cover time horizons and risk tolerance levels consistent with plan liabilities. Periodic studies are performed to determine the asset mix that will meet pension obligations at a reasonable cost to the Company. The assets of the defined benefit plans are comprised principally of investments in equity and high quality fixed income securities, which are broadly diversified across the capitalization and style spectrum and are managed using both active and passive strategies. The weighted average target asset allocation for the U.S. plans is 30% in equity and 70% in fixed income and for the foreign plans is 39% in equity, 53% in fixed income, 3% in real estate and 5% in cash and other securities. For pension plan assets classified as Level 1 measurements (measured using quoted prices in active markets), total fair value is either the price of the most recent trade at the time of the market close or the official close price, as defined by the exchange on which the asset is most actively traded on the last trading day of the period, multiplied by the number of units held without consideration of transaction costs. For pension plan assets classified as Level 2 measurements, where the security is frequently traded in less active markets, fair value is based on the closing price at the end of the period; where the security is less frequently traded, fair value is based on the price a dealer would pay for the security or similar securities, adjusted for any terms specific to that asset or liability. Market inputs are obtained from well-established and recognized vendors of market data and subjected to tolerance/quality checks. 71 The fair value of the Company’s pension plan assets at September 30, 2018 and 2017 by asset category is as follows: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) 2018 Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) September 30 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) 2017 Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Total Total $ 3 $ — $ (In millions) 3 $ 1 $ — $ Cash Direct investments: U.S government bonds U.S. corporate bonds Total direct investments Investment funds: Equity funds(1) Fixed income funds(2) Real estate funds(3) Cash equivalent funds Total investment funds Alternative investments: Insurance contracts(4) 17 — 17 44 — — 1 45 13 74 87 126 169 9 — 304 30 74 104 170 169 9 1 349 — — — 75 8 — 74 157 — — — 124 168 9 — 301 — — 65 $ 16 16 407 $ 16 16 472 $ — — 158 $ 15 15 316 $ 1 — — — 199 176 9 74 458 15 15 474 Total alternative investments Total pension plan assets $ (1) (2) (3) (4) The equity funds asset class includes funds that invest in U.S. equities as well as equity securities issued by companies incorporated, listed or domiciled in countries in developed and/or emerging markets. These companies may be in the small-, mid- or large-cap categories. The fixed income funds asset class includes investments in high quality funds. High quality fixed income funds primarily invest in low risk U.S. and non-U.S. government securities, investment-grade corporate bonds, mortgages and asset-backed securities. A significant portion of the fixed income funds include investment in long-term bond funds. The real estate funds asset class includes funds that primarily invest in entities which are principally engaged in the ownership, acquisition, development, financing, sale and/or management of income-producing real estate properties, both commercial and residential. These funds typically seek long-term growth of capital and current income that is above average relative to public equity funds. Insurance contracts held by the Company’s non-U.S. plans are issued by well-known, highly rated insurance companies. Note N. Stock-Based Compensation The Company has established equity compensation plans that provide stock-based compensation to eligible employees. The 2009 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2009 Plan”) authorized the issuance of up to 8,854,000 shares of common stock. The 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”) was approved by Cabot’s stockholders on March 9, 2017 and authorizes the issuance of up to 5,375,000 shares of common stock. The Company ceased granting awards under the 2009 Plan when the 2017 Plan was approved and, accordingly, the 2017 Plan is the only equity incentive plan under which the Company may grant equity awards to employees. The terms of awards made under Cabot’s equity compensation plans are generally determined by the Compensation Committee of Cabot’s Board of Directors. The awards made in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 consist of grants of stock options, time- based restricted stock units, and performance-based restricted stock units. The options were issued with an exercise price equal to 100% of the market price of Cabot’s common stock on the date of grant, generally vest over a three year period (30% on each of the first and second anniversaries of the date of grant and 40% on the third anniversary of the date of grant) and have a ten-year term. The restricted stock units generally vest three years from the date of the grant. The number of shares issuable, if any, when a performance-based restricted stock unit award vests will depend on the degree of achievement of the corporate performance metrics for each year within the three-year performance period of the award. Accordingly, future compensation costs associated with outstanding awards of performance-based restricted stock units may increase or decrease based on the probability of the Company achieving the performance metrics. 72 Stock-based employee compensation expense was $16 million, $10 million and $10 million, after tax, for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The expense recognized in fiscal 2016 includes a $5 million charge recorded in connection with the modification of the outstanding equity awards held by the Company’s former CEO under the terms of his transition and separation agreement with the Company. The Company recognized the full impact of its stock-based employee compensation expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 and did not capitalize any such costs on the Consolidated Balance Sheets because those that qualified for capitalization were not material. The following table presents stock-based compensation expenses included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations: Cost of sales Selling and administrative expenses Research and technical expenses Stock-based compensation expense Income tax benefit Net stock-based compensation expense 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ $ 2 19 1 22 (6) 16 $ $ 1 14 1 16 (6) 10 $ $ 1 15 1 17 (7) 10 As of September 30, 2018, Cabot has $25 million and $2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units and options, respectively, granted under the Company’s equity incentive plans. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately one year for restricted stock units and options. Equity Incentive Plan Activity The following table summarizes the total stock option and restricted stock unit activity in the equity incentive plans for fiscal 2018: Stock Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Restricted Stock Units Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (Shares in thousands) Restricted Stock Units(1) Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Total Options (4) Outstanding at September 30, 2017 Granted Performance-based adjustment(2) Exercised / Vested Cancelled / Forfeited Outstanding at September 30, 2018 Exercisable at September 30, 2018 Vested and expected to vest(3) 1,144 265 $ $ — $ (528) $ — $ $ 881 43.76 62.20 41.39 $ $ — $ $ — $ $ 50.73 334 854 $ $ 44.61 50.52 13.40 15.21 — 13.61 — 13.82 $ 876 $ 263 83 $ (195) $ (42) $ $ 985 45.43 62.18 50.54 45.81 47.54 50.16 (1) (2) (3) (4) The number granted represents the number of shares issuable upon vesting of time-based restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units, assuming the Company performs at the target performance level in each year of the three-year performance period. Represents the net incremental number of shares issuable upon vesting of performance-based restricted stock units based upon the achievement of the annual financial performance metrics for fiscal 2018. Stock options vested and expected to vest in the future, net of estimated forfeitures, have a weighted average remaining contractual life of 7.36 years. Unvested stock options were approximately 546,000 and 490,000 at September 30, 2018 and 2017 and their weighted average grant date fair values were $54.48 and $46.68, respectively. 73 Stock Options The following table summarizes information related to the outstanding and vested options on September 30, 2018: Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions of dollars) Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) $ 11 $ 7.20 6 $ 6.17 10 7.36 Total Options Outstanding Exercisable Options Vested and Expected to Vest The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value, based on the Company’s closing common stock price of $62.72 on September 30, 2018, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options and immediately sold their shares on that date. The intrinsic value of options exercised during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $11 million, $16 million and $8 million, respectively, and the Company received cash of $22 million, $21 million and $8 million, respectively, from these exercises. In fiscal 2018, the Company recognized a tax benefit of $1 million related to the fiscal 2018 stock option exercises which is included in (Provision) benefit for income taxes within the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Prior to the Company’s adoption of the new accounting standard for stock compensation in fiscal 2018, which is discussed in detail in Note B, tax benefits associated with stock option exercises were included in APIC. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of the options at the grant date. The weighted average grant date fair values of options granted during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $15.21, $12.76, and $11.12 per option, respectively. The fair values on the grant date were calculated using the following weighted-average assumptions: Expected stock price volatility Risk free interest rate Expected life of options (years) Expected annual dividends per year Years Ended September 30 2017 2016 2018 28% 2.2% 6 1.26 $ 32% 1.8% 6 1.20 $ 33% 2.0% 6 1.20 $ The expected stock price volatility assumption was determined using the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock over the expected life of the option. The expected term reflects the anticipated time period between the measurement date and the exercise date or post-vesting cancellation date. Restricted Stock Units The value of restricted stock unit awards is the closing stock price at the date of the grant. The weighted average grant date fair values of restricted stock unit awards granted during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $62.18, $51.03, and $40.51, respectively. The intrinsic value of restricted stock units (meaning the fair value of the units on the date of vesting) that vested during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $12 million, $7 million and $15 million, respectively. Supplemental 401(k) Plan Cabot’s Deferred Compensation and Supplemental Retirement Plan (“SERP 401(k)”) provides benefits to highly compensated employees when the retirement plan limits established under the Internal Revenue Code prevent them from receiving all of the Company matching and retirement contributions that would otherwise be provided under the qualified 401(k) plan. The SERP 401(k) is non-qualified and unfunded. Contributions under the SERP 401(k) are treated as if invested in Cabot common stock. The majority of the distributions made under the SERP 401(k) are required to be paid with shares of Cabot common stock. The remaining distributions, which relate to certain grandfathered accounts, will be paid in cash based on the market price of Cabot common stock at the time of distribution. The aggregate value of the accounts that will be paid out in stock, which is equivalent to approximately 116,000 and 109,000 shares of Cabot common stock as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, is reflected at historic cost in stockholders’ equity, and the aggregate value of the accounts that will be paid in cash, which is $1 million and $2 million as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, is reflected in other long-term liabilities and marked-to-market quarterly. 74 Note O. Restructuring Cabot’s restructuring activities were recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows: Cost of sales Selling and administrative expenses Research and development expenses Total 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ $ (31) $ 1 — (30) $ 2 1 — 3 $ $ 33 9 5 47 Details of all restructuring activities and the related reserves for fiscal 2016, 2017, and 2018 were as follows: Severance and Employee Benefits Environmental Remediation and Decommissioning Activities Non-Cash Asset Impairment and Accelerated Depreciation Asset Sales Other Total Reserve at September 30, 2015 Charges (gain) Costs charged against assets Cash (paid) received Foreign currency translation adjustment Reserve at September 30, 2016 Charges (gain) Costs charged against liabilities Cash paid Foreign currency translation adjustment Reserve at September 30, 2017 Charges (gain) Costs charged against assets Cash (paid) received Foreign currency translation adjustment Reserve at September 30, 2018 $ $ 5 $ 28 — (30) — 3 1 — (3) — 1 2 — (2) — 1 $ 2 $ — — — — 2 1 — (1) — 2 3 — (1) — 4 $ (In millions) — $ 23 (23) — — — — — — — — 1 (1) — — — $ — $ (9) (7) 16 — — — — — — — (38) (1) 39 — — $ 2 $ 5 — (7) — — 1 1 (2) — — 2 — (2) — — $ 9 47 (30) (21) — 5 3 1 (6) — 3 (30) (2) 34 — 5 Cabot’s severance and employee benefit reserves and other closure related reserves are reflected in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cabot’s environmental remediation reserves related to restructuring activities are reflected in Other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Sale of Land Rights in Thane, India During fiscal 2018, Cabot entered into a binding memorandum of understanding to sell its land rights in Thane, India for approximately $28 million. The Company received a deposit of $3 million in cash in the first quarter of fiscal 2016, an additional deposit of $3 million in cash in the third quarter of fiscal 2018, and the final balance of $22 million was received on September 14, 2018. Based on the execution of the binding agreement and non-refundable receipt of cash, the Company has no further substantial obligations regarding this property and has recorded the pre-tax gain on sale of $28 million to Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in September 2018. Marshall, Texas Plan In October 2017, Cabot indefinitely idled three of the seven production units at its activated carbon manufacturing facility in Marshall, Texas. The decision, affecting approximately 40 local employees, was driven by the need to better match the business’ production capacity and cost structure with the current demand for powdered activated carbon in North America. Total costs recorded in fiscal 2018 related to this plan were approximately $1 million, comprised of approximately $1 million of non-cash accelerated depreciation costs and less than $1 million of severance costs. No further charges are anticipated related to this plan. 75 2016 Plan In October 2015, in response to challenging macroeconomic conditions, the Company announced its intention to restructure its operations subject to local consultation requirements and processes in certain locations. Cabot’s plan resulted in the termination of employment for approximately 300 employees across the Company’s global locations. Most of the charges and cash outlays related to this plan were recorded in fiscal 2016 when approximately $29 million of charges were recorded. The Company has recorded additional pre-tax cash charges of approximately $1 million for each of fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017 related to these actions and expects to incur charges related to the plan of less than $1 million in fiscal 2019. The charges recorded in all periods are comprised of severance, employee benefits and other transition costs. As of September 30, 2018, Cabot has less than $1 million of accrued severance and other charges in the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to these actions. Additionally, in fiscal 2016, Cabot closed its carbon black manufacturing facility in Merak, Indonesia to consolidate production in Asia using the Company’s Cilegon, Indonesia and other Asian and global carbon black production sites to meet regional demand. The decision was driven by the financial performance at the Merak facility in the years preceding the closure. Manufacturing operations ceased at the end of January 2016. The Company completed the sale of the land in Merak on which the facility was located in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 for cash consideration totaling approximately $13 million resulting in a net pre-tax gain of approximately $11 million recorded to Cost of sales in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company recorded net charges of less than $1 million in fiscal 2018, primarily for site clearing and demolition costs related to the Merak closure. The Company recorded net charges of less than $1 million in fiscal 2017 of transition related costs at the site and recorded $25 million pre-tax charges in fiscal 2016 comprised of $22 million of non-cash asset impairments and accelerated depreciation and $3 million of severance and other transition costs. As of September 30, 2018, Cabot has less than $1 million of accrued costs in the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to the Merak facility closure. Other Actions In previous years, the Company has entered into other various restructuring actions that have been substantially completed, other than environmental remediation activities in Berre, France and Port Dickson, Malaysia. In fiscal 2018 Cabot recorded pre-tax charges of approximately $3 million for outstanding decommissioning activities in Port Dickson, Malaysia that is expected to be paid in fiscal 2019. As of September 30, 2018, Cabot has approximately $4 million of combined accrued environmental costs in the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to both the Berre and Port Dickson sites. Additionally, Cabot recorded approximately $1 million of severance charges in fiscal 2018, nearly all of which has been paid. Note P. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Changes in each component of AOCI, net of tax, are as follows for fiscal 2017 and 2018: Currency Translation Adjustment Unrealized Gains on Investment Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Liability Adjustment Total (In millions) Balance at September 30, 2016 attributable to Cabot Corporation Other comprehensive income (loss) Amounts reclassified from AOCI Less: Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests Balance at September 30, 2017 attributable to Cabot Corporation Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from AOCI Less: Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests Balance at September 30, 2018 attributable to Cabot Corporation $ (227) $ 25 — 2 $ — — (100) $ 41 2 2 (204) (64) (2) (4) — 2 (1) — — — (57) 6 (1) — (325) 66 2 2 (259) (59) (3) (4) $ (266) $ 1 $ (52) $ (317) 76 The amounts reclassified out of AOCI and into the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Derivatives: net investment hedges (Gains) losses reclassified to interest expense (Gains) losses excluded from effectiveness testing and amortized to interest expense Pension and other postretirement benefit liability adjustment Amortization of actuarial losses (gains) Amortization of prior service (credit) cost Total before tax Tax impact Total after tax Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In Millions) 2016 Interest expense $ (5) $ — $ Interest expense Net Periodic Benefit Cost - see Note M for details Net Periodic Benefit Cost - see Note M for details Provision (benefit) for income taxes 2 2 (3) (4) — 5 (3) 2 $ 1 (3) $ — 2 $ — — 3 (3) — — — 77 Note Q. Earnings Per Share The following tables summarize the components of the basic and diluted earnings per common share (“EPS”) computations: 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions, except per share amounts) 2016 Basic EPS: Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Less: Dividends and dividend equivalents to participating securities Less: Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities(1) Earnings (loss) allocated to common shareholders (numerator) $ (113) $ 248 $ 147 1 — — 2 — 1 $ (114) $ 246 $ 146 Weighted average common shares and participating securities outstanding Less: Participating securities(1) Adjusted weighted average common shares (denominator) Per share amounts—basic: Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Cabot Corporation Income (loss) from discontinued operations Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Diluted EPS: Earnings (loss) allocated to common shareholders Plus: Earnings (loss) allocated to participating securities Less: Adjusted earnings allocated to participating securities(2) Earnings (loss) available to common shares (numerator) Adjusted weighted average common shares outstanding Effect of dilutive securities: Common shares issuable(3) Adjusted weighted average common shares (denominator) Per share amounts—diluted: Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Cabot Corporation Income (loss) from discontinued operations Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation $ $ $ $ $ $ 62.4 0.7 61.7 (1.85) $ — (1.85) $ (114) $ — — (114) $ 61.7 — 61.7 62.8 0.5 62.3 3.94 — 3.94 246 2 2 246 62.3 0.4 62.7 $ $ $ $ (1.85) $ — (1.85) $ 3.91 — 3.91 $ $ 62.9 0.5 62.4 2.32 0.02 2.34 146 1 1 146 62.4 0.5 62.9 2.30 0.02 2.32 (1) Participating securities consist of shares underlying outstanding and achieved performance-based restricted stock units issued during and after fiscal 2017 and all unvested time-based restricted stock units. The holders of these units are entitled to receive dividend equivalents payable in cash to the extent dividends are paid on the Company’s outstanding common stock and equal in value to the dividends that would have been paid in respect of the shares underlying such units. 78 Undistributed earnings are the earnings which remain after dividends declared during the period are assumed to be distributed to the common and participating shareholders. Undistributed earnings are allocated to common and participating shareholders on the same basis as dividend distributions. The calculation of undistributed earnings is as follows: Calculation of undistributed earnings: Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Less: Dividends declared on common stock Less: Dividends and dividend equivalents to participating securities Undistributed earnings (loss) Allocation of undistributed earnings: Undistributed earnings (loss) allocated to common shareholders Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities Undistributed earnings (loss) $ $ $ $ 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 (113) $ 79 1 (193) $ 248 77 — 171 $ $ (193) $ 169 $ — (193) $ 2 171 $ 147 65 — 82 81 1 82 (2) (3) Undistributed earnings (loss) are adjusted for the assumed distribution of dividends to the dilutive securities, which are described in (3) below, and then reallocated to participating securities. Represents incremental shares of common stock from the (i) assumed exercise of stock options issued under Cabot’s equity incentive plans; (ii) assumed issuance of shares to employees pursuant to the Company’s SERP 401(k) Plan; and (iii) assumed issuance of shares for outstanding and achieved performance-based stock unit awards issued before fiscal 2017 under Cabot’s equity incentive plans using the treasury stock method. For fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, 229,220, 179,052 and 634,168 incremental shares of common stock were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the inclusion of these shares would have been antidilutive. Note R. Income Taxes Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net earnings of affiliated companies was as follows: Domestic Foreign Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies $ $ Tax provision (benefit) for income taxes consisted of the following: 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 (229) $ 346 (8) $ 307 (29) 220 117 $ 299 $ 191 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 U.S. federal and state: Current Deferred Total Foreign: Current Deferred Total $ $ 14 114 128 88 (23) 65 Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 193 $ $ 5 (26) (21) 59 (5) 54 33 $ 7 (34) (27) 62 (2) 60 33 79 The provision (benefit) for income taxes differed from the provision for income taxes as calculated using the U.S. statutory rate as follows: 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 29 $ 105 $ $ 2016 Computed tax expense at the federal statutory rate Foreign income: Impact of taxation at different rates, repatriation, losses and other Impact of increase (decrease) in valuation allowance on deferred taxes Impact of foreign losses for which a current tax benefit is not available Impact of non-deductible net currency losses Impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 U.S. and state benefits from research and experimentation activities Provision (settlement) of unrecognized tax benefits Benefit from prior currency loss Impact of goodwill impairment charge Permanent differences, net State taxes, net of federal effect Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 6 (16) — 2 159 (2) 1 — 18 (1) (3) 193 $ (75) (7) 1 — — (2) 7 — — 5 (1) 33 $ 67 (37) 7 — 2 — (2) 1 (3) — — (2) 33 In the fiscal 2018 tax provision, Cabot recorded $120 million of net discrete tax expense, composed of $159 million net tax impact of the Act and $3 million tax expense upon the sale of assets, offset by net tax benefits of $29 million related to impairment and $15 million from a change in valuation allowance on a beginning of year tax balance, and net tax charge of $2 million related to other miscellaneous tax items. In the fiscal 2017 tax provision, Cabot recorded $25 million of net discrete tax benefits, composed of net tax benefits of $16 million associated with the generation of excess foreign tax credits upon repatriation of previously taxed foreign earnings and the accrual of U.S. tax on certain foreign earnings, a net tax benefit of $6 million from a change in valuation allowance on a beginning of year tax balance, net tax benefits of $4 million for various return to provision adjustments related to tax return filings and net tax charges of $1 million related to other miscellaneous tax items. In the fiscal 2016 tax provision, Cabot recorded less than $1 million of net discrete tax expense composed of charges of $5 million for valuation allowances on beginning of the year tax balances, partially offset by benefits of $3 million for a currency loss and $1 million each for the renewal of the U.S. research and experimentation credit and net tax settlements. Tax Reform On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted significant changes to federal income tax law affecting the Company, including a permanent reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, as well as a 100% dividend received deduction for foreign dividends. Although the passage of the Act reduced the U.S. tax rate and effectively created a participation exemption regime, the Company’s future earnings could be negatively impacted by certain other aspects of the new legislation, including in particular, immediate U.S. taxation of global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) earned by foreign subsidiaries. In transitioning to this new full participation exemption regime for foreign earnings, Cabot is also subject to a one-time tax on the deemed repatriation of certain foreign earnings. A discussion of key relevant provisions of the Act and the Company’s assessment of the impact of such provisions on its consolidated financial statements is set forth below. Uncertain Impacts of the Act The accounting standard for income taxes (“ASC 740”) required the Company to recognize the effect of the tax law changes under the Act in the first quarter of fiscal 2018. However, due to the potential uncertainty or diversity of views in accounting for the impact of the Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 (“SAB 118”) to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations where a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Act. 80 In particular, SAB 118 clarified that the impact of the Act must be accounted for and reported in one of three ways: (1) by reflecting the tax effects of the Act for which the accounting is complete; (2) by reporting provisional amounts for those specific income tax effects of the Act for which the accounting is incomplete but a reasonable estimate can be determined, with such provisional amounts (or adjustments to provisional amounts) identified in the measurement period, as defined therein, being included as an adjustment to tax expense or benefit from continuing operations in the period the amounts are determined; or (3) where the income tax effects cannot be reasonably estimated, no provisional amounts should be reported and the registrant should continue to apply ASC 740 based on the provisions of the tax laws that were in effect immediately prior to the enactment of the Act. The measurement period begins in the reporting period that includes the Act’s enactment date and ends when the accounting has been completed, but not beyond one year from the enactment date. Due to various uncertainties as described below, and with the exception of the U.S. deferred tax impact of the rate change under the Act, the Company has not completed its accounting for certain other tax impacts of the Act. However, as provided in SAB 118, reasonable estimates, including any adjustments to the estimates made during the first three quarters of fiscal 2018, have been made and recorded as provisional amounts in its financial results for the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018. A discussion of the material impacts of tax law changes under the Act and the accounting for these changes follows: • Revaluation of Deferred Tax Assets: Due to the Company’s September 30 fiscal year-end, the reduction in the corporate tax rate to 21% effective January 1, 2018 applies on a pro-rata basis for fiscal 2018, resulting in a U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 24.53% for the fiscal year. The reduction requires the Company to revalue its deferred tax assets and liabilities to account for the future financial impact of these amounts. As of September 30, 2018, the accounting for this item was complete. For the three and twelve months ended September 30, 2018, the Company has recorded a tax benefit of $4 million and expense of $13 million, respectively, related to the impact of the rate change on deferred tax balances. The adjustment to the amount recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily associated with the true-up of deferred tax assets and liabilities upon the filing of the U.S. income tax return for fiscal 2017. • Deemed Repatriation: In general, the Act provides that U.S. shareholders of a “specified foreign corporation”, as defined in the Act, must include in U.S. taxable income its pro-rata share of certain undistributed and previously untaxed post-1986 foreign earnings and profits (“E&P”). The amount of E&P taken into account is the amount determined either as of November 2, 2017 or December 31, 2017, whichever is greater. This inclusion is offset by a deduction that results in an effective U.S. federal income tax rate of either 15.5% or 8%. The 15.5% rate applies to the “aggregate cash position”, as defined in the Act, of the specified foreign corporations and the 8% rate applies to the extent that the income inclusion exceeds the aggregate cash position. The aggregate cash position is determined as the cash position either as of September 30, 2018, or the average of September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2017, whichever is greater. Finally, the U.S. cash tax impact of the deemed repatriation inclusion may be offset by the utilization of foreign tax credits, which are pro-rated to reflect the deduction described above. As of September 30, 2018, the accounting for this item is incomplete. Significant additional information will need to be obtained and analyzed in order to complete the accounting for this item. This includes: (1) the determination of the full fiscal 2018 E&P and foreign tax credits of the specified foreign corporations; (2) clarification of the state income tax impact of the repatriation, including guidance from states in which Cabot has a taxable presence on the extent to which the state will conform with the provisions of the Act, as well as determination of the apportionment of the Company’s income for the full fiscal year 2018; and (3) further guidance from the U.S. Treasury Department on the interpretation and application of the rules. In the absence of such additional information, Cabot has made a reasonable estimate of the financial impact of this item. For the three and twelve months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a provisional benefit of $6 million and a provisional expense of $138 million, respectively, for deemed repatriation. This amount is expected to be a fully non-cash charge due to the Company’s existing tax attributes. • Deferred Tax Liability on Unremitted Earnings: In addition to the deemed repatriation of foreign earnings, going forward, the Act effectively establishes a participation exemption system of taxation that, in general, provides a 100% deduction for dividends from specified foreign corporations. However, the Company is still required to provide non-U.S. withholding taxes, as well as other potential tax impacts, on undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries that it does not consider to be indefinitely reinvested. As of September 30, 2018, the accounting for this item is incomplete. Additional information necessary to complete the accounting includes: (1) the finalization of U.S. previously taxed income resulting from the deemed repatriation of foreign earnings; (2) clarification of the state income tax impact of unremitted earnings that are not indefinitely reinvested, and (3) further guidance from the U.S. Treasury Department on the interpretation and application of the rules related to deemed repatriation. For the three and twelve months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a provisional benefit of $16 million and provisional expense of $8 million, respectively, for this item. 81 The Company will continue to evaluate the impact of the Act on its business and consolidated financial statements and will make any further adjustments to its provisional amounts in subsequent reporting periods upon obtaining, preparing or analyzing additional information affecting the income tax effects initially reported as a provisional amount. Accounting for the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income Tax Under the Act, Cabot may be subject to a tax on GILTI in future years. In general, GILTI is a 10.5% tax on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations. This tax is effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. The Company has adopted an accounting policy to recognize these temporary differences as period costs if and when incurred. Other Material Provisions of the Act Effective in Future Periods The Act also contains a number of other provisions that may have a material financial impact on the Company in the future. These include base erosion anti-abuse tax, foreign derived intangible income and the interest expense limitation under Internal Revenue Code section 163(j). These tax law changes apply only to tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. Therefore, the Company did not record any amounts related to these items in its fiscal 2018 financial results; however, the impact of these provisions will be accounted for in the Company’s fiscal 2019 financial results. Significant components of deferred income taxes were as follows: Deferred tax assets: Deferred expenses Intangible assets Inventory Other Pension and other benefits Net operating loss carry-forwards Foreign tax credit carry-forwards R&D credit carry-forwards Other business credit carry-forwards Subtotal Valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment Unremitted earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries Total deferred tax liabilities September 30 2018 2017 (In millions) 17 $ 23 4 4 45 146 12 41 39 331 (169) 162 $ 22 43 1 14 59 149 132 38 37 495 (168) 327 September 30 2018 2017 (In millions) (56) $ (14) (70) $ (116) (12) (128) $ $ $ $ Approximately $768 million of net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) and $98 million of other tax credit carryforwards remain at September 30, 2018. The benefits of these carryforwards are dependent upon taxable income during the carryforward period in the jurisdictions in which they arose. Accordingly, a valuation allowance has been provided where management has determined that it is more likely than not that the carryforwards will not be utilized. The following table provides detail surrounding the expiration dates of these carryforwards: Years Ending September 30 NOLs Credits 2019 - 2025 2026 and thereafter Indefinite carry-forwards Total $ $ (In millions) 282 $ 162 324 768 $ 15 67 16 98 82 As of September 30, 2018, provisions have not been made for non-U.S. withholding taxes or other applicable taxes on approximately $917 million of undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries, as these earnings are considered indefinitely reinvested. Cabot continually reviews the financial position and forecasted cash flows of its U.S. consolidated group and foreign subsidiaries in order to reaffirm the Company’s intent and ability to continue to indefinitely reinvest earnings of its foreign subsidiaries or whether such earnings will need to be repatriated in the foreseeable future. Such review encompasses operational needs and future capital investments. From time to time, however, the Company’s intentions relative to specific indefinitely reinvested amounts change because of certain unique circumstances. These earnings could become subject to non-U.S. withholding taxes and other applicable taxes if they were remitted to the U.S. As of September 30, 2018, net deferred tax assets of $99 million are in the U.S. Management believes that the Company’s history of generating domestic profits, defined as U.S. income from continuing operations adjusted for U.S. permanent differences, provides adequate evidence that it is more likely than not that all of the U.S. net deferred tax assets will be realized in the normal course of business. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income generated over an extended period of time. As of September 30, 2018, the Company needs to generate approximately $472 million in cumulative future U.S. taxable income at various times over approximately 20 years to realize all of its net U.S. deferred tax assets. The Company reviews its forecast in relation to actual results and expected trends on a quarterly basis. Failure to achieve operating income targets may change the Company’s assessment regarding the realization of Cabot’s deferred tax assets and such change could result in a valuation allowance being recorded against some or all of the Company’s deferred tax assets. Any increase in a valuation allowance would result in additional income tax expense, lower stockholders’ equity and could have a significant impact on Cabot’s earnings in future periods. The valuation allowances at September 30, 2018 and 2017 represent management’s best estimate of the non-realizable portion of the deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance increased by $1 million in 2018 due to net reductions in value of certain pre-existing and acquired future tax benefits and net operating losses generated that are included in deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance decreased by $9 million in 2017 due to net increases in the value of certain future tax benefits and net operating losses generated that are included in deferred tax assets. Cabot has filed its tax returns in accordance with the tax laws in each jurisdiction and recognizes tax benefits for uncertain tax positions when the position would more likely than not be sustained based on its technical merits and recognizes measurement adjustments when needed. As of September 30, 2018, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $37 million, of which $26 million was recorded in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and $11 million of deferred tax assets, principally related to state net operating loss carry-forwards, have not been recorded. In addition, accruals of $1 million and $9 million have been recorded for penalties and interest, respectively, as of September 30, 2018, and $1 million and $8 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2017. Total penalties and interest recorded in the tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Operations was $2 million in each of the years ended September 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016. If the unrecognized tax benefits were recognized at a given point in time, there would be approximately $35 million favorable impact on the Company’s tax provision before consideration of the impact of the potential need for valuation allowances. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 is as follows: 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 Balance at beginning of the year $ 36 $ 30 $ Additions based on tax provisions related to the current year Additions for tax positions of prior years Reductions of tax provisions of prior years Reductions related to settlements Reductions from lapse of statute of limitations Balance at end of the year $ 2 1 — — (2) 37 $ 2 8 (1) (2) (1) 36 $ 30 2 5 (3) — (4) 30 Cabot and certain subsidiaries are under audit in a number of jurisdictions. In addition, certain statutes of limitations are scheduled to expire in the near future. It is reasonably possible that a further change in the unrecognized tax benefits may occur within the next twelve months related to the settlement of one or more of these audits or the lapse of applicable statutes of limitations; however, an estimated range of the impact on the unrecognized tax benefits cannot be quantified at this time. 83 Cabot files U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. The 2014 through 2016 tax years generally remain subject to examination by the IRS and various tax years from 2005 through 2016 remain subject to examination by the respective state tax authorities. In significant non-U.S. jurisdictions, various tax years from 2002 through 2016 remain subject to examination by their respective tax authorities. As of September 30, 2018, Cabot’s significant non- U.S. jurisdictions include Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Netherlands. Note S. Commitments and Contingencies Operating Lease Commitments Cabot leases certain transportation vehicles, warehouse facilities, office space, machinery and equipment under cancelable and non-cancelable operating leases, most of which expire within ten years and may be renewed by Cabot. Escalation clauses, lease payments dependent on existing rates/indexes and other lease incentives are included in the minimum lease payments and such lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the minimum lease term. Rent expense under such arrangements for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 totaled $32 million, $33 million and $31 million, respectively. Future minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable leases are as follows: Years Ending September 30 (In millions) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 and thereafter Total future minimum rental commitments Other Long-Term Commitments $ $ 22 13 10 9 9 69 132 Cabot has entered into long-term purchase agreements primarily for the purchase of raw materials. Under certain of these agreements, the quantity of material being purchased is fixed, but the price paid changes as market prices change. Raw materials purchased under these agreements by segment for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Purification Solutions Specialty Fluids Total 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ $ 375 55 11 — 441 $ $ 281 43 7 — 331 $ $ 193 68 7 — 268 Included in the table above are raw materials purchases from noncontrolling shareholders of consolidated subsidiaries. These purchases were $156 million, $116 million and $92 million during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities owed to noncontrolling shareholders as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, were $8 million and $12 million, respectively. For these purchase commitments, the amounts included in the table below are based on market prices as of September 30, 2018 which may differ from actual market prices at the time of purchase. Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Purification Solutions Specialty Fluids Total 2019 2020 $ $ 361 70 8 15 454 $ $ 234 58 5 — 297 $ $ 84 2021 2023 Thereafter Total Payments Due by Fiscal Year 2022 (In millions) 138 $ 57 — — 195 142 57 1 — 200 $ $ $ 131 33 — — 164 $ $ 1,703 465 — — 2,168 $ $ 2,709 740 14 15 3,478 The Company has also entered into long-term purchase agreements primarily for services related to information technology, which are not included in the table above, that total $14 million as of September 30, 2018, the majority of which is expected to be paid within the next 5 years. Guarantee Agreements Cabot has provided certain indemnities pursuant to which it may be required to make payments to an indemnified party in connection with certain transactions and agreements. In connection with certain acquisitions and divestitures, Cabot has provided routine indemnities with respect to such matters as environmental, tax, insurance, product and employee liabilities. In connection with various other agreements, including service and supply agreements with customers, Cabot has provided indemnities for certain contingencies and routine warranties. Cabot is unable to estimate the maximum potential liability for these types of indemnities as a maximum obligation is not explicitly stated in most cases and the amounts, if any, are dependent upon the outcome of future contingent events, the nature and likelihood of which cannot be reasonably estimated. The duration of the indemnities vary, and in many cases are indefinite. Cabot has not recorded any liability for these indemnities in the consolidated financial statements, except as otherwise disclosed. Self-Insurance and Retention for Certain Contingencies The Company is partially self-insured for certain third-party liabilities globally, as well as workers’ compensation and employee medical benefits in the United States. The third-party and workers’ compensation liabilities are managed through a wholly-owned insurance captive and the related liabilities are included in the consolidated financial statements. The employee medical obligations are managed by a third-party provider and the related liabilities are included in the consolidated financial statements. To limit Cabot’s potential liabilities for these risks, however, the Company purchases insurance from third-parties that provides stop-loss protection. The self-insured liability in fiscal 2018 for third-party liabilities was $500,000 per accident for auto, $2 million per occurrence for all other, $1 million per accident for U.S. workers’ compensation, and the retention for medical costs in the United States is at most $250,000 per person per annum. Contingencies Cabot is a defendant, or potentially responsible party, in various lawsuits and environmental proceedings wherein substantial amounts are claimed or at issue. Environmental Matters As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, Cabot had $15 million and $12 million, respectively, reserved for environmental matters. These environmental matters mainly relate to former operations. The Company’s reserves for environmental matters represent Cabot’s best estimates of the probable costs to be incurred at those sites where costs are reasonably estimable based on the Company’s analysis of the extent of clean up required, alternative clean-up methods available, abilities of other responsible parties to contribute and its interpretation of laws and regulations applicable to each site. In fiscal 2018 and 2017, there was $12 million and $2 million, respectively, in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for environmental matters. In fiscal 2018 and 2017, there was $3 million and $10 million, respectively in Other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for environmental matters. Cabot reviews the adequacy of the reserves as circumstances change at individual sites and adjusts the reserves as appropriate. Almost all of Cabot’s environmental issues relate to sites that are mature and have been investigated and studied and, in many cases, are subject to agreed upon remediation plans. However, depending on the results of future testing, changes in risk assessment practices, remediation techniques and regulatory requirements, newly discovered conditions, and other factors, it is reasonably possible that the Company could incur additional costs in excess of environmental reserves currently recorded. Management estimates, based on the latest available information, that any such future environmental remediation costs that are reasonably possible to be in excess of amounts already recorded would be immaterial to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Charges for environmental expense were $6 million in fiscal 2018 and less than $1 million in each of fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016, which are included in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Cash payments related to these environmental matters were $3 million in fiscal 2018 and $2 million in each of fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016. The Company anticipates that expenditures related to these environmental matters will be made over a number of years, and will not be concentrated in any one year, with the exception of fiscal 2019, when the Company expects to incur approximately $12 million, classified as current and included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, to perform additional environmental remediation activities at one of its former manufacturing sites. The operation and maintenance component of the $15 million reserve for environmental matters was $3 million at September 30, 2018. 85 In November 2013, Cabot entered into a Consent Decree with the EPA and the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (“LDEQ”) regarding Cabot’s three carbon black manufacturing facilities in the U.S. This settlement is related to EPA’s national enforcement initiative focused on the U.S. carbon black manufacturing sector alleging non-compliance with certain regulatory and permitting requirements under The Clean Air Act, including the New Source Review (“NSR”) construction permitting requirements. Pursuant to this settlement, Cabot is in the process of installing technology controls for reduction of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions at certain of its carbon black plants. Respirator Liabilities Cabot has exposure in connection with a safety respiratory products business that a subsidiary acquired from American Optical Corporation (“AO”) in an April 1990 asset purchase transaction. The subsidiary manufactured respirators under the AO brand and disposed of that business in July 1995. In connection with its acquisition of the business, the subsidiary agreed, in certain circumstances, to assume a portion of AO’s liabilities, including costs of legal fees together with amounts paid in settlements and judgments, allocable to AO respiratory products used prior to the 1990 purchase by the Cabot subsidiary. In exchange for the subsidiary’s assumption of certain of AO’s respirator liabilities, AO agreed to provide to the subsidiary the benefits of: (i) AO’s insurance coverage for the period prior to the 1990 acquisition and (ii) a former owner’s indemnity of AO holding it harmless from any liability allocable to AO respiratory products used prior to May 1982. Generally, these respirator liabilities involve claims for personal injury, including asbestosis, silicosis and coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, allegedly resulting from the use of respirators that are alleged to have been negligently designed and/or labeled. Neither Cabot, nor its past or present subsidiaries, at any time manufactured asbestos or asbestos-containing products. At no time did this respiratory product line represent a significant portion of the respirator market. The subsidiary transferred the business to Aearo Corporation (“Aearo”) in July 1995. Cabot agreed to have the subsidiary retain certain liabilities associated with exposure to asbestos and silica while using respirators prior to the 1995 transaction so long as Aearo paid, and continues to pay, Cabot an annual fee of $400,000. Aearo can discontinue payment of the fee at any time, in which case it will assume the responsibility for and indemnify Cabot against those liabilities which Cabot’s subsidiary had agreed to retain. The Company anticipates that it will continue to receive payment of the $400,000 fee from Aearo and thereby retain these liabilities for the foreseeable future. Cabot has no liability in connection with any products manufactured by Aearo after 1995. In addition to Cabot’s subsidiary and as described above, other parties are responsible for significant portions of the costs of respirator liabilities, leaving Cabot’s subsidiary with a portion of the liability in only some of the pending cases. These parties include Aearo, AO, AO’s insurers, another former owner and its insurers and a third-party manufacturer of respirators formerly sold under the AO brand and its insurers (collectively, with the Company’s subsidiary, the “Payor Group”). As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, there were approximately 35,000 and 37,000 claimants, respectively, in pending cases asserting claims against AO in connection with respiratory products. Cabot has contributed to the Payor Group’s defense and settlement costs with respect to a percentage of pending claims depending on several factors, including the period of alleged product use. In order to quantify Cabot’s estimated share of liability for pending and future respirator liability claims, Cabot has engaged, through counsel, the assistance of Nathan Associates, Inc. (“Nathan”), a leading consulting firm in the field of tort liability valuation. The methodology used by Nathan addresses the complexities surrounding Cabot’s potential liability by making assumptions about future claimants with respect to periods of asbestos, silica and coal mine dust exposure and respirator use. Using those and other assumptions, Nathan estimates the number of future asbestos, silica and coal mine dust claims that will be filed and the related costs that would be incurred in resolving both currently pending and future claims. On this basis, Nathan then estimates the value of the share of these liabilities that reflect Cabot’s period of direct manufacture and Cabot’s contractual obligations. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, Nathan updated this estimate. Based on the Nathan estimates, as of September 30, 2018, the Company increased its reserve for Cabot’s estimated share of the liability for pending and future respirator claims and recorded a charge of $10 million, which is included in Selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. This increase reflects higher costs of defending and resolving these claims. Based on these estimates, as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company had $25 million and $18 million, respectively, reserved for its estimated share of liability for pending and future respirator claims. The Company recorded a charge of $13 million related to the respirator liability in fiscal 2016, which was included in Selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. No charge related to the respirator liability was recorded in fiscal 2017. The Company made payments related to its respirator liability of $3 million in each of fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016. 86 The Company’s current estimate of the cost of its share of existing and future respirator liability claims is based on facts and circumstances existing at this time. Developments that could affect the Company’s estimate include, but are not limited to, (i) significant changes in the number of future claims, (ii) changes in the rate of dismissals without payment of pending claims, (iii) significant changes in the average cost of resolving claims, (iv) significant changes in the legal costs of defending these claims, (v) changes in the nature of claims received, (vi) changes in the law and procedure applicable to these claims, (vii) the financial viability of members of the Payor Group, (viii) a change in the availability of the insurance coverage of the members of the Payor Group or the indemnity provided by AO’s former owner, (ix) changes in the allocation of costs among the Payor Group and (x) a determination that the assumptions that were used to estimate the Company’s share of liability are no longer reasonable. The Company cannot determine the impact of these potential developments on its current estimate of its share of liability for existing and future claims. Accordingly, the actual amount of these liabilities for existing and future claims could be different than the reserved amount. Other Matters The Company has various other lawsuits, claims and contingent liabilities arising in the ordinary course of its business and with respect to its divested businesses. The Company does not believe that any of these matters will have a material adverse effect on its financial position; however, litigation is inherently unpredictable. Cabot could incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise its expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could have a material impact on its results of operations in the period in which the amounts are accrued or its cash flows in the period in which the amounts are paid. Note T. Financial Information by Segment & Geographic Area Segment Information The Company identifies a business as an operating segment if: i) it engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses; ii) its operating results are regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), who is Cabot’s President and Chief Executive Officer, to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance; and iii) it has available discrete financial information. The Company has determined that all of its businesses are operating segments. The CODM reviews financial information at the operating segment level to allocate resources and to assess the operating results and financial performance for each operating segment. Operating segments are aggregated into a reportable segment if the operating segments are determined to have similar economic characteristics and if the operating segments are similar in the following areas: i) nature of products and services; ii) nature of production processes; iii) type or class of customer for their products and services; iv) methods used to distribute the products or provide services; and v) if applicable, the nature of the regulatory environment. The Company has four reportable segments: Reinforcement Materials, Performance Chemicals, Purification Solutions, and Specialty Fluids. The Reinforcement Materials segment combines the rubber blacks and elastomer composites product lines. The Performance Chemicals segment combines the specialty carbons, specialty compounds and inkjet colorants businesses into the Specialty Carbons and Formulations business, and combines the fumed metal oxides and aerogel businesses into the Metal Oxides business. These businesses are similar in terms of economic characteristics, nature of products, processes, customer class and product distribution methods, and therefore have been aggregated into one reportable segment. The Purification Solutions segment represents the Company’s activated carbon business and the Specialty Fluids segment includes cesium formate oil and gas drilling fluids and high-purity fine cesium chemicals product lines. Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes (“Segment EBIT”) is presented for each reportable segment in the financial information by the reportable segment table below on the line entitled Income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes. Segment EBIT excludes certain items, meaning items management does not consider representative of on-going operating segment results. In addition, Segment EBIT includes Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax, the full operating results of a contractual joint venture in Purification Solutions, royalties, Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax, and discounting charges for certain Notes receivable, but excludes Interest expense, foreign currency transaction gains and losses, interest income, dividend income, unearned revenue, general unallocated expense and unallocated corporate costs. Segment assets exclude cash, short-term investments, cost investments, income taxes receivable, deferred taxes and headquarters’ assets, which are included in unallocated and other. Expenditures for additions to long-lived assets include total equity and other investments (including available-for-sale securities) and property, plant and equipment. 87 Reinforcement Materials Carbon black is a form of elemental carbon that is manufactured in a highly controlled process to produce particles and aggregates of varied structure and surface chemistry, resulting in many different performance characteristics for a wide variety of applications. Rubber grade carbon blacks are used to enhance the physical properties of the systems and applications in which they are incorporated. The Company’s rubber blacks products are used in tires and industrial products. Rubber blacks have traditionally been used in the tire industry as a rubber reinforcing agent to increase tread durability and are also used as a performance additive to reduce rolling resistance and improve traction. In industrial products such as hoses, belts, extruded profiles and molded goods, rubber blacks are used to improve the physical performance of the product, including the product’s physical strength, fluid resistance, conductivity and resistivity. In addition to its rubber blacks products, the Company manufactures compounds of carbon black and rubber using its patented elastomer composites manufacturing process. These compounds improve abrasion/wear resistance, reduce fatigue of rubber parts and reduce rolling resistance compared to carbon black/rubber compounds made by conventional dry mix methods. Performance Chemicals Performance Chemicals is composed of two businesses: (i) the Company’s Specialty Carbons and Formulations business, which manufactures and sells specialty grades of carbon black, specialty compounds and inkjet colorants and inks, and (ii) its Metal Oxides business, which manufactures and sells fumed silica, fumed alumina and dispersions thereof and aerogel. In Performance Chemicals, the Company designs, manufactures and sells materials that deliver performance in a broad range of customer applications across the automotive, construction, infrastructure, energy, inkjet printing, electronics, and consumer products sectors. The net sales from each of these businesses for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Specialty Carbons and Formulations Metal Oxides Total Performance Chemicals p Specialty Carbons and Formulations Business y 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ $ $ 731 297 1,028 $ 623 $ 285 908 $ 578 287 865 The Company’s specialty grades of carbon black are used to impart color, provide rheology control, enhance conductivity and static charge control, provide UV protection, enhance mechanical properties, and provide formulation flexibility through surface treatment. These specialty carbon products are used in a wide variety of applications, such as inks, coatings, cables, plastics, adhesives, toners, batteries and displays. Cabot’s masterbatch and conductive compound products, which Cabot refers to as “specialty compounds”, are formulations derived from specialty grades of carbon black mixed with polymers and other additives. These products are generally used by plastic resin producers and converters in applications for the automotive, industrial, packaging, consumer products, and electronics industries. As an alternative to directly mixing specialty carbon blacks, these formulations offer greater ease of handling and help customers achieve their desired levels of dispersion and color and manage the addition of small doses of additives. In addition, Cabot’s electrically conductive compound products generally are used to reduce risks associated with electrostatic discharge in plastics applications. The Company’s inkjet colorants are high-quality pigment-based black and color dispersions based on its patented carbon black surface modification technology. The dispersions are used in aqueous inkjet inks to impart color, sharp print characteristics and durability, while maintaining high printhead reliability. These products are used in various inkjet printing applications, including commercial printing, small office/home office and corporate office, and niche applications that require a high level of dispersibility and colloidal stability. Cabot’s inkjet inks, which utilize its pigment-based colorant dispersions, are used in the commercial printing segment for digital print. Metal Oxides Business Fumed silica is an ultra-fine, high-purity particle used as a reinforcing, thickening, abrasive, thixotropic, suspending or anti- caking agent in a wide variety of products for the automotive, construction, microelectronics, batteries, and consumer products industries. These products include adhesives, sealants, cosmetics, batteries, inks, toners, silicone elastomers, coatings, polishing slurries and pharmaceuticals. Fumed alumina, also an ultra-fine, high-purity particle, is used as an abrasive, absorbent or barrier agent in a variety of products, such as inkjet media, lighting, coatings, cosmetics and polishing slurries. 88 Aerogel is a hydrophobic, silica-based particle with a high surface area that is used in a variety of thermal insulation and specialty chemical applications. In the building and construction industry, the product is used in insulative sprayable plasters and composite building products, as well as translucent skylight, window, wall and roof systems for insulating eco-daylighting applications. In the specialty chemicals industry, the product is used to provide matte finishing, insulating and thickening properties for use in a variety of applications. Purification Solutions The Company’s activated carbon products are used for the purification of water, air, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals and other liquids and gases, as either a colorant or a decolorizing agent in the production of products for food and beverage applications and as a chemical carrier in slow release applications. In gas and air applications, one of the uses of activated carbon is for the removal of mercury in flue gas streams. In certain applications, used activated carbon can be reactivated for further use by removing the contaminants from the pores of the activated carbon product. The most common applications for the Company’s reactivated carbon are water treatment and food and beverage purification. In addition to activated carbon production and reactivation, the Company also provides activated carbon solutions through on-site equipment and services, including delivery systems for activated carbon injection in coal-fired utilities, mobile water filter units and carbon reactivation services. Specialty Fluids The Specialty Fluids segment produces and markets a range of cesium products that include cesium formate brines and other fine cesium chemicals. Cesium formate brines are used as a drilling and completion fluid primarily in high pressure and high temperature oil and gas well construction. Cesium formate products are solids-free, high-density fluids that have a low viscosity, enabling safe and efficient well construction and workover operations. The fluid is resistant to high temperatures, minimizes damage to producing reservoirs and is readily biodegradable in accordance with the testing guidelines set by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In a majority of applications, cesium formate is blended with other formates or products. Fine cesium chemicals are used across a wide range of industries and applications that include catalysts, doping agents and brazing fluxes. Fine cesium chemicals enable process performance benefits and yield improvements, and help prevent or mitigate pollution in the applications they serve. 89 Financial information by reportable segment is as follows: Years Ended September 30 Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Purification Solutions Specialty Fluids Segment Total (In millions) Unallocated and Other(1), (3) Consolidated Total 2018 Revenues from external customers(2) Depreciation and amortization Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes(3) Assets(4) Total expenditures for additions to long-lived assets(5) 2017 Revenues from external customers(2) Depreciation and amortization Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes(3) Assets(4) Total expenditures for additions to long-lived assets(5) 2016 Revenues from external customers(2) Depreciation and amortization Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes(3) Assets(4) Total expenditures for additions to long-lived assets(5) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,774 $ 70 $ 1 $ 1,028 $ 48 $ — $ 279 $ 32 $ 6 $ 45 $ 3,126 $ 152 $ 7 $ 2 $ — $ 116 $ (3) $ (5) $ 3,242 149 2 279 $ 1,319 $ 200 $ 919 $ (7) $ 460 $ 8 $ 480 $ 178 $ 2,876 $ (363) $ 368 $ 117 3,244 97 $ 94 $ 16 $ 17 $ 224 $ 5 $ 229 1,381 $ 69 $ 6 $ 193 $ 1,189 $ 908 $ 46 $ — $ 201 $ 708 $ 281 $ 39 $ 6 $ 41 $ 2,611 $ 156 $ 12 $ 2 $ — $ 106 $ (1) $ (5) $ 6 $ 741 $ 9 $ 409 $ 140 $ 2,778 $ (110) $ 560 $ 2,717 155 7 299 3,338 68 $ 47 $ 19 $ 5 $ 139 $ 8 $ 147 1,108 $ 74 $ — $ 137 $ 1,093 $ 865 $ 48 $ 1 $ 225 $ 629 $ 290 $ 39 $ 7 $ 47 $ 2,310 $ 164 $ 8 $ 3 $ — $ 101 $ (3) $ (5) $ (5) $ 736 $ 13 $ 370 $ 139 $ 2,597 $ (179) $ 455 $ 2,411 161 3 191 3,052 46 $ 33 $ 30 $ 1 $ 110 $ 2 $ 112 (1) (2) Unallocated and Other includes certain items and eliminations necessary to reflect management’s reporting of operating segment results. These items are reflective of the segment reporting presented to the CODM. Consolidated Total Revenues from external customers reconciles to Net sales and other operating revenues on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Revenues from external customers that are categorized as Unallocated and Other reflects royalties, external shipping and handling fees, the impact of unearned revenue, the removal of 100% of the sales of an equity method affiliate and discounting charges for certain Notes receivable. Details are provided in the table below. Royalties, the impact of unearned revenue, the removal of 100% of the sales of an equity method affiliate and discounting charges for certain Notes receivable Shipping and handling fees Total 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ $ 11 105 116 $ $ $ 11 95 106 $ 13 88 101 90 (3) Consolidated Total Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes reconciles to Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Total Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes that are categorized as Unallocated and Other includes: Interest expense Certain items:(a) Impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets of Purification Solutions (Note F) Global restructuring activities (Note O) Legal and environmental matters and reserves Inventory reserve adjustment (Note D) Gains (losses) on sale of investments Acquisition and integration-related charges Executive transition costs Non-recurring gain (loss) on foreign exchange Other certain items Total certain items, pre-tax Unallocated corporate costs(b) General unallocated income (expense)(c) Less: Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax(d) Total $ 2018 Years Ended September 30 2017 (In millions) 2016 $ (54) $ (53) $ (54) (254) 30 (16) (13) 10 (2) (2) — (1) (248) (61) 2 2 (363) $ — (3) 1 — — — — — (1) (3) (50) 3 7 (110) $ — (47) (17) — — — (6) (11) — (81) (45) 4 3 (179) (a) (b) (c) (d) (4) (5) Certain items are items that management does not consider representative of operating segment results and they are, therefore, excluded from Segment EBIT. Unallocated corporate costs are not controlled by the segments and primarily benefit corporate interests. General unallocated income (expense) consists of gains (losses) arising from foreign currency transactions, net of other foreign currency risk management activities, interest income, dividend income, the profit or loss related to the corporate adjustment for unearned revenue, and the impact of including the full operating results of a contractual joint venture in Purification Solutions Segment EBIT. Fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016 amounts have been recast to reflect the retrospective application of the Company’s election to change its inventory valuation method of accounting for its U.S. carbon black inventories from the LIFO method to the FIFO method, which resulted in General unallocated income (expense) increasing by $11 million and decreasing by $3 million, respectively, for the years ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax is included in Segment EBIT and is removed from Unallocated and other to reconcile to income (loss) from operations before taxes. Unallocated and Other assets includes cash, marketable securities, cost investments, income taxes receivable, deferred taxes, headquarters’ assets, and current and non-current assets held for sale. Expenditures for additions to long-lived assets include total equity and other investments (including available-for-sale securities) and property, plant and equipment. Geographic Information Sales are attributed to the U.S. and to all foreign countries based on the location from which the sale originated. Revenues from external customers and long-lived assets attributable to an individual country, other than the U.S. and China, were not material for disclosure. 91 Revenues from external customers and long-lived asset information by geographic area are summarized as follows: Years Ended September 30 U.S. China Other Foreign Countries Consolidated Total 2018 Net property, plant and equipment 2017 Net property, plant and equipment 2016 Net property, plant and equipment $ $ $ $ $ $ 676 $ 493 $ 645 $ 493 $ 605 $ 490 $ (In millions) 752 $ 270 $ 1,814 $ 533 $ 573 $ 261 $ 1,499 $ 551 $ 482 $ 266 $ 1,324 $ 534 $ 3,242 1,296 2,717 1,305 2,411 1,290 Note U. Unaudited Quarterly Financial Information Unaudited financial results by quarter for fiscal 2018 and 2017 are summarized below: Quarters Ended December 31, 2017 March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018 (In millions, except per share amounts) September 30, 2018 Year Ended September 30, 2018 Net sales and other operating revenues Gross profit Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Earnings per common share—basic Earnings per common share—diluted $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 720 178 $ (112) $ (122) $ (1.98) $ (1.98) $ $ 818 190 $ (163) $ (173) $ (2.80) $ (2.80) $ 854 200 99 88 1.41 1.40 $ $ $ $ $ $ 850 213 102 94 1.51 1.51 $ $ $ $ $ $ 3,242 781 (74) (113) (1.85) (1.85) During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, Cabot recorded a pre-tax gain of $28 million on the sale of its land rights in Thane, India as discussed further in Note O. In addition, the tax benefit for the quarter includes a $19 million net benefit from discrete tax items primarily related to a revision of the estimate of the impact of the recent U.S. tax reform as discussed further in Note R. Quarters Ended December 31, 2016 March 31, 2017 June 30, 2017 (In millions, except per share amounts) September 30, 2017 Year Ended September 30, 2017 Net sales and other operating revenues Gross profit Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Earnings per common share—basic Earnings per common share—diluted $ $ $ $ $ $ 611 159 59 55 0.87 0.86 $ $ $ $ $ $ 678 169 80 74 1.19 1.19 $ $ $ $ $ $ 705 161 55 47 0.73 0.73 $ $ $ $ $ $ 723 174 79 72 1.15 1.13 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,717 663 273 248 3.94 3.91 92 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Cabot Corporation Boston, Massachusetts Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cabot Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated November 21, 2018, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Change in Accounting Principle As discussed in Note A to the financial statements, the Company has elected to change its method of accounting for its U.S. carbon black inventories from the last-in, first-out method to the first-in, first-out method in the first quarter of 2018, and applied the change retrospectively to the financial statements. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP Boston, Massachusetts November 21, 2018 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2007. 93 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Cabot Corporation Boston, Massachusetts Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Cabot Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of September 30, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended September 30, 2018, of the Company and our report dated November 21, 2018, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and included an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company’s change of method of accounting for its U.S. carbon black inventories from the last-in, first-out method to the first-in, first-out method. As described in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management excluded from its assessment the internal control over financial reporting at 8755329 Canada Inc. (“Tech Blend”), which was acquired in November of 2017 and whose financial statements reflect total assets and revenues constituting 2% and 1%, respectively, of the consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended September 30, 2018. Accordingly, our audit did not include the internal control over financial reporting at Tech Blend. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP Boston, Massachusetts November 21, 2018 94 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure PART II None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Disclosure Controls and Procedures Cabot carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its principal executive officer and its principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as of September 30, 2018. Based on that evaluation, Cabot’s principal executive officer and its principal financial officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective with respect to the recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, of information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act and such information is accumulated and communicated to management to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Cabot’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for Cabot. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: • • • Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Cabot’s management assessed the effectiveness of Cabot’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2018 based on the framework established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Management excluded from its assessment the internal control over financial reporting at 8755329 Canada Inc. (“Tech Blend”), which was acquired in November 2017 and whose financial statements reflect total assets and revenues constituting 2% and 1%, respectively, of the consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended September 30, 2018. Based on this assessment, Cabot’s management concluded that Cabot’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of September 30, 2018. Cabot’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2018 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report above. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information None. 95 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III Certain information regarding our executive officers is included at the end of Part I of this annual report under the heading “Executive Officers of the Registrant.” Cabot has adopted a Code of Business Ethics that applies to all of the Company’s employees and directors, including the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, the Controller and other senior financial officers. The Code of Business Ethics is posted on our website, www.cabotcorp.com (under the “About Cabot” caption under “Company”). We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement regarding any amendment to, or waiver of, a provision of the Code of Business Ethics applicable to the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, the Controller or other senior financial officers by posting such information on our website. The other information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (“Proxy Statement”) and is herein incorporated by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information relating to security ownership of certain beneficial owners of our common stock and information relating to the security ownership of our management required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. The following table provides information as of September 30, 2018 about: (i) the number of shares of common stock that may be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and vesting of restricted stock units; (ii) the weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options; and (iii) the number of shares of common stock available for future issuance under our active plans: the 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan and the 2015 Directors’ Stock Compensation Plan. All of our equity compensation plans have been approved by our stockholders. Plan category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a)(1) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding option, warrants and rights (b)(2) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c)(3) 1,978,014 $ N/A 50.73 N/A 4,936,877 N/A (1) (2) (3) Includes (i) 880,705 shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options, (ii) 489,463 shares issuable upon vesting of time-based restricted stock units, (iii) 383,458 shares issuable upon vesting of performance-based restricted stock units based upon the achievement of the annual financial performance metrics for the three years within the three-year performance period of the fiscal 2016 awards, the first two years within the three-year performance period of the fiscal 2017 awards, and the first year within the three-year performance period of the fiscal 2018 awards; and (iv) 224,388 shares issuable upon vesting of the performance-based stock units attributable to year three of the 2017 awards and years two and three of the 2018 awards, assuming Cabot performs at the maximum performance level in each of those years. If, instead, Cabot performs at the target level of performance in those years, a total of 112,194 shares would be issuable for year three of the 2017 awards and years two and three of the 2018 awards. The weighted-average exercise price includes all outstanding stock options but does not include restricted stock units which do not have an exercise price. Of these shares, (i) 4,643,568 shares remain available for future issuance under our 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan, and (ii) 293,309 remain available for future issuance under our 2015 Directors’ Stock Compensation Plan. The other information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. 96 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a) Financial Statements. See “Index to Financial Statements” under Item 8 of this Form 10-K. (b) Schedules. PART IV The Schedules have been omitted since the required information is not applicable or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Form 10-K. (c) Exhibits. (Certain exhibits not included in copies of the Form 10-K sent to stockholders.) The exhibit numbers in the Exhibit Index correspond to the numbers assigned to such exhibits in the Exhibit Table of Item 601 of Regulation S-K. Cabot will furnish to any stockholder, upon written request, any exhibit listed in the Exhibit Index, upon payment by such stockholder of the Company’s reasonable expenses in furnishing such exhibit. Exhibit Number 3(a) 3(b) 4(a)(i) 4(a)(ii) 4(a)(iii) 4(a)(iv) 4(a)(v) 4(a)(vi) Description Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Cabot Corporation effective January 9, 2009 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2008, file reference 1- 5667, filed with the SEC on February 9, 2009). The By-laws of Cabot Corporation as amended January 8, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Cabot’s Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2015, file reference 1- 5667, filed with the SEC on February 5, 2016). Indenture, dated as of December 1, 1987, between Cabot Corporation and The First National Bank of Boston, Trustee (the “Indenture”). (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4(a)(i) of Cabot’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended September 30, 2017, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on November 22, 2017). First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 17, 1992, to the Indenture. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4(a)(ii) of Cabot’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended September 30, 2017, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on November 22, 2017). Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 31, 1997, between Cabot Corporation and State Street Bank and Trust Company, Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 1996, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 14, 1997). Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 20, 1998, between Cabot Corporation and State Street Bank and Trust Company, Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Cabot’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated November 20, 1998, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on November 20, 1998). Indenture, dated as of September 21, 2009, between Cabot Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Cabot’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 ASR, Registration Statement No. 333-162021, filed with the SEC on September 21, 2009). Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 12, 2012 between Cabot Corporation, as Issuer, and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, including the form of Global Note attached as Annex A thereto, supplementing the Indenture dated as of September 21, 2009 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Cabot’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 9, 2012, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on July 12, 2012). 4(a)(vii) Indenture, dated as of September 15, 2016, between Cabot Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Cabot Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 15, 2016, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on September 15, 2016). 4(a)(viii) First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 15, 2016, between Cabot Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, including the form of Global Note attached as Annex A thereto, supplementing the Indenture dated as of September 15, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Cabot Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 15, 2016, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on September 15, 2016). 97 Exhibit Number 10(a) 10(a)(i) 10(a)(ii) Description Credit Agreement, dated October 23, 2015, among Cabot Corporation, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Citibank, N.A., Bank of America, N.A., Mizuho Bank, Ltd., TD Bank, N.A., and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(a) of Cabot’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended September 30, 2015, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on November 25, 2015). Extension Agreement dated December 14, 2016 to the Credit Agreement, dated October 23, 2015, among Cabot Corporation, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., J.P. Morgan Securities LLS, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Citibank, N.A., Bank of America, N.A., Mizuho Bank, Ltd., TD Bank, N.A., and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2016, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 7, 2017). Extension Agreement dated October 6, 2017 to the Credit Agreement dated October 23, 2015, among Cabot Corporation, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., J.P. Morgan Securities U.S., Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Citibank, N.A., Bank of America, N.A., Mizuho Bank, Ltd., TD Bank, N.A., and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2017, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 8, 2018). 10(b)(i)* 2009 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Appendix B of Cabot’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A relating to the 2012 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on January 30, 2012). 10(b)(ii)* 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2017, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on May 8, 2017). 10(b)(iii)* 2015 Directors’ Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Appendix B of Cabot’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A relating to the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on January 28, 2015). 10(b)(iv)* Cabot Corporation Short-Term Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Appendix B of Cabot Corporation’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A relating to the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, file reference 1- 5667, filed with the SEC on January 28, 2016). 10(c)* 10(d)* Summary of Compensation for Non-Employee Directors (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2016, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 7, 2017). Cabot Corporation Amended and Restated Senior Management Severance Protection Plan, dated March 9, 2012 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2012, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on May 7, 2012). 10(e)*† Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Certificate under the Cabot Corporation 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan. 10(f)*† Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Certificate under the Cabot Corporation 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan. 10(g)*† Form of Stock Option Award Certificate under the Cabot Corporation 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan. 10(h)* 10(i)* Cabot Corporation Deferred Compensation and Supplemental Retirement Plan, amended and restated January 1, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2013, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 6, 2014). Cabot Corporation Non-Employee Directors’ Deferral Plan, amended and restated January 1, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2013, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 6, 2014). 98 Exhibit Number 10(j)* Transition and Separation Agreement dated June 27, 2018 between Cabot Corporation and Eduardo E. Cordeiro (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on August 8, 2018). Description 21† 23† Subsidiaries of Cabot Corporation. Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP. 31(i)† Certification of Principal Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act. 31(ii)† Certification of Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act. 32†† Certifications of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. 101.INS† XBRL Instance Document. 101.SCH† XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101.CAL† XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF† XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB† XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document. 101.PRE† XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document. * † Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Filed herewith. †† Furnished herewith. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 99 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES CABOT CORPORATION BY: /S/ SEAN D. KEOHANE Sean D. Keohane President and Chief Executive Officer Date: November 21, 2018 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signatures /s/ SEAN D. KEOHANE Sean D. Keohane /s/ ERICA J. MCLAUGHLIN Erica J. McLaughlin /s/ JAMES P. KELLY James P. Kelly /s/ JOHN F. O’BRIEN John F. O’Brien /s/ JUAN ENRIQUEZ Juan Enriquez /s/ WILLIAM C. KIRBY William C. Kirby /s/ CYNTHIA A. ARNOLD Cynthia A. Arnold /s/ JOHN K. MCGILLICUDDY John K. McGillicuddy /s/ MICHAEL M. MORROW Michael M. Morrow /s/ PATRICK M. PREVOST Patrick M. Prevost /s/ SUE H. RATAJ Sue H. Rataj Matthias L. Wolfgruber /s/ MARK S. WRIGHTON Mark S. Wrighton /s/ FRANK A. WILSON Frank A. Wilson Title Date Director, President and Chief Executive Officer Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) Vice President and Controller (principal accounting officer) Director, Non-Executive Chairman of the Board Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 100 Exhibit 31(i) I, Sean D. Keohane, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Cabot Corporation; Principal Executive Officer Certification 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: November 21, 2018 /S/ SEAN D. KEOHANE Sean D. Keohane President and Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31(ii) I, Erica J. McLaughlin, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Cabot Corporation; Principal Financial Officer Certification 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: November 21, 2018 /s/ ERICA J. MCLAUGHLIN Erica J. McLaughlin Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Certifications Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Exhibit 32 In connection with the filing of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2018 (the “Report”) by Cabot Corporation (the “Company”), each of the undersigned hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to his knowledge: 1. 2. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13 (a) or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 /s/ SEAN D. KEOHANE Sean D. Keohane President and Chief Executive Officer /s/ ERICA J. MCLAUGHLIN Erica J. McLaughlin Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] 2018 ANNUAL REPORT CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS Cabot Corporation Two Seaport Lane, Suite 1300 Boston, Massachusetts 02210-2019 617 345 0100 Investor Relations Investor inquiries are welcome and individuals are invited to contact us through our investor website at cabotcorp.com/investors or by telephone at 617 342 6255. Stock Listing Cabot Corporation common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CBT. Annual Meeting The Annual Meeting of Stockholders will be held on Thursday, March 7, 2019 at 4:00 p.m. ET, at the company’s corporate headquarters at Two Seaport Lane, Suite 1300, Boston, Massachusetts. All stockholders are invited to attend. Stock Transfer Agent and Registrar Registered shareholders may contact the transfer agent by Internet or by phone for information or assistance with receiving proxy materials electronically by internet, transfers of stock ownership, direct deposit of dividend payments, dividend check replacements, account history, lost stock certificates, taxable income or to report address changes. The transfer agent provides telephone assistance Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. ET. Extended service is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week to callers with touch-tone telephones through the transfer agent’s Interactive Voice Response System. When using the IVR system, mention Cabot Corporation as your stock holding and be prepared to provide your name, Social Security number, if applicable, or your Computershare account number. Please include your address and telephone number in all correspondence with the transfer agent. Computershare Trust Company, N.A. c/o Computershare P.O. Box 505000 Louisville, KY 40233 Overnight correspondence should be sent to: Computershare 462 South 4th Street, Suite 1600 Louisville, KY 40202 Stockholder Inquiries: 781 575 3170 or 800 730 4001 For the hearing impaired: 800 952 9245 (TTY/TDD) Stockholder Website: computershare.com/investor Click on “Contact Us” link at the top or bottom of the webpage for online stockholder inquiries. For more information about Cabot Corporation and our businesses, please visit our website at: cabotcorp.com 002CSN9A22