Cabot
Annual Report 2020

Plain-text annual report

CABOT CORPORATION 2020 Annual Report Cabot Corporation is a leading global specialty chemicals and performance materials company headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, that has delivered innovative performance solutions to customers for over 135 years. We strive to be the most innovative, respected and responsible leader in our markets — delivering performance that makes a difference. As a market leader, we collaborate with customers to find innovative solutions that will help them advance their own products for a wide range of industries, from transportation and infrastructure to environment and consumer goods. Our customers worldwide trust our solutions to help them address their needs and accelerate innovation in key applications — creating value and delivering an advantage over the competition. Our global network consists of 45 manufacturing facilities throughout 20 countries. All are joined by our commitment and continued dedication to safety, health and environmental leadership and progress. Our Business Segments REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS Rubber Blacks; Elastomer Composites Carbon black to reinforce and optimize the performance of rubber products including: tires, hoses, belts, molded goods PERFORMANCE CHEMICALS Specialty Carbons and Formulations; Metal Oxides Specialty additives that enable performance in: plastics, wire and cable, toners, coatings, adhesives and sealants, electronics, batteries, inks, inkjet printing, composites, silicones, building construction materials, industrial insulation PURIFICATION SOLUTIONS Activated Carbon Activated carbon for purification in various applications including: air and water, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, catalysts 2 CABOT CORPORATION A Message to Our Shareholders Fiscal year 2020 has been a year like no other. The world continues to struggle in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated economic downturn has challenged virtually every sector of the economy. Like all companies, we at Cabot were faced with extreme and unexpected circumstances and I am immensely proud of the way our team navigated every challenge with resolve and optimism. Our corporate values of integrity, respect, excellence and responsibility are deeply rooted in our culture and they served as a guide for us as we worked together with our various stakeholders during this unprecedented time. In our 138-year history, we have overcome many challenges. While the ongoing recovery from COVID-19 is still fragile, I can say with confidence that the power of Cabot Corporation was revealed during this crisis. Our longstanding leadership in safety provided the behavioral foundation to protect our people from the risks of COVID-19 while continuing to serve our customers with the essential performance materials they need for their applications. Our strong balance sheet and enduring commitment to an investment credit rating equipped us with the strength and liquidity to withstand a severe demand disruption during the spring and early summer months. Furthermore, we understand that a robust strategy requires us to make portfolio choices and appropriately allocate both human and financial capital. To that end, during 2020, we took important actions to strengthen our leadership positions and fund targeted growth applications, while maintaining our commitment to a strong dividend. 2020 ANNUAL REPORT 3 Supporting Our People and Communities Over the past year, I have been inspired by the dedication, resilience, and generosity of our employees across the globe. Our top priority, as always, is to protect the safety and well-being of our employees and communities, and this was particularly crucial in 2020. The onset of the global pandemic and the subsequent evolution of government policies and regulations presented a great management challenge. To address this, we established a COVID-19 crisis response team to ensure executive focus and leadership of the key activities required to protect our people and our company. Based on the best available guidance, we quickly took steps to reduce employee density at all sites, enhance our personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements and modify work procedures. We recognized early on that success would require us to do more than simply protect our employees while on Cabot premises. We needed to educate and train our teams and their families about the risks of community spread and how our Cabot work practices should be extended to their homes. By doing so, our employees were able to not only protect themselves and their colleagues, but their families as well as their communities. The public health crisis has spared no one and we all know family members, friends or colleagues that have been affected. Beyond the direct impact, the stress and anxiety brought on by the demands of protecting and caring for our loved ones and adjusting to new routines has been significant. To support our employees and enable them to be their best during this time, we took timely measures to address their needs through new and expanded policies and benefits, including Emergency Leave and Pay Continuation policies and through the establishment of a global Employee Assistance Program offering a variety of services from financial counseling to confidential mental health support. Over the past year, I have been inspired by the dedication, resilience, and generosity of our employees across the globe. Our top priority, as always, is to protect the safety and well-being of our employees and communities, and this was particularly crucial in 2020. Managing Our Business As the COVID-19 pandemic sparked a severe global recession and volumes in our core businesses declined sharply, we quickly pivoted to a posture of cost reduction and cash preservation. Speed was essential and our decisions were guided by a philosophy of protecting the company first, while maintaining our ability to emerge from the crisis ready to win. During the year we undertook a broad range of cost management initiatives, both short-term adjustments and structural actions, which generated savings of $68 million. Included in our structural actions was the establishment of a Global Business Services organization. This new function was designed with a mandate to drive efficiency and effectiveness by bringing end-to-end ownership to our core processes of record-to-report, order-to-cash, source-to-pay and plan-to-deliver. As part of this effort, we consolidated our North American shared service activities into our existing service center in Riga, Latvia, thereby building scale and efficiency. Our next wave of improvement will be driven by the deployment of enhanced digital tools to further streamline, automate and simplify the way we do business. 4 CABOT CORPORATION Cash preservation was a top priority for us in 2020 and we engaged all employees in our effort to aggressively reduce working capital. In total, we drove a reduction of $185 million in working capital, which contributed to our strong operating cash flow of $377 million. We used this cash flow to fund our priority capital expenditures, pay $80 million of dividends and support the strategic acquisition of Shenzhen Sanshun Nano New Materials Co., Ltd (SUSN). In total, our debt level was relatively unchanged, and we maintained our investment grade credit rating and liquidity in excess of $1 billion. Staying true to our prudent balance sheet philosophy gave us the financial and operational flexibility to drive our Advancing the Core strategy. Advancing Our Strategy Despite the global recession of 2020, we never lost focus on our Advancing the Core strategy and we made progress on several fronts during the year. We stayed committed to important investments to grow our core businesses, including the start-up of our new fumed silica plant in Carrollton, KY, USA. We believe that this investment will protect the profitability of this high value product line and provide a long-term growth platform for the business. We also continued to progress the planned upgrade of our new carbon black plant in Xuzhou, China from rubber blacks to specialty carbons. Driving application innovation in new and attractive markets is a core tenet of our strategy and we made important progress in 2020. With the lithium-ion battery market poised to grow at a 20% — 25% CAGR over the next 10 years, our recent acquisition of SUSN, a leading carbon nanotube producer to the battery sector, will strengthen our position in conductive carbon additives and dispersions to serve this market. Cabot is now the only carbon additive supplier with commercially proven carbon black, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanostructures and dispersions and blends for these critical additives. In addition, we are seeing great progress in our inkjet business, as the packaging sector begins its conversion from analog to digital printing technology. This strategic transition will be enabled by inkjet printing, thereby creating a new growth application for our inkjet colorants product line. Over the past year, several leading printer OEMs have qualified and adopted our inkjet products and we are excited about the growth potential of this application. 2020 ANNUAL REPORT 5 Leading in Sustainability Cabot has a long tradition of leadership in the field of sustainability. For over 10 years we have published a sustainability report consistent with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines and in our most recent report we included information consistent with the recommendations of the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) Chemicals Industry Standard. Over the years, we have broadened our view of sustainability to extend beyond a foundation of safety, health and the environment. Consequently, this past year we launched an expanded set of 2025 sustainability goals that address the important areas identified in our materiality assessment. Our 2025 goals are organized under three pillars: Caring for our People and Communities; Acting Responsibly for the Planet; and Building a Better Future Together. Sustainability is integral to our business strategy at Cabot and we believe these goals serve as a motivational force for our employees and will differentiate our company from competition in the eyes of our customers and other stakeholders. You can learn more about our goals and key progress highlights later in this report. Looking Ahead As we look ahead to the coming year, I am filled with optimism for our company. While uncertainty remains as the world continues to fight the COVID-19 public health crisis, I am encouraged by the performance of our company during such a challenging 2020. The Cabot team rose to the occasion and the strength and potential of our company was revealed. I am proud and inspired by the way our people around the world responded and we are emerging from the crisis ready to win. Thank you for your continued support of Cabot Corporation. Sean D. Keohane D K h S President and Chief Executive Officer 6 CABOT CORPORATION Cabot Corporation Sustainability Goals 2025 CARING FOR OUR PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES Community Engagement Occupational Health & Safety Retention, Diversity & Development 100% OF LOCATIONS engaged in our communities REDUCE injuries and significant process safety events by 50% CONTRIBUTE $10M to help our communities thrive Foster INCLUSION and support DEVELOPMENT Increase DIVERSE REPRESENTATION ACTING RESPONSIBLY FOR THE PLANET Emissions Energy Water REDUCE greenhouse gas emissions intensity by 20% REDUCE SO2 emissions intensity by 40% REDUCE NOX emissions intensity by 50% REDUCE energy intensity by 10% EXPORT 200% of the amount of energy imported Waste & Spills REDUCE the waste disposal from 20% operations by and ultimately ELIMINATE manufacturing waste REDUCE water withdrawal intensity by 20% Environmental Compliance 100% of facilities certified with an environmental management system BUILDING A BETTER FUTURE TOGETHER Product Sustainability ASSESS SUSTAINABILITY impacts of our top product applications and 100% of our new products and processes will have a SUSTAINABILITY BENEFIT Suppliers’ Sustainability ENGAGE our key suppliers on sustainability Economic Value Generated & Distributed INVEST $1B in capital and technology Target: 2025. Baseline: 2018, except NOX and SOX (2012), GHG and energy intensity (2005). Capital and community investments: our FY2020 – FY2025 2020 ANNUAL REPORT 7 Cabot Corporation Sustainability Highlights Occupational Health & Safety Our employees are our most valuable asset, and it is our responsibility as an employer to provide a safe work environment and promote wellness across the workforce. This focus on health and safety has been deeply ingrained in our company throughout our history and serves as a central theme in our culture. We also recognize that excellence in safety is a reflection of our ongoing commitment to excellence in all operational areas of our company. As a result, we are diligent in measuring and monitoring our related performance of our critical operating parameters. We are in constant pursuit of excellence in occupational health and safety and process safety to better protect our employees, contractors, neighbors and the environment. We are proud of our continuous improvement in fiscal year 2020 with the following reductions over fiscal year 2019: (cid:138) 25% reduction in recordable injuries (cid:138) 13% reduction in total recordable incident rate (TRIR) (cid:138) 36% reduction in environmental non-conformances (ENCs) Emissions We monitor our emissions closely and work to minimize our respective impacts in support of maintaining compliance with our regulatory obligations and reducing our global environmental footprint. Emission reductions can also signal improved operational efficiency at our manufacturing facilities, and we see our focus on emission reductions as a potential competitive advantage. In fiscal year 2020 we: (cid:138) Enhanced our air pollution control systems at our facility in Xingtai, China. The new systems, which became operational in November 2020, reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate emissions by over 50%, making this one of the lowest emitting carbon black plants globally. (cid:138) Completed placement of all major air emission control equipment at our Franklin, Louisiana, USA site. This project is expected to come online in April of 2021 and is designed to reduce NOX emissions by 90% through the use of selective catalytic control and SO2 emissions by 95% using wet gas scrubbing. These robust and well-established technologies are in use today at several of Cabot’s sites across the world and are expected to reduce the annual emissions of NOX and SO2 by nearly 900 and 6,500 tons per year, respectively. 8 CABOT CORPORATION Product Sustainability We develop numerous new products every year and are committed to sustainable innovation that creates value for our customers. We work to minimize impacts to the environment and to protect the health and safety of people over the full life cycle of the products we develop while also enabling our customers to meet their sustainability goals. Developing products and processes as sustainably as we can and selling our products to markets addressing societal challenges help us achieve our vision of delivering performance that makes a difference. In fiscal year 2020 we: (cid:138) Continued investments in materials innovation to drive performance in next generation lithium-ion batteries, including in cutting-edge research on electrode processing methods that eliminate hazardous solvents. (cid:138) Expanded our portfolio of transformational Cabot Engineered Elastomer Composites (E2C™) solutions, which enables improved performance of rubber formulations, leading to more sustainable products through lower rolling resistance or greater durability and lifetime. (cid:138) Launched a new black masterbatch series that utilizes postindustrial carbon black and recycled polymers. These new formulations are specifically designed to help the industry lower its carbon footprint and increase the amount of recycled and secondary content in end products. 2020 ANNUAL REPORT 9 Our Leadership Management Executive Committee Sean D. Keohane President and Chief Executive Officer Erica McLaughlin Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Patricia Hubbard Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer Aaron Johnson Senior Vice President and President, Purification Solutions Segment; President, Formulated Solutions Karen Kalita Senior Vice President and General Counsel Bart C. Kalkstein Senior Vice President and President, Reinforcement Materials Segment; President, Americas Region Martin J. O’Neill Senior Vice President, Safety, Health and Environment (SH&E) and Government Affairs Aled Rees Senior Vice President and President, Global Business Services; President, Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) Region Board of Directors Arthur (Art) T. Wood Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer Jeff Zhu Senior Vice President and President, Performance Additives; President, Asia Pacific Region Cynthia Arnold retired Chief Technology Officer, The Valspar Corporation (global paints and coatings company) Douglas G. Del Gasso President and Chief Executive Officer, Adient plc (automotive seating manufacturing company) Juan Enriquez Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Biotechonomy Ventures (life sciences research and investment firm) Sean D. Keohane President and Chief Executive Officer, Cabot Corporation William C. Kirby Spangler Family Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School and T.M. Chang Professor of China Studies, Harvard University Michael M. Morrow retired Audit Partner, PricewaterhouseCoopers (global provider of audit, tax and advisory services) Sue H. Rataj retired Chief Executive, Petrochemicals, BP plc (global energy company) Frank A. Wilson retired Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President of PerkinElmer, Inc., (life sciences diagnostics, discovery and analytical solutions company) Matthias L. Wolfgruber retired Chief Executive Officer, Altana AG (global specialty chemicals company) Mark S. Wrighton* Chancellor, Washington University in St. Louis Christine Yan retired Vice President, Asia, Stanley Black & Decker (global leader in tools, storage solutions, engineering fastening systems, and security services) *Retiring effective at 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders 10 CABOT CORPORATION UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020 or ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 1-5667 Cabot Corporation (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) Two Seaport Lane, Suite 1400 Boston, Massachusetts (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 04-2271897 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 02210 (Zip Code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 345-0100 Title of each class Trading symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, $1 par value per share CBT The New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: None. Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by checkmark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period ☒ ☐ for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ As of the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (March 31, 2020), the aggregate No ☒ market value of the Registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was $1,467,794,829. As of November 20, 2020, there were 56,600,026 shares of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding. Portions of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I ITEM 1. Business........................................................................................................................................................................... ITEM 1A. Risk Factors ..................................................................................................................................................................... ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments ........................................................................................................................................... ITEM 2. ITEM 3. ITEM 4. ITEM 5. ITEM 6. ITEM 7. Properties........................................................................................................................................................................ Legal Proceedings............................................................................................................................................................ Mine Safety Disclosures .................................................................................................................................................. PART II Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities ..... Selected Financial Data ................................................................................................................................................... Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ........................................... ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk......................................................................................... ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.............................................................................................................. ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure .......................................... ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures................................................................................................................................................. ITEM 9B. Other Information........................................................................................................................................................... PART III ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance ............................................................................................... ITEM 11. Executive Compensation ................................................................................................................................................. ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ............................ ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ............................................................... ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services ........................................................................................................................... ITEM 15. ITEM 16. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.......................................................................................................................... Form 10-K Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... PART IV 3 11 17 18 20 20 21 22 26 41 43 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 99 Signatures........................................................................................................................................................................................... 100 2 Information Relating to Forward-Looking Statements This annual report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” under the Federal securities laws. These forward- looking statements address expectations or projections about the future, including our expectations regarding our future business performance and overall prospects; segment growth and the assumptions underlying our growth expectations; demand for our products; evaluation of strategic options for our Purification Solutions segment; the recommencing of work on our Cilegon, Indonesia plant expansion; when we expect production of specialty carbons to begin at our new facility in Jiangsu Province, China; the earnings benefit due to restructuring activities at our Marshall manufacturing facility and the timing of payments for costs associated with mine closure activities; the sufficiency of our cash on hand, cash provided from operations and cash available under our credit and commercial paper facilities to fund our cash requirements; anticipated capital spending, including environmental- related capital expenditures; restructuring and transformation plan charges; cash requirements and uses of available cash, including future cash outlays associated with long-term contractual obligations, restructurings, contributions to employee benefit plans, environmental remediation costs and future respirator liabilities; exposure to interest rate and foreign exchange risk; future benefit plan payments we expect to make; future amortization expenses; the amount and timing of the loss we expect to recognize upon the settlement of liabilities under our U.S. pension plan; the impact we expect tax reform legislation in the U.S. to have on our future after-tax earnings and tax rate; our ability to recover deferred tax assets; and the possible outcome of legal and environmental proceedings, and value-added tax matters. From time to time, we also provide forward-looking statements in other materials we release to the public and in oral statements made by authorized officers. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties, potentially inaccurate assumptions, and other factors, some of which are beyond our control or difficult to predict. If known or unknown risks materialize, our actual results could differ materially from past results and from those expressed in the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements are described in Item 1A in this report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Investors are advised, however, to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our 10-Q and 8-K reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Item 1. General Business PART I Cabot is a global specialty chemicals and performance materials company headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. Our principal products are rubber and specialty grade carbon blacks, specialty compounds, fumed metal oxides, activated carbons, inkjet colorants, and aerogel. Cabot and its affiliates have manufacturing facilities and operations in the United States (“U.S.”) and over 20 other countries. Cabot’s business was founded in 1882 and incorporated in the State of Delaware in 1960. The terms “Cabot”, “Company”, “we”, and “our” as used in this report refer to Cabot Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries. Our vision is to be the most innovative, respected and responsible leader in our markets – delivering performance that makes a difference. Our “advancing the core” corporate strategy is to extend our leadership in performance materials by investing for growth in our core businesses, driving application innovation with our customers, and generating strong cash flows through efficiency and optimization. Our products are generally based on technical expertise and innovation in one or more of our four core competencies: making and handling very fine particles; modifying the surfaces of very fine particles to alter their functionality; designing particles to impart specific properties to a formulation; and combining particles with other ingredients to deliver a formulated performance intermediate or composite. We focus on creating particles, and formulations of those particles, with the composition, morphology, and surface functionalities to deliver the requisite performance to support our customers’ existing and emerging applications. Our business is organized into three reportable segments: Reinforcement Materials; Performance Chemicals; and Purification Solutions. We divested our Specialty Fluids business as of June 28, 2019. We routinely evaluate our portfolio in light of our growth strategy and will continue to evaluate strategic options for our Purification Solutions segment. Our business segments are discussed in more detail later in this section. Our internet address is www.cabotcorp.com. We make available free of charge on or through our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such material with, or furnishing it to, the SEC. Information appearing on our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated in, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 3 Reinforcement Materials Products Carbon black is a form of elemental carbon that is manufactured in a highly controlled process to produce particles and aggregates of varied structure and surface chemistry, resulting in many different performance characteristics for a wide variety of applications. Rubber grade carbon blacks are used to enhance the physical properties of the systems and applications in which they are incorporated. Our rubber blacks products are used in tires and industrial products. Rubber blacks have traditionally been used in the tire industry as a rubber reinforcing agent to increase tread durability and are also used as a performance additive to reduce rolling resistance and improve traction. In industrial products such as hoses, belts, extruded profiles and molded goods, rubber blacks are used to improve the physical performance of the product, including the product’s physical strength, fluid resistance, conductivity and resistivity. In addition to our rubber blacks products, we manufacture engineered elastomer composites (“E2C™”) solutions that are compounds of carbon black and rubber made using our patented elastomer composites manufacturing process. These compounds improve abrasion/wear resistance, reduce fatigue of rubber parts and reduce rolling resistance compared to carbon black/rubber compounds made by conventional dry mix methods enabling rubber compounders to break (or, reduce the need to make) performance trade-offs. Additionally, because E2C™ solutions can be integrated into current product methods without additional significant capital investment, and require fewer mixing stages, lower mixing temperatures and shorter mixing cycles than conventional products, operating and production costs may be reduced. Sales and Customers Sales of rubber blacks products are made by Cabot employees and through distributors and sales representatives. Sales to six major tire customers represent a material portion of Reinforcement Materials’ total net sales and operating revenues. The loss of any of these customers, or a significant reduction in volumes sold to them, could have a material adverse effect on the segment. Under appropriate circumstances, we have entered into supply arrangements with certain customers, the typical duration of which is one year. These arrangements typically provide for sales price adjustments to account for changes in relevant feedstock indices and, in some cases, changes in other relevant costs (such as the cost of natural gas). In fiscal 2020, approximately half of our rubber blacks volume was sold under these supply arrangements. The majority of the volumes sold under these arrangements are sold to customers in the Americas and Europe. We licensed our patented elastomer composites manufacturing process to Manufacture Francaise des Pneumatiques Michelin for their exclusive use in tire applications through fiscal 2017, and for a period of limited exclusivity in tire applications through fiscal 2019. As consideration, we receive quarterly royalty payments extending through calendar year 2022. Much of the rubber blacks we sell is used in tires and automotive products and, therefore, our financial results may be affected by the cyclical nature of the automotive industry. However, a large portion of the market for our products is in replacement tires that historically have been less subject to automotive industry cycles. Competition We are one of the leading manufacturers of carbon black in the world. We compete in the sale of carbon black with four companies that operate globally and numerous other companies that operate regionally, a number of which export product outside their region. Competition for our Reinforcement Materials products is based on product performance, quality, reliability, price, service, technical innovation, and logistics. We believe our product differentiation, technological leadership, global manufacturing presence, operations and logistics excellence and customer service provide us with a competitive advantage. Raw Materials The principal raw material used in the manufacture of carbon black is composed of residual heavy oils derived from petroleum refining operations, the distillation of coal tars, and the production of ethylene throughout the world. Natural gas is also used in the production of carbon black. Raw materials are, in general, readily available and in adequate supply. Raw material costs generally are influenced by the availability of various types of carbon black feedstock and natural gas, supply and demand of such raw materials and related transportation costs. 4 Operations We own, or have a controlling interest in, and operate plants that produce rubber blacks in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, the Czech Republic, France, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands and the U.S. An equity affiliate operates a carbon black plant in Venezuela. In addition, we have a 98% ownership interest in an entity that manufactures our E2C™ products in Port Dickson, Malaysia. The following table shows our ownership interest as of September 30, 2020 in rubber blacks operations in which we own less than 100%: Location Shanghai, China Tianjin, China Xingtai City, China Valasske Mezirici (Valmez), Czech Republic Cilegon, Indonesia Valencia, Venezuela Percentage Interest 70% (consolidated subsidiary) 70% (consolidated subsidiary) 60% (consolidated subsidiary) 52% (consolidated subsidiary) 98% (consolidated subsidiary) 49% (equity affiliate) During fiscal 2019, we began engineering work on an expansion of our Cilegon, Indonesia plant, which will add approximately 90,000 metric tons of capacity to our network. In fiscal 2020, after a review of our capital allocation priorities, we temporarily suspended further work on this expansion and currently expect to recommence work on this project at a later time. Performance Chemicals Our Performance Chemicals reporting segment is organized into two businesses: our Performance Additives business and our Formulated Solutions business. Our Performance Additives business combines our specialty grades of carbon black, fumed metal oxides and aerogel product lines, and our Formulated Solutions business combines our specialty compounds and inkjet product lines. In Performance Chemicals, we design, manufacture and sell materials that deliver performance in a broad range of customer applications across the automotive, construction, infrastructure, inkjet printing, electronics, and consumer products sectors and in applications related to the generation, transmission and storage of energy. Our focus areas for growth include carbon additives and other materials for battery applications, inkjet inks and dispersions for post print corrugated packaging applications, and conductive compounds for various plastics applications. The investments we have made for growth in this segment, including in respect of these specific areas of focus, are described below under the heading “Operations”. Products Performance Additives Business Carbon black is a form of elemental carbon that is manufactured in a highly controlled process to produce particles and aggregates of varied structure and surface chemistry, resulting in many different performance characteristics for a wide variety of applications. Our specialty grades of carbon black are used to impart color, provide rheology control, enhance conductivity and static charge control, provide UV protection, enhance mechanical properties, and provide formulation flexibility through surface treatment. These specialty carbon products are used in a wide variety of applications, such as inks, coatings, plastics, adhesives, toners, batteries, and displays. Fumed silica is an ultra-fine, high-purity particle used as a reinforcing, thickening, abrasive, thixotropic, suspending or anti- caking agent in a wide variety of products for the automotive, construction, microelectronics, batteries, and consumer products industries. These products include adhesives, sealants, cosmetics, batteries, inks, toners, silicone elastomers, coatings, polishing slurries and pharmaceuticals. Fumed alumina, also an ultra-fine, high-purity particle, is used as an abrasive, absorbent or barrier agent in a variety of products, such as inkjet media, lighting, coatings, cosmetics and polishing slurries. Aerogel is a hydrophobic, silica-based particle with a high surface area that is used in a variety of thermal insulation and specialty chemical applications. In the building and construction industry, the product is used in insulative sprayable plasters and composite building products, as well as translucent skylight, window, wall and roof systems for insulating eco-daylighting applications. In the specialty chemicals industry, the product is used to provide matte finishing, insulating and thickening properties for use in a variety of applications. 5 Formulated Solutions Business Our masterbatch and conductive compound products, which we refer to as “specialty compounds”, are formulations derived from specialty grades of carbon black mixed with polymers and other additives. These products are generally used by plastic resin producers and converters in applications for the automotive, industrial, packaging, infrastructure, agriculture, consumer products, and electronics industries. As an alternative to directly mixing specialty carbon blacks, these formulations offer greater ease of handling and help customers achieve their desired levels of dispersion and color and manage the addition of small doses of additives. In addition, our electrically conductive compound products generally are used to help ensure uniform conductive performance and reduce risks associated with electrostatic discharge in plastics applications. Our inkjet colorants are high-quality pigment-based black and color dispersions based on our patented carbon black surface modification technology. The dispersions are used in aqueous inkjet inks to impart color, sharp print characteristics and durability, while maintaining high printhead reliability. These products are used in various inkjet printing applications, including commercial printing, small office/home office and corporate office, that all require a high level of dispersibility and colloidal stability. Our inkjet inks, which utilize our pigment-based colorant dispersions, are used in the commercial printing segment for digital print. Sales and Customers Sales of these products are made by Cabot employees and through distributors and sales representatives. In our specialty carbons and specialty compounds product lines, sales are generally to a broad number of customers. In our fumed metal oxides product line, sales under contracts with two customers have accounted for a substantial portion of the revenue. Competition We are a leading producer of the products we sell in this segment. We compete in the sale of carbon black with four companies that operate globally and numerous other companies that operate regionally, a number of which export product outside their region. For battery applications, we produce conductive carbon and carbon nanotubes for both lithium ion and lead acid batteries, and compete primarily with regional Asia-based companies. For fumed silica, we compete primarily with two companies with a global presence and several other companies which have a regional presence. For aerogel, we compete principally with one other company that produces aerogel products. We also compete with non-aerogel insulation products manufactured by regional companies throughout the world. For specialty compounds, we compete with many regional companies and a small number of global companies. Our inkjet colorants and inks are designed to replace traditional pigment dispersions and dyes used in inkjet printing applications. Competitive products for inkjet colorants are organic dyes and other dispersed pigments manufactured and marketed by large chemical companies and small independent producers. Competition for our Performance Chemicals products is based on product performance, quality, reliability, service, technical innovation and price. We believe our product differentiation, technological leadership, operations excellence and customer service provide us with a competitive advantage. Raw Materials Raw materials for our products are, in general, readily available and in adequate supply. The principal raw material used in the manufacture of carbon black is composed of residual heavy oils derived from petroleum refining operations, the distillation of coal tars, and the production of ethylene throughout the world. Natural gas is also used in the production of carbon black. These raw material costs generally are influenced by the availability of various types of carbon black feedstock and natural gas, supply and demand of such raw materials and related transportation costs. Changes in certain of our raw material supplier’s operating conditions could reduce the availability of certain very specialized feedstocks. Raw materials for the production of fumed silica are various chlorosilane feedstocks. We purchase feedstocks and for certain customers convert their feedstock to product on a fee-basis (so called “toll conversion”). We also purchase aluminum chloride as feedstock for the production of fumed alumina. We have long-term procurement contracts or arrangements in place for the purchase of fumed silica feedstock primarily from fence-line partners, which we believe will enable us to meet our raw material requirements for the foreseeable future. In addition, we buy some raw materials in the spot market to help ensure flexibility and minimize costs. The principal raw materials for the production of aerogel are silica sol and/or sodium silicate. The primary raw materials used for our specialty compounds include carbon black, primarily sourced from our carbon black plants, prime and recycled thermoplastic resins and mineral fillers supplied from various sources. Raw materials for inkjet colorants include carbon black sourced from our carbon black plants, organic pigments and other treating agents available from various sources. Raw materials for inkjet inks include pigment dispersions, solvents and other additives. 6 Operations We own, or have a controlling interest in, and operate plants that produce specialty grades of carbon black primarily in China, the Netherlands and the U.S. We also own, or have a controlling interest in, manufacturing plants that produce fumed metal oxides in China, Germany, the United Kingdom (“U.K”), and the U.S. and a manufacturing plant that produces aerogel in Frankfurt, Germany. An equity affiliate operates a fumed metal oxides plant in India. Our specialty compounds are predominately produced in facilities that we own, or have a controlling interest in, located in Belgium, Canada, China and the United Arab Emirates. Our inkjet colorants and inks are manufactured at our facility in the U.S. The following table shows our ownership interest as of September 30, 2020 in these segment operations in which we own less than 100%: Location Tianjin, China Jiangxi Province, China Wuhai, China Mettur Dam, India Percentage Interest 90% (consolidated subsidiary) 90% (consolidated subsidiary) 80% (consolidated subsidiary) 50% (equity affiliate) We are investing for growth in our core businesses with a number of capacity expansion projects and other transactions. In September 2018, we acquired NSCC Carbon (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd. from Nippon Steel Carbon Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Nippon Steel Chemical & Material Co., Ltd., adding to our portfolio a 50,000-metric ton facility in Pizhou, Jiangsu Province, China. We have begun modifying this facility to produce specialty carbons, and expect production to begin in fiscal 2022. In addition, during fiscal 2018, we purchased Tech Blend, a leading North American producer of black masterbatches, extending our geographic footprint in black masterbatch and compounds. The acquisition added a manufacturing facility in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada to our manufacturing network. In June 2019, we acquired certain intangible assets from a leading masterbatch producer in Asia, which extended our global footprint in black masterbatch. We also continue to expand our fumed silica manufacturing capacity, with new plants in Wuhai, China and Carrollton, Kentucky, U.S. In fiscal 2019, we completed construction and began operations at our facility in Wuhai, and in August 2020 we completed construction and began operations at our facility in Carrollton, which is adjacent to DowDuPont’s existing silicone monomer plant. To strengthen our formulations capabilities for batteries, in April 2020, we acquired carbon nano-tube producer Shenzhen Sanshun Nano New Materials Co., Ltd. This acquisition added a manufacturing facility in Zhuhai, China to our manufacturing network. Purification Solutions Products Activated carbon is a porous material consisting mainly of elemental carbon treated with heat, steam and/or chemicals to create high internal porosity, resulting in a large internal surface area that resembles a sponge. It is generally produced in two forms, powdered and granular, and is manufactured in different sizes, shapes and levels of purity and using a variety of raw materials for a wide variety of applications. Activated carbon is used to remove contaminants from liquids and gases using a process called adsorption, whereby the interconnected pores of activated carbon trap contaminants. Our activated carbon products are used for the purification of water, air, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals and other liquids and gases, as either a colorant or a decolorizing agent in the manufacture of products for food and beverage applications and as a chemical carrier in slow release applications. In gas and air applications, one of the uses of activated carbon is for the removal of mercury in flue gas streams. In certain applications, used activated carbon can be reactivated for further use by removing the contaminants from the pores of the activated carbon product. The most common applications for our reactivated carbon are water treatment and food and beverage purification. In addition to our activated carbon production and reactivation, we also provide activated carbon solutions through on-site equipment and services, including delivery systems for activated carbon injection in coal- fired utilities, mobile water filter units and carbon reactivation services. Sales and Customers Sales of activated carbon are made by Cabot employees and through distributors and sales representatives to a broad range of customers, including coal-fired utilities, food and beverage processors, water treatment plants, pharmaceutical companies and catalyst producers. Some of our sales of activated carbon are made under annual contracts or longer-term agreements, particularly in mercury removal applications. 7 Competition We are one of the leading manufacturers of activated carbon in the world. We compete in the manufacture of activated carbon with a number of companies, some of which have a global presence and others that have a regional or local presence, although not all of these companies manufacture activated carbon for the range of applications for which we sell our products. Competition for activated carbon and activated carbon equipment and services is based on quality, price, performance, and supply-chain stability. We believe our commercial strengths include our product and application diversity, product differentiation, technological leadership, and quality. Raw Materials The principal raw materials we use in the manufacture of activated carbon are various forms of coal, including lignite, wood and other carbonaceous materials, which are, in general, readily available and we believe we have in adequate supply. With respect to our operations in North America, we owned a lignite mine that was operated by Caddo Creek Resources Company, LLC, a subsidiary of the North American Coal Company, and which supplied our Marshall, Texas facility (the “Marshall Facility”). On September 30, 2020, we sold our interest in the mine to ADA Carbon Solutions (Operations) LLC, a subsidiary of Advanced Emissions Solutions, Inc. (“ADES”), and entered into a long-term supply agreement with ADA Carbon Solutions (Red River), LLC, a subsidiary of ADES, under which it will manufacture and supply our proprietary portfolio of lignite-based activated carbon products exclusively to us. As a result of these actions, effective September 30, 2020, we ceased manufacturing lignite-based activated carbon at our Marshall Facility and idled our activation kilns at that facility. Operations We own, or have a controlling interest in, and operate plants that produce activated carbon in Italy, the Netherlands, the U.K. and the U.S. As described above, as of September 30, 2020, we ceased manufacturing operations at our Marshall Facility. We will continue certain operational activities, including washing of activated carbon, as well as packaging and warehousing operations at the Marshall Facility. We also have joint venture interests in activated carbon plants in Canada and Mexico, and a reactivation plant in Singapore. The following table shows our ownership interest as of September 30, 2020 in activated carbon operations in which we own less than 100%: Location Estevan, Saskatchewan, Canada Atitalaquia, Hidalgo, Mexico Republic of Singapore Patents and Trademarks Percentage Interest 50% (contractual joint venture) 49% (equity affiliate) 35% (equity affiliate) We own and are a licensee of various patents, which expire at different times, covering many of our products as well as processes and product uses. Although the products made and sold under these patents and licenses are important to Cabot, the loss of any particular patent or license would not materially affect our business, taken as a whole. We sell our products under a variety of trademarks we own and take reasonable measures to protect them. While our trademarks are important to Cabot, the loss of any one of our trademarks would not materially affect our business, taken as a whole. Seasonality Our businesses are generally not seasonal in nature, although we may experience some regional seasonal declines during holiday periods and some weather-related seasonality in Purification Solutions. Human Capital Resources As of September 30, 2020, we had approximately 4,500 employees. Our Management Executive Committee (“ExCo”) is comprised of our CEO and his nine direct reports who, collectively, have management responsibility for our businesses, financial, legal, safety, health and environment, human resources, research and development, global business services, and digital functions, and our regional operations. Our management team places significant focus and attention on matters concerning the Company’s human capital assets – particularly its diversity, capability development, and succession planning. Accordingly, we regularly review talent development and succession plans for each of our functions and operating segments, to identify and develop a pipeline of talent to maintain business operations. As well, we included goals concerning employee retention, diversity and development in our 2025 Sustainability Goals. Specifically, these goals are to: • foster an environment where employees report high levels of inclusion and support for their professional development; and • increase diverse representation in leadership and professional roles. 8 With respect to diverse representation, presently three of the ten members of our management ExCo are women, and across our broader management and professional population 25% are women. Cabot has a globally distributed workforce, with 40% of its employees in the Americas (65% of which are in the United States), 31% in EMEA, and 29% in Asia Pacific (74% of which are in China). Of our global employee base, 42% are employed in manufacturing roles. We have numerous programs to attract and retain our talent, including leadership and executive development programs as well as technical and other training. We also have a well-established performance management and talent development process in which managers provide regular feedback and coaching to develop employees. Some of our employees in the U.S. and abroad are covered by collective bargaining or similar agreements. We believe that our relations with our employees are generally satisfactory. Safety, Health, Environment, and Sustainability Our ongoing operations are subject to extensive federal, state, local, and foreign laws, regulations, rules, and ordinances relating to safety, health, and environmental matters (“SH&E Requirements”). In recognition of the importance of compliance with SH&E Requirements to Cabot, our Board of Directors has a Safety, Health, Environment, and Sustainability Committee. The Committee, which is comprised of independent directors, meets regularly and oversees our safety, health, and environmental performance, process safety, security, product stewardship, community engagement and governmental affairs. In particular, the Committee reviews metrics, audit results, emerging trends, overall performance, risks and opportunity assessments and management processes related to our safety, health, environmental and sustainability program. The SH&E Requirements to which our operations are subject include requirements to obtain and comply with various environmental-related permits for constructing any new facilities and operating all of our existing facilities and for product registrations. We have expended and will continue to expend considerable resources to construct, maintain, operate, and improve our facilities throughout the world for safety, health and environmental protection and to comply with SH&E Requirements. We spent $21 million in environmental-related capital expenditures in fiscal 2020, which was lower than the amount we expected to spend in the year, due primarily to timing adjustments on project related spending in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We anticipate spending approximately $52 million for such matters in fiscal 2021, a significant portion of which will continue to be for the installation of air pollution control equipment and wastewater infrastructure improvements at certain of our plants. These costs include costs associated with our compliance with the Consent Decree we entered into in November 2013 with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) and the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (“LDEQ”) regarding Cabot’s three carbon black manufacturing facilities in the U.S. This settlement is related to the EPA’s national enforcement initiative focused on the U.S. carbon black manufacturing sector alleging non-compliance with certain regulatory and permitting requirements under The Clean Air Act, including the New Source Review (“NSR”) construction permitting requirements. Pursuant to this settlement, Cabot is in the process of installing technology controls for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. We expect that the total capital costs to install these controls will be approximately $200 million and will be incurred through calendar year 2022. As of September 30, 2020, we have spent $82 million to install these controls in the U.S. We also expect our operating costs will increase as these controls become operational. All carbon black manufacturers in the U.S. have settled with the EPA and will be installing similar controls. 9 Environmental agencies worldwide are increasingly implementing regulations and other requirements resulting in more restrictive air emission limits globally, particularly as they relate to nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and particulate matter emissions. In addition, global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions impact the carbon black and activated carbon industries as carbon dioxide is emitted from those manufacturing processes. In Europe, our four carbon black facilities and one activated carbon facility are subject to the EU Emission Trading Scheme (“EU ETS”). The fourth phase of the EU ETS begins in January 2021 with updated product benchmarks for our carbon black facilities. In China, two of our carbon black facilities continue to participate in regional pilot greenhouse gas emissions trading programs. The China national emissions trading program is currently only affecting the power sector and has yet to be expanded beyond that sector. We continue to monitor that program’s implementation and expect it to apply to the entire carbon black industry in 2021 or 2022, with the existing pilots expected to continue to operate until the national program becomes effective. In Canada, our carbon black manufacturing facility is now subject to the backstop Canadian carbon tax program. Based on an announcement on September 21, 2020 from Environment and Climate Change Canada, the Ontario Emissions Performance Standard trading system will replace the Canadian Output-Based Pricing System for our carbon black facility with specific requirements of the transition expected to be announced in early fiscal 2021. In addition, under the Province of Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks regulations, we expect we will be required within the next three to five years, to install technology controls for sulfur dioxide at our manufacturing plant in Sarnia, Ontario. In Mexico, our carbon black facility is participating in the pilot national ETS program, which is expected to continue into fiscal 2022. A carbon tax has recently been adopted in the Tamaulipas state, where our operations in Mexico are located, and is scheduled to be implemented in January 2021. In other regions where we operate, some of our facilities are required to report their greenhouse gas emissions but are not currently subject to programs requiring trading or emission controls but may be subject to limited carbon tax programs affecting fuels we purchase. We generally expect to pay any incurred taxes or purchase emission credits as needed to respond to any allocation shortfalls and pass these costs on to our customers. Based on regulatory and tax programs currently in effect associated with greenhouse gas emissions, in fiscal 2020, we spent approximately $1 million to purchase emission allowances or pay taxes in Europe, China and Canada. In addition, further air emission regulations may be adopted in the future in regions and countries where we operate, which could have an impact on our operations. Increasing regulatory programs associated with emissions and concerns regarding climate change are expected to increase our capital and operational costs in the future. Cabot has been named as a potentially responsible party under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (the “Superfund law”) and comparable state statutes with respect to several sites primarily associated with our divested businesses. (See “Legal Proceedings” in Item 3 below, and Note U in Item 8 below, under the heading “Contingencies”.) During the next several years, as remediation of various environmental sites is carried out, we expect to spend against our environmental reserve for costs associated with such remediation. As of September 30, 2020, our environmental reserve was $7 million. Adjustments are made to the reserve based on our continuing analysis of our share of costs likely to be incurred at each site. Inherent uncertainties exist in these estimates due to unknown conditions at the various sites, changing governmental regulations and legal standards regarding liability, and changing technologies for handling site investigation and remediation. While the reserve represents our best estimate of the costs we expect to incur, the actual costs to investigate and remediate these sites may exceed the amounts accrued in the environmental reserve. While it is always possible that an unusual event may occur with respect to a given site and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in a particular period, we do not believe that the costs relating to these sites, in the aggregate, are likely to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position. Furthermore, it is possible that we may also incur future costs relating to environmental liabilities not currently known to us or as to which it is currently not possible to make an estimate. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (“IARC”) classifies carbon black as a Group 2B substance (known animal carcinogen, possible human carcinogen). We have communicated IARC’s classification of carbon black to our customers and employees and have included that information in our safety data sheets and elsewhere, as appropriate. We continue to believe that the available evidence, taken as a whole, indicates that carbon black is not carcinogenic to humans, and does not present a health hazard when handled in accordance with good housekeeping and safe workplace practices as described in our safety data sheets. REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals), the European Union (“EU”) regulatory framework for chemicals developed by the European Commission (“EC”), applies to all chemical substances produced or imported into the EU in quantities of one metric ton a year or more. Manufacturers or importers of these chemical substances are required to submit specified health, safety, risk and use information about the substance to the European Chemical Agency (“ECHA”). We have completed all required registrations under REACH to date and will update registration dossiers as needed. Under the evaluation portion of REACH, ECHA and EU member states assess the information submitted in registration dossiers and testing proposals to determine whether the substances are safe for use. Silica is currently being evaluated and carbon black is scheduled for review in 2022. In addition, the EC is working on re-defining nanomaterial. ECHA is developing guidance on nanomaterials and additional requirements for nanomaterials that apply to many of our existing products, including carbon black, fumed silica, inkjet pigments and fumed alumina. Country-specific REACH and nanomaterial reporting programs have been implemented in some countries and are being developed by others. We will continue to monitor and address these requirements. 10 A number of organizations and regulatory agencies have become increasingly focused on the issue of water scarcity and water quality, particularly in certain geographic regions. We are engaged in various activities to promote water conservation and wastewater recycling. The costs associated with these activities are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our operations. Various U.S. agencies and international bodies have adopted security requirements applicable to certain manufacturing and industrial facilities and marine port locations. These security-related requirements involve the preparation of security assessments and security plans in some cases, and in other cases the registration of certain facilities with specified governmental authorities. We closely monitor all security-related regulatory developments and believe we are in compliance with all existing requirements. Compliance with such requirements is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our operations. Item 1A. Risk Factors In addition to factors described elsewhere in this report, the following are important factors that could adversely affect our business. The risks described below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations and financial results. COVID-19 Pandemic Risk The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted our operations and has had and could continue to have a material adverse effect on our business and any future outbreak of a widespread health epidemic could materially and adversely impact our business in the future. Our business has been and could in the future be materially and adversely affected by the outbreak of a widespread health epidemic. The coronavirus (or COVID-19) pandemic and the associated containment efforts have had a serious adverse impact on the economy and on our business, results of operations and cash flows. Specifically, during fiscal 2020,the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted operations at our key customers within the automotive and tire industries, which materially reduced demand for our products. The deterioration of earnings we experienced from the COVID-19 pandemic was one of the factors that contributed to our recording of a valuation allowance on our U.S. deferred tax assets in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, as described in Note S in Item 8 below under the heading “Income Taxes”. In response to reduced demand for our products, and also to comply with government mandates, during portions of fiscal 2020 we temporarily ceased operations or idled production lines at our facilities and we may be required to do this in the future. In addition, the current pandemic, or any future global health crisis, could materially affect our ability to adequately staff and maintain our operations, including in the event government authorities impose mandatory closures, work-from-home orders and social distancing protocols, and seek voluntary facility closures and impose other restrictions to mitigate the further spread of disease. A global health crisis could also disrupt our supply chain and materially and adversely impact our ability to secure supplies for our facilities and to provide personal protective equipment for our employees, which could materially and adversely affect our operations. There may also be long-term effects on our customers in, and the economies of, affected countries. Even if a virus or other illness does not spread significantly, the perceived risk of infection or health risk may materially affect our business. Any of the foregoing within the countries in which we or our customers and suppliers operate could severely disrupt our operations and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. As we cannot predict the duration or scope of COVID-19 or any pandemic, the negative financial impact to our results cannot be reasonably estimated and could be material. Factors that will influence the impact on our business and operations include the duration and extent of the pandemic, the extent of imposed or recommended containment and mitigation measures and their impact on our operations and the operations of our customers, and the general economic consequences of the pandemic. In addition, a global health crisis that continues for an extended period of time with an adverse impact on our revenue and overall profitability may lead to an increase in inventory reserves, allowances for doubtful accounts, and additional valuation allowances on certain of our deferred tax assets, or a reduction in our borrowing availability under our credit agreements, or cause us to recognize impairments for certain long-lived assets including goodwill, intangible assets or property, plant and equipment. To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affected our business and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks that could adversely affect our business described below, such as risks associated with industry capacity utilization, volatility in the price and availability of raw materials, material adverse changes in customer relationships including any failure of a customer to perform its obligations under agreements with us, IT security systems risks, factors affecting our tax rate, and risks associated with worldwide or regional economic conditions. 11 Industry Risks Industry capacity utilization and competition from other specialty chemical companies may adversely impact our business. Our businesses are sensitive to industry capacity utilization, and pricing tends to fluctuate when capacity utilization changes occur, which could affect our financial performance. Further, we operate in a highly competitive marketplace. Our ability to compete successfully depends in part upon our ability to maintain a superior technological capability and to continue to identify, develop and commercialize new and innovative, high value-added products for existing and future customers. Increased competition from existing or newly developed products offered by our competitors or companies whose products offer a similar functionality as our products and could be substituted for our products, may negatively affect demand for our products. In addition, actions by our competitors could impair our ability to maintain or raise prices, successfully enter new markets or maintain or grow our market position. Environmental regulations and restrictions that affect the carbon black industry impose constraints on our operations, and could threaten our competitive position and increase our operating costs, which may adversely impact our business and results of operations. Our ongoing carbon black operations are subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign laws, regulations, rules and ordinances relating to environmental matters, many of which provide for substantial monetary fines and criminal sanctions for violations. These include requirements to obtain and comply with various environmental-related and other permits for constructing any new facilities and operating all of our existing facilities. These environmental regulatory requirements and restrictions impose constraints on our operations, and could threaten our competitive position. We have expended and will continue to expend considerable amounts to construct, maintain, operate, and improve our facilities around the world for environmental protection. A description of these costs is included in the discussion under the heading “Safety, Health, Environment, and Sustainability” in Item 1 above, under the heading “Legal Proceedings” in Item 3 below and in Note U in Item 8 below under the heading “Contingencies”). Further, environmental agencies worldwide are increasingly implementing regulations and other requirements resulting in more restrictive air emission limits globally, particularly as they relate to nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and particulate matter emissions. In addition, in certain geographic areas, our carbon black and activated carbon facilities are or may become subject to greenhouse gas emission trading schemes or carbon tax programs under which we may be required to pay any incurred taxes or purchase emission credits if our emission levels exceed our free allocation. Based on regulatory and tax programs currently in effect associated with greenhouse gas emissions, in fiscal 2020, we spent approximately $1 million to purchase emission allowances or pay taxes in Europe, China and Canada. We expect complying with regulations in Ontario, Canada that apply to our plant in Sarnia, as well as a number of regulatory and tax changes being proposed in other regions where we operate, if approved, will require us to incur significant additional costs for compliance, capital improvements or limit our current or planned operations. We may not be able to offset the effects of these compliance costs through price increases. Our ability to implement price increases is largely influenced by competitive and economic conditions and could vary significantly depending on the segment served. Such increases may not be accepted by our customers, may not be sufficient to compensate for increased regulatory costs or may decrease demand for our products and our volume of sales. Volatility in the price and availability of raw materials and energy could impact our margins and working capital. Our manufacturing processes consume significant amounts of energy and raw materials, the costs of which are subject to worldwide supply and demand as well as other factors beyond our control. Our carbon black businesses use a variety of feedstocks as raw material including high sulfur fuel oils, low sulfur fuel oils, coal tar distillates, and ethylene cracker residue, the cost and availability of which vary, based in part on geography. Significant movements or volatility in our carbon black feedstock costs could have an adverse effect on our working capital and results of operations. In addition, regulatory changes may impact the prices of our feedstocks. For example, the International Maritime Organization regulation known as MARPOL further restricted the sulfur emissions for the shipping industry beginning January 1, 2020. This has impacted the prices and could impact the availability of certain fuel oils we use as feedstock for our products. 12 Certain of our carbon black supply arrangements contain provisions that adjust prices to account for changes in relevant feedstock and natural gas price indices. We also attempt to offset the effects of increases in raw material and energy costs through selling price increases in our non-contract sales, productivity improvements and cost reduction efforts. Success in offsetting increased raw material and energy costs with price increases is largely influenced by competitive and economic conditions and could vary significantly depending on the segment served. Such increases may not be accepted by our customers, may not be sufficient to compensate for increased raw material and energy costs or may decrease demand for our products and our volume of sales. If we are not able to fully offset the effects of increased raw material or energy costs, it could have a significant impact on our financial results. Rapid declines in energy and raw material costs can also negatively impact our financial results, as such changes can negatively affect the returns we receive on our energy centers and yield improvement investments, and may negatively impact our contract pricing adjustments. In addition, we use a variety of feedstock indices in our supply arrangements to adjust our prices for changes in raw materials costs. Depending on feedstock markets and our choice of feedstocks, the indices we use in our supply arrangements may not precisely track our actual costs. This could result in an incongruity between our pricing adjustments and changes in our actual feedstock costs, which can affect our margins. In addition, we obtain certain of our raw materials from selected key suppliers. Although we maintain raw material inventory, if any sole source supplier of raw materials ceases supplying raw materials to us, or if any of our key suppliers is unable to meet its obligations under supply agreements with us on a timely basis or at an acceptable price, or at all, we may be forced to incur higher costs to obtain the necessary raw materials elsewhere or, in certain limited cases, may not be able to obtain the required raw materials. A significant adverse change in a customer relationship or the failure of a customer to perform its obligations under agreements with us could harm our business or cash flows. Our success in strengthening relationships and growing business with our largest customers and retaining their business over extended time periods is important to our future results. We have a group of key customers across our businesses that together represent a significant portion of our total net sales and operating revenues. The loss of any of our important customers, or a significant reduction in volumes sold to them, could adversely affect our results of operations until such business is replaced or any temporary disruption ends. Further, in our Reinforcement Materials segment we enter into supply arrangements with a number of key customers that typically have a duration of one year, which account for approximately half of our total rubber blacks volumes. Our success in negotiating the price and volume terms under these arrangements could have a material effect on our results. In addition, any deterioration in the financial condition of any of our customers that impairs our customers’ ability to make payments to us also could increase our uncollectible receivables and could affect our future results and financial condition. We are exposed to political or country risk inherent in doing business in some countries. Sales outside of the U.S. constituted the majority of our revenues in fiscal 2020. We conduct business in several countries that have less stable legal systems and financial markets, and potentially more corrupt business environments than the U.S. Our operations in some countries are subject to the following risks: changes in the rate of economic growth; unsettled political or economic conditions; non-renewal of operating permits or licenses; possible expropriation or other governmental actions; corruption by government officials and other third parties; social unrest, war, terrorist activities or other armed conflict; confiscatory taxation or other adverse tax policies; deprivation of contract rights; trade regulations affecting production, pricing and marketing of products; reduced protection of intellectual property rights; restrictions or additional costs associated with repatriating cash; exchange controls; inflation; currency fluctuations and devaluation; political tension that could result in sanctions being imposed against our customers or suppliers in countries where sanctions have not been imposed in the past; the effect of global health, safety and environmental matters on economic conditions and market opportunities; and changes in financial policy and availability of credit. The Chinese government has, from time to time, curtailed manufacturing operations, with little or no notice, in industrial regions out of growing concern over air quality. The timing and length of these curtailments are difficult to predict and, at times, are applied to manufacturing operations without regard to whether the operations being curtailed comply with environmental regulations in the area. Accordingly, our manufacturing operations in China have been subject to these curtailments in the past and may be in the future. These events could negatively impact our results of operations and cash flows both during and after the period of any curtailment affecting our operations. 13 Operational Risks As a chemical manufacturing company, our operations are subject to operational risks and have the potential to cause environmental or other damage as well as personal injury, or disrupt our ability to supply our customers, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows. The operation of a chemical manufacturing business as well as the sale and distribution of chemical products are subject to operational as well as safety, health and environmental risks. For example, the production and/or processing of carbon black, specialty compounds, fumed metal oxides, aerogel, activated carbon and other chemicals involve the handling, transportation, manufacture or use of certain substances or components that may be considered toxic or hazardous. Our manufacturing processes and the transportation of our chemical products and/or the raw materials used to manufacture our products are subject to risks inherent in chemical manufacturing, including leaks, fires, explosions, toxic releases, mechanical failures or unscheduled downtime. In addition, the occurrence of material operating problems at our facilities, particularly at a facility that is the sole source of a particular product we manufacture, or a disruption in our supply chain or distribution operations may result in loss of production, which, in turn, may make it difficult for us to meet customer needs. Accordingly, these events and their consequences could negatively impact our results of operations and cash flows, both during and after the period of operational difficulties, and could harm our reputation. An interruption in our operations as a result of fence-line arrangements could disrupt our manufacturing operations and adversely affect our financial results. At certain of our facilities we have fence-line arrangements with adjacent third party manufacturing operations (“fence-line partners”), who provide raw materials for our manufacturing operations and/or take by-products generated from our operations. Accordingly, any disruptions or curtailments in a fence-line partner’s production facilities that impacts their ability to supply us with raw materials or to take our manufacturing by-products could disrupt our manufacturing operations or cause us to incur increased operating costs to mitigate such disruption. Our products are subject to extensive safety, health and environmental requirements, which could impair our ability to manufacture and sell certain products. In order to secure and maintain the right to produce or sell our products, we must satisfy product related regulatory requirements in different jurisdictions. Obtaining and maintaining these approvals requires a significant amount of product testing and data, and there is no certainty these approvals will be obtained. Certain national and international health organizations have classified carbon black as a possible or suspected human carcinogen. To the extent that, in the future, (i) these organizations re-classify carbon black as a known or confirmed carcinogen, (ii) other organizations or government authorities in other jurisdictions classify carbon black or any of our other finished products, raw materials or intermediates as suspected or known carcinogens or otherwise hazardous, or (iii) there is discovery of adverse health effects attributable to production or use of carbon black or any of our other finished products, raw materials or intermediates, we could be required to incur significantly higher costs to comply with environmental, health and safety laws, or to comply with restrictions on sales of our products, be subject to legal claims, and our reputation and business could be adversely affected. In addition, chemicals that are currently classified as non-hazardous may be classified as hazardous in the future, and our products may have characteristics that are not recognized today but may be found in the future to impair human health or to be carcinogenic. 14 Information technology systems failures, data security breaches or network disruptions could compromise our information, disrupt our operations and expose us to liability, which may adversely impact our operations. In the ordinary course of our business, we store sensitive data, including intellectual property, our proprietary business information and certain information of our customers, suppliers, business partners, and employees in our information technology systems. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this data is critical to our operations. Information technology systems failures, including risks associated with upgrading our systems or in successfully integrating information technology and other systems in connection with the integration of businesses we acquire, network disruptions or unauthorized access could disrupt our operations by impeding our processing of transactions and our financial reporting, and our ability to protect our customer or company information, which could have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations. In addition, as with all enterprise information systems, our information technology systems could be penetrated by outside parties intent on extracting information, corrupting information, or disrupting business processes. Breaches of our security measures or the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure, or unapproved dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive or confidential information about the Company, our employees, our vendors, or our customers, could result in legal claims or proceedings and potential liability for us, and damage to our reputation, and could otherwise harm our business and our results of operations. Natural disasters could affect our operations and financial results. We operate facilities in areas of the world that are exposed to natural hazards, such as floods, windstorms, hurricanes, and earthquakes. Extreme weather events present physical risks that may become more frequent or more severe as a result of factors related to climate change. Such events could disrupt our supply of raw materials or otherwise affect production, transportation and delivery of our products or affect demand for our products. Technology Risks We may not be successful achieving our growth expectations from new products, new applications and technology developments, and money we spend on these efforts may not result in an increase in revenues or profits commensurate with our investment. We may not be successful achieving our growth expectations from developing new products or product applications. Moreover, we cannot be certain that the costs we incur investing in new product and technology development will result in an increase in revenues or profits commensurate with our investment. For example, our investments to further develop our E2C™ solutions and energy materials applications may not result in the earnings growth expectations on which these investments are being made. In addition, the timely commercialization of products that we are developing may be disrupted or delayed by manufacturing or other technical difficulties, market acceptance or insufficient market size to support a new product, competitors’ new products, and difficulties in moving from the experimental stage to the production stage. These disruptions or delays could affect our future business results. The continued protection of our patents, trade secrets and other proprietary intellectual property rights are important to our success. Our patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights are important to our success and competitive position. We own various patents and other intellectual property rights in the U.S. and other countries covering many of our products, as well as processes and product uses. Where we believe patent protection is not appropriate or obtainable, we rely on trade secret laws and practices to protect our proprietary technology and processes, such as physical security, limited dissemination and access and confidentiality agreements with our employees, customers, consultants, business partners, potential licensees and others to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect and the protective measures we have put in place may not prevent disclosure or unauthorized use of our proprietary information or provide an adequate remedy in the event of misappropriation or other violations of our proprietary rights. In addition, we are a licensee of various patents and intellectual property rights belonging to others in the U.S. and other countries. Because the laws and enforcement mechanisms of some countries may not allow us to protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as we are able to do in the U.S., the strength of our intellectual property rights will vary from country to country. Irrespective of our proprietary intellectual property rights, we may be subject to claims that our products, processes or product uses infringe the intellectual property rights of others. These claims, even if they are without merit, could be expensive and time consuming to defend and if we were to lose such claims, we could be enjoined from selling our products or using our processes and/or be subject to damages, or be required to enter into licensing agreements requiring royalty payments and/or use restrictions. Licensing agreements may not be available to us, or if available, may not be available on acceptable terms. 15 Portfolio Management, Capacity Expansion and Integration Risks Any failure to realize benefits from acquisitions, alliances or joint ventures or to achieve our portfolio management objectives could adversely affect future financial results. In achieving our strategic plan objectives, we may pursue acquisitions, alliances or joint ventures intended to complement or expand our existing businesses globally or add product technology, or both. The success of acquisitions of businesses, new technologies and products, or arrangements with third parties is not always predictable and we may not be successful in realizing our objectives as anticipated. We may not be able to integrate any acquired businesses successfully into our existing businesses, make such businesses profitable, or realize anticipated cost savings or synergies, if any, from these acquisitions, which could adversely affect our business results. In addition to strategic acquisitions we evaluate our portfolio in light of our objectives and alignment with our growth strategy. In implementing this strategy we may not be successful in separating non-strategic assets. The gains or losses on the divestiture of, or lost operating income from, such assets may affect our earnings. Moreover, we may incur asset impairment charges related to acquisitions or divestitures that reduce earnings, as was the case when we disposed of our Specialty Fluids business and our lignite mine in Marshall, Texas. Plant capacity expansions and site development projects may impact existing plant operations, be delayed and/or not achieve the expected benefits. Our ability to complete capacity expansions and site development projects as planned may be delayed or interrupted by the need to obtain environmental and other regulatory approvals, unexpected cost increases, availability of labor and materials, unforeseen hazards such as weather conditions, and other risks customarily associated with construction projects. These risks include the risk that existing plant operations are disrupted, which could make it difficult for us to meet our customer needs. Moreover, in the case of capacity expansions, the cost of these activities could have a negative impact on the financial performance of the relevant business until capacity utilization at the particular facility is sufficient to absorb the incremental costs associated with an expansion. In addition, our ability to expand capacity in emerging regions depends in part on economic and political conditions in these regions and, in some cases, on our ability to establish operations, construct additional manufacturing capacity or form strategic business alliances. Financial Risks Negative or uncertain worldwide or regional economic conditions or trade relations may adversely impact our business. Our operations and performance are affected by worldwide and regional economic conditions. Uncertainty or a deterioration in the economic conditions affecting the businesses to which, or geographic areas in which, we sell products could reduce demand for our products. We may also experience pricing pressure on products and services, which could decrease our revenues and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flows. In addition, during periods of economic uncertainty, our customers may temporarily pursue inventory reduction measures that exceed declines in the actual underlying demand. In addition, changes in, or tensions relating to, U.S. trade relations with countries where we do business may adversely impact our business. For example, recent tensions in the U.S.-China trade relationship led to the implementation by both countries of higher tariffs on imported goods from the other. It also increased the risk of sanctions being imposed against our suppliers and customers in China which, if imposed, could restrict our ability to do business with such companies. The uncertainty created by these trade tensions negatively affected the buying behavior of our customers, lowering industry demand and creating a more competitive pricing environment for our products. In addition, further trade tensions between the countries could have further adverse implications on our businesses and operating results in both the U.S. and China. For instance, we may encounter unexpected operating difficulties in China, more restrictive investment opportunities in China, greater difficulty transferring funds, or negative currency impacts. Further, the cost of our capital projects may be higher than anticipated because of these trade tariffs. Litigation or legal proceedings could expose us to significant liabilities and thus negatively affect our financial results. As more fully described in “Legal Proceedings” in Item 3 below and in Note U in Item 8 below, under the heading “Contingencies”, we are a party to or the subject of lawsuits, claims, and proceedings, including, but not limited to, those involving environmental, and health and safety matters as well as product liability and personal injury claims relating to asbestosis, silicosis, and coal worker’s pneumoconiosis. We are also a potentially responsible party in various environmental proceedings and remediation matters wherein substantial amounts are at issue. Adverse rulings, judgments or settlements in pending or future litigation (including liabilities associated with respirator claims) or in connection with environmental remediation activities could adversely affect our financial results or cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in any forward- looking statements. 16 Our tax rate is dependent upon a number of factors, a change in any of which could impact our future tax rates and net income. Our future tax rates may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including: changes in the jurisdictions in which our profits are determined to be earned and taxed; changes in the estimated realization of our net deferred tax assets; the repatriation of non-U.S. earnings for which we have not previously provided for non-U.S. withholding taxes; adjustments to estimated taxes upon finalization of various tax returns; increases in expenses that are not deductible for tax purposes; changes in available tax credits; the resolution of issues arising from tax audits with various tax authorities; and changes in tax laws or the interpretation of such tax laws. In addition, losses for which no tax benefits can be recorded could materially impact our tax rate and its volatility from one quarter to another. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rates affect our financial results. We earn revenues, pay expenses, own assets and incur liabilities in countries using currencies other than the U.S. dollar. In fiscal 2020, we derived a majority of our revenues from sales outside the U.S. Because our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, we must translate revenues and expenses, as well as assets and liabilities, into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect during or at the end of each reporting period. Therefore, increases or decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar against other currencies in countries where we operate will affect our results of operations and the value of balance sheet items denominated in foreign currencies. Due to the geographic diversity of our operations, weaknesses in some currencies might be offset by strengths in others over time. In addition, we are exposed to adverse changes in interest rates. We manage both these risks through normal operating and financing activities and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative instruments as well as foreign currency debt. We cannot be certain, however, that we will be successful in reducing the risks inherent in exposures to foreign currency and interest rate fluctuations. Further, we have exposure to foreign currency movements because certain foreign currency transactions need to be converted to a different currency for settlement. These conversions can have a direct impact on our cash flows. We have entered into a number of derivative contracts with financial counterparties. The effectiveness of these contracts is dependent on the ability of these financial counterparties to perform their obligations and their nonperformance could harm our financial condition. We have entered into forward foreign currency contracts and cross-currency swaps as part of our financial risk management strategy. The effectiveness of our risk management program using these instruments is dependent, in part, upon the counterparties to these contracts honoring their financial obligations. If any of our counterparties are unable to perform their obligations in the future, we could be exposed to increased earnings and cash flow volatility due to an instrument’s failure to hedge or adequately address a financial risk. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. 17 Item 2. Properties Cabot’s corporate headquarters are in leased office space in Boston, Massachusetts. We also own or lease office, manufacturing, storage, distribution, marketing and research and development facilities in the U.S. and in foreign countries. The locations of our principal manufacturing and/or administrative facilities are set forth in the table below. Unless otherwise indicated, all the properties are owned. Location by Region Americas Region Alpharetta, Georgia*(1) Tuscola, Illinois Carrollton, Kentucky Canal, Louisiana Ville Platte, Louisiana Billerica, Massachusetts Haverhill, Massachusetts Midland, Michigan Pryor, Oklahoma Marshall, Texas Pampa, Texas Campana, Argentina Maua, Brazil Sao Paulo, Brazil*(1) Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada Sarnia, Ontario, Canada Cartagena, Colombia Altamira, Mexico Europe, Middle East and Africa Region Loncin, Belgium Pepinster, Belgium Valasske Mezirici (Valmez), Czech Republic** Port Jerome, France** Frankfurt, Germany* Rheinfelden, Germany Ravenna, Italy (2 plants) Riga, Latvia*(1) Schaffhausen, Switzerland* Botlek, Netherlands** Amersfoort, Netherlands* Klazienaveen, Netherlands Zaandam, Netherlands Dubai, United Arab Emirates* Purton, United Kingdom (England) Glasgow, United Kingdom (Scotland) Barry, United Kingdom (Wales)** Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Purification Solutions X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 18 Location by Region Asia Pacific Region Jiangsu Province, China** Jiangxi Province, China** Tianjin, China** Shanghai, China*(1) Shanghai, China** (plant) Xingtai City, China** Wuhai, China** Shenzhen, China** Zhuhai, China** Mumbai, India* Cilegon, Indonesia** Jakarta, Indonesia*(1) Chiba, Japan Shimonoseki, Japan** Tokyo, Japan*(1) Port Dickson, Malaysia** Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Purification Solutions X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X (1) * ** Business service center Leased premises Building(s) owned by Cabot on leased land We conduct research and development for our various businesses primarily at facilities in Billerica, Massachusetts; Amersfoort, Netherlands; Pampa, Texas; Pepinster, Belgium; Frankfurt, Germany; and Zhuhai and Shanghai, China. With our existing manufacturing plants and planned expansions, we generally have sufficient production capacity to meet current requirements and expected near-term growth. These plants are generally well maintained, in good operating condition and suitable and adequate for their intended use. Our administrative offices and other facilities are suitable and adequate for their intended purposes. 19 Item 3. Legal Proceedings Cabot is a party in various lawsuits and environmental proceedings wherein substantial amounts are claimed. In addition to the matter discussed below under “Environmental Proceedings”, additional information regarding legal proceedings involving Cabot is disclosed in Note U in Item 8 below, under the heading “Contingencies”, which disclosure is incorporated herein by reference. Environmental Proceedings During 2020, we continued to perform certain sampling and remediation activities at a former pine tar manufacturing site in Gainesville, Florida that we sold in the 1960s. Those activities were pursuant to a formal Record of Decision and 1991 Consent Decree with the EPA under which we installed a groundwater treatment system at the site in the early 1990s, which remains in operation. More recently, we were requested by the EPA and other stakeholders to carry out various other additional work at the site. We completed that work in fiscal 2020, working cooperatively with the EPA, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the local authorities, and the site is now in operation and maintenance mode. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. Information about our Executive Officers Set forth below is certain information about Cabot’s executive officers as of November 20, 2020. Sean D. Keohane, age 53, is President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of Cabot’s Board of Directors, positions he has held since March 2016. Mr. Keohane joined Cabot in 2002. From November 2014 until March 2016 he was Executive Vice President and President of Reinforcement Materials. From March 2012 until November 2014, he was Senior Vice President and President of Performance Chemicals, and from May 2008 until March 2012, he was General Manager of Performance Chemicals. He was appointed Vice President in March 2005, Senior Vice President in March 2012 and Executive Vice President in November 2014. He was a member of the Interim Office of the Chief Executive Officer, which was in place from December 2015 until March 2016. Erica McLaughlin, age 44, is Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Ms. McLaughlin joined Cabot in 2002. She was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in May 2018, and in October 2018 she assumed responsibility for Corporate Strategy and Development. From June 2016 until May 2018 she was Vice President of Business Operations for Reinforcement Materials and General Manager of the tire business, and from July 2011 until June 2016, she was Vice President of Investor Relations and Corporate Communications. Prior to July 2011, she held a variety of leadership positions in Finance and Corporate Planning. Karen A. Kalita, age 41, is Senior Vice President and General Counsel. Ms. Kalita joined Cabot in 2008. Prior to assuming her current position in June 2019, she held several key positions in Cabot’s Law Department, including Chief Counsel to the Company’s Reinforcement Materials segment from November 2015 to June 2019 and Purification Solutions segment from June 2013 to June 2019, and senior legal counsel to the Company’s previous Advanced Technologies segment. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Kalita was in private practice at WilmerHale LLP in Boston, MA. Hobart C. Kalkstein, age 50, is Senior Vice President and President, Reinforcement Materials Segment and President, Americas Region. Mr. Kalkstein joined Cabot in 2005. Prior to assuming his current role in April 2016, he was Vice President of Corporate Strategy and Development from December 2015 to April 2016. From October 2013 to December 2015, he served as Vice President of Global Business Operations for Purification Solutions and from November 2012 to December 2015 as General Manager of Global Emission Control Solutions for Purification Solutions, and from January 2012 to November 2012 he served as Vice President of Business Operations and Executive Director of Marketing and Business Strategy for Performance Chemicals. Prior to that, he served as General Manager of the Aerogel business from October 2007 to February 2010. Jeff Zhu, age 52, is Senior Vice President and President, Performance Additives business and President, Asia Pacific Region. Mr. Zhu joined Cabot in 2012. Prior to assuming his current role in October 2019, he had served as President, Asia Pacific Region since joining Cabot. Prior to joining Cabot, Mr. Zhu served in a variety of regional and global business leadership roles at Rhodia from 1994 until 2010, including Asia Pacific regional commercial director from 1994 to 2002, regional vice president and general manager of Rhodia Novacare Asia Pacific from 2002 to 2008, and vice president and global director of Rhodia electronics and catalysis from 2008 to 2010. In addition, Mr. Zhu served as head of global pulp and paper sales at Asia Pacific Resources International Holdings Limited from 2010 to 2012. 20 Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Cabot’s common stock is listed for trading (symbol CBT) on the New York Stock Exchange. As of November 20, 2020, there PART II were 631 holders of record of Cabot’s common stock. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities On July 13, 2018, Cabot publicly announced that the Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to an additional ten million shares of its common stock on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, increasing the amount of shares available for repurchase at that time to approximately eleven million shares. The current authorization does not have a set expiration date. As of September 30, 2020, there were 5,023,665 shares available for repurchase under this authorization. During the second quarter of fiscal 2020 Cabot temporarily suspended its share repurchase activity. Comparative Stock Performance The graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on Cabot common stock for the five-year period ended September 30, 2020 with the S&P 500 Chemicals Index and the S&P Midcap 400 Index. The comparisons assume the investment of $100 on October 1, 2015 in Cabot’s common stock and in each of the indices and the reinvestment of all dividends. The stock price performance on the graph below is not necessarily indicative of future price performance. The information included under the heading comparative stock performance in Item 5 shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or subject to Regulation 14A, shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise be subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act. 21 Item 6. Selected Financial Data Consolidated Net Income (Loss) Net sales and other operating revenues Gross profit(1) Selling and administrative expenses(1) Research and technical expenses(1) Marshall Mine loss on sale and asset impairment charge Specialty Fluids loss on sale and asset impairment charge Purification Solutions long-lived assets impairment charge Purification Solutions goodwill impairment charge Income (loss) from operations Net interest expense and other charges(1)(2) Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies(3) (Provision) benefit for income taxes(4) Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax Net income (loss) Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Common Share Data Diluted net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation: Income (loss) from continuing operations Income (loss) from discontinued operations Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Dividends Closing stock prices Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding—millions Shares outstanding at year end—millions Consolidated Financial Position Current assets Net property, plant, and equipment Other assets Total assets Current liabilities Long-term debt Other long-term liabilities Cabot Corporation stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity Selected Financial Ratios Net debt to capitalization ratio(5) Adjusted return on net assets(6) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2020 2,614 500 292 57 129 1 — — 21 (54) (33) (191) 3 — (221) 17 (238) $ (4.21) $ — (4.21) $ 1.40 36.03 56.6 56.5 978 1,314 489 2,781 529 1,094 344 691 123 2,781 $ $ $ $ $ $ Years Ended September 30 2018 (In millions, except per share amounts and ratios) 2017 2019 3,337 685 290 60 — 29 — — 306 (51) 255 (70) 1 — 186 29 157 2.63 — 2.63 1.36 45.32 58.8 57.1 1,210 1,348 446 3,004 599 1,024 247 998 136 3,004 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 3,242 772 308 66 — — 162 92 144 (27) 117 (193) 2 — (74) 39 (113) $ (1.85) $ — (1.85) $ 1.29 62.72 61.7 60.4 1,386 1,296 562 3,244 952 719 294 1,154 125 3,244 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,717 657 262 57 — — — — 338 (39) 299 (33) 7 — 273 25 248 3.91 — 3.91 1.23 55.80 62.7 61.9 1,299 1,305 734 3,338 742 661 310 1,504 121 3,338 2016 2,411 575 275 53 — — — — 247 (56) 191 (33) 3 1 162 15 147 2.30 0.02 2.32 1.04 52.41 62.9 62.2 1,073 1,290 689 3,052 397 914 352 1,291 98 3,052 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 54% 8% 44% 13% 39% 14% 28% 13% 34% 11% (1) In fiscal 2019, the Company adopted a new accounting standard that amends the requirements on the presentation of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs. The Company applied this change retrospectively and fiscal 2018 and 2017 balances have been updated accordingly. Fiscal 2016 has not been updated to reflect this change and may not be comparable to the other years presented. 22 (2) (3) Net interest expense and other charges includes foreign currency activity as follows: a loss of $6 million for fiscal 2020, a gain of less than $1 million for fiscal 2019, a loss of $4 million for both fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017, and a gain of $5 million for fiscal 2016. Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies includes certain items as presented in the table below. A discussion of certain items is included in Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures in Results of Operations. Marshall Mine loss on sale and asset impairment charge (Note D) Legal and environmental matters and reserves (Note U) Global restructuring activities (Note P) Employee benefit plan settlement and other charges (Note N) Acquisition and integration-related charges (Note C) Inventory reserve adjustment Specialty Fluids loss on sale and asset impairment charge (Note D) Equity affiliate investment impairment charge (Note M) Executive transition costs Indirect tax settlement credits Purification Solutions goodwill and long-lived assets impairment charge (Note G) Gains (losses) on sale of investments Non-recurring gain (loss) on foreign exchange Other certain items Total certain items, pre-tax Tax-related certain items: Tax impact of certain items(a) Tax certain item(b) Discrete tax items Total tax-related certain items Total certain items, net of tax 2020 2019 Years Ended September 30 2018 (In millions) 2017 2016 $ (129) $ (54) (19) — $ (21) (16) — $ (16) 30 — $ 1 (3) (10) (5) (2) (1) — — 3 — — — (1) (218) 1 (6) — (29) (11) (1) — — — — (4) (87) — (2) (13) — — (2) — (254) 10 — (1) (248) — (17) (122) (139) (357) $ $ 7 — 5 12 (75) $ 31 — (148) (117) (365) $ — — — — — — — — — — (1) (3) 1 — 25 26 23 $ — (17) (47) — — — — — (6) — — — (11) — (81) 31 — — 31 (50) (a) (b) The tax impact of certain items is determined by (1) starting with the current and deferred income tax expense or benefit, included in Net income attributable to Cabot Corporation, net of discrete tax items, and (2) subtracting the tax expense or benefit on “adjusted earnings”. Adjusted earnings is defined as the pre-tax income attributable to Cabot Corporation excluding certain items. The tax expense or benefit on adjusted earnings is calculated by applying the operating tax rate, as defined under the section Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures in Results of Operations, to adjusted earnings. The tax certain item represents a valuation allowance charge recorded against U.S. deferred tax assets earned in fiscal 2020. Details related to this charge are discussed in Note S of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (“Note S”). (4) The Company’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2020 was (587)% which included a net discrete tax provision of $122 million, primarily composed of tax provisions of $132 million related to changes in U.S. valuation allowance on beginning of year tax balances, $9 million related to unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries in accordance with Accounting Principles Board 23, partially offset by a benefit of $7 million related to Switzerland tax reform legislation, $7 million related to uncertain tax positions, and $5 million related to changes in non-U.S. valuation allowance on beginning of year tax balances. The effective tax rate also includes a $96 million charge recorded against U.S. deferred tax assets earned in fiscal 2020 comprised of current year certain items of $48 million, discrete tax items of $31 million and tax certain items of $17 million. 23 The Company’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2019 was 28% which included a net discrete tax benefit of $7 million, composed of tax benefits of $4 million related to uncertain tax positions, $2 million related to a pension settlement, $2 million related to changes in valuation allowance on beginning of year tax balances, $2 million related to the Specialty Fluids sale, $1 million related to result of changes in non-U.S. tax laws and $1 million related to other miscellaneous tax items, partially offset by net tax charges of $5 million related to various return to provision adjustments related to tax return filings and audit settlements. The Company’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2018 was a provision of 165% which included net discrete tax expense of $120 million, composed of $159 million net tax impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Act”), and $3 million tax expense upon the sale of assets, offset by net tax benefits of $29 million related to impairment and $15 million from a change in valuation allowance on a beginning of year tax balance, and net tax charge of $2 million related to other miscellaneous tax items. The Company’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2017 was a provision of 10% which included net discrete tax benefits of $25 million, composed of net tax benefits of $16 million associated with the generation of excess foreign tax credits upon repatriation of previously taxed foreign earnings and the accrual of U.S. tax on certain foreign earnings, a net tax benefit of $6 million from a change in valuation allowance on a beginning of year tax balance, net tax benefits of $4 million for various return to provision adjustments related to tax return filings and net tax charges of $1 million related to other miscellaneous tax items. The Company’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2016 was a provision of 18%, which included less than $1 million of discrete tax charges, composed of charges of $5 million for valuation allowances on beginning of the year tax balances, partially offset by benefits of $3 million for a currency loss and $1 million each for the renewal of the U.S. research and experimentation credit and net tax settlements. Net debt to capitalization ratio is calculated by dividing total debt (the sum of short-term and long-term debt less cash and cash equivalents) by total capitalization (the sum of Total stockholders’ equity plus total debt). f (5) 24 (6) Adjusted return on net assets (“adjusted RONA”) measures how effectively and efficiently the Company uses its operating assets to generate earnings. Return on net assets (“RONA”) and adjusted RONA are not measures of financial performance under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and should not be considered substitutes for measures of performance reported under U.S. GAAP. We believe adjusted RONA provides useful supplemental information to our investors because it allows investors to understand the basis on which management evaluates the Company’s operational effectiveness and because it is a performance metric used in our equity incentive compensation program. We calculate adjusted RONA by dividing the most recent twelve months’ adjusted net income (loss) (a non-GAAP numerator) by adjusted net assets (a non-GAAP denominator). In the numerator, we exclude “certain items” net of tax from income (loss) from continuing operations as calculated under U.S. GAAP. The items of expense and income we consider “certain items” are described in the discussion of Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures in Results of Operations. The denominator consists of our operating assets, which are: net property, plant and equipment; adjusted net working capital; assets held for rent; and investments in equity affiliates. We calculate the items in adjusted net assets using the most recent five quarters’ average to normalize the impact of large inter-period movements (e.g. working capital movements caused by feedstock price volatility). Our calculation of adjusted RONA is as follows: Return on Net Assets Income (loss) from continuing operations(a) Net assets(b) Return on net assets Adjusted Return on Net Assets Adjusted net income (loss)(a): Income (loss) from continuing operations Less: Total certain items, net of tax(c) Adjusted net income (loss) Adjusted net assets(d): Adjusted net working capital (e) Net property, plant and equipment Assets held for rent Equity affiliates Adjusted net assets 2020 2019 Years Ended September 30 2018 (In millions, except ratios) 2017 2016 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (221) 814 (27)% 186 1,134 16% (221) (357) 136 372 1,368 — 41 1,781 $ $ $ $ 186 (75) 261 570 1,318 75 45 2,008 $ $ $ $ $ $ (74) 1,279 $ $ (6)% 273 1,625 17% (74) (365) 291 568 1,290 110 56 2,024 $ $ $ $ 273 23 250 474 1,267 101 55 1,897 $ $ $ $ $ $ 161 1,389 12% 161 (50) 211 443 1,322 92 55 1,912 Adjusted return on net assets 8% 13% 14% 13% 11% (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Income (loss) from continuing operations and Adjusted net income (loss) are aggregated four quarter rolling amounts. Net assets represents Total stockholders' equity. Total certain items, net of tax is detailed in the table in note (4) above. Each component of adjusted net assets is calculated by averaging previous five quarter ending balances. Adjusted net working capital is the average of the previous five quarter ending balances of Accounts receivable plus Inventory less Accounts payable and accruals. 25 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Critical Accounting Policies Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity U.S. GAAP. This preparation of our financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical to the financial statements if (i) the estimate is complex in nature or requires a high degree of judgment and (ii) different estimates and assumptions were used, the results could have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and the application of our policies. We base our estimates on historical experience, current conditions and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The policies that we believe are critical to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are presented below. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue when our customers obtain control of promised goods or services. The revenue recognized is the amount of consideration which we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Our contracts with customers are generally for products only and do not include other performance obligations. Generally, we consider purchase orders, which in some cases are governed by master supply agreements, to be contracts with customers. The transaction price as specified on the purchase order or sales contract is considered the standalone selling price for each distinct product. To determine the transaction price at the time when revenue is recognized, we evaluate whether the price is subject to adjustments, such as for returns, discounts or volume rebates, which are stated in the customer contract, to determine the net consideration to which we expect to be entitled. Revenue from product sales is recognized based on a point in time model when control of the product is transferred to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery of the product to the customer and title, risk and rewards of ownership have passed to the customer. We have an immaterial amount of revenue that is recognized over time. Payment terms typically range from zero to ninety days. Shipping and handling activities that occur after the transfer of control to the customer are billed to customers and are recorded as sales revenue, as we consider these to be fulfillment costs. Shipping and handling costs are expensed in the period incurred and included in Cost of sales within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Taxes collected on sales to customers are excluded from the transaction price. We generally provide a warranty that our products will substantially conform to the identified specifications. Our liability typically is limited to either a credit equal to the purchase price or replacement of the non-conforming product. Returns under warranty have historically been immaterial. We do not have contract assets or liabilities that are material. As permitted by the revenue recognition standard, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), when the period of time between the transfer of control of the goods and the time the customer pays for the goods is one year or less, we do not consider there to be a significant financing component associated with the contract. Inventory Valuation Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of inventories is determined using the FIFO method. We periodically review inventory for both potential obsolescence and potential declines in anticipated selling prices. In this review, we make assumptions about the future demand for and market value of the inventory, and based on these assumptions estimate the amount of any obsolete, unmarketable, slow moving or overvalued inventory. We write down the value of our inventories by an amount equal to the difference between the cost of the inventory and its estimated net realizable value. Historically, such write-downs have not been material. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management at the time of the assessment, however, additional inventory write-downs may be required, which could reduce our gross profit and our earnings. 26 Intangible Assets and Goodwill Impairment We record tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting. Amounts paid for an acquisition are allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. We use assumptions and estimates in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. The determination of the fair value of intangible assets requires the use of significant judgment with regard to assumptions used in the valuation model. We estimate the fair value of identifiable acquisition-related intangible assets principally based on projections of cash flows that will arise from these assets. The projected cash flows are discounted to determine the fair value of the assets at the dates of acquisition. Definite-lived intangible assets, which are comprised of trademarks, customer relationships and developed technologies, are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are reviewed for impairment when indication of potential impairment exists, such as a significant reduction in cash flows associated with the assets. Goodwill is comprised of the purchase price of business acquisitions in excess of the fair value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized and is subject to impairment testing annually, or when events or changes in the business environment indicate that the carrying value of the reporting unit may exceed its fair value. A reporting unit, for the purpose of the impairment test, is at or below the operating segment level, and constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by segment management. Reinforcement Materials, and the fumed metal oxides, specialty compounds, and specialty carbons product lines within Performance Chemicals, which are considered separate reporting units, carried our goodwill balances as of September 30, 2020. For the purpose of the goodwill impairment test, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If an initial qualitative assessment identifies that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, an additional quantitative evaluation is performed. Alternatively, we may elect to proceed directly to the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If based on the quantitative evaluation the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a goodwill impairment loss would result. The goodwill impairment loss would be the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The fair value of a reporting unit is based on discounted estimated future cash flows. The fair value is also benchmarked against the value calculated from a market approach using the guideline public companies method. The assumptions used to estimate fair value include management’s best estimates of future growth rates, operating cash flows, capital expenditures and discount rates over an estimate of the remaining operating period at the reporting unit level. Based on our most recent annual goodwill impairment test performed as of August 31, 2020, the fair values of the Reinforcement Materials, Fumed Metal Oxides, Specialty Compounds, and Specialty Carbons reporting units were substantially in excess of their carrying values. Refer to Note G of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (“Note G”) for details on the Purification Solutions goodwill impairment test and the resulting impairment charge recorded in the second quarter of fiscal 2018. Long-lived Assets Impairment Our long-lived assets primarily include property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, long-term investments and assets held for rent. The carrying values of long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. To test for impairment of assets, we generally use a probability-weighted estimate of the future undiscounted net cash flows of the assets over their remaining lives to determine if the value of the asset is recoverable. Long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which independent identifiable cash flows are determinable. An asset impairment is recognized when the carrying value of the asset is not recoverable based on the analysis described above, in which case the asset is written down to its fair value. If the asset does not have a readily determinable fair value, a discounted cash flow model may be used to determine the fair value of the asset. In circumstances when an asset does not have separately identifiable cash flows, an impairment charge is recorded when we no longer intend to use the asset. 27 Litigation and Contingencies We are involved in litigation in the ordinary course of business, including personal injury and environmental litigation. After consultation with counsel, as appropriate, we accrue a liability for litigation when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The estimated reserves are recorded based on our best estimate of the liability associated with such matters or the low end of the estimated range of liability if we are unable to identify a better estimate within that range. Our best estimate is determined through the evaluation of various information, including claims, settlement offers, demands by government agencies, estimates performed by independent third parties, identification of other responsible parties and an assessment of their ability to contribute, and our prior experience. Litigation is highly uncertain and there is always the possibility of an unusual result in any particular case that may reduce our earnings and cash flows. The most significant reserves that we have established are for respirator litigation claims. Our current estimate of the cost of our share of existing and future respirator liability claims is based on facts and circumstances existing at this time, including the number and nature of the remaining claims. Developments that could affect our estimate include, but are not limited to, (i) significant changes in the number of future claims, (ii) changes in the rate of dismissals without payment of pending claims, (iii) significant changes in the average cost of resolving claims, including potential settlements of groups of claims, (iv) significant changes in the legal costs of defending these claims, (v) changes in the nature of claims received or changes in our assessment of the viability of these claims, (vi) trial and appellate outcomes, (vii) changes in the law and procedure applicable to these claims, (viii) the financial viability of the parties that contribute to the settlement of respirator claims, (ix) exhaustion or changes in the recoverability of the insurance coverage maintained by certain of the parties that contribute to the settlement of respirator claims, or a change in the availability of the indemnity provided by a former owner of the business, (x) changes in the allocation of costs among the various parties paying legal and settlement costs, and (xi) a determination that the assumptions that were used to estimate our share of liability are no longer reasonable. We cannot determine the impact of these potential developments on our current estimate of our share of liability for these existing and future claims. Because reserves are limited to amounts that are probable and estimable as of a relevant measurement date, and there is inherent difficulty in projecting the impact of potential developments on our share of liability for these existing and future claims, the actual amount of these liabilities for existing and future claims could be different than the reserved amount. Refer to Note U of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (“Note U”) for details on the respirator reserves and settlements. Income Taxes Our business operations are global in nature, and we are subject to taxes in numerous jurisdictions. Tax laws and tax rates vary substantially in these jurisdictions and are subject to change based on the political and economic climate in those countries. We file our tax returns in accordance with our interpretations of each jurisdiction’s tax laws. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes and recording the related tax assets and liabilities. In the ordinary course of our business, there are operational decisions, transactions, facts and circumstances, and calculations which make the ultimate tax determination uncertain. Furthermore, our tax positions are periodically subject to challenge by taxing authorities throughout the world. We have recorded reserves for taxes and associated interest and penalties that may become payable in future years as a result of audits by tax authorities. Any significant impact as a result of changes in underlying facts, law, tax rates, tax audit, or review could lead to adjustments to our income tax expense, our effective tax rate, and/or our cash flow. We record benefits for uncertain tax positions based on an assessment of whether the position is more likely than not to be sustained by the taxing authorities. If this threshold is not met, no tax benefit of the uncertain tax position is recognized. If the threshold is met, the tax benefit that is recognized is the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. This analysis presumes the taxing authorities’ full knowledge of the positions taken and all relevant facts, but does not consider the time value of money. We also accrue for interest and penalties on these uncertain tax positions and include such charges in the income tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Additionally, we have established valuation allowances against a variety of deferred tax assets, including net operating loss carryforwards, foreign tax credits, and other income tax credits. Valuation allowances take into consideration our ability to use these deferred tax assets and reduce the value of such items to the amount that is deemed more likely than not to be recoverable. Our ability to utilize these deferred tax assets is determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In jurisdictions where we have a three-year cumulative loss, we utilize recent historical results in order to assess the recoverability of deferred tax assets. Where we have a three-year cumulative profit, we review our forecast of future taxable income in relation to actual results and expected future trends. We perform this review on a quarterly basis. Failure to achieve our operating income targets, may change our assessment regarding the recoverability of our net deferred tax assets and such change could result in an increase in the valuation allowance being recorded against some or all of our net deferred tax assets. An increase in a valuation allowance would result in additional income tax expense, while a release of valuation allowances in periods when these tax attributes become realizable would reduce our income tax expense. 28 Significant Accounting Policies We have other significant accounting policies that are discussed in Note A in Item 8 below. Certain of these policies include the use of estimates, but do not meet the definition of critical because they generally do not require estimates or judgments that are as difficult or subjective to measure. However, these policies are important to an understanding of the consolidated financial statements. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Refer to the discussion in Note B of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Results of Operations Cabot is organized into three reportable business segments: Reinforcement Materials, Performance Chemicals, and Purification Solutions. Cabot is also organized for operational purposes into three geographic regions: the Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa; and Asia Pacific. The discussions of our results of operations for the periods presented reflect these structures. Our analysis of financial condition and operating results should be read with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Unless a calendar year is specified, all references to years in this discussion are to our fiscal years ended September 30. This section discusses our fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2019 results of operations and year-to-year comparisons between fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2019. For the discussions of our fiscal 2018 results and year-to-year comparisons between fiscal 2019 and fiscal 2018, refer to our discussions under the headings “Results of Operations” and “Cash Flows and Liquidity” in Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019, which was filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on November 22, 2019. Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures When discussing our results of operations, we use several terms as described below. The term “product mix” refers to the mix of types and grades of products sold or the mix of geographic regions where products are sold, and the positive or negative impact this has on the revenue or profitability of the business and/or segment. Our discussion under the heading “Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes and Reconciliation of Effective Tax Rate to Operating Tax Rate” includes a discussion of our “effective tax rate” and our “operating tax rate” and includes a reconciliation of the two rates. Our operating tax rate is a non-GAAP financial measure and should not be considered as an alternative to our effective tax rate, the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure. In calculating our operating tax rate, we exclude discrete tax items, which include: (i) unusual or infrequent items such as a significant release or establishment of a valuation allowance, (ii) items related to uncertain tax positions such as the tax impact of audit settlements, interest on tax reserves, and the release of tax reserves from the expiration of statutes of limitations, and (iii) other discrete tax items, such as the tax impact of legislative changes and, on a quarterly basis, the timing of losses in certain jurisdictions and the cumulative rate adjustment, if applicable. We also exclude the tax impact of certain items, as defined below in the discussion of Total segment EBIT, on both operating income and the tax provision. In addition, we exclude certain valuation allowances on deferred tax assets earned in the current fiscal year. When the tax impact of a certain item is also a discrete tax item, it is classified as a certain item for our definition of operating tax rate. Our definition of the operating tax rate may not be comparable to the definition used by other companies. Management believes that the non-GAAP financial measure is useful supplemental information because it helps our investors compare our tax rate year to year on a consistent basis and understand what our tax rate on current operations would be without the impact of these items. Our discussion under the heading “Fiscal 2020 compared to Fiscal 2019—By Business Segment” includes a discussion of Total segment EBIT, which is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings from affiliated companies less certain items and other unallocated items. Our Chief Operating Decision Maker, who is our President and Chief Executive Officer, uses segment EBIT to evaluate the operating results of each segment and to allocate resources to the segments. We believe Total segment EBIT, which reflects the sum of EBIT from our reportable segments, provides useful supplemental information for our investors as it is an important indicator of our operational strength and performance, allows investors to see our results through the eyes of management, and provides context for our discussion of individual business segment performance. Total segment EBIT should not be considered an alternative for Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies, which is the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure. A reconciliation of Total segment EBIT to Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies is provided under the heading “Fiscal 2020 compared to Fiscal 2019—By Business Segment”. Investors should consider the limitations associated with this non-GAAP measure, including the potential lack of comparability of this measure from one company to another. 29 In calculating Total segment EBIT, we exclude from our Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies (i) items of expense and income that management does not consider representative of our fundamental on-going segment results, which we refer to as “certain items”, and (ii) items that, because they are not controlled by the business segments and primarily benefit corporate objectives, are not allocated to our business segments, such as interest expense and other corporate costs, which include unallocated corporate overhead expenses such as certain corporate salaries and headquarter expenses, plus costs related to special projects and initiatives, which we refer to as “other unallocated items”. Management believes excluding the items identified as certain items facilitates operating performance comparisons from period to period by eliminating differences caused by the existence and timing of certain expense and income items that would not otherwise be apparent on a U.S. GAAP basis and also facilitates an evaluation of our operating performance without the impact of these costs or benefits. The items of income and expense that we have excluded from Total segment EBIT, as applicable, but that are included in our U.S. GAAP Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies, as applicable, are described below. • • • • • • • • • • • Asset impairment charges, which primarily include charges associated with an impairment of goodwill or other long- lived assets. Inventory reserve adjustment, which generally result from an evaluation performed as part of an impairment analysis. Global restructuring activities, which include costs or benefits associated with cost reduction initiatives or plant closures and are primarily related to (i) employee termination costs, (ii) asset impairment charges associated with restructuring actions, (iii) costs to close facilities, including environmental costs and contract termination penalties and (iv) gains realized on the sale of land or equipment associated with restructured plants or locations. Indirect tax settlement credits, which includes favorable settlements resulting in the recoveries of indirect taxes. Acquisition and integration-related charges, which include transaction costs, redundant costs incurred during the period of integration, and costs associated with transitioning certain management and business processes to our processes. Legal and environmental matters and reserves, which consist of costs or benefits for matters typically related to former businesses or that are otherwise incurred outside of the ordinary course of business. Gains (losses) on sale of investments, which primarily relate to the sale of investments accounted for using the cost method. Gains (losses) on sale of businesses. Non-recurring gains (losses) on foreign exchange, which primarily relate to the impact of controlled currency devaluations on our net monetary assets denominated in that currency. Executive transition costs, which include incremental charges, including stock compensation charges, associated with the retirement or termination of employment of senior executives of the Company. Employee benefit plan settlements and other charges, which consist of either charges or benefits associated with the termination of a pension plan or the transfer of a pension plan to a multi-employer plan or prior service cost charges associated with a change in assumption on a frozen pension plan. Drivers of Demand and Key Factors Affecting Profitability Drivers of demand and key factors affecting our profitability differ by segment. In Reinforcement Materials, longer term demand is driven primarily by: i) the number of vehicle miles driven globally; ii) the number of original equipment and replacement tires produced; and iii) the number of automotive builds. Over the past several years, operating results have been driven by a number of factors, including: i) increases or decreases in our sales volumes driven by changes in production levels for tires or industrial rubber products and the level at which we service that demand; ii) changes in raw material costs and our ability to adjust the sales price for our products commensurate with changes in raw material costs; iii) changes in pricing and product mix, which includes customer pricing as well as the mix of products sold or the region in which they are sold; iv) global and regional capacity utilization for carbon black; v) fixed cost savings achieved through restructuring and other cost saving activities; vi) the growth of our volumes and market position in emerging economies; vii) capacity management and technology investments, including the impact of energy utilization and yield improvement technologies at our manufacturing facilities; and viii) royalties and technology payments related to our patented elastomer composites technology that is used in tire applications. 30 In Performance Chemicals, longer term demand is driven primarily by the construction and infrastructure, automotive, electronics and consumer products industries. In recent years, operating results in Performance Chemicals have been driven by: i) increases or decreases in sales volumes to the industries previously noted; ii) changes in pricing and product mix, which includes customer pricing as well as the mix of products sold or the region in which they are sold; iii) our ability to deliver differentiated products that drive enhanced performance in customers’ applications; iv) our ability to obtain value pricing for this differentiation; v) the cost of new capacity; vi) changes in selling prices relative to variations in the cost of raw materials; and vii) the adoption of new products for use in our customers’ applications. In Purification Solutions, longer term demand is driven primarily by the demand for activated carbon based solutions for water, gas and air, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, catalysts and other chemical applications. Operating results in Purification Solutions have been influenced by: i) changes in our sales volumes in the various applications previously noted; ii) management of our operations, including inventory levels, and the commensurate costs; iii) changes in price and product mix; iv) industry capacity utilization; and v) implementation of cost savings initiatives as part of a transformation plan. Overview of Results for Fiscal 2020 During fiscal 2020, Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies decreased compared to fiscal 2019 primarily due to weaker results in the Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals segments due to the impact of the novel coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) on demand in the automotive and tire end- markets and the loss on sale of the mine in Marshall, Texas and associated asset impairment charges in Purification Solutions. COVID-19 Impact The coronavirus pandemic and associated containment efforts adversely affected our business, results of operations and cash flows during fiscal 2020. Beginning during our second fiscal quarter, as the virus spread in China, we experienced volume declines principally in our Reinforcement Materials segment as operations at many of our customers’ plants in China were completely or partially curtailed. As the pandemic began to further spread around the globe, a number of our key customers, notably most automotive and tire manufacturers in the Americas and Europe, temporarily closed their manufacturing operations beginning in March 2020. As a result, in the third fiscal quarter, we experienced further volume declines in our Reinforcement Materials segment as well as volume declines and weaker product mix in our Performance Chemicals segment. In the third quarter, many of our plants operated at significantly lower manufacturing levels in response to reduced customer demand and government closure mandates. Beginning at the end of March, the domestic automotive and tire end-markets in China began to restart operations, and in the months of May and June 2020, our major tire customers in the Americas and Europe slowly restarted their operations, although, at lower than normal operating rates. In conjunction with our customers’ restarting of their operations, volumes and profitability in our Reinforcement Materials segment improved in the fourth fiscal quarter from those in the third fiscal quarter. Volumes in our Performance Chemicals segment also improved modestly in the fourth fiscal quarter from those in the third fiscal quarter. We took a number of actions during fiscal 2020 to mitigate the impact of the coronavirus on our cash flow and results of operations and financial condition. While manufacturing operations were curtailed, we reduced our manufacturing costs. We also reduced discretionary spending and net working capital with reductions in our accounts receivable and inventories. In addition, we reduced our capital expenditures in fiscal 2020 from our originally planned target to approximately $200 million. Despite demand for our products improving in the fourth fiscal quarter from the low demand levels we experienced in our third fiscal quarter, the duration and scope of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be uncertain. A resurgence of COVID-19 infection rates could result in an adverse impact on our revenue as well as our overall profitability and may lead to an increase in inventory reserves, allowances for doubtful accounts, and additional valuation allowances on certain of our deferred tax assets. Additionally, if the business impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic continue, particularly if they return to the levels seen in the third fiscal quarter of 2020 for an extended period, it could cause us to recognize impairments for certain long-lived assets including goodwill, intangible assets or property, plant and equipment, or a reduction in our borrowing availability under our credit agreements. Fiscal 2020 compared to Fiscal 2019—Consolidated Net Sales and Other Operating Revenues and Gross Profit 2020 Net sales and other operating revenues Gross profit $ $ 31 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) $ $ 3,337 685 $ $ 2,614 500 2018 3,242 772 Net sales decreased by $723 million in fiscal 2020 when compared to fiscal 2019. Fiscal 2019 included $56 million of revenue for our Specialty Fluids business, which we divested in fiscal 2019. The remaining $667 million decline in net sales was primarily driven by lower volumes ($349 million), a less favorable price and product mix (combined $255 million), and the unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation ($40 million). The lower volumes were driven by our Reinforcement Materials segment due to weaker demand related to declines in automotive and tire production resulting from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Declines in automotive production also adversely impacted volumes in our specialty carbons product line. The less favorable price and product mix was due to lower prices from lower feedstock costs that are largely passed through to our customers in the Reinforcement Materials segment and unfavorable product mix in the Performance Chemicals segment driven by a less favorable product mix in the fumed metal oxides and specialty carbons product lines from lower demand in automotive applications, and from more competitive pricing in the fumed metal oxides product line. Gross profit decreased by $185 million in fiscal 2020 when compared to fiscal 2019. Excluding the impact of the divestiture of our Specialty Fluids business, the gross profit decline was primarily due to lower volumes in Reinforcement Materials and Purification Solutions and lower unit margins in the Performance Chemicals segments. Selling and Administrative Expenses Selling and administrative expenses $ 292 $ 290 $ 308 Selling and administrative expenses increased by $2 million in fiscal 2020 when compared to fiscal 2019. The increase was principally due to a $50 million charge recorded in fiscal 2020 related to a legal settlement, partially offset by a decrease in the accrual for incentive compensation and other cost reduction activities. Research and Technical Expenses 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 Research and technical expenses $ 57 $ 60 $ 66 Research and technical expenses decreased by $3 million in fiscal 2020 when compared to fiscal 2019 primarily due to cost reduction activities in fiscal 2020. Impairment Charges and Loss on Sale Specialty Fluids loss on sale and asset impairment charge Marshall Mine loss on sale and asset impairment charge Purification Solutions long-lived assets impairment charge Purification Solutions goodwill impairment charge $ $ $ $ 1 $ 129 $ — $ — $ $ 29 — $ — $ — $ — — 162 92 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 The loss on sale and asset impairment charges recorded during fiscal 2020 and 2019 are described in Note D of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (“Note D”). Interest and Dividend Income Interest and dividend income $ 8 $ 9 $ 10 Interest and dividend income decreased by $1 million in fiscal 2020 when compared to fiscal 2019 primarily due to lower interest rates. 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 32 Interest Expense Interest expense 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ 53 $ 59 $ 54 Interest expense decreased by $6 million in fiscal 2020 as compared to fiscal 2019. The decrease was primarily due to lower average debt balances. Other Income (Expense) Other income (expense) 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ (9) $ (1) $ 17 Other expense increased during fiscal 2020 by $8 million as compared to fiscal 2019 primarily due to a loss from the settlement of the U.S. cash balance plan and an unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation. Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes and Reconciliation of Effective Tax Rate to Operating Tax Rate 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (Dollars in millions) 2018 Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 191 $ 70 $ 193 Effective tax rate(1) Impact of discrete tax items(2): Unusual or infrequent items: Items related to uncertain tax positions Other discrete tax items Impact of certain items(3) Operating tax rate (587)% 397% (22)% 1% 239% 28% 28% 2% 2% (2)% (6)% 24% 165% (137)% (2)% 12% (17)% 21% (1) (2) Refer to the reconciliation of computed tax expense at the federal statutory rate to the Provision (benefit) for income taxes in Note S. For fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2019, the impact of discrete tax items included a net discrete tax provision of $122 million and a net discrete tax benefit of $5 million, respectively. The nature of the discrete tax items in fiscal 2020 and 2019 were as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) Unusual or infrequent items during fiscal 2020 consisted of changes in valuation allowances on beginning of year tax balances, the net tax impacts of newly issued U.S. tax regulations, and the net tax impact of Switzerland tax reform legislation. Unusual or infrequent items during fiscal 2019 consisted of changes in valuation allowances on beginning of year tax balances, excludible foreign exchange gains and losses in certain jurisdictions, impacts related to stock compensation deductions, and the tax impacts of a pension settlement; Items related to uncertain tax positions during fiscal 2020 and 2019 included net tax impacts from the reversal of accruals for uncertain tax positions due to the expiration of statutes of limitations and settlement of tax audits, the accrual of interest on uncertain tax positions, and the accrual of an uncertain tax position (fiscal 2020 only); and Other discrete tax items during fiscal 2020 and 2019 included net tax impacts as a result of changes in non-US tax laws, return to provision adjustments related to tax return filings, and other items. (3) Includes tax impact of certain items and tax certain item for a valuation allowance charge recorded against U.S. deferred tax assets earned in fiscal 2020. Refer to Note S. We file U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. Cabot and certain subsidiaries are under audit in a number of jurisdictions. It is possible that some of these audits will be resolved in fiscal 2021 and could impact our anticipated effective tax rate. We have filed our tax returns in accordance with the tax laws in each jurisdiction and maintain tax reserves for uncertain tax positions. 33 Equity in Earnings of Affiliated Companies and Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Net of Tax Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax $ $ 3 17 $ $ 1 29 $ $ 2 39 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax, increased by $2 million in fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019. The increase is driven by losses recognized from our equity affiliate in Venezuela in fiscal 2019 that did not repeat in 2020. Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax, decreased by $12 million in fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019 primarily due to lower profitability of our joint ventures in China and Czech Republic. Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Cabot Corporation In fiscal 2020, we reported a net loss attributable to Cabot Corporation of $238 million ($4.21 loss per diluted common share). In fiscal 2019, we reported net income attributable to Cabot Corporation of $157 million ($2.63 earnings per diluted common share). The loss in fiscal 2020 is primarily due to lower Segment EBIT due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on demand, the $193 million increase in the tax valuation allowance, the $129 million Marshall Mine loss on sale and asset impairment charge and the $50 million charge for a legal settlement. Fiscal 2020 compared to Fiscal 2019—By Business Segment Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies, certain items, pre-tax, other unallocated items and Total segment EBIT for fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 are set forth in the table below. The details of certain items and other unallocated items are shown below and in Note U of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies Less: Certain items, pre-tax Less: Other unallocated items Total segment EBIT $ $ (33) $ (218) (98) 283 $ 255 (87) (102) 444 $ $ 117 (248) (115) 480 In fiscal 2020, Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies decreased by $288 million and Total Segment EBIT decreased by $161 million. Included in fiscal 2019 Total Segment EBIT is $24 million related to our Specialty Fluids business, which we divested in fiscal 2019. Excluding the Specialty Fluids impact, Total Segment EBIT decreased $137 million. The decrease in Total segment EBIT was driven by lower volumes in Reinforcement Materials and Purification Solutions and lower margins in Performance Chemicals, partially offset by lower fixed costs. Lower volumes in Reinforcement Materials ($119 million) were primarily due to weaker tire and automotive demand resulting from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic while lower volumes in Purification Solutions ($23 million) were driven by lower demand in mercury removal applications. Lower fixed costs ($30 million) were driven by lower production volumes and other cost reduction actions. The decrease in Income (loss) before income taxes and equity earnings of affiliated companies also reflects a $129 million charge for the Marshall Mine loss on sale and asset impairment charge and a $50 million charge related to a legal settlement entered into during fiscal 2020. 34 Certain Items: Details of the certain items for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018 are as follows: Marshall Mine loss on sale and asset impairment charge (Note D) Legal and environmental matters and reserves (Note U) Global restructuring activities (Note P) Employee benefit plan settlements and other charges (Note N) Acquisition and integration-related charges (Note C) Inventory reserve adjustment Specialty Fluids loss on sale and asset impairment charge (Note D) Equity affiliate investment impairment charge (Note M) Executive transition costs Indirect tax settlement credits Purification Solutions goodwill and long-lived assets impairment charge (Note G) Gains (losses) on sale of investments Other certain items Total certain items, pre-tax Tax-related certain items: Tax impact of certain items Tax certain item Discrete tax items Total tax-related certain items Total certain items, net of tax 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ (129) $ (54) (19) — $ (21) (16) (10) (5) (2) (1) — — 3 — — (1) (218) 1 (6) — (29) (11) (1) — — — (4) (87) — (17) (122) (139) (357) $ $ 7 — 5 12 (75) $ — (16) 30 — (2) (13) — — (2) — (254) 10 (1) (248) 31 — (148) (117) (365) An explanation of these items of expense and income is included in our discussion under the heading “Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures”. Tax-related certain items include discrete tax items, the nature of which are discussed under the heading “Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes and Reconciliation of Effective Tax Rate to Operating Tax Rate”. The tax impact of certain items is determined by (1) starting with the current and deferred income tax expense or benefit, included in Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation, net of discrete tax items, and (2) subtracting the tax expense or benefit on “adjusted earnings”. Adjusted earnings is defined as the pre-tax income attributable to Cabot Corporation excluding certain items. The tax expense or benefit on adjusted earnings is calculated by applying the operating tax rate, as defined under the heading Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures, to adjusted earnings. The tax certain item represents the valuation allowance on a portion of U.S. deferred tax assets earned in fiscal 2020. Other Unallocated Items: 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 Interest expense Unallocated corporate costs General unallocated income (expense) Less: Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax Total other unallocated items $ $ (53) $ (41) (1) 3 (98) $ (59) $ (50) 8 1 (102) $ (54) (61) 2 2 (115) 35 A discussion of items that we refer to as “other unallocated items” can be found under the heading “Definition of Terms and Non-GAAP Financial Measures”. The balances of unallocated corporate costs are primarily comprised of expenditures related to managing a public company that are not allocated to the segments and corporate business development costs related to ongoing corporate projects. The balances of General unallocated income (expense) consists of gains (losses) arising from foreign currency transactions, net of other foreign currency risk management activities, interest income, dividend income, the profit or loss related to the corporate adjustment for unearned revenue, and the impact of including the full operating results of a contractual joint venture in Purification Solutions Segment EBIT. In fiscal 2020, Total other unallocated items changed by $4 million when compared to fiscal 2019 due to the decrease in Unallocated corporate costs for corporate projects and lower incentive compensation and the change in General Unallocated income (expense) from the unfavorable impact of foreign currency translation. Reinforcement Materials Sales and EBIT for Reinforcement Materials for fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows: Reinforcement Materials Sales Reinforcement Materials EBIT 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ $ 1,256 162 $ $ 1,815 266 $ $ 1,774 279 In fiscal 2020, sales in Reinforcement Materials decreased by $559 million when compared to fiscal 2019. The decrease was principally driven by lower volumes ($320 million), a less favorable price and product mix (combined $209 million), and the unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation ($28 million). The lower volumes were primarily due to weaker tire and automotive demand resulting from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The less favorable pricing was primarily due to the pass- through of lower feedstock prices. In fiscal 2020, Reinforcement Materials EBIT decreased by $104 million when compared to fiscal 2019 driven principally by lower volumes ($119 million) and lower unit margins ($3 million), partially offset by lower fixed costs ($20 million). The lower volumes were primarily due to weaker tire and automotive demand resulting from the impacts of COVID-19. These impacts were most pronounced during the third quarter of fiscal 2020 with volumes 42% below the third quarter of fiscal 2019. Demand levels improved sequentially during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020 resulting in volumes that were 11% below the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019. Unit margins were negatively impacted by slower turns of inventory and lower energy center revenue as a result of reduced sales volumes and lower feedstock prices partially offset by favorable pricing from 2020 tire customer agreements. Lower fixed costs were driven by lower production volumes and other cost reduction actions. We currently expect volumes in the first fiscal quarter of fiscal 2021 to be consistent with volume levels in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020 from a combination of underlying volume strength, some level of inventory replenishment and some seasonally- related demand softness. We also anticipate results in the first quarter of fiscal 2021 to benefit from strong spot pricing in Asia as compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020. Overall, our results in fiscal 2021 will be influenced by the sustainability of the demand recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic we began to see in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, the pace of costs returning to the business to support increased demand for our products and our higher production levels, how we manage pricing in this dynamic environment, and the outcome of our calendar year 2021 tire customer negotiations. Performance Chemicals Sales and EBIT for Performance Chemicals for fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows: Performance Additives Sales Formulated Solutions Sales Performance Chemicals Sales Performance Chemicals EBIT 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ $ $ 645 288 933 118 $ $ $ 694 301 995 152 $ $ $ 707 321 1,028 200 In fiscal 2020, sales in Performance Chemicals decreased by $62 million when compared to fiscal 2019 primarily due to a less favorable price and product mix (combined $66 million) and the unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation ($11 million), partially offset by higher volumes ($15 million). The less favorable price and product mix was primarily due to a more competitive pricing environment and weaker product mix in the fumed metal oxides product line and weaker product mix in our specialty carbons product line from lower demand in automotive applications. The higher volumes were primarily due to higher demand in the specialty carbons and specialty compounds product lines in the first half of fiscal 2020. 36 In fiscal 2020, EBIT in Performance Chemicals decreased $34 million compared to fiscal 2019 primarily due to lower unit margins ($21 million), the unfavorable impact of inventory comparisons ($11 million), and higher fixed costs ($4 million), partially offset by higher volumes ($4 million). Lower unit margins were due to a more competitive pricing environment and weaker product mix in the fumed metal oxides product line and weaker product mix in our specialty carbons product line due to lower demand in automotive applications. The lower demand in automotive applications resulted from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and was most pronounced during the third quarter of fiscal 2020. The unfavorable inventory impact is driven by reducing inventory levels to align with the lower demand resulting from the impact of COVID-19. We are anticipating a step-up in results in our Performance Chemicals segment in the first quarter of fiscal 2021 as compared to our fourth quarter of fiscal 2020 driven by higher volumes across the major product lines as our key end markets continue to recover and as we leverage the recovery in the automotive end market to drive product mix improvement in our specialty carbons and specialty compounds product lines. We also expect to see a price improvement as the segment benefits from actions to restore pricing in our fumed metal oxides product line. Overall, our results in fiscal 2021 will be influenced by the sustainability of the demand recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic we began to see in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, the pace of costs returning to the business to support increased demand for our products and our higher production levels, and how we manage pricing in this dynamic environment. Purification Solutions Sales and EBIT for Purification Solutions for fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows: Purification Solutions Sales Purification Solutions EBIT 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ $ 253 3 $ $ 278 2 $ $ 279 (7) Sales in Purification Solutions decreased by $25 million in fiscal 2020 when compared to fiscal 2019 primarily due to lower volumes ($44 million), partially offset by improved pricing and a more favorable product mix (combined $20 million). The lower volumes were primarily due to lower sales in mercury removal and other industrial gas and air applications. EBIT in Purification Solutions increased by $1 million in fiscal 2020 when compared to fiscal 2019 driven by higher unit margins ($13 million) and lower fixed costs ($14 million) as a result of prior year restructuring activities, partially offset by lower volumes ($23 million). The higher unit margins were primarily due to an improved product mix and higher prices while the lower volumes were primarily due to lower sales in mercury removal and other industrial gas and air applications. In fiscal 2021, we expect lower fixed costs as compared to fiscal 2020 through restructuring activities at our Marshall manufacturing facility associated with the sale of our lignite mine in Marshall, Texas. We expect these actions to result in a $15 million EBIT benefit in fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020. In addition, we expect to continue to evaluate strategic options for our Purification Solutions segment. Specialty Fluids We divested our specialty Fluids business on June 28, 2019. Refer to Note D for the terms of this transaction. Sales and EBIT for Specialty Fluids for fiscal 2019 and 2018 are as follows: Specialty Fluids Sales Specialty Fluids EBIT Cash Flows and Liquidity Overview 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ $ — $ — $ 56 24 $ $ 45 8 Our liquidity position, as measured by cash and cash equivalents plus borrowing availability, decreased by $25 million during fiscal 2020, which was largely attributable to capital expenditures, the acquisition of Shenzhen Sanshun Nano New Materials Co., Ltd (“SUSN”), share repurchases and cash dividends, partially offset by business earnings and lower net working capital. As of September 30, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of $151 million and borrowing availability under our revolving credit agreements of $1.3 billion. 37 We have access to borrowings under the following three credit agreements: • • • $1 billion unsecured revolving credit agreement (the “JPM Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Citibank, N.A., as Syndication Agent, and the other lenders party thereto, which matures in October 2022. The JPM Credit Agreement provides liquidity for working capital and general corporate purposes and supports our commercial paper program. $100 million unsecured revolving credit agreement (the “Canadian Credit Agreement”) with TD Bank, NA, as Lender, which matures in September 2021. The Canadian Credit Agreement provides liquidity for working capital and general corporate purposes for certain of our Canadian subsidiaries. €300 million unsecured revolving credit agreement (the “Euro Credit Agreement”, and together with the JPM Credit Agreement and the Canadian Credit Agreement, the “Credit Agreements”), with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the other lenders party thereto, which matures in May 2024 or earlier upon maturity of the JPM Credit Agreement. Borrowings under the Euro Credit Agreement may be used for the repatriation of earnings of our foreign subsidiaries to the United States, the repayment of indebtedness of our foreign subsidiaries owing to us or any of our subsidiaries and for working capital and general corporate purposes. As of September 30, 2020, we were in compliance with our debt covenants under the Credit Agreements, which, with limited exceptions, generally require us to comply on a quarterly basis with a leverage test requiring the ratio of consolidated total debt to consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) for the four quarters then ending not to exceed 3.50 to 1.00. Because of the uncertainty of the overall financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and to increase our financial flexibility, we amended the Credit Agreements as of June 8, 2020 to, among other things: (a) set the consolidated total debt to consolidated EBITDA ratio at 4.50 to 1.00 for the fiscal quarters ending September 30, 2020 through June 30, 2021, and (b) reduce the lien basket for other permitted liens securing Indebtedness (as defined in the Credit Agreements) in an aggregate amount at any time outstanding from 10% to 5% of Consolidated Tangible Net Worth (as defined in the Credit Agreements), at any time through and including June 30, 2021. A significant portion of our business occurs outside the U.S. and our cash generation does not always align geographically with our cash needs. The vast majority of our cash and cash equivalent holdings tend to be held outside the U.S. Cash held by foreign subsidiaries is generally used to finance the subsidiaries’ operational activities and future investments. We typically issue commercial paper throughout the year to manage our short-term U.S. cash needs. During the second quarter of fiscal 2020, one of our short-term credit ratings was downgraded, which temporarily decreased our access to, and increased our cost to borrow through, the commercial paper market, and we instead borrowed under our revolving credit agreements. During the third quarter of fiscal 2020, the commercial paper market stabilized, and we are currently using a combination of commercial paper and revolving credit facility borrowings to meet our U.S. cash needs. We generally reduce our commercial paper balance and, if applicable, borrowings under the Credit Agreements, at quarter-end using cash derived from customer collections, settlement of intercompany balances and short-term intercompany loans. If additional funds are needed in the U.S., we expect to be able to repatriate funds or to access additional debt under our revolving credit facilities. As of September 30, 2020, there were no borrowings either on the JPM Credit Agreement or the Canadian Credit Agreement. As of September 30, 2020, our borrowings under the Euro Credit Agreement totaled $148 million, and we had $14 million of commercial paper outstanding. We generally manage our cash and debt on a global basis to provide for working capital requirements as needed by region or site. Cash and debt are generally denominated in the local currency of the subsidiary holding the assets or liabilities, except where there are operational cash flow reasons to hold non-functional currency or debt. In light of the uncertain economic environment created by the COVID-19 pandemic, among other actions we have taken to preserve our liquidity position, we have deferred capital spending where practicable and delayed spending on some of our growth projects. In addition, during the second quarter of fiscal 2020, we temporarily suspended our share repurchase activity. Although we cannot predict the duration or scope of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our customers and suppliers, we are actively managing the business to maintain cash flow and we anticipate sufficient liquidity from (i) cash on hand; (ii) cash flows from operating activities; and (iii) cash available from our Credit Agreements and our commercial paper program to meet our operational and capital investment needs and financial obligations for the foreseeable future. The liquidity we derive from cash flows from operations is, to a large degree, predicated on our ability to collect our receivables in a timely manner, the cost of our raw materials, and our ability to manage inventory levels. The following discussion of the changes in our cash balance refers to the various sections of our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. 38 Cash Flows from Operating Activities Cash provided by operating activities, which consists of net income adjusted for the various non-cash items included in income, changes in working capital and changes in certain other balance sheet accounts, totaled $377 million in fiscal 2020. Operating activities provided $363 million and $298 million of cash in fiscal 2019 and in fiscal 2018, respectively. Cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2020 was driven by business earnings excluding the non-cash impacts of depreciation and amortization of $158 million, the Marshall Mine loss on sale and asset impairment of $129 million, and a deferred tax provision of $130 million which was primarily driven by a change in our tax valuation allowance. In addition, cash provided by operating activities benefited from lower net working capital balances, including a decrease in Accounts and notes receivable of $126 million, and a decrease in our Inventories of $114 million, partially offset by a decrease in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $55 million. Cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2019 was driven primarily by business earnings excluding the non-cash impacts of depreciation and amortization of $148 million, the loss on the sale and asset impairment of the Specialty Fluids business of $29 million, a deferred tax benefit of $27 million, and the impairment of our investment in our Venezuelan equity affiliate of $11 million. In addition, cash provided by operating activities benefited from a decrease in Accounts and notes receivable of $73 million, a decrease in our Inventories of $27 million and a decrease in Prepaid expense and other current assets of $18 million, partially offset by a decrease in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $75 million and a decrease in Other liabilities of $37 million. f In addition to the factors noted above, the following other elements of operations have a bearing on operating cash flows: Restructurings — As of September 30, 2020, we had $9 million of total restructuring costs in accrued expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to our global restructuring activities. We made cash payments of $16 million during fiscal 2020. We expect to make additional cash payments of approximately $8 million in fiscal 2021 and $6 million thereafter. Litigation Matters and Environmental Reserves —As of September 30, 2020, we had a $24 million reserve for existing and future respirator claims that we expect to pay over multiple years. During fiscal 2020, we settled a large group of respirator claims for $65.2 million. We paid $32.6 million related to these settled claims during fiscal 2020, and the remaining $32.6 million payable was paid in the first quarter of fiscal 2021. Additionally, as of September 30, 2020, we had a $7 million reserve for environmental remediation costs at various sites. These sites are primarily associated with businesses divested in prior years. Cash payments related to these environmental matters were $7 million in fiscal 2020. We also have other lawsuits, claims and contingent liabilities arising in the ordinary course of business. Cash Flows from Investing Activities Investing activities consumed $288 million of cash in fiscal 2020 compared to $94 million in fiscal 2019 and $246 million in fiscal 2018. In fiscal 2020, the use of cash by investing activities primarily consisted of $200 million of capital expenditures for sustaining and compliance capital projects at our operating facilities as well as capacity expansion capital expenditures in Reinforcement Materials and Performance Chemicals, $84 million, net of cash acquired, for the SUSN acquisition in April 2020 and an $8 million payment for the plant that we acquired from NSCC in September 2018. In fiscal 2019, the use of cash by investing activities was primarily driven by capital expenditures of $224 million, partially offset by proceeds from the sale of the Specialty Fluids business of $135 million. Capital expenditures for fiscal 2021 are expected to be between $175 million and $200 million. Our planned capital spending program for fiscal 2021 is primarily for sustaining, compliance and improvement capital projects at our operating facilities as well as capacity expansion capital expenditures in Performance Chemicals. Cash Flows from Financing Activities Financing activities consumed $132 million of cash in fiscal 2020 compared to $236 million in fiscal 2019 and $141 million in fiscal 2018. The use of cash by financing activities in fiscal 2020 primarily consisted of dividend payments to stockholders of $80 million, share repurchases of $44 million, dividend payments to noncontrolling interests of $26 million, the repayment of $16 million of long-term debt and the net repayment of $19 million of commercial paper, partially offset by the net proceeds from borrowings under our revolvers of $50 million, which includes proceeds of $444 million less repayments of $394 million. f The use of cash by financing activities in fiscal 2019 primarily consisted of the net repayment of $216 million of commercial paper, share repurchases of $173 million, dividend payments to stockholders of $80 million, the repayment of $75 million of long- term debt, the redemption of $25 million of preferred stock held by our former partner in the NHUMO, S.A. de C.V. joint venture, and dividend payments of $23 million to noncontrolling interests, partially offset by the proceeds from the issuance of our registered notes and borrowing under our European revolver in the aggregate of $352 million. 39 At September 30, 2020, we had $1.3 billion of availability under our Credit Agreements. Although we typically have an outstanding commercial paper balance during the quarter, we generally reduce the balance at quarter-end through cash receipts from collections, settlement of intercompany balances and short-term intercompany loans. There was $14 million and $33 million of commercial paper outstanding at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our long-term total debt, of which $7 million is current, matures at various times as presented in Note J of our Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The weighted-average interest rate on our fixed rate long-term debt was 3.85% as of September 30, 2020. Share Repurchases In fiscal 2018, our Board of Directors’ authorized us to repurchase up to 10 million shares of common stock. We repurchased 0.9 million shares of our common stock on the open market for $39 million during fiscal 2020 prior to suspending our share repurchase activity for the remainder of fiscal 2020. During fiscal 2019, we repurchased 3.6 million shares of our common stock on the open market for $167 million. Additionally, during both fiscal 2020 and 2019, we repurchased 0.1 million shares of our common stock associated with employee tax obligations on stock-based compensation awards for $5 million and $6 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2020, we had approximately 5 million shares available for repurchase under the Board of Directors’ share repurchase authorization. Dividend Payments In fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2019, we paid cash dividends on our common stock of $1.40 and $1.36 per share, respectively. These cash dividend payments totaled $80 million in both fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2019. Employee Benefit Plans As of September 30, 2020, we had a consolidated pension obligation, net of the fair value of plan assets, of $77 million, comprised of $30 million for pension benefit plan liabilities and $47 million for postretirement benefit plan liabilities. The $30 million of unfunded pension benefit plan liabilities is derived as follows: Fair value of plan assets Benefit obligation Funded (unfunded) status U.S. Foreign (In millions) Total $ $ $ 96 99 (3) $ $ 204 231 (27) $ 300 330 (30) In fiscal 2020, we made cash contributions totaling $7 million to our pension benefit plans. In fiscal 2021, we expect to make cash contributions of $5 million to our pension plans. The $47 million of unfunded postretirement benefit plan liabilities is comprised of $27 million for our U.S. and $20 million for our foreign postretirement benefit plans. These postretirement benefit plans provide certain health care and life insurance benefits for retired employees. Typical of such plans, our postretirement plans are unfunded and, therefore, have no plan assets. We fund these plans as claims or insurance premiums come due. In fiscal 2020, we paid postretirement benefits of $3 million. For fiscal 2021, our benefit payments for our postretirement plans are expected to be $4 million. In fiscal 2019, our Board of Directors approved a resolution to terminate the U.S. pension plan. We commenced the U.S. plan termination process during the third quarter of 2019 and completed the transfer of the U.S. plan’s assets to participants during the first quarter of 2021. The pension liability was settled through a combination of lump-sum payments and purchased annuities, neither of which required an additional cash contribution. In fiscal 2020, we recognized a settlement loss of $3 million related to lump-sum payments made to participants who elected this option, which was recorded in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In the first quarter of 2021, we will recognize an additional $6 million settlement loss in Other income (expense) related to the final asset transfers through purchased annuities. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of September 30, 2020, we had no material transactions that meet the definition of an off-balance sheet arrangement. 40 Contractual Obligations The following table sets forth our long-term contractual obligations. 2021 2022 2023 Purchase commitments Long-term debt Fixed interest on long-term debt Variable interest on long-term debt Finance leases(1) Operating leases(1) Total $ $ 169 4 35 2 5 17 232 $ $ 154 365 35 2 4 12 572 $ $ (1) Lease liabilities include interest. Purchase Commitments $ $ Payments Due by Fiscal Year 2024 (In millions) 120 148 21 1 4 10 304 121 — 21 2 4 11 159 $ $ 2025 Thereafter Total 121 — 21 — 4 9 155 $ $ 1,243 558 58 — 19 67 1,945 $ $ 1,928 1,075 191 7 40 126 3,367 We have entered into long-term, volume-based purchase agreements primarily for the purchase of raw materials and natural gas with various key suppliers for all of our business segments. Under certain of these agreements the quantity of material being purchased is fixed, but the price we pay changes as market prices change. For purposes of the table above, current purchase prices have been used to quantify total commitments. We have also entered into long-term purchase agreements primarily for services related to information technology, which are not included in the table above, that total $14 million as of September 30, 2020, the majority of which is expected to be paid within the next 5 years. Leases We have entered into various leases as the lessee, primarily related to certain transportation vehicles, warehouse facilities, office space, and machinery and equipment. These leases have remaining lease terms between one and nineteen years, some of which may include options to extend the leases for up to fifteen years or options to terminate the leases. Our land leases have remaining lease terms up to seventy years. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We are exposed to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates because we finance certain operations through long- and short-term borrowings and denominate our transactions in a variety of foreign currencies. Changes in these rates may have an impact on future cash flows and earnings. We manage these risks through normal operating and financing activities and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments. We have policies governing our use of derivative instruments, and we do not enter into financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. By using derivative instruments, we are subject to credit and market risk. The derivative instruments are booked in our balance sheet at fair value and reflect the asset or liability position as of September 30, 2020. If a counterparty fails to fulfill its performance obligations under a derivative contract, our exposure will equal the fair value of the derivative. Generally, when the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes Cabot, thus creating a payment risk for Cabot. We minimize counterparty credit or repayment risk by entering into these transactions with major financial institutions of investment grade credit rating. Our exposure to market risk is not hedged in a manner that completely eliminates the effects of changing market conditions on earnings or cash flow. 41 Foreign Currency Risk Our international operations are subject to certain risks, including currency exchange rate fluctuations and government actions. We have cross-currency swaps designated as hedges of our net investments in certain Euro denominated subsidiaries. The following table summarizes the principal terms of our cross-currency swaps, including the aggregate notional amount of the swaps, the interest rate payment we receive from and pay to our swap counterparties, the term and fair value at September 30, 2020. Description Cross Currency Swaps Interest Rate Received Interest Rate Paid Fiscal Year Entered Into Maturity Year 3.40% 1.94% 2016 2026 Notional Amount USD 250 million swapped to EUR 223 million Fair Value at September 30, 2020 $(1) million We also have foreign currency exposures arising from the denomination of monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currencies other than the functional currency of a given subsidiary as well as the risk that currency fluctuations could affect the dollar value of future cash flows generated in foreign currencies. Accordingly, we use short-term forward contracts to minimize the exposure to foreign currency risk. At September 30, 2020, we had $54 million in notional foreign currency contracts, which were denominated in Canadian dollar, Indonesian rupiah and Czech koruna. These forwards had a fair value of less than $1 million as of September 30, 2020. In certain situations where we have forecasted purchases under a long-term commitment or forecasted sales denominated in a foreign currency we may enter into appropriate financial instruments in accordance with our risk management policy to hedge future cash flow exposures. The primary currencies for which we have exchange rate exposure are the Euro, Japanese Yen, Chinese Yuan, Brazilian Real, Columbian Peso and Argentine Peso. In fiscal 2020, foreign currency translations in the aggregate did not have a material impact on our business segment EBIT. We recognized a net foreign exchange loss of $6 million in Other income (expense) in fiscal 2020 from the revaluation of monetary assets and liabilities from transactional currencies to functional currency, largely attributable to changes in the value of the Argentine Peso, Brazilian Real, Czech Koruna and Indonesian Rupiah, partially offset by favorable movements in the Colombian Peso during the year. 42 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Description p (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Consolidated Statements of Operations............................................................................................................................. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income......................................................................................................... Consolidated Balance Sheets .............................................................................................................................................. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows............................................................................................................................. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity ........................................................................................... Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements................................................................................................................ Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm .............................................................................................. Pageg 44 45 46 48 49 50 92 43 CABOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Net sales and other operating revenues Cost of sales Gross profit Selling and administrative expenses Research and technical expenses Specialty Fluids loss on sale and asset impairment charge (Note D) Marshall Mine loss on sale and asset impairment charge (Note D) Purification Solutions long-lived assets impairment charge (Note G) Purification Solutions goodwill impairment charge (Note G) Income (loss) from operations Interest and dividend income Interest expense Other income (expense) Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies (Provision) benefit for income taxes Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax of $4, $6 and $10 Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Weighted-average common shares outstanding: Basic Diluted Earnings per common share: Basic Diluted 2020 $ $ $ $ $ $ Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions, except per share amounts) 2,614 2,114 500 292 57 1 129 — — 21 8 (53) (9) 3,337 2,652 685 290 60 29 — — — 306 9 (59) (1) (33) (191) 3 (221) 17 (238) $ 56.6 56.6 255 (70) 1 186 29 157 58.7 58.8 $ 2018 3,242 2,470 772 308 66 — — 162 92 144 10 (54) 17 117 (193) 2 (74) 39 (113) 61.7 61.7 (4.21) $ (4.21) $ 2.64 2.63 $ $ (1.85) (1.85) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 44 CABOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period, net of tax Derivatives: net investment hedges (Gains) losses reclassified to interest expense, net of tax (Gains) losses excluded from effectiveness testing and amortized to interest expense, net of tax Pension and other postretirement benefit liability adjustments, net of tax Specialty Fluids divestiture Other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax Foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ (221) $ 186 $ 42 — (5) 2 9 — 48 (173) 17 5 22 $ (195) $ (69) — (4) 1 (5) (3) (80) 106 29 (6) 23 83 $ (74) (64) (1) (3) 1 5 — (62) (136) 39 (4) 35 (171) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 45 CABOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts and notes receivable, net of reserve for doubtful accounts of $2 and $3 Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property, plant and equipment Accumulated depreciation Net property, plant and equipment Goodwill Equity affiliates Intangible assets, net Deferred income taxes Other assets Total assets September 30 2020 2019 (In millions, except share and per share amounts) $ $ 151 418 359 50 978 3,686 (2,372) 1,314 134 39 103 53 160 2,781 $ $ 169 530 466 45 1,210 3,546 (2,198) 1,348 90 39 96 163 58 3,004 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 46 CABOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Short-term borrowings Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Income taxes payable Current portion of long-term debt Total current liabilities Long-term debt Deferred income taxes Other liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note U) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock: Authorized: 2,000,000 shares of $1 par value Issued and Outstanding: None and none Common stock: Authorized: 200,000,000 shares of $1 par value, Issued: 56,616,030 and 57,250,454 shares, Outstanding: 56,466,638 and 57,080,589 shares Less cost of 149,392 and 169,865 shares of common treasury stock Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Total Cabot Corporation stockholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity September 30 2020 2019 (In millions, except share and per share amounts) $ 14 488 20 7 529 1,094 58 286 33 537 22 7 599 1,024 41 206 — — 57 (4) — 989 (351) 691 123 814 2,781 $ 57 (5) — 1,337 (391) 998 136 1,134 3,004 $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 47 CABOT CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash provided by operating activities: 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ (221) $ 186 $ Depreciation and amortization Marshall Mine loss on sale and asset impairment charge Specialty Fluids loss on sale and asset impairment charge Impairment of investment in equity affiliate Long-lived asset impairment charge Goodwill impairment charge Deferred tax provision (benefit) Employee benefit plan settlement Gain on sale of land Gain on sale of investments Equity in net income of affiliated companies Non-cash compensation Other non-cash (income) expense Cash dividends received from equity affiliates Changes in assets and liabilities: Accounts and notes receivable Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Income taxes payable Other liabilities Cash provided by operating activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Additions to property, plant and equipment Proceeds from sale of business Cash paid for acquisition of business, net of cash acquired of $1, $— and $1 Proceeds from the sale of land Proceeds from sales of investments Other — Cash used in investing activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Borrowings under financing arrangements Repayments under financing arrangements Increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings, net Proceeds from (repayments of) issuance of commercial paper, net Proceeds from long-term debt, net of issuance costs Repayments of long-term debt Repayments of redeemable preferred stock Purchases of common stock Proceeds from sales of common stock Cash dividends paid to noncontrolling interests Cash dividends paid to common stockholders Cash used in financing activities Effects of exchange rate changes on cash Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year Non-cash investing activities and supplemental cash flow information: Additions to property, plant and equipment included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Income taxes paid Interest paid $ $ $ $ 158 129 — — — — 130 4 — — (3) 9 8 1 126 114 (7) (55) (5) (11) 377 (200) — (92) — — 4 (288) — — — (19) 444 (410) — (44) 3 (26) (80) (132) 25 (18) 169 151 29 71 48 $ $ $ $ 148 — 29 11 — — (27) 7 — — (1) 11 (3) 2 73 27 18 (75) (6) (37) 363 (224) 135 (3) — — (2) (94) 29 (29) — (216) 352 (75) (25) (173) 4 (23) (80) (236) (39) (6) 175 169 23 99 47 $ $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 48 (74) 149 — — — 162 92 91 — (39) (10) (2) 22 16 9 (127) (105) (27) 122 7 12 298 (229) — (64) 39 11 (3) (246) — (4) (4) 249 90 (251) — (142) 22 (21) (80) (141) (16) (105) 280 175 29 84 47 5 2 6 1 , $ $ 4 0 5 1 , $ ) 9 5 2 ( $ 7 0 7 1 , $ — $ 6 5 $ 4 8 8 1 6 , l a t o T l ’ s r e d o h k c o t S g n i l l o r t n o c n o N t o b a C l a t o T n o i t a r o p r o C l ’ s r e d o h k c o t S y t i u q E s t s e r e t n I y t i u q E l d e t a u m u c c A r e h t O e v i s n e h e r p m o C ) s s o L ( e m o c n I i d e n a t e R i s g n n r a E n i - d a P i l a t i p a C k c o t S y r u s a e r T t s o C s e r a h S l a n o i t i d d A f o t e N , k c o t S n o m m o C N O I T A R O P R O C T O B A C Y T I U Q E ’ S R E D L O H K C O T S N I S E G N A H C F O S T N E M E T A T S D E T A D I L O S N O C ) s t n u o m a e r a h s r e p d n a s d n a s u o h t n i s e r a h s t p e c x e , s n o i l l i m n I ( ) 4 7 ( ) 2 6 ( — ) 2 3 ( ) 0 8 ( 2 2 2 2 ) 2 4 1 ( 6 8 1 9 7 2 1 , ) 0 8 ( — ) 3 1 ( ) 0 8 ( 4 1 1 ) 3 7 1 ( ) 1 2 2 ( 4 3 1 1 , — 8 4 ) 5 3 ( ) 0 8 ( 3 9 ) 4 4 ( 4 1 8 9 3 1 2 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 2 3 ( 9 2 5 2 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 3 1 ( 7 1 6 3 1 5 ) 5 3 ( ) 8 5 ( ) 3 1 1 ( ) 1 ( — ) 0 8 ( 2 2 2 2 ) 2 4 1 ( 4 5 1 1 , ) 4 7 ( 7 5 1 ) 1 ( — ) 0 8 ( 4 1 1 ) 3 7 1 ( 8 9 9 ) 8 3 2 ( — 3 4 — ) 0 8 ( 3 9 ) 8 5 ( ) 7 1 3 ( ) 4 7 ( ) 1 9 3 ( ) 3 ( 3 4 ) 3 1 1 ( ) 0 8 ( ) 7 9 ( 7 5 1 7 1 4 1 , ) 0 8 ( 3 ) 7 5 1 ( ) 8 3 2 ( 7 3 3 1 , ) 0 8 ( ) 3 3 ( ) 1 ( 2 2 2 2 ) 3 4 ( — ) 1 ( 2 1 1 ) 2 1 ( — 1 9 ) 0 1 ( — ) 2 ( 4 5 ) 0 5 2 2 ( , 7 6 3 0 6 , s t s e r e t n i g n i l l o r t n o c n o n o t d e r a l c e d s d n e d i v i d h s a C n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - e r a h s f o n o i t a z i t r o m A k c o t s n o m m o c f o t n e m e r i t e r d n a e s a h c r u P ) s s o l ( e m o c n i e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t o l a t o T t s e r e t n i g n i l l o r t n o c n o n f o n o i t i s i u q c A 8 1 0 2 , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S t a e c n a a B l ) s s o l ( e m o c n i t e N 3 3 7 l s n a p n o i t a s n e p m o c y t i u q e r e d n u k c o t s f o e c n a u s s I e r a h s 2 ) 4 ( 2 5 3 8 4 l s n a p n o i t a s n e p m o c y t i u q e r e d n u k c o t s f o e c n a u s s I e r a h s ) 9 6 7 3 ( , 1 8 0 7 5 , s t s e r e t n i g n i l l o r t n o c n o n o t d e r a l c e d s d n e d i v i d h s a C n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - e r a h s f o n o i t a z i t r o m A k c o t s n o m m o c f o t n e m e r i t e r d n a e s a h c r u P ) s s o l ( e m o c n i e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t o l a t o T s d r a d n a t s g n i t n u o c c a f o n o i t p o d A 9 1 0 2 , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S t a e c n a a B l ) s s o l ( e m o c n i t e N $ ) 1 ( 3 5 ) 4 4 9 ( $ 7 6 4 6 5 , n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - e r a h s f o n o i t a z i t r o m A k c o t s n o m m o c f o t n e m e r i t e r d n a e s a h c r u P 0 2 0 2 , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S t a e c n a a B l 2 0 3 3 l s n a p n o i t a s n e p m o c y t i u q e r e d n u k c o t s f o e c n a u s s I e r a h s r e p 0 4 1 $ . l , s r e d o h k c o t s n o m m o c o t d a p s d n e d i v i d h s a C i r e p 6 3 1 $ . l , s r e d o h k c o t s n o m m o c o t d a p s d n e d i v i d h s a C i s t s e r e t n i g n i l l o r t n o c n o n o t d e r a l c e d s d n e d i v i d h s a C ) s s o l ( e m o c n i e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t o l a t o T t s e r e t n i g n i l l o r t n o c n o n f o n o i t i s i u q c A 7 1 0 2 , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S t a e c n a a B l ) s s o l ( e m o c n i t e N r e p 9 2 1 $ . l , s r e d o h k c o t s n o m m o c o t d a p s d n e d i v i d h s a C i $ 3 2 1 $ 1 9 6 ) 4 4 ( $ ) 1 5 3 ( $ 9 8 9 $ . s t n e m e t a t s l a i c n a n i f d e t a d i l o s n o c e s e h t f o t r a p l a r g e t n i n a e r a s e t o n g n i y n a p m o c c a e h T 9 4 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Note A. Significant Accounting Policies The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The significant accounting policies of Cabot Corporation (“Cabot” or “the Company”) are described below. Unless otherwise indicated, all disclosures and amounts in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements relate to the Company’s continuing operations. Effective October 1, 2019, the Company adopted the accounting standard for leases issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in February 2016. As discussed in Note C, effective April 1, 2020, the Company acquired Shenzhen Sanshun Nano New Materials Co., Ltd (“SUSN”), a leading carbon nanotube producer. The results of operations, and cash flows of SUSN are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cabot and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and majority-owned and controlled U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries. Additionally, Cabot considers consolidation of entities over which control is achieved through means other than voting rights, of which there were none in the periods presented. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents include all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at date of acquisition. Cabot continually assesses the liquidity of cash equivalents and, as of September 30, 2020, has determined that they are readily convertible to cash. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of inventories is determined using the first-in, first- out method. Cabot periodically reviews inventory for both potential obsolescence and potential declines in anticipated selling prices. In this review, the Company makes assumptions about the future demand for and market value of the inventory, and based on these assumptions estimates the amount of any obsolete, unmarketable, slow moving, or overvalued inventory. Cabot writes down the value of these inventories by an amount equal to the difference between the cost of the inventory and its estimated net realizable value. Investments The Company has investments in equity affiliates and marketable securities. As circumstances warrant, all investments are subject to periodic impairment reviews. Unless consolidation is required, investments in equity affiliates, where Cabot generally owns between 20% and 50% of the affiliate, are accounted for using the equity method. Cabot records its share of the equity affiliate’s results of operations based on its percentage of ownership of the affiliate. Dividends declared from equity affiliates are a return on investment and are recorded as a reduction to the equity investment value. In the second quarter of fiscal 2019, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $11 million related to its Venezuelan equity investment, which is included in Other income (expense) within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to Note M for details related to the impairment charge. At both September 30, 2020 and 2019, Cabot had equity affiliate investments of $39 million. Dividends declared and received fro m these investments were $3 million, $4 million and $9 million in fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. investments of $39 million Intangible Assets and Goodwill Impairment The Company records tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting. Amounts paid for an acquisition are allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. The Company uses assumptions and estimates in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. The determination of the fair value of intangible assets requires the use of significant judgment with regard to assumptions used in the valuation model. The Company estimates the fair value of identifiable acquisition-related intangible assets principally based on projections of cash flows that will arise from these assets. The projected cash flows are discounted to determine the fair value of the assets at the dates of acquisition. Definite-lived intangible assets, which are comprised of trademarks, customer relationships and developed technologies, are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are reviewed for impairment when indication of potential impairment exists, such as a significant reduction in cash flows associated with the assets. 50 Goodwill is comprised of the purchase price of business acquisitions in excess of the fair value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized and is subject to impairment testing annually, or when events or changes in the business environment indicate that the carrying value of the reporting unit may exceed its fair value. A reporting unit, for the purpose of the impairment test, is at or below the operating segment level, and constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by segment management. Reinforcement Materials, and the fumed metal oxides, specialty compounds, and specialty carbons product lines within Performance Chemicals, which are considered separate reporting units, carry the Company’s goodwill balances as of September 30, 2020. For the purpose of the goodwill impairment test, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If an initial qualitative assessment identifies that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, an additional quantitative evaluation is performed. Alternatively, the Company may elect to proceed directly to the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If based on the quantitative evaluation the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a goodwill impairment loss would result. The goodwill impairment loss would be the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The fair value of a reporting unit is based on discounted estimated future cash flows. The fair value is also benchmarked against the value calculated from a market approach using the guideline public company method. The assumptions used to estimate fair value include management’s best estimates of future growth rates, operating cash flows, capital expenditures and discount rates over an estimate of the remaining operating period at the reporting unit level. Based on the Company’s most recent annual goodwill impairment test performed as of August 31, 2020, the fair values of the Reinforcement Materials, Fumed Metal Oxides, Specialty Compounds, and Specialty Carbons reporting units were substantially in excess of their carrying values. Refer to Note G for details on the Purification Solutions goodwill impairment test and the resulting impairment charge recorded in the second quarter of fiscal 2018. Long-lived Assets Impairment The Company’s long-lived assets primarily include property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, long-term investments and assets held for rent. The carrying values of long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. To test for impairment of assets, the Company generally uses a probability-weighted estimate of the future undiscounted net cash flows of the assets over their remaining lives to determine if the value of the asset is recoverable. Long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which independent identifiable cash flows are determinable. An asset impairment is recognized when the carrying value of the asset is not recoverable based on the analysis described above, in which case the asset is written down to its fair value. If the asset does not have a readily determinable market value, a discounted cash flow model may be used to determine the fair value of the asset. In circumstances when an asset does not have separate identifiable cash flows, an impairment charge is recorded when the Company no longer intends to use the asset. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. The depreciable lives for buildings, machinery and equipment, and other fixed assets are generally between twenty and twenty-five years, ten and twenty-five years, and three and twenty-five years, respectively. The cost and accumulated depreciation for property, plant and equipment sold, retired, or otherwise disposed of are removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheets and resulting gains or losses are included in earnings in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expenses as incurred. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments, which significantly extend the useful lives of existing plant and equipment, are capitalized and depreciated. Cabot capitalizes interest costs when they are part of the cost of acquiring and constructing certain assets that require a period of time to prepare for their intended use. During fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018, Cabot capitalized $2 million, $4 million and $2 million of interest costs, respectively. These amounts are amortized over the lives of the related assets when they are placed in service. 51 Asset Retirement Obligations Cabot estimates incremental costs for special handling, removal and disposal of materials that may or will give rise to conditional asset retirement obligations (“ARO”) and then discounts the expected costs back to the current year using a credit adjusted risk free rate. Cabot recognizes ARO liabilities and costs when the timing and/or settlement can be reasonably estimated. In certain instances, Cabot has not recorded a reserve for AROs because the timing of disposal of the underlying asset is unknown. The ARO reserves were $18 million and $26 million at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and are included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities and Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The decrease in the ARO reserve was due to the sale of Marshall Mine on September 30, 2020. Foreign Currency Translation The functional currency of the majority of Cabot’s foreign subsidiaries is the local currency in which the subsidiary operates. Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet dates. Income and expense items are translated at average monthly exchange rates during the year. Unrealized currency translation adjustments are included as a separate component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) within stockholders’ equity. Realized and unrealized foreign currency gains and losses arising from transactions denominated in currencies other than the subsidiary’s functional currency are reflected in earnings with the exception of (i) intercompany transactions considered to be of a long-term investment nature; (ii) income taxes upon future repatriation of unremitted earnings from non-U.S. subsidiaries that are not indefinitely reinvested; and (iii) foreign currency borrowings designated as net investment hedges. Gains or losses arising from these transactions are included as a component of Other comprehensive income (loss). In fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018, net foreign currency transaction loss of $6 million, gain of less than $1 million, and loss of $4 million, respectively, are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Beginning July 1, 2018, the Argentina economy was determined to be highly inflationary. As a result, the functional currency of the Company’s Argentina subsidiary was changed to the U.S. dollar, Cabot’s reporting currency, which is discussed in Note M. Share Repurchases Periodically, Cabot repurchases shares of the Company’s common stock in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions under the authorization approved by the Board of Directors as discussed in Item 5 under the heading “Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities”. The Company retires the repurchased shares and records the excess of the purchase price over par value to additional paid-in capital (“APIC”) until such amount is reduced to zero and then charges the remainder against retained earnings. Financial Instruments Cabot’s financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, investments, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, short-term and long-term debt, and derivative instruments. The carrying values of Cabot’s financial instruments approximate fair value with the exception of fixed rate long-term debt, which is recorded at amortized cost. The fair values of the Company’s financial instruments are based on quoted market prices, if such prices are available. In situations where quoted market prices are not available, the Company relies on valuation models to derive fair value. Such valuation takes into account the ability of the financial counterparty to perform and the Company’s own credit risk. Cabot uses derivative financial instruments primarily for purposes of hedging the exposures to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, which exist as part of its on-going business operations. Cabot does not enter into derivative contracts for speculative purposes, nor does it hold or issue any derivative contracts for trading purposes. All derivatives are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. Where Cabot has a legal right to offset derivative settlements under a master netting agreement with a counterparty, derivatives with that counterparty are presented on a net basis. The changes in the fair value of derivatives are recorded in either earnings or AOCI, depending on whether or not the instrument is designated as part of a hedge transaction and, if designated as part of a hedge transaction, the type of hedge transaction. The gains or losses on derivative instruments reported in AOCI are reclassified to earnings in the period in which earnings are affected by the underlying hedged item. The ineffective portion of all hedges is recognized in earnings during the period in which the ineffectiveness occurs. In accordance with Cabot’s risk management strategy, the Company may enter into certain derivative instruments that may not be designated as hedges for hedge accounting purposes. Although these derivatives are not designated as hedges, the Company believes that such instruments are closely correlated with the underlying exposure, thus managing the associated risk. The Company records in earnings the gains or losses from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges. Cash movements associated with these instruments are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as Cash Flows from Operating Activities because the derivatives are designed to mitigate risk to the Company’s cash flow from operations. 52 Revenue Recognition Cabot recognizes revenue when its customers obtain control of promised goods or services. The revenue recognized is the amount of consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Company’s contracts with customers are generally for products only and do not include other performance obligations. Generally, Cabot considers purchase orders, which in some cases are governed by master supply agreements, to be contracts with customers. The transaction price as specified on the purchase order or sales contract is considered the standalone selling price for each distinct product. To determine the transaction price at the time when revenue is recognized, the Company evaluates whether the price is subject to adjustments, such as for returns, discounts or volume rebates, which are stated in the customer contract, to determine the net consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. Revenue from product sales is recognized based on a point in time model when control of the product is transferred to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery of the product to the customer and title, risk and rewards of ownership have passed to the customer. The Company has an immaterial amount of revenue that is recognized over time. Payment terms typically range from zero to ninety days. Shipping and handling activities that occur after the transfer of control to the customer are billed to customers and are recorded as sales revenue, as the Company considers these to be fulfillment costs. Shipping and handling costs are expensed in the period incurred and included in Cost of sales within the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Taxes collected on sales to customers are excluded from the transaction price. The Company generally provides a warranty that its products will substantially conform to the identified specifications. The Company’s liability typically is limited to either a credit equal to the purchase price or replacement of the non-conforming product. Returns under warranty have historically been immaterial. The Company does not have contract assets or liabilities that are material. As permitted by the revenue recognition standard, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), when the period of time between the transfer of control of the goods and the time the customer pays for the goods is one year or less, the Company does not consider there to be a significant financing component associated with the contract. Cost of Sales Cost of sales consists of the cost of raw and packaging materials, direct manufacturing costs, depreciation, internal transfer costs, inspection costs, inbound and outbound freight and shipping and handling costs, plant purchasing and receiving costs and other overhead expenses necessary to manufacture the products. Accounts and Notes Receivable Trade receivables are recorded at the invoiced amount and generally do not bear interest. Trade receivables in China may at certain times be settled with the receipt of bank issued non-interest bearing notes. These notes totaled 34 million Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”) ($5 million) and 30 million RMB ($4 million) as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and are included in Accounts and notes receivable on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cabot periodically sells a portion of these bank notes and other customer receivables at a discount and such sales are accounted for as asset sales. The Company does not have any continuing involvement with these notes or other customer receivables after the sale. The difference between the proceeds from the sale and the carrying value of these assets is recognized as a loss on the sale of receivables and is included in Other income (expense) in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. During fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded charges of $2 million, $3 million, and $3 million, respectively, for the sale of these assets. Cabot maintains allowances for doubtful accounts based on an assessment of the collectability of specific customer accounts, the aging of accounts receivable and other economic information on both a historical and prospective basis. Customer account balances are charged against the allowance when it is probable the receivable will not be recovered. There were no material changes in the allowance for any of the years presented. There is no material off-balance sheet credit exposure related to customer receivable balances. Stock-based Compensation Cabot recognizes compensation expense for stock-based awards granted to employees using the fair value method. Under the fair value recognition provisions, stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense over the service period, which generally represents the vesting period, and includes an estimate of what level of performance the Company will achieve for Cabot’s performance-based stock awards. Cabot calculates the fair value of its stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units is determined using the closing price of Cabot stock on the day of the grant. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. 53 Selling and Administrative Expenses Selling and administrative expenses consist of salaries and fringe benefits of sales and office personnel, general office expenses and other expenses not directly related to manufacturing operations. Research and Technical Expenses Research and technical expenses include salaries, equipment and material expenditures, and contractor fees and are expensed as incurred. Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits The Company recognizes the funded status of defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans as an asset or liability. This amount is defined as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation. Pension and post- retirement benefit costs other than service cost are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of f Operations. The Company is required to recognize as a component of Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, the actuarial gains/losses and prior service costs/credits that arise but were not previously required to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost. Other comprehensive income (loss) is adjusted as these amounts are later recognized in income as components of net periodic benefit cost. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) AOCI, which is included as a component of stockholders’ equity, includes unrealized gains or losses on derivative instruments, currency translation adjustments in foreign subsidiaries and minimum pension liability adjustments. Income Taxes Deferred income taxes are determined based on the estimated future tax effects of differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that realization of those assets is considered to be more likely than not. A valuation allowance is established for deferred taxes when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Provisions are made for the U.S. income tax liability and additional non-U.S. taxes on the undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries, except for amounts Cabot has designated to be indefinitely reinvested. Cabot records benefits for uncertain tax positions based on an assessment of whether the position is more likely than not to be sustained by the taxing authorities. If this threshold is not met, no tax benefit of the uncertain tax position is recognized. If the threshold is met, the tax benefit that is recognized is the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. This analysis presumes the taxing authorities’ full knowledge of the positions taken and all relevant facts, but does not consider the time value of money. The Company also accrues for interest and penalties on its uncertain tax positions and includes such charges in its income tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Environmental Costs Cabot accrues environmental costs when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When a single liability amount cannot be reasonably estimated, but a range can be reasonably estimated, Cabot accrues the amount that reflects the best estimate within that range or the low end of the range if no estimate within the range is better. The amount accrued reflects Cabot’s assumptions about remediation requirements at the contaminated site, the nature of the remedy, the outcome of discussions with regulatory agencies and other potentially responsible parties at multi-party sites, and the number and financial viability of other potentially responsible parties. Cabot does not reduce its estimated liability for possible recoveries from insurance carriers. Proceeds from insurance carriers are recorded when realized by either the receipt of cash or a contractual agreement. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Note B. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In February 2016, the FASB issued a new standard for the accounting for leases. This standard requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases, including operating leases that were previously not recorded on the balance sheet, and recognize expenses on their income statements in a manner that is similar to the historical accounting treatment for leases. Th e 54 Company adopted the standard on October 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective optional transition method. Accordingly, leases in the prior period continue to be reported and disclosed in accordance with the Company’s historical accounting treatment. The Company elected the package of practical expedients that permits the Company to not reassess the identification, classification initial direct costs of leases commencing before the October 1, 2019 effective date and to exclude short-term leases from the balance sheet. The Company did not elect the hindsight practical expedient to determine the lease term for existing leases or the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components to existing leases, as well as new leases, through transition. The Company allocates the total consideration to the lease components and non-lease components on an observable stand-alone price basis to all asset classes. and Adoption of the new lease standard resulted in the recognition of operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities of $106 million and $111 million, respectively, as of October 1, 2019. Refer to Note T for further details regarding the balance sheet classification of these items. The difference between the operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities reflects the reclassification of historical deferred rent balances of $5 million. The effects of transition to the new standard resulted in no cumulative adjustment to retained earnings in the period of adoption. The standard did not materially impact the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations or Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The new standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s liquidity or debt-covenant compliance as of adoption. In February 2018, the FASB issued a new standard that allows entities to reclassify AOCI to Retained earnings stranded tax effects resulting from changes made as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Act”). The Company adopted this standard on October 1, 2019 which resulted in the reclassification of a $2 million net gain from AOCI to Retained earnings. The reclassification was primarily related to the Company’s pension plans and derivative instruments. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In June 2016, the FASB issued a new standard on measurement of credit losses. The standard introduces a new "expected loss" impairment model that applies to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables and other financial assets. Entities are required to estimate expected credit losses over the life of financial assets and record an allowance against the assets’ amortized cost basis to present them at the amount expected to be collected. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted this standard on October 1, 2020. The adoption of this standard did not materially impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In March 2020, the FASB issued a new standard on Reference Rate Reform, which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the existing guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. The standard was effective upon issuance and may generally be applied through December 31, 2022 to any new or amended contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR. The Company is currently evaluating the timing of adoption and the impact of the adoption of this standard on its consolidated financial statements. 55 Note C. Acquisitions NSCC Carbon (Jiangsu) Co. Ltd In September 2018, the Company acquired NSCC Carbon, a carbon black manufacturing facility in Pizhou, Jiangsu Province, China for a purchase price of $8 million, subject to the achievement of certain milestones. The purchase price conditions were satisfied in September 2019 and the purchase price was paid in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. The Company has commenced plans to modify this facility to produce specialty carbons and therefore the plant is temporarily mothballed. The modifications are expected to be completed, and production is expected to commence, in fiscal 2022. Transition-related costs associated with this acquisition were $2 million and $4 million during fiscal 2020 and 2019, respectively. Shenzhen Sanshun Nano New Materials Co., Ltd On April 1, 2020, the Company purchased Shenzhen Sanshun Nano New Materials Co., Ltd (“SUSN”), a leading carbon nanotube producer, for a purchase price of $100 million, consisting of: (i) cash consideration of $84 million, net of $1 million acquired (ii) contingent consideration of $3 million to be paid over the two-year period ending March 31, 2022 upon the satisfaction of certain milestones, and (iii) the assumed debt of $13 million. The debt the Company assumed in the transaction was repaid in June 2020. The operating results of SUSN were included in the results of the Company's Performance Chemicals segment beginning in the third quarter of fiscal 2020, and revenue totaled $12 million in the second half of fiscal 2020. The Company incurred acquisition and integration costs of $3 million through September 30, 2020 associated with the transaction, which are included in Selling and administrative expenses and Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The final allocation of the purchase price set forth below was based on estimates of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of April 1, 2020. (In millions) $ Assets Cash Accounts Receivable Inventories Prepaid expenses and other current assets Property, plant and equipment Intangible assets Goodwill Deferred tax asset Other assets Total assets acquired Liabilities Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Long-term debt Other liabilities Total liabilities assumed Cash consideration paid $ 1 8 4 2 38 15 45 1 2 116 (12) (13) (6) (31) 85 56 As part of the purchase price allocation, the Company determined the separately identifiable intangible assets are comprised of developed technologies of $9 million, which will be amortized over ten years, customer relationships of $4 million, which will be amortized over twenty years, and trademarks of $2 million, which will be amortized over ten years. The Company estimated the fair values of the identifiable acquisition-related intangible assets based on projections of cash flows that will arise from those assets. The projected cash flows were discounted to determine the fair value of the assets at the date of acquisition. The determinatio fn of the fair value of the intangible assets acquired required the use of judgment with regard to assumptions in the discounted cash flow model used and determination of the useful lives of the developed technologies, customer relationships and trademarks. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the tangible net assets and intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill recognized is attributable to the growth and operating synergies that the Company expects to realize from this acquisition. Goodwill generated from the acquisition will not be deductible for tax purposes. Note D. Divestitures Sale of Specialty Fluids Business In June 2019, the Company completed the sale of its Specialty Fluids business, an operating segment of the Company, to Sinomine for total proceeds of $133 million. The Company recognized a pre-tax loss on the sale of the Specialty Fluids business of $9 million in fiscal 2019 and a $20 million impairment charge during the second quarter of fiscal 2019. The sale was subject to customary post-closing adjustments, which were finalized during the second quarter of fiscal 2020 and resulted in an additional pre- tax loss on sale of $1 million. operation as it did not constitute a significant strategic business shift for the Company, and has no major effect on operations. The sale of the Specialty Fluids business did not meet the criteria to be reported as a discont inued Sale of Marshall Mine On September 30, 2020, the Company entered into an agreement to sell its lignite mine located in Marshall, Texas to ADA Carbon Solutions, LLC (“ADACS”) for a nominal amount. As part of the transaction, the Company agreed to fund a portion of the costs ADACS expects to incur to close the mine and included $9 million for these costs in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities and Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company expects the majority of these costs to be paid within the five years. At the same time, Cabot idled its activation kilns at its manufacturing facility in Marshall, Texas. The Company will continue certain operational activities including washing of activated carbon, as well as packaging and warehousing operations at its Marshall facility. The Company recognized a pre-tax loss on the sale of the mine of $67 million and an impairment charge to certain idled fixed assets of $62 million. next In conjunction with the sale, the Company entered into a long-term supply agreement with ADACS, a producer of lignite-based activated carbon. ADACS will manufacture and supply the Purification Solutions business proprietary portfolio of lignite-based activated carbon products exclusively to the Company. Note E. Inventories Inventories, net of obsolete, unmarketable and slow moving reserves, are as follows: Raw materials Finished goods Other(1) Total September 30 2020 2019 (In millions) 82 $ 225 52 359 $ 107 305 54 466 $ $ (1) Other inventory is comprised of certain spare parts and supplies. Cabot periodically reviews inventory for both obsolescence and loss of value. In this review, Cabot makes assumptions about the future demand for and market value of the inventory and, based on these assumptions, estimates the amount of obsolete, unmarketable or slow moving inventory. At September 30, 2020 and 2019, total inventory reserves were $28 million and $29 million, respectively. 57 Note F. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment consists of the following: Land and land improvements Buildings Machinery and equipment Other Construction in progress Total property, plant and equipment Less: Accumulated depreciation Net property, plant and equipment September 30 2020 2019 (In millions) 111 $ 552 2,589 244 190 3,686 (2,372) 1,314 $ 144 524 2,369 247 262 3,546 (2,198) 1,348 $ $ Depreciation expense was $151 million for fiscal 2020 and $142 million for each of fiscal 2019 and 2018. Note G. Purification Solutions Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets Impairment Charges During the second quarter of fiscal 2018, the Company performed a long-lived asset impairment test and quantitative goodwill impairment test, which determined that the estimated fair value of the Purification Solutions reporting unit was lower than the reporting unit's carrying value. The Company recorded impairment charges relating to the goodwill and long-lived assets of the Purification Solutions reporting unit, and an associated deferred tax benefit, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows: Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 (In millions) Purification Solutions goodwill impairment charge Purification Solutions long-lived assets impairment charge Benefit for income taxes Impairment charges, after tax $ $ 92 162 (30) 224 Prior to determining the goodwill impairment charge, the Company recorded an inventory reserve adjustment of $13 million in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Cabot will continue to monitor for events or changes in business circumstances that may indicate that the remaining carrying value of the asset group may not be recoverable. Note H. Goodwill and Intangible Assets The carrying amount of goodwill attributable to each reportable segment with goodwill balances and the changes in those balances during the period ended September 30, 2020 are as follows: Balance at September 30, 2019 Goodwill acquired(1) Foreign currency impact Balance at September 30, 2020 Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals (In millions) Total (2) $ $ 50 — (4) 46 $ $ 40 45 3 88 $ 90 45 (1) 134 (1) (2) Consists of goodwill acquired in the acquisition of SUSN as described in Note C. The Company incurred $444 million accumulated impairment losses associated with the goodwill of the Purification Solutions segment as of both September 30, 2020 and 2019. There were no accumulated impairment losses associated with the goodwill of the Reinforcement Materials or Performance Chemicals segments. 58 The following table provides information regarding the Company’s intangible assets: Intangible assets with finite lives Developed technologies Trademarks Customer relationships Total intangible assets(1) September 30, 2020 September 30, 2019 Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Net Intangible Assets Gross Carrying Value (In millions) Accumulated Amortization Net Intangible Assets $ $ 60 11 56 127 $ $ (8) $ (1) (15) (24) $ 52 10 41 103 $ $ 50 8 57 115 $ $ (5) $ — (14) (19) $ 45 8 43 96 (1) Total intangible assets as of September 30, 2020 includes $15 million of intangible assets from the acquisition of SUSN as described in Note C. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives, which range between ten and twenty-five years, with a weighted average amortization period of 18 years. Amortization expense for fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $7 million, $6 million and $7 million, respectively, and is included in Cost of sales, Selling and administrative expenses, and Research and technical expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Total amortization expense is estimated to be approximately $7 million each year for the next five fiscal years. Note I. Accounts Payable, Accrued Liabilities and Other Liabilities Accounts payable and accrued liabilities included in current liabilities consist of the following: Accounts payable Accrued employee compensation Accrued legal expenses(1) Other accrued liabilities Total September 30 2020 2019 (In millions) 316 $ 46 38 88 488 $ 390 51 6 90 537 $ $ (1) Accrued legal expenses as of September 30, 2020 includes the $32.6 million accrued liability payable under the settlement agreement discussed in Note U, which was paid in the first quarter of fiscal 2021. Other long-term liabilities consist of the following: Employee benefit plan liabilities Operating lease liabilities Non-current tax liabilities Other accrued liabilities Total September 30 2020 2019 (In millions) 92 $ 89 9 96 286 $ 91 — 12 103 206 $ $ 59 Note J. Debt and Other Obligations Long-term Obligations The Company’s long-term obligations, the fiscal year in which they mature and their respective interest rates are summarized below: Variable Rate Debt: Revolving Credit Facility, expires fiscal 2023 Revolving Credit Facility - Canada, expires fiscal 2021 Revolving Credit Facility - Euro, expires fiscal 2024 Total variable rate debt Fixed Rate Debt: 3.7% Notes due fiscal 2022 3.4% Notes due fiscal 2026 4.0% Notes due fiscal 2029 Medium Term Notes: Notes due fiscal 2022, 8.34% — 8.47%— Notes due fiscal 2028, 6.57% — 7.28%— Total Medium Term Notes Chinese Renminbi Debt, due fiscal 2020, 4.35% Chinese Renminbi Debt, due fiscal 2021, 4.35% Total fixed rate debt Finance lease obligations (Note T) Unamortized debt issuance costs and debt discount Total debt Less current portion of long-term debt Total long-term debt September 30 2020 2019 (In millions) $ $ — $ — 148 148 350 250 300 15 8 23 — 4 927 31 (5) 1,101 (7) 1,094 $ — 43 56 99 350 250 300 15 8 23 4 — 927 12 (7) 1,031 (7) 1,024 Revolving Credit Facility, expiring fiscal 2023— In October 2015, the Company entered into a revolving credit agreement with a loan commitment not to exceed $1 billion. The amount available for borrowing under the revolving credit agreement was $986 million as of September 30, 2020, and the weighted average interest rate on the outstanding balance during the year was 1.24%. The revolving credit agreement, which matures on October 23, 2022, supports the Company’s commercial paper program. Borrowings may be used for working capital, letters of credit and other general corporate purposes. The revolving credit agreement contains affirmative and negative covenants, a single financial covenant (consolidated total debt to consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”), as defined in the credit agreement) and events of default customary for financings of this type. Revolving Credit Facility-Canada expiring fiscal 2021—In September 2018, a Canadian subsidiary entered into a revolving credit agreement with a loan commitment not to exceed 100 million U.S. dollars. The amount available for borrowing under this revolving credit agreement was $100 million as of September 30, 2020, and the weighted average interest rate on the outstanding balance during the year was 0.68%. The revolving credit agreement, which matures on September 24, 2021, subject to the right to request a one-year extension, may be used for working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes. The revolving credit agreement is guaranteed by Cabot Corporation. Revolving Credit Facility-Euro, expiring fiscal 2024—In May 2019, several subsidiaries entered into a revolving credit agreement with a loan commitment not to exceed 300 million Euros. The amount available for borrowing under this revolving credit agreement was $204 million as of September 30, 2020, and the weighted average interest rate on the outstanding balance during the year was 1.90%. The revolving credit agreement, which matures on the earlier of (i) May 22, 2024 and (ii) the date of maturity, termination or expiration of the corporate revolving credit facility, may be used for repatriation of earnings of Cabot’s foreign subsidiaries to the U.S., the repayment of indebtedness of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries owing to the Company or any of its subsidiaries, and for working capital and general corporate purposes. The obligations of the subsidiaries under the revolving credit agreement are guaranteed by the Company. The Company paid debt issuance costs of $1 million upon entering the agreement, which are being amortized over the life of the revolver. 60 Debt Covenants - As of September 30, 2020, the Company was in compliance with its debt covenants under the Credit Agreements, which, with limited exceptions, generally require the Company to comply on a quarterly basis with a leverage test requiring a ratio consolidated total debt to consolidated EBITDA for the four quarters then ending not to exceed 3.50 to 1.00. The Company amended the Credit Agreements as of June 8, 2020 to, among other things: (a) set the consolidated total debt to consolidated EBITDA ratio at 4.50 to 1.00 for the fiscal quarters ending September 30, 2020 through June 30, 2021, and (b) reduce the lien basket for other permitted liens securing Indebtedness (as defined in the Credit Agreements) in an aggregate amount at any time outstanding from 10% to 5% of Consolidated Tangible Net Worth (as defined in the Credit Agreements), at any time through and including June 30, 2021. Chinese Renminbi Debt—The Company’s consolidated Chinese subsidiaries had $4 million of unsecured long-term debt outstanding with a noncontrolling shareholder of a consolidated subsidiary as of both September 30, 2020 and 2019. 3.7% Notes due fiscal 2022—In July 2012, Cabot issued $350 million in registered notes with a coupon of 3.7% that mature on July 15, 2022. These notes are unsecured and pay interest on January 15 and July 15. The net proceeds of this offering were $347 million after deducting discounts and issuance costs. The discount of less than $1 million was recorded at issuance and is being amortized over the life of the notes. 3.4% Notes due fiscal 2026—In September 2016, Cabot issued $250 million in registered notes with a coupon of 3.4% that mature on September 15, 2026. These notes are unsecured and pay interest on March 15 and September 15. The net proceeds of this offering were $248 million after deducting discounts and issuance costs. The discount of less than $1 million was recorded at issuance and is being amortized over the life of the notes. 4.0% Notes due fiscal 2029—In June 2019, Cabot issued $300 million in registered, unsecured, notes with a coupon of 4.0% that mature on July 1, 2029. Interest is payable under the notes semi-annually on January 1 and July 1 commencing in January 2020. The net proceeds of this offering were $296 million after deducting discounts and issuance costs of $1 million and $3 million, respectively, which were paid at issuance and are being amortized over the life of the notes. Medium Term Notes—At both September 30, 2020 and 2019, there were $23 million, of unsecured medium term notes outstanding issued to numerous lenders with various fixed interest rates and maturity dates. The weighted average maturity of the total outstanding medium term notes is 4 years with a weighted average interest rate of 7.96%. Finance Lease obligations—See Note T for a discussion of the Company’s leases. Future Years Payment Schedule The aggregate principal amounts of long-term debt, excluding finance lease liabilities presented separately in Note T, due in each of the five years from fiscal 2021 through 2025 and thereafter are as follows: Years Ending September 30 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Total Principal Payments on Long-Term Debt (In millions) $ $ 4 365 — 148 — 558 1,075 Standby letters of credit—At September 30, 2020, the Company had provided standby letters of credit that were outstanding and not drawn totaling $6 million, which expire through fiscal 2022. Short-term Borrowings Commercial Paper—The Company has a commercial paper program and the maximum aggregate balance of commercial paper notes outstanding and the amounts borrowed under the revolving credit facility may not exceed the borrowing capacity of $1 billion under the revolving credit facility. The proceeds from the issuance of the commercial paper have been used for general corporate purposes, which may include working capital, refinancing existing indebtedness, capital expenditures, share repurchases, and acquisitions. The revolving credit facility is available to repay the outstanding commercial paper, if necessary. There was an outstanding balance of commercial paper of $14 million as of September 30, 2020 with a weighted average interest rate of 0.28% and an outstanding balance of $33 million as of September 30, 2019 with a weighted average interest rate of 2.27%. 61 Redeemable Preferred Stock In November 2013, the Company purchased all of its joint venture partner’s common stock in the former NHUMO, S.A. de C.V. (“NHUMO”) joint venture. At the close of the transaction, NHUMO issued redeemable preferred stock to the joint venture partner with a repurchase value of $25 million and a fixed dividend rate of 6% per annum. In November 2018, the Company repurchased the preferred stock for $25 million and paid a final dividend payment of $1.4 million. Note K. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements The FASB authoritative guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value, provides a framework for measuring fair value, and requires certain disclosures about fair value measurements. The required disclosures focus on the inputs used to measure fair value. The guidance establishes the following hierarchy for categorizing these inputs: Level 1 — Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities Level 2 — Significant other observable inputs (e.g., quoted prices for similar items in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar items in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable such as interest rate and yield curves, and market-corroborated inputs) Level 3 — Significant unobservable inputs There were no transfers of financial assets or liabilities measured at fair value between Level 1 and Level 2, and there were no Level 3 investments during fiscal 2020 or 2019. At both September 30, 2020 and 2019, Cabot had derivatives relating to foreign currency risks carried at fair value. At September 30, 2020, the fair value of these derivatives was a net liability of $1 million and was included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. At September 30, 2019, the fair value of these derivatives was a net asset of $1 million and was included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These derivatives are classified as Level 2 instruments within the fair value hierarchy as the fair value determination was based on observable inputs. At September 30, 2020 and 2019, the fair value of Guaranteed investment contracts, included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was $11 million and $10 million, respectively. Guaranteed investment contracts were classified as Level 2 instruments within the fair value hierarchy as the fair value determination was based on other observable inputs. At both September 30, 2020 and 2019, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and short term borrowings and variable rate debt approximated their carrying values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value and fair value of the long-term fixed rate debt were $1.08 billion and $1.18 billion, respectively, as of September 30, 2020 and $1.03 billion and $1.10 billion, respectively, as of September 30, 2019. The fair values of Cabot’s fixed rate long-term debt are estimated based on comparable quoted market prices at the respective period ends. The carrying amounts of Cabot’s floating rate long-term debt and finance lease obligations approximate their fair values. All such measurements are based on observable inputs and are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. The valuation technique used is the discounted cash flow model. Note L. Derivatives Risk Management Cabot’s business operations are exposed to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices because Cabot finances certain operations through long and short-term borrowings, denominates transactions in a variety of foreign currencies and purchases certain commoditized raw materials. Changes in these rates and prices may have an impact on future cash flows and earnings. The Company manages these risks through normal operating and financing activities and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments. The Company has policies governing the use of derivative instruments and does not enter into financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. By using derivative instruments, Cabot is subject to credit and market risk. If a counterparty fails to fulfill its performance obligations under a derivative contract, Cabot’s credit risk will equal the fair value of the derivative. Generally, when the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes Cabot, thus creating a payment risk for Cabot. The Company minimizes counterparty credit (or repayment) risk by entering into transactions with major financial institutions of investment grade credit rating. Cabot’s exposure to market risk is not hedged in a manner that completely eliminates the effects of changing market conditions on earnings or cash flow. No significant concentration of credit risk existed at September 30, 2020 and 2019. 62 Interest Rate Risk Management Cabot’s objective is to maintain a certain fixed-to-variable interest rate mix on the Company’s debt obligations. Cabot may enter into interest rate swaps as a hedge of the underlying debt instruments to effectively change the characteristics of the interest rate without changing the debt instrument. As of both September 30, 2020 and 2019, there were no derivatives held to manage interest rate risk. Foreign Currency Risk Management Cabot’s international operations are subject to certain risks, including currency exchange rate fluctuations and government actions. Cabot endeavors to match the currency in which debt is issued to the currency of the Company’s major, stable cash receipts. In some situations, Cabot has issued debt denominated in U.S. dollars and then entered into cross-currency swaps that exchange the dollar principal and interest payments into Euro denominated principal and interest payments. Additionally, the Company has foreign currency exposure arising from its net investments in foreign operations. Cabot may enter into cross-currency swaps to mitigate the impact of currency rate changes on the Company’s net investments. The Company also has foreign currency exposure arising from the denomination of monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currencies other than the functional currency of a given subsidiary as well as the risk that currency fluctuations could affect the dollar value of future cash flows generated in foreign currencies. Accordingly, Cabot uses short-term forward contracts to minimize the exposure to foreign currency risk. In certain situations where the Company has forecasted purchases under a long-term commitment or forecasted sales denominated in a foreign currency, Cabot may enter into appropriate financial instruments in accordance with the Company’s risk management policy to hedge future cash flow exposures. The following table provides details of the derivatives held as of September 30, 2020 and 2019 to manage foreign currency risk. Description Borrowing Cross Currency Swaps 3.4% Notes Forward Foreign Currency Contracts(1) N/A Notional Amount September 30, 2020 USD 250 million swapped to EUR 223 million USD 54 million September 30, 2019 USD 250 million swapped to EUR 223 million USD 54 million Hedge Designation Net investment No designation (1) As of September 30, 2020, Cabot’s forward foreign exchange contracts were denominated in Canadian dollar, Indonesian rupiah and Czech koruna. As of September 30, 2019, Cabot’s forward foreign exchange contracts were denominated in British pound, Canadian dollar, Indonesian rupiah and Czech koruna. Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company determines the fair value of financial instruments using quoted market prices whenever available. When quoted market prices are not available for various types of financial instruments (such as forwards, options and swaps), the Company uses standard models with market-based inputs, which take into account the present value of estimated future cash flows and the ability of Cabot or the financial counterparty to perform. For interest rate and cross-currency swaps, the significant inputs to these models are interest rate curves for discounting future cash flows and are adjusted for credit risk. For forward foreign currency contracts, the significant inputs are interest rate curves for discounting future cash flows, and exchange rate curves of the foreign currency for translating future cash flows. Fair Value Hedge For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in current period earnings. Cash Flow Hedge For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in AOCI and reclassified to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Gains and losses on the derivative representing either hedge ineffectiveness or hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in current period earnings. 63 Net Investment Hedge For net investment hedges, changes in the fair value of the effective portion of the derivatives’ gains or losses are reported as foreign currency translation gains or losses in AOCI while changes in the ineffective portion are reported in earnings. Effectiveness is assessed based on the hypothetical derivative method. The gains or losses on derivative instruments reported in AOCI are reclassified to earnings in the period in which earnings are affected by the underlying item, such as a disposal or substantial liquidations of the entities being hedged. The Company has cross-currency swaps with a notional amount of $250 million, which are designated as hedges of its net investments in certain Euro denominated subsidiaries. Cash settlements occur semi-annually on March 15th and September 15th for fixed rate interest payments and a cash exchange of the notional currency amount will occur at the end of the term in 2026. During both fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2019, the Company received net cash interest of $4 million. As of September 30, 2020, the fair value of these swaps was a net liability of $1 million and was included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other liabilities, and the cumulative gain of $2 million was included in AOCI on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of September 30, 2019, the fair value of these swaps was a net asset of $1 million and was included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets, and the cumulative gain of $5 million was included in AOCI on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table summarizes the impact of the cross-currency swaps to AOCI and the Consolidated Statements of Operations: 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018 Years Ended September 30 Description Gain/(Loss) Recognized in AOCI Cross-currency swaps $ 1 $ 23 $ (2) Other Derivative Instruments (Gain)/Loss Reclassified from AOCI into Interest Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations (In millions) (5) $ (5) $ $ (5) 2020 2018 2019 (Gain)/Loss Recognized in Interest Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations (Amount Excluded from Effectiveness Testing) $ 2 $ 1 $ 2 From time to time, the Company may enter into certain derivative instruments that may not be designated as hedges for accounting purposes, which may include cross-currency swaps, foreign currency forward contracts and commodity derivatives. For cross-currency swaps and foreign currency forward contracts not designated as hedges, the Company uses standard models with market-based inputs. The significant inputs to these models are interest rate curves for discounting future cash flows, and exchange rate curves of the foreign currency for translating future cash flows. In determining the fair value of the commodity derivatives, the significant inputs to valuation models are quoted market prices of similar instruments in active markets. Although these derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting, Cabot believes that such instruments are closely correlated with the underlying exposure, thus managing the associated risk. The gains or losses from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are not accounted for as hedges are recognized in current period earnings. At both September 30, 2020 and 2019, the fair value of derivative instruments not designated as hedges were a nominal amount. At both September 30, 2020 and 2019, these instruments were presented in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Note M. Hyperinflationary Economies Argentina Cabot owns 100% of a carbon black operating entity in Argentina. Beginning on July 1, 2018, the operating entity was considered to be functioning in a highly inflationary economy and began using Cabot’s reporting currency, the U.S. dollar, as its functional currency. There was no financial statement impact at the date of conversion due to the change in functional currency. Since the conversion, all impacts of foreign exchange changes between the reporting currency and Argentine peso are reflected in earnings in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s income from operations was not significantly impacted from this change since the operating entity’s sales and a portion of its raw material purchases were already denominated in U.S. dollars. The operating entity’s net revenue represented 2%, 3%, and 2% of Cabot’s total net revenue for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018 respectively. The operating entity’s assets and liabilities held in local currency, which consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, inventories, property, plant and equipment and accounts payable and accrued liabilities, made up less than 2% of Cabot’s total assets and total liabilities at both September 30, 2020, and 2019. Changes in the Argentine peso exchange rate result in foreign currency exchange gains or losses on the operating entity’s peso-denominated monetary assets and liabilities. For fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, the Company recorded a net loss of $2 million, net gain of $2 million, and net gain of $3 million, respectively, within Other 64 (income) expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, which reflects the remeasurement of the operating entity’s monetary assets and liabilities denominated in Argentine pesos using an exchange rate of 76.12, 57.32, and 39.70 Argentine pesos to the U.S. dollar at September 30, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Venezuela Cabot owns 49% of a carbon black operating entity in Venezuela, which is accounted for as an equity affiliate, through wholly- owned subsidiaries that carry the investment and receive its dividends. While the operating entity had historically been profitable, it has not been operational in recent periods due to a lack of available raw materials. As such, in fiscal 2019, the Company performed an impairment analysis and determined that the decrease in fair value of the Venezuelan equity investment is other-than-temporary and that the investment is fully impaired. The Company recorded an impairment charge of $11 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2019, which is included in Other income (expense) within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, the Venezuela entity was temporarily operational due to availability of raw materials. Note N. Employee Benefit Plans The information below provides detail concerning the Company’s benefit obligations under the defined benefit and postretirement benefit plans it sponsors. Defined benefit plans provide pre-determined benefits to employees that are distributed upon retirement. Cabot is making all sponsor required contributions to these plans. The accumulated benefit obligation was $99 million for the U.S. defined benefit plans and $215 million for the foreign plans as of September 30, 2020 and $157 million for the U.S. defined benefit plans and $205 million for the foreign plans as of September 30, 2019. The following provides information about projected benefit obligations, plan assets, the funded status and weighted-average assumptions of the defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans: Change in Benefit Obligations: Benefit obligation at beginning of year Service cost Interest cost Plan participants’ contribution Foreign currency exchange rate changes Loss from changes in actuarial assumptions and plan experience Benefits paid Settlements or curtailments Divestiture of Specialty Fluids Other Benefit obligation at end of year Years Ended September 30 2020 2019 U.S. Pension Benefits U.S. Foreign 2020 2019 Postretirement Benefits Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign (In millions) $ $ 157 1 4 — — 2 (7) (57) — (1) 99 $ $ 220 5 3 1 7 5 (8) (2) — — 231 $ $ 143 1 5 — — 21 (11) (1) — (1) 157 $ $ 373 7 5 1 (13) — (7) (134) (13) 1 220 $ $ 28 — 1 — — 1 (3) — — — 27 $ $ 20 — — — — — — — — — 20 $ $ 29 — 1 — — 1 (3) — — — 28 $ $ 19 — 1 — (1) 2 (1) — — — 20 65 Years Ended September 30 2020 2019 2020 2019 U.S. Pension Benefits U.S. Foreign Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign Postretirement Benefits (In millions) 151 9 1 — — (7) (57) — (1) $ $ 195 7 6 1 5 (8) (2) — — $ 149 14 1 — — (11) (1) — (1) 323 17 7 1 (11) (7) (124) (10) (1) 96 $ 204 $ 151 $ 195 (3) $ (3) $ (27) $ (27) $ (6) $ (6) $ $ — $ — $ — $ — — — — 3 — — 3 — — (3) — — — — — — — — — (3) — — — $ — $ — $ — $ (28) $ (28) $ (27) $ (27) $ (20) $ (20) $ (25) $ (25) $ — — 1 — — (1) — — — — (20) (20) Change in Plan Assets: Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year Actual return on plan assets Employer contribution Plan participants’ contribution Foreign currency exchange rate changes Benefits paid Settlements Divestiture Expenses paid from assets Fair value of plan assets at end of year Funded status Recognized asset (liability) Pension Assumptions and Strategy $ $ $ $ The following assumptions were used to determine the pension benefit obligations and periodic benefit costs as of and for the years ended September 30: Actuarial assumptions as of the year-end measurement date: Discount rate Rate of increase in compensation Cash balance interest credit rate Actuarial assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost during the year: Discount rate - benefit obligation Discount rate - service cost Discount rate - interest cost Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets Rate of increase in compensation Cash balance interest credit rate 2020 2019 Pension Benefits 2018 U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign 3.1% N/A 0.9% 2.6% N/A 2.6% 2.5% N/A 0.9% 1.7% 3.0% 1.7% 1.8% 1.8% 1.6% 5.2% 3.0% 1.9% 2.6% N/A 0.9% 4.2% N/A 3.9% 6.3% N/A 3.3% 1.8% 3.0% 1.9% 2.4% 2.5% 2.1% 4.9% 2.7% 2.0% 4.2% N/A 3.3% 3.6% N/A 3.0% 6.8% N/A 3.3% 2.4% 2.7% 2.0% 2.4% 2.4% 2.0% 4.9% 2.7% 2.0% 66 Postretirement Assumptions and Strategy The following assumptions were used to determine the postretirement benefit obligations and net costs as of and for the years ended September 30: Actuarial assumptions as of the year-end measurement date: Discount rate Initial health care cost trend rate Actuarial assumptions used to determine net cost during the year: Discount rate - benefit obligation Discount rate - service cost Discount rate - interest cost Initial health care cost trend rate 2020 U.S. Foreign 2019 Postretirement Benefits Foreign U.S. 2018 U.S. Foreign 2.1% 6.0% 2.9% 2.6% 2.5% 6.5% 2.4% 6.9% 2.4% 2.9% 2.3% 6.9% 2.9% 6.5% 4.1% 4.0% 3.7% 7.0% 2.4% 6.9% 3.2% 3.5% 3.1% 7.0% 4.1% 7.0% 3.4% 3.1% 2.8% 7.0% 3.2% 7.0% 3.1% 3.6% 3.0% 7.1% Cabot uses discount rates as of September 30, the plans’ measurement date, to determine future benefit obligations under its U.S. and foreign defined benefit plans. The discount rates for the defined benefit plans in Canada, the Eurozone, Japan, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the U.S. are derived from yield curves that reflect high quality corporate bond yield or swap rate information in each region and reflect the characteristics of Cabot’s employee benefit plans. The discount rates for the defined benefit plans in Mexico, the Czech Republic and Indonesia are based on government bond indices that best reflect the durations of the plans, adjusted for credit spreads presented in selected AA corporate bond indices. The rates utilized are selected because they represent long-term, high quality, fixed income benchmarks that approximate the long-term nature of Cabot’s pension obligations and related payouts. Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2020 and 2019 related to the Company's defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans were as follows: 2020 2019 U.S. Pension Benefits U.S. Foreign 2020 2019 Postretirement Benefits Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign September 30 Other assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Other liabilities $ — $ $ — $ (3) $ $ 21 (2) $ (46) $ $ — $ (3) $ (3) $ (In millions) 19 (1) $ (43) $ $ — $ — $ — $ — (3) $ — (1) $ (20) (25) $ (19) $ (3) $ (24) $ Amounts recognized in AOCI at September 30, 2020 and 2019 related to the Company's defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans were as follows: Net actuarial (gain) loss Net prior service credit Balance in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), pretax $ $ 2020 2019 2020 2019 U.S. Pension Benefits U.S. Foreign Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign Postretirement Benefits September 30 $ 6 — $ 40 — $ 13 — (In millions) 36 — $ (4) $ — $ 4 — (6) $ — 6 $ 40 $ 13 $ 36 $ (4) $ 4 $ (6) $ 6 — 6 67 Estimated Future Benefit Payments The Company expects that the following benefit payments will be made to plan participants in the years from 2021 to 2030: Years Ending September 30 U.S. Foreign Pension Benefits Postretirement Benefits Foreign U.S. 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 - 2030 $ $ $ $ $ $ 96 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1 $ (In millions) 12 $ 10 $ 10 $ 12 $ 11 $ 57 $ 3 $ 3 $ 3 $ 2 $ 2 $ 9 $ 1 1 1 1 1 4 (1) The $96 million payment for U.S. pension benefits in fiscal 2021 is in connection with the termination of the U.S. pension plan. Postretirement medical benefits are unfunded and impact Cabot’s cash flows as benefits become due, which is expected to be $4 million in fiscal 2021. The Company expects to contribute $5 million to its pension plans in fiscal 2021. Net periodic defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit costs include the following components: 2020 U.S. Foreign 2019 Pension Benefits Foreign U.S. Years Ended September 30 2020 2018 2019 Postretirement Benefits 2018 U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign (In millions) Service cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of prior service cost Net losses Settlements or Curtailments cost Net periodic (benefit) cost $ $ $ 1 4 $ 5 3 $ 1 5 $ 7 5 $ 1 5 9 7 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — 1 — 1 1 1 1 (3) (9) (9) (10) (10) (15) — — 3 5 $ — 3 1 3 — — 2 2 — — — (3) $ (7) (1) $ — (4) $ $ — 3 — 4 — — (1) — $ — $ — — 1 — 1 — (2) (1) — (2) $ $ — — — — 1 — (3) (1) — (3) $ $ — — — — 1 Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows: 2020 U.S. Foreign 2019 Pension Benefits Foreign U.S. Years Ended September 30 2020 2018 2019 Postretirement Benefits 2018 U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign $ (4) $ — — — — (3) — $ 8 — — (3) — (1) — 14 — — — — — — (In millions) $ (16) $ 3 (4) $ — $ — — (2) (2) (2) 7 — — — — — — — (3) — — — 1 — — 1 — — — $ (1) $ — $ — — — (1) — — — 2 1 — — — 2 — — — — — — $ (2) $ — (1) — 3 1 — — — — — — — — $ (7) $ 4 $ 14 $ (12) $ (4) $ (3) $ 2 $ (2) $ 3 $ 2 $ 2 $ (1) Net (gains) losses Prior service (credit) cost Amortization of prior service credit Amortization of prior unrecognized loss Loss on divestiture (Loss) gain on settlements Other Net changes recognized in Total other comprehensive (income) loss (1) (1) The tax impact on pension and other postretirement benefit liability adjustments arising during the period was a tax provision of less than $1 million, a tax benefit of $5 million, and a tax provision of $1 million for fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. 68 In fiscal 2019, the Company adjusted the assumptions in its U.K. plan to calculate accrued benefits for a portion of the plan’s participants. As a result of this change, a prior service cost of $2 million was recorded in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Settlements of Employee Benefit Plans In fiscal 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a resolution to terminate the U.S. pension plan. The Company commenced the U.S. plan termination process during the third quarter of 2019 and completed the transfer of the U.S. plan’s assets in the first quarter of fiscal 2021. The pension liability was settled through a combination of lump-sum payments and purchased annuities, neither of which required an additional cash contribution. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, the Company recognized a settlement loss of $3 million related to lump-sum payments made to participants who elected this option, which was recorded in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In the first quarter of 2021, the company will recognize a n additional $6 million settlement loss se) related to the final asset transfers through purchased annuities. in Other income (expen In fiscal 2019, the Company transferred the majority of the defined benefit obligations and pension plan assets in one of its foreign defined benefit plans to a multi-employer plan. This action moved the administrative, asset custodial, asset investment, actuarial, communication and benefit payment obligations to the multi-employer fund administrator. As a result of the transfer, a pre-tax gain of $7 million was recorded in fiscal 2019, which is included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In addition, as part of the transfer, the Company recorded a $3 million charge in fiscal 2019 reflecting the Company’s agreement to fund the actuarial loss gap between the terminated plan and the multi-employer plan. This charge is included Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In fiscal 2020 and 2019, Cabot’s pension benefit obligations decreased by $47 million and $139 million, respectively, which was driven in fiscal 2020 by the U.S. pension plan termination and in fiscal 2019 by the transfer of the foreign defined benefit plan to a multi-employer plan discussed above. Plan Assets The Company’s defined benefit pension plans weighted-average asset allocations at September 30, 2020 and 2019 by asset category, are as follows: Equity securities Debt securities Real estate Cash and other securities Total 2020 September 30 Pension Assets 2019 U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign —% 95% —% 5% 100% 39% 50% 6% 5% 100% —% 68% —% 32% 100% 39% 50% 6% 5% 100% To develop the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption, the Company used a capital asset pricing model. The model considers the current level of expected returns on risk-free investments comprised of government bonds, the historical level of the risk premium associated with the other asset classes in which the portfolio is invested, and the expectations for future returns for each asset class. The expected return for each asset class was then weighted based on the target asset allocation to develop the expected long-term rate of return for each plan. Cabot’s investment strategy for each of its foreign defined benefit plans is generally based on a set of investment objectives and policies that cover time horizons and risk tolerance levels consistent with plan liabilities. Periodic studies are performed to determine the asset mix that will meet pension obligations at a reasonable cost to the Company. The assets of the defined benefit plans are comprised principally of investments in equity and high-quality fixed income securities, which are broadly diversified across the capitalization and style spectrum and are managed using both active and passive strategies. The weighted average target asset allocation for the foreign plans is 41% in equity, 49% in fixed income, 6% in real estate, and 4% in cash and other securities. The asset allocation of the U.S. Pension was targeted as a result of the plan settlement discussed in the Settlements of Employee Benefit Plans section above and the assets were fully transferred in the first quarter of fiscal 2021. For pension plan assets classified as Level 1 measurements (measured using quoted prices in active markets), total fair value is either the price of the most recent trade at the time of the market close or the official close price, as defined by the exchange on which the asset is most actively traded on the last trading day of the period, multiplied by the number of units held without consideration of transaction costs. 69 For pension plan assets classified as Level 2 measurements, where the security is frequently traded in less active markets, fair value is based on the closing price at the end of the period; where the security is less frequently traded, fair value is based on the price a dealer would pay for the security or similar securities, adjusted for any terms specific to that asset or liability. Market inputs are obtained from well-established and recognized vendors of market data and subjected to tolerance/quality checks. The fair value of the Company’s pension plan assets at September 30, 2020 and 2019 by asset category is as follows: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) 2020 Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) September 30 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) 2019 Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Total Total $ 4 $ — $ (In millions) 4 $ 2 $ — $ Cash Direct investments: U.S government bonds U.S. corporate bonds Non-U.S. equities Non-U.S. government bonds Non-U.S. corporate bonds Mortgage backed securities Other fixed income Total direct investments Investment funds: Equity funds(1) Fixed income funds(2) Real estate funds(3) Cash equivalent funds Total investment funds Alternative investments: Insurance contracts(4) Other alternative investments Total alternative investments 12 84 4 2 3 — 1 106 — — — 1 1 — — — — — 1 — 1 76 95 12 — 183 12 84 4 2 3 1 1 107 76 95 12 1 184 — — 3 2 3 — 1 9 — 104 — 48 152 — — — — — 1 — 1 74 90 12 — 176 — — — 111 $ 5 — 5 189 $ 5 — 5 300 $ — 1 1 164 $ 5 — 5 182 $ 2 — — 3 2 3 1 1 10 74 194 12 48 328 5 1 6 346 Total pension plan assets $ (1) (2) (3) (4) The equity funds asset class includes funds that invest in U.S. equities as well as equity securities issued by companies incorporated, listed or domiciled in countries in developed and/or emerging markets. These companies may be in the small-, mid- or large-cap categories. The fixed income funds asset class includes investments in high quality funds. High quality fixed income funds primarily invest in low risk U.S. and non-U.S. government securities, investment-grade corporate bonds, mortgages and asset-backed securities. A significant portion of the fixed income funds include investment in long-term bond funds. The real estate funds asset class includes funds that primarily invest in entities which are principally engaged in the ownership, acquisition, development, financing, sale and/or management of income-producing real estate properties, both commercial and residential. These funds typically seek long-term growth of capital and current income that is above average relative to public equity funds. Insurance contracts held by the Company’s non-U.S. plans are issued by well-known, highly rated insurance companies. Defined Contribution Plans In addition to benefits provided under the defined benefit and postretirement benefit plans, the Company provides benefits under defined contribution plans. Cabot recognized expenses related to these plans of $19 million in fiscal 2020, $20 million in fiscal 2019, and $19 million in fiscal 2018. 70 Note O. Stock-Based Compensation The Cabot Corporation 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”) was established by the Company to provide stock- based compensation to eligible employees. The 2017 Plan was approved by Cabot’s stockholders on March 9, 2017 and authorizes the issuance of up to 5,375,000 shares of common stock. It is the only equity incentive plan under which the Company may grant equity awards to employees. The terms of awards made under Cabot’s equity compensation plans are generally determined by the Compensation Committee of Cabot’s Board of Directors. The awards made in fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 consist of grants of stock options, time- based restricted stock units, and performance-based restricted stock units. The options were issued with an exercise price equal to 100% of the market price of Cabot’s common stock on the date of grant, generally vest over a three year period (30% on each of the first and second anniversaries of the date of grant and 40% on the third anniversary of the date of grant) and have a ten-year term. The restricted stock units generally vest three years from the date of the grant. The number of shares issuable, if any, when a performance-based restricted stock unit award vests will depend on the degree of achievement of the corporate performance metrics for each year within the three-year performance period of the award. Accordingly, future compensation costs associated with outstanding awards of performance-based restricted stock units may increase or decrease based on the probability of the Company achieving the performance metrics. Stock-based employee compensation expense was $9 million, $8 million and $16 million, after tax, for fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company recognized the full impact of its stock-based employee compensation expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 and did not capitalize any such costs on the Consolidated Balance Sheets because those that qualified for capitalization were not material. The following table presents stock-based compensation expenses included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations: Cost of sales Selling and administrative expenses Research and technical expenses Stock-based compensation expense Income tax benefit Net stock-based compensation expense 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ $ 1 7 1 9 — 9 $ $ 1 9 1 11 (3) 8 $ $ 2 19 1 22 (6) 16 As of September 30, 2020, Cabot had $10 million and $2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units and options, respectively, granted under the Company’s equity incentive plans. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately one year for restricted stock units and options. Equity Incentive Plan Activity The following table summarizes the total stock option and restricted stock unit activity in the equity incentive plans for fiscal 2020: Stock Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Restricted Stock Units Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (Shares in thousands) Restricted Stock Units(1) Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Total Options (4) Outstanding at September 30, 2019 Granted Performance-based adjustment(2) Exercised / Vested Cancelled / Forfeited Outstanding at September 30, 2020(3) Exercisable at September 30, 2020 1,022 $ 333 $ — $ (29) $ (53) $ $ 1,273 50.57 50.23 $ $ — $ $ $ $ 46.76 53.60 50.45 664 $ 49.59 12.13 10.68 — 6.07 7.07 11.74 $ 765 276 $ (102) $ (261) $ (74) $ $ 604 53.71 49.36 53.02 50.67 55.74 52.87 (1) The number granted represents the number of shares issuable upon vesting of time-based restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units, assuming the Company performs at the target performance level in each year of the three-year performance period. 71 (2) (3) (4) Represents the net incremental number of shares cancelled based on the Company’s actual financial performance metrics for fiscal 2020. Stock options outstanding include options vested and expected to vest in the future and have a weighted average remaining contractual life of 6.66 years. Unvested stock options were approximately 609,000 and 523,000 at September 30, 2020 and 2019 and their weighted average grant date fair values were $51.38 and $52.95, respectively. Stock Options As of September 30, 2020, the aggregate intrinsic value for all options outstanding and options exercisable was nil since the Company’s closing stock price of $36.03 at September 30, 2020 was below their weighted average exercise price. The intrinsic value of options exercised during fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 was nominal, $1 million and $11 million, respectively, and the Company received cash of $1 million, $2 million and $22 million, respectively, from these exercises. The Company recognized a tax expense of nil in fiscal 2020, a nominal amount in fiscal 2019, and a $1 million tax benefit in fiscal 2018 from the exercise of stock options, which is included in (Provision) benefit for income taxes within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of the options at the grant date. The weighted average grant date fair values of options granted during fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $10.68, $10.85, and $15.21 per option, respectively. The fair values on the grant date were calculated using the following weighted-average assumptions: Expected stock price volatility Risk free interest rate Expected life of options (years) Expected annual dividends per year Years Ended September 30 2019 2018 2020 28% 1.9% 6 1.40 $ 27% 3.1% 6 1.32 $ 28% 2.2% 6 1.26 $ The expected stock price volatility assumption was determined using the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock over the expected life of the option. The expected term reflects the anticipated time period between the measurement date and the exercise date or post-vesting cancellation date. Restricted Stock Units The value of restricted stock unit awards is the closing stock price at the date of the grant. The weighted average grant date fair values of restricted stock unit awards granted during fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $49.36, $49.44, and $62.18, respectively. The intrinsic value of restricted stock units (meaning the fair value of the units on the date of vesting) that vested during fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $13 million, $18 million and $12 million, respectively. Supplemental 401(k) Plan Cabot’s Deferred Compensation and Supplemental Retirement Plan (“SERP 401(k)”) provides benefits to highly compensated employees when the retirement plan limits established under the Internal Revenue Code prevent them from receiving all of the Company matching and retirement contributions that would otherwise be provided under the qualified 401(k) plan. The SERP 401(k) is non-qualified and unfunded. Contributions under the SERP 401(k) are treated as if invested in Cabot common stock. The majority of the distributions made under the SERP 401(k) are required to be paid with shares of Cabot common stock. The remaining distributions, which relate to certain grandfathered accounts, will be paid in cash based on the market price of Cabot common stock at the time of distribution. The aggregate value of the accounts that will be paid out in stock, which is equivalent to approximately 76,000 and 93,000 shares of Cabot common stock as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, is reflected at historic cost in stockholders’ equity, and the aggregate value of the accounts that will be paid in cash, which is nominal and $1 million as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, is reflected in other long-term liabilities and marked-to-market quarterly. Note P. Restructuring Cabot’s restructuring activities were recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows: Cost of sales Selling and administrative expenses Total 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ $ 6 13 19 $ $ 9 7 16 $ $ (31) 1 (30) 72 Details of all restructuring activities and the related reserves for fiscal 2018, 2019, and 2020 were as follows: Reserve at September 30, 2017 Charges (gain) Costs charged against assets Cash (paid) received Reserve at September 30, 2018 Charges (gain) Costs charged against liabilities Cash paid Reserve at September 30, 2019 Charges (gain) Costs charged against assets Cash (paid) received Reserve at September 30, 2020 Severance and Employee Benefits Environmental Remediation and Decommissioning Activities Non-Cash Asset Impairment and Accelerated Depreciation Asset Sales Other Total $ $ 1 $ 2 — (2) 1 11 — (9) 3 14 — (12) 5 $ 2 $ 3 — (1) 4 — — — 4 — — — 4 $ (In millions) — $ 1 (1) — — 2 (2) — — 1 (1) — — $ — $ (38) (1) 39 — — — — — — — — — $ — $ 2 — (2) — 3 — (3) — 4 — (4) — $ 3 (30) (2) 34 5 16 (2) (12) 7 19 (1) (16) 9 Cabot’s severance and employee benefit reserves and other closure related reserves are reflected in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cabot’s environmental remediation reserves related to restructuring activities are reflected in Other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. 2020 Reorganization During fiscal 2020, the Company initiated several actions that it believes will enable the Company to perform certain activities more cost-effectively. These actions primarily consist of the reorganization of Cabot’s leadership structure, the creation of a Global Business Services function and other operational efficiency initiatives. As part of the creation of the Global Business Services function, certain business service activities performed at Cabot’s North American business service center were consolidated into the Company’s European business service center. During fiscal 2020, the Company recorded charges of $17 million for these actions, primarily related to severance costs. The Company expects to record additional restructuring charges, primarily related to site demolition and clearing costs associated with the Company’s other operational efficiency initiatives, of approximately $1 million in fiscal 2021 and $3 million thereafter. Cabot paid $13 million related to these activities in fiscal 2020 and expects to pay $4 million in fiscal 2021 and $4 million thereafter. As of September 30, 2020, Cabot had $4 million of accrued severance charges in the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to these actions. 73 Purification Solutions Transformation Plan In fiscal 2018, the Company began implementation of a transformation plan to improve the long-term performance of the Purification Solutions segment. The purpose of the plan is to focus the business’s product portfolio, optimize its manufacturing assets, and streamline its organizational structure to support the new focus. As part of this plan, the Company idled the activation kilns at its manufacturing facility in Marshall, Texas in September 2020, which is discussed in Note D. The Company recorded charges of $2 million related to the transformation plan in fiscal 2020, primarily related to severance costs. Cabot recorded charges of $9 million in fiscal 2019, comprised of $8 million of severance costs and $1 million of professional fees and other charges. The Company expects to record charges related to site demolition and clearing costs of $1 million in fiscal 2021 and thereafter for this plan. Cabot paid $2 million and $8 million related to these activities in fiscal 2020 and 2019, respectively, and expects to pay $2 million in fiscal 2021 and thereafter. As of September 30, 2020, Cabot had $1 million of accrued severance charges in the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to these actions. Sale of Land Rights in Thane, India During fiscal 2018, Cabot entered into a binding memorandum of understanding to sell its land rights in Thane, India for $28 million. Based on the execution of the binding agreement and non-refundable receipt of cash for the full amount, the Company has recorded the pre-tax gain on sale of $28 million to Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in fiscal 2018. 2016 Plan As part the Company’s 2016 restructuring plan, the Company ceased operations at its carbon black manufacturing facility in Merak, Indonesia in January 2016 and completed the sale of the land on which the facility was located in fiscal 2018 for cash consideration totaling $13 million, resulting in a net pre-tax gain of $11 million recorded to Cost of sales in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Note Q. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Changes in each component of AOCI, net of tax, are as follows for fiscal 2019 and 2020: Currency Translation Adjustment Unrealized Gains on Investment Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Liability Adjustment Total (In millions) Balance at September 30, 2018 attributable to Cabot Corporation Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from AOCI Less: Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests Balance at September 30, 2019 attributable to Cabot Corporation Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from AOCI Adoption of accounting standards Less: Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests Balance at September 30, 2020 attributable to Cabot Corporation $ (266) $ (69) (9) 1 $ — — (6) (338) 42 (3) (3) 5 — 1 — — (1) — (52) $ 4 (6) — (54) 3 6 1 — (317) (65) (15) (6) (391) 45 3 (3) 5 $ (307) $ — $ (44) $ (351) 74 The amounts reclassified out of AOCI and into the Consolidated Statements of Operations for fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows: Derivatives: net investment hedges (Gains) losses reclassified to interest expense (Gains) losses excluded from effectiveness testing and amortized to interest expense Pension and other postretirement benefit liability adjustment Amortization of actuarial losses and prior service cost (credit) Settlement and curtailment loss (gain) Specialty Fluids divestiture Total before tax Tax impact Total after tax Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In Millions) 2018 Interest expense $ (5) $ (5) $ Interest expense Net Periodic Benefit Cost - see Note N for details Net Periodic Benefit Cost - see Note N for details Specialty Fluids loss on sale and asset impairment - see Note D for details Provision (benefit) for income taxes 2 3 4 — 4 1 1 (7) (3) (13) $ (1) 3 $ (2) (15) $ (5) 2 (1) — — (4) 1 (3) 75 Note R. Earnings Per Share The following tables summarize the components of the basic and diluted earnings per common share (“EPS”) computations: 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions, except per share amounts) 2018 Basic EPS: Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Less: Dividends and dividend equivalents to participating securities Less: Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities(1) Earnings (loss) allocated to common shareholders (numerator) $ (238) $ 157 $ (113) — — 1 1 1 — $ (238) $ 155 $ (114) Weighted average common shares and participating securities outstanding Less: Participating securities(1) Adjusted weighted average common shares (denominator) Per share amounts—basic: Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Diluted EPS: Earnings (loss) allocated to common shareholders Plus: Earnings allocated to participating securities Less: Adjusted earnings allocated to participating securities(2) Earnings (loss) available to common shares (numerator) Adjusted weighted average common shares outstanding Effect of dilutive securities: Common shares issuable(3) Adjusted weighted average common shares (denominator) 57.3 0.7 56.6 59.5 0.8 58.7 62.4 0.7 61.7 $ $ $ (4.21) $ 2.64 $ (1.85) (238) $ — — (238) $ 56.6 — 56.6 $ $ 155 2 2 155 58.7 0.1 58.8 (114) — — (114) 61.7 — 61.7 Per share amounts—diluted: Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation $ (4.21) $ 2.63 $ (1.85) 76 (1) Participating securities consist of shares underlying all outstanding and achieved performance-based restricted stock units and all unvested time-based restricted stock units. The holders of these units are entitled to receive dividend equivalents payable in cash to the extent dividends are paid on the Company’s outstanding common stock and equal in value to the dividends that would have been paid in respect of the shares underlying such units. Undistributed earnings are the earnings which remain after dividends declared during the period are assumed to be distributed to the common and participating shareholders. Undistributed earnings are allocated to common and participating shareholders on the same basis as dividend distributions. The calculation of undistributed earnings is as follows: Calculation of undistributed earnings: Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Less: Dividends declared on common stock Less: Dividends and dividend equivalents to participating securities Undistributed earnings (loss) Allocation of undistributed earnings: Undistributed earnings (loss) allocated to common shareholders Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities Undistributed earnings (loss) $ $ $ $ 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 (238) $ 80 — (318) $ 157 80 1 76 $ $ (113) 79 1 (193) (318) $ 75 $ (193) — (318) $ 1 76 $ — (193) (2) (3) Undistributed earnings (loss) are adjusted for the assumed distribution of dividends to the dilutive securities, which are described in (3) below, and then reallocated to participating securities. Represents incremental shares of common stock from the (i) assumed exercise of stock options issued under Cabot’s equity incentive plans; and (ii) assumed issuance of shares to employees pursuant to the Company’s Deferred Compensation and Supplemental Retirement Plan. For fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, 1,821,018, 942,060, and 229,220 incremental shares of common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the inclusion of these shares would have been antidilutive. Note S. Income Taxes Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net earnings of affiliated companies was as follows: Domestic Foreign Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies $ $ Tax provision (benefit) for income taxes consisted of the following: 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 (274) $ 241 (66) $ 321 (229) 346 (33) $ 255 $ 117 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 U.S. federal and state: Current Deferred Total Foreign: Current Deferred Total Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 77 $ (1) $ 139 138 62 (9) 53 191 $ $ 2 (30) (28) 95 3 98 70 $ 14 114 128 88 (23) 65 193 The provision (benefit) for income taxes differed from the provision for income taxes as calculated using the U.S. statutory rate as follows: 2020 $ Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) (7) $ 53 $ 2018 Computed tax expense at the federal statutory rate Foreign impact of taxation at different rates, repatriation, valuation allowance, and other Impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (GILTI) Impact of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act of 2020 Impact of increase (decrease) in valuation allowance on U.S. deferred taxes U.S. and state benefits from research and experimentation activities Provision (settlement) of unrecognized tax benefits Impact of goodwill impairment charge Permanent differences, net State taxes, net of federal effect Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 4 — (4) (10) 228 (2) (7) — — (11) 191 $ 17 — 10 — — (2) (8) — 1 (1) 70 $ 29 (8) 159 — — — (2) 1 18 (1) (3) 193 In July 2020, final U.S. tax regulations were issued regarding the Global Intangible Low Taxed Income High-Tax exception (“GILTI” ”HTE"), allowing taxpayers to exclude from GILTI income of a Controlled Foreign Corporation (“CFC”) that incurs a foreign tax rate more than 90% of the top U.S. corporate tax rate. A GILTI HTE election may be made on an annual basis, and taxpayers may choose to apply the election to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Cabot expects to make the GILTI HTE election for fiscal 2020 and 2019 and therefore recorded the impact of making the election for fiscal 2020 as well as a retrospective election for fiscal 2019 in full during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020. Significant components of deferred income taxes were as follows: Deferred tax assets: Deferred expenses Intangible assets Inventory Operating lease liability Other Pension and other benefits Net operating loss carryforwards Foreign tax credit carryforwards R&D credit carryforwards Other business credit carryforwards Subtotal Valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets September 30 2020 2019 (In millions) $ $ 19 $ 37 13 20 32 35 109 58 44 23 390 (317) 73 $ 15 28 9 — 3 41 124 20 43 29 312 (124) 188 78 Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment Right of use asset Unremitted earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries Total deferred tax liabilities September 30 2020 2019 (In millions) $ $ (40) $ (20) (18) (78) $ (61) - (5) (66) The Company assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit utilization of the existing deferred tax assets. When performing this assessment, the Company looks to the potential future reversal of existing taxable temporary differences, taxable income in carryback years and the feasibility of tax planning strategies and estimated future taxable income. Failure to achieve operating income targets resulting in a cumulative loss may change the Company’s assessment regarding the realization of Cabot’s deferred tax assets, resulting in valuation allowance being recorded against some or all of the Company’s deferred tax assets. The need for a valuation allowance can also be affected by changes to tax laws, changes to statutory tax rates and changes to future taxable income estimates. A valuation allowance represents management’s best estimate of the non-realizable portion of the deferred tax assets. Any adjustments in a valuation allowance would result in an adjustment to income tax expense. In determining the recoverability of its U.S. deferred tax assets, the Company considered its cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended September 30, 2020. Such objective negative evidence limits the Company’s ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as its projections for future growth. Given the weight of objectively verifiable historical losses from the Company's U.S. operations, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance on all of its U.S. deferred tax assets of $253 million comprised of $18 million of U.S. state net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”), $58 million of foreign tax credits, $44 million of U.S. R&D credits, $19 million of state tax credits and $114 million of other net deferred tax assets (primarily composed of deferred expenses) during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020. The Company expects to continue to record a valuation allowance against these assets until sufficient positive evidence exists to support its reversal. The valuation allowance increased by $193 million in fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019 primarily due to the recording of a valuation allowance charge against all of the Company’s U.S. net deferred tax assets of $228 million as of September 30, 2020, of which $132 million existed at the beginning of the year and $96 million was generated during fiscal 2020 resulting in a $253 million valuation allowance against all U.S. net deferred tax assets. The foreign valuation allowance decreased $32 million primarily due to the expiration of net operation losses against which a valuation allowance was recorded. The valuation allowance decreased by $45 million in fiscal 2019 primarily due to the release of valuation allowance from the expiration of net operating losses in certain jurisdictions and the divestiture of the Company’s Specialty Fluids business of $16 million. After the valuation allowance, approximately $32 million of foreign NOLs and less than $1 million of other tax credit carryforwards remained at September 30, 2020. The benefits of these carryforwards are dependent upon taxable income during the carryforward period in the jurisdictions in which they arose. The following table provides detail surrounding the expiration dates of NOLs and other tax credit carryforwards before valuation allowances: Years Ending September 30 NOLs Credits 2021 - 2027 2028 and thereafter Indefinite carryforwards Total $ $ (In millions) 168 $ 198 287 653 $ 50 73 2 125 As of September 30, 2020, provisions have not been made for non-U.S. withholding taxes or other applicable taxes on $1,631 million of undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries, as these earnings are considered indefinitely reinvested. It is not practicable to calculate the unrecognized deferred tax liability on undistributed earnings. Cabot continually reviews the financial position and forecasted cash flows of its U.S. consolidated group and foreign subsidiaries in order to reaffirm the Company’s intent and ability to continue to indefinitely reinvest earnings of its foreign subsidiaries or whether such earnings will need to be repatriated in the foreseeable future. Such review encompasses operational needs and future capital investments. From time to time, however, the Company’s intentions relative to specific indefinitely reinvested amounts change because of certain unique circumstances. These earnings could become subject to non-U.S. withholding taxes and other applicable taxes if they were remitted to the U.S. 79 Cabot has filed its tax returns in accordance with the tax laws in each jurisdiction and recognizes tax benefits for uncertain tax positions when the position would more likely than not be sustained based on its technical merits and recognizes measurement adjustments when needed. As of September 30, 2020, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $23 million, of which $14 million was recorded in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and $9 million of deferred tax assets, principally related to state NOLs, have not been recorded. In addition, accruals of $1 million and $3 million have been recorded for penalties and interest, respectively, as of September 30, 2020. Total penalties and interest recorded in the tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Operations was $1 million in fiscal 2020, and $2 million in both 2019 and 2018. If the unrecognized tax benefits were recognized at a given point in time, there would be $23 million favorable impact on the Company’s tax provision before consideration of the impact of the potential need for valuation allowances. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 is as follows: 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 Balance at beginning of the year $ 27 $ 37 $ Additions based on tax provisions related to the current year Additions for tax positions of prior years Reductions of tax provisions of prior years Reductions related to settlements Reductions from lapse of statute of limitations Balance at end of the year $ 2 2 (1) (5) (2) 23 $ — — (1) (5) (4) 27 $ 36 2 1 — — (2) 37 Cabot and certain subsidiaries are under audit in a number of jurisdictions. In addition, certain statutes of limitations are scheduled to expire in the near future. It is reasonably possible that a further change in the unrecognized tax benefits may occur within the next twelve months related to the settlement of one or more of these audits or the lapse of applicable statutes of limitations; however, an estimated range of the impact on the unrecognized tax benefits cannot be quantified at this time. Cabot files U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. The 2017 through 2019 tax years generally remain subject to examination by the IRS and various tax years from 2005 through 2019 remain subject to examination by the respective state tax authorities. In significant non-U.S. jurisdictions, various tax years from 2003 through 2019 remain subject to examination by their respective tax authorities. As of September 30, 2020, Cabot’s significant non- U.S. jurisdictions include Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Netherlands. Note T. Leases The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. The Company considers a contract to be or to contain a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant, or equipment (an identified asset) for a period of time in exchange for consideration. A lease liability is recorded at commencement for the net present value of future lease payments over the lease term. The discount rate used is generally the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate based on credit-adjusted and term-specific discount rates, using a third-party yield curve. An ROU asset is recorded and recognized at commencement at the lease liability amount, including initial direct costs incurred, and is reduced for lease incentives received. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. In the normal course of its business, the Company enters into various leases as the lessee, primarily related to certain transportation vehicles, warehouse facilities, office space, and machinery and equipment. These leases have remaining lease terms between one and nineteen years, some of which may include options to extend the leases for up to fifteen years or options to terminate the leases. The Company’s land leases have remaining lease terms up to seventy years. Some lease arrangements require variable payments that are dependent on usage, output, or index-based adjustments. The Company does not have material variable lease payments. The Company has elected not to recognize short-term leases on the balance sheet for all underlying asset classes. Short-term leases are leases that, at the commencement date, have a lease term of twelve months or less and do not include a purchase option that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. Short-term leases are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. 80 The components of the Company’s lease costs were as follows: Operating lease cost Finance lease cost Total lease cost Year Ended September 30 2020 (In millions) $ $ For fiscal 2020, short-term lease costs were $6 million, and variable lease costs were $1 million. Supplemental cash flow information related to the Company’s leases was as follows: Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases Operating cash flows from finance leases Financing cash flows from finance leases Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities Supplemental balance sheet information related to the Company’s leases was as follows: Year Ended September 30 2020 (In millions) $ $ $ 32 6 38 25 2 3 14 24 Description Balance Sheet Classification September 30, 2020 (In millions) Lease ROU assets: Operating Finance Total lease ROU assets Lease liabilities: Current: Operating Finance Long-term: Operating Finance Total lease liabilities Other assets Net property, plant and equipment Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Current portion of long-term debt Other liabilities Long-term debt $ $ $ $ 98 44 142 15 3 89 28 135 The following table presents the weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rates for the Company’s leases as of September 30, 2020: Description September 30, 2020 Weighted-average remaining lease term (years): Operating leases Finance leases Weighted-average discount rate: Operating leases Finance leases 17 12 2.19% 4.42% 81 Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating and finance leases as of September 30, 2020 were as follows: 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 and thereafter Total lease payments Less: imputed interest Total Years Ended September 30 Operating leases Finance leases $ $ $ (In millions) 17 12 11 10 9 67 126 22 104 $ The Company’s future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable leases as of September 30, 2019 were as follows: Years Ended September 30 Operating leases Capital leases 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 and thereafter Total lease payments Less: imputed interest Total Note U. Commitments and Contingencies Other Long-Term Commitments $ $ $ (In millions) 23 14 9 9 8 68 131 — 131 $ 5 4 4 4 4 19 40 9 31 3 3 3 3 2 7 21 9 12 Cabot has entered into long-term purchase agreements primarily for the purchase of raw materials. Under certain of these agreements, the quantity of material being purchased is fixed, but the price paid changes as market prices change. Raw materials purchased under these agreements by segment for fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows: Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Purification Solutions Total 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ $ 198 58 2 258 $ $ 393 65 8 466 $ $ 375 55 11 441 Included in the table above are raw materials purchases from noncontrolling shareholders of consolidated subsidiaries. These purchases were $81 million during fiscal 2020 and $156 million during both fiscal 2019 and fiscal 2018, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities owed to noncontrolling shareholders as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, were $12 million and $20 million, respectively. 82 For these purchase commitments, the amounts included in the table below are based on market prices as of September 30, 2020 which may differ from actual market prices at the time of purchase. Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Total 2021 2022 $ $ 115 54 169 $ $ 101 53 154 $ $ 2023 Payments Due by Fiscal Year 2024 (In millions) 86 $ 34 120 87 34 121 $ $ $ 2025 Thereafter Total 86 35 121 $ $ 911 332 1,243 $ $ $ 1,386 542 1,928 The Company has also entered into long-term purchase agreements primarily for services related to information technology, which are not included in the table above, that total $14 million as of September 30, 2020, the majority of which is expected to be paid within the next 5 years. Guarantee Agreements Cabot has provided certain indemnities pursuant to which it may be required to make payments to an indemnified party in connection with certain transactions and agreements. In connection with certain acquisitions and divestitures, Cabot has provided routine indemnities with respect to such matters as environmental, tax, insurance, product and employee liabilities. In connection with various other agreements, including service and supply agreements with customers, Cabot has provided indemnities for certain contingencies and routine warranties. Cabot is unable to estimate the maximum potential liability for these types of indemnities as a maximum obligation is not explicitly stated in most cases and the amounts, if any, are dependent upon the outcome of future contingent events, the nature and likelihood of which cannot be reasonably estimated. The duration of the indemnities vary, and in many cases are indefinite. Cabot has not recorded any liability for these indemnities in the consolidated financial statements, except as otherwise disclosed. Self-Insurance and Retention for Certain Contingencies The Company is partially self-insured for certain third-party liabilities globally, as well as workers’ compensation and employee medical benefits in the United States. The third-party and workers’ compensation liabilities are managed through a wholly-owned insurance captive and the related liabilities are included in the consolidated financial statements. The employee medical obligations are managed by a third-party provider and the related liabilities are included in the consolidated financial statements. To limit Cabot’s potential liabilities for these risks, however, the Company purchases insurance from third-parties that provides stop-loss protection. The self-insured liability in fiscal 2020 for third-party liabilities was $500,000 per accident for auto, $2 million per occurrence for all other, $1 million per accident for U.S. workers’ compensation, and the retention for medical costs in the United States is at most $250,000 per person per annum. Contingencies Cabot is a defendant, or potentially responsible party, in various lawsuits and environmental proceedings wherein substantial amounts are claimed or at issue. Environmental Matters As of September 30, 2020 and 2019, Cabot had $7 million and $13 million, respectively, reserved for environmental matters. These environmental matters mainly relate to former operations. The Company’s reserves for environmental matters represent Cabot’s best estimates of the probable costs to be incurred at those sites where costs are reasonably estimable based on the Company’s analysis of the extent of clean up required, alternative clean-up methods available, abilities of other responsible parties to contribute and its interpretation of laws and regulations applicable to each site. In fiscal 2020 and 2019, there was $3 million and $9 million, respectively, in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for environmental matters. In both fiscal 2020 and 2019, there was $4 million in Other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for environmental matters. Cabot reviews the adequacy of the reserves as circumstances change at individual sites and adjusts the reserves as appropriate. Almost all of Cabot’s environmental issues relate to sites that are mature and have been investigated and studied and, in many cases, are subject to agreed upon remediation plans. However, depending on the results of future testing, changes in risk assessment practices, remediation techniques and regulatory requirements, newly discovered conditions, and other factors, it is reasonably possible that the Company could incur additional costs in excess of environmental reserves currently recorded. Management estimates, based on the latest available information, that any such future environmental remediation costs that are reasonably possible to be in excess of amounts already recorded would be immaterial to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. 83 Charges for environmental expense were $1 million in both fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2019 and $6 million in fiscal 2018 and are included in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Cash payments related to these environmental matters were $7 million in fiscal 2020, $2 million in fiscal 2019 and $3 million in fiscal 2018. The Company anticipates that expenditures related to these environmental matters will be made over a number of years. The operation and maintenance component of the $7 million reserve for environmental matters was $4 million at September 30, 2020. In November 2013, Cabot entered into a Consent Decree with the EPA and the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (“LDEQ”) regarding Cabot’s three carbon black manufacturing facilities in the U.S. This settlement is related to EPA’s national enforcement initiative focused on the U.S. carbon black manufacturing sector alleging non-compliance with certain regulatory and permitting requirements under The Clean Air Act, including the New Source Review (“NSR”) construction permitting requirements. Pursuant to this settlement, Cabot is in the process of installing technology controls for the reduction of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions at certain of its carbon black plants. Respirator Liabilities Cabot has exposure in connection with a safety respiratory products business that a subsidiary acquired from American Optical Corporation (“AO”) in an April 1990 asset purchase transaction. The subsidiary manufactured respirators under the AO brand and disposed of that business in July 1995. In connection with its acquisition of the business, the subsidiary agreed, in certain circumstances, to assume a portion of AO’s liabilities, including costs of legal fees together with amounts paid in settlements and judgments, allocable to AO respiratory products used prior to the 1990 purchase by the Cabot subsidiary. In exchange for the subsidiary’s assumption of certain of AO’s respirator liabilities, AO agreed to provide to the subsidiary the benefits of: (i) AO’s insurance coverage for the period prior to the 1990 acquisition and (ii) a former owner’s indemnity of AO holding it harmless from any liability allocable to AO respiratory products used prior to May 1982. Generally, these respirator liabilities involve claims for personal injury, including asbestosis, silicosis and coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, allegedly resulting from the use of respirators that are alleged to have been negligently designed and/or labeled. At no time did this respiratory product line represent a significant portion of the respirator market. The subsidiary transferred the business to Aearo Corporation (“Aearo”) in July 1995. Cabot agreed to have the subsidiary retain certain liabilities associated with exposure to asbestos and silica while using respirators prior to the 1995 transaction so long as Aearo paid, and continues to pay, Cabot an annual fee of $400,000. Aearo can discontinue payment of the fee at any time, in which case it will assume the responsibility for and indemnify Cabot against those liabilities which Cabot’s subsidiary had agreed to retain. The Company anticipates that it will continue to receive payment of the $400,000 fee from Aearo and thereby retain these liabilities for the foreseeable future. Cabot has no liability in connection with any products manufactured by Aearo after 1995. In addition to Cabot’s subsidiary and as described above, other parties are responsible for significant portions of the costs of respirator liabilities, leaving Cabot’s subsidiary with a portion of the liability in only some of the pending cases. These parties include Aearo, AO, AO’s insurers, another former owner and its insurers and a third-party manufacturer of respirators formerly sold under the AO brand and its insurers (collectively, with the Company’s subsidiary, the “Payor Group”). Cabot has contributed to the Payor Group’s defense and settlement costs with respect to a percentage of pending claims depending on several factors, including the period of alleged product use. In order to quantify Cabot’s estimated share of liability for pending and future respirator liability claims, Cabot has engaged, through counsel, the assistance of Nathan Associates, Inc. (“Nathan”), a leading consulting firm in the field of tort liability valuation. The methodology used to estimate the liability addresses the complexities surrounding Cabot’s potential liability by making assumptions based on the Company’s experience with these claims about Cabot’s likely exposure related to claims pending for less than 10 years, the viability of pending claims, and the estimated number of future claimants with respect to periods of asbestos, silica and coal mine dust exposure and respirator use. Using those and other assumptions, the Company estimates the costs that would be incurred in defending and resolving both currently pending and future claims. During fiscal 2020, the Company updated this estimate with the assistance of Nathan. Based on the updated estimate, the Company updated its reserve as of September 30, 2020 for Cabot’s estimated share of the liability for pending and future respirator claims and recorded a charge of $3 million, which is included in Selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. This reserve reflects higher costs of defending and resolving these claims. Based on these estimates, as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company had $24 million and $35 million, respectively, reserved for its estimated share of liability for pending and future respirator claims, which is included in Other liabilities and Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company expects these liabilities to be incurred over a number of years. 84 In February 2020, Cabot, with certain members of the Payor Group, entered into a settlement agreement resolving a large group of claims, including claims alleging serious injury, brought by coal workers in Kentucky and West Virginia represented by common legal counsel. The Company’s share of this liability is $65.2 million, and during the second quarter of fiscal 2020, Cabot recorded a charge of $50 million for this settlement, which was included in Selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company paid $32.6 million of this settlement in the third quarter of fiscal 2020. The remaining $32.6 million is included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 and was paid by the Company in the first quarter of fiscal 2021. In fiscal 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded charges of $20 million and $10 million, respectively, related to the respirator liability which was included in Selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In addition to the settlement noted above, the Company made payments related to its respirator liability of $4 million in fiscal 2020, $10 million in fiscal 2019 and $3 million in fiscal 2018. The Company’s current estimate of the cost of its share of existing and future respirator liability claims is based on facts and circumstances existing at this time, including the number and nature of the remaining claims. Developments that could affect the Company’s estimate include, but are not limited to, (i) significant changes in the number of future claims, (ii) changes in the rate of dismissals without payment of pending claims, (iii) significant changes in the average cost of resolving claims, including potential settlements of groups of claims, (iv) significant changes in the legal costs of defending these claims, (v) changes in the nature of claims received or changes in our assessment of the viability of these claims, (vi) trial and appellate outcomes, (vii) changes in the law and procedure applicable to these claims, (viii) the financial viability of the parties that contribute to the payment of respirator claims, (ix) exhaustion or changes in the recoverability of the insurance coverage maintained by certain members of the Payor Group, or a change in the availability of the indemnity provided by a former owner of AO, (x) changes in the allocation of costs among the various parties paying legal and settlement costs, and (xi) a determination that the assumptions that were used to estimate Cabot’s share of liability are no longer reasonable. The Company cannot determine the impact of these potential developments on its current estimate of its share of liability for existing and future claims. Because reserves are limited to amounts that are probable and estimable as of a relevant measurement date, and there is inherent difficulty in projecting the impact of potential developments on Cabot’s share of liability for these existing and future claims, the actual amount of these liabilities for existing and future claims could be different than the reserved amount. Value-added Tax (“VAT”) Matter The Company has received assessments from a non-U.S. taxing authority for VAT related to certain sales made and services provided by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries from 2014 through 2019. The Company believes these transactions are exempt from VAT and has filed legal actions challenging the taxing authority’s application of VAT to them. Hearings on these matters are ongoing and it will likely be a number of years before they are resolved. The Company believes its interpretation of these VAT rules is appropriate, and that it will be successful in its challenge against the taxing authority’s assessments. Accordingly, the Company does not believe it is probable that it will incur a loss related to these matters. However, the interpretation and application of these VAT rules is an unsettled issue, and the resolution of tax and regulatory matters is unpredictable. If it is determined in these proceedings that VAT applies to some or all of these various transactions, the Company could incur a charge that ranges between nil and $30 million for these matters, with the amount impacted by any interest and penalties associated with these matters and the amount, if any, of VAT the Company might subsequently recover from its customers. Other Matters The Company has various other lawsuits, claims and contingent liabilities arising in the ordinary course of its business and with respect to its divested businesses. The Company does not believe that any of these matters will have a material adverse effect on its financial position; however, litigation is inherently unpredictable. Cabot could incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise its expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could have a material impact on its results of operations in the period in which the amounts are accrued or its cash flows in the period in which the amounts are paid. 85 Note V. Financial Information by Segment & Geographic Area Segment Information The Company identifies a business as an operating segment if: i) it engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses; ii) its operating results are regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), who is Cabot’s President and Chief Executive Officer, to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance; and iii) it has available discrete financial information. The Company has determined that all of its businesses are operating segments. The CODM reviews financial information at the operating segment level to allocate resources and to assess the operating results and financial performance for each operating segment. Operating segments are aggregated into a reportable segment if the operating segments are determined to have similar economic characteristics and if the operating segments are similar in the following areas: i) nature of products and services; ii) nature of production processes; iii) type or class of customer for their products and services; iv) methods used to distribute the products or provide services; and v) if applicable, the nature of the regulatory environment. The Company has three reportable segments: Reinforcement Materials, Performance Chemicals and Purification Solutions. The Company’s former Specialty Fluids business was a separate reporting segment prior to divestiture in the third quarter of fiscal 2019. The Reinforcement Materials segment combines the rubber blacks and engineered elastomer composites product lines. The Performance Chemicals segment combines the specialty grades of carbon black, fumed metal oxides and aerogel product lines into the Performance Additives business, and combines the specialty compounds and inkjet colorants product lines into the Formulated Solutions business. These businesses are similar in terms of economic characteristics, nature of products, processes, customer class and product distribution methods, and therefore have been aggregated into one reportable segment. The Purification Solutions segment represents the Company’s activated carbon business. Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes (“Segment EBIT”) is presented for each reportable segment in the financial information by the reportable segment table below on the line entitled Income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes. Segment EBIT excludes certain items, meaning items management does not consider representative of on-going operating segment results. In addition, Segment EBIT includes Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax, the full operating results of a contractual joint venture in Purification Solutions, royalties, Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax, and discounting charges for certain Notes receivable, but excludes Interest expense, foreign currency transaction gains and losses, interest income, dividend income, unearned revenue, general unallocated expense and unallocated corporate costs. Segment assets exclude cash, short-term investments, cost investments, income taxes receivable, deferred taxes and headquarters’ assets, which are included in unallocated and other. Expenditures for additions to long-lived assets include total equity and other investments (including available-for-sale securities) and property, plant and equipment. Reinforcement Materials Carbon black is a form of elemental carbon that is manufactured in a highly controlled process to produce particles and aggregates of varied structure and surface chemistry, resulting in many different performance characteristics for a wide variety of applications. Rubber grade carbon blacks are used to enhance the physical properties of the systems and applications in which they are incorporated. The Company’s rubber blacks products are used in tires and industrial products. Rubber blacks have traditionally been used in the tire industry as a rubber reinforcing agent to increase tread durability and are also used as a performance additive to reduce rolling resistance and improve traction. In industrial products such as hoses, belts, extruded profiles and molded goods, rubber blacks are used to improve the physical performance of the product, including the product’s physical strength, fluid resistance, conductivity and resistivity. In addition to its rubber blacks products, the Company manufactures engineered elastomer composites (“E2C™”) solutions that are compounds of carbon black and rubber using its patented elastomer composites manufacturing process. These compounds improve abrasion/wear resistance, reduce fatigue of rubber parts and reduce rolling resistance compared to carbon black/rubber compounds made by conventional dry mix methods enabling rubber compounders to break (or, reduce the need to make) performance trade-offs. 86 Performance Chemicals Performance Chemicals is organized into two businesses: the Company’s Performance Additives business and its Formulated Solutions business. The Company’s Performance Additives business combines its specialty grades of carbon black, fumed metal oxides and aerogel product lines, and its Formulated Solutions business combines its specialty compounds and inkjet product lines. In Performance Chemicals, the Company designs, manufactures and sells materials that deliver performance in a broad range of customer applications across the automotive, construction, infrastructure, inkjet printing, electronics, and consumer products sectors, and applications related to generation, transmission and storage of energy. The Company’s focus areas for growth include carbon additives and other materials for battery applications, inkjet inks and dispersions for post print corrugated packaging applications, and conductive compounds for various plastics applications. The net sales from each of these businesses for fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows: Performance Additives Formulated Solutions Total Performance Chemicals Performance Additives Business 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ $ 645 288 933 $ $ 694 301 995 $ $ 707 321 1,028 The Company’s specialty grades of carbon black are used to impart color, provide rheology control, enhance conductivity and static charge control, provide UV protection, enhance mechanical properties, and provide formulation flexibility through surface treatment. These specialty carbon products are used in a wide variety of applications, such as inks, coatings, cables, plastics, adhesives, toners, batteries and displays. Fumed silica is an ultra-fine, high-purity particle used as a reinforcing, thickening, abrasive, thixotropic, suspending or anti- caking agent in a wide variety of products for the automotive, construction, microelectronics, batteries, and consumer products industries. These products include adhesives, sealants, cosmetics, batteries, inks, toners, silicone elastomers, coatings, polishing slurries and pharmaceuticals. Fumed alumina, also an ultra-fine, high-purity particle, is used as an abrasive, absorbent or barrier agent in a variety of products, such as inkjet media, lighting, coatings, cosmetics and polishing slurries. Aerogel is a hydrophobic, silica-based particle with a high surface area that is used in a variety of thermal insulation and specialty chemical applications. In the building and construction industry, the product is used in insulative sprayable plasters and composite building products, as well as translucent skylight, window, wall and roof systems for insulating eco-daylighting applications. In the specialty chemicals industry, the product is used to provide matte finishing, insulating and thickening properties for use in a variety of applications. Formulated Solutions Business Cabot’s masterbatch and conductive compound products, which Cabot refers to as “specialty compounds”, are formulations derived from specialty grades of carbon black mixed with polymers and other additives. These products are generally used by plastic resin producers and converters in applications for the automotive, industrial, packaging, infrastructure, agricultural, consumer products, and electronics industries. As an alternative to directly mixing specialty carbon blacks, these formulations offer greater ease of handling and help customers achieve their desired levels of dispersion and color and manage the addition of small doses of additives. In addition, Cabot’s electrically conductive compound products generally are used to help ensure uniform conductive performance and reduce risks associated with electrostatic discharge in plastics applications. The Company’s inkjet colorants are high-quality pigment-based black and color dispersions based on its patented carbon black surface modification technology. The dispersions are used in aqueous inkjet inks to impart color, sharp print characteristics and durability, while maintaining high printhead reliability. These products are used in various inkjet printing applications, including commercial printing, small office/home office and corporate office, that require a high level of dispersibility and colloidal stability. Cabot’s inkjet inks, which utilize its pigment-based colorant dispersions, are used in the commercial printing segment for digital print. 87 Purification Solutions The Company’s activated carbon products are used for the purification of water, air, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals and other liquids and gases, as either a colorant or a decolorizing agent in the production of products for food and beverage applications and as a chemical carrier in slow release applications. In gas and air applications, one of the uses of activated carbon is for the removal of mercury in flue gas streams. In certain applications, used activated carbon can be reactivated for further use by removing the contaminants from the pores of the activated carbon product. The most common applications for the Company’s reactivated carbon are water treatment and food and beverage purification. In addition to activated carbon production and reactivation, the Company also provides activated carbon solutions through on-site equipment and services, including delivery systems for activated carbon injection in coal-fired utilities, mobile water filter units and carbon reactivation services. Specialty Fluids Cabot divested its Specialty Fluids business on June 28, 2019. Refer to Note D for the terms of this transaction. The Specialty Fluids segment produced and marketed a range of cesium products that included cesium formate brines and other fine cesium chemicals. Financial information by reportable segment is as follows: Years Ended September 30 Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Purification Solutions Specialty Fluids Segment Total(1) (In millions) Unallocated and Other(2), (4) Consolidated Total 2020 Revenues from external customers(3) Depreciation and amortization Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes(4) Assets(5) Total expenditures for additions to long-lived assets(6) 2019 Revenues from external customers(3) Depreciation and amortization Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes(4) Assets(5) Total expenditures for additions to long-lived assets(6) 2018 Revenues from external customers(3) Depreciation and amortization Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes(4) Assets(5) Total expenditures for additions to long-lived assets(6) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,256 $ 68 $ — $ 933 $ 64 $ 1 $ 253 $ 24 $ 3 $ — $ 2,442 $ — $ 156 $ — $ 4 $ 172 $ 2 $ (1) $ 2,614 158 3 162 $ 1,077 $ 118 $ 1,145 $ 3 $ 296 $ — $ 283 $ — $ 2,518 $ (316) $ 263 $ (33) 2,781 66 $ 92 $ 8 $ — $ 166 $ 3 $ 169 1,815 $ 69 $ (1) $ 995 $ 51 $ 1 $ 278 $ 26 $ 3 $ 56 $ 3,144 $ 147 $ 3 $ 1 $ — $ 193 $ 1 $ (2) $ 266 $ 1,177 $ 152 $ 1,024 $ 2 $ 436 $ 24 $ 444 $ — $ 2,637 $ (189) $ 367 $ 3,337 148 1 255 3,004 82 $ 148 $ 11 $ 1 $ 242 $ 5 $ 247 1,774 $ 70 $ 1 $ 1,028 $ 48 $ — $ 279 $ 32 $ 6 $ 45 $ 3,126 $ 152 $ 7 $ 2 $ — $ 116 $ (3) $ (5) $ 279 $ 1,319 $ 200 $ 919 $ (7) $ 460 $ 8 $ 480 $ 178 $ 2,876 $ (363) $ 368 $ 3,242 149 2 117 3,244 97 $ 94 $ 16 $ 17 $ 224 $ 5 $ 229 (1) (2) Cabot divested its Specialty Fluids business on June 28, 2019. Refer to Note D for the terms of this transaction. Unallocated and Other includes certain items and eliminations necessary to reflect management’s reporting of operating segment results. These items are reflective of the segment reporting presented to the CODM. 88 (3) Consolidated Total Revenues from external customers reconciles to Net sales and other operating revenues on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Revenues from external customers that are categorized as Unallocated and Other reflects royalties, external shipping and handling fees, the impact of unearned revenue, the removal of 100% of the sales of an equity method affiliate and discounting charges for certain Notes receivable. Details are provided in the table below. Royalties, the impact of unearned revenue, the removal of 100% of the sales of an equity method affiliate and discounting charges for certain Notes receivable Shipping and handling fees By-product sales(a) Total 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ $ (3) $ 113 62 172 $ (13) $ 130 76 193 $ 11 105 — 116 (a) As of October 1, 2018, as part of the adoption of the new FASB accounting standard, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company began presenting revenue from by-products produced in manufacturing operations in Net sales and other operating revenues, which in prior years was included as a reduction in Cost of sales. (4) Consolidated Total Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes reconciles to Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Total Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes that are categorized as Unallocated and Other includes: Interest expense Certain items:(a) Marshall Mine loss on sale and asset impairment charge (Note D) Legal and environmental matters and reserves (Note U) Global restructuring activities (Note P) Employee benefit plan settlement and other charges (Note N) Acquisition and integration-related charges (Note C) Inventory reserve adjustment Specialty Fluids loss on sale and asset impairment charge (Note D) Equity affiliate investment impairment charge (Note M) Executive transition costs Indirect tax settlement credits Purification Solutions goodwill and long-lived assets impairment charge (Note G) Gains (losses) on sale of investments Other certain items Total certain items, pre-tax Unallocated corporate costs(b) General unallocated income (expense)(c) Less: Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax(d) Total $ $ $ 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) (53) $ (59) $ 2018 (129) $ (54) (19) (10) (5) (2) (1) — — 3 — — (1) (218) (41) (1) 3 (316) $ — $ (21) (16) 1 (6) — (29) (11) (1) — — — (4) (87) (50) 8 1 (189) $ (54) — (16) 30 — (2) (13) — — (2) — (254) 10 (1) (248) (61) 2 2 (363) (a) (b) (c) (d) Certain items are items that management does not consider representative of operating segment results and they are, therefore, excluded from Segment EBIT. Unallocated corporate costs are not controlled by the segments and primarily benefit corporate interests. General unallocated income (expense) consists of gains (losses) arising from foreign currency transactions, net of other foreign currency risk management activities, interest income, dividend income, the profit or loss related to the corporate adjustment for unearned revenue, and the impact of including the full operating results of a contractual joint venture in Purification Solutions Segment EBIT. Equity in earnings of affiliated companies, net of tax is included in Segment EBIT and is removed from Unallocated and other to reconcile to income (loss) from operations before taxes. 89 (5) (6) Unallocated and Other assets includes cash, marketable securities, cost investments, income taxes receivable, deferred taxes, headquarters’ assets, and current and non-current assets held for sale. Expenditures for additions to long-lived assets include total equity and other investments (including available-for-sale securities) and property, plant and equipment. Geographic Information Revenues from external customers attributable to an individual country, other than the U.S. and China, were not material for disclosure. Revenues from external customers by individual country are summarized as follows: United States China Other countries Total 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ $ 581 $ 598 1,435 2,614 $ 702 $ 738 1,897 3,337 $ 676 752 1,814 3,242 Each of the Company’s segments operate globally. In addition to presenting Revenue from external customers by reportable segment, the following tables further disaggregate Revenue from external customers by geographic region. Americas Asia Pacific Europe, Middle East and Africa Segment revenues from external customers Unallocated and other Net sales and other operating revenues Reinforcement Materials Year Ended September 30, 2020 Purification Performance Solutions Chemicals Consolidated Total $ $ 490 529 237 1,256 $ (In millions) 266 368 299 933 112 34 107 253 $ $ 868 931 643 2,442 172 2,614 Americas Asia Pacific Europe, Middle East and Africa Segment revenues from external customers Unallocated and other Net sales and other operating revenues $ $ 688 769 358 1,815 Reinforcement Materials Performance Chemicals Specialty Fluids Consolidated Total Year Ended September 30, 2019 Purification Solutions (In millions) 126 $ 35 117 278 294 353 348 995 $ $ 6 1 49 56 1,114 1,158 872 3,144 193 3,337 Long-lived assets attributable to an individual country, other than the U.S. and China, were not material for disclosure. Long- lived asset information by individual country is summarized as follows: United States China Other countries Total 2020 Years Ended September 30 2019 (In millions) 2018 $ $ 493 $ 295 526 1,314 $ 572 $ 264 512 1,348 $ 493 270 533 1,296 90 Note W. Unaudited Quarterly Financial Information Unaudited financial results by quarter for fiscal 2020 and 2019 are summarized below: Quarters Ended December 31, 2019 March 31, 2020 June 30, 2020 (In millions, except per share amounts) September 30, 2020 Year Ended September 30, 2020 Net sales and other operating revenues Gross profit Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Earnings per common share—basic Earnings per common share—diluted $ $ $ $ $ $ 727 141 46 41 0.71 0.70 $ $ $ $ $ $ 710 153 3 $ $ $ (1) $ (0.01) $ (0.01) $ 518 $ $ 69 (5) $ (6) $ (0.12) $ (0.12) $ 659 $ $ 137 (265) $ (272) $ (4.81) $ (4.81) $ 2,614 500 (221) (238) (4.21) (4.21) During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, Cabot recorded a pre-tax charge of $129 million related to its sale of the Marshall Mine as discussed further in Note D and a $228 million charge due to a valuation allowance increase as discussed in Note S. Quarters Ended December 31, 2018 March 31, 2019 June 30, 2019 (In millions, except per share amounts) September 30, 2019 Year Ended September 30, 2019 Net sales and other operating revenues Gross profit Net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to Cabot Corporation Earnings per common share—basic Earnings per common share—diluted $ $ $ $ $ $ 821 166 77 69 1.14 1.14 $ $ $ $ $ $ 844 178 29 23 0.39 0.39 $ $ $ $ $ $ 845 170 40 32 0.55 0.55 $ $ $ $ $ $ 827 171 40 33 0.56 0.55 $ $ $ $ $ $ 3,337 685 186 157 2.64 2.63 During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019, Cabot recorded a pre-tax charge of $20 million related to its respirator liabilities as discussed further in Note U. 91 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Cabot Corporation Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cabot Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated November 25, 2020, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Change in Accounting Principle As discussed in Note B to the financial statements, effective October 1, 2019, the Company adopted the new accounting standard for leases issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, using the modified retrospective optional transition method. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Income Taxes — Realizability of U.S. Deferred Tax Assets — Refer to Notes A and S to the consolidated financial statements Critical Audit Matter Description The Company recognizes deferred income tax assets based on the estimated future tax effects of differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is provided to offset deferred tax assets if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Future realization of deferred tax assets depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income. During the year ended September 30, 2020, the Company recorded a valuation allowance of $253 million to fully offset its net U.S. deferred tax assets. Based on the Company’s consideration of three-year cumulative losses as well as consideration of future taxable income and relevant accounting guidance, management has determined it is not more likely than not that sufficient taxable income will be generated in the future to realize its net U.S. deferred tax assets. 92 We identified management’s determination that it is not more likely than not that sufficient taxable income will be generated in the future to realize its net U.S. deferred tax assets as a critical audit matter because of the magnitude of the net deferred tax assets and the subjectivity involved in evaluating the recoverability of those net deferred tax assets, based on the weighting of positive and negative evidence. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our income tax specialists, when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of the valuation allowance recorded. How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit Our audit procedures related to the determination that it is not more likely than not that sufficient taxable income will be generated in the future to realize U.S. deferred tax assets included the following, among others: • We tested the effectiveness of the Company’s controls related to assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, including management’s control over the determination of whether it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized based on the weighting of positive and negative evidence. • With the assistance of income tax professionals with specialized skills and knowledge we performed the following: – We assessed the Company’s application of ASC 740, Income Taxes, in evaluating the realizability of deferred tax assets. – We evaluated the reasonableness of the methods, assumptions, and judgments used by management to determine a valuation allowance was necessary, which included an evaluation of management’s estimates of future taxable income. – We assessed the appropriateness of the disclosures in the financial statements. Commitments and Contingencies — Respirator Liabilities — Refer to Note U to the consolidated financial statements Critical Audit Matter Description The Company has exposure in connection with a safety respiratory products business previously owned by one of its subsidiaries. In response to the exposure, the Company has a $24 million reserve as of September 30, 2020, referred to as respirator liabilities. The respirator liabilities are recorded based on management’s assumptions, including the number of future claims and the estimated costs to defend and resolve these claims. We identified respirator liabilities related to coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (“CWP”) as a critical audit matter because there is significant uncertainty related to the number of future claims and the estimate of the cost to defend and resolve these claims. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our actuarial specialists, when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of the recorded CWP respirator liabilities as of September 30, 2020. How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit Our audit procedures related to CWP respirator liabilities included the following, among others: • We tested the effectiveness of controls over management’s review of the work performed by the Company’s tort liability consultants, the assumptions utilized, claims data, and the calculation of the respirator liabilities. • We evaluated the methods and assumptions used by management to estimate the CWP respirator liabilities by: – Utilizing our actuarial specialists to assist with testing the assumptions regarding future unasserted claims and the costs to defend and resolve those claims. – Utilizing our actuarial specialists to assist with the calculation of an independent estimate of the CWP respirator liabilities and comparing our estimate to the Company’s estimate. • We assessed the appropriateness of the disclosures in the financial statements. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP Boston, Massachusetts November 25, 2020 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2007. 93 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Cabot Corporation Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Cabot Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of September 30, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended September 30, 2020, of the Company and our report dated November 25, 2020, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and included an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company’s adoption of the new accounting standard for leases issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. As described in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management excluded from its assessment the internal control over financial reporting at Shenzhen Sanshun Nano New Materials Co., Ltd (“SUSN”), which was acquired on April 1, 2020 and whose financial statements reflect total assets and revenues constituting 4% and less than 1%, respectively, of the consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended September 30, 2020. Accordingly, our audit did not include the internal control over financial reporting at SUSN. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP Boston, Massachusetts November 25, 2020 94 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure PART II None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Disclosure Controls and Procedures Cabot carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its principal executive officer and its principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as of September 30, 2020. Based on that evaluation, Cabot’s principal executive officer and its principal financial officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective with respect to the recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, of information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act and such information is accumulated and communicated to management to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Cabot’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for Cabot. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: • • • Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Cabot’s management assessed the effectiveness of Cabot’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2020 based on the framework established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Management excluded from its assessment the internal control over financial reporting at Shenzhen Sanshun Nano New Materials Co., Ltd, which was acquired on April 1, 2020 and whose financial statements reflect total assets and revenues constituting 4% and less than 1%, respectively, of the consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended September 30, 2020. Based on this assessment, Cabot’s management concluded that Cabot’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of September 30, 2020. Cabot’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2020 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report above. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, certain of our employees have been working remotely and certain manufacturing sites have been operating with limited personnel on-site. We have not identified any material changes in our internal control over financial reporting as a result of these changes to the working environment. We are continually monitoring and assessing the COVID-19 situation to determine any potential impacts on the design and operating effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information None. 95 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III Certain information regarding our executive officers is included at the end of Part I of this annual report under the heading “Information about our Executive Officers.” Cabot has adopted a Code of Business Ethics that applies to all of the Company’s employees and directors, including the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, the Controller and other senior financial officers. The Code of Business Ethics is posted on our website, www.cabotcorp.com (under the “About Cabot” caption under “Company”). We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement regarding any amendment to, or waiver of, a provision of the Code of Business Ethics applicable to the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, the Controller or other senior financial officers by posting such information on our website. The other information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (“Proxy Statement”) and is herein incorporated by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information required by this item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a) Financial Statements. See “Index to Financial Statements” under Item 8 of this Form 10-K. (b) Schedules. PART IV The Schedules have been omitted since the required information is not applicable or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Form 10-K. (c) Exhibits. (Certain exhibits not included in copies of the Form 10-K sent to stockholders.) The exhibit numbers in the Exhibit Index correspond to the numbers assigned to such exhibits in the Exhibit Table of Item 601 of Regulation S-K. Cabot will furnish to any stockholder, upon written request, any exhibit listed in the Exhibit Index, upon payment by such stockholder of the Company’s reasonable expenses in furnishing such exhibit. Exhibit Number 3(a) 3(b) 4(a) Description Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Cabot Corporation effective January 9, 2009 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2008, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 9, 2009). The By-laws of Cabot Corporation as amended January 8, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Cabot’s Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2015, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 5, 2016). Indenture, dated as of December 1, 1987, between Cabot Corporation and The First National Bank of Boston, Trustee (the “Indenture”). (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4(a)(i) of Cabot’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended September 30, 2017, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on November 22, 2017). 4(a)(i) First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 17, 1992, to the Indenture. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4(a)(ii) of Cabot’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended September 30, 2017, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on November 22, 2017). 96 Exhibit Number Description 4(a)(ii) Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 31, 1997, between Cabot Corporation and State Street Bank and Trust Company, Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 1996, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 14, 1997). 4(a)(iii) 4(a)(iv) 4(a)(v) Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 20, 1998, between Cabot Corporation and State Street Bank and Trust Company, Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Cabot’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated November 20, 1998, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on November 20, 1998). Indenture, dated as of September 21, 2009, between Cabot Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Cabot’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 ASR, Registration Statement No. 333-162021, filed with the SEC on September 21, 2009). Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 12, 2012 between Cabot Corporation, as Issuer, and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, including the form of Global Note attached as Annex A thereto, supplementing the Indenture dated as of September 21, 2009 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Cabot’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 9, 2012, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on July 12, 2012). 4(a)(vi) Indenture, dated as of September 15, 2016, between Cabot Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Cabot Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 15, 2016, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on September 15, 2016). 4(a)(vii) First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 15, 2016, between Cabot Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, including the form of Global Note attached as Annex A thereto, supplementing the Indenture dated as of September 15, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Cabot Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 15, 2016, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on September 15, 2016). 4(a)(viii) Second Supplemental Indenture, dated June 20, 2019, between Cabot Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, including the form of Global Note attached as Annex A thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Cabot Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 20, 2019, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on June 20, 2019). 4(b) Description of Cabot Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(b) of Cabot Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended September 30, 2019, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on November 22, 2019). 10(a) 10(a)(i) Credit Agreement, dated October 23, 2015, among Cabot Corporation, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Citibank, N.A., Bank of America, N.A., Mizuho Bank, Ltd., TD Bank, N.A., and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(a) of Cabot’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended September 30, 2015, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on November 25, 2015). Extension Agreement dated December 14, 2016 to the Credit Agreement, dated October 23, 2015, among Cabot Corporation, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., J.P. Morgan Securities LLS, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Citibank, N.A., Bank of America, N.A., Mizuho Bank, Ltd., TD Bank, N.A., and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2016, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 7, 2017). 10(a)(ii) Extension Agreement dated October 6, 2017 to the Credit Agreement dated October 23, 2015, among Cabot Corporation, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., J.P. Morgan Securities U.S., Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Citibank, N.A., Bank of America, N.A., Mizuho Bank, Ltd., TD Bank, N.A., and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2017, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 8, 2018). 97 Exhibit Number 10(a)(ii) Description First Amendment, dated June 8, 2020, to Credit Agreement dated October 23, 2015 among Cabot Corporation, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Citibank, N.A., Bank of America, N.A., Mizuho Bank, Ltd., TD Bank, N.A., and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on August 7, 2020). 10(b) Credit Agreement, dated May 22, 2019, among certain subsidiaries of Cabot Corporation, guaranteed by Cabot Corporation, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, PNC Bank, National Association, Mizuho Bank, Ltd., and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Cabot ‘s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 22, 2019, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on May 29, 2019). 10(b)(i) First Amendment, dated June 8, 2020,to Credit Agreement dated May 22, 2019 among Cabot Corporation, certain subsidiaries of Cabot, the lenders referred to therein, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, Wells Fargo Securities, LLV, PNC Bank, National Association, U.S. Bank National Association and Mizuho Bank, Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020, file reference 1- 5667, filed with the SEC on August 7, 2020). 10(c)* 2009 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Appendix B of Cabot’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A relating to the 2012 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on January 30, 2012). 10(c)(i)* 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2017, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on May 8, 2017). 10(c)(ii)* 2015 Directors’ Stock Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Appendix B of Cabot’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A relating to the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on January 28, 2015). 10(c)(iii)* Cabot Corporation 2018 Short-Term Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2018 file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 8, 2019). 10(d)* 10(e)* 10(f)* 10(g)* Summary of Compensation for Non-Employee Directors (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2018, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 8, 2019). Cabot Corporation Amended and Restated Senior Management Severance Protection Plan, dated March 9, 2012 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2012, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on May 7, 2012). Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Certificate under the Cabot Corporation 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(e) of Cabot’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended September 30, 2019, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on November 21, 2018). Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Certificate under the Cabot Corporation 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(f) of Cabot’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended September 30, 2019, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on November 21, 2018). 10(h)* Form of Stock Option Award Certificate under the Cabot Corporation 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(g) of Cabot’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended September 30, 2019 file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on November 21, 2018). 98 Exhibit Number 10(i)* 10(j)* Description Cabot Corporation Deferred Compensation and Supplemental Retirement Plan, amended and restated January 1, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2013, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 6, 2014). Cabot Corporation Non-Employee Directors’ Deferral Plan, amended and restated January 1, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Cabot’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2013, file reference 1-5667, filed with the SEC on February 6, 2014). 21† Subsidiaries of Cabot Corporation. 23† Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP. 31(i)† Certification of Principal Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act. 31(ii)† Certification of Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act. 32†† Certifications of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. 101.INS† Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. 101.SCH† Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101.CAL† Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF† Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB† Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 101.PRE† Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. 104* Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document). * † Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Filed herewith. †† Furnished herewith. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 99 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES CABOT CORPORATION BY: /S/ SEAN D. KEOHANE Sean D. Keohane President and Chief Executive Officer Date: November 25, 2020 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signatures /s/ SEAN D. KEOHANE Sean D. Keohane /s/ ERICA MCLAUGHLIN Erica McLaughlin /s/ LISA M. DUMONT Lisa M. Dumont /s/ SUE H. RATAJ Sue H. Rataj /s/ CYNTHIA A. ARNOLD Cynthia A. Arnold /s/ DOUGLAS DEL GRASSO Douglas Del Grasso /s/ JUAN ENRIQUEZ Juan Enriquez /s/ WILLIAM C. KIRBY William C. Kirby /s/ MICHAEL M. MORROW Michael M. Morrow /s/ FRANK A. WILSON Frank A. Wilson /s/ MATTHIAS L. WOLFGRUBER Matthias L. Wolfgruber /s/ MARK S. WRIGHTON Mark S. Wrighton /s/ CHRISTINE Y. YAN Christine Y. Yan Title Date Director, President and Chief Executive Officer Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) Vice President and Controller (principal accounting officer) Director, Non-Executive Chair of the Board Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director November 25, 2020 November 25, 2020 November 25, 2020 November 25, 2020 November 25, 2020 November 25, 2020 November 25, 2020 November 25, 2020 November 25, 2020 November 25, 2020 November 25, 2020 November 25, 2020 November 25, 2020 100 Exhibit 31(i) I, Sean D. Keohane, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Cabot Corporation; Principal Executive Officer Certification 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: November 25, 2020 /S/ SEAN D. KEOHANE Sean D. Keohane President and Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31(ii) I, Erica McLaughlin, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Cabot Corporation; Principal Financial Officer Certification 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: November 25, 2020 /s/ ERICA MCLAUGHLIN Erica McLaughlin Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Certifications Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Exhibit 32 In connection with the filing of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2020 (the “Report”) by Cabot Corporation (the “Company”), each of the undersigned hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to his knowledge: 1. 2. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13 (a) or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. November 25, 2020 November 25, 2020 /s/ SEAN D. KEOHANE Sean D. Keohane President and Chief Executive Officer /s/ ERICA MCLAUGHLIN Erica McLaughlin Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (cid:896)(cid:100)(cid:44)(cid:47)(cid:94)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:4)(cid:39)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:69)(cid:100)(cid:28)(cid:69)(cid:100)(cid:47)(cid:75)(cid:69)(cid:4)(cid:62)(cid:62)(cid:122)(cid:3)(cid:62)(cid:28)(cid:38)(cid:100)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:62)(cid:4)(cid:69)(cid:60)(cid:897) Corporate Headquarters Cabot Corporation Two Seaport Lane, Suite 1400 Boston, Massachusetts 02210-2019 617 345 0100 Investor Relations Investor inquiries are welcome and individuals are invited to contact us through our investor website at cabotcorp.com/investors or by telephone at 617 342 6255. Stock Listing Cabot Corporation common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CBT. Annual Meeting The Annual Meeting of Stockholders will be held on March 11, 2021 at 1:00 p.m. ET in a virtual meeting format via live webcast at www.meetingcenter.io/241544347. All stockholders are invited to attend. Stock Transfer Agent and Registrar Registered shareholders may contact the transfer agent by Internet or by phone for information or assistance with receiving proxy materials electronically by internet, transfers of stock ownership, direct deposit of dividend payments, dividend check replacements, account history, lost stock certificates, taxable income or to report address changes. The transfer agent provides telephone assistance Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. ET. Extended service is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week to callers with touch-tone telephones through the transfer agent’s Interactive Voice Response System. When using the IVR system, mention Cabot Corporation as your stock holding and be prepared to provide your name, Social Security number, if applicable, or your Computershare account number. Please include your address and telephone number in all correspondence with the transfer agent. Computershare Trust Company, N.A. c/o Computershare P.O. Box 505000 Louisville, KY 40233 Overnight correspondence should be sent to: Computershare 462 South 4th Street, Suite 1600 Louisville, KY 40202 Stockholder Inquiries: 781 575 3170 or 800 730 4001 For the hearing impaired: 800 952 9245 (TTY/TDD) Stockholder Website: computershare.com/investor Cl Click on “Contact Us” link at the top or bottom of the webpage for online stockholder inquiries. Fo or more information about Cabot Corporation and our businesses, please visit our website at: cabotcorp.com 002CSNB767 

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