CareDx
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

2015 Annual Report CAREDX LETTER TO SHAREHOLDERS Dear Shareholders, In 2015, CareDx made substantial progress on all three major objectives we set for ourselves. We made a difference in many heart transplant patients’ lives through wider adoption of AlloMap®, our flagship product. In addition, we made substantial progress on our internal product pipeline with the development of AlloSure and also initiated a substantial acquisition as part of our external growth strategy. AlloMap’s adoption grew in 2015, as evidenced by over 13,000 patient results being reported to our transplant center cardiologists and their patients. AlloMap is our molecular diagnostic surveillance solution for monitoring heart transplant patients’ organ health after an organ transplant procedure. This led to revenues of over $28 million in 2015, and included a net loss of $13.7 million, as we greatly expanded our investment in future product development. Heart transplant procedures and follow-on care are performed in premier medical centers across the country, and CareDx is established in the vast majority of them. We support the treatment of these patients, who are frequent users of various health care services and therefore are some of the highest cost patients in the system. Better surveillance of these patients through our technology can lead to personalization of care. This is at the forefront of precision medicine, or diagnosing and then treating patients based on their own unique genetic makeup and reaction to different modes of therapy. We are part of this movement. Our main product development effort in 2015 centered around the development of cell free DNA and getting our solution for kidney transplant recipients into the clinic, with the completion of analytical validation studies in both heart and kidney patients, and then initiating a clinical validation trial at major transplant centers across the U.S. As of the writing of this letter, 13 transplant centers have enrolled over 360 patients and more than 1,000 patient results have been reported out. Finally, regarding the third leg of our growth strategy, at the end of 2015, we entered into an agreement to purchase Allenex, AB, a publically traded organ transplant company based in Stockholm, Sweden. Allenex provides diagnostic products measuring the compatibility of a donor organ with the organ transplant recipient. The combination of our two organizations will create a unique diagnostics company that focuses on patient outcomes along the pre-to-post transplant continuum. Allenex’s sales are concentrated in Europe and other international markets, which when combined with CareDx creates a truly international organization with an even greater range of products for organ transplant recipients. It will also increase the size of CareDx by 50%, creating a company that should have enhanced growth prospects and better access to capital and other resources. As 2016 starts to unfold, we see continued progress being made on our cell-free, next generation solution for kidney transplant patients, closing the Allenex acquisition and integrating our two organizations’ operations, and continuing our mission of delivering precision medicine solutions in the diagnostic and perhaps other areas of medicine for the transplant patient. In 2015, CareDx enjoyed its first full year as a public company, and I am appreciative of the dedication and hard work from all of our associates and partners. The support from our shareholders in 2015 will help make 2016 an even more successful year for us all. Thank you. With Best Wishes, Peter Maag President and CEO UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K (Mark One) (cid:95) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 (cid:134) For the transition period from to Commission File Number 001-36536 CAREDX, INC. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter) Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 94-3316839 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 3260 Bayshore Boulevard Brisbane, California 94005 (Address of Principal Executive Offices, Including Zip Code) (415) 287-2300 (Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code) Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered The NASDAQ Global Stock Market LLC Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:133) No (cid:95) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:133) No (cid:95) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes (cid:95) No (cid:134)(cid:3) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes (cid:95) No (cid:134) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. (cid:95) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer (cid:134) Non-accelerated filer (cid:95) (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes (cid:133) No (cid:95) The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing price of a share of the registrant’s common stock on June 30, 2015 as reported by The NASDAQ Global Market on such date was approximately $48,622,431. Shares of the registrant’s common stock held by each executive officer, director and holder of 10% or more of the outstanding common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This calculation does not reflect a determination that certain persons are affiliates of the registrant for any other purpose. The number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of February 29, 2016 was 11,966,899. Accelerated filer (cid:134) Smaller reporting company (cid:134) (cid:3) Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement relating to the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on June 16, 2016, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE TABLE OF CONTENTS Item No. PART I ............................................................................................................................................................. Item 1. Business ................................................................................................................................................ Item 1A. Risk Factors ....................................................................................................................................... Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments .............................................................................................................. Item 2. Properties .............................................................................................................................................. Item 3. Legal Proceedings ................................................................................................................................ Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures ....................................................................................................................... PART II ........................................................................................................................................................... Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities .......................................................................................................................................... Item 6. Selected Financial Data ........................................................................................................................ Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ............... Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk ........................................................... Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ................................................................................... Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure ............... Item 9A. Controls and Procedures .................................................................................................................... Item 9B. Other Information .............................................................................................................................. PART III.......................................................................................................................................................... Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance ................................................................. Item 11. Executive Compensation .................................................................................................................... Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ......................................................................................................................................................... Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ................................... Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services ............................................................................................. PART IV .......................................................................................................................................................... Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules ............................................................................................ Signatures ......................................................................................................................................................... Exhibit Index .................................................................................................................................................... Page No. 5 5 19 56 56 56 56 57 57 60 61 79 80 114 114 114 115 115 115 115 115 115 116 116 117 118 2 SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our business strategy and plans, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “potentially,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “expect” and the negative and plural forms of these words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) our ability to generate revenue from sales of AlloMap and future solutions, if any, and our ability to increase the commercial success of AlloMap; our plans and ability to develop and commercialize new solutions, including cell-free DNA solutions for the surveillance of heart and kidney transplant recipients; our ability to close our anticipated acquisition of Allenex, or other companies we may acquire, on currently anticipated terms or within currently anticipated timeframes, and our ability to secure funding for such transactions; our ability to obtain, maintain and expand reimbursement coverage for payers for AlloMap and future solutions, if any; the outcome or success of our clinical trial collaborations and observational studies; our dependence on certain of our suppliers and service providers our compliance with federal, state and foreign regulatory requirements; the favorable review of AlloMap and our future solutions, if any, in peer-reviewed publications; our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, our strategies regarding filing additional patent applications to strengthen our intellectual property rights, and our ability to defend against intellectual property claims that may be brought against us; our anticipated cash needs and our anticipated uses of our funds, including our estimates regarding operating expenses and capital requirements; anticipated trends and challenges in our business and the markets in which we operate; disruptions to our business, including disruptions at our laboratories and manufacturing facilities; our ability to retain key members of our management; our ability to make successful acquisitions or investments and to manage the integration of such acquisitions or investments; our ability to expand internationally; and our ability to comply with the requirements of being a public company. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” included in Part I, Item 1A and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment, and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. 3 You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this report to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and have filed with the SEC as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. 4 ITEM 1. BUSINESS Company Overview PART I We are a molecular diagnostics company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of clinically differentiated, high-value diagnostic surveillance solutions for transplant patients. Our first commercialized testing solution, the AlloMap heart transplant molecular test, or AlloMap, is a gene expression test that helps clinicians monitor and identify heart transplant recipients with stable graft function who have a low probability of moderate/severe acute cellular rejection. Since 2008, we have sought to expand the adoption and utilization of our AlloMap solution through ongoing studies to substantiate the clinical utility and actionability of AlloMap, secure positive reimbursement decisions for AlloMap from large private and public payers, develop and enhance our relationships with key members of the transplant community, including opinion leaders at major transplant centers, and explore opportunities and technologies for the development of additional solutions for post-transplant surveillance. We believe the use of AlloMap, in conjunction with other clinical indicators, can help healthcare providers and their patients better manage long-term care following a heart transplant. In particular, we believe AlloMap can improve patient care by helping healthcare providers to avoid the use of unnecessary, invasive surveillance biopsies and to determine the appropriate dosage levels of immunosuppressants. We are also pursuing the development of additional products for transplant monitoring using a variety of technologies, including AlloSure, our proprietary next-generation sequencing test to detect donor-derived cell-free DNA, or dd-cfDNA, after transplantation. AlloMap is the only non-invasive method recommended in the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, or ISHLT, patient care guidelines for surveillance of heart transplant rejection in patients 15 years of age or older. AlloMap has received 510(k) clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for marketing and sale as a test to aid in the identification of recipients with a low probability of moderate or severe acute cellular rejection. A 510(k) submission is a premarketing submission made to the FDA. Clearance may be granted by the FDA if it finds the device or test provides satisfactory evidence pertaining to the claimed intended uses and indications for the device or test. Additionally, we have obtained a CE mark, which indicates a product’s compliance with European Union, or EU, legislation and enables the sale of such product within the EU. We have a certificate of accreditation under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, or CLIA, to perform “high complexity” testing. Almost all clinical laboratories are subject to regulation under CLIA, which is designed to ensure that laboratory testing services on materials derived from the human body are accurate and reliable. Since the launch of AlloMap in January 2005, we have performed more than 81,000 commercial AlloMap tests, including more than 13,000 tests in 2015, in our Brisbane, California laboratory. In 2015, AlloMap was used in 120 of the approximately 130 heart transplant centers in the United States. As of December 31, 2015, significantly all of our testing revenue has come from the United States and all of our assets and operations are located in the United States. In 2014, we began to expand our AlloMap offering through a partnership in Europe for which we have secured a dedicated laboratory. AlloMap has received positive coverage decisions for reimbursement from Medicare and many of the largest private payers, including Aetna, Cigna, Humana, Inc., Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc., TRICARE National Insurance and WellPoint. We believe our success in achieving reimbursement confirms the value proposition of AlloMap to our key constituents. As of December 31, 2015, we had been reimbursed for approximately 79% of AlloMap results delivered in the twelve months ended June 30, 2015. We have also successfully completed a number of landmark clinical trials in the transplant field demonstrating the clinical utility of AlloMap for surveillance of heart transplant recipients. We initially established the analytical and clinical validity of AlloMap on the basis of our Cardiac Transplanted Organ Rejection Gene expression Observational (Crespo-Leiro M et al., AM. J. Transplantation, 2012), or CARGO, study, which was published in the American Journal of Transplantation. A subsequent clinical utility trial, Invasive Monitoring Attenuation through Gene Expression (Pham MX et al., N. Eng. J. Med., 2010), or IMAGE, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, demonstrated that clinical outcomes in recipients managed with AlloMap surveillance were equivalent to outcomes in recipients managed with biopsies. The results of our clinical trials have also been presented at major medical society congresses and published in peer-reviewed publications in leading medical journals. 5 We are also engaged in efforts to develop additional testing solutions in the heart transplant market and new testing solutions in other organ transplant markets. For instance, AlloSure, our development stage transplant surveillance solution, applies proprietary next generation sequencing to detect and quantitate genetic differences between donor derived cell-free DNA, or dd-cfDNA, in the blood stream emanating from the donor heart. We believe this solution may help determine rejection-specific activity manifested as cell damage in the transplanted heart and other organs. As part of our efforts to demonstrate the clinical utility of AlloSure, our proprietary next-generation sequencing test that measures the percent of dd-cfDNA in solid organ transplant recipients, irrespective of the type of organ transplanted, in May 2015 we initiated the DART trial. DART is designed to establish clinical validation, or the clinical performance characteristics of dd-cfDNA in detecting clinical and sub-clinical rejection in kidney allograft recipients. DART is a multicenter observational study of kidney transplant recipients where blood specimens are drawn periodically after transplant during follow up visits and also after treatment for acute rejection. DART is also designed to demonstrate the correlation of dd-cfDNA to renal function through comparison to both serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate. We expect DART to run for a minimum of 18 months and we expect to complete an first analysis of the data in 2016. Once we receive relevant information from the first analysis, we expect to initiate a second clinical trial to establish the clinical utility of our dd-cfDNA kidney solution. At the end of December 2015, DART had enrolled over 200 patients in 13 centers. Additionally, in late 2015, we announced the completion of analytical validation for AlloSure. Samples used in the analytical validation included donor recipient pairs with unrelated as well as closely related family members. On December 16, 2015 we entered into purchase agreements to acquire, subject to certain conditions, approximately 78% of the outstanding shares of Allenex AB, or Allenex, from its three principal shareholders in exchange for a combination of cash and our common stock. If we acquire all Allenex shares, the total purchase price for Allenex will be approximately $35.0 million, payable in a combination of cash and equity. On March 7, 2016, we launched a tender offer through the issuance of an Offer Document to acquire the remaining 22% of the shares of Allenex. In connection with, and to fund a portion of the proposed acquisition, on December 15, 2015, we entered into a commitment letter and fee letter with Oberland Capital SA Davos LLC, collectively with its affiliates and assignees, Oberland Capital, for a six month bridge loan of $18.0 million, to be borrowed in connection with the closing of the acquisition. Refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition— Overview—Recent Developments—Allenex Tender Offer” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. We are organized and operate in a single segment. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our History We were originally incorporated in Delaware in December 1998 under the name Hippocratic Engineering, Inc. In April 1999, we changed our name to BioCardia, Inc., in June 2002, we changed our name to Expression Diagnostics, Inc., in July 2007, we changed our name to XDx, Inc. and in March 2014, we changed our name to CareDx, Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 3260 Bayshore Boulevard, Brisbane, California and our telephone number is (415) 287-2300. On June 10, 2014, we acquired ImmuMetrix, Inc., or ImmuMetrix, a privately held development-stage company working on dd-cfDNA-based solutions in transplantation and other fields. Through this acquisition, we added to our existing know-how, expertise and intellectual property in applying dd-cfDNA technology to the surveillance of transplant recipients, which has contributed to the development of AlloSure. The intellectual property rights of ImmuMetrix included an exclusive license from Stanford University to a patent relating to the diagnosis of rejection in organ transplant recipients using dd-cfDNA. 6 Limitations of Existing Approaches for Surveillance of Transplant Recipients The care of organ transplant recipients is an intense and costly effort and requires life-long surveillance and management by highly specialized clinicians and other healthcare providers. For example, based on internal calculations based on an internal analysis as of 2011, heart transplant recipients often incur lifetime costs of more than $1.9 million and kidney transplant recipients often incur lifetime costs of more than $1.1 million. The historical standard for heart transplant surveillance has been the microscopic examination of heart tissue obtained through an invasive endomyocardial biopsy. In the biopsy procedure, a catheter is inserted into the right internal jugular vein via the recipient’s neck and threaded through blood vessels into the inner chamber of the heart. Four pieces of tissue are cut from the wall of the heart and sent to a laboratory for examination by a pathologist who uses a microscope to look for evidence of cellular rejection. Due to the limitations of biopsies, including pathologist evaluations which are subjective and dependent upon visual assessment and qualitative interpretation, the risk of sampling errors and the potential for complications and other health risks, these procedures are not frequently used by clinicians to tailor the use of immunosuppressants. The typical schedule of biopsy surveillance may involve eight to ten biopsies within the first six months after transplant and a total of ten to fifteen biopsies within the first year post-transplant. Because repeated biopsies incur cumulative risk and trauma to the recipient, the frequency of biopsy surveillance after one year has been low, despite the fact that recipients would benefit from continued monitoring for rejection and management of their immunosuppressive drugs for the rest of their lives. With less biopsy data collected after the first year post-transplant, clinicians have less information upon which to tailor immunosuppression treatment for their recipients. The use of renal biopsies for surveillance of kidney transplants is also limited due to the risks associated with such invasive procedures. Therefore, the main clinical test indicator of transplanted kidney dysfunction is an increase in serum creatinine levels, which though widely used, literature suggests may be nonspecific and detected too late, after significant and irreversible renal function loss has occurred. As the current solutions for the surveillance of organ transplant recipients provide only limited and infrequent information on the presence or absence of rejection, clinicians tend to administer relatively high levels of immunosuppression therapy to control rejection risk, which may be more than required for an individual recipient. Due in part to this long-term high level of immunosuppression therapy, illness and mortality rates among transplant recipients remain well above those of the general population and have not significantly improved in the last ten years. Immunosuppression of Heart and Kidney Transplant Recipients The risk of rejection in heart and kidney transplant recipients is managed primarily through the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Surveillance biopsies are infrequent after the first year because of invasive procedural risks, discomfort, inconvenience, expense and the low rate of finding moderate to severe grade rejection. As a result, clinicians have limited and infrequent information about an individual recipient’s risk of rejection over the months and years following transplant. In the average recipient, the immune system gradually adapts to the organ graft, and the need for immunosuppression declines over time. However, there is meaningful variation in the level of rejection activity and need for immunosuppression among transplant recipients. Limited insight into the risk profile of the individual recipient often causes clinicians to apply a ‘one-size-fits’ all approach to immunosuppression to help protect against the severe consequences of rejection. Although typical doses of immunosuppressants result in a low rate of rejection in the transplant population as a whole, many individuals receive more immunosuppressants than they may actually need. Improved post-transplantation diagnostics are necessary to make further gains in the long- term care and health outcomes of heart, kidney and other organ transplant recipients. The Need for a Better Surveillance Solution More effective solutions for the surveillance and risk assessment of recipients would improve the clinician’s ability to individualize immunosuppression therapy and to reduce the use of invasive biopsies. We believe that core elements of effective surveillance solutions include: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) highly accurate and quantitative results; non-invasive, without creating risks to the recipient; easy to administer; 7 (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) differentiate rejection from quiescence; detect rejection earlier; and timing and frequency of results that allow informed and effective treatment decisions. Our Products and Services We develop and provide a diagnostic surveillance testing solution for heart transplant recipients. Our initial test, AlloMap, is designed to help clinicians to regularly monitor for heart transplant rejection throughout the life of the recipient, modulate the use of immunosuppression and make more personalized treatment decisions. The AlloMap test uses a sample of the patient’s blood. Blood draws are relatively painless and the process is routinely performed in laboratories around the world. AlloMap may be used instead of a surveillance heart biopsy to rule out acute cellular rejection in heart transplant recipients. AlloMap offers rapid, high quality results, and for approximately 88% of patients, we return AlloMap results to the clinician within three business days after the blood draw. Additionally, we are in the process of commercializing AlloSure, our development stage transplant surveillance solution which applies proprietary next generation sequencing to detect dd-cfDNA after transplantation. Overview AlloMap uses gene expression technology to aid in the identification of heart transplant recipients at low risk of rejection. The test measures the molecular signatures that correlate with biological activity associated with moderate to severe acute cellular rejection. Gene expression may indicate acute cellular rejection well before the evidence of damage is visible from a tissue biopsy sample. AlloMap applies a proprietary mathematical algorithm comprised of the expression values, or RNA levels, of 20 genes of which 11 are informative and 9 are for quality control, and then yields a single AlloMap score. AlloMap may be used for heart transplant recipients 15 years of age or older, starting on day 55 post transplant. AlloMap provides a single integer score ranging from 0 to 40 and determines the probability of the absence of moderate to severe acute cellular rejection. A key benefit of the AlloMap score is its negative predictive value, or NPV. The NPV of AlloMap is the likelihood that a heart transplant recipient is at low risk for rejection. The NPV for recipients with an AlloMap score below the threshold range for one or more years post-transplant can be greater than 99% depending on the actual score. The clinical utility of AlloMap is well established. AlloMap is the first and only non-invasive method recommended in the ISHLT patient care guidelines for surveillance of heart transplant recipients for rejection in non-infants. AlloMap has obtained 510(k) clearance from the FDA as an In Vitro Diagnostic Multivariate Index Assay, or IVDMIA. In addition, the clinical utility of AlloMap is supported by numerous clinical trials sponsored by us, the results of which have been published in leading peer-reviewed medical journals. Through December 31, 2015, we have performed more than 81,000 commercial AlloMap tests in total. We estimate that there are approximately 130 centers performing heart transplants in the United States. In 2015, AlloMap was used in 120 of these centers. In incorporating AlloMap into their practice, clinicians may consider recipient history, a physical exam, graft function and the results of AlloMap at each post-transplant clinic visit. If the recipient’s AlloMap score is below an applicable threshold, in the absence of other clinical indicators of rejection, clinicians may elect not to conduct a surveillance biopsy at that time. Where there are signs or indications of rejection, evidence of failure or impaired function or an AlloMap score greater than the applicable threshold, a biopsy may be ordered. AlloMap Score Variability, or AMV, is a new service offered by us that we believe provides useful, complementary information to help personalize long-term care of heart transplant recipients. It is available only upon request by clinicians. A patient’s AMV is based on the variability of a patient’s AlloMap scores over time and may be used as a stratification tool in estimating the risk of probability that one or more of the clinical events in heart transplant recipients may occur in the future. AMV is available from four AlloMap test results within a 24-month period. A low AMV may indicate a lower risk of future events, which suggests that a patient may be a potential candidate for 8 reduced immunosuppression. A high AMV may indicate a higher risk of future events and a patient may merit more vigilant surveillance. The concept of AMV was developed over the course of several years, beginning as an observation in clinical studies of low score variability among stable patients which suggested that AMV might be a predictor of future clinical events and rejection episodes. The Cardiac Allograft Rejection Gene Expression Observational II Study, or CARGO II, included data which demonstrated that AMV may be useful in estimating the probability of future events of death, re-transplantation or graft failure in heart transplant recipients who were undergoing surveillance with AlloMap testing more than 315 days following transplantation. Clinical Trials of AlloMap and AlloSure The clinical validation and utility of AlloMap is supported by a number of major clinical trials involving more than 2,000 heart transplant recipients and published in leading peer-reviewed medical journals. Our trials have been designed to evaluate the clinical utility of our solutions and are an integral part of our business strategy, clinical development and marketing programs. In heart transplantation, two major observational trials, CARGO and CARGO II, enabled the initial development, validation and further validation of AlloMap to detect and monitor acute cellular rejection in heart transplant recipients. Blood samples and clinical data from these two trials have been preserved in a multi-year, multicenter registry which we are sponsoring. We expect these samples and data to enable further discovery and product development of new indicators of rejection activity, or biomarkers, and new diagnostic solutions. We believe these repositories, which contain over 37,000 samples, are rich sources for further new product research and development because individual recipients were followed for 10 serial visits over one year or more, on average, and in many cases associated biopsy rejection grades and other clinical outcome endpoints are available for analysis, correlative studies and validation efforts that we believe will be useful for new product development. Additional clinical utility trials, including IMAGE and EIMAGE, have demonstrated that clinical outcomes in recipients managed with AlloMap surveillance were equivalent to outcomes in recipients managed with biopsies. We have also published two studies retrospectively analyzing data from two (IMAGE and CARGO II) earlier trials that demonstrate how the variability in AlloMap scores over time may be useful in predicting the risks of rejection and graft dysfunction. In May 2015, we initiated the DART trial to clinically validate AlloSure, our proprietary next-generation sequencing test that measures the percent of dd-cfDNA in solid organ transplant recipients, regardless of the type of organ transplanted. DART is designed to establish clinical validation, or the clinical performance characteristics of dd- cfDNA in detecting acute rejection in kidney allograft recipients. DART is a multicenter observational study of the clinical status of renal transplant patients and blood specimens are collected periodically at post-transplant follow up visits and also at the time of renal biopsies following treatment for acute rejection. DART is also designed to demonstrate the correlation of dd-cfDNA to renal function through comparison to both serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Patients will be followed in DART for a minimum of 18 months. Once we receive relevant information from the first planned analysis of DART, we expect to initiate a second clinical trial to establish the clinical utility of our dd-cfDNA kidney solution. At the end of December 2015, DART had enrolled over 200 patients in 13 centers. Research and Development Our research and development activities focus on developing cutting edge organ transplant surveillance solutions, and we seek to continuously explore and develop new clinically-relevant approaches to our products. Our ongoing research and development efforts include: (cid:120) (cid:120) further refinement of the AlloMap product line; additional studies to expand the clinical utility of AlloMap and generate additional data to enhance clinical understanding of transplant rejection; 9 (cid:120) (cid:120) new product development in other areas of transplant surveillance, such as validating the use of AlloSure for heart and dd-cfDNA technology as a biomarker for rejection in other organs; and technology platform development to increase efficiency and lower costs in our testing and laboratory operations. Our research and development efforts are not limited to specific technology platforms, biomarkers or methodologies. Instead, we aim to leverage current and future innovations in biomarker identification and measurement in developing future solutions. Our research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were $9.3 million, $3.8 million and $3.2 million, respectively. During 2015, our European commercial partner Diaxonhit SA, or Diaxonhit, assisted with the design of a health economic study for AlloMap reimbursement in Europe. Diaxonhit is a French publicly traded specialty diagnostics company with activities in France, Switzerland and Belgium, and is a leader in specialty in-vitro diagnostics for transplantation, infectious diseases and cancer. Additionally, the French Ministry of Health has recently approved the funding of a study designed to demonstrate that AlloMap is non-inferior to biopsy as a method of evaluating the risk of acute cellular rejection among French heart transplant patients. dd-cfDNA as a Biomarker for Organ Rejection We are currently engaged in discovery and development efforts using dd-cfDNA to develop additional post- transplant diagnostic solutions, with a focus on a test for heart and kidney rejection. We believe dd-cfDNA may be useful as a biomarker for the detection of rejection related organ damage in solid organ transplant recipients. dd- cfDNA are short fragments of DNA that are released into the blood stream when cells die. dd-cfDNA assays have transformed pre-natal testing by providing a non-invasive, accurate method to detect genetic abnormalities in a fetus, without needing an invasive amniocentesis procedure. In a transplant recipient, we believe the differences in the relative amounts of dd-cfDNA from the donated organ and the recipient can be used to distinguish between patients with a healthy or damaged donor organ. Initial studies such as Heart Transplants Are Genome Transplants: Universal Noninvasive Detection of Organ Transplant Rejection (Snyder T M et al., Proceedings N. Academy Sciences, 2011) and the Highly Sensitive Non- Invasive Cardiac Transplant Rejection Monitoring Using Targeted Qualification of Donor Specific Cell Free DNA (Hidestrand M et. al., J. Am. Coll. Cardiology, 2013) indicate that dd-cfDNA may be a universally applicable marker for rejection, not only for heart, but for kidney, liver and lung transplant recipients as well. Our initial studies and other external studies have reported that the proportions of dd-cfDNA in heart transplant recipients increase as much as five-fold during rejection episodes. Measuring the level and changes in the relative amount of dd-cfDNA in the blood stream may be a useful new method for detecting rejection. This technique involves measuring the dd- cfDNA released by dying cells from the donor organ into the recipient’s blood stream. The level of donor specific dd-cfDNA from the transplanted organ can be monitored in the recipient’s blood stream over time, and changes in organ status may be detected as changes in the donor dd-cfDNA level. The rationale for this approach arises from the observation that both acute and chronic rejection processes are associated with high levels of cell death in the transplanted organ. In early 2015 we presented preliminary data demonstrating an increase of dd-cfDNA in the plasma of patients prior to organ rejection and the decrease of dd-cfDNA following immunosuppressive therapy for acute rejection in heart transplant recipients, using blood samples and clinical data from our CARGO II repository. These tests were conducted in our research facilities using our library of well annotated blood samples from primarily heart organ transplant patients. The results were presented at several professional medical society meetings. 10 dd-cfDNA for Heart Transplants We believe that a dd-cfDNA-based solution for heart transplant recipients could provide additional value to clinicians, particularly in situations where a recipient’s AlloMap score does not suggest a low probability of acute rejection. Studies have reported that a higher percentage of dd-cfDNA in the blood stream of patients with moderate or severe rejection as determined by an associated biopsy specimen. We believe a dd-cfDNA solution for heart could help clinicians to identify recipients with a higher probability of rejection and make any subsequent biopsy a more effective diagnostic tool, because the likelihood of detecting rejection in the biopsy specimen would be substantially enhanced. We have completed internal studies with our collection of samples. We have established our proprietary strategy for quantification of donor specific dd-cfDNA and we have completed initial proof of concept studies. We now offer AlloSure as a laboratory developed test for a limited number of heart transplant centers and physicians as part of the D-OAR registry study. Other steps in our AlloSure development process have included publication of abstracts in association with professional meetings on the results of the clinical validity of AlloSure in our CARGO II sample and data repository. dd-cfDNA for Kidney Transplants Our DART clinical trial is aimed at establishing the clinical validity of a dd-cfDNA for kidney transplant patients. We are applying expertise we gained developing AlloSure to develop a dd-cfDNA solution for other organ transplants, beginning with kidney transplants. We have a proprietary library of longitudinal blood and urine samples from kidney transplant recipients acquired during the course of our Kidney Transplanted Organ Rejection Gene expression Observational Study, or KARGO. An interventional clinical study to establish clinical utility of dd-cfDNA is expected to commence after initial results are obtained from the DART validation study. We may seek to acquire rights to access additional well-curated samples from other university hospitals and other sample repository consortiums in the United States with which we maintain relationships. We plan to expand the clinical validity evidence in support of commercialization for use in kidney transplant recipients. If developed, we would commercialize this solution. We recently designed and expanded our CLIA-CAP-compliant lab to accommodate clinical-grade next generation sequence testing and released a clinically validated Laboratory Developed Test, or LDT, under CLIA in December 2015. We previously applied for and obtained FDA clearance for our AlloMap solution based on draft guidance published by the FDA in September 2006. That guidance was never finalized by the FDA and, at present, we do not anticipate seeking 510(k) clearance from the FDA for our dd-cfDNA-based kidney solution as part of our initial launch. If the FDA changes its current policy with respect to the regulation of LDTs, we may be required to seek FDA clearance or premarket approval for our dd-cfDNA-based kidney solution. The time required to develop and validate a test for kidney transplants depends on a number of factors, including the success and timing of developing a dd-cfDNA test for heart transplants and the time required to acquire sufficient samples. Reimbursement We have been successful in achieving reimbursement from many payers. The reimbursement process can take six months or more to complete depending on the payer. As of December 31, 2015, we have been reimbursed for approximately 79% of AlloMap results delivered in the twelve months ended June 30, 2015. Reimbursement for AlloMap comes primarily from Medicare, private third party payers such as insurance companies and managed care organizations, Medicaid and hospitals. A number of payers have adopted coverage policies approving AlloMap for reimbursement. Such policies often approve reimbursement for tests performed from six-months or one year post-transplant through five years post-transplant. For tests performed outside the scope of the payer’s policy, and for tests performed where the payer has not adopted a coverage policy, we pursue reimbursement on a case-by-case basis. If a reimbursement claim is denied, we generally pursue the appeals process for the particular payer. 11 AlloMap has been billed since the inception of the test using an unlisted CPT code. This approach is consistent with the billing approach for many diagnostic tests. However, in February 2015 Medicare assigned a Category 1 CPT code for AlloMap. Due to the assignment of a Category 1 CPT, in September 2015, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, issued a proposed Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule, or CLFS, Preliminary Determinations for calendar year 2016. In the draft, CMS proposed large changes in reimbursement for a number of established molecular diagnostic tests, including AlloMap. Under the proposed fee schedule, AlloMap reimbursement would have been reduced by 77% from $2,821.00 to $644.62. However, in October 2015, CMS reversed its preliminary CLFS and restored the final pricing determinations for AlloMap in the 2016 CLFS to $2,821.00, which is the same as the previous rate set by a number of Medicare Administrative Contractors, or MACs, including Noridian Administrative Services, Cigna Governmental Services, and Palmetto GBA. CMS has deferred formal Category 1 CPT pricing determinations until 2017. Medicare We are reimbursed for a substantial portion of our tests performed on recipients covered by Medicare. These represented 36%, 37% and 39% of all AlloMap tests in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Approximately 50%, 51% and 53% of all testing revenue was derived from Medicare reimbursements for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Medicare reimbursement for AlloMap began in 2006 and has continued through three successive Medicare Administrative Contractors, which are the local organizations that make most coverage decisions for Medicare. Private Payers and Medicaid Payers We are reimbursed for a substantial portion of the tests we perform on patients covered by private payers and Medicaid payers. Coverage policies approving AlloMap for reimbursement have been adopted by many of the largest private payers, including Aetna, Cigna, Humana, Inc., Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc., TRICARE National Insurance and WellPoint, and a number of state Medicaid programs. Many of the payers with positive coverage policies have also entered into contracts with us to formalize pricing and payment terms. With private payers and Medicaid payers that have not yet adopted positive coverage policies, we obtain reimbursement from those payers on a case-by-case basis for a significant portion of claims. International In 2013 we initiated a commercial agreement with a term of 10 years that provides for exclusive rights to promote AlloMap in Europe with Diaxonhit, a leader in specialty in-vitro diagnostics for transplantation, infectious diseases and cancer. Diaxonhit has agreed to commercialize AlloMap in all countries in western and central Europe directly and through sub-partners. Under the terms of our agreement, we will provide Diaxonhit with training and a license to perform AlloMap. In Europe, we receive revenue in two ways; first, through our sale of testing materials to our partner, Diaxonhit, and second, through royalties on Diaxonhit’s net sales of AlloMap. Diaxonhit will pay royalties to us on the net sales, as defined in the agreement, of AlloMap tests, in the mid to high teens. Diaxonhit made an upfront payment to us in cash of approximately €387,500 ($503,000) and Diaxonhit’s publicly traded common stock with a value at the time of €387,000 following execution of the agreement. The cash portion of this upfront payment will offset the royalties payable to us upon the satisfaction of certain milestones in the first three years following the first commercial sale. Diaxonhit is also obligated to pay additional royalties based on certain milestones, up to a maximum of €1,450,000, and some of the royalty payments may be made pursuant to the issuance to us of Diaxonhit’s publicly traded common stock. Through Diaxonhit, we have also secured a dedicated laboratory, the Strasbourg University Hospital Central Immunology Laboratory, or HUS, in France. Our agreement with our Canadian partner, LifeLabs Medical Laboratory Services, was terminated in August 2015 and we now sell directly in Canada with a focus on the largest province: Ontario. 12 Testing and Laboratory Operations Our laboratory operations are headquartered at our Brisbane, California laboratory, which is certified under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment of 1988, or CLIA, and where we perform all testing in support of our U.S. patients. Through our European commercial partner, we have contracted with a dedicated laboratory in France with HUS for AlloMap testing in Europe. We undertook a multi-step validation process to demonstrate that AlloMap test results released from the HUS laboratory are equivalent to AlloMap results generated by our main laboratory in the United States. The technology transfer was completed in January 2016, and patient samples can now be tested at HUS. We believe that our laboratory capacity will be adequate to meet demand for AlloMap in Europe for the next several years. We have also recently expanded existing lab facilities in Brisbane, CA to accommodate CLIA-compliant space specifically designed for clinical-grade next-generation sequencing, or NGS, testing. This new laboratory space has been established to support future products that target dd-cfDNA for the surveillance of organ transplant recipients. The expanded facility also includes a state-of-the-art laboratory information management system containing best-in- class NGS bioinformatics and customized software modules. When AlloMap is ordered by a clinician, a blood sample is drawn and processed to isolate the white blood cells, which are subsequently broken down, frozen and sent via overnight courier to our laboratory. Each of the 20 genes comprising AlloMap are tested in triplicate and results are reported to the ordering clinician by fax within three business days of receipt of the sample. Rigorous quality control testing is conducted at every phase of the test process. Test samples that fail to meet quality control criteria are immediately re-tested and the ordering clinician is notified of the need to re-test if turnaround time will be affected. We rely solely on single suppliers to provide certain laboratory instruments and reagents that we use to perform AlloMap. These sole source suppliers include Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., or Thermo Fisher, which supplies us with instruments, laboratory reagents, a master mix formula and consumables, Becton, Dickinson, and Company which supplies us with cell preparation tubes, and Therapak Corporation, which supplies us with a proprietary buffer reagent. One of the reagents supplied to us by Therapak Corporation is, in turn, obtained by Therapak Corporation from Qiagen N.V. and is a proprietary formulation of Qiagen N.V. We have completed all the verification and validation studies with Thermo Fisher for the development of a custom master mix. All three full scale validation lots passed our acceptance testing. We now routinely purchase this material for routine use in the production of its AlloMap test plates. Sales and Marketing Our sales organization consists of a direct sales team in the United States which interacts with all aspects of the transplantation channel, including sales, medical science, reimbursement, customer service and field laboratory/draw site support. As of December 31, 2015, our sales and marketing team consisted of 22 employees, including transplant account sales executives, reimbursement account managers, medical science liaisons and patient service center and customer service personnel. All personnel are field based except for customer service, which are based in our California headquarters. In 2015, AlloMap was used in 120 of the approximately 130 heart transplant centers in the United States. Our marketing focuses on the clinical and economic benefits of AlloMap and the scientific validation that supports our test. Our strategy includes continued marketing to and education of clinicians and administrators at treatment centers that have used our test to increase the number of clinicians at those centers using our test, and to have centers adopt formal protocols for AlloMap use. Competition We believe the principal competitive factors in our target markets include: (cid:120) (cid:120) quality and strength of clinical and analytical validation data; confidence in diagnostic results; 13 (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) the extent of reimbursement; inclusion in practice guidelines; cost-effectiveness; and ease of use. We believe we compete favorably on the factors described above. Existing diagnostic methods for heart transplant rejection generally involve evaluating biopsy samples to determine the presence or absence of rejection, and for kidney transplant rejection include general, non-specific clinical chemistry tests, though biopsies are also a surveillance diagnostic tool. Both of these practices have been the standard of care in the United States for many years, and we will need to continue to educate clinicians, transplant recipients and payers about the various benefits of our test in order to change clinical practice. Also, many transplant centers are located within hospitals that have their own laboratory facilities and have capacity to conduct various tests, so hospitals may choose to rely on internally developed and/or internally performed surveillance and diagnostic tests. Competition for kidney surveillance diagnostics can also come from biopsies. However, because of the risks and discomforts of the invasive kidney biopsy procedure, as well as the expense and relatively low rate of finding moderate to severe grade rejection, biopsy is not a standard practice for surveillance of transplanted kidneys. Additional competition for kidney surveillance diagnostics currently comes from general, non-specific clinical chemistry tests such as serum creatinine, urine protein, complete blood count, lipid profile and others that are widely ordered by physician offices and routinely performed in clinical reference labs and hospital labs. We also expect the competition for post-transplant surveillance to increase as there are several established and early- stage companies in the process of developing novel products and services for the transplant market which may directly or indirectly compete with AlloMap or our development pipeline. In addition to companies focused on pre- transplantation such as Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.’s One Lambda and Immucor, Inc.’s LIFECODES businesses, companies who have not historically focused on transplantation, but have knowledge of dd-cfDNA technology, have indicated they are considering this market. Our potential competitors may have widespread brand recognition and substantially greater financial, technical and research and development resources and selling and marketing capabilities than we do. Others may develop products with prices lower than ours that could be viewed by clinicians and payers as functionally equivalent to our solution, or offer solutions at prices designed to promote market penetration, which could force us to lower the price of our current and future solutions and affect our ability to achieve or maintain profitability. Intellectual Property Patents and Proprietary Technology In order to remain competitive, we seek to develop and maintain protection on the proprietary aspects of our technologies. We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, material data transfer agreements and licenses to protect our intellectual property rights. We also rely upon unpatented trade secrets and improvements, unpatented know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We generally protect this information with confidentiality and reasonable security measures. Our core patent position for AlloMap is based on issued patents and patent applications disclosing identification of genes differentially expressed between activated and resting leukocytes and demonstration of correlation between gene expression patterns and specific clinical states and outcomes. Our strategy is to continue to broaden our intellectual property estate for AlloMap through the discovery and protection of gene expression patterns and their correlation with specific clinical states and outcomes, as well as the algorithms needed for clinical assessment. 14 As of December 31, 2015, we have 16 issued United States patents, and one pending patent application outside the United States related to transplant rejection and autoimmunity. We have five issued United States patents covering methods of diagnosing transplant rejection using all 11 informative genes measured in AlloMap. The expiration dates of these patents range from 2021 to 2024. In the area of dd-cfDNA-based transplant diagnostics, we have filed a patent application to cover our research and development work in this field. In connection with our June 2014 acquisition of ImmuMetrix, we obtained an exclusive license from Stanford University to a patent relating to the diagnosis of rejection in organ transplant recipients using dd-cfDNA. This patent has an expiration date of November 5, 2030. We have six issued United States patents covering a method of diagnosing or monitoring autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases, such as lupus, by detecting specific genes. While we have clinical samples and patents covering lupus diagnostics, we do not intend to actively pursue the lupus test opportunity. AlloMap, XDx and CareDx are registered trademarks of our Company in the United States. We have developed trade secrets and know-how since our inception. These are found particularly in technical areas such as optimized systems for making precise and reproducible quantitative PCR measurements, and in the analysis of genomic data and algorithm development. License Agreements We currently rely on license agreements to obtain rights under certain patents that we believe may be necessary to make, use and sell our AlloMap test and future solutions. We may in the future rely, at least in part, upon licensing agreements with third parties to obtain patent rights and transfers of technology, information and know-how that enable us to further our development of additional solutions for post-transplant surveillance. In November 2004, we entered into a license agreement with Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., or Roche, which was amended in January 2007, July 2007, October 2008 and September 2014. The agreement grants us the right to use PCR and quantitative real time PCR for use in clinical laboratory services. This is a non-exclusive license agreement in the United States covering the claims in multiple Roche patents. Under the terms of the agreement, we are required to report and pay royalties, after adjustment due to a discount for combination services, in the mid-single digits on test revenues from products using the licensed intellectual property on a quarterly basis until September 2017, pursuant to a Settlement Agreement and Mutual Release, dated September 11, 2014, or Settlement Agreement. As part of the Settlement Agreement, we will continue (i) a downward adjustment of the combination services percentage used to determine the portion of the AlloMap service that is royalty bearing under the terms of the license until September 30, 2017 and (ii) to report and pay quarterly royalties within 45 days of the end of each quarter. Roche has agreed that subject to our timely payment of all applicable royalties through such date, no further royalties will be payable by us for periods after September 20, 2017. In June 2014, we entered into an amended and restated license agreement with Stanford University (Stanford) which granted us an exclusive license to a patent relating to the diagnosis of rejection in organ transplant recipients using dd-cfDNA and a non-exclusive license to related technology provided by Stanford. Subject to various rights of extension, we are required to achieve certain development and commercialization milestones set forth in the license agreement. Under the terms of the license agreement, we are required to report and pay an annual license maintenance fee, six milestone payments and royalties in the low single digits on net sales of products incorporating the licensed technology. Regulation Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 As a clinical laboratory, we are required to hold certain federal, state and local licenses, certifications and permits to conduct our business. Under CLIA, administered by CMS, we are required to hold a certificate applicable to the type of work we perform and to comply with standards covering personnel, facilities administration, quality systems, proficiency testing and performance. Almost all clinical laboratories are subject to regulation under CLIA, which is designed to ensure that laboratory testing services on materials derived from the human body are accurate and reliable. 15 We have a certificate of accreditation under CLIA to perform “high complexity” testing. Laboratories performing high complexity testing are required to meet more stringent personnel and quality system requirements than laboratories performing less complex tests. To renew our CLIA certificate, we are subject to survey and inspection every two years to assess compliance with program standards. The standards applicable to the testing which we perform may change over time. We were inspected and recertified under CLIA in February 2014. We expect the next regular inspection under CLIA to occur in 2016. California Laboratory Licensing In addition to federal certification requirements of laboratories under CLIA, licensure is required and maintained for our laboratory under California law. Such laws establish standards for the day-to-day operation of a clinical laboratory, including the training and skills required of personnel and quality control. In addition, California laws mandate proficiency testing, which involves testing of specimens that have been specifically prepared for the laboratory. We are required to maintain compliance with California standards as a condition to continued operation of our laboratory. Other States’ Laboratory Testing Other states require out-of-state laboratories which accept specimens from those states to be licensed. We have obtained licenses in California, Florida, New York, Maryland and Pennsylvania and believe we are in compliance with applicable licensing laws. Food and Drug Administration The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates the design, testing, development, manufacture, safety, labeling, marketing, promotion, storage, sale and distribution of medical devices pursuant to its authority under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FFDCA. The FFDCA and its implementing regulations govern, among other things, the following activities relating to our medical devices: preclinical and clinical testing, design, manufacture, safety, efficacy, labeling, storage, record keeping, sales and distribution, post-market adverse event reporting, import/export, and advertising and promotion. The FDA has also asserted that it has the authority to regulate laboratory-developed tests, known as LDTs, as medical devices under the FFDCA. An LDT is a test developed by a single laboratory for use only in that laboratory, such as AlloMap. The FDA has traditionally chosen not to exercise its authority to regulate LDTs because it regulates the primary components in most laboratory-developed tests and because it believes that laboratories certified as high complexity under CLIA, such as ours, have demonstrated expertise and ability in test procedures and analysis. However, beginning in September 2006, the FDA issued draft guidance on a subset of LDTs known as “in vitro diagnostic multivariate index assays,” or IVDMIAs. According to the draft guidance, IVDMIAs do not fall within the scope of LDTs over which FDA has exercised enforcement discretion because such tests incorporate complex and unique interpretation functions which require clinical validation. We believed that AlloMap met the definition of IVDMIA set forth in the draft guidance document. As a result, we applied for and obtained in August 2008 510(k) clearance for AlloMap for marketing and sale as a test to aid in the identification of recipients with a low probability of moderate or severe rejection. On October 3, 2014, the FDA published two draft guidance documents that set forth the FDA’s proposed risk-based framework for regulating LDTs. The draft guidance documents provide the anticipated details through which the FDA would propose to establish an LDT oversight framework, including premarket review for higher-risk LDTs, such as those that have the same intended use as FDA-approved or cleared companion diagnostics currently on the market. The FDA allotted 90 days for comment from stakeholders in order to further advance their thinking on their regulatory oversight of LDTs. In addition, the FDA convened a public meeting January 8-9, 2015 also for the purpose of stakeholders to provide input into the FDA process. 16 The FDA’s LDT guidance documents, if and when finalized, may significantly impact the timing, availability and reimbursement of our future tests, and could require us to modify our business model in order to maintain compliance with these new requirements. For our dd-cfDNA test and all similar testing solutions, we may be required to conduct additional clinical trials to demonstrate clinical validity and utility of our test, and submit to the FDA a premarket approval application, or PMA, or 510(k) premarket notification application and obtain approval or clearance for the test before it can be commercialized. We cannot predict the ultimate timing or form of any FDA final guidance or regulation of LDTs, or when we must obtain regulatory approval or clearance for our LDT solutions. There can be no assurance that any of our tests or additional uses of our tests for which we seek clearance or approval in the future will be cleared or approved on a timely basis, or at all, nor can there be any assurance that labeling claims will be consistent with our current claims or adequate to support continued adoption of and reimbursement for our current and future tests. Moreover, any new FDA requirements could conflict with CLIA requirements and thereby complicate our compliance efforts. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Under the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has issued regulations to protect the privacy and security of protected health information used or disclosed by healthcare providers, such as us. HIPAA also regulates standardization of data content, codes and formats used in healthcare transactions and standardization of identifiers for health plans and providers. Penalties for violations of HIPAA regulations include civil and criminal penalties. We have developed policies and procedures to comply with these regulations. The requirements under these regulations may change periodically and could have an effect on our business operations if compliance becomes substantially more costly than under current requirements. In addition to federal privacy regulations, there are a number of state laws governing confidentiality of health information that are applicable to our operations. New laws governing privacy may be adopted in the future as well. We have taken steps to comply with health information privacy requirements to which we are aware that we are subject. Federal and State Self-Referral Prohibitions We are subject to the federal self-referral prohibitions, commonly known as the Stark Law, and to similar state restrictions such as California’s Physician Ownership and Referral Act, commonly known as PORA. Where applicable, these restrictions generally prohibit us from billing patients or certain governmental or private payers for clinical laboratory testing services when the physician ordering the test, or any member of such physician’s immediate family, has an investment interest in, or compensation arrangement with, us, unless the arrangement meets an exception to the prohibition. Both the Stark Law and PORA contain exceptions for compensation paid to a physician for personal services rendered by the physician, provided that certain conditions are satisfied. We have compensation arrangements with a number of physicians for personal services, such as speaking engagements and specimen tissue preparation. We have structured these arrangements with terms intended to comply with the requirements of the applicable exceptions to Stark and PORA. However, we cannot be certain that regulators would find these arrangements to be in compliance with Stark, PORA or similar state laws. Sanctions for a violation of the Stark Law include the following: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) denial of Medicare payment for the services provided in violation of the prohibition; refunds of amounts collected by an entity in violation of the Stark Law; a civil penalty of up to $15,000 for each service arising out of the prohibited referral; exclusion from federal healthcare programs, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs; and a civil penalty of up to $100,000 against parties that enter into a scheme to circumvent the Stark Law’s prohibition. 17 Further, a violation of PORA is a misdemeanor and could result in civil penalties and criminal fines. Finally, other states have self-referral restrictions with which we have to comply that differ from those imposed by federal and California law. Federal and State Fraud and Abuse Laws Because of the significant federal funding involved in Medicare and Medicaid, Congress and the states have enacted, and actively enforce, a number of laws to eliminate fraud and abuse in federal healthcare programs. Our business is subject to compliance with these laws. In March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Healthcare and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, which we refer to collectively as “the Affordable Care Act,” was enacted in the United States. The provisions of the Affordable Care Act are effective on various dates. The Affordable Care Act expands the government’s investigative and enforcement authority and increases the penalties for fraud and abuse, including amendments to both the Anti-Kickback Statute and the False Claims Act, to make it easier to bring suit under these statutes. The Affordable Care Act also allocates additional resources and tools for the government to police healthcare fraud, with expanded subpoena power for HHS, additional funding to investigate fraud and abuse across the healthcare system and expanded use of recovery audit contractors for enforcement. Anti-Kickback Statutes The federal healthcare programs’ Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual, or the furnishing or arranging for a good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare or Medicaid. The definition of “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, including, for example, gifts, certain discounts, the furnishing of free supplies, equipment or services, credit arrangements, payment of cash and waivers of payments. Several courts have interpreted the statute’s intent requirement to mean that if any one purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to induce referrals of federal healthcare covered businesses, the statute has been violated. Penalties for violations include criminal penalties and civil sanctions such as fines, imprisonment and possible exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs. In addition, violations of the Anti-Kickback Statute also are actionable under the Federal False Claims Act. Many states have adopted laws similar to the Anti-Kickback Statute. Some of these state prohibitions apply to referral of recipients for healthcare items or services reimbursed by any source, not only the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Government officials have focused their enforcement efforts on the marketing of healthcare services and products, among other activities, and recently have brought cases against companies, and certain individual sales, marketing and executive personnel, for allegedly offering unlawful inducements to potential or existing customers in an attempt to procure their business. Federal False Claims Act Another development affecting the healthcare industry is the increased use of the federal False Claims Act, and in particular, action brought pursuant to the False Claims Act’s “whistleblower” or “qui tam” provisions. The False Claims Act imposes liability on any person or entity that, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment by a federal healthcare program. The qui tam provisions of the False Claims Act allow a private individual to bring actions on behalf of the federal government alleging that the defendant has violated the False Claims Act and to share in any monetary recovery. In recent years, the number of suits brought against healthcare providers by private individuals has increased dramatically. In addition, various states have enacted false claims law analogous to the False Claims Act, and many of these state laws apply where a claim is submitted to any third-party payer and not merely a federal healthcare program. 18 When an entity is determined to have violated the False Claims Act, it may be required to pay up to three times the actual damages sustained by the government, plus civil penalties of between $5,500 and $11,000 for each separate instance of false claim. There are many potential bases for liability under the False Claims Act. Liability arises, primarily, when an entity knowingly submits, or causes another to submit, a false claim for reimbursement to the federal government. The federal government has used the False Claims Act to assert liability on the basis of causing physicians to order excessive or unnecessary services, providing false documentation in support of claims, kickbacks, Stark Law violations and other improper referrals, and CLIA violations, in addition to the more predictable allegations as to misrepresentations with respect to the services rendered. In addition, the federal government has pursued enforcement actions under the False Claims Act in connection with off-label promotion of products. Our future activities relating to billing, compliance with CLIA and Medicare reimbursement requirements, physician and other healthcare provider financial relationships and the sale and marketing of our products may be subject to scrutiny under these laws. Employees As of December 31, 2015, we had a total of 95 employees, including 22 employees in sales and marketing and 33 employees in research and development. From time to time we also employ independent contractors, consultants and temporary employees to support our operations. None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements. We have never experienced a work stoppage and believe that our relations with our employees are good. Environmental Matters Our operations require the use of hazardous materials (including biological materials) which subjects us to a variety of federal, state and local environmental and safety laws and regulations. Some of these regulations provide for strict liability, holding a party potentially liable without regard to fault or negligence. We could be held liable for damages and fines as a result of our, or others’, business operations should contamination of the environment or individual exposure to hazardous substances occur. We could also be subject to significant fines for failure to comply with applicable environmental, health and safety requirements. We cannot predict how changes in laws or new regulations will affect our business, operations or the cost of compliance. Available Information Our website is www.caredx.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this report unless specifically incorporated herein by reference. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge on our investor relations website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. The SEC also maintains a website that contains our SEC filings. The address of the website is www.sec.gov. Further, a copy of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is located at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0300. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before investing in our common stock. If any of the follows risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed. In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment. 19 Risks Related to the Acquisition The acquisition of Allenex will require us to obtain additional financing. On December 16, 2015, we entered into purchase agreements, to acquire, subject to certain conditions, approximately 78% of the outstanding shares of Allenex from its three principal shareholders in exchange for a combination of cash and our common stock, and on March 7, 2016, we launched a tender offer through the issuance of an Offer Document to acquire the remaining 22% of the shares of Allenex. Refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition—Overview—Recent Developments—Allenex Tender Offer” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. If we acquire all Allenex shares, the total purchase price will be approximately $35.0 million, payable in a combination of cash and equity. If the Allenex minority shareholders accept the all cash alternative, together with the cash component payable to the three principal shareholders, we will distribute approximately $27.0 million in cash, excluding financial advisory, legal and accounting fees (which must be paid whether or not the acquisition is completed). If the Allenex minority shareholders elect to receive both shares and a cash payment, we will distribute approximately $24.6 million in cash, excluding financial advisory, legal and accounting fees (which must be paid whether or not the acquisition is completed). Additionally, if in the tender offer we acquire more than 90%, but less than 100%, of the shares of Allenex, we intend to initiate compulsory acquisition proceedings under Swedish laws and to purchase the remaining shares in Allenex for cash. The actual price per share purchased pursuant to such compulsory acquisition proceedings will be determined by an arbitrational tribunal. As a result of the compulsory acquisition proceedings under Swedish law, we may ultimately have to pay, in the aggregate, a higher price per share in order to purchase the remaining Allenex shares, further depleting our cash reserves. The acquisition will require us to refinance or amend our existing $16.0 million debt loan with our existing lender, and we also expect to incur costs as we integrate Allenex’s business and operations with ours. To fund a portion of the proposed acquisition and to refinance our existing loan, on December 15, 2015, we entered into a commitment letter and fee letter with Oberland Capital for a six month bridge loan of $18.0 million, to be borrowed in connection with the closing of the acquisition. The Oberland Capital bridge loan will be secured by substantially all of our assets and will contain operating and financial covenants. These include, among others, restrictions on our ability to incur additional debt. These restrictions and covenants may restrict our ability to finance our operations and engage in, expand, or otherwise pursue our business activities and strategies. Breaches of these covenants and restrictions could result in a default and an acceleration of our obligations under the Oberland Capital loan agreement. Even with the Oberland Capital bridge loan, the acquisition will consume a significant portion of our current cash and cash equivalents. We will require additional financing to fund our working capital and, within six months following entry into the bridge loan, to refinance the Oberland Capital bridge loan. We are pursuing financing opportunities in both the private and public debt and equity markets through sales of equity or debt securities. On August 10, 2015, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to which we are allowed to sell equity and debt securities. We cannot initiate sales under the Form S-3 until mid-2016. Absent additional funding and assuming completion of the acquisition and entry into the bridge loan, we will exhaust our cash and cash equivalents in July 2016 unless we substantially reduce costs and operations, including research and development and other operating costs. Such costs reductions would significantly impair our ability to operate our business effectively, and raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our ability to raise additional financing for working capital and to refinance our indebtedness will depend, in part, on the conditions of the capital markets. Additional capital may not be available on attractive terms, or at all. Raising additional funds by issuing equity securities would result in dilution to our existing shareholders. Any equity securities issued also may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. If we raise additional funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. Any refinancing of our indebtedness could be at significantly higher interest rates, require additional restrictive financial and operational covenants, require us to incur significant transaction fees and also require that we issue warrants or other equity securities, or issue convertible securities. Any debt arrangement we enter into may contain restrictive covenants, including restrictions on the ability of us and our subsidiaries to incur additional debt, grant liens, make investments, including 20 acquisitions and pay dividends and distributions. These restrictions and covenants may restrict our ability to finance our operations and engage in, expand, or otherwise pursue our business activities and strategies. Our ability to comply with these covenants and restrictions may be affected by events beyond our control, and breaches of these covenants and restrictions could result in a default and an acceleration of our obligations under a debt agreement. If we raise additional funds through collaborations and licensing arrangements, we might be required to relinquish significant rights to our technologies or our solutions under development, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us, which could lower the economic value of those programs to us. If adequate funds are not available, we would have to curtail our research and development and other activities and this would adversely affect our business and future prospects. If we do not complete the acquisition of Allenex, we may be subject to fines or penalties from Swedish securities regulatory authorities. Our obligation to complete the Allenex acquisition is subject to certain closing conditions, but is not subject to a financing condition. The bridge loan funding is subject to multiple closing conditions, including with respect to our financial condition and adequacy of capital. If Oberland Capital fails to extend us the bridge loan and other capital is not available, we would be unable to complete the acquisition. If we do not perform our obligation to complete the acquisition, we may be subject to fines and penalties under Swedish law, in addition to stockholder claims. Nasdaq Stockholm Takeover Rules authorize the institution to impose a special fine ranging between SEK 50,000 (approximately $6,000) and SEK 100 million (approximately $12.0 million). If we fail to perform our obligation to close the acquisition, we may also be subject to stockholder claims for damages under the purchase agreements and under the Swedish Takeover Rules. Such penalties, fines and contract damages claims may also trigger a default under our current loan agreement, and could have other unforeseen consequences that could negatively affect our business and the price of our common stock. Each of our and Allenex’s business relationships, including customer relationships, may be subject to disruption due to uncertainty associated with the Offer. After announcement of the acquisition, and during the tender offer period, customers, vendors, licensors, suppliers and other third parties with whom we and Allenex do business or otherwise have relationships may experience uncertainty on whether the transaction will be completed, and this uncertainty could materially affect their decisions with respect to existing or future business relationships while the transaction is pending, or with us following completion of the acquisition. Additionally, as we complete the integration of the Allenex business, business relationships with third parties may be subject to disruptions or delays. These third parties may also attempt to negotiate changes to existing business agreements, which may result in additional obligations imposed on us and Allenex. These types of disruptions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations both during and following the completion of the transaction. In addition, the acquisition could be viewed negatively by investors, which may adversely affect our business and the price of our common stock. We may not be able to successfully integrate our business with the business of Allenex, and we may not be able to achieve the anticipated strategic benefits from our acquisition of Allenex. The integration of Allenex will be a time-consuming process. The integration process will require substantial management time and attention, which may divert attention and resources from other important areas, including our existing business. In addition, we may not be able to fully realize the anticipated strategic benefits of the combination, which includes a complementary product portfolio and significant cross-selling opportunities. The failure to successfully integrate the combined operations, including retention of key employees, could impact our ability to realize the full benefits of our acquisition of Allenex. If we are not able to achieve the anticipated strategic benefits of the combination, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and could adversely affect the market price of our common stock if the integration or the anticipated financial and strategic benefits of the acquisition are not realized as rapidly as, or to the extent anticipated by investors and analysts. Failure to achieve these anticipated benefits could result in increased costs and decreases in future revenue and/or net income following the acquisition. 21 Uncertainty regarding the completion of the acquisition may have a negative impact on the market price of our common stock and/or Allenex’s shares. We have established certain conditions for completion of the acquisition. The fulfillment of the conditions is not within our control. There are therefore no guarantees that the Offer will be completed, or, when it can be completed, if at all, and the resulting uncertainty may negatively affect the market price for our shares of common stock. Further, all or a portion of the costs incurred in connection with the preparation for the acquisition will have to be paid by us regardless of whether the acquisition is completed, which would have a negative effect on our results of operation and cash flows. The market price of our shares may decline due to increased selling pressure as a result of the acquisition. In connection with the acquisition, we could issue approximately 1.75 million shares if all Allenex shareholders elect to receive both cash and shares of our common stock. The common stock to be issued as consideration in the acquisition will be freely tradable upon consummation of the acquisition. Sales of a substantial number of our shares of common stock in the public market in connection with the acquisition, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and may make it more difficult for you to sell your common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. Allenex shareholders who may not have the ability or desire to hold shares in a U.S. company may lead to sales of our shares of common stock or the perception that such sales may occur, either of which may adversely affect the market for, and the market price of, our shares. The uncertainties associated with our combination with Allenex may cause key personnel to leave. Our employees may perceive uncertainty about their future role with the combined business until strategies with regard to the combined business are announced or executed. Any uncertainty may affect our ability to attract and retain our key personnel, or the key employees of Allenex. Charges to earnings resulting from acquisition and integration costs may materially adversely affect the market value of our shares following the completion of the acquisition. As part of the acquisition, we expect to pay a substantial amount of cash and incur debt to pay for the acquisition. The incurrence of indebtedness is anticipated to also result in increased fixed obligations, increase interest expense, and include covenants or other restrictions that could impede our ability to manage our operations. We may also discover liabilities or deficiencies associated with the acquisition of Allenex that were not identified in advance, which may result in significant unanticipated costs. Intangibles acquired in connection with the acquisition may subsequently be impaired and, if so, could increase our net accumulated deficit. We are accounting for the combination with Allenex under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The purchase price of Allenex is allocated to the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets and liabilities that are acquired from Allenex. The excess of the purchase price over Allenex’s net assets and intangibles is allocated to goodwill. We are required to perform periodic impairment tests on goodwill and intangibles to evaluate whether the intangible assets and goodwill as a result of the Offer continue to have fair values that meet or exceed the amounts recorded on our balance sheet. If the fair values of such assets decline below their carrying value on the balance sheet, we may be required to recognize an impairment charge related to such decline. We cannot predict whether or when there will be an impairment charge, or the amount of such charge, if any. However, if the charge is significant, it could cause the market price of our shares to decline. 22 Full integration of our business with Allenex may not be achieved until we acquire the remaining shares of Allenex shareholders. Under Swedish law, we may only effect a compulsory acquisition if the holders of more than 90% of the outstanding shares in Allenex accept our tender offer. If we are unable to achieve the requisite shareholder consent, this could prevent us from realizing some or all of the anticipated strategic benefits of the acquisition of Allenex. We may be somewhat limited in our freedom and ability to manage Allenex due to the shareholder minority protection rules in the Swedish Companies Act. Even if we acquire more than 90% of the outstanding shares in Allenex, full integration of the Allenex business may not be achieved until we have compulsorily acquired the remaining shares of Allenex Shareholders. Our acquisition of Allenex may not result in material benefits to our business and our development efforts. Through the acquisition of Allenex, we expect to create an international transplantation diagnostics company with a strong presence and direct distribution in both the US and Europe. Allenex’s products are used to evaluate organ transplant patients prior to their transplant procedure with Human Leukocyte Antigen, or HLA, matching diagnostic tests to ensure that a donor’s organ is compatible with the transplant recipient’s immune system to prevent rejection. While Allenex has well-known products in the field of genomic HLA, Allenex faces market risk in the form of competition from other producers, transition to more automated typing processes as well as new technologies, which may make it difficult for the business to maintain current market share and margins. The markets for clinical diagnostic products are competitive, and there are a number of companies which currently compete with Allenex for product sales. Allenex’s competitors or new market entrants may be in a better position than we are to respond quickly to new or emerging technologies, may be able to undertake more extensive marketing campaigns, may adopt more aggressive pricing policies and may be more successful in attracting potential customers, employees and strategic partners. These competitors may also have substantially greater expertise in conducting clinical trials and research and development, greater ability to obtain necessary intellectual property licenses and greater brand recognition than we do, any of which may adversely affect the use of our genomic HLA products. Additionally, the results from the acquisition of Allenex will be dependent on the performance of Allenex’s new product, QTYPE. The development and commercialization of QTYPE may fail for many reasons, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) lack of clinical validation data to support the effectiveness of the test; delays resulting from the failure of third-party suppliers or contractors to meet their obligations in a timely and cost-effective manner; failure to obtain or maintain necessary clearances or approvals to market the test; or lack of commercial acceptance by patients, clinicians, laboratories or third-party payers. We have limited experience with respect to acquiring other companies and limited experience with respect to the acquisition of strategic assets or the formation of collaborations, strategic alliances and joint ventures. The acquisition of Allenex could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could harm our operating results. We may not identify or complete this transaction in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, or at all, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of this acquisition. Risks Related to Our Business We have a history of losses, and we expect to incur net losses for the next several years. We have incurred substantial net losses since our inception, and we expect to continue to incur additional losses for the next several years. For the year ended December 31, 2015, our net loss was $13.7 million. For the year ended December 31, 2014, we had net income of $0.8 million, and for the year ended December 31, 2013, we incurred net loss of $3.5 million. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $173.1 million. We expect to continue to incur significant operating expenses and anticipate that our expenses will increase due to costs relating to, among other things: (cid:120) researching, developing, validating and commercializing potential future diagnostic solutions, including AlloSure, our solution currently in development; 23 (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) developing, presenting and publishing additional clinical and economic utility data intended to increase payer coverage and clinician adoption of our current and future solutions; expansion of our operating capabilities; maintenance, expansion and protection of our intellectual property portfolio and trade secrets; the process of integrating the Allenex business with our business and the associated potential disruptions to our business; future clinical trials; expansion of the size and geographic reach of our sales force and our marketing capabilities to commercialize potential future solutions; employment of additional clinical, quality control, scientific, customer service, laboratory, billing and reimbursement and management personnel; and employment of operational, financial, accounting and information systems personnel, consistent with expanding our operations and our status as a newly public company. Even if we achieve significant revenues, we may not become profitable, and even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain consistently profitable could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and could significantly impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business or continue to pursue our growth strategy. For a detailed discussion of our financial condition and results of operations, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” We receive a substantial portion of our revenues from Medicare, and the loss of, or a significant reduction in, reimbursement from Medicare would adversely affect our financial performance. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, payments from Medicare for AlloMap represented approximately 50%, 51% and 53%, respectively, of testing revenue. We anticipate that Medicare will continue to be the payer for a significant portion of our claims for the foreseeable future. However, we may not be able to maintain or increase our tests reimbursed by Medicare for a variety of reasons, including changes in reimbursement practices, general policy shifts, or reductions in reimbursement amounts. We cannot predict whether Medicare reimbursements will continue at the same payment amount or with the same breadth of coverage in the future, if at all. Our financial results are largely dependent on sales of one test, AlloMap, and we will need to generate sufficient revenues from this and other future solutions to grow our business. Our ability to generate revenue is currently dependent on sales of AlloMap for heart transplant recipients, and we expect that sales of AlloMap will account for a substantial portion of our revenue for at least the next several years. Although we are working to commercialize AlloSure, our dd-cfDNA-based solution for heart transplant recipients, even if we are successful in developing this new test, we expect that it would be marketed as part of AlloMap and that it would not generate additional standalone revenue for us. In addition, while we are in the process of developing a dd-cfDNA solution for kidney transplant recipients, even if we are successful in developing this test, we do not expect this test to be commercially available for at least the next several years. If we are unable to increase sales of AlloMap or successfully develop and commercialize other solutions or enhancements, our revenues and our ability to achieve profitability would be impaired, and the market price of our common stock could decline. 24 The development and commercialization of additional diagnostic solutions, including solutions related to the acquisition of Allenex, are a key to our growth strategy. New test development involves a lengthy and complex process, and we may not be successful in our efforts to develop and commercialize additional diagnostic solutions. Key elements of our strategy are to discover, develop, validate and commercialize a portfolio of new diagnostic solutions in addition to AlloMap. While we have engaged in discovery and development activity for AlloSure, our dd-cfDNA solution for heart transplant recipients, we will be required to devote considerable additional efforts and resources to the further research and development of this test before it can be made available. Our planned new diagnostic solutions for organs other than the heart, such as our planned dd-cfDNA solution for kidney transplant recipients, are at much earlier stages of development. dd-cfDNA solutions are a novel technology, and to date have not been used commercially in the field of transplantation surveillance. We are seeking to acquire Allenex in order to offer solutions addressing pre-transplantation testing needs. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully complete development of or commercialize any of our planned future solutions, or that they will prove to be capable of reliably being used for organ surveillance in the heart or in other types of organs. Before we can successfully develop and commercialize any of our currently planned or other new diagnostic solutions, we will need to: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) conduct substantial research and development; obtain the necessary testing samples and related data; conduct clinical validation studies; expend significant funds; expand and scale-up our laboratory processes; expand and train our sales force; gain acceptance from ordering clinicians at a larger number of transplant centers; and seek and obtain regulatory clearance or approvals of our new solutions, as required by applicable regulations. This process involves a high degree of risk and may take up to several years or more. Our test development and commercialization efforts may be delayed or fail for many reasons, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) failure of the test at the research or development stage; difficulty in accessing suitable testing samples, especially testing samples with known clinical results; lack of clinical validation data to support the effectiveness of the test; delays resulting from the failure of third-party suppliers or contractors to meet their obligations in a timely and cost-effective manner; failure to obtain or maintain necessary clearances or approvals to market the test; or lack of commercial acceptance by patients, clinicians, or third-party payers. Few research and development projects result in commercial products, and success in early clinical studies often is not replicated in later studies. At any point, we may abandon development of new diagnostic solutions, or we may be required to expend considerable resources repeating clinical trials, which would adversely impact the timing for generating potential revenues from those new diagnostic solutions. In addition, as we develop diagnostic solutions, we will have to make additional investments in our sales and marketing operations, which may be prematurely or unnecessarily incurred if the commercial launch of a test is abandoned or delayed. If a clinical validation study fails to demonstrate the prospectively defined endpoints of the study, we would likely abandon the development of the test or test feature that was the subject of the clinical trial, which could harm our business. 25 If we do not achieve our projected development goals in the time frames we announce and expect, the commercialization of additional diagnostic solutions by us may be delayed and, as a result, our business will suffer and our stock price may decline. From time to time, we expect to estimate and publicly announce the anticipated timing of the accomplishment of various clinical and other product development goals. In addition, we have included a discussion of a number of anticipated targets elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The actual timing of accomplishment of these targets could vary dramatically compared to our estimates, in some cases for reasons beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will meet our projected targets and if we do not meet these targets as publicly announced, the commercialization of our diagnostic solutions may be delayed or may not occur at all and, as a result, our business will suffer and our stock price may decline. Please see the section entitled “Business—Research and Development” for more information regarding our strategies. The field of diagnostic testing in transplantation is evolving and is subject to rapid technological change. If we are unable to develop solutions to keep pace with rapid medical and scientific change, our operating results could be harmed. The field of diagnostic testing in transplantation is evolving. Although there have been few advances in technology relating to organ rejection in transplant recipients, the market for medical diagnostic companies is marked by rapid and substantial technological development and innovations which could make AlloMap, and our solutions in development, outdated. We must continually innovate and expand our test offerings to address unmet needs in monitoring transplant related conditions. AlloMap and our solutions under development could become obsolete unless we continually innovate and expand our product offerings to include new clinical applications. If we are unable to demonstrate the effectiveness of AlloMap and future diagnostic solutions, if any, compared to new methodologies and technologies, then sales of our solutions could decline, which would harm our business and financial results. If clinicians and hospital administrators do not adopt our diagnostic solutions, we will not achieve future sales growth. Clinicians and healthcare administrators are traditionally slow to adopt new products, testing practices and clinical treatments, partly because of perceived liability risks and the uncertainty of third-party reimbursement. It is critical to the success of our sales efforts that we continue to educate clinicians and administrators about AlloMap and, subject to their development, our future solutions, and demonstrate the clinical benefits of these solutions. We believe that clinicians and transplant centers may not use our solutions unless they determine, based on published peer-reviewed journal articles and the experience of other clinicians, that our solutions provide accurate, reliable and cost-effective information that is useful in monitoring their post-transplant recipients. We estimate that there are approximately 130 centers managing heart transplant recipients in the United States. In 2015, AlloMap was used in 120 of these centers. However, not all clinicians in these centers are currently using our test. In order for AlloMap sales to grow, we must continue to market to and educate clinicians and administrators at treatment centers that have used our test to increase the number of clinicians ordering our test, the number of recipients tested and the number of tests per recipient. In addition, we must actively solicit additional treatment centers to establish policies and procedures for ordering our test and to encourage clinicians at those centers to incorporate our test into their standard clinical practice. Some of the challenges that our sales team must overcome include explaining the clinical benefits of AlloMap, which is a highly technical product, and changing a 30-year patient management paradigm of using biopsy as the basis of transplant recipient monitoring. If clinicians and hospital administrators do not adopt and continue to use AlloMap or our future solutions, our business and financial results will suffer. 26 Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly or may fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, each of which may cause our stock price to fluctuate or decline. Historically, our financial results have been, and we expect that our operating results will continue to be, subject to quarterly fluctuations. Our net income (loss) and other operating results will be affected by numerous factors, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) our ability to successfully market and sell AlloMap; our ability to commercialize new diagnostic solutions such as AlloSure; the amount of our research and development expenditures; the timing of cash collections from third-party payers; the extent to which our current test and future solutions, if any, are eligible for coverage and reimbursement from third-party payers; the process of integrating new acquisitions, such as Allenex, with our business and the associated potential disruption to our business; changes in coverage and reimbursement or in reimbursement-related laws directly affecting our business; any intellectual property infringement lawsuit or opposition, interference or cancellation proceeding in which we may become involved; announcements by our competitors of new or competitive products; regulatory developments affecting our test or competing products; total operating expenses; and changes in expectation as to our future financial performance, including financial estimates, publications or research reports by securities analysts. If our quarterly operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Furthermore, any quarterly fluctuations in our operating results may, in turn, cause the price of our stock to fluctuate substantially. We believe that quarterly comparisons of our financial results are not necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of our future performance. If the utility of our current solution and solutions in development is not supported by studies published in peer- reviewed medical publications, the rate of adoption of our current and future solutions by clinicians and treatment centers and the rate of reimbursement of our current and future solutions by payers may be negatively affected. The results of our clinical trials involving AlloMap have been presented at major medical society congresses and published in peer-reviewed publications in leading medical journals. We need to maintain a continued presence in peer-reviewed publications to promote clinician adoption and favorable reimbursement decisions. We believe that peer-reviewed journal articles that provide evidence of the utility of our current and future solutions or the technology underlying AlloMap or future solutions are very important to the commercial success of our current and any future solutions. Clinicians typically take a significant amount of time to adopt new products, testing practices and clinical treatments, partly because of perceived liability risks and the uncertainty of third-party reimbursement. It is critical to the success of our sales efforts that we educate a sufficient number of clinicians and administrators about AlloMap and our future solutions, and demonstrate the clinical benefits of these solutions. Clinicians may not adopt, and third-party payers may not cover or adequately reimburse for, our current and future solutions unless they determine, based on published peer-reviewed journal articles and the experience of other clinicians, that our diagnostic current and future solutions provide accurate, reliable and cost-effective information that is useful in monitoring transplant recipients and making informed and timely treatment decisions. 27 The administration of clinical and economic utility studies is expensive and demands significant attention from our management team. Data collected from these studies may not be positive or consistent with our existing data, or may not be statistically significant or compelling to the medical community. If the results obtained from our ongoing or future studies are inconsistent with certain results obtained from our previous studies, adoption of our current and future solutions would suffer and our business would be harmed. While we have had success in generating peer- reviewed publications regarding AlloMap, peer-reviewed publications regarding our future solutions may be limited by many factors, including delays in the completion of, poor design of, or lack of compelling data from clinical studies that would be the subject of the article. If our current and future solutions or the technology underlying AlloMap or our future solutions do not receive sufficient favorable exposure in peer-reviewed publications, the rate of clinician adoption and positive reimbursement coverage decisions could be negatively affected. The publication of clinical data in peer-reviewed journals is a crucial step in commercializing and obtaining reimbursement for diagnostic solutions such as ours, and our inability to control when, if ever, results are published may delay or limit our ability to derive sufficient revenue from any product that is the subject of a study. We are also in the process of completing clinical trials demonstrating the clinical validity of AlloSure, our development stage transplant surveillance solution, and clinical performance characteristics of dd-cfDNA. To ensure the success of AlloSure and future tests based on dd-cfDNA, we will need to continue our efforts to complete and publicize research and trials that provide evidence of the utility of dd-cfDNA and validate AlloSure as a solution. Transplant centers may not adopt AlloMap or future solutions due to historical practices or due to more favorable reimbursement policies associated with other means of monitoring transplants. Due to the historically limited monitoring options and the well-established coverage and reimbursement for biopsies, clinicians are accustomed to monitoring for acute cellular rejection in heart transplant recipients by utilizing biopsies. Many clinicians use our test in parallel with biopsies rather than as an alternative to biopsies. While we do not market AlloMap as a biopsy alternative, per se, if treatment center administrators view our test as an alternative to a biopsy and believe they would derive more revenue from the performance of biopsies, such administrators may be motivated to reduce or avoid the use of our test. We cannot provide assurance that our efforts will increase the use of our test by new or existing customers. Our failure to increase the frequency of use of our test by new and existing customers would adversely affect our growth and revenues. If we are unable to successfully compete with larger and more established players in the clinical surveillance of the transplantation field, we may be unable to increase or sustain our revenues or achieve profitability. Our AlloMap solution for heart transplant recipients competes against existing diagnostic tests utilized by pathologists, which, in the case of heart transplant rejection, generally involve evaluating biopsy samples to determine the presence or absence of rejection. This practice has been the standard of care in the United States for many years, and we will need to continue to educate clinicians, transplant recipients and payers about the various benefits of our test in order to change clinical practice. Competition for kidney surveillance diagnostics can also come from biopsies. However, because of the risks and discomforts of the invasive kidney biopsy procedure, as well as the expense and relatively low rate of finding moderate to severe grade rejection, biopsy is not a standard practice for surveillance of transplanted kidneys. Additional competition for kidney surveillance diagnostics currently comes from general, non-specific clinical chemistry tests such as serum creatinine, urine protein, complete blood count, lipid profile and others that are widely ordered by physician offices and routinely performed in clinical reference labs and hospital labs. We expect the competition for post-transplant surveillance to increase as there are numerous established and startup companies in the process of developing novel products and services for the transplant market which may directly or indirectly compete with AlloMap or our development pipeline. In addition to companies focused on pre- transplantation such as Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.’s One Lambda and Immucor, Inc.’s LIFECODES businesses, companies who have not historically focused on transplantation, but with existing knowledge of dd-cfDNA technology have indicated they are considering this market. 28 The field of clinical surveillance of transplantation is evolving. New and well established companies are devoting substantial resources to the application of molecular diagnostics to the treatment of medical conditions. Some of these companies may elect to develop and market diagnostic solutions in the post-transplant surveillance market. Many of our potential competitors have greater brand recognition and substantially greater financial and technical resources and development, production and marketing capabilities than we do. Others may develop lower-priced, less complex tests that could be viewed by clinicians and payers as functionally equivalent to our test, which could force us to lower the current list price of our test and impact our operating margins and our ability to achieve profitability. If we are unable to compete successfully against current or future competitors, we may be unable to increase market acceptance for and sales of AlloMap and our future solutions, which could prevent us from increasing or sustaining our revenues or achieving profitability and could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. Our research and development efforts will be hindered if we are not able to acquire or contract with third parties for access to additional tissue and blood samples. Our clinical development relies on our ability to secure access to tissue and blood samples, as well as recipient information including biopsy results and clinical outcomes from the same patient. Furthermore, the studies through which our future solutions are developed rely on access to multiple samples from the same recipient over a period of time as opposed to samples at a single point in time or archived samples. We will require additional samples and recipient data for future research, development and validation. Access to recipients and samples on a real-time, or non-archived, basis is limited and often on an exclusive basis, and there is no guarantee that initiatives such as the DART study will be successful in obtaining and validating additional samples. Additionally, the process of negotiating access to new and archived recipient data and samples is lengthy since it typically involves numerous parties and approval levels to resolve complex issues, such as usage rights, institutional review board approval, recipient consent, privacy rights and informed consent of recipients, publication rights, intellectual property ownership and research parameters. If we are not able to acquire or negotiate access to new and archived recipient data and blood samples with source institutions, or if other laboratories or our competitors secure access to these samples before us, our ability to research, develop and commercialize future solutions will be limited or delayed. If we cannot enter into and maintain new clinical collaborations, our efforts to commercialize AlloMap and our development of new products could be delayed. In the past, we have entered into clinical trial collaborations with highly regarded academic institutions and leading treatment centers in the transplant field. Our success in the future may depend in part on our ability to enter into agreements with other leading institutions in the transplant field. Securing these agreements can be difficult due to internal and external constraints placed on these organizations. Some organizations may limit the number of collaborations they have with any one company so as to not be perceived as biased or conflicted. Organizations may also have insufficient administrative and related infrastructure to enable collaborations with many companies at once, which can extend the time it takes to develop, negotiate and implement a collaboration. In addition to completing clinical trial collaborations, publication of clinical data in peer-reviewed journals is a crucial step in commercializing and obtaining coverage and reimbursement for solutions such as ours. Our inability to control when, if ever, results of such studies are published may delay or limit our ability to derive sufficient revenues from any test that may result from a collaboration. From time to time we expect to engage in discussions with potential clinical collaborators, which may or may not lead to collaborations. We cannot guarantee that any discussions will result in clinical collaborations or that any clinical studies which may result will be enrolled or completed in a reasonable time frame or with successful outcomes. Once news of discussions regarding possible collaborations become known in the medical community, regardless of whether the news is accurate, failure to announce a collaborative agreement or the other entity’s announcement of a collaboration with an entity other than us may result in adverse speculation about us, our current and future solutions or our technology, resulting in harm to our reputation and our business. 29 If we are unable to successfully manage our growth and support demand for our test, our business may suffer. As our test volume grows, we will need to continue to ramp up our testing capacity, implement increases in scale and related processing, customer service, billing and systems process improvements and expand our internal quality assurance program to support testing on a larger scale. We will also need additional certified laboratory scientists and other scientific and technical personnel to process our tests. We cannot assure you that any increases in scale, related improvements and quality assurance will be successfully implemented or that appropriate personnel will be available. As additional products are developed, we may need to bring new equipment on-line, implement new systems, technology, controls and procedures and hire personnel with different qualifications. We plan to expand our sales force to support additional products. There is significant competition for qualified, productive sales personnel with advanced sales skills and technical knowledge in our field. Our ability to achieve significant growth in revenue in the future will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, training, and retaining sufficient qualified sales personnel. The value of AlloMap depends, in large part, on our ability to perform AlloMap on a timely basis and at a high quality standard, and on our reputation for such timeliness and quality. Failure to implement necessary procedures, transition to new equipment or processes or to hire new personnel could result in higher costs of processing or an inability to meet market demand in a timely manner. There can be no assurance that we will be able to perform AlloMap or our future solutions, if any, on a timely basis at a level consistent with demand, that our efforts to scale our commercial operations will not negatively affect the quality of test results or that we will be successful in responding to the growing complexity of our testing operations. If we encounter difficulty meeting market demand for our current and future solutions, our reputation could be harmed and our future prospects and our business could suffer. In addition, our growth may place a significant strain on our management, operating and financial systems and our sales, marketing and administrative resources. As a result of our growth, our operating costs may escalate even faster than planned, and some of our internal systems may need to be enhanced or replaced. If we cannot effectively manage our expanding operations and our costs, we may not be able to grow effectively or we may grow at a slower pace, and our business could be adversely affected. Our recent testing revenue growth rates may not be indicative of future growth, and we may not continue to grow at our recent pace, or at all. From 2014 to 2015, our testing revenue grew from $25.8 million to $27.9 million, which represents annual growth of 8%. In the future, our revenue may not grow as rapidly as it has over the past several years. We believe that our future revenue growth will depend on, among other factors: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) the continued usage and acceptance of our current and future solutions; demand for our products and services; the introduction and acceptance of new or enhanced products or services by us or by competitors; our ability to maintain reimbursement for AlloMap and secure reimbursement for our future solutions; our ability to anticipate and effectively adapt to developing markets and to rapidly changing technologies; our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel; the initiation, renewal or expiration of significant contracts with our commercial partners; pricing changes by us, our suppliers or our competitors; and general economic conditions and other factors. We may not be successful in our efforts to manage any of the foregoing, and any failure to be successful in these efforts could materially and adversely affect revenue growth. You should not consider our past revenue growth to be indicative of future growth. 30 If our sole laboratory facility in the U.S. becomes inoperable, we will be unable to perform AlloMap and future solutions, if any, and our business will be harmed. We perform all of our diagnostic services for the U.S. in our laboratory located in Brisbane, California. Additionally, through our partnership with Diaxonhit we have recently validated a dedicated laboratory for AlloMap testing in Europe through the Strasbourg University Hospital Central Immunology Laboratory. We do not have redundant laboratory facilities. Brisbane is situated on or near earthquake fault lines. Our facility and the equipment we use to perform AlloMap would be costly to replace and could require substantial lead time to repair or replace, if damaged or destroyed. Our facilities may be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including earthquakes, wildfires, flooding and power outages, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to perform our tests for some period of time. The inability to perform our tests may result in the loss of customers or harm our reputation, and we may be unable to regain those customers in the future. Although we possess insurance for damage to our property and the disruption of our business, this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. In order to establish a redundant laboratory facility, we would have to spend considerable time and money securing adequate space, constructing the facility, recruiting and training employees, and establishing the additional operational and administrative infrastructure necessary to support a second facility. Additionally, any new clinical laboratory facility opened by us in the U.S. would be required to be certified under the CLIA, a federal law that regulates clinical laboratories that perform testing on specimens derived from humans for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease. We would also be required to secure and maintain state licenses required by several states, including California, Florida, Maryland, New York and Pennsylvania, which can take a significant amount of time and result in delays in our ability to begin operations at that facility. If we failed to secure any such licenses, we would not be able to process samples from recipients in such states. We also expect that it would be difficult, time-consuming and costly to train, equip and use a third-party to perform tests on our behalf. We could only use another facility with the established state licensures and CLIA certification necessary to perform AlloMap or future solutions following validation and other required procedures. We cannot assure you that we would be able to find another CLIA-certified facility willing or able to adopt AlloMap or future solutions and comply with the required procedures, or that this laboratory would be willing or able to perform the tests for us on commercially reasonable terms. Any additional laboratories opened in Europe would need to undergo a multi-step validation process demonstrating that AlloMap test results raised from such laboratory are equivalent to AlloMap results generated by our Brisbane laboratory. Training and other preparation is required before the laboratory is operational, and our commercial partner in Europe may encounter unanticipated obstacles. We do not have access to redundant facilities in Europe and our exclusive arrangement precludes the engagement by us of another collaboration partner whose laboratories we could use in the event that our primary facility is harmed or rendered inoperable. Without immediate access to an alternative facility, any disruption to our European partner’s laboratory may result in delays in the delivery of test results, patient claims, loss of customers or harm to our reputation. Performance issues, service interruptions or price increases by our shipping carriers could adversely affect our business and harm our reputation and ability to provide our services on a timely basis. Expedited, reliable shipping is essential to our operations. We rely heavily on providers of transport services for reliable and secure point-to-point transport of recipient samples to our laboratory and enhanced tracking of these recipient samples. Should a carrier encounter delivery performance issues such as loss, damage or destruction of a sample, it may be difficult to replace our recipient samples in a timely manner and such occurrences may damage our reputation and lead to decreased demand for our services and increased cost and expense to our business. In addition, any significant increase in shipping rates could adversely affect our operating margins and results of operations. Similarly, strikes, severe weather, natural disasters or other service interruptions affecting delivery services we use would adversely affect our ability to receive and process recipient samples on a timely basis. 31 Our ability to commercialize the diagnostic solutions that we develop is dependent on our relationships with laboratory services providers and their willingness to support our current and future solutions. We rely on third-party laboratory services providers to draw the recipient blood samples that are analyzed in our Brisbane, California laboratory. Our business will suffer if these service providers do not support AlloMap or the other solutions that we may develop. For example, these laboratories may deem the effort to process the samples for our solutions to require too much additional effort. Additionally, if transplant facilities have relationships with large reference laboratories that will not process and send out our specimens, the clinicians at these facilities may deem ordering our tests outside of these relationships too inconvenient for their patients. A lack of acceptance of our current and future solutions by these service providers could result in lower test volume. If we are unable to raise additional capital on acceptable terms in the future, it may limit our ability to develop and commercialize new diagnostic solutions and technologies, and we may have to curtail or cease operations. We expect capital outlays and operating expenditures to increase over the next several years as we expand our infrastructure, commercial operations and research and development activities. Specifically, we may need to raise additional capital to, among other things: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) complete development of AlloSure, our proposed dd-cfDNA test for heart and kidney, or develop other solutions for clinical surveillance in transplantation; increase our selling and marketing efforts to drive market adoption and address competitive developments; expand our clinical laboratory operations; fund our clinical validation study activities; expand our research and development activities; sustain or achieve broader commercialization of AlloMap or enhancements to that test; acquire or license products or technologies including through acquisitions; and finance our capital expenditures and general and administrative expenses. Our present and future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) the level of research and development investment required to develop our dd-cfDNA test for heart and kidney transplant recipients and additional solutions for the surveillance of transplantation of other organs; costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights; our need or decision to acquire or license complementary technologies or acquire complementary businesses; changes in test development plans needed to address any difficulties in commercialization; competing technological and market developments; whether our diagnostic solutions become subject to additional U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, or other regulation; and changes in regulatory policies or laws that affect our operations. Additional capital, if needed, may not be available on satisfactory terms, or at all. Furthermore, if we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to our existing stockholders could result. Any equity securities issued also may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. For example, upon completion of our acquisition accounting related to Allenex, we have the ability to sell additional shares of our common stock to the public through an “at the market” offering and a Controlled Equity Offering Sales Agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. Any shares of common stock issued in the at-the-market offering will result in dilution 32 to the existing shareholders. If we raise additional funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock, and the terms of the debt securities issued could impose significant restrictions on our operations. If we raise additional funds through collaborations and licensing arrangements, we might be required to relinquish significant rights to our technologies or our solutions under development, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us, which could lower the economic value of those programs to us. If adequate funds are not available, we may have to scale back our operations or limit our research and development activities, which may cause us to grow at a slower pace, or not at all, and our business could be adversely affected. The loss of key members of our senior management team or our inability to attract and retain highly skilled scientists, clinicians and laboratory and field personnel could adversely affect our business. Our success depends largely on the skills, experience and performance of key members of our executive management team. The efforts of each of these persons will be critical to us as we continue to develop our technologies and testing processes and as we attempt to transition to a company with more than one commercialized test. If we were to lose one or more of these key employees, we may experience difficulties in competing effectively, developing our technologies and implementing our business strategies. Our research and development programs and commercial laboratory operations depend on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled scientists and technicians, including geneticists, biostatisticians, engineers, licensed laboratory technicians and chemists. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified scientists and technicians in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among life science businesses, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area. We also face competition from universities, public and private research institutions and other organizations in recruiting and retaining highly qualified scientific personnel. In addition, our success depends on our ability to attract and retain laboratory and field personnel with extensive experience in post-transplant recipient care and surveillance and close relationships with clinicians, pathologists and other hospital personnel. We may have difficulties locating, recruiting or retaining qualified salespeople, which could cause a delay or decline in the rate of adoption of AlloMap or our future solutions, if any. If we are not able to attract and retain the necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that will adversely affect our ability to support our discovery, development, verification and commercialization programs. Recent and future acquisitions and investments could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and operating results. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to expand our existing know-how, expertise and intellectual property in other fields, including for the development of other commercial tests. In some circumstances, we may decide to do so through the acquisition of complementary businesses and technologies rather than through internal development, including, for example, our 2014 acquisition of ImmuMetrix, Inc., a privately held development-stage company working on dd-cfDNA-based solutions in transplantation and other fields, and our potential acquisition of Allenex. The identification of suitable acquisition candidates can be difficult, time-consuming and costly, and we may not successfully complete acquisitions that we target in the future. The risks we face in connection with acquisitions, including our acquisition of ImmuMetrix and our potential acquisition of Allenex, include: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to addressing acquisition integration challenges; reduction of available cash reserves, assumption of debt or dilutive issuances of equity securities due to payment of consideration; coordination of research and development and sales and marketing functions; integration of product and service offerings; acquired technology or research and development expectations prove unsuccessful; retention of key personnel from the acquired company; 33 (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) financial reporting, revenue recognition or other financial control deficiencies of the acquired company that we do not adequately address and that cause our reported results to be incorrect; liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including intellectual property infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities; litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims from terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties; integrating a global workforce of the acquired company into our business; obtaining the approval of minority shareholders to complete an acquisition; and commercialization of new products being developed by the acquired company. Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future acquisitions and investments could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of these acquisitions or investments, cause us to incur unanticipated liabilities, and harm our business generally. For example, we completed our acquisition of ImmuMetrix, Inc. in June 2014, and some risks remain, including the risks that the intellectual property we acquired in this acquisition may not lead to a successful product, risks associated with milestone payments due under the merger agreement and the probability of achieving them, and the risk that Stanford University could terminate our patent license relating to the diagnosis of rejection in organ transplant recipients using dd-cfDNA if we do not meet certain performance and commercialization conditions. There is also a risk that future acquisitions will result in the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses, incremental operating expenses or the write-off of goodwill and other intangible assets, any of which could harm our business and results of operations. We may acquire other businesses or assets or form joint ventures that could harm our operating results, dilute your ownership of us, increase our debt or cause us to incur significant expense. As part of our business strategy, we may pursue acquisitions of complementary businesses and assets, as well as technology licensing arrangements. We also may pursue strategic alliances that leverage our core technology and industry experience to expand our test offerings or distribution. We have limited experience with respect to acquiring other companies and limited experience with respect to the acquisition of strategic assets or the formation of collaborations, strategic alliances and joint ventures. If we make any acquisitions, we may not be able to integrate these acquisitions successfully into our existing business, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities. Any future acquisitions by us also could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could harm our operating results. Integration of an acquired company, product or technology also may require management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our existing business. We may not identify or complete these transactions in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, or at all, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, technology license, strategic alliance or joint venture. For example, in March 2016, we initiated a tender offer for the acquisition of Allenex. Allenex’s technology and products are new to us, and accordingly we may need to make substantial investments of resources to support the integration of Allenex, which will result in increased operating expenses and may divert resources and management attention from other areas of our business. Additional unanticipated costs may be incurred in the course of integrating the respective businesses. We cannot make any assurances that these investments will be successful. As a result of any of the aforementioned challenges, as well as other challenges and factors that may be unknown to us, we may not be able to fully realize the anticipated strategic benefits of the acquisition, which includes a complementary product portfolio and significant cross-selling opportunities. If we fail to successfully integrate Allenex, we may not realize the benefits expected from the transaction and our business may be harmed. To finance any acquisitions, we may choose to issue shares of our common stock as consideration, which would dilute your interest in us. If the price of our common stock is low or volatile, we may not be able to acquire other companies using our stock as consideration. Alternatively, it may be necessary for us to raise additional funds for acquisitions through public or private financings. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all. 34 Defects in AlloMap or other solutions we develop could result in substantial product liabilities or professional liabilities that exceed our resources. The marketing, sale and use of AlloMap and future solutions could lead to the filing of product liability claims if someone were to allege that our test failed to perform as it was designed. For example, a defect in one of our diagnostic solutions could lead to a false positive or false negative result, affecting the eventual diagnosis. Any incomplete or inaccurate analysis on the part of our technicians could also affect the reliability of the test results. A product liability or professional liability claim could result in substantial damages and be costly and time-consuming for us to defend. Although we maintain product and professional liability insurance, our insurance may not fully protect us from the financial impact of defending against product liability or professional liability claims or any judgments, fines or settlement costs arising out of any such claims. Any product liability or professional liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could increase our insurance rates or prevent us from securing insurance coverage in the future. Additionally, any product liability lawsuit could cause injury to our reputation, result in the suspension of our testing pending an investigation into the cause of the alleged failure, or cause current collaborators to terminate existing agreements and potential collaborators to seek other partners, any of which could negatively impact our results of operations. We rely extensively on third party service providers. Failure of these parties to perform as expected, or interruptions in our relationship with these providers or their provision of services to us, could interfere with our ability to provide test results. Our relationship with any of our third party service providers may impair our ability to perform our services. The failure of any of our third party service providers to adequately perform their service obligations may reduce our revenues and increase our expenses or prevent us from providing our services in a timely manner if at all. In addition, our reputation, business and financial performance could be materially harmed if we are unable to, or are perceived as unable to, perform reliable services. We rely solely on certain suppliers to supply some of the laboratory instruments and key reagents that we use to perform AlloMap. These sole source suppliers include Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., which supplies us with instruments, laboratory reagents and consumables, Becton, Dickinson and Company, which supplies us with cell preparation tubes, or CPTs, and Therapak Corporation, which supplies us with a proprietary buffer reagent. One of the reagents supplied to us by Therapak Corporation is, in turn, obtained by Therapak Corporation from Qiagen N.V. and is a proprietary formulation of Qiagen N.V. We have no relationship with or control over, Qiagen N.V. We do not have guaranteed supply agreements with Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Becton, Dickinson and Company, Therapak Corporation or Qiagen N.V., which exposes us to the risk that these suppliers may choose to discontinue doing business with us at any time. We periodically forecast our needs to these sole source suppliers and enter into standard purchase orders based on these forecasts. In addition, our ABI 7900 Thermocycler, a real time PCR instrument used in AlloMap, is no longer in production. Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. has committed to provide service and support of this instrument through 2017. We believe that there are relatively few suppliers other than Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Becton, Dickinson and Company and Qiagen N.V. that are currently capable of supplying the instruments, reagents and other supplies necessary for AlloMap. Even if we were to identify secondary suppliers, there can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into agreements with such suppliers on a timely basis on acceptable terms, if at all. If we should encounter delays or difficulties in securing from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Becton, Dickinson and Company or Therapak Corporation, or Therapak Corporation encounters delays or difficulties in securing from Qiagen N.V., the quality and quantity of reagents, or supplies, or instruments that we require for AlloMap or other solutions we develop, we may need to reconfigure our test processes, which would result in delays in commercialization or an interruption in sales. Clinicians who order AlloMap rely on the continued availability of our test and have an expectation that results will be reported within two to three business days. If we are unable to provide results within a timely manner, clinicians may elect not to use our test in the future and our business and operating results could be harmed. 35 Security breaches, loss of data and other disruptions could compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business and our reputation. In the ordinary course of our business, we still work with our third-party billing agent to collect and store sensitive data, including legally-protected health information, credit card information and personally identifiable information about our customers, payers, recipients and collaboration partners. We also store sensitive intellectual property and other proprietary business information, including that of our customers, payers and collaboration partners. We manage and maintain our applications and data utilizing a combination of on-site systems, managed data center systems and cloud-based data center systems. These applications and data encompass a wide variety of business critical information, including research and development information, commercial information and business and financial information. We face four primary risks relative to protecting this critical information: loss of access risk, inappropriate disclosure risk, inappropriate modification risk and the risk of our being unable to identify and audit our controls over the first three risks. We are highly dependent on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to securely process, transmit and store this critical information. Security breaches of this infrastructure, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, attacks by hackers and similar breaches, can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized disclosure or modification of confidential information. The secure processing, storage, maintenance and transmission of this critical information are vital to our operations and business strategy, and we devote significant resources to protecting such information. Although we take measures to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure, and that of our third-party billing and collections provider, may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. A security breach or privacy violation that leads to disclosure or modification of or prevents access to consumer information (including personally identifiable information or protected health information) could harm our reputation, compel us to comply with disparate state breach notification laws, require us to verify the correctness of database contents and otherwise subject us to liability under laws that protect personal data, resulting in increased costs or loss of revenue. If we are unable to prevent such security breaches or privacy violations or implement satisfactory remedial measures, our operations could be disrupted, and we may suffer loss of reputation, financial loss and other regulatory penalties because of lost or misappropriated information, including sensitive consumer data. In addition, these breaches and other inappropriate access can be difficult to detect, and any delay in identifying them may lead to increased harm of the type described above. Any such breach or interruption could compromise our networks or those of our third-party billing agent, and the information stored there could be inaccessible or could be accessed by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such interruption in access, improper access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, and regulatory penalties. Unauthorized access, loss or dissemination could also disrupt our operations, including our ability to perform tests, provide test results, bill payers or patients, process claims and appeals, provide customer assistance services, conduct research and development activities, collect, process and prepare company financial information, provide information about our current and future solutions and other patient and clinician education and outreach efforts through our website, and manage the administrative aspects of our business and damage our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our business. Any such breach could also result in the compromise of our trade secrets and other proprietary information, which could adversely affect our competitive position. In addition, the interpretation and application of consumer, health-related, privacy and data protection laws in the U.S., Europe and elsewhere are often uncertain, contradictory and in flux. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. If so, this could result in government- imposed fines or orders requiring that we change our practices, which could adversely affect our business. Complying with these various laws could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices and compliance procedures in a manner adverse to our business. 36 International expansion of our business exposes us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial and economic risks associated with doing business outside of the United States, some of which may be enhanced following our acquisition of Allenex. As part of our longer-term growth strategy, we intend to target select international markets to grow our presence outside of the U.S. We currently have a commercial agreement for the promotion of AlloMap in Europe with Diaxonhit and are distributing AlloMap tests directly in Canada. Allenex currently distributes its products in Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Benelux, Canada, China and India. Allenex also sells, via sub-distributors, to certain countries in Central and South America. To promote the growth of our business internationally, we will need to attract additional partners to expand into new markets. Relying on partners for our sales and marketing subjects us to various risks, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) our partners may fail to commit the necessary resources to develop a market for our products, may spend the majority of their time selling products unrelated to ours, or may be unsuccessful in marketing our products for other reasons; under certain agreements, our partners’ obligations, including their required level of promotional activities, may be conditioned upon our ability to achieve or maintain a specified level of reimbursement coverage; agreements with our partners may terminate prematurely due to disagreements or may result in disputes or litigation with our partners; we may not be able to renew existing partner agreements, or enter into new agreements, on acceptable terms; our existing relationships with partners may preclude us from entering into additional future arrangements; our partners may violate local laws or regulations, potentially causing reputational or monetary damage to our business; our partners may engage in sales practices that are locally acceptable but do not comply with standards required under U.S. laws that apply to us; and our partners in Europe may be negatively affected by the financial instability of, and austerity measures implemented by, several countries in Europe. If our present or future partners do not perform adequately, or we are unable to enter into agreements in new markets, we may be unable to achieve revenue growth or market acceptance in jurisdictions in which we depend on partners. In addition, conducting international operations subjects us to new risks that, generally, we have not faced in the U.S., including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) uncertain or changing regulatory registration and approval processes associated with AlloMap and other potential diagnostic solutions; failure by us to obtain regulatory approvals or adequate reimbursement for the use of our current and future solutions in various countries; competition from companies located in the countries in which we offer our products may put us at a competitive disadvantage; financial risks, such as longer accounts receivable payment cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable; logistics and regulations associated with shipping recipient samples, including infrastructure conditions and transportation delays; limits in our ability to penetrate international markets if we are not able to process solutions locally; 37 (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) difficulties in managing and staffing international operations and assuring compliance with foreign corrupt practices laws; potentially adverse tax consequences, including the complexities of foreign value added tax systems, tax inefficiencies related to our corporate structure and restrictions on the repatriation of earnings; increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities; multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as healthcare regulatory requirements and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses; the imposition of trade barriers such as tariffs, quotas, preferential bidding or import or export licensing requirements; political and economic instability, including wars, terrorism, and political unrest, general security concerns, outbreak of disease, boycotts, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; regulatory and compliance risks that relate to maintaining accurate information and control over activities that may fall within the purview of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, its books and records provisions or its anti-bribery provisions, as well as risks associated with other anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws; and reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights in some countries. The occurrence of any one of the above could harm our business and, consequently, our revenues and results of operations. Our expanding international operations could be affected by changes in laws, trade regulations, labor and employment regulations, and procedures and actions affecting approval, production, pricing, reimbursement and marketing of our current and future solutions, as well as by inter-governmental disputes. Any of these changes could adversely affect our business. Additionally, operating internationally requires significant management attention and financial resources. We cannot be certain that the investment and additional resources required in establishing operations in other countries will produce desired levels of revenue or profitability. In addition, any failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory obligations could impact us in a variety of ways that include, but are not limited to, significant criminal, civil and administrative penalties, including imprisonment of individuals, fines and penalties, denial of export privileges, seizure of shipments, and restrictions on certain business activities. Also, the failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory obligations could result in the disruption of our distribution and sales activities. Our success expanding internationally will depend, in part, on our ability to develop and implement policies and strategies that are effective in anticipating and managing these and other risks in the countries in which we do business. Failure to manage these and other risks may have a material adverse effect on our operations in any particular country and on our business as a whole. Our insurance policies are expensive and protect us only from some business risks, which will leave us exposed to significant uninsured liabilities. We do not carry insurance for all categories of risk that our business may encounter. For example, we do not carry earthquake insurance. In the event of a major earthquake in our region, our business could suffer significant and uninsured damage and loss. Some of the policies we currently maintain include general liability, foreign liability, employee benefits liability, property, automobile, umbrella, workers’ compensation, products liability and directors’ and officers’ insurance. We do not know, however, if we will be able to maintain existing insurance with adequate levels of coverage. Any significant uninsured liability may require us to pay substantial amounts, which would adversely affect our cash position and results of operations. 38 If we use hazardous materials in a manner that causes injury, we could be liable for damages. Our activities currently require the use of hazardous chemicals. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury to employees or third parties from the use, storage, handling or disposal of these materials. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources or any applicable insurance coverage we may have. Additionally, we are subject on an ongoing basis to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. We may use third party collaborators to help us develop, validate or commercialize any new diagnostic solutions, and our ability to commercialize such solutions could be impaired or delayed if these collaborations are unsuccessful. We may in the future selectively pursue strategic collaborations for the development, validation and commercialization of any new diagnostic solutions we may develop. In any future third party collaboration, we may be dependent upon the success of the collaborators in performing their responsibilities and their continued cooperation. Our collaborators may not cooperate with us or perform their obligations under our agreements with them. We cannot control the amount and timing of our collaborators’ resources that will be devoted to performing their responsibilities under our agreements with them. Our collaborators may choose to pursue alternative technologies in preference to those being developed in collaboration with us. The development, validation and commercialization of our potential solutions may be delayed if collaborators fail to fulfill their responsibilities in a timely manner or in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements or if they breach or terminate their collaboration agreements with us. AlloMap testing in Europe is being conducted through an exclusive distribution agreement with a sole collaborator. Any issues arising from these arrangements will affect our ability to serve the entire region, and our reputation may suffer even if we subsequently locate new partners, which may permanently affect our business. Disputes with our collaborators could also impair our reputation or result in development delays, decreased revenues and litigation expenses. Changes in, or interpretations of, accounting rules and regulations could result in unfavorable accounting changes or require us to change our compensation policies. Accounting methods and policies for diagnostic companies, including policies governing revenue recognition, research and development and related expenses and accounting for stock-based compensation, are subject to further review, interpretation and guidance from relevant accounting authorities, including the SEC. Changes to, or interpretations of, accounting methods or policies may require us to reclassify, restate or otherwise change or revise our financial statements, including those contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Risks Related to Billing and Reimbursement Health insurers and other third-party payers may decide to revoke coverage of our existing test, decide not to cover our future solutions or may provide inadequate reimbursement, which could jeopardize our commercial prospects. Successful commercialization of AlloMap depends, in large part, on the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from government and private payers. Favorable third-party payer coverage and reimbursement are essential to meeting our immediate objectives and long-term commercial goals. We do not recognize revenue for test results delivered without a contract for reimbursement, or an established coverage policy and a history of payment. Revenue for AlloMap is recognized on a cash basis if the conditions for recognizing revenue on an accrual basis are not met. We delivered approximately 13,000 AlloMap results in 2015 and recognized revenue for approximately 9,100 tests; approximately 1,300 of which were for test results delivered prior to 2015. For new diagnostic solutions, each private and government payer decides whether to cover the test, the amount it will reimburse for a covered test and the specific conditions for reimbursement. Clinicians and recipients may be likely not to order a diagnostic test unless third-party payers pay a substantial portion of the test price. Therefore, coverage determinations and reimbursement levels and conditions are critical to the commercial success of a diagnostic product, and if we are not able to secure positive coverage determinations and reimbursement levels, our business will be materially adversely affected. 39 Coverage and reimbursement by a commercial payer may depend on a number of factors, including a payer’s determination that our current and future solutions are: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) not experimental or investigational; medically necessary; appropriate for the specific recipient; cost-saving or cost-effective; and supported by peer-reviewed publications. In addition, several payers and other entities conduct technology assessments of new medical tests and devices and provide the results of their assessments for informational purposes to other parties. These assessments may be used by third-party payers and healthcare providers as grounds to deny coverage for or refuse to use a test or procedure. We believe we have received a negative technology assessment from at least one of these entities and could receive more. If third-party payers decide not to cover our diagnostic solutions or if they offer inadequate payment amounts, our ability to generate revenue from AlloMap and future solutions could be limited. Payment for diagnostic tests furnished to Medicare beneficiaries is typically made based on a fee schedule set by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS. In recent years, payments under these fee schedules have decreased and may decrease further. Any third-party payer may stop or lower payment at any time, which could substantially reduce our revenue. For example, in September 2015, CMS proposed drastic changes in reimbursement for a number of established molecular diagnostic tests, including AlloMap, under which AlloMap reimbursement would have been reduced by 77%. Ultimately this proposal was not implemented, but a reduction in reimbursement could occur in the future and there is no guarantee that CMS will maintain current reimbursement rates or seek changes in the future. Since each payer makes its own decision as to whether to establish a policy to reimburse for a test, seeking payer coverage and other approvals is a time-consuming and costly process. We cannot assure you that adequate coverage and reimbursement for AlloMap or future solutions will be provided in the future by any third-party payer. Reimbursement for AlloMap comes primarily from Medicare, private third party payers such as insurance companies and managed care organizations, Medicaid and hospitals. The reimbursement process can take six months or more to complete depending on the payer. As of December 31, 2015, we had been reimbursed for approximately 79% of AlloMap results delivered in the twelve months ended June 30, 2015. Coverage policies approving AlloMap have been adopted by many of the largest private payers, including Aetna, Cigna, Humana, Inc., Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc., TRICARE National Insurance and WellPoint, and a number of state Medicaid programs. Many of the payers with positive coverage policies have also entered into contracts with us to formalize pricing and payment terms. We continue to work with third-party payers to seek such coverage and to appeal denial decisions based on existing and ongoing studies, peer reviewed publications, support from physician and patient groups and the growing number of AlloMap tests that have been reimbursed by public and private payers. There are no assurances that the current policies will not be modified in the future. If our test is considered on a policy-wide level by major third-party payers, whether at our request or on their own initiative, and our test is determined to be ineligible for coverage and reimbursement by such payers, our collection efforts and potential for revenue growth could be adversely impacted. Our Medicare Part B coverage for AlloMap is included in a formal local coverage decision for molecular diagnostics; however, any change in this coverage decision or other future adverse coverage decisions by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, including with respect to coding, could substantially reduce our revenue. Medicare reimbursements currently comprise a significant portion of our revenue. Our current Medicare Part B reimbursement was not set pursuant to a national coverage determination by CMS. Although we believe that coverage is available under Medicare Part B even without such a determination, we currently lack the national coverage certainty afforded by a formal coverage determination by CMS. This means that Medicare contractors, including our California Medicare contractor, currently may continue to develop their own coverage and reimbursement policies with respect to our technology. 40 Decisions by CMS with respect to coding could also affect our revenue. For example, on September 25, 2013, CMS released the preliminary payment determinations for the Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule, or CLFS, for 2014. CMS proposed to not recognize certain Current Procedural Terminology codes, or CPT codes, called Multianalyte Assays with Algorithmic Analyses codes, or MAAA codes, as valid for Medicare purposes under the CLFS because it determined that an algorithm is not a clinical diagnostic test. This preliminary determination would have reversed a CMS final determination released on November 6, 2012 for 2013 that withdrew a proposal to not cover algorithmic analysis and stated that laboratories performing MAAA tests for Medicare beneficiaries should continue to bill for these tests in 2013 as they were then billed under the CLFS. When the final payment determination for 2014 was issued, CMS stated instead that it will continue to consider each test classified by the CPT as a MAAA on its own merits, and payment amounts would be determined using a gapfilling methodology if the Medicare contractor determines the code is payable. AlloMap has been billed since the inception of the test using an unlisted CPT code and recently received a Category 1code. The test also has been granted a second code through a Medicare program for molecular diagnostics, which is included on all Medicare claims. If AlloMap is assigned a different MAAA CPT code in the future, a determination not to pay for such MAAA CPT code could be harmful to our business, and could have negative spillover implications that prevent or limit coverage by other third-party payers that might mirror aspects of Medicare payment criteria. Reimbursement for AlloMap under an MAAA code could also be lower than that currently received when AlloMap is billed under a miscellaneous CPT code. We receive a substantial portion of our revenues from Medicare, and the loss of, or a significant reduction in, reimbursement from Medicare would adversely affect our financial performance To date, we have received a substantial portion of our revenues from Medicare, which has been paid by our California Medicare Administrative Contractor. Payments from Medicare for AlloMap represented approximately 50% of testing revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015 and approximately 51% of testing revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014. We anticipate that Medicare will continue to be the payer for a significant portion of our claims for the foreseeable future. However, we may not be able to maintain or increase our rate of reimbursement by Medicare for a variety of reasons, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) changes in the local Medicare Administrative Contractor, or MAC, servicing our jurisdiction, which may result in a change in reimbursement practices for Medicare claims submitted by us or others in California and other states affected by the change; any policy level review of our test by the CMS contractors could result in a reduction or denial of coverage and payment for our test; and the assignment of a specific billing code to our test by CMS may result in reductions in the per test amount reimbursed for our current and future solutions by Medicare. On a five-year rotational basis, Medicare requests bids for its regional MAC services. Medicare reimbursement for AlloMap began in 2006 and has continued through three successive MACs. The MAC for California is currently Noridian Healthcare Solutions. Our current Medicare coverage through Noridian provides for reimbursement for tests performed for qualifying Medicare patients throughout the U.S. so long as the tests are performed in our California laboratory. We cannot predict whether Noridian or any future MAC will continue to provide reimbursement for AlloMap at the same payment amount or with the same breadth of coverage in the future, if at all. Additional changes in the MAC processing Medicare claims for AlloMap could impact the coverage or payment amount for our test and our ability to obtain Medicare coverage for any products we may launch in the future. Any decision by CMS or its local contractors to reduce or deny coverage for our test could have a significant adverse effect on our revenue and results of operations. Any such decision could also cause affected clinicians treating Medicare covered patients to reduce or discontinue the use of our test. 41 Billing complexities associated with obtaining payment or reimbursement for our current and future solutions may negatively affect our revenue, cash flows and profitability. Billing for clinical laboratory testing services is complex. In cases where we do not have a contract in place requiring the payment of a fixed fee per test, we perform tests in advance of payment and without certainty as to the outcome of the billing process. In cases where we do receive a fixed fee per test, we may still have disputes over pricing and billing. We receive payment from individual recipients and from a variety of payers, such as commercial insurance carriers and governmental programs, primarily Medicare. Each payer typically has different billing requirements. Among the factors complicating our billing of third-party payers are: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) disputes among payers regarding which party is responsible for payment; disparity in coverage among various payers; different process, information and billing requirements among payers; and incorrect or missing billing information, which is required to be provided by the prescribing clinician. Additionally, from time to time, payers change processes that may affect timely payment. These changes may result in uneven cash flow or impact the timing of revenue recognized with these payers. With respect to payments received from governmental programs, factors such as a prolonged government shutdown could cause significant regulatory delays or could result in attempts to reduce payments made to us by federal government healthcare programs. These billing complexities, and the related uncertainty in obtaining payment for AlloMap and future solutions, could negatively affect our revenue, cash flows and profitability. Our transition from an outsourced billings and collections vendor to an in-house staff may negatively affect our cash collection cycle, communications with insurers, application of cash and proper revenue recognition. During 2015, we transitioned our billing and collections functions for our AlloMap testing from on outside vendor to an in-house staff. On July 1, 2015, these functions began being performed by in-house staff recruited and hired by us directly. During this process, we also transitioned from the vendor’s software, which was familiar and compatible with our accounting system and procedures, to a new software system designed for use by in-house departments in billing and collections of medical diagnostic tests. Despite hiring experienced personnel, there is risk that this billing and collections transition will not be smooth until the new procedures become routine, including that payments may not be collected as quickly, communication errors with insurers regarding specifics of the insurance claims may occur, payments may not be properly applied to outstanding receivables, and revenue may not be recorded as accurately as in the past. There is a risk that the combination of a software system changeover, the hiring of new personnel with lack of experience with the specific nature of our billing procedures with insurers, payments being directed to a new lockbox, new reports with changes to our billing and cash collections data and other changes to the process will result in reduced collections or otherwise have an adverse effect on our operations and revenue. Healthcare reform measures could hinder or prevent the commercial success of AlloMap. The pricing and reimbursement environment may change in the future and become more challenging as a result of any of several possible regulatory developments, including policies advanced by the U.S. government, new healthcare legislation or fiscal challenges faced by government health administration authorities. Specifically, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory proposals and initiatives to change the healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to profitably sell any diagnostic products we may develop and commercialize. Some of these proposed and implemented reforms could result in reduced reimbursement rates for our diagnostic products from governmental agencies or other third-party payers, which would adversely affect our business strategy, operations and financial results. For example, as a result of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010), or the Affordable Care Act, substantial changes could be made to the current system for paying for healthcare in the U.S., including changes made in order to extend medical benefits to those who currently lack insurance coverage. The Affordable Care Act also provides that payments under the Medicare Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule are to receive a negative 1.75% annual adjustment through 2015. Although we have not been subject to such adjustment in the past, we cannot assure you that the claims administrators will not attempt to apply this adjustment in the future. 42 Among other things, the Affordable Care Act includes payment reductions to Medicare Advantage plans. These cuts have been mitigated in part by a CMS demonstration program set to expire in 2015. We cannot be assured that future cuts would be mitigated by CMS. Any reductions in payment to Medicare Advantage plans could materially impact coverage and reimbursement for AlloMap. In addition to the Affordable Care Act, various healthcare reform proposals have also emerged from federal and state governments. For example, in February 2012, Congress passed the “Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012” which in part reduced the potential future cost-based increases to the Medicare Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule, or CLFS, by 2%. The Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 introduced a multi-year pricing program for services paid under the CLFS. Under the program, beginning in 2016 laboratories will report to CMS the payment rates paid to the laboratories by commercial third-party payers including Medicare and Medicaid managed care plans, for each test and the volume of each test performed. CMS will use the reported data to set new payment rates under the CLFS in the future. For newly developed tests that are considered to be “advanced diagnostic lab tests,” the Medicare payment rate will be the actual list price offered to third-party payers for the first three quarters that the tests are offered, subject to later adjustment. CMS will establish subsequent payment rates using the commercial third-party payer data reported for those tests. Regardless of the impact of the Affordable Care Act on us, the government has shown significant interest in pursuing healthcare reform and reducing healthcare costs. Any government-adopted reform measures could decrease the amount of reimbursement available from governmental and other third-party payers. Additionally, annual federal budget negotiations frequently include healthcare payment reform measures impacting clinical laboratory payments. On April 1, 2013, cuts to the federal budget resulting from sequestration were implemented, requiring a 2% cut in Medicare payment for all services, including AlloMap. Federal budgetary limitations and changes in healthcare policy, such as the creation of broad limits for diagnostic products or requirements that Medicare patients pay for portions of clinical laboratory tests or services received, could substantially diminish the sale, or inhibit the utilization, of AlloMap and our future diagnostic solutions, increase costs, divert management’s attention and adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability. Healthcare Regulatory Risks In order to operate our laboratory, we have to comply with the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, or CLIA, and state laws governing clinical laboratories. We are subject to CLIA, a federal law that regulates clinical laboratories that perform testing on specimens taken from humans for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease. If our laboratory is out of compliance with CLIA requirements, we may be subject to sanctions such as suspension, limitation or revocation of our CLIA certificate, as well as a direct plan of correction, state on-site monitoring, civil money penalties, civil injunctive suit or criminal penalties. We must maintain CLIA compliance and certification to be eligible to bill for services provided to Medicare beneficiaries. If we were to be found to be out of compliance with CLIA program requirements and subjected to sanction, our business could be materially harmed. In addition to federal certification requirements of laboratories under CLIA, licensure is required and maintained for our laboratory under California law. We are required to maintain a license to conduct testing in California. California laws establish standards for day-to-day operation of our clinical laboratory, including the training and skills required of personnel and quality control. Moreover, several states, including New York, require that we hold licenses to test specimens from patients residing in those states. Other states have similar requirements or may adopt similar requirements in the future. In addition to our California certifications, we currently hold licenses in Florida, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania. The loss of any of these state certifications would impact our ability to provide services in those states, which could negatively affect our business. Finally, we may be subject to regulation in foreign jurisdictions where we offer our test. Failure to maintain certification in those states or countries where it is required could prevent us from testing samples from those states or countries, could lead to the suspension or loss of licenses, certificates or authorizations, and could have an adverse effect on our business. 43 We were inspected and recertified under CLIA in February 2014 and we expect the next regular inspection under CLIA to occur in 2016. If we were to lose our CLIA accreditation or California license, whether as a result of a revocation, suspension or limitation, we would no longer be able to perform AlloMap, which would limit our revenues and materially harm our business. If we were to lose our license in other states where we are required to hold licenses, we would not be able to test specimens from those states, which could also have a material adverse effect on our business. If the FDA’s recently published draft guidance setting forth a comprehensive regulatory scheme for LDTs becomes final, we would incur substantial costs and delays associated with trying to obtain premarket clearance or approval for those solutions. Clinical laboratory tests that are developed and validated by a laboratory for its own use are called laboratory- developed tests, or LDTs. The laws and regulations governing the marketing of diagnostic products for use as LDTs are extremely complex, and in many instances, there are no significant regulatory or judicial interpretations of these laws. For instance, while the FDA maintains that LDTs are subject to the FDA’s authority as diagnostic medical devices under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FFDCA, the FDA has in the past generally exercised enforcement discretion with respect to most LDTs performed by CLIA-certified laboratories. The FDA has traditionally chosen not to exercise its authority to regulate LDTs because it regulates the primary components in most laboratory-developed tests and because it believes that laboratories certified as high complexity under CLIA, such as ours, have demonstrated expertise and ability in test procedures and analysis. However, beginning in September 2006, the FDA issued draft guidance on a subset of LDTs known as “in vitro diagnostic multivariate index assays,” or IVDMIAs. According to the draft guidance, IVDMIAs do not fall within the scope of LDTs over which FDA has exercised enforcement discretion because such tests incorporate complex and unique interpretation functions which require clinical validation. We believed that AlloMap met the definition of IVDMIA set forth in the draft guidance document. As a result, we applied for and obtained, in August 2008, 510(k) clearance for AlloMap for marketing and sale as a test to aid in the identification of recipients with a low probability of moderate or severe rejection. A 501(k) submission is a premarketing submission made to the FDA. Clearance may be granted by the FDA if it finds the device or test provides satisfactory evidence pertaining to the claimed intended uses and indications for the device or test. On July 31, 2014, the FDA notified Congress (as required by the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act of 2012) of its intent to publish a proposed and comprehensive risk-based framework for the regulation of LDTs. The notice to Congress provides the anticipated details and proposed timing of the implementation of the draft guidance and regulatory framework, including the requirement for premarket review and approval for higher-risk LDTs, such as our planned cell-free DNA solutions for heart, kidney and other organs. Such guidance, if and when finalized, will significantly impact the timing, availability and reimbursement of our future products, and will require us to modify our business model in order to maintain compliance with these new laws. For our cell-free DNA test and all similar testing solutions, we will be required to conduct additional clinical trials to clinically validate our test, and submit to the FDA a pre-market approval application, (PMA), or 510(k) clearance application and obtain approval or clearance for the test. We cannot predict the ultimate timing or form of any FDA final guidance or regulation of LDTs, or when we must obtain regulatory approval or clearance for our LDT solutions. There can be no assurance that any of our solutions or additional uses of solutions for which we will seek clearance or approval in the future will be cleared or approved on a timely basis, or at all, nor can there be any assurance that labeling claims will be consistent with our current claims or adequate to support continued adoption of and reimbursement for our current and future solutions. Moreover, any new FDA requirements could conflict with CLIA requirements and thereby complicate our compliance efforts. While we believe that we are currently in material compliance with applicable laws and regulations relating to our LDTs, we cannot assure you that the FDA or other regulatory agencies would agree with our determination. A determination that we have violated these laws, or a public announcement that we are being investigated for possible violation of these laws, could hurt our business and our reputation. 44 If we were required to conduct additional clinical trials prior to marketing our solutions under development, those trials could lead to delays or a failure to obtain necessary regulatory approvals and harm our ability to be profitable. If the FDA decides to regulate our solutions under development as medical devices, it could require extensive premarket clinical testing prior to submitting a regulatory application for commercial sales. Conducting clinical trials generally entails a long, expensive and uncertain process that is subject to delays and failure at any stage. If we are required to conduct premarket clinical trials, whether using prospectively acquired samples or archival samples, delays in the commencement or completion of clinical testing could significantly increase our development costs and delay test commercialization. Many of the factors that may cause or lead to a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to delay or denial of regulatory clearance or approval. The commencement of clinical trials may be delayed due to insufficient blood or tissue samples or insufficient data regarding the associated clinical outcomes. We may find it necessary to engage contract research organizations to perform data collection and analysis and other aspects of our clinical trials, which might increase the cost and complexity of our trials and reduce our control over such activities. If these parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, or if the quality, completeness or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, applicable regulatory requirements, or for other reasons, our clinical trials may have to be extended, delayed or terminated. Our reliance on third parties that we do not control would not relieve us of any applicable requirement to ensure compliance with various procedures required under good clinical practices. We may not be able to enter into replacement arrangements without undue delays or considerable expenditures. If there are delays in testing or approvals as a result of the failure to perform by third parties, our research and development costs would increase, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory clearance or approval for our solutions under development. In addition, we may not be able to establish or maintain relationships with these parties on favorable terms, if at all. Each of these outcomes would harm our ability to market our solutions under development and our ability to be profitable. Any test for which we obtain regulatory clearance will be subject to extensive ongoing regulatory requirements, and we may be subject to penalties if we or our contractors or commercial partners fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products. AlloMap and our solutions under development, along with the manufacturing processes, packaging, labeling, distribution, import, export, and advertising and promotional activities for such solutions or devices, are or will be subject to continual requirements of, and review by, CMS, state licensing agencies, the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, requirements relating to quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements relating to product labeling, advertising, promotion, recordkeeping and adverse event reporting. Regulatory clearance of a test or device may be subject to limitations by the regulatory body as to the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to other conditions of approval. For example, we are exploring utilization of AlloMap in areas that could be considered outside the scope of our current labeling. Broader uses would require FDA approval as well as changes to the labeling. In addition, approval may contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the test or device. Discovery of previously-unknown problems with our current or future solutions, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in actions such as: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) restrictions on operations of our laboratory; restrictions on manufacturing processes; restrictions on marketing of a test; warning or untitled letters; withdrawal of the test from the market; refusal to approve applications or supplements to approved applications that we may submit; fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenue; suspension, limitation or withdrawal of regulatory clearances; 45 (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) exclusion from participation in U.S. federal or state healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid; refusal to permit the import or export of our products; product seizure; injunctions; and imposition of civil or criminal penalties. We are subject to numerous fraud and abuse and other laws and regulations pertaining to our business, the violation of any one of which could harm our business. The clinical laboratory testing industry is highly regulated, and there can be no assurance that the regulatory environment in which we operate will not change significantly and adversely in the future. Our arrangements with customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other laws and regulations that may restrict the financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute our products. Our employees, consultants, principal investigators and commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements. In addition to CLIA regulation, other federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to conduct business, include, without limitation: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) federal and state laws and regulations regarding billing and claims payment applicable to clinical laboratories and/or regulatory agencies enforcing those laws and regulations; federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented to the government, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payers that are false or fraudulent, or making a false statement material to a false or fraudulent claim; the federal anti-kickback statute, which constrains our marketing practices, educational programs, pricing policies, and relationships with healthcare providers or other entities, by prohibiting, among other things, knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual or the purchase or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs; the federal physician self-referral law, commonly known as the Stark Law, which prohibits a physician from making a referral to an entity for certain designated health services, including clinical laboratory services, reimbursed by Medicare if the physician (or a member of the physician’s family) has a financial relationship with the entity, and which also prohibits the submission of any claims for reimbursement for designated health services furnished pursuant to a prohibited referral; HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and its implementing regulations, which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information; HIPAA also created criminal liability for knowingly and willfully falsifying or concealing a material fact or making a materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services; state laws regarding prohibitions on fee-splitting; the federal healthcare program exclusion statute; and state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws and regulations, such as anti- kickback, false claims, and self-referral laws, which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payer, including commercial insurers, and state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. 46 Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of available statutory and regulatory exemptions, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. Any action brought against us for violation of these laws or regulations, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. We may be subject to private “qui tam” actions brought by individual whistleblowers on behalf of the federal or state governments, with potential liability under the federal False Claims Act including mandatory treble damages and significant per-claim penalties, currently set at $5,500 to $11,000 per false claim. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the federal, state and foreign laws described above or any other current or future fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including significant criminal, civil, and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment for individuals, exclusion from participation in government programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of pre-marketing product approvals, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. Any of the foregoing consequences could seriously harm our business and our financial results. Foreign governments may impose reimbursement standards, which may adversely affect our future profitability. When we market AlloMap and our solutions under development in foreign jurisdictions, we are subject to rules and regulations in those jurisdictions relating to our testing. In some foreign countries, including countries in the European Union, the reimbursement of our current and future solutions is subject to governmental control. In these countries, reimbursement negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a test candidate. If reimbursement of our future solutions in any jurisdiction is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if reimbursement rates are set at unsatisfactory levels, we may be unable to, or decide not to, market our test in that jurisdiction. Changes in healthcare policy could increase our costs and subject us to additional regulatory requirements that may interrupt commercialization of our current and future solutions. Changes in healthcare policy could increase our costs, decrease our revenues and impact sales of and reimbursement for our current and future solutions. In March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or the Affordable Care Act, became law. This law substantially changes the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacts our industry. The Affordable Care Act contains a number of provisions that are expected to impact our business and operations, some of which in ways we cannot currently predict, including those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes and fraud and abuse, which will impact existing government healthcare programs and will result in the development of new programs. In addition to the Affordable Care Act, there will continue to be proposals by legislators at both the federal and state levels, regulators and third-party payers to reduce costs while expanding individual healthcare benefits. Certain of these changes could impose additional limitations on the prices we will be able to charge for our current and future solutions or the amounts of reimbursement available for our current and future solutions from governmental agencies or third-party payers. While in general it is too early to predict specifically what effect the Affordable Care Act and its implementation or any future healthcare reform legislation or policies will have on our business, current and future healthcare reform legislation and policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property Our competitive position depends on maintaining intellectual property protection. Our ability to compete and to achieve and maintain profitability depends on our ability to protect our proprietary discoveries and technologies. We currently rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, confidentiality agreements and license agreements to protect our intellectual property rights. 47 Our patent position for AlloMap is based on issued patents and patent applications disclosing identification of genes differentially expressed between activated and resting leukocytes and demonstration of correlation between gene expression patterns and specific clinical states and outcomes. Our strategy is to continue to broaden our intellectual property estate for AlloMap through the discovery and protection of gene expression patterns and their correlation with specific clinical states and outcomes, as well as the algorithms needed for clinical assessment. As of December 31, 2015, we had 16 issued U.S. patents, and one pending patent application outside the United States related to autoimmunity and transplant rejection. We have five issued U.S. patents covering methods of diagnosing transplant rejection using all 11 informative genes measured in AlloMap. The expiration dates of these patents range from 2021 to 2024. In the area of dd-cfDNA-based transplant diagnostics, we have filed a patent application to cover our research and development work in this field. In connection with our June 2014 acquisition of ImmuMetrix, we obtained an exclusive license from Stanford University to a patent relating to the diagnosis of rejection in organ transplant recipients using dd-cfDNA. This patent has an expiration date of November 5, 2030. We have six issued U.S. patents covering a method of diagnosing or monitoring autoimmune or chronic inflammatory disease, such as lupus, by detecting specific genes. While we have clinical samples and patents covering lupus diagnostics, we do not intend to actively pursue the lupus test opportunity. In dd-cfDNA-based transplant diagnostics, we have submitted a provisional patent application to cover some of our initial research and development work in this field. There is no guarantee that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or PTO, will approve this provisional application. We do not know what claims, if any, will be granted in our existing and future applications. Our patents and patents that we exclusively license from others address fields that are rapidly evolving, and, particularly with respect to dd-cfDNA-based transplant diagnostics, it is possible that other patents have and will be granted to others that affect our ability to develop and commercialize our current and future solutions. If the reviewers of our patent applications at the PTO refuse our claims, we may not be able to sufficiently protect our intellectual property. Further, recent and future changes in the patent laws and regulations of the United States and other jurisdictions may require us to modify our patent strategy and could restrict our ability to obtain additional patents for our technology. Our patents and the patents we exclusively license from others may be successfully challenged by third parties as being invalid or unenforceable. Third parties may independently develop similar or competing technology that avoids the patents we own or exclusively license. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent the misappropriation and use of our intellectual property, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the United States. The extent to which the patent rights of life sciences companies effectively protect their products and technologies is often highly uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. No consistent policy regarding the proper scope of allowable claims of patents held by such companies has emerged to date in the United States. Various courts, including the United States Supreme Court, have rendered decisions that impact the scope of patentability of certain inventions or discoveries relating to diagnostic solutions or genomic diagnostics. A recent decision in the Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. v. Sequenom, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2015) case decided that a dd-cfDNA product for fetal testing was not eligible for patent protection. These decisions generally stand for the proposition that inventions that recite laws of nature are not themselves patentable unless they have sufficient additional features that provide practical assurance that the processes are genuine inventive applications of those laws rather than patent drafting efforts designed to monopolize a law of nature itself. What constitutes a “sufficient” additional feature for this purpose is uncertain. This evolving case law in the United States may adversely impact our ability to obtain new patents and may facilitate third-party challenges to our existing owned and exclusively licensed patents. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States or other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property rights. In particular, in September 2011, the United States Congress passed the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the AIA, which became effective in March 2013. The AIA reforms United States patent law in part by changing the standard for patent approval for certain patents from a “first to invent” standard to a “first to file” standard and developing a post-grant review system. It is too early to determine what the effect or impact the AIA will have on the operation of our business and the protection and enforcement of our intellectual property. However, the AIA and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of 48 which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are not published until at least eighteen months after filing, and it is possible for a patent application filed in the United States to be maintained in secrecy until a patent is issued on the application. In addition, publications in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries. We therefore cannot be certain that others have not filed patent applications that cover inventions that are the subject of pending applications that we own or exclusively license or that we or our licensors, as applicable, were the first to invent the technology (pre-AIA) or first to file (post-AIA). Our competitors may have filed, and may in the future file, patent applications covering technology that is similar to or the same as our technology. Any such patent application may have priority over patent applications that we own or exclusively license and, if a patent issues on such patent application, we could be required to obtain a license to such patent in order to carry on our business. If another party has filed a United States patent application covering an invention that is similar to, or the same as, an invention that we own or license, we or our licensors may have to participate in an interference or other proceeding in the PTO or a court to determine priority of invention in the United States, for pre-AIA applications and patents. For post-AIA applications and patents, we or our licensors may have to participate in a derivation proceeding to resolve disputes relating to inventorship. The costs of these proceedings could be substantial, and it is possible that such efforts would be unsuccessful, resulting in our inability to obtain or retain any United States patent rights with respect to such invention. We may face intellectual property infringement claims that could be time-consuming and costly to defend and could result in our loss of significant rights and the assessment of treble damages. We may in the future receive offers to license patents or notices of claims of infringement, misappropriation or misuse of other parties’ proprietary rights. We may also initiate claims to defend our intellectual property. Intellectual property litigation, regardless of outcome, is unpredictable, expensive and time-consuming, could divert management’s attention from our business and have a material negative effect on our business, operating results or financial condition. If there is a successful claim of infringement against us, we may be required to pay substantial damages (including treble damages if we were to be found to have willfully infringed a third party’s patent) to the party claiming infringement, develop non-infringing technology, stop selling our test or using technology that contains the allegedly infringing intellectual property or enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be available on acceptable or commercially practical terms, if at all. Our failure to develop non-infringing technologies or license the proprietary rights on a timely basis could harm our business. In addition, revising our current or future solutions to exclude any infringing technologies would require us to re-validate the test, which would be costly and time consuming. Also, we may be unaware of pending patent applications that relate to our current or future solutions. Parties making infringement claims on future issued patents may be able to obtain an injunction that would prevent us from selling our current or future solutions or using technology that contains the allegedly infringing intellectual property, which could harm our business. If we are unable to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights effectively in all major markets, our business would be harmed. Filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing patents on all of our technologies and solutions throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. As a result, we seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the U.S. and in select foreign jurisdictions and cannot guarantee that we will obtain the patent protection necessary to protect our competitive position in all major markets. Competitors may use our technologies or solutions in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export infringing products to territories where we have patent protection but where enforcement is not as strong as that in the U.S. These products may compete with our current and future products in jurisdictions where we do not have any issued patents, and our patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from so competing. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or the marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. The legal systems of certain countries make it difficult or impossible to obtain patent protection for diagnostic solutions. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and could divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. 49 If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed. In addition to seeking patents for some of our technologies and solutions, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants that obligate them to assign to us any inventions developed in the course of their work for us. However, we cannot guarantee that we have executed these agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or that the agreements we have executed will provide adequate protection. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Monitoring unauthorized disclosure is difficult and we do not know whether the procedures we have followed to prevent such disclosure are, or will be adequate. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the U.S. may be less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of the technology or information that we protect as trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to, or independently developed by, a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed. If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest, and our business may be adversely affected. AlloMap and CareDx are registered trademarks of our company in the United States. Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented, declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. As a means to enforce our trademark rights and prevent infringement, we may be required to file trademark claims against third parties or initiate trademark opposition proceedings. This can be expensive, particularly for a company of our size, and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a trademark of ours is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the trademark at issue. We may not be able to protect our rights to these and other trademarks and trade names which we need to build name recognition by potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. Over the long-term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. We may be subject to claims by third parties that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets or misappropriated intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we view as our own intellectual property. As is commonplace in our industry, we employ individuals who were previously employed at other diagnostics, medical device, life sciences or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information of others in the course of their work for us and no claims against us are currently pending, we may be subject to claims that these employees have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. We may also be forced to bring claims against third parties or defend against third-party claims in order to determine the ownership of our intellectual property. An adverse result in the prosecution or defense of any such claims could require us to pay substantial monetary damages and could result in the loss of valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. 50 Our business is dependent on licenses from third parties. We license from third parties technology necessary to develop and commercialize our products. Our most significant license covers PCR technology used in AlloMap and may be required for future solutions we develop. We license this technology from Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. In connection with our acquisition of ImmuMetrix, Inc., we obtained an exclusive license from Stanford University to a patent relating to the diagnosis of rejection in organ transplant recipients using dd-cfDNA. Our rights to use these and other licensed technologies, data and materials and to employ the inventions claimed in licensed patents are subject to the continuation of and our compliance with the terms of the applicable licenses. We are obligated under these licenses to, among other things, pay certain royalties upon commercial sales of our products. These licenses generally last until the expiration of the last to expire of the patents included within the licenses that cover our use within our products, but the licenses may be terminated earlier in certain circumstances. Termination of any of these licenses could prevent us from producing or selling some or all of our products, and a failure of the licensors to abide by the terms of the licenses or to prevent infringement by third parties could harm our business and negatively impact our market position. Failure of a licensor to abide by the terms of a license or to prevent infringement by third parties could also harm our business and negatively impact our market position. Risks Related to Our Common Stock Our operating results may fluctuate, which could cause our stock price to decrease. Fluctuations in our operating results may lead to fluctuations, including declines, in our share price. Our operating results and our share price may fluctuate from period to period due to a variety of factors, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) demand by clinicians and recipients for our current and future solutions, if any; coverage and reimbursement decisions by third-party payers and announcements of those decisions; clinical trial results and publication of results in peer-reviewed journals or the presentation at medical conferences; the inclusion or exclusion of our current and future solutions in large clinical trials conducted by others; new or less expensive tests and services or new technology introduced or offered by our competitors or us; the level of our development activity conducted for new solutions, and our success in commercializing these developments; our ability to integrate the business of new acquisitions, such as Allenex, with our business efficiently; the level of our spending on test commercialization efforts, licensing and acquisition initiatives, clinical trials, and internal research and development; changes in the regulatory environment, including any announcement from the FDA regarding its decisions in regulating our activities; changes in recommendations of securities analysts or lack of analyst coverage; failure to meet analyst expectations regarding our operating results; additions or departures of key personnel; and general market conditions. Variations in the timing of our future revenues and expenses could also cause significant fluctuations in our operating results from period to period and may result in unanticipated earning shortfalls or losses. In addition, national stock exchanges in general, and the market for life science companies in particular, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In addition, we may be subject to additional securities class action litigation as a result of volatility in the price of our common stock, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources and could harm our stock price, business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition. 51 The market price of our common stock has been and will likely continue to be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Prior to our initial public offering in July 2014, there had been no public market for our shares of common stock. Our stock is currently traded on the NASDAQ Global Market, but we can provide no assurances that there will be active trading on that market or on any other market in the future. If there is no active market or if the volume of trading is limited, holders of our common stock may have difficulty selling their shares. The market price of our common stock has been and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in the Annual Report on Form 10-K, factors that could cause fluctuations in the market price of our common stock include the following: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time; volatility in the market prices and trading volumes of life sciences stocks; changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other life sciences companies generally, or those in our industry in particular; sales of shares of our common stock by us or our stockholders; failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors; the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in those projections or failure to meet those projections; announcements by us or our competitors of new products or services; the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC; rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry; actual or anticipated changes in our operating results or fluctuations in our operating results; actual or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally; litigation involving us, our industry or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors; developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights; announced or completed acquisitions of businesses or technologies by us or our competitors; new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business; changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles; any significant change in our management; and general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of our markets. If our principal stockholders, executive officers and directors choose to act together, they may be able to control our management and operations, which may prevent us from taking actions that may be favorable to you. Our executive officers, directors and holders of 5% or more of our outstanding common stock, and entities affiliated with them, beneficially own in the aggregate approximately 50.0% of our common stock as of December 31, 2015. This significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock because investors often perceive disadvantages in owning stock in companies with controlling stockholders. These stockholders, acting together, will have the ability to exert substantial influence over all matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election and removal of directors and any proposed merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, they could dictate the management of our business and affairs. This concentration of ownership could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us or impeding a merger or consolidation, takeover or other business combination that could be favorable to you. 52 Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets, or sales of our common stock by our executive officers and directors under Rule 10b5-1 plans, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and may make it more difficult for you to sell your common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. In addition, our executive officers and directors may adopt written plans, known as “Rule 10b5-1 Plans,” under which they will contract with a broker to sell shares of our common stock on a periodic basis to diversify their assets and investments. Sales made by our executive officers and directors pursuant to Rule 10b5-1, regardless of the amount of such sales, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. We incur costs and demands upon management as a result of complying with the laws and regulations affecting public companies in the U.S., which may adversely affect our operating results. As a public company listed in the U.S., we incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses. In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including regulations implemented by the SEC and the NASDAQ Global Market exchange may increase legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, and as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. We invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If, notwithstanding our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards, we fail to comply, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us, and our business may be harmed. Further, failure to comply with these laws, regulations and standards might also make it more difficult for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we might be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these events could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, on committees of our board of directors or as members of senior management. If equity research analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our common stock, the price of our common stock could decline. The trading market for our common stock relies in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts or the content and opinions included in their reports. Securities analysts may elect not to provide research coverage of our common stock and such a lack of research coverage may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. The price of our stock could decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our stock or if those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business. If one or more equity research analysts ceases coverage of our company, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline. We do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, you must rely on stock appreciation for any return on your investment. We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any payment of cash dividends will also depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and other factors and will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Accordingly, you will have to rely on capital appreciation, if any, to earn a return on your investment in our common stock. Furthermore, we may in the future become subject to contractual restrictions on, or prohibitions against, the payment of dividends. 53 If we are unable to substantially utilize our net operating loss carryforwards, our financial results could be harmed. As of December 31, 2015, our net operating loss, or NOL, carryforward amounts for U.S. federal income and California tax purposes were $174.3 million and $113.6 million, respectively. Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” may be subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change NOLs to offset future taxable income. Ownership changes beyond these limits, as determined by the IRS, may limit our ability to utilize our NOLs in the future. Limitations imposed on our ability to utilize NOLs could cause U.S. federal and state income taxes to be paid earlier than would be paid if such limitations were not in effect and could cause such NOLs to expire unused, in each case reducing or eliminating the benefit of such NOLs. Furthermore, we may not be able to generate sufficient taxable income to utilize our NOLs before they expire. If any of these events occur, we may not derive some or all of the expected benefits from our NOLs. Our financial controls and procedures may not be sufficient to ensure timely and reliable reporting of financial information, which, as a public company, could materially harm our stock price and exchange listing. As a public reporting company, we are required to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, including expanded disclosures and accelerated reporting requirements and more complex accounting rules. Compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other requirements will increase our costs and require additional management resources. We recently have been upgrading our finance and accounting systems, procedures and controls and will need to continue to implement additional finance and accounting systems, procedures and controls as we grow our business and organization and to satisfy new reporting requirements. If we are unable to complete the required Section 404 assessment as to the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, if we fail to maintain or implement adequate controls, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide us with an unqualified report as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the date of our first Form 10-K for which compliance is required, our ability to obtain additional financing could be impaired. We previously identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to an entity acquired in 2014, which was remedied, but as we continue to expand our team there is no guarantee that new or similar issues may not arise. As a public company, we will require greater financial resources than we have had as a private company. We cannot provide you with assurance that our finance department has or will maintain adequate resources to ensure that we will not have any future material weaknesses in our system of internal controls, including with respect to business combinations processes. The effectiveness of our controls and procedures may in the future be limited by a variety of factors, including: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) faulty human judgment and simple errors, omissions or mistakes; fraudulent action of an individual or collusion of two or more people; inappropriate management override of procedures; and the possibility that any enhancements to controls and procedures may still not be adequate to assure timely and accurate financial information. If we fail to have effective controls and procedures for financial reporting in place, we could be unable to provide timely and accurate financial information and may be subject to NASDAQ Global Market delisting, SEC investigation and civil or criminal sanctions. Our organizational documents and Delaware law make a takeover of our company more difficult, which may prevent certain changes in control and limit the market price of our common stock. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law contain provisions that may have the effect of deterring or delaying attempts by our stockholders to remove or replace management, engage in proxy contests and effect changes in control. These provisions include: (cid:120) our board of directors will be authorized, without prior stockholder approval, to create and issue preferred stock which could be used to implement anti-takeover devices; 54 (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) advance notice will be required for director nominations or for proposals that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings; our board of directors will be classified such that not all members of our board are elected at one time, which may make it more difficult for a person who acquires control of a majority of our outstanding voting stock to replace all or a majority of our directors; stockholder action by written consent will be prohibited; special meetings of the stockholders will be permitted to be called only by the chairman of our board of directors, a majority of our board of directors or by our chief executive officer or president (if at such time we have no chief executive officer); stockholders will not be permitted to cumulate their votes for the election of directors; and stockholders will be permitted to amend our bylaws and certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation only upon receiving at least 66 2/3% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of all outstanding shares then entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class. In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. In general, Section 203 prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date that the stockholder became an interested stockholder unless certain specific requirements are met as set forth in Section 203. These provisions, alone or together, could have the effect of deterring or delaying changes in incumbent management, proxy contests or changes in control. These provisions also could discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors and take other corporate actions. The existence of these provisions could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. Some provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may deter third parties from acquiring us, which may limit the market price of our common stock. We are an “emerging growth company,” and, if we decide to comply only with reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, our common stock could be less attractive to investors. We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or JOBS Act, enacted in April 2012, and for as long as we continue to be an “emerging growth company,” we may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to “emerging growth companies,” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We will continue to be an “emerging growth company” until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.0 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive if we choose to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result of any choices to reduce future disclosure, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock, and our stock price may be more volatile. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies that become public can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards, and therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. 55 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Our headquarters in Brisbane, California comprise approximately 46,000 square feet of leased space, which includes office space, our clinical laboratory and our research and development laboratories. The lease agreement for the Brisbane facility expires on December 31, 2020. We do not own any real property. We believe that our leased facilities are adequate to meet our current needs and that additional facilities are available for lease to meet future needs. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings that we believe are material to our business, financial condition or results of operations. We may from time to time become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 56 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information Our common stock is traded on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “CDNA” since July 22, 2014. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock. Holders of Record As of February 29, 2016, there were approximately 163 holders of record of our common stock. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders. Price Range of Our Common Stock The following table sets forth the high and low sales price per share of our common stock as reported on The NASDAQ Global Market for the period indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2014 Fourth Quarter.............................................................. $ High Low 10.89 $ 5.40 Year Ended December 31, 2015 First Quarter ................................................................. $ Second Quarter ............................................................ $ Third Quarter ............................................................... $ Fourth Quarter.............................................................. $ High Low 7.54 $ 6.92 $ 7.67 $ 6.68 $ 5.54 4.61 4.11 4.23 57 Stock Performance Graph The following information is not deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act) or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section , and will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically incorporate it by reference into such a filing. The graph and table below shows the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock (change in stock price plus reinvested dividends) relative to the total returns of the NASDAQ Composite Index, and the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index. An investment of $100 is assumed to have been made in our common stock and in each index on July 22, 2014 (the date our common stock began trading following our initial public offering) and its relative performance is tracked through December 31, 2015. The comparison is based on historical results and is not intended to forecast or be indicative of future performance of our common stock. COMPARISON OF 13 MONTH CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN Assumes Initial Investment of $100 Among CareDx, Inc., Nasdaq Composite Index, and Nasdaq Biotech s r a l l o D S U 0 6 1 $ 0 4 1 $ 0 2 1 $ 0 0 1 $ 0 8 $ 0 6 $ 0 4 $ 0 2 $ - $ CareDx Nasdaq Composite Nasdaq Biotech 7/22/2014 9/30/2014 12/31/2014 3/31/2015 6/30/2015 9/30/2015 12/31/2015 Trade Date 12/31/2015 ........................................................ $ 9/30/2015 .......................................................... $ 6/30/2015 .......................................................... $ 3/31/2015 .......................................................... $ 12/31/2014 ........................................................ $ 9/30/2014 .......................................................... $ 7/22/2014 .......................................................... $ CareDx, Inc. Nasdaq Composite(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3) Nasdaq Biotech 133.52 119.52 145.75 135.66 119.83 107.82 100.00 112.37 $ 103.68 $ 111.91 $ 109.98 $ 106.28 $ 100.84 $ 100.00 $ 64.00 $ 41.70 $ 65.00 $ 55.45 $ 72.50 $ 70.00 $ 100.00 $ Dividend Policy We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Our loan and security agreement restricts our ability to pay cash dividends on our common stock, and we may also enter into credit agreements or other borrowing arrangements in the future that will further restrict our ability to declare or pay cash dividends on our common stock. Any determination to declare or pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. 58 Sales of Unregistered Securities On December 16, 2015, we entered into Purchase Agreements to acquire approximately 78% of the outstanding shares of Allenex from its three principal shareholders. On February 8, 2016, the parties entered into amendments to such Purchase Agreements to adjust the shares of our common stock issuable per share of Allenex, and change the timing of distribution of cash consideration. On March 7, 2016, we have launched a tender offer for the remaining 22% of the shares of Allenex. Refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition—Overview—Recent Developments—Allenex Tender Offer” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. The shares issued pursuant to the Purchase Agreements and the tender offer will not be registered under the Securities Act or the securities laws of any state of the United States, and will be issued in reliance upon an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act provided by Rule 802 thereunder. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans See Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding information about securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities There were no repurchases of equity securities by us during the fourth quarter of 2015. 59 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected historical financial data should be read in conjunction with “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected balance sheet data at December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the selected statements of operations data for each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 have been derived from our audited financial statements that are included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The financial data included in this report are historical and are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period. Statements of Operations Data: Revenue: Testing revenue .......................................................... $ Collaboration and license revenue .............................. Total revenue ................................................................... Operating expenses: Cost of testing............................................................. Research and development ......................................... Sales and marketing ................................................... General and administrative ......................................... Change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration ........................................................... Total operating expenses ................................................. (Loss) income from operations ........................................ Interest expense, net ......................................................... Other (expense) income, net ............................................ Loss before income taxes ................................................. Income tax benefit ........................................................... Net (loss) income ............................................................. $ Net (loss) income per share: 2015 Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 (In thousands, except share and per share data) 27,881 $ 263 28,144 25,842 $ 1,464 27,306 21,672 $ 426 22,098 19,730 721 20,451 10,273 9,333 8,349 12,247 (126) 40,076 (11,932) (1,587) (188) (13,707) — (13,707) $ 8,541 3,846 6,472 8,436 (1,239) 26,056 1,250 (2,116) 147 (719) 1,500 781 $ 9,078 3,176 5,892 4,809 — 22,955 (857 ) (2,149 ) (536 ) (3,542 ) — (3,542 ) $ 7,930 4,752 5,417 4,694 — 22,793 (2,342) (2,703) (14) (5,059) — (5,059) Basic ........................................................................... $ Diluted ........................................................................ $ (1.16) $ (1.16) $ 0.13 $ 0.10 $ (3.50 ) $ (3.50 ) $ (5.01) (5.01) Shares used to compute net (loss) income per share: Basic ........................................................................... 11,860,885 5,815,928 1,010,795 1,009,236 Diluted ........................................................................ 11,860,885 9,283,001 1,010,795 1,009,236 Balance Sheet Data: As of December 31, 2015 2014 (In thousands) Cash and cash equivalents ......................................................... $ Working capital ......................................................................... Total assets ................................................................................ Total debt .................................................................................. Accumulated deficit .................................................................. Total stockholders’ equity ......................................................... 29,888 $ 24,210 55,638 15,753 (173,082) 29,494 36,431 29,211 61,141 11,412 (159,375 ) 41,297 60 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains certain forward-looking statements that involve risk and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those set forth under the Section entitled “Risk Factors” in Item 1A, and other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of future results. Business Overview We are a molecular diagnostics company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of clinically differentiated, high-value diagnostic surveillance solutions for transplant patients. Our first commercialized testing solution, the AlloMap heart transplant molecular test, or AlloMap, is a gene expression test that helps clinicians monitor and identify heart transplant recipients with stable graft function who have a low probability of moderate/severe acute cellular rejection. Since 2008, we have sought to expand the adoption and utilization of our AlloMap solution through ongoing studies to substantiate the clinical utility and actionability of AlloMap, secure positive reimbursement decisions for AlloMap from large private and public payers, develop and enhance our relationships with key members of the transplant community, including opinion leaders at major transplant centers, and explore opportunities and technologies for the development of additional solutions for post-transplant surveillance. We believe the use of AlloMap, in conjunction with other clinical indicators, can help healthcare providers and their patients better manage long-term care following a heart transplant. In particular, we believe AlloMap can improve patient care by helping healthcare providers to avoid the use of unnecessary, invasive surveillance biopsies and to determine the appropriate dosage levels of immunosuppressants. We are also pursuing the development of additional products for transplant monitoring using a variety of technologies, including AlloSure, our next-generation sequencing-based test to detect donor-derived cell-free DNA, or dd-cfDNA after transplantation. Since the launch of AlloMap in January 2005 we have performed more than 81,000 commercial AlloMap tests, including 13,000 tests in 2015, in our Brisbane, California laboratory. In 2015, the test was used in 120 of the approximately 130 heart transplant management centers in the U.S. We believe that there is an opportunity for AlloMap outside of the U.S. and through recent partnerships we have expanded the AlloMap offering to Europe. We believe that we are not currently capacity constrained and that our current facility can support a substantial increase in AlloMap testing volume. Reimbursement for AlloMap tests comes primarily from Medicare, private third party payers such as insurance companies and managed care organizations, hospitals and state Medicaid programs. Tests performed on patients covered by Medicare represented 36%, 37% and 39% of all AlloMap tests in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. A number of payers have adopted coverage policies approving AlloMap tests for reimbursement. Such policies often approve reimbursement for tests performed from six months or one year post-transplant through five years post- transplant. For tests performed outside the scope of the payer’s policy, and for tests performed where the payer has not adopted a coverage policy, we pursue reimbursement on a case-by-case basis. If a reimbursement claim is denied, we generally pursue the appeals process for the particular payer. Since our inception, we have generated significant net losses. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $173.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recognized a net loss of $13.7 million. For the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized net income of $0.8 million and for the year ended 2013, we incurred a net loss of $3.5 million. 61 Recent Developments Allenex Tender Offer On December 16, 2015, we entered into Conditional Share Purchase Agreements, or Purchase Agreements, to acquire, subject to certain conditions, approximately 78% of the outstanding shares of Allenex AB, or Allenex, from its three principal shareholders in exchange for a combination of cash and shares of our common stock. On February 8, 2016, the parties entered into amendments to such Purchase Agreements to adjust the shares of our common stock issuable per share of Allenex, and change the timing of distribution of cash consideration. On March 7, 2016, we launched a tender offer, or the Offer, through the issuance of an Offer Document to acquire the remaining 22% of the shares of Allenex. Additionally, if in the Offer we acquire more than 90%, but less than 100%, of the shares of Allenex, which is necessary to initiate compulsory acquisition proceedings under Swedish laws, we intend to purchase the remaining shares in Allenex for cash, pursuant to such compulsory acquisition proceedings. Our tender offer to the shareholders of Allenex permits such shareholders to elect either an all cash payment or a mix of cash consideration and shares of our common stock. Under the all cash alternative, the shareholders of Allenex may exchange their shares of Allenex for approximately $0.30 per share. Under the mixed consideration alternative, the shareholders of Allenex may exchange their shares of Allenex for a combination of (i) $0.20 per share and (ii) 0.01458 shares of our common stock per share. We anticipate completing the tender offer in April 2016. If we acquire all Allenex shares, the total purchase price for Allenex will be approximately $35.0 million, payable in a combination of cash and equity. If the Allenex minority shareholders accept the all cash alternative, together with the cash component payable to the three principal shareholders, we will distribute approximately $27.0 million in cash, excluding financial advisory, legal and accounting fees (which must be paid whether or not the acquisition is completed). If the Allenex minority shareholders elect to receive both shares and a cash payment, we will distribute approximately $24.6 million in cash, excluding financial advisory, legal and accounting fees (which must be paid whether or not the acquisition is completed). Allenex is a transplant diagnostics company based in Stockholm, Sweden that develops, manufactures, markets and sells products that help match donor organs with potential recipients prior to transplantation. The acquisition of Allenex will create an international transplantation diagnostics company with product offerings along the pre- and post-transplant continuum. The Olerup SSP line, which addresses Human Leukocyte Antigen, or HLA, testing, and AlloMap are foundational diagnostics which are well recognized by the transplant community. The combined company will have a presence and direct distribution channels in the US and Europe. The acquisition will require us to refinance or amend our existing $16.0 million debt loan with our existing lender. To fund a portion of the proposed acquisition and to refinance our existing loan, on December 15, 2015, we entered into a commitment letter and fee letter, or Commitment Letter, with Oberland Capital SA Davos LLC, collectively with its affiliates and assignees, Oberland Capital, which Commitment Letter was also amended and restated on February 8, 2016. The Commitment Letter sets forth the binding commitment, subject to the satisfaction of the conditions set forth therein, by Oberland Capital to provide a short-term bridge loan of $18.0 million, to be borrowed in connection with the closing of the acquisition. The bridge loan will mature on the date that is six months from the closing date of the bridge loan. Approximately $16.0 million of the proceeds from the bridge loan will be used to repay our outstanding loan agreement with East West Bank. Fees incurred with Oberland Capital and third parties in connection with the bridge loan are estimated to be approximately $1.6 million and $0.4 million, respectively. The loan will be secured by substantially all of our assets. The loan will bear interest at the rate of 20% per annum, and prepayments of the loan will be subject to a prepayment premium of 5% for prepayments during the first month after the closing date for the loan, decreasing by 1% each month thereafter. The loan agreement for the bridge loan will contain customary affirmative and negative covenants, financial covenants and events of default. Even with the Oberland Capital bridge loan, the acquisition will consume a significant portion of our current cash and cash equivalents. We will require additional financing to fund our working capital and, within six months following entry into the bridge loan, to refinance the Oberland Capital bridge loan. We are pursuing financing opportunities in both the private and public debt and equity markets through sales of equity or debt securities. On August 10, 2015, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to which we are allowed to sell equity and debt securities. We cannot initiate sales under the Form S-3 until mid-2016. 62 Absent additional funding and assuming completion of the acquisition and entry into the bridge loan, we will exhaust our cash and cash equivalents in July 2016 unless we substantially reduce costs and operations, including research and development and other operating costs. Such costs reductions would significantly impair our ability to operate our business effectively, and raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Financial Overview Testing Revenue Our testing revenue is derived from AlloMap tests which represented 99%, 95% and 98% of our total revenue in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Our testing revenue depends on a number of factors, including (i) the number of tests performed; (ii) establishment of coverage policies by third-party insurers and government payers; (iii) our ability to collect from payers with whom we do not have positive coverage determination, which often requires that we pursue a case-by-case appeals process; (iv) our ability to recognize revenues on tests billed prior to the establishment of reimbursement policies, contracts or payment histories; (v) our ability to expand into markets outside of the United States; and (vi) how quickly we can successfully commercialize new product offerings. We currently market AlloMap to healthcare providers through our direct sales force that targets transplant centers and their physicians, coordinators and nurse practitioners. The healthcare providers that order the tests and on whose behalf we provide our testing services are generally not responsible for the payment of these services. As of December 31, 2015, the list price of AlloMap was $3,600 per test. However, amounts actually received by us vary from payer to payer based on each payer’s internal coverage practices and policies. We generally bill third-party payers upon delivery of an AlloMap score report to the ordering physician. As such, we take the assignment of benefits and the risk of collection from the third-party payer and individual patients. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the number of tests for which results were delivered and billed, but for which the associated revenue had not been recognized because our revenue recognition criteria were not met, and taking into account claim status and possibility of collection, was approximately 4,023 and 3,500, respectively. We cannot provide any assurance as to when, if ever, or to what extent any of these amounts will be collected. AlloSure, our development-stage transplant surveillance solution which applies proprietary next generation sequencing to detect and quantitate genetic differences between dd-cfDNA in the blood stream emanating from the donor heart and dd-cfDNA emanating from the transplant recipient, has not yet been commercialized and we do not yet receive any testing revenue from these tests. Collaboration and License Revenue Revenue from our collaboration and license agreements was not more than 5% of total revenue for each period presented. Collaboration and license agreements may include non-refundable upfront payments, partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs, contingent payments based on the occurrence of specified events under the agreements, license fees and royalties on sales of products or product candidates if they are successfully commercialized. Note 8 to our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report includes descriptions of these agreements. Our performance obligations under the collaboration and license agreements may include the transfer of intellectual property rights in the form of licenses, obligations to provide research and development services and obligations to participate on certain development committees with the collaboration partners. We make judgments that affect the periods over which we recognize revenue. We periodically review our estimated periods of performance based on the progress under each arrangement and account for the impact of any change in estimated periods of performance on a prospective basis. 63 Cost of Testing Cost of testing reflects the aggregate costs incurred in delivering our AlloMap test results to clinicians. The components of our cost of testing are materials and service costs, direct labor costs, including stock- based compensation, equipment and infrastructure expenses associated with testing samples, shipping, logistics and specimen processing charges to collect and transport samples and allocated overhead including rent, information technology, equipment depreciation and utilities and royalties. Costs associated with performing tests (except royalties) are recorded as the test is processed regardless of whether and when revenue is recognized with respect to that test. Royalties incurred for licensed technology, calculated as a percentage of test revenues, are recorded as license fees in cost of testing at the time the test revenues are recognized. Royalties included in cost of testing are associated with a license from Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., or Roche. In February 2014, we received a demand for arbitration from Roche regarding our claim that the royalty rate being assessed under the Roche license should be reduced. In September 2014, we entered into a settlement and mutual release agreement with Roche whereby (i) for the period beginning July 1, 2011 through June 30, 2014, we agreed to pay the amount of $2.8 million in settlement of past royalties due; (ii) for the period beginning July 1, 2014 through September 30, 2014, we agreed to pay royalties based on the same combination services percentage used to determine the past royalties due; (iii) for the period beginning October 1, 2014 through September 30, 2017, we agreed to a downward adjustment of the combination services percentage used to determine the portion of the AlloMap service that is royalty bearing under the terms of the license; (iv) we agreed to report and pay quarterly royalties within 45 days of the end of each calendar quarter; (v) Roche agreed that, subject to our timely payment of all applicable royalties through such date, no further royalties will be payable by us for periods after September 30, 2017; and (vi) mutual releases by us and Roche of all claims under the license agreement through the settlement date, and (vii) Roche agreed to dismiss the arbitration claims. For all time periods, the contractual royalty rate in the license agreement was or will be applied to the applicable combination services percentage to determine the royalties’ payable for the AlloMap service We expect cost of testing to increase, in absolute dollars, as the number of tests we perform increases. However, due to the fixed nature of expenses associated with direct labor, equipment and infrastructure, we expect the cost per test will decrease over time as volume increases. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses represent costs incurred to develop new surveillance solutions such as AlloSure, as well as continued efforts related to our AlloMap test. These expenses include payroll and related expenses, consulting expenses, laboratory supplies, and certain allocated expenses as well as amounts incurred under certain collaborative agreements. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. We record accruals for estimated study costs comprised of work performed by contract research organizations under contract terms. We expect our research and development expenses will increase in absolute dollars in future periods as we invest in research and discovery work to validate the clinical utility of AlloSure, develop new surveillance solutions and clinical outcomes studies for AlloMap. Sales and Marketing Expenses Sales and marketing expenses represent costs incurred to sell, promote and increase awareness of our AlloMap test to both clinicians and payers, including education of patients, clinicians and payers. Sales and marketing expenses include payroll and related expenses, educational and promotional expenses, and infrastructure expenses, including allocated facility and overhead costs. Compensation related to sales and marketing includes annual salaries and eligibility for quarterly or semi-annual commissions or bonuses based on the achievement of predetermined sales goals or other management objectives. 64 General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses include costs for our executive, finance, accounting and human resources functions. Costs consist primarily of payroll and related expenses, professional service fees related to billing and collection, accounting, legal and other contract and administrative services and related infrastructure expenses, including allocated facility and overhead costs. We expect to incur additional expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and The NASDAQ Global Market, additional insurance expenses, investor relations activities and other administrative and professional services. We also expect our general and administrative expenses will increase in absolute dollars related to anticipated testing volume and collections growth. Upon completion of our proposed acquisition of Allenex, we also expect our general and administrative expenses will increase as we operate as a global public company. Interest Expense, Net Interest expense, net is associated with borrowings under our loan agreements. Other (Expense) Income, Net In 2013 and 2014, Other (expense) income, net is primarily associated with the remeasurement of the estimated fair value of warrants to purchase shares of our convertible preferred stock and changes in the estimated fair value of a derivative associated with our subordinated convertible debt in 2014. Convertible preferred stock warrants and the subordinated convertible debt were converted to common stock warrants and common stock, respectively, upon the closing of our initial public offering on July 22, 2014. In 2015, other (expense) income, net is primarily state franchise taxes. Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Items subject to estimates based on judgments include, but are not limited to: revenue recognition, the valuation of warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock, the determination of the valuation allowance associated with deferred tax assets, the determination of the accruals for clinical studies, the determination of estimated refunds to be requested from third-party payers, any impairment of long-lived assets and legal contingencies. Actual results could differ from these estimates and such differences could affect the results of operations in future periods. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 to our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Some of these accounting policies require us to make difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. We believe that the following critical accounting policies reflect the more significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our financial statements. Revenue Recognition Testing Revenue We recognize revenues for tests delivered when the following criteria are met: (i) persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, which may include a contract or a coverage policy; (ii) delivery has occurred or services rendered; (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. 65 The first criterion is satisfied when a third-party payer makes a coverage decision or enters into a contractual arrangement with us for the test. The second criterion is satisfied when we perform the test and deliver the test result to the ordering physician. The third criterion is satisfied if the third-party payer’s coverage decision or reimbursement contract specifies a price for the test. The fourth criterion is satisfied based on management’s judgments regarding the collectability of the fees charged under the arrangement. Such judgments include review of past payment history. AlloMap testing may be considered investigational by some payers and not covered under their reimbursement policies. Others may cover the test, but not pay a set or determinable amount. As a result, in the absence of a reimbursement agreement or sufficient payment history, collectability cannot reasonably be assured so revenue is not recognized at the time the test is delivered. If all criteria set forth above are met, revenue is recognized when the test results are delivered. When the first, third or fourth criteria are not met but third-party payers make a payment to us for tests performed, we recognize revenue on a cash basis in the period in which the payment is received. Revenue is recognized on an accrual basis, net of adjustments for differences between amounts billed and the estimated receipts from payers. The amount we expect to collect may be lower than the agreed upon amount due to several factors, such as the amount of patient co-payments, the existence of secondary payers and claim denials. Estimated receipts are based upon historical payment practices of payers. Differences between estimated and actual cash receipts are recorded as an adjustment to revenue, which have been immaterial to date. For tests performed where an agreed upon reimbursement rate and a predictable history of collection exists, such as in the case of Medicare, we recognize revenue upon delivery of a score report to the ordering physician based on the established billing rate less contractual and other adjustments to arrive at the amount that we expect to collect. We determine the amount we expect to collect based on a per payer, per contract or agreement basis, after analyzing historical payment trends. The expected amount is typically lower than the agreed upon reimbursement amount due to several factors, such as the amount of patient co-payments and claim denials. In all other situations, where we do not have sufficient history of collection and are unable to determine a predictable pattern of payment, we recognize revenue upon the receipt of cash. In 2015, 2014 and 2013, approximately 68%, 64% and 64%, respectively, of our testing revenue was recognized on the accrual basis. Occasionally, we may receive requests from third-party payers for refunds for previously paid-for tests. We maintain a liability for actual overpayments and estimated future refund claims based on historical experience. Accruals for overpayments and refunds are recorded as a reduction of revenue. The approximate number of delivered AlloMap tests and AlloMap tests for which we recognized revenue in accordance with our revenue recognition policies discussed above, were as follows: AlloMap tests delivered .............................................. AlloMap tests for which revenue was recognized ....... AlloMap tests for which revenue was recognized, delivered prior to the period presented ..................... Year Ended December 31, 2014 11,930 9,786 2015 13,059 9,155 2013 10,100 8,400 1,324 1,172 1,100 We did not recognize revenue for the remaining tests because either there was no contract, no coverage policy in place, insufficient payment history or we had not received payment for those tests from a payer. We will continue to make requests for payment from payers and patients and/or appeal payment decisions made by third-party payers. As a result, we may receive payment for a portion of these tests. However, a portion of our requests for payments could be denied or only partially satisfied. If third-party payers agree to pay us for these tests in the future, we will recognize revenue for such tests in the period in which our revenue recognition criteria are met. This will continue to affect the comparability of our revenues from period to period. We regularly review to determine if payers meet our revenue recognition criteria and account for the impact of any change on a prospective basis. 66 The process for determining the appropriate amount expected to be collected involves judgment, and considers such factors as, historical payment trends, current economic conditions and regulatory changes. The ultimate amounts of collections could be different from the amounts we estimate. Collaboration and License Revenue Revenue from our collaboration and license agreements was not more than 5% of total revenue for each period presented. Collaboration and license agreements may include non-refundable upfront payments, partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs, contingent payments based on the occurrence of specified events under the agreements, license fees and royalties on sales of products or product candidates if they are successfully commercialized. We recognize collaboration and license revenue based upon the relative-selling–price method which is used to allocate arrangement consideration to all of the units of accounting in an arrangement. We evaluate our collaboration and license agreements to identify the deliverables, determine if the deliverables have stand-alone value, to identify the units of accounting and to allocate arrangement consideration to each unit of accounting based on relative best estimate selling price. Business Combinations In accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, we determine and allocate the purchase price of an acquired business to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the business combination date, including identifiable intangible assets which either arise from a contractual or legal right or are separable from goodwill. We base the estimated fair value of identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination on independent valuations that use information and assumptions provided by management, which consider management’s best estimates of inputs and assumptions that a market participant would use. We allocate any excess purchase price over the estimated fair value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed to goodwill. The use of alternative valuation assumptions, including estimated revenue projections, growth rates, royalty rates, cash flows, discount rates, estimated useful lives and probabilities surrounding the achievement of contingent milestones, could result in different purchase price allocations and amortization expense in current and future periods. In those circumstances where an acquisition involves a contingent consideration arrangement that meets the definition of a liability under ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, we recognize a liability equal to the fair value of the contingent payments we expect to make as of the acquisition date. We remeasure this liability each reporting period and record changes in the fair value as a component of operating expenses. Transaction costs associated with acquisitions are expensed as incurred in general and administrative expenses. Results of operations and cash flows of acquired companies are included in our operating results from the date of acquisition. Purchased Intangible Assets Acquired intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are related to purchased in-process research and development, or IPR&D, projects and are measured at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. We do not amortize goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives. Intangible assets related to IPR&D projects are considered to be indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated R&D efforts. If and when development is complete, which generally occurs if and when regulatory approval to market a product is obtained, the associated assets would be deemed finite-lived and would then be amortized based on their respective estimated useful lives at that point in time. 67 We test IPR&D for impairment on an annual basis and in between annual tests if we become aware of any events or changes that would indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair values of the assets are below their carrying amounts. The IPR&D annual impairment test is performed as of December 1 of each year. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, then there is no impairment. Impairment losses on indefinite-lived intangible assets are recognized based solely on a comparison of the fair value of the asset to its carrying value, without consideration of any recoverability test. We have not identified any such impairment losses to date. Impairment of Long-lived Assets We evaluate our long-lived assets for indicators of possible impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. We then compare the carrying amounts of the assets with the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by such asset. Should an impairment exist, the impairment loss would be measured based on the excess carrying value of the asset over the asset’s fair value determined using discounted estimates of future cash flows. We have not identified any such impairment losses to date. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquisition over the sum of the amounts assigned to tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired, less liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not subject to amortization, but is tested for impairment on an annual basis and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. We perform our annual goodwill impairment test as of December 1 of each year. We first conduct an assessment of qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we then conduct a two-step test for impairment of goodwill. In the first step, we compare the fair value of our reporting unit to its carrying value. If the fair value of our reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not considered impaired and no further analysis is required. If the carrying values of the reporting unit exceed its fair value, then the second step of the impairment test must be performed in order to determine the implied fair value of the goodwill. If the carrying value of the goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then an impairment loss equal to the difference would be recorded. Warrants In 2015, we issued warrants to purchase shares of our common stock in connection with a debt financing. We account for these warrants as equity based on the estimated fair value on the issuance date. The fair value of the outstanding warrants is estimated using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The Black-Scholes valuation model requires inputs such as the expected term of the warrants, expected volatility and risk-free interest rate. Certain of these inputs are subjective and require significant analysis and judgment to develop. For the estimate of the expected term, we use the full remaining contractual term of the warrant. Stock–Based Compensation We recognize stock-based compensation cost for only those shares underlying stock options that we expect to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. We estimate the fair value of stock options using a Black-Scholes valuation model, which requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the option’s expected term and stock price volatility. In addition, judgment is also required in estimating the number of stock-based awards that are expected to be forfeited. Forfeitures are estimated based on historical experience at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of share-based payment awards represent management’s best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use different assumptions, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. 68 Factors Affecting Our Performance The Number of AlloMap Tests We Receive and Report The growth of our business is tied to the number of AlloMap tests we receive and report. Historically, less than 2% of tests received are not reported due to improper sampling or damage in transit or other causes. We incur costs of collecting and shipping all samples and a portion of the costs where we cannot ultimately issue a score report. As a result, the number of samples received largely directly correlates to the number of score reports. How We Recognize Revenue Medicare and certain other payers with agreed upon reimbursement rates and a predictable history of collections allows us to recognize the related revenue on an accrual basis. In 2015, 2014 and 2013, 32%, 36% and 36%, respectively, of our revenue was recognized when cash was received. Until we achieve our revenue recognition criteria for a larger number of payers, we will continue to recognize a large portion of our revenue when cash is received. Because we often need to appeal prior to being paid for certain tests, it can take over a year for a test to result in revenue being recorded, and for a portion of our tests, we may never realize revenue. Additionally, as we commercialize new products, we will need to achieve our revenue recognition criteria for each payer for each new product prior to being able to recognize the related revenue on an accrual basis. Because the timing and amount of cash payments received from payers is difficult to predict, we expect our revenue may fluctuate significantly in any given quarter. In addition, even if we begin to accrue larger amounts of revenue related to AlloMap, when we introduce new products, we do not expect we will be able to recognize revenue from new products on an accrual basis for some period of time. Continued Adoption of and Reimbursement for AlloMap Our reimbursement rate has steadily increased over time since the launch of AlloMap, as payers adopt coverage policies and fewer payers consider AlloMap as experimental and investigational. The rate at which our tests are covered and reimbursed has and is expected to continue to vary by payer. As of December 31, 2015, we had been reimbursed for approximately 79% of AlloMap results delivered in the twelve months ended June 30, 2015. Reimbursement performance is reviewed using a lagging metric of six months as any period less than this is considered not to be reflective of future performance, as the reimbursement process can take six months or more to complete depending on the payer. Revenue growth depends on our ability to achieve broader reimbursement from third party payers, to expand the number of tests per patient and the base of ordering physicians. Development of Additional Products We rely on sales of AlloMap to generate the majority of our revenue. Our product development pipeline includes other surveillance solutions for organ transplant recipients to help clinicians make personalized treatment decisions throughout a transplant patient’s lifetime. Accordingly, we expect to invest in research and development in order to develop additional products. Our success in developing or acquiring new products will be important in our efforts to grow our business by expanding the potential market for our products and diversifying our sources of revenue. Timing of Research and Development Expenses Our spending on experiments may vary substantially from quarter to quarter. We also spend to secure clinical samples that can be used in discovery, product development, clinical validation, utility and outcome studies. The timing of these research and development activities is difficult to predict. If a substantial number of clinical samples are acquired in a given quarter or if a high-cost experiment is conducted in one quarter versus the next, the timing of these expenses can affect our financial results. We conduct clinical studies to validate our new products as well as on-going clinical and outcome studies to further the published evidence to support our commercialized AlloMap test. Spending on research and development for both experiments and clinical studies may vary significantly by quarter. 69 Results of Operations Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 (In thousands except for AlloMap results) Year Ended December 31, AlloMap results delivered ........................................... 2015 13,059 Change 2014 11,930 1,129 Revenue: Testing revenue ...................................................... $ Collaboration and license revenue ......................... Total revenue ............................................................... 27,881 $ 263 28,144 25,842 $ 1,464 27,306 2,039 (1,201 ) 838 Operating expenses: Cost of testing ........................................................ Research and development .................................... Sales and marketing ............................................... General and administrative .................................... Change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration ....................................................... Total operating expenses ............................................. (Loss) income from operations ................................... 10,273 9,333 8,349 12,247 8,541 3,846 6,472 8,436 1,732 5,487 1,877 3,811 (126) 40,076 (11,932) (1,239 ) 26,056 1,250 1,113 14,020 (13,182 ) Interest expense, net .................................................... Other (expense) income, net........................................ Loss before income taxes ............................................ Income tax benefit ....................................................... Net (loss) income ........................................................ $ (13,707) $ (1,587) (188) (13,707) — (2,116 ) 147 (719 ) 1,500 529 (335 ) (12,988 ) (1,500 ) 781 $ (14,488 ) Testing Revenue AlloMap test results delivered increased by approximately 1,100 or 9% in 2015 compared to 2014. Testing revenue increased by $2.0 million or 8% in 2015 compared to 2014 due to increased test volume of approximately $1.5 million, of which Medicare accounted for $0.7 million of the increase, and due to an increased number of payers for whom we recognize revenue on an accrual basis of approximately $0.8 million, partially offset by lower cash collections of approximately $0.4 million from payers from which we recognize revenue on a cash basis. Pricing remained stable in 2015. Collaboration and License Revenue Collaboration and license revenue decreased by approximately $1.2 million, or 82% in 2015 compared to 2014 primarily due to the termination of our Collaboration and License Agreement with Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings in September 2014. Cost of Testing Cost of testing increased by approximately $1.7 million, or 20% in 2015 compared to 2014 primarily due to higher headcount related expenses of $0.7 million, laboratory material costs of $0.5 million to support testing volume growth, and higher royalties paid to Roche of $0.4 million. Research and Development Research and development expenses increased $5.5 million or 143% in 2015 compared to 2014 primarily due to higher headcount related expenses of $2.2 million and increased expenditure of $1.9 million to support the launch of dd-cfDNA clinical trials. In addition, there was an increase in depreciation and facilities-related expenses of $0.9 million due to the expansion of our lab space and consulting of $0.2 million. 70 Sales and Marketing Sales and marketing expenses increased by approximately $1.9 million, or 29% in 2015 compared to 2014. The increase primarily reflects higher headcount related expenses of $0.9 million, recruiting and consulting expenses of $0.4 million, higher travel and conference expenses of $0.4 million as we ramped up our commercialization efforts, and an additional $0.2 million incurred in marketing programs such as physician forums, speaker programs and advertising. General and Administrative General and administrative expenses increased approximately $3.8 million, or 45% in 2015 compared to 2014 due to a $1.6 million increase in headcount related expenses driven primarily by the hiring of accounting personnel to operate and comply with the regulations for a publicly traded company and the in-sourcing of our billing and collections function, transaction related fees and expenses of $1.3 million associated with the acquisition of Allenex, and an increase in professional fees of $0.8 million primarily associated with the filing of a registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which allow us to sell equity and debt securities commencing in mid-2016. Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration The consideration for our business combination with ImmuMetrix, Inc. includes a future payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a specified milestone. We recorded a contingent consideration liability at its fair value in September 2014, at the acquisition date. We revalue our contingent consideration obligation each reporting period. The change in the fair value of our contingent consideration is approximately $1.1 million in 2015 as compared to 2014, and is recognized as a component of operating expense within our statements of operations. Interest Expense, Net Interest expense, net decreased by $0.5 million, or 25% in 2015 compared to 2014 primarily due to lower interest rates on the new term loan, the conversion of the $5.0 million Illumina subordinated convertible note into common stock in connection with our IPO and the pay-off of our previous term loan with higher interest rates in January 2015. Other (Expense) Income, Net Other expense, net was $0.2 million in 2015 compared to $0.1 million in other income, net in 2014. Other expense, net for 2015 primarily consisted of state franchise taxes. Other income, net of $0.1 million in 2014 was primarily related to the remeasurement of the convertible preferred stock warrants and the derivative associated with the Illumina subordinated convertible note. Income Tax Benefit In conjunction with the acquisition of ImmuMetrix, a tax benefit of $1.5 million was recognized in 2014. This benefit resulted from the expectation that amortization of the in-process technology acquired, when completed and placed in service, is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes, as the transaction was structured as a tax-free reorganization. Accordingly, a deferred tax liability was recorded at the acquisition date for the difference between the financial reporting and tax basis of the acquired in-process technology. While the in-process technology is considered an indefinite lived intangible asset, this asset is expected to be amortized or impaired prior to the expiration of net operating loss carryforwards available to us. 71 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 (In thousands except for AlloMap results) Year Ended December 31, AlloMap results delivered ........................................... Revenue: Testing revenue ...................................................... $ Collaboration and license revenue ......................... Total revenue ............................................................... Operating expenses: Cost of testing ........................................................ Research and development .................................... Sales and marketing ............................................... General and administrative .................................... Change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration ....................................................... Total operating expenses ............................................. Income (loss) from operations..................................... Interest expense, net .................................................... Other income (expense), net........................................ Loss before income taxes ............................................ Income tax benefit ....................................................... Net income (loss) ........................................................ $ 2014 11,930 2013 10,100 Change 25,842 $ 1,464 27,306 21,672 426 22,098 8,541 3,846 6,472 8,436 9,078 3,176 5,892 4,809 (1,239) 26,056 1,250 (2,116) 147 (719) 1,500 781 $ — 22,955 (857 ) (2,149 ) (536 ) (3,542 ) — (3,542 ) $ 1,830 4,170 1,038 5,208 (537 ) 670 580 3,627 (1,239 ) 3,101 2,107 33 683 2,823 1,500 4,323 Testing Revenue AlloMap test results delivered increased by approximately 1,800 or 18% in 2014 compared to 2013. Testing revenue increased by $4.2 million or 19% in 2014 compared to 2013 primarily due to increased test volume and secondarily to an increased number of payers for whom we recognize revenue on an accrual basis of approximately $2.6 million, of which Medicare accounted for $1.3 million of the increase, and additional cash collections of approximately $1.6 million from payers from which we recognize revenue on a cash basis. Collaboration and License Revenue Collaboration and license revenue increased by approximately $1.0 million, or 244% in 2014 compared to 2013 primarily due to our recognition of the termination fee of $0.5 million paid to us in connection with the termination of our Collaboration and License Agreement with Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, and amortization of the remaining deferred revenue balance under that agreement of $0.6 million. Cost of Testing Cost of testing decreased by approximately $0.5 million, or 6% in 2014 compared to 2013 primarily due to our royalty settlement with Roche, which resulted in a one-time reduction to royalty expense in 2014 of approximately $0.5 million. Research and Development Research and development expenses increased $0.7 million or 21% in 2014 compared to 2013 primarily due to increased expenditure of $0.3 million in the area of dd-cfDNA technology, an increase in headcount related expenses of $0.2 million, and increased expenditures of $0.2 million for AlloMap activities. 72 Sales and Marketing Sales and marketing expenses increased by approximately $0.6 million, or 10% in 2014 compared to 2013. The increase primarily reflects increased salaries of $0.3 million, and increased travel and conference expenses of $0.3 million as we increased our commercialization efforts. General and Administrative General and administrative expenses increased approximately $3.6 million, or 75% in 2014 compared to 2013 due to increased employee costs of $1.1 million driven by additional hiring in preparation for our IPO, increased tax, audit and professional fees of $0.8 million as a result of our acquisition of ImmuMetrix and increased compliance costs of being a public company, $0.4 million of increased consulting fees, increased legal costs of $0.8 million largely as a result of our acquisition of ImmuMetrix and arbitration with Roche, $0.3 million associated with recruiting expenses of key employees and $0.2 million in general expenses. We anticipate our general and administrative expenses will increase as we operate as a public company. Interest Expense, Net Interest expense, net was flat from 2013 to 2014. There was an increase of $0.4 million associated with the $5.0 million Illumina subordinated convertible note issued in April 2014 with an interest rate of 8% which converted to common stock upon our IPO in July 2014, which was offset by a one-time reduction in interest expense of approximately $0.1 million due to the Roche settlement and a $0.3 million decrease in interest under our debt obligations due to principal payments. Other Income (Expense), Net Other income, net was $0.1 million in 2014 compared to $0.5 million in other expense, net in 2013. Other income, net for 2014 was primarily due to the remeasurement of the derivative associated with the Illumina subordinated convertible note. The subordinated convertible note was converted to common stock in July 2014 in connection with our IPO. Other expense, net for 2013 was primarily due to the remeasurement of the estimated fair value of the warrants to purchase shares of our convertible preferred stock. The warrants to purchase our convertible preferred stock were converted to warrants to purchase common stock in July 2014 in connection with our IPO and were reclassified to additional paid-in-capital on the IPO date at which point we ceased to record any further related periodic fair value adjustments. Income Tax Benefit In conjunction with the acquisition of ImmuMetrix, a tax benefit of $1.5 million was recognized in 2014. This benefit resulted from the expectation that amortization of the in-process technology acquired, when completed and placed in service, is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes, as the transaction was structured as a tax-free reorganization. Accordingly, a deferred tax liability was recorded at the acquisition date for the difference between the financial reporting and tax basis of the acquired in-process technology. While the in-process technology is considered an indefinite lived intangible asset, this asset is expected to be amortized or impaired prior to the expiration of net operating loss carryforwards available to us. Liquidity and Capital Resources Since our inception, substantially all of our operations have been financed through the issuance of our convertible preferred stock, the issuance of common stock in our July 2014 initial public offering, the incurrence of debt, and cash received from AlloMap testing revenues. Through December 31, 2015, we have received net proceeds of approximately $174 million from AlloMap testing revenues, $151 million from the issuances of preferred stock, including preferred stock issued on conversion of promissory notes, $35.5 million from our IPO, and $35.3 million in net proceeds from debt issuances, including $5.0 million from a subordinated convertible note. As of December, 2015, we had cash and cash equivalents of $29.9 million and $15.8 million of debt outstanding under our debt and capital lease obligations, net of debt discount and issuance costs. We currently anticipate that our cash and cash equivalents, projected cash receipts from AlloMap sales to customers and existing term loan from a financial institution will not be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months. 73 On December 16, 2015, we entered into Purchase Agreements to acquire, subject to certain conditions, approximately 78% of the outstanding shares of Allenex from its three principal shareholders in exchange for a combination of cash and shares of our common stock. If we acquire all Allenex shares, the total purchase price for Allenex will be approximately $35.0 million, payable in a combination of cash and equity. If the Allenex minority shareholders accept the all cash alternative, together with the cash component payable to the three principal shareholders, we will distribute approximately $27.0 million in cash, excluding financial advisory, legal and accounting fees (which must be paid whether or not the acquisition is completed). If the Allenex minority shareholders elect to receive both shares and a cash payment, we will distribute approximately $24.6 million in cash, excluding financial advisory, legal and accounting fees (which must be paid whether or not the acquisition is completed). Additionally, if in the tender offer we acquire more than 90%, but less than 100%, of the shares of Allenex, we intend to initiate compulsory acquisition proceedings under Swedish laws and to purchase the remaining shares in Allenex for cash. The actual price per share purchased pursuant to such compulsory acquisition proceedings will be determined by an arbitrational tribunal. As a result of the compulsory acquisition proceedings under Swedish law, we may ultimately have to pay, in the aggregate, a higher price per share in order to purchase the remaining Allenex shares, further depleting our cash reserves. Refer to “Management Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition(cid:650)Overview(cid:650)Recent Developments(cid:650)Allenex Tender Offer” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. The acquisition will require us to refinance or amend our existing $16.0 million debt loan with our existing lender, and we also expect to incur costs as we integrate Allenex’s business and operations with ours. To fund a portion of the proposed acquisition and to refinance our existing loan, on December 15, 2015, we entered into a commitment letter and fee letter, or Commitment Letter, with Oberland Capital SA Davos LLC, collectively with its affiliates and assignees, Oberland Capital, for a six-month bridge loan of $18.0 million, to be borrowed in connection with the closing of the acquisition. Fees incurred with Oberland Capital and third parties in connection with the bridge loan are estimated to be approximately $1.6 million and $0.4 million, respectively. The loan will be secured by substantially all of our assets. The loan will bear interest at the rate of 20% per annum, and prepayments of the loan will be subject to a prepayment premium of 5% for prepayments during the first month after the closing date for the loan, decreasing by 1% each month thereafter. The loan agreement for the bridge loan will contain customary affirmative and negative covenants, financial covenants and events of default. Even with the Oberland Capital bridge loan, the acquisition will consume a significant portion of our current cash and cash equivalents. We will require additional financing to fund our working capital and, within six months following entry into the bridge loan, to refinance the Oberland Capital bridge loan. We are pursuing financing opportunities in both the private and public debt and equity markets through sales of equity or debt securities. On August 10, 2015, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to which we are allowed to sell equity and debt securities. We cannot initiate sales under the Form S-3 until mid-2016. Absent additional funding and assuming completion of the acquisition and entry into the bridge loan, we will exhaust our cash and cash equivalents in July 2016 unless we substantially reduce costs and operations, including research and development and other operating costs. As a result of our obligations and lack of current available financial resources, there is uncertainty regarding our ability to maintain liquidity sufficient to operate our business effectively, which raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If we are unsuccessful in our efforts to raise outside capital in the near term, we will be required to significantly reduce or cease operations. If we do not perform our obligation to complete the acquisition, we may be subject to fines and penalties under Swedish law, in addition to stockholder claims. Nasdaq Stockholm Takeover Rules authorize the institution to impose a special fine ranging between SEK 50,000 (approximately $6,000) and SEK 100 million (approximately $12.0 million). If we fail to perform our obligation to close the acquisition, we may also be subject to stockholder claims for damages under the purchase agreements and under the Swedish Takeover Rules. Such penalties, fines and contract damages claims may also trigger a default under our current loan agreement, and could have other unforeseen consequences that could negatively affect our business and the price of our common stock. 74 We cannot be certain that any of our development of new transplant surveillance solutions such as AlloSure will be successful or that we will be able to raise sufficient additional funds to see these programs through to a successful result. Our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement and involves risk and uncertainties, and actual results could vary as a result of a number of factors. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013: 2015 Year Ended December 31, 2014 (in thousands) 2013 Net cash (used in) provided by: Operating activities ............................................ $ Investing activities ............................................. Financing activities ............................................ (9,752) $ (1,199) 4,408 (3,350) $ (1,333) 35,986 (546 ) (98 ) (58 ) Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents ........................................................... $ (6,543) $ 31,303 $ (702 ) Cash Flows from Operating Activities Net cash provided by or used in operating activities consists of net income or loss, adjusted for certain non-cash items in the statements of operations and changes in operating assets and liabilities. Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $9.8 million. Net loss of $13.7 million included $2.1 million of net non-cash expenses. These net noncash expenses included stock-based compensation expense of $1.3 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $0.8 million, and $0.2 million for the amortization of debt issuance costs associated with new debt, and a loss on extinguishment from previous debt. These non-cash expenses were partially offset by a non-cash revaluation gain of $0.1 million on a contingent consideration liability related to our acquisition of ImmuMetrix, Inc. in June 2014. This revaluation gain was driven by a decrease in our stock price. In addition to net non-cash expenses, our net operating assets decreased which generated $1.8 million in operating cash flow. The decrease in net operating assets was primarily driven by a decrease in accounts receivable of $0.3 million, increases in accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities of $1.7 million as we strengthened our cash management processes, an increase in accrued payroll liabilities of $0.7 million as a result of accrued employee bonuses, partially offset by increases in inventory, prepaid expenses and other assets of $0.9 million. Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 was $3.4 million. The net income of $0.8 million reflects a non-cash income tax benefit of $1.5 million related to our acquisition of ImmuMetrix, the recognition of $0.7 million in collaboration revenue primarily from the termination of the LabCorp agreement, a $1.5 million decrease in the fair value of contingent consideration related to the ImmuMetrix acquisition and an embedded derivative as a result of mark-to-market adjustments, partially offset by an increase in debt discount accretion and other non-cash interest expense of $0.8 million, depreciation and amortization of $0.5 million and stock-based compensation expense of $0.5 million, and an increase in net operating assets of $2.3 million. The increase in net operating assets primarily comprised of a decrease in accrued royalties of $2.6 million, an increase in accounts receivable of $0.4 million and an increase in inventory of $0.2 million as a result of an increase in our testing revenue, and an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $0.3 million primarily due to our purchase of a directors and officers insurance policy when we became a public company in July 2014, partially offset by an increase in accounts payable of $0.5 million and an increase in accrued and other liabilities of $0.4 million as our expenditures increased in line with the growth of our core business, and an increase in payroll-related liabilities of $0.3 million due to an increase in headcount. The decrease in accrued royalties was the result of a $2.8 million payment of past due royalties to Roche in September 2014 upon settlement of our dispute with Roche (for more information, see Note 7 of our financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report). 75 Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2013 was $0.5 million and reflected (i) a net loss of $3.5 million, (ii) net non-cash items of $1.6 million, consisting primarily of depreciation and amortization of $0.7 million, amortization of debt discount and non-cash interest expense of $0.6 million and revaluation of warrants to estimated fair value of $0.5 million, and (iii) a net cash inflow from changes in balances of operating assets and liabilities of $1.4 million. The significant items comprising the changes in balances of operating assets and liabilities were a higher balance of accrued royalties of $1.3 million and a higher deferred revenue balance of $1.1 million, partially offset by an increased accounts receivable balance of $1.3 million. The increased accounts receivable balance was due to increased volume of approximately $0.7 million, the change in our Medicare contractor effective October 2013, resulting in slower payments for Medicare tests of approximately $0.3 million, and more payers meeting our revenue recognition criteria of approximately $0.3 million. Our experience with Medicare contractor changes in the past has shown initially slower payments, which accelerate after the new contractor is in place for some period. Cash Flows from Investing Activities For the year ended December 31, 2015, net cash used in investing activities was $1.2 million for purchases of property and equipment. For the year ended December 31, 2014, net cash used in investing activities was $1.3 million consisting $0.6 million in cash used to purchase ImmuMetrix and $0.7 million in purchases of property and equipment. For the year ended December 31, 2013, net cash used in investing activities was $0.1 million and consisted of purchases of property and equipment. We expect capital expenditures to increase dramatically in 2016 and beyond due to the entry into the Commitment Letter with Oberland Capital, the acquisition of Allenex and becoming a global company. We also plan to continue to expand our research and discovery work to develop new transplant surveillance solutions. Cash Flows from Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 of $4.4 million consisted primarily of $15.6 million in net proceeds received from a new term loan in January 2015, and proceeds of $0.2 million from the issuance of common stock as part of our employee stock purchase plan and the exercise of stock options, partially offset by the payoff of a previous term loan and capital leases of $11.5 million. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 of $35.9 million was primarily from the receipt of $35.5 million in net proceeds from our July 2014 initial public offering, net of underwriters’ discounts and issuance costs, and the receipt of $5.0 million in net proceeds from borrowing in connection with our April 2014 subordinated convertible note, partially offset by net payments of $4.5 million on our existing debt. Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2013 was $0.1 million and primarily consisted of principal payments on capital lease obligations. 76 Contractual Obligations The following table summarizes certain contractual obligations as of December 31, 2015, and excludes the obligations related to our proposed acquisition of Allenex entry into the Oberland Capital bridge loan, and the acceleration of our current loan agreement with East West Bank due to entry into the new debt facility with Oberland Capital: Total Less Than 1 year Payments Due by Period 1 to 3 Years (in thousands) 3 to 5 Years More Than 5 Years Debt obligations ........................................................ $ 16,000 $ Operating lease obligations ....................................... Capital lease obligations ........................................... Total .......................................................................... $ 23,002 $ 6,851 151 3,021 $ 12,979 $ 2,724 1,291 71 75 4,387 $ 15,774 $ — $ 2,836 5 2,841 $ — — — — In 2015, there was a material increase in our contractual obligations and commitments. On January 30, 2015, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”), which provides a secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $20.0 million. We borrowed the first and only advance of $16.0 million (“Draw A”) on January 30, 2015. Draw A was used to pay-off our existing term debt of $11.3 million. Draw A bears interest at a daily floating rate equal to 2.00%, over the greater of (i) 3.25% or (ii) the prime rate published by the lender. The maturity date of the loan is December 1, 2018. Principal pay-down of the loan begins on January 1, 2016 with the loan being payable in 36 equal monthly installments. The principal pay-down of the loan may be delayed to July 1, 2016 with the loan being payable in 30 equal monthly installments, if on December 31, 2015, we have achieved certain net product revenue milestones as described in the Loan Agreement. As of December 31, 2015, we were in compliance with the net product revenue milestones, which allowed us to pay only the interest incurred on a monthly basis until June 30, 2016 and begin the principal pay-down on July 1, 2016. Our cancelable operating lease obligations consist of the lease for our laboratory and office facility in Brisbane, California expiring in December 2020. Our capital lease obligations consist of equipment financing arrangements with vendors. The contractual obligations table above includes three new capital leases entered into in 2015. Off-balance Sheet Arrangements We have not entered into any off-balance sheet arrangements. JOBS Act Accounting Election We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which amends the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. ASU 2014-09 is based on principles that govern the recognition of revenue at an amount an entity expects to be entitled when products are transferred to customers. ASU 2014-09 will be effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2018. Early adoption is permitted in 2017. The new revenue standard may be applied retrospectively to each prior period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect recognized as of the date of adoption. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting the new revenue standard on our financial statements. 77 In August 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements(cid:650)Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (“ASU 2014-15”). This ASU requires us to evaluate whether there are conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the financial statements are issued, and if there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, the disclosure of such is required. We are required to make this evaluation for both annual and interim reporting periods, if applicable. We also are required to evaluate and disclose whether our plans alleviate that doubt. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted but we have not elected to early adopt this guidance. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs (“ASU 2015-03”). This ASU requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. This guidance is applicable to us beginning January 1, 2016. However, early adoption of ASU 2015-03 is permitted and we adopted ASU 2015-03 as of January 1, 2015 using the retrospective method as required. Debt discount and issuance costs, current, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $155,000 and $170,000, respectively. Debt discount and issuance costs, non-current, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $149,000 and $177,000, respectively. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-05, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) (“ASU 2015-05”). This ASU provides guidance to customers about whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, then the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. If a cloud computing arrangement does not include a software license, the customer should account for the arrangement as a service contract. This ASU will be effective for reporting periods, including interim periods beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted. An entity can elect to adopt the amendments either (1) prospectively to all arrangements entered into or materially modified after the effective date or (2) retrospectively. For prospective transition, the only disclosure requirements at transition are the nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle, the transition method, and a qualitative description of the financial statement line items affected by the change. For retrospective transition, the disclosure requirements at transition include the requirements for prospective transition and quantitative information about the effects of the accounting change. We do not believe that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our financial statements. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (“ASU 2015-11”). ASU 2015-11 simplifies the subsequent measurement of inventory by replacing the lower of cost or market with a lower of cost and net realizable value test. The guidance applies only to inventories for which cost is determined by methods other than last-in first-out (“LIFO”) and the retail inventory method (“RIM”). Entities that use LIFO and RIM will continue to use existing impairment models. The guidance is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The new guidance must be applied prospectively after the date of adoption. We do not expect to early adopt this guidance and do not believe that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our financial statements. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes by requiring deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. The guidance is effective for us beginning on January 1, 2017 with early adoption permitted as of the beginning of any interim or annual reporting period. We do not expect to early adopt this guidance and do not believe that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, which, for operating leases, requires the lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in its balance sheet. The guidance also requires a lessee to recognize single lease costs, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term, on a generally straight-line basis. This guidance will be effective for the Company in fiscal year 2019 and must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition approach. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance. 78 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Foreign Currency Risk Since 2014, our AlloMap test has been offered in Europe through our agreement with Diaxonhit. From 2014 to August 2015, our AlloMap test was offered in Canada through our agreement with LifeLabs Medical Laboratory Services. Payments to us under these agreements are denominated in U.S. dollars. Expenses we incur in currencies other than U.S. dollars are not material. We do not believe that our foreign currency exchange rate fluctuation risk is significant and we do not believe that a hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates would have a significant effect on our financial condition, operating results or cash flows. Interest Rate Risk We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily relate to interest rates. We had cash and cash equivalents of $29.9 million and $36.4 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which consist of bank deposits and money market funds. Additionally, we had debt of $15.7 million and $11.3 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our current debt arrangement bears a daily floating rate. Such interest-bearing instruments carry a degree of risk; however, we have not been exposed to, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changes in interest rates. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates during any of the periods presented would have had a material impact on our audited financial statements. 79 CareDx, Inc. Index to Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ....................................................................... Balance Sheets ............................................................................................................................................ Statements of Operations ............................................................................................................................ Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity ........................................ Statements of Cash Flows .......................................................................................................................... Notes to Financial Statements .................................................................................................................... Page No. 81 82 83 84 85 86 80 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders of CareDx, Inc. We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of CareDx, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related statements of operations, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ (deficit) equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. We were not engaged to perform an audit of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of CareDx, Inc. at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company’s recurring losses from operations and its need for additional capital raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Redwood City, California March 28, 2016 81 CareDx, Inc. Balance Sheets (In thousands, except share and per share data) Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents .......................................................................................... $ Accounts receivable ................................................................................................... Inventory .................................................................................................................... Prepaid and other assets ............................................................................................. Total current assets .......................................................................................................... Property and equipment, net ............................................................................................ Intangible assets, net ........................................................................................................ Goodwill .......................................................................................................................... Restricted cash ................................................................................................................. Other noncurrent assets .................................................................................................... Total assets ....................................................................................................................... $ Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable ....................................................................................................... $ Accrued payroll liabilities .......................................................................................... Accrued and other liabilities ...................................................................................... Accrued royalties ....................................................................................................... Deferred revenue ........................................................................................................ Current portion of long-term debt .............................................................................. Total current liabilities ..................................................................................................... Deferred rent, net of current portion ................................................................................ Deferred revenue, net of current portion .......................................................................... Long-term debt, net of current portion ............................................................................. Contingent consideration ................................................................................................. Other liabilities ................................................................................................................ Total liabilities ................................................................................................................. Commitments and contingencies (Note 7) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock: $0.001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2015 and 2014; no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2014 .................................................................................................................. Common stock: $0.001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2015 and 2014; 11,902,363 and 11,803,970 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively ........................................................ Additional paid-in capital........................................................................................... Accumulated deficit ................................................................................................... Total stockholders’ equity ................................................................................................ Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity ......................................................................... $ As of December 31, 2015 2014 29,888 $ 2,367 766 1,341 34,362 2,425 6,650 12,005 147 49 55,638 $ 1,644 $ 2,366 2,892 242 142 2,866 10,152 1,426 703 12,887 948 28 26,144 36,431 2,687 686 542 40,346 1,968 6,650 12,005 147 25 61,141 1,128 1,684 1,616 241 505 5,961 11,135 1,684 471 5,451 1,074 28 19,843 — — 12 202,564 (173,082 ) 29,494 55,638 $ 12 200,661 (159,375) 41,298 61,141 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 82 CareDx, Inc. Statements of Operations (In thousands, except share and per share data) Revenue: Testing revenue ........................................................................... $ Collaboration and license revenue ............................................... Total revenue .................................................................................... Operating expenses: Cost of testing.............................................................................. Research and development .......................................................... Sales and marketing .................................................................... General and administrative .......................................................... Change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration ........ Total operating expenses .................................................................. (Loss) income from operations ......................................................... Interest expense, net .......................................................................... Other (expense) income, net ............................................................. Loss before income taxes .................................................................. Income tax benefit ............................................................................ Net (loss) income .............................................................................. $ Net (loss) income per share (Note 4): Year Ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 27,881 $ 263 28,144 10,273 9,333 8,349 12,247 (126) 40,076 (11,932) (1,587) (188) (13,707) — (13,707) $ 25,842 $ 1,464 27,306 8,541 3,846 6,472 8,436 (1,239 ) 26,056 1,250 (2,116 ) 147 (719 ) 1,500 781 $ 21,672 426 22,098 9,078 3,176 5,892 4,809 — 22,955 (857) (2,149) (536) (3,542) — (3,542) Basic ............................................................................................ $ Diluted ......................................................................................... $ (1.16) $ (1.16) $ 0.13 $ 0.10 $ (3.50) (3.50) Shares used to compute net (loss) income per share: Basic ............................................................................................ 11,860,885 Diluted ......................................................................................... 11,860,885 5,815,928 9,283,001 1,010,795 1,010,795 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 83 CareDx, Inc. Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity (In thousands, except share data) Convertible Additional Total Balance at December 31, 2012 ............................... 5,155,673 $ 135,202 1,010,499 $ 1 $ 9,410 $ Preferred Stock Shares Amount Common Stock Paid-In Shares Amount Capital Accumulated Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity Deficit (147,203) (156,614 ) $ — — 212 — — — Issuance of common stock for cash upon exercise of stock options ............................... Employee share-based compensation expense ......................................................... Net loss ............................................................ — — Balance at December 31, 2013 ............................... 5,155,673 135,202 1,010,711 — — — — — — — — — — 14,242 510,777 Convertible preferred stock Series G issued for the acquisition of ImmuMetrix, Inc. ........ 888,135 Conversion of convertible preferred stock to common stock upon initial public offering ... (6,043,808) (149,444) 6,048,220 Conversion of subordinated convertible note to common stock upon initial public offering ......................................................... Conversion of convertible preferred stock warrants to common stock warrants upon initial public offering .................................... Issuance of common stock upon initial public offering, net of offering costs ........................ Issuance of common stock for services ............ Issuance of common stock for cash upon exercise of stock options ............................... Employee and non-employee share-based compensation expense .................................. Net income....................................................... Balance at December 31, 2014 ............................... Issuance of common stock for services ............ Issuance of common stock for cash upon exercise of stock options ............................... Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan ....................................... Employee and non-employee share-based compensation expense .................................. Issuance of warrants to purchase common stock in exchange for debt financing ............. Net loss ............................................................ Balance at December 31, 2015 ............................... — — — — — 11,803,970 38,121 — — — — — — 11,902,363 $ — 4,220,000 4,899 — — — — — — — — $ — — 36,696 23,576 9,363 — — — — — — — — — — — — 1 — — 4 — — — — 12 — — — 72 — 9,482 — — (3,542 ) (160,156 ) 72 (3,542) (150,673) — — — 149,444 6 149,438 1 5,107 — 5,108 539 35,507 34 19 — — — — 535 — 200,661 223 — 781 (159,375 ) — 46 203 — 1,341 — — — 90 — — — 12 $ 202,564 $ — (13,707 ) (173,082 ) $ 539 35,511 34 19 535 781 41,298 223 46 203 1,341 90 (13,707) 29,494 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 84 CareDx, Inc. Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) Operating activities: Net (loss) income ................................................................................................. $ Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization ...................................................................... Gain on disposal of property and equipment ................................................. Stock-based compensation ............................................................................ Amortization of deferred revenue ................................................................. Amortization of debt discount and noncash interest expense ........................ Revaluation of contingent consideration to estimated fair value ................... Revaluation of warrants and derivatives to estimated fair value .................... Non-cash income tax benefit in connection with business acquisition .......... Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable ............................................................................... Inventory ................................................................................................ Prepaid and other assets........................................................................... Accounts payable .................................................................................... Accrued payroll liabilities ....................................................................... Accrued royalties..................................................................................... Deferred revenue ..................................................................................... Accrued and other liabilities .................................................................... Net cash used in operating activities ................................................. Investing activities: Purchase of property and equipment ..................................................................... Payment for acquisitions, net of cash acquired ..................................................... Net cash used in investing activities ................................................. Financing activities: Proceeds from initial public offering, net of underwriters’ discount ..................... Payments of initial public offering costs ............................................................... Proceeds from subordinated convertible debt, net of issuance costs ..................... Proceeds from debt, net of issuance costs ............................................................. Proceeds from exercise of stock options ............................................................... Proceeds from issuances of common stock under employee stock purchase plan ..................................................................................................... Principal payments on debt and capital lease obligations ...................................... Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities .......................... Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents .................................................. Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period ....................................................... Cash and cash equivalents at end of period ................................................................. $ Supplemental disclosures of cash information Cash paid for interest ................................................................................................... $ Supplemental disclosures of noncash investing and financing activities Property and equipment purchased under capital leases .............................................. $ Common stock issued for acquisition .......................................................................... Conversion of convertible preferred stock to common stock upon initial public offering .......................................................................................................... Conversion of convertible preferred stock warrants to common stock warrants upon initial public offering ......................................................................... Conversion of convertible preferred stock to common stock upon initial public offering .......................................................................................................... Common stock issued in lieu of services ..................................................................... Common stock warrants issued upon debt financing ................................................... 2015 Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 (13,707) $ 781 $ (3,542) 796 (2) 1,341 (130) 247 (126) — — 320 (80) (823) 489 682 1 — 1,240 (9,752) (1,199) — (1,199) — — — 15,625 46 203 (11,466) 4,408 (6,543) 36,431 29,888 $ 512 — 535 (727 ) 799 (1,239 ) (225 ) (1,500 ) (417 ) (168 ) (310 ) 510 298 (2,563 ) — 364 (3,350 ) (733 ) (600 ) (1,333 ) 39,246 (3,733 ) 4,982 — 19 — (4,528 ) 35,986 31,303 5,128 36,431 $ 663 — 72 (193) 553 — 525 — (1,318) 58 (4) (19) 408 1,259 1,083 (91) (546) (98) — (98) — — — — — — (58) (58) (702) 5,830 5,128 1,364 $ 1,207 $ 1,506 25 $ — 193 $ 14,242 — 149,444 — — 223 90 539 5,108 34 — — — — — — — — The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 85 CareDx, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS CareDx, Inc., (“CareDx” or the “Company”) is a molecular diagnostics company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of clinically differentiated, high-value diagnostic surveillance solutions for transplant patients. The Company’s first commercialized testing solution, the AlloMap heart transplant molecular test (“AlloMap”), an FDA-cleared test, is a gene expression test that helps clinicians monitor and identify heart transplant recipients with stable graft function who have a low probability of moderate/severe acute cellular rejection. The Company is also pursuing the development of additional products for transplant monitoring using a variety of technologies, including AlloSure, its next-generation sequencing-based test to detect donor-derived cell- free DNA (“dd-cfDNA”) after transplantation. The Company was incorporated in Delaware in December 1998, as Hippocratic Engineering, Inc. In April 1999, the Company changed its name to BioCardia, Inc., in June 2002 to Expression Diagnostics, Inc., in July 2007 to XDx, Inc. and in March 2014 to CareDx, Inc. The Company’s operations are based in Brisbane, California and it operates in one segment. Reverse Stock Split, and Increase in Authorized Shares On July 1, 2014, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation to reflect a 1 for 6.85 reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) of the Company’s outstanding common stock and convertible preferred stock and increase the authorized common stock to 10,000,000 shares, after giving effect to the Reverse Stock Split. The Reverse Stock Split became effective July 14, 2014. The par value per share was not adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. Effective July 22, 2014, the Company’s certificate of incorporation was amended and restated to provide for 100,000,000 authorized shares of common stock with a par value of $0.001 per share, and 10,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.001 per share. All authorized, issued and outstanding shares of common stock, convertible preferred stock, options and warrants to purchase common or preferred stock and related per share amounts contained in the financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented. Initial Public Offering On July 22, 2014, the Company closed its initial public offering (“IPO”) of 4,000,000 shares of its common stock, and issued an additional 220,000 shares of common stock on August 13, 2014 pursuant to the exercise of the over- allotment option granted to its underwriters. The public offering price of the shares sold in the offering was $10.00 per share. The total proceeds from the offering to the Company, net of underwriting discounts and commissions of $3.0 million, were $39.2 million. After deducting offering expenses payable by the Company of $3.7 million, net proceeds to the Company were $35.5 million. Upon the closing of the IPO, all shares of convertible preferred stock then outstanding converted into 6,048,220 shares of common stock, and a subordinated convertible note previously issued by the Company in the principal amount of $5.0 million converted into 510,777 shares of common stock. In addition, all of the Company’s convertible preferred stock warrants were converted into warrants to purchase common stock. Liquidity and Going Concern The Company has incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $29.9 million, and $15.8 million of debt outstanding under its debt and capital lease obligations, net of debt discount and issuance costs. 86 On December 16, 2015, the Company entered into purchase agreements to acquire, subject to certain conditions, approximately 78% of the total outstanding shares of Allenex AB (“Allenex”), from its three principal shareholders in exchange for a combination of cash and the Company’s common stock. If the Company acquires all Allenex shares, the total purchase price of Allenex will be approximately $35.0 million, consisting of a combination of the Company’s cash and equity. If the Allenex minority shareholders accept the all cash alternative, together with the cash component payable to the three principal shareholders, the Company will distribute approximately $27.0 million in cash, excluding financial advisory, legal and accounting fees (which must be paid whether or not the acquisition is completed). If the Allenex minority shareholders elect to receive both shares and a cash payment, the Company will distribute approximately $24.6 million in cash, excluding financial advisory, legal and accounting fees (which must be paid whether or not the acquisition is completed). Additionally, if in the tender offer the Company acquires more than 90%, but less than 100%, of the shares of Allenex, the Company intends to initiate compulsory acquisition proceedings under Swedish laws and to purchase the remaining shares in Allenex for cash. The actual price per share purchased pursuant to such compulsory acquisition proceedings will be determined by an arbitrational tribunal. As a result of the compulsory acquisition proceedings under Swedish law, the Company may ultimately have to pay, in the aggregate, a higher price per share in order to purchase the remaining Allenex shares, further depleting its cash reserves. See Note 3 for more information on the acquisition. The acquisition will require the Company to refinance or amend its existing $16.0 million debt loan with its existing lender, and the Company also expects to incur costs as the Company integrates Allenex’s business and operations with its own. To fund a portion of the proposed acquisition and to refinance its existing loan, on December 15, 2015, the Company entered into a commitment letter and fee letter (“Commitment Letter”) with Oberland Capital SA Davos LLC (collectively with its affiliates and assignees, “Oberland Capital”) for a six-month bridge loan of $18.0 million, to be borrowed in connection with the closing of the acquisition. Fees incurred with Oberland Capital and third parties in connection with the bridge loan are estimated to be approximately $1.6 million and $0.4 million, respectively. The loan will be secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets. The loan will bear interest at the rate of 20% per annum, and prepayments of the loan will be subject to a prepayment premium of 5% for prepayments during the first month after the closing date for the loan, decreasing by 1% each month thereafter. The loan agreement for the bridge loan will contain customary affirmative and negative covenants, financial covenants and events of default. Even with the Oberland Capital bridge loan, the acquisition will consume a significant portion of the Company’s current cash and cash equivalents. The Company will require additional financing to fund working capital and, within six months following entry into the bridge loan, to refinance the Oberland Capital bridge loan. The Company is pursuing financing opportunities in both the private and public debt and equity markets through sales of equity or debt securities. On August 10, 2015, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-3 with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to which it is allowed to sell equity and debt securities, subject to limitations on amount. The Company cannot initiate sales under the Form S-3 until mid-2016. Absent additional funding and assuming completion of the acquisition and entry into the bridge loan, the Company will exhaust its cash and cash equivalents in July 2016 unless the Company substantially reduces its costs and operations, including research and development and other operating costs. As a result of the Company’s obligations and lack of current available financial resources, there is uncertainty regarding the Company’s ability to maintain liquidity sufficient to operate its business effectively, which raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If the Company is unsuccessful in its efforts to raise outside capital in the near term, the Company will be required to significantly reduce or cease operations. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern for a period of one year December 31, 2015, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The financial statements do not reflect any adjustments relating to the recoverability and reclassification of assets and liabilities that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern. 87 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation The Company’s financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Subsequent to its acquisition in 2014, the financial statements of ImmuMetrix, Inc., which was the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary and was merged into the Company, were included in the financial statements of the Company. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in the financial statements and accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, including those related to (i) revenue recognition, (ii) the differences between amounts billed and estimated receipts from payers, (iii) the determination of the accruals for clinical studies, (iv) the determination of refunds to be requested by third-party payers, (v) the fair value of assets and liabilities, (vi) the valuation of warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock, (vii) the determination of fair value of the Company’s common stock, (viii) the contingent consideration in a business acquisition, (ix) the fair value of the embedded derivative associated with the subordinated convertible note, (x) the determination of the valuation allowance and estimated tax benefit associated with deferred tax assets and net deferred tax liability, (xi) any impairment of long-lived assets including in-process technology and goodwill and (xii) legal contingencies. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Concentrations of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company’s policy is to invest its cash and cash equivalents in money market funds, obligations of U.S. government agencies and government-sponsored entities, commercial paper, and various bank deposit accounts. These financial instruments were held in Company accounts at two financial institutions. The counterparties to the agreements relating to the Company’s investments consist of financial institutions of high credit standing. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of default by the financial institutions to the extent of amounts recorded on the balance sheets which may be in excess of insured limits. The Company is also subject to credit risk from its accounts receivable which are derived from revenue earned from AlloMap tests provided for patients located in the U.S. and billed to various third-party payers. The Company has not experienced any significant credit losses and does not generally require collateral on receivables. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, approximately 50%, 51% and 53%, respectively, of testing revenue was paid for by Medicare. No other payers represented more than 10% of testing revenue for these periods. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, approximately 35% and 78%, respectively, of accounts receivable was due from Medicare. At December 31, 2015, approximately 21% of accounts receivable was due from Aetna. No other payer represented more than 10% of accounts receivable at December 31, 2015 or 2014. Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents consist of short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Cash equivalents consist primarily of amounts invested in money market funds. Restricted Cash Under lease agreements for certain facilities and an agreement with the State of Florida Medicaid, the Company must maintain letters of credit, minimum collateral requirements, and a surety bond. These agreements are collateralized by cash. The cash which will continue long-term to support these arrangements is classified as restricted cash on the accompanying balance sheets. 88 Inventory Inventory is finished goods and raw materials which consist of AlloMap reagent plates, laboratory supplies and reagents. Inventories are used in connection with tests performed and may also be used for research and product development efforts. Laboratory supplies subsequently designated for research and product development use are expensed. Obsolete or damaged inventories are written off and excluded from the physical inventory. Inventories are stated at the lower of actual purchased cost determined on a first-in, first-out basis, or net realizable value. Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally three years for laboratory, computer, and office equipment, and generally seven years for furniture and fixtures. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the remaining lease term. Assets held under capital leases are recorded at the lower of the net present value of the minimum lease payments or the fair market value of the leased asset at the inception of the lease. Amortization expense is computed using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the period of the related lease. The Company capitalizes certain costs incurred for software developed or obtained for internal use. These costs include software licenses, consulting services, and direct materials, as well as employee payroll and payroll-related costs. Capitalized internal-use software costs are depreciated over three years. Purchased Intangible Assets Acquired intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are related to purchased in-process research and development, or IPR&D, projects and are measured at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. The Company does not amortize goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives. Intangible assets related to IPR&D projects are considered to be indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated R&D efforts. If and when development is complete, which generally occurs if and when regulatory approval to market a product is obtained, the associated assets would be deemed finite-lived and would then be amortized based on their respective estimated useful lives at that point in time. The Company tests IPR&D for impairment on an annual basis and in between annual tests if it becomes aware of any events or changes that would indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the assets is below their carrying amounts. The IPR&D annual impairment test is performed as of December 1 of each fiscal year. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, then there is no impairment. Impairment losses on indefinite-lived intangible assets are recognized based solely on a comparison of the fair value of the asset to its carrying value, without consideration of any recoverability test. The Company has not identified any such impairment losses to date. Impairment of Long-lived Assets The Company evaluates its long-lived assets for indicators of possible impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company then compares the carrying amounts of the assets with the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by such asset. Should an impairment exist, the impairment loss would be measured based on the excess carrying value of the asset over the asset’s fair value determined using discounted estimates of future cash flows. The Company has not identified any such impairment losses to date. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquisition over the sum of the amounts assigned to tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired, less liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not subject to amortization, but is tested for impairment on an annual basis and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. 89 The Company has determined that it operates in a single segment and has a single reporting unit associated with the development and commercialization of diagnostic products. In the event that the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of the reporting unit is higher than its fair value, quantitative testing is performed comparing recorded values to estimated fair values. If impairment is present, it is measured as the excess of recorded goodwill over its implied fair value. The Company performs its annual evaluation of goodwill on December 1 of each fiscal year. There have been no impairments recorded to date. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which the Company would transact, and it takes into consideration the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement of an asset or liability requires management to make judgments and to consider specific characteristics of that asset or liability. The carrying amounts of certain of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value due to their short maturities. The carrying amounts of the convertible preferred stock warrant liability and contingent consideration liability also represents their fair values. Warrants The Company had freestanding warrants enabling counterparties to purchase shares of its convertible preferred stock as of December 31, 2013, which were converted to warrants to purchase common stock on the Company’s IPO date. Freestanding warrants for convertible preferred stock that were contingently redeemable were classified as liabilities on the balance sheet and recorded at their estimated fair value. These warrants were remeasured at each balance sheet date and any change in estimated fair value was recognized in other (expense) income, net on the statements of operations. Upon the completion of the Company’s IPO in July 2014, preferred stock warrants were converted into warrants to purchase common stock, and, accordingly, the liability was reclassified to equity and became no longer subject to remeasurement. In 2015, the Company issued warrants to purchase shares of its common stock in connection with a debt financing (see Note 9). The Company accounts for these warrants as equity based on the estimated fair value of the warrants on the issuance date. The fair value of the outstanding warrants is estimated using the Black-Scholes Model. The Black-Scholes Model requires inputs such as the expected term of the warrants, expected volatility and risk-free interest rate. Certain of these inputs are subjective and require significant analysis and judgment to develop. For the estimate of the expected term, the Company uses the full remaining contractual term of the warrant. Testing Revenue The Company recognizes revenues for tests delivered when the following criteria are met: (i) persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists; (ii) delivery has occurred or services rendered; (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. 90 The first criterion is satisfied when a third-party payer makes a coverage decision or enters into a contractual arrangement with the Company for the test. The second criterion is satisfied when the Company performs the test and delivers the test result to the ordering physician. The third criterion is satisfied if the third-party payer’s coverage decision or reimbursement contract specifies a price for the test. The fourth criterion is satisfied based on management’s judgments regarding the collectability of the fees charged under the arrangement. Such judgments include review of past payment history. AlloMap testing may be considered investigational by some payers and not covered under their reimbursement policies. Others may cover the test, but not pay a set or determinable amount. As a result, in the absence of a reimbursement agreement or sufficient payment history, collectability cannot reasonably be assured so revenue is not recognized at the time the test is delivered. If all criteria set forth above are met, revenue is recognized. When the first, third or fourth criteria are not met but third-party payers make a payment to the Company for tests performed, the Company recognizes revenue on the cash basis in the period in which the payment is received. Revenue is recognized on the accrual basis net of adjustments for differences between amounts billed and the estimated receipts from payers. The amount the Company expects to collect may be lower than the agreed upon amount due to several factors, such as the amount of patient co-payments, the existence of secondary payers and claim denials. Estimated receipts are based upon historical payment practices of payers. Differences between estimated and actual cash receipts are recorded as an adjustment to revenue, which have been immaterial to date. Taxes assessed by governmental authorities on revenue, including sales and value added taxes, are excluded from revenue in the statements of operations. Collaboration and License Revenue The Company generates revenue from collaboration and license agreements. Collaboration and license agreements may include non-refundable upfront payments, partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs, contingent payments based on the occurrence of specified events under the agreements, license fees and royalties on sales of products or product candidates if they are successfully commercialized. The Company’s performance obligations under the collaborations may include the transfer of intellectual property rights in the form of licenses, obligations to provide research and development services and obligations to participate on certain development committees with the collaboration partners. The Company makes judgments that affect the periods over which it recognizes revenue. The Company periodically reviews its estimated periods of performance based on the progress under each arrangement and accounts for the impact of any change in estimated periods of performance on a prospective basis. The Company recognizes contingent consideration received from the achievement of a substantive milestone in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved, which the Company believes is more consistent with the substance of its performance under its various license and collaboration agreements. The Company did not recognize any milestones during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 or 2013. Cost of Testing Cost of testing reflects the aggregate costs incurred in delivering the Company’s AlloMap test results to clinicians. The components of cost of testing are materials and service costs, direct labor costs, including stock-based compensation, equipment and infrastructure expenses associated with testing samples, shipping, logistics and specimen processing charges to collect and transport samples and allocated overhead including rent, information technology, equipment depreciation and utilities and royalties. Costs associated with performing tests (except royalties) are recorded as the test is processed regardless of whether and when revenue is recognized with respect to that test. As a result, the Company’s cost of testing as a percentage of revenue may vary significantly from period to period because the Company does not recognize all revenue in the period in which the associated costs are incurred. Royalties for licensed technology, calculated as a percentage of test revenues, are recorded as license fees in cost of testing at the time the test revenues are recognized. 91 Business Combinations The Company determines and allocates the purchase price of an acquired business to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the business combination date, including identifiable intangible assets which either arise from a contractual or legal right or are separable from goodwill. The Company bases the estimated fair value of identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination on independent valuations that use information and assumptions provided by management, which consider management’s best estimates of inputs and assumptions that a market participant would use. The Company allocates any excess purchase price over the estimated fair value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed to goodwill. The use of alternative valuation assumptions, including estimated revenue projections, growth rates, royalty rates, cash flows, discount rates, estimated useful lives and probabilities surrounding the achievement of contingent milestones could result in different purchase price allocations and amortization expense in current and future periods. In those circumstances where an acquisition involves a contingent consideration arrangement that meets the definition of a liability under ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, the Company recognizes a liability equal to the fair value of the contingent payments the Company expects to make as of the acquisition date. The Company remeasures this liability each reporting period and records changes in the fair value as a component of operating expenses. Transaction costs associated with these acquisitions are expensed as incurred in general and administrative expenses. Results of operations and cash flows of acquired companies are included in the Company’s operating results from the date of acquisition. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses represent costs incurred to develop new surveillance solutions as well as continued development of the Company’s AlloMap test. These expenses include payroll and related expenses, consulting expenses, laboratory supplies, and certain allocated expenses as well as amounts incurred under certain collaboration and license agreements. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. The Company records accruals for estimated study costs comprised of work performed by contract research organizations under contract terms. Advertising Expenses All advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expenses were insignificant during all of the periods presented. Stock-based Compensation The Company uses the Black-Scholes valuation model, which requires the use of estimates such as stock price volatility and expected option lives, to value employee stock options. The Company estimates the expected option lives using historical data, volatility using data of similar companies in the diagnostics industry, and risk-free rates based on the implied yield currently available in the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected option lives, and dividend yield based on the Company’s historical data. The Company uses the straight-line attribution method for recognizing compensation expense. Compensation expense is recognized on awards ultimately expected to vest and reduced for forfeitures that are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Forfeitures are estimated based on the Company’s historical experience. Compensation expense for stock options issued to nonemployees is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and is recorded over the service performance period. Options subject to vesting are required to be periodically remeasured over their service performance period, which is generally the same as the vesting period. 92 Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. The Company assesses all material positions taken in any income tax return, including all significant uncertain positions, in all tax years that are still subject to assessment or challenge by relevant taxing authorities. The Company’s assessment of an uncertain tax position begins with the initial determination of the position’s sustainability and is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. As of each balance sheet date, unresolved uncertain tax positions must be reassessed, and the Company will determine whether (i) the factors underlying the sustainability assertion have changed and (ii) the amount of the recognized tax benefit is still appropriate. The recognition and measurement of tax benefits requires significant judgment. Judgments concerning the recognition and measurement of a tax benefit may change as new information becomes available. Comprehensive (Loss) Income Net (loss) income and comprehensive (loss) income are the same for all periods presented. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which amends the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. ASU 2014- 09 is based on principles that govern the recognition of revenue at an amount an entity expects to be entitled to when products are transferred to customers. ASU 2014-09 will be effective for the Company beginning in its first quarter of 2018. Early adoption is permitted in 2017. The new revenue standard may be applied retrospectively to each prior period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect recognized as of the date of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the new revenue standard on its financial statements. In August 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements(cid:650)Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (“ASU 2014-15”). This ASU requires the Company to evaluate whether there are conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the financial statements are issued, and if there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, the disclosure of such is required. The Company is required to make this evaluation for both annual and interim reporting periods, if applicable. The Company also is required to evaluate and disclose whether its plans alleviate that doubt. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted but the Company has not elected to early adopt this guidance. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs (“ASU 2015-03”). This ASU requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. This guidance is applicable to the Company beginning January 1, 2016. However, early adoption of ASU 2015-03 is permitted and the Company adopted ASU 2015-03 as of January 1, 2015 using the retrospective method as required. Debt discount and issuance costs, current, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $155,000 and $76,000, respectively. Debt discount and issuance costs, non-current, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $149,000 and $11,000, respectively. 93 In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-05, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) (“ASU 2015-05”). This ASU provides guidance to customers about whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, then the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. If a cloud computing arrangement does not include a software license, the customer should account for the arrangement as a service contract. This ASU will be effective for reporting periods, including interim periods beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted. An entity can elect to adopt the amendments either (1) prospectively to all arrangements entered into materially modified after the effective date or (2) retrospectively. For prospective transition, the only disclosure requirements at transition are the nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle, the transition method, and a qualitative description of the financial statement line items affected by the change. For retrospective transition, the disclosure requirements at transition include the requirements for prospective transition and quantitative information about the effects of the accounting change. The Company does not believe that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its financial statements. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes by requiring deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2017 with early adoption permitted as of the beginning of any interim or annual reporting period. The Company does not expect to early adopt this guidance and does not believe that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, which, for operating leases, requires the lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in its balance sheet. The guidance also requires a lessee to recognize single lease costs, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term, on a generally straight-line basis. This guidance will be effective for the Company in fiscal year 2019 and must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition approach. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance. 3. PROPOSED BUSINESS COMBINATION On December 16, 2015, the Company entered into Conditional Share Purchase Agreements (“Purchase Agreements”), to acquire, subject to certain conditions approximately 78% of the outstanding shares of Allenex from its three principal shareholders in exchange for a combination of cash and CareDx common stock. On February 8, 2016, the parties entered into amendments to such Purchase Agreements to adjust the shares of CareDx common stock issuable per share of Allenex, and change the timing of distribution of cash consideration. On March 7, 2016, the Company launched a tender offer (the “Offer”), through the issuance of an Offer Document to acquire the remaining 22% of the shares of Allenex. Additionally, if CareDx acquires more than 90%, but less than 100%, of the shares of Allenex, which is necessary to initiate compulsory acquisition proceedings under Swedish laws, CareDx intends to purchase the remaining shares in Allenex for cash, pursuant to such compulsory acquisition proceedings. The Company’s Offer to the shareholders of Allenex permits such shareholders to elect either an all cash payment or a mix of cash consideration and shares of the Company’s common stock. Under the all cash alternative, the shareholders of Allenex may exchange their shares of Allenex for approximately $0.30 per share. Under the mixed consideration alternative, the shareholders of Allenex may exchange their shares of Allenex for a combination of (i) $0.20 per share and (ii) 0.01458 shares of the Company’s common stock per share. The Company anticipates completing the Offer in April 2016. If the Company acquires all Allenex shares, the total purchase price of Allenex will be approximately $35.0 million, payable in a combination of cash and CareDx common stock. If the Allenex minority shareholders accept the all cash alternative, together with the cash component payable to the three principal shareholders, the Company will distribute approximately $27.0 million in cash, excluding financial advisory, legal and accounting fees (which must be paid whether or not the acquisition is completed). If the Allenex minority shareholders elect to receive both shares and a cash payment, the Company will distribute approximately $24.6 million in cash, excluding financial advisory, legal and accounting fees (which must be paid whether or not the acquisition is completed). 94 Allenex is a transplant diagnostics company based in Stockholm, Sweden that develops, manufactures, markets and sells products that match donor organs with potential recipients prior to transplantation. The acquisition of Allenex will create an international transplantation diagnostics company with product offerings along the pre- and post- transplant continuum. The Olerup SSP line, which addresses Human Leukocyte Antigen (“HLA”) testing, and AlloMap are foundational diagnostics which are well recognized by the transplant community. The combined company will have a presence and direct distribution channels in the US and Europe. This transaction will be accounted for as a business combination. The acquisition will require the Company to refinance or amend its existing $16.0 million debt loan with its existing lender, and the Company also expects to incur costs as it integrates Allenex’s business and operations with its own. To fund a portion of the proposed acquisition and to refinance the Company’s existing loan, in connection with the proposed acquisition, on December 15, 2015, the Companywe entered into a commitment letter and fee letter, or Commitment Letter, with Oberland Capital SA Davos LLC, collectively with its affiliates and assignees, Oberland Capital, which Commitment Letter was also amended and restated on February 8, 2016. The Commitment Letter sets forth the binding commitment, subject to the satisfaction of the conditions set forth therein, by Oberland Capital to provide a six-month bridge loan of $18.0 million, to be borrowed in connection with the closing of the acquisition. The bridge loan will mature on the date that is six months from the closing date of the bridge loan. Approximately $16.0 million of the proceeds from the bridge loan will be used to repay the Company’s outstanding loan agreement with East West Bank. Fees incurred with Oberland Capital and third parties in connection with the bridge loan are estimated to be approximately $1 million and $0 million, respectively. The loan wouldwill be secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets. The loan will bear interest at the rate of 20% per annum, and prepayments of the loan will be subject to a prepayment premium of 5% for prepayments during the first month after the closing date for the loan, decreasing by 1% each month thereafter. The loan agreement for the bridge loan wouldwill contain customary affirmative and negative covenants, financial covenants and events of default. If the Company does not perform its obligation to complete the acquisition, it may be subject to fines and penalties under Swedish law. If the Company fails to perform its obligation to close the acquisition, it may also be subject to stockholder claims for damages under the purchase agreements and under the Swedish Takeover Rules. Such penalties, fines and contract damages claims could be material and may also trigger a default under the Company’s current loan agreement, and could have other unforeseen consequences that could negatively affect its business and the price of its common stock. 4. NET (LOSS) INCOME PER SHARE Basic net (loss) income per share has been computed by dividing the net (loss) income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common share equivalents. Diluted net (loss) income per share has been computed by dividing the net (loss) income by the sum of the weighted-average number of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding during the period, to the extent that such common share equivalents are dilutive. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2013, all common share equivalents have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share, as the effect would be antidilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2014, certain common share equivalents have been included in diluted net income per share, as their effect is dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2014, common share equivalents include: (i) options and warrants to purchase common stock; (ii) options and warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock prior to their conversion into options and warrants to purchase common stock upon the IPO; and (iii) convertible preferred stock and the subordinated convertible note prior to their conversion into common stock upon the IPO. Common share equivalents for convertible preferred stock and the subordinated convertible note are determined using the if-converted method. Common share equivalents for options and warrants are determined using the treasury-stock method. 95 The following tables set forth the computation of the Company’s basic and diluted net (loss) income per share (in thousands, except shares and per share data): Year Ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 781 $ — (13,707) $ Numerator: Net (loss) income ....................................................... $ Add: interest expense related to subordinated convertible note ....................................................... Less: gain on change in fair value of derivative related to subordinated convertible note ................. Less: gain on extinguishment of derivative related to subordinated convertible note ............................. Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders ............................................................ $ Denominator: Weighted-average shares used to compute basic net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders .............................................. 11,860,885 5,815,928 Effect of potentially dilutive securities: (13,707) $ 907 364 — — (120 ) (118 ) (3,542 ) — — — $ (3,542 ) 1,010,795 Convertible preferred stock .................................. Subordinated convertible note .............................. Employee stock options ........................................ — 2,972,051 134,341 — 360,681 — — — — Weighted-average shares used to compute diluted net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders .............................................. 11,860,885 9,283,001 Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders: Basic ........................................................................... $ Diluted ........................................................................ $ (1.16) $ (1.16) $ 0.13 $ 0.10 $ 1,010,795 (3.50 ) (3.50 ) The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from diluted net (loss) income per share, because their effect would be antidilutive: Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 Shares of common stock subject to outstanding options ...................................................................... Shares of common stock subject to outstanding 1,577,317 539,645 466,965 common stock warrants .......................................... 301,069 213,677 82,190 Shares of common stock subject to conversion from preferred stock ................................................. Shares of common stock subject to conversion from 541,613 preferred stock warrants ........................................... Restricted stock units .................................................. 106,200 — Total common stock equivalents ................................. 1,984,586 753,322 6,250,853 — — 5,160,085 — — — 96 5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS The Company records its financial assets and liabilities at fair value except for its debt, which is recorded at amortized cost. The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments of the Company, including cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities. The accounting guidance for fair value provides a framework for measuring fair value, clarifies the definition of fair value, and expands disclosures regarding fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The accounting guidance establishes a three-tiered hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value as follows: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) Level 1: Inputs which include quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Level 2: Inputs other than Level I that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands): December 31, 2015 Fair Value Measured Using (Level 2) (Level 1) (Level 3) Total Balance Assets Money market funds .................................................. $ Liabilities Contingent consideration ........................................... $ 28,774 $ — $ — $ 28,774 — $ — $ 948 $ 948 December 31, 2014 Fair Value Measured Using (Level 2) (Level 1) (Level 3) Total Balance Assets Money market funds .................................................. $ Liabilities Contingent consideration ........................................... $ 36,779 $ — $ — $ 36,779 — $ — $ 1,074 $ 1,074 97 The following table presents the issuances, changes in fair value and reclassifications of the Company’s Level 3 financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands): (Level 3) Warrants to Purchase Convertible Preferred Stock Derivative Liability Related to Subordinated Convertible Note Contingent Consideration Liability Balance as of December 31, 2013 ............................. $ Issuance of financial instruments .............................. Change in estimated fair value .................................. Reclassification to stockholders' equity ..................... Balance as of December 31, 2014 ............................. Change in estimated fair value .................................. Balance as of December 31, 2015 ............................. $ — $ 2,313 (1,239) — 1,074 (126) 948 $ 525 $ — 14 (539) — — $ 239 (239 ) — — $ — $ Total 525 2,552 (1,464) (539) 1,074 (126) 948 The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy as of the end of the reporting period. There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 categories during the periods presented. In determining fair value, the Company uses various valuation approaches within the fair value measurement framework. The valuation methodologies used for the Company’s instruments measured at fair value and their classification in the valuation hierarchy are summarized below: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) Money market funds—Investments in money market funds are classified within Level 1. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, money market funds were included on the balance sheets in cash and cash equivalents. Contingent consideration—As of December 31, 2015, the Company had a contingent obligation to issue 227,845 shares of the Company’s common stock to the former owners of ImmuMetrix, Inc. in conjunction with the Company’s acquisition of ImmuMetrix, Inc. (see Note 14). The issuance will occur if the Company completes 2,500 commercial tests involving the measurement of dd-cfDNA in organ transplant recipients in the United States by June 10, 2020. The Company recorded its estimate of the fair value of the contingent consideration based on its evaluation of the probability of the achievement of the contractual conditions that would result in the payment of the contingent consideration. The fair value of the contingent consideration was estimated using the fair value of the shares to be paid if the contingency is met multiplied by management’s 65% estimate at December 31, 2015 and 2014 of the probability of success. The significant input in the Level 3 measurement not supported by market activity is the Company’s probability assessment of the milestone being met. The value of the liability is subsequently remeasured to fair value each reporting date, and the change in estimated fair value is recorded to the operating expense item captioned “change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration” until the milestone contingency is paid, expires or is no longer achievable. Increases (decreases) in the estimation of the probability percentage result in a directionally similar impact to the fair value measurement of the contingent consideration liability. Warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock—Prior to the Company’s IPO, its warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock were classified as Level 3 because they were valued based on unobservable inputs and management’s judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices, inherent lack of liquidity and the long-term nature of such financial instruments. These assumptions are inherently subjective and involve significant management judgment. The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the warrant liability was the fair value of the underlying convertible preferred stock at the valuation remeasurement date. Generally, increases (decreases) in the fair value of the underlying stock would result in a directionally similar impact to the fair value measurement of the preferred stock warrants. Any change in estimated fair value is recognized in other expense (income), net on the statements of operations. Upon the Company’s IPO in July 2014, certain warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock were converted into warrants to purchase common stock and were reclassified to equity, while other warrants to purchase preferred stock expired pursuant to their terms. 98 (cid:120) Derivative liability related to subordinated convertible note—On April 17, 2014, the Company issued a $5.0 million subordinated convertible promissory note to Illumina, Inc. that had some features that constituted embedded derivatives. The Company determined that the optional conversion or repayment upon a change in control is an equity call option with a potentially variable value to be received and meets the definition of a derivative which would be required to be bifurcated. The estimated fair value of this embedded derivative was affected by the estimated probability assigned to the various scenarios for the host instrument. As of April 17, 2014, management estimated repayment upon a change in control within the loan term at a 10% probability. The estimated fair value of the embedded derivative liability of $239,000 as of April 17, 2014 was included in accrued and other liabilities. Upon the Company’s IPO in July 2014, the subordinated convertible note was converted into common stock, and so the embedded conversion option was extinguished. Accordingly, the fair value of the derivative became $0, and a gain of $239,000 was recorded in other (expense) income, net. The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the derivative liability was the probability assigned to the various scenarios. Generally, increases (decreases) in the probability of the factors primarily impacting the valuation would result in a directionally similar impact to the fair value measurement of the derivative liability. Changes in estimated fair value were recognized in other (expense) income, net on the statements of operations. The Company’s liabilities classified as Level 3 were valued based on unobservable inputs and management’s judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices, inherent lack of liquidity and the long-term nature of the financial instruments. The carrying values of the Company’s debt approximate their fair values at December 31, 2015 and 2014 as the market rates currently available to the Company and other assumptions have not changed significantly. 6. BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS Inventory Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands): Finished goods .............................................................. $ Raw materials ............................................................... Total inventory .............................................................. $ 237 $ 529 766 $ 277 409 686 December 31, 2015 2014 Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands): Laboratory equipment .................................................. $ Leasehold improvements ............................................. Furniture and fixtures ................................................... Computer and office equipment ................................... Construction-in-process ............................................... Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization ...... Property and equipment, net ........................................ $ December 31, 2015 5,022 $ 4,326 825 4,125 —(cid:3) 14,298 (11,873) 2,425 $ 2014 4,392 4,040 825 3,775 28 13,060 (11,092 ) 1,968 Depreciation and amortization expense was $0.8 million, $0.5 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 99 Assets purchased under capital leases, included above in laboratory equipment, computer and office equipment, were $1.7 million and $1.6 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Accumulated amortization was $1.5 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014. Related amortization expense, included in depreciation and amortization expense, was $79,000, $59,000 and $26,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Accrued and Other Liabilities Accrued and other liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014 Professional fees ........................................................... $ Test sample processing fees .......................................... Accrued overpayments and refunds .............................. Clinical studies .............................................................. Deferred rent – current portion ..................................... Capital leases – current portion ..................................... Other accrued expenses ................................................. Total accrued and other liabilities ................................. $ 880 $ 426 163 756 258 71 338 2,892 $ 273 318 146 144 202 70 463 1,616 7. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Leases The Company leases its laboratory and office facility in Brisbane, California, under a non-cancelable operating lease agreement expiring in December 2020. The terms of the facility lease provide for rental payments on a graduated scale. The Company recognizes rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease period and has accrued for rent expense incurred but not paid. In addition, incentives were granted, including allowances to fund leasehold improvements and rent holidays. As such, these allowances have been recorded as deferred rent, and these items are being recognized as reductions to rental expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. During 2013, the Company had leases for blood draw centers under non-cancelable operating leases. Although the Company had subleased some of the blood draw center properties, it remained obligated under the original operating leases. The final lease payment related to the blood draw centers was made in August 2013. Rent expense under the non-cancelable operating leases was $1.0 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013. Future minimum lease commitments under these operating and capital leases at December 31, 2015, are as follows (in thousands): Years ending December 31, 2016 ............................................................................. $ 2017 ............................................................................. 2018 ............................................................................. 2019 ............................................................................. 2020 and thereafter ...................................................... Total minimum lease payments ................................... Less: amounts representing interest ............................. Present value of minimum lease payments .................. Less: current portion of obligations under capital leases ......................................................................... Long-term portion of obligations under capital leases ......................................................................... $ Capital Leases Operating leases 1,291 1,348 1,376 1,404 1,432 6,851 75 $ 55 16 5 — 151 $ (23) 128 (71) 57 100 The current portion of obligations under capital leases is included in accrued and other liabilities on the balance sheets. The long-term portion is included in long-term debt, net of current portion on the balance sheets. See Note 9 for the aggregate annual payment schedule for the Company’s outstanding venture debt. Royalty Commitments In November 2004, the Company entered into a license agreement with Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., or Roche, that grants the Company the right to use certain Roche technology relating to polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, and quantitative real-time PCR, in clinical laboratory services, including in connection with AlloMap. This is a non- exclusive license agreement in the United States covering claims in multiple Roche patents. The Company had disputed the combination services percentage Roche sought to apply under the agreement. The combination service percentage is a multiplier used to calculate royalties where licensed services are sold in combination with other services. From July 2011 through September 2014, the Company withheld payment of such royalties pending resolution of the matter. On February 11, 2014, Roche filed a demand for arbitration with the American Arbitration Association seeking a declaration that the Company had materially breached the Roche license agreement by failing to report and pay royalties owing to Roche in respect of licensed services performed by the Company after July 1, 2011. Since July 1, 2011, the Company fully accrued the unpaid royalties on the balance sheets, and the amount of the unpaid royalties has been reflected as an expense in the Company’s income statements in the periods to which the royalties relate. In September 2014, the Company entered into a settlement and mutual release agreement with Roche whereby: (i) for the period beginning July 1, 2011 through June 30, 2014, the Company agreed to pay the amount of $2,827,220 in settlement of past royalties due; (ii) for the period beginning July 1, 2014 through September 30, 2014, the Company agreed to pay royalties based on the same combination services percentage used to determine the past royalties due; (iii) for the period beginning October 1, 2014 through September 30, 2017, Roche and the Company agreed to a downward adjustment of the combination services percentage used to determine the portion of the AlloMap testing revenue that is royalty bearing under the terms of the license; (iv) the Company agreed to report and pay quarterly royalties within 45 days of the end of each calendar quarter; (v) Roche agreed that, subject to the Company’s timely payment of all applicable royalties through such date, no further royalties will be payable by the Company for periods after September 30, 2017; (vi) the Company and Roche agreed to mutually release all claims under the license agreement through the settlement date; and (vii) Roche agreed to dismiss the arbitration claims. For all time periods, the contractual royalty rate in the license agreement was or will be applied to the applicable combination services percentage to determine the royalties payable for the AlloMap service. Under the license agreement, the Company incurs royalty expenses as a percentage of combination services revenue and classifies those expenses as a component of cost of testing in the statements of operations. As a result of the Company’s September 2014 settlement and payment to Roche of $2.8 million as payment in full of all royalties under the license agreement from July 1, 2011 through June 30, 2014, the Company recorded a reduction of $0.6 million to cost of testing and $0.1 million to interest expense in the statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2014. Of the $2.8 million paid by the Company under the terms of the settlement agreement, $0.4 million represented royalties on AlloMap revenue for the six months ended December 31, 2011, $0.9 million represented royalties on AlloMap revenue for the year ended December 31, 2012, $1.0 million represented royalties on AlloMap revenue for the year ended December 31, 2013, and $0.6 million represented royalties on AlloMap revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, royalty expenses in connection with the Roche agreement were $1.0 million, $0.7 million and $1.2 million, respectively. Contingencies The Company is subject to claims and assessments from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company’s management does not believe that any such matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, or results of operations. 101 8. COLLABORATION AND LICENSING AGREEMENTS Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (“LabCorp”) In April 2012, CareDx and LabCorp entered into a collaboration and license agreement (“2012 Agreement”) to develop a lupus flare predictor test. The agreement provided for CareDx to license technology to LabCorp. Of the total arrangement consideration, the fair value of the license was assessed to be $1.0 million. The license term in the 2012 Agreement was the later of 10 years from the date of the agreement or the expiration of the last-to-expire patents and patent applications included in the CareDx technology licensed to LabCorp, unless the license were terminated by mutual agreement. The agreement provided that CareDx and LabCorp would share equally the costs of developing the lupus flare predictor test; however LabCorp’s share of the development cost was subject to certain limits at each stage of the arrangement. Under the agreement, in 2012 LabCorp paid the Company a nonrefundable and non-creditable upfront license fee payment of $1,000,000, and a nonrefundable and non-creditable payment of $250,000 for certain lupus samples. The Company was to receive royalties in the high single digits from LabCorp on net sales of the commercialized flare predictor test or other tests developed using the samples sold. Phase 1 of the project was completed in the first quarter of 2014. On September 18, 2014, CareDx and LabCorp terminated the 2012 agreement. The termination agreement provides that: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) CareDx transfer and assign to LabCorp, 300 “SAGE I” clinical samples and related clinical data and documentation that CareDx obtained from patients during the discovery phase of the collaboration; CareDx grant a perpetual, non-exclusive worldwide, fully paid, sublicensable, royalty-free license to use any collaboration intellectual property and data for any and all purposes; and LabCorp pay $500,000 to CareDx within 30 days of CareDx’s delivery of the clinical samples and clinical data and documentation. No further royalties, milestone fees or other fees will be payable by LabCorp after the termination date. During the three months ended December 31, 2014, the Company delivered the clinical samples and the related clinical data and documentation to LabCorp, and accordingly recognized the $500,000 termination fee and the remaining $611,000 previously unrecognized license fee. During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company recognized $1.1 million and $328,000, respectively, in revenue under this arrangement, which consisted of amortization of the upfront license fee of $626,000 and $187,000, respectively, reimbursement of research and development expenses of $16,000 and $141,000, respectively, and a collaboration termination fee of $500,000 and $0, respectively. Such revenues are included in collaboration and license revenue on the statements of operations. No revenues were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2015. Included in research and development expenses were $32,000 and $282,000 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, for development costs associated with the 2012 Agreement. No research and development expenses were recorded for the year ended December 31, 2015. Diaxonhit (“DHT”) In June 2013, the Company entered into an exclusive Distribution and Licensing Agreement with DHT, a French public company, whereby DHT will have the AlloMap test performed in a European laboratory and commercialize the test in the European Economic Area (“EEA”). The agreement will expire at the later of the last-to-expire patent in the EEA or ten years from the first commercial sale of the test in the EEA, which occurred in 2014. 102 Consideration under the agreement includes an upfront cash payment of approximately €387,500 ($503,000) that is designated to offset royalties earned by the Company in the first three years following the first commercial sale. The Company is entitled to receive royalties from DHT as a percent of net sales, as defined in the agreement, of AlloMap tests in the mid to high teens. Approximately €250,000 ($344,000) of the upfront payments is refundable under certain circumstances. Upon confirmation that the CE mark was in place, the Company also received an equity payment of DHT common stock with a value of €387,500 ($503,000). The CE mark is a mandatory conformity marking for certain products sold within the EEA. These shares were promptly sold by the Company in July 2013 for total consideration of $467,000. Other consideration that may be earned by the Company includes agreed-upon per unit pricing for the supply of AlloMap products, and additional royalties that are payable upon the achievement of various sales milestones by DHT. In this arrangement, there is one combined unit of accounting. Commercial sales began in the EEA in June 2014. Total revenue recognized from this arrangement for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $46,000 and $36,000, respectively. CardioDx, Inc. (“CDX”) In 2005, the Company entered into a services agreement with what at the time was a related party, CDX, whereby the Company provided CDX with biological samples and related data and performed laboratory services on behalf of CDX. Each company granted the other a worldwide license under certain of its intellectual property rights. Pursuant to this agreement, CDX pays royalties to the Company of a low single-digit percentage of the cash collected from sales of CDX licensed products. In 2009, CDX terminated the services portion of this agreement, however, the royalty obligation from CDX continues until the tenth anniversary of the first commercial sale of a CDX licensed product. The first commercial sale of such product by CDX occurred in 2009, therefore the royalty obligation to the Company continues until 2019. Royalty revenues, recorded when earned, were $179,000, $221,000 and $94,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and are included in collaboration and license revenue on the statements of operations. Starting in the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company changed its accounting for royalty revenues from CDX from accrual basis to cash basis. The Company had receivable balances from CDX of $0 and $54,000 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. 9. DEBT Venture Debt In August 2012, the Company entered into a $15,000,000 loan and security agreement (the “2012 Loan”), and repaid a loan entered into in 2010 (the “2010 Loan”) including principal of $10,333,833, a termination fee of $875,000, and other costs associated with the payoff. Prepayment penalties and write-off of the remaining unamortized costs associated with the 2010 Loan resulted in a charge to interest expense of approximately $628,000 during the year ended December 31, 2012. These transactions generated net cash proceeds to the Company of $3,432,260. In August 2013, the Company amended the 2012 Loan to defer the beginning of repaying principal for six months, to March 1, 2014. To obtain this deferral, there was an additional fee of $150,000 due at the end of the loan term. The 2012 Loan, as amended, provided for interest-only payments for 18 months followed by 30 equal monthly principal and interest payments of $566,822 at an annual interest rate of 9.95%. In addition, a final payment of $1,275,000 was to be due at the end of the loan term. The 2012 Loan also included a facility fee of $75,000. In connection with the 2012 Loan, the Company issued to the lenders warrants to purchase 167,182 shares of Series G convertible preferred stock or Next Round Stock at $21.78 per share. The warrants are exercisable until 2019. The estimated fair value of warrants on the date of issuance was negligible. The estimated fair value of the warrants at December 31, 2013, including the methodology and input assumptions used in the valuation, is discussed in Note 9. On July 22, 2014, upon the completion of the Company’s IPO, the warrants converted into warrants to purchase common stock. The 2012 Loan was collateralized by a security interest in all of the Company’s assets except intellectual property on which there is a negative pledge, and the loan agreement contained covenants, including a revenue covenant, and restrictions on the Company’s ability to pay cash dividends. At December 31, 2014, the Company was in compliance with all loan covenants. 103 In connection with the 2010 Loan, the Company issued to the lenders warrants to purchase 17,215 shares of Series G convertible preferred stock at $21.78 per share. The warrants were exercisable until 2017. The estimated fair value of the warrants on the date of issuance of $8,000 was recorded as a debt discount liability which was being amortized to interest expense over the term of the loan. On July 22, 2014, upon the completion of the Company’s IPO, the warrants converted into warrants to purchase common stock. The $11.3 million outstanding balance of the 2012 Loan was paid off with proceeds from the secured term loan facility that the Company entered into on January 30, 2015. Subordinated Convertible Note On April 17, 2014, the Company issued a $5.0 million Subordinated Convertible Promissory Note to Illumina, Inc. (the “2014 Note”) which provided for interest at an annual rate of 8.0%. The 2014 Note was to mature one year following its issuance with principal and unpaid interest due at that time unless the Note were converted into equity prior to the maturity date. As described below, conversion was mandatory in the event of a Qualified Initial Public Offering. Upon the closing of the IPO on July 22, 2014, the 2014 Note converted into 510,777 shares of common stock in accordance with its terms. The original estimated fair value of a certain embedded derivative was accounted for as a debt discount to the subordinated convertible note payable on the balance sheet. The estimated fair value of the embedded derivative liability was included in accrued and other liabilities on the balance sheets. Amortization of the debt discount was $256,000 for the period from April 17, 2014 to July 22, 2014, when the 2014 Note was converted into common stock. Extinguishment of the embedded derivative liability at July 22, 2014 resulted in other income of $120,000. Secured Term Loan Facility On January 30, 2015, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) which provides a secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $20.0 million. The Company borrowed the first and only advance of $16.0 million (“Draw A”) on January 30, 2015. Draw A was used to pay-off the Company’s existing term debt of $11.3 million. A loss on extinguishment of $0.6 million from the pay-off of the existing term loan was recognized as interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2015. Draw A bears interest at a daily floating rate equal to 2.00%, plus the greater of (i) 3.25% or (ii) the prime rate published by the lender. The maturity date of the loan is December 1, 2018. Principal pay-down of the loan begins on January 1, 2016 with the loan being payable in 36 equal installments. The principal pay-down of the loan may be delayed to July 1, 2016 with the loan being payable in 30 equal monthly installments, if on December 31, 2015, the Company has achieved certain net product revenue milestones as described in the Loan Agreement. As of December 31, 2015, the Company was in compliance with its net product revenue milestones, which allows the Company to pay only the interest incurred on a monthly basis until June 30, 2016 and begin the principal pay-down on July 1, 2016. A fully non-refundable commitment fee of $160,000 was paid on January 30, 2015 when Draw A for $16.0 million was received. The loan has no prepayment penalty. Commitment fees are included in debt issuance costs which are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the loan. Debt discount and issuance costs, current, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $155,000 and $76,000, respectively. Debt discount and issuance costs, non-current, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $149,000 and $11,000, respectively. The debt discount and issuance costs are reported in the balance sheet as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the debt liability. 104 In connection with the Loan Agreement, the Company agreed to issue to the lender a detachable warrant to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock upon the drawdown of each advance in an amount equal to 1.5% of the amount drawn, divided by the exercise price per share for that tranche. The fair value of the warrant is reflected as a discount to the debt. As a result of Draw A, the Company issued to the lender a warrant to purchase an aggregate of 34,483 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $6.96 per share. The fair value of the warrant was estimated to be approximately $90,000 on January 30, 2015, using the Black-Scholes Model with the following assumptions: expected volatility of 39.83%, a contractual term of 5 years, risk-free interest rate of 1.18%, underlying common stock price of $7.06, and dividend yield of 0%. The warrant is included in stockholders’ equity with the offset to debt discount that is amortized over the term of the loan using the effective interest method. The warrant is not subject to remeasurement. The Loan Agreement requires collateral by a security interest in all of the Company’s assets except intellectual property and contains customary affirmative and negative covenants including financial maintenance covenants, and also includes standard events of default, including payment defaults. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, a default interest rate of an additional 5% may be applied to the outstanding loan balances, and the lender may declare all outstanding obligations immediately due and payable and take such other actions as set forth in the Loan Agreement. At December 31, 2015, the Company was in compliance with all loan covenants. Aggregate annual payments, net of interest, at December 31, 2015 due on the Loan Agreement are as follows (in thousands): Year ending December 31: 2016 ................................................................................ $ 2017 ................................................................................ 2018 ................................................................................ Less: debt discount and issuance costs ........................... Less: current portion, net of debt discount and issuance costs ........................................................ Long-term portion, net of debt discount and issuance costs ........................................................ $ Annual Payments 3,021 6,309 6,670 16,000 (304 ) 15,696 (2,866 ) 12,830 10. WARRANTS At December 31, 2015, outstanding common stock warrants consisted of: Original Term Exercise Price Number of Shares Underlying Warrants Original issue date: July 2006................................................................ November 2006 ..................................................... February 2008 ........................................................ August 2009 ........................................................... July 2010................................................................ January 2015 .......................................................... 10 years $ 10 years $ 10 years $ 10 years $ 9 years $ 5 years $ 31.72 31.72 35.07 21.78 21.78 6.96 17,656 1,576 22,792 33,472 6,694 34,483 116,673 105 11. STOCK INCENTIVE PLANS Stock Option Plans Prior to its IPO in July 2014, the Company had one active stock option plan, the 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (“2008 Plan”), one assumed stock option plan (the ImmuMetrix 2013 Equity Incentive Plan) and one terminated stock option plan, the 1998 Stock Plan. Upon its IPO, the Company reserved 838,695 shares of common stock for issuance under a new 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (“2014 Plan”). The shares reserved for issuance under the 2014 Plan also include shares returned to the 2008 Plan as the result of expiration or termination of options, provided that the maximum number of shares that may be added to the 2014 Plan thereby is limited to a maximum of 865,252 shares. The number of shares available for issuance under the 2014 Plan will also include an annual increase on the first day of each year beginning in 2014, equal to the least of: (cid:120) (cid:120) (cid:120) 357,075 shares; 4.0% of the outstanding shares of common stock as of the last day of the immediately preceding year; or such other number of shares as the Company’s board of directors may determine. Stock Options The following table summarizes option activity under the plans, and related information: Shares Available for Grant Stock Options Outstanding 619,906 $ Balance—December 31, 2012..................................... 180,266 4,081 (4,081) Granted ........................................................................ (212 ) — Exercised ..................................................................... (7,247 ) 7,247 Forfeited ...................................................................... (149,563 ) Expired ........................................................................ 149,563 466,965 Balance—December 31, 2013..................................... 332,995 Additional options authorized ..................................... 940,884 — Granted ........................................................................ (585,345) 585,345 — 23,229 Assumed in business combination .............................. — Exercised ..................................................................... (9,363 ) (20,591 ) 20,591 Forfeited ...................................................................... (13,781 ) 13,781 Expired ........................................................................ 1,031,804 Balance—December 31, 2014..................................... 722,906 Additional options authorized ..................................... 357,075 — Granted ........................................................................ (652,078) 652,078 — (23,576 ) Exercised ..................................................................... (77,660 ) 77,660 Forfeited ...................................................................... Expired ........................................................................ (5,329 ) 5,329 1,577,317 Balance—December 31, 2015..................................... 510,892 Weighted- average Exercise Price 2.67 0.48 0.55 2.33 4.73 1.99 — 11.76 2.06 2.14 10.36 2.74 7.36 — 6.09 1.94 8.13 10.36 6.87 The total intrinsic value of options exercised was approximately $89,000 during 2015. 106 Outstanding, exercisable and vested stock options as of December 31, 2015 are summarized as follows: Options Outstanding & Exercisable at December 31, 2015 (cid:3) Options Vested at December 31, 2015 Range of(cid:3) Exercise Prices $0.27 - 0.56 ............................. $2.05 - 3.06 ............................. $3.36 - 6.98 ............................. $7.03 - 12.44 ........................... Number of Options Outstanding 193,581 135,656 716,157 531,923 1,577,317 Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted Average Exercise Price Number of Options Weighted Average Exercise Price $ 6.80 5.88 8.28 8.38 7.92 0.55 2.83 5.68 11.80 6.87 166,699 $ 135,656 127,859 249,779 679,993 0.55 2.83 3.84 11.79 5.75 Options outstanding that have vested and are expected to vest at December 31, 2015 are as follows: Vested ........................................................................ 679,993 $ Expected to Vest ........................................................ 897,324 Total .......................................................................... 1,577,317 5.75 7.71 6.87 Weighted Average Exercise Price Number of Shares Weighted(cid:3) Average Remaining Contractual Life (cid:3)(cid:3) (Years) 6.58 $ 8.95 $ 7.92 $ Aggregate(cid:3) Intrinsic Value (In thousands) 1,788 435 2,223 The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock options and the fair value of the Company’s common stock at December 31, 2015 for stock options that were in-the- money. The fair market value of the Company’s common stock as of December 31, 2015 was $6.40 per share. The weighted average grant-date fair value of options to purchase common stock granted for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 using the Black-Sholes valuation model was $2.53, $4.81 and $0.21, respectively. The Company uses the grant date fair value of its common stock to value both employee and non-employee options when granted. The Company revalues non-employee options each reporting period using the fair market value of the Company’s common stock as of the last day of each reporting period. The total fair value of options that vested during 2015 was $1.1 million. As of December 31, 2015, there was approximately $10.2 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures, related to non- vested stock options that will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining average vesting period of 2.8 years. 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan The Company’s board of directors adopted its 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) in March 2014 and its stock holders approved the ESPP in July 2014. However, the Company’s ESPP was not made available to its employees until January 1, 2015. The first offering period of the ESPP began on January 1, 2015 and ended June 30, 2015. Under the first offering period, 36,696 shares were purchased. The second offering period began July 1, 2015 and ended December 31, 2015. Under the second offering period, 32,232 shares were purchased. At December 31, 2015, the proceeds from the issuance of shares were $0.4 million and a total of 186,473 shares of the Company’s common stock is available for sale under the ESPP. The option price per share of common stock to be paid by a participant upon exercise of the participant’s option on the applicable exercise date for an offering period shall be equal to 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of a share of common stock on (a) the applicable grant date or (b) the applicable exercise date. 107 Valuation Assumptions The Company’s board of directors determines the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock based on assistance from an independent third party valuation firm. The fair value of employee stock options and ESPP was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model using the following weighted-average assumptions. Employee Stock Options Expected term (in years) .......................................... Expected volatility ................................................... Risk-free interest rate ............................................... Expected dividend yield ........................................... Employee Stock Purchase Plan Expected term (in years) .......................................... Expected volatility ................................................... Risk-free interest rate ............................................... Expected dividend yield ........................................... Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 6.0 41.17% 1.84% —% 0.5 39.10 – 44.15% 0.11% —% 5.1 42.18 % 1.69 % — % 6.0 45.25% 1.21% —% — — — — % — — — —% Risk-free Interest Rate: The Company based the risk-free interest rate over the expected term of the award based on the constant maturity rate of U. S. Treasury securities with similar maturities as of the date of grant. Volatility: The Company used an average historical stock price volatility of comparable public companies that were deemed to be representative of future stock price trends as the Company does not have sufficient trading history for its common stock. Expected Term: The expected term represents the period for which the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding and is based on analyzing the vesting and contractual terms of the awards and the holders’ historical exercise patterns and termination behavior. Expected Dividends: The Company has not paid and does not anticipate paying any dividends in the near future. Restricted Stock Units The Company’s 2014 Plan allows restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to be granted in addition to stock options. The RSUs vest annually over four years in equal increments. RSUs were granted by the Company for the first time in March 2015. Unvested RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2015 is summarized below: Number of Shares Unvested balance at December 31, 2014..................... Granted ........................................................................ 114,400 Vested .......................................................................... Forfeited ...................................................................... (8,200) Unvested balance at December 31, 2015..................... 106,200 — — $ Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value — 6.49 — 6.49 6.49 As of December 31, 2015, there was approximately $2.4 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures, related to non-vested RSUs that will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining average vesting period of 3.0 years. 108 The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense relating to employee and nonemployee stock options, RSUs, and ESPP for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, included in the statements of operations as follows (in thousands): Cost of testing ............................................................. $ Research and development .......................................... Sales and marketing .................................................... General and administrative.......................................... $ Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 109 $ 247 173 812 1,341 $ 28 $ 88 29 390 535 $ 3 7 3 59 72 No tax benefit was recognized related to share-based compensation expense since the Company has never reported taxable income and has established a full valuation allowance to offset all of the potential tax benefits associated with its deferred tax assets. In addition, no amounts of share-based compensation costs were capitalized for the periods presented. Non-Employee Director Equity-based Compensation For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company paid a portion of its non-employee directors’ compensation through the award of common shares. The stock awards are classified as equity, and compensation expense was recognized upon the issuance of the shares. As of December 31, 2015, there was a total of 57,543 shares issued to non-employee directors, for a total fair value of $349,000. Expense associated with the awards was $255,000 and $94,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which was included in general and administrative expense in the statements of operations. 12. INCOME TAXES The Company generated pretax net losses of $13.7 million, $0.7 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The Company recorded no benefit for income taxes for 2015. For 2014, the Company recorded a federal and state deferred tax benefit of $1.5 million and $0, respectively, and no benefit for income taxes was recorded for 2013. A reconciliation of the difference between the benefit for income taxes and income taxes at the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate is as follows: Year Ended December, 31, 2014 2013 2015 Federal tax at statutory rate ........................................ Stock-based compensation ......................................... Change in valuation allowance .................................. Change in unrecognized tax benefits.......................... Preferred stock warrant revaluation ........................... Interest expense.......................................................... Contingent liability for IMX acquisition.................... Acquisition costs ........................................................ Other .......................................................................... Effective income tax rate ...................................... 34.0% -1.9% -31.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -3.2% 2.2% 0.0% 34.0 % -9.5 % 190.6 % 0.0 % -0.7 % -5.8 % 38.2 % -36.7 % -1.3 % 208.8 % 34.0 % -11.4 % -8.6 % -8.4 % -5.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % -0.6 % 0.0 % In connection with the Company’s June 2014 acquisition of ImmuMetrix, Inc. (“IMX”), a tax benefit of $1.5 million was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2014. This benefit resulted from the expectation that amortization of the in-process technology acquired, when completed and placed in service, is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes, as the transaction was structured as a tax-free reorganization. Accordingly, a deferred tax liability was recorded at the acquisition date for the difference between the financial reporting and tax basis of the acquired in-process technology. While the in-process technology is considered an indefinite lived intangible asset, this asset is expected to be amortized or impaired prior to the expiration of net operating loss carryforwards available to the Company. As a result of recording this deferred tax liability the company’s valuation allowance was reduced by an equal amount. 109 The tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to significant deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands): As of December 31, 2014 2015 Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards ............................ $ Tax credit carryforwards ........................................ Accruals .................................................................. Other ....................................................................... Gross deferred tax assets .............................................. Deferred tax liabilities: Property and equipment .......................................... Purchased intangibles ............................................. Total deferred tax liabilities ......................................... Valuation allowance..................................................... Net deferred tax assets ............................................ $ 65,957 $ 4,533 1,125 698 72,313 63,116 4,065 942 551 68,674 95 (2,355) (2,260) (70,053) — $ (8 ) (2,349 ) (2,357 ) (66,317 ) — The Company has recorded pretax net losses from operations since its inception. The Company believes that based on the history of such losses and other factors, the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that it will not be able to realize its net deferred tax assets. Accordingly, the net deferred tax assets have been offset by a full valuation allowance. The valuation allowance increased by $3.7 million and decreased by $1.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $174.3 million and $115.9 million available to reduce future taxable income, if any, for federal and state income tax purposes, respectively. The U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2018 while for state purposes, the net operating losses will begin to expire in 2016. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had credit carryforwards of approximately $3.6 million and $4.4 million available to reduce future taxable income, if any, for federal and California state income tax purposes, respectively. The Federal credit carryforwards begin to expire in 2021. California credits have no expiration date. Utilization of the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards and credits may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by the Tax Reform Act of 1986, as amended and similar state provisions. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before utilization. Based on a preliminary review of the Company’s equity transactions since inception, the Company believes a portion of its net operating loss carryforwards may be limited due to equity financings which occurred in 2000, 2004, 2007 and 2014. A reconciliation of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2014 2015 2013 Balance at beginning of year ............................................... $ 2,054 $ 2,196 $ 1,159 Additions based on tax positions related to current year ................................................................................... Additions (reductions) based on tax positions related to prior years ......................................................... 860 Balance at end of year ......................................................... $ 2,431 $ 2,054 $ 2,196 (225 ) 372 83 177 5 110 The unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized and in the absence of a full valuation allowance, would impact the income tax provision by $2.0 million and $1.6 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Given the Company’s valuation allowance, the uncertain tax positions would not impact the effective tax rate. The Company has elected to include interest and penalties as a component of tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company did not recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits. The Company does not anticipate a significant change in the unrecognized tax benefits over the next twelve months. Because the Company has not utilized any of its net operating loss carryforwards, its federal and state income tax returns are subject to tax authority examination from inception. 13. 401(K) PLAN The Company sponsors a 401(k) defined contribution plan covering all employees. To date, there have been no employer contributions to the plan. 14. BUSINESS COMBINATION On June 10, 2014, in accordance with an agreement and plan of merger, the Company acquired ImmuMetrix, Inc. (“IMX”), a privately held development stage company working in new technologies using donor derived cell-free donor DNA (“dd-cfDNA”) technology for the diagnosis, treatment and management of transplant rejection, immune disorders and diseases, including the development of a new, non-invasive test designed to detect the early stages of solid organ transplant rejection. The Company acquired all ImmunMetrix, Inc. assets associated with transplant diagnostics, including related immune repertoire and infectious diseases. An ImmunMetrix, Inc. successor company retained the limited assets not associated with transplant diagnostics. The acquisition was structured as a tax-free reorganization. The Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of ImmuMetrix, Inc. for the total estimated purchase price of $17.2 million consisting of $600,000 in cash; 911,364 shares of the Company’s Series G convertible preferred stock with an estimated fair value of $14.2 million, including 23,229 shares of the Company’s Series G convertible preferred stock with an estimated fair value of $369,000 as a result of the Company’s assumption of ImmuMextrix, Inc. outstanding stock options; and an additional payment of 227,845 shares of CareDx Series G convertible preferred stock if a future milestone is achieved. The Agreement provides that the milestone will be achieved if the Company completes 2,500 commercial tests involving the measurement of dd- cfDNA in organ transplant recipients in the United States no later than six years after the closing date of the acquisition. All shares of Series G Preferred Stock and options to acquire Series G Preferred Stock converted into common stock and options to acquire common stock immediately prior to the closing of the Company’s initial public offering. The additional shares to be paid for the achievement of the milestone will also be issued in common stock. The fair value of this contingent consideration was $2.3 million at the acquisition date and subjected to remeasurement at the end of each reporting period. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the contingent consideration fair value was $0.9 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The intellectual property acquired includes an exclusive license from Stanford University to a patent relating to the diagnosis of rejection in organ transplant recipients using dd-cfDNA. The license provides for the Company to pay royalties to Stanford University on sales of the Company’s dd-cfDNA tests. Assets acquired in the business combination consist of In-Process Technology, for which the estimated fair value was $6.7 million at the date of acquisition, and goodwill, for which the estimated fair value was $12.0 million at the date of acquisition. 111 The in-process technology is recorded as an indefinite-life intangible asset until it reaches technological feasibility and will be tested for impairment in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other. Amortization into earnings will begin once the research and development activities are complete and the technology is proven to work, at which time technological feasibility will have been achieved. The Company expects that will occur at approximately the time when revenue is first generated in the marketplace, currently estimated to be during 2017. Amortization will be based on the estimated remaining useful life of the patent when the product is proven feasible, estimated to be 15 years. Amortization will be recorded using the straight line method. Accordingly, at December 31, 2014 and 2015, accumulated amortization of the in-process technology intangible asset was $0. Given that amortization has not yet begun and technological feasibility has not yet occurred, we cannot currently estimate amortization of the in-process technology asset during each of the next five years. The goodwill recorded from the acquisition of ImmuMetrix, Inc. is primarily related to expected synergies. Substantially all of the goodwill recognized is not deductible for tax purposes. ImmuMetrix, Inc.’s post-acquisition results of operations for the period from June 11, 2014 through December 31, 2014 and for 2015 are included in the Company’s statements of operations. Pro Forma Impact of the Acquisition of IMX The following table presents pro forma results of operations and gives effect to the IMX transaction as if the transaction had been consummated on January 1, 2013. The unaudited pro forma results of operations have been prepared for comparative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of what would have occurred had the business combination been completed at the beginning of the period or of the results that may occur in the future. Furthermore, the pro forma financial information does not reflect the impact of any reorganization or operating efficiencies resulting from combining the two companies. Year Ended December 31, (in thousands, except per share data). Net revenue .................................................................. $ Net loss ........................................................................ $ Net loss per common share - basic ............................... $ Net loss per common share - diluted ............................ $ 2014 27,306 $ (1,080) $ (0.19) $ (0.19) $ 2013 22,098 (3,768 ) (3.73 ) (3.73 ) The unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information was prepared using the acquisition method of accounting and is based on the historical financial information of the Company and ImmuMetrix, Inc., reflecting the Company’s and ImmuMextrix, Inc.’s results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. The historical financial information has been adjusted to give effect to the pro forma events that are: (i) directly attributable to the acquisition, (ii) factually supportable and (iii) expected to have a continuing impact on the combined results. The unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information reflects: (a) the removal of acquisition-related costs of $1.7 million incurred by both CareDx and ImmuMetrix, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2014 including the removal of $0.2 million of ImmuMetrix, Inc. stock-based compensation expense that resulted from modifications to options in anticipation of the acquisition; (b) the removal of a $1.5 million tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2014 that resulted from the acquisition; (c) the addition of salaries, benefits and fees for ImmuMetrix, Inc. employees and consultants retained after the acquisition; and (d) the addition of the $1.5 million acquisition-related tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2013, as if the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2013 and the benefit had been recognized during the year ended December 31, 2013. Acquisition related expenses are primarily included in general and administrative expenses. 112 15. SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED) The following table presents selected unaudited consolidated financial data for each of the eight quarters in the two- year period ended December 31, 2015. The Company believes this information reflects all recurring adjustments necessary to fairly present this information when read in conjunction with the Company’s financial statements and the related notes. Net (loss) income per share, basic and diluted, for the four quarters of each fiscal year may not sum to the total for the fiscal year because of the different number of shares outstanding during each period. The results of operations for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future period. Quarter Ended: March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 (In thousands, except share and per share data) 7,216 $ (2,272) $ (0.19) $ (0.19) $ 7,151 $ (3,489 ) $ (0.29 ) $ (0.29 ) $ 7,129 $ (3,185) $ (0.27) $ (0.27) $ 2015 Total revenue ...................................................................... $ Net loss ............................................................................... $ Net loss per common share, basic ....................................... $ Net loss per common share, diluted .................................... $ Shares used in calculation of net loss per share, basic ....................................................................... 11,814,467 11,835,405 11,890,057 11,902,325 Shares used in calculation of net income loss per share, diluted .................................................................... 11,814,467 11,835,405 11,890,057 11,902,325 2014 Total revenue ...................................................................... $ Net (loss) income ................................................................ $ Net (loss) income per common share, basic ....................... $ Net (loss) income per common share, diluted ..................... $ Shares used in calculation of net (loss) income per share, basic ....................................................................... 1,011,980 1,013,128 9,279,649 11,802,241 Shares used in calculation of net (loss) income per share, diluted .................................................................... 1,011,980 6,939,568 11,219,377 11,802,241 5,924 $ (1,304) $ (1.29) $ (1.29) $ 6,776 $ 877 $ 0.87 $ 0.13 $ 6,654 $ 1,213 $ 0.13 $ 0.12 $ 6,648 (4,761) (0.40) (0.40) 7,952 (5) — — 113 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2015. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act) means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a- 159f). Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Based on our assessment we believe that, as of December 31, 2015, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 114 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our officers and employees (including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller and other employees who perform financial or accounting functions), agents and representatives, including our independent directors and consultants, who are not employees of ours, with regard to their CareDx-related activities. Our code of business conduct and ethics is available on our website at www.caredx.com under the heading “Compliance” under the section titled “Company”. We will post on this section of our website any amendment to our code of business conduct and ethics, as well as any waivers of our code of business conduct and ethics, that are required to be disclosed by the rules of the SEC or the NASDAQ Stock Market. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. 115 PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES Documents filed as part of this report are as follows: 1. Financial Statements: Our Financial Statements are listed in the “Index to Financial Statements” of CareDx, Inc. in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 2. Financial Statement Schedules All financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not required, not applicable, or the required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 3. Exhibits The documents listed in the Exhibit Index of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated by reference or are filed with this report, in each case as indicated therein (numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K). 116 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES CAREDX, INC. By: /s/ PETER MAAG Peter Maag President and Chief Executive Officer Date: March 28, 2016 POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Peter Maag and Ken Ludlum, and each of them, his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact, each with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact or their substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons, on behalf of the registrant on the dates and the capacities indicated. Signature /s/ PETER MAAG Peter Maag /s/ KEN LUDLUM Ken Ludlum Title Chief Executive Officer, President and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Date March 28, 2016 Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) March 28, 2016 /s/ MICHAEL GOLDBERG Michael Goldberg /s/ GEORGE W. BICKERSTAFF George W. Bickerstaff /s/ BROOK BYERS Brook Byers /s/ FRED E. COHEN Fred E. Cohen /s/ RALPH SNYDERMAN Ralph Snyderman /s/ WILLIAM HAGSTROM William Hagstrom Director Director Director Director Director Director March 28, 2016 March 28, 2016 March 28, 2016 March 28, 2016 March 28, 2016 March 28, 2016 117 Exhibit Number 2.1† 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3# 4.4# 4.5# 4.6# EXHIBIT INDEX Description Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated May 17, 2014, by and between Registrant, Monitor Acquisition Corporation, ImmuMetrix, Inc. and Mattias Westman, as Holders’ Agent. Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated June 9, 2014, by and between the Registrant, Monitor Acquisition Corporation, ImmuMetrix, Inc. and Mattias Westman, as Holders’ Agent. Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. Form Incorporated by Reference File No. Exhibit Filing Date S-1/A 333-196494 2.1 07/15/2015 S-1/A 333-196494 2.2 06/25/2014 10-Q 001-36536 3.1 08/28/2014 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant. 10-Q 001-36536 3.4 08/28/2014 Form of Registrant’s common stock certificate. 10-K 001-36536 4.1 03/31/2015 Sixth Amended and Restated Investors Rights Agreement, dated July 1, 2009, as amended on March 29, 2012, June 10, 2014, and July 14, 2014, between the Registrant and certain holders of the Registrant’s capital stock named therein. 1998 Equity Incentive Plan and forms of agreements thereunder. 2008 Equity Incentive Plan and forms of agreements thereunder. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan and forms of agreements thereunder. 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and forms of agreements thereunder. 4.7# ImmuMetrix, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan 10.1# 10.2# 10.3# 10.4# 10.5# 10.6# Chief Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 19, 2012, by and between the Registrant and Peter Maag. Offer Letter, dated July 31, 2006, by and between the Registrant and James Yee. Offer Letter, dated July 19, 2010, by and between the Registrant and Matthew Meyer. Offer Letter, dated March 18, 2014, by and between the Registrant and Ken Ludlum. Offer Letter, dated November 21, 2006, by and between the Registrant and Mitchell Nelles. Form of Change of Control and Severance Agreement between the Registrant and each of its executive officers. 118 10-K 001-36536 4.2 03/31/2015 S-1 333-196494 10.2 06/03/2014 S-1 333-196494 10.3 06/03/2014 S-8 333-197493 4.4 07/18/2014 S-8 333-197493 4.5 07/18/2014 S-1 S-1 333-196494 10.19 06/03/2014 333-196494 10.6 06/03/2014 S-1 333-196494 10.7 06/03/2014 S-1 333-196494 10.8 06/03/2014 S-1 333-196494 10.9 06/03/2014 S-1 333-196494 10.10 06/03/2014 S-1 333-196494 10.11 06/03/2014 Exhibit Number 10.7# 10.8 10.9† 10.10† 10.11† 10.12† 10.13 10.14# 10.15# 10.16# 10.17# Description Form Incorporated by Reference File No. Exhibit Filing Date Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and each of its directors and executive officers. Lease, dated April 27, 2006, as amended on November 10, 2010, by and between the Registrant and BMR- Bayshore Boulevard LLC, for office and laboratory space located at 3260 Bayshore Boulevard, Brisbane, California 94005. PCR Patent License Agreement, dated November 16, 2004, by and between the Registrant and Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., and amendments thereto. Distribution and Licensing Agreement, dated June 20, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Diaxonhit SA. Amended and Restated Exclusive Agreement, dated January 27, 2014, by and between the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University and ImmuMetrix, Inc. Settlement Agreement and Mutual Release, dated September 11, 2014, by and between the Registrant and Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of January 30, 2015, by and between CareDx, Inc. and East West Bank. Offer Letter, dated April 8, 2014, by and between the Registrant and George Bickerstaff. Offer Letter, dated October 18, 2011, by and between the Registrant and Michael Goldberg. Offer Letter, dated December 3, 2014, by and between the Registrant and John Sninsky. Offer Letter, dated March 11, 2015 by and between the Registrant and Josh DeFonzo. S-1 333-196494 10.1 06/03/2014 S-1 333-196494 10.12 06/03/2014 S-1 333-196494 10.14 06/03/2014 S-1/A 333-196494 10.15 06/25/2014 S-1/A 333-196494 10.17 07/15/2014 10-Q 001-36536 10.14.1 11/14/2014 8-K 001-36536 10.1 02/04/2015 10-K 001-36536 10.14 03/31/2015 10-K 001-36536 4.1 03/31/2015 10-K 001-36536 4.1 03/31/2015 10-K 001-36536 4.1 03/31/2015 10.18# Outside Director Compensation Policy. 10-K 001-36536 4.1 03/31/2015 10.19# Executive Incentive Compensation Plan. 10-K 001-36536 4.1 03/31/2015 10.20 10.21 10.22 Controlled Equity Offering Sales Agreement, dated August 10, 2015, by and between the registrant and Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. Conditional Share Purchase Agreement between CareDx and Midroc Invest AB, dated as of December 16, 2015. Conditional Share Purchase Agreement between CareDx and FastPartner AB, dated as of December 16, 2015. S-3 333-206277 1.2 08/10/2015 8-K 001-36536 99.1 12/22/2015 8-K 001-36536 99.2 12/22/2015 119 Exhibit Number 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 23.1* 24.1* 31.1* 31.2* Description Form Incorporated by Reference File No. Exhibit Filing Date 8-K 001-36536 99.3 12/22/2015 8-K 001-36536 99.1 02/12/2016 8-K 001-36536 99.2 02/12/2016 8-K 001-36536 99.3 02/12/2016 Conditional Share Purchase Agreement between CareDx and Xenella Holding AB, dated as of December 16, 2015. Amendment to Conditional Share Purchase Agreement between CareDx and Midroc Invest AB, dated as of February 8, 2016. Amendment to Conditional Share Purchase Agreement between CareDx and FastPartner AB, dated as of February 8, 2016. Principal Executive Officer’s Certifications Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Power of Attorney (see page 117 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K). Principal Executive Officer’s Certifications Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Principal Financial Officer’s Certifications Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.1** Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 (Section 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002). 101.INS XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase 101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase 101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase 101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase † # * ** Confidential treatment has been granted with respect to certain portions of this Exhibit. Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Filed herewith. Furnished herewith. 120 CORPORATE INFORMATION Executive Team Peter Maag, PhD Chief Executive Officer and President James Yee, MD Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer Matthew J. Meyer, JD Chief Business Officer Mitchell J. Nelles, PhD Chief Operating Officer Charles Constanti Chief Financial Officer John J. Sninsky, PhD Chief Scientific Officer Todd Whitson Chief Commercial Officer Anders Karlsson, MBA Chief International Business Officer Board of Directors Peter Maag, PhD Chief Executive Officer and President CareDx, Inc. Michael Goldberg, MBA Chairman of the Board CareDx, Inc. Audit Committee*, Compensation Committee Brook Byers, MBA Partner, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers Compensation Committee*, Nominating/ Corporate Governance Committee Fred E. Cohen, MD, DPhil Managing Director TPG Ventures Compensation Committee, Audit Committee Ralph Snyderman, MD Chancellor Emeritus & James B. Duke Professor of Medicine Duke University Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee* George W. Bickerstaff, III Manager Director MM Dillon & Co. William A. Hagstrom CEO, Octave Bioscience Audit Committee *Indicates Chair Person on the Committee Annual Shareholders Meeting June 16, 2016 at 10AM PST 3260 Bayshore Blvd, Brisbane, CA 94005 Exchange NASDAQ Ticker Symbol CDNA Transfer Agent Computershare PO Box 30170 College Station, TX 77842 Legal Counsel Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati 650 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, CA 94025 Independent Accountants Ernst & Young, LLP 275 Shoreline Drive, Suite 600 Redwood City, CA 94065 Investor Relations Westwicke Partners, LLC 50 California Street San Francisco, CA 94111 Note on Forward-Looking Statements This annual report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. Results could differ materially. Further information on factors that could affect results is included in the 2015 Form 10-K included in this annual report. CareDx, Inc 3260 Bayshore Blvd Brisbane, CA 94005 Tel 415.287.2300 Fax 415.287.2450 WWW.CAREDX.COM SKU: 001CSN20B8 2015 Annual Report 

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