2018 ANNUAL REPORT
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CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC.
2018 ANNUAL REPORT
TO OUR FELLOW SHAREHOLDERS:
Our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 (“fiscal 2018”) was another great year
for our shareholders and our team. We executed well against core operating and
pricing initiatives across the business, worked hard to offset historic declines in
recycled paper and cardboard pricing, meaningfully grew the business through 10
acquisitions with approximately $77 million dollars in annualized revenues, and
successfully implemented our new financial ERP system. In addition, in January
2019 we completed an equity offering to further position the us for future growth.
Our execution was a true team effort, and I believe that we are very well positioned
for the future.
2021 PLAN: STRATEGIC EXECUTION DRIVING HIGHER CASH FLOWS
In early August 2017, we announced an updated long-term strategic plan through our fiscal year ending
December 31, 2021 (the “2021 Plan”). We entered 2018 with a strong focus on this plan, and we executed well
against our key strategic objectives across the organization.
The 2021 Plan remains focused on enhancing shareholder returns by improving cash flows and driving
profitable growth through the following strategic initiatives:
• Increasing landfill returns by driving pricing in excess of inflation in the disposal capacity
constrained markets in the Northeast, working to maximize capacity utilization, and advancing key
permitting activities.
• Driving additional profitability in our collection operations through profitable revenue growth and
operational excellence.
• Creating incremental value through our resource solutions offerings in our recycling, organics, and
customer solutions operations.
1
2
Refer to the appendix for further information and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, which is Net Income (Loss). Net loss
for the periods presented above was ($27.4mm) for FYE 4/30/14, ($29.1mm) for CYE 12/31/14, ($11.8mm) for FYE 12/31/15, ($6.9mm) for FYE 12/31/16, ($21.8mm) for FYE
12/31/17, and Net Income was $6.4mm for FYE 12/31/18.
Refer to the appendix for further information and a reconciliation of Normalized Free Cash Flow to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, which is net cash provided
by operating activities. Net cash provided by operating activities for the periods presented above was $49.6mm for FYE 4/30/14, $62.2mm for CYE 12/31/14, $70.5mm for FYE
12/31/15, $80.4mm for FYE 12/31/16, $107.5mm for FYE 12/31/17, and $120.8mm for FYE 12/31/1.
• Using technology to drive profitable growth and efficiencies through our efforts to update key systems to
drive back office transformation, operating efficiencies and salesforce effectiveness.
• Allocating capital to balance debt delevering with smart growth through continued capital discipline
and selective acquisitions of complementary businesses and assets.
To support our efforts, we continue to invest in our employees through leadership development, our new career
paths program, technical training, and incentive compensation structures that seek to align our employees’
incentives with our long-term goal to increase cash flows.
INCREASING LANDFILL RETURNS
Our team has worked hard to develop environmentally sound landfill facilities across the Northeast to
serve the disposal needs of our customers. We are deeply committed to operating our landfill facilities to
the highest environmental standards, while maintaining a strong partnership with each respective host
community. This has been our recipe for developing important long-term disposal assets in the challenging
Northeast environment.
We continue to make progress advancing airspace expansions at our WasteUSA landfill in Vermont and at our
Hakes landfill in New York. We expect to receive these key permits in 2019, and when received, all but one of
our landfills will have more than 8 years of permitted and permittable airspace, and on average our landfills
will have roughly 20 years of permitted and permittable capacity. This is a valuable platform for our continued
growth and vertical integration.
We advanced landfill pricing by +4.1% (or average price per ton by +6.5%) in fiscal 2018 as disposal capacity
constraints become more acute across our footprint and we remain focused on further improving landfill
returns. Our landfill pricing programs are focused on recovering heightened inflation on environmental
compliance and landfill construction costs, while ensuring that we are earning an adequate return on invested
capital for each ton we place given capacity constraints.
DRIVING ADDITIONAL PROFITABILITY IN COLLECTION OPERATIONS
We continued to make great progress on driving additional profitability in our collection operations with
a focus on core blocking-and-tackling; namely through pricing, route optimization, fleet standardization,
effective maintenance, and our newly launched service excellence program.
Collection pricing was up +5.3% in fiscal 2018 as we continued to execute against our strategic pricing
programs. On the operating side, we have continued to advance a number of key areas to further improve
our operating costs in the collection line-of-business. We are in the fifth year of our comprehensive fleet
plan, which is designed to standardize our fleet and target truck replacements to maximize returns, reduce
our operating expenses through lower maintenance costs, and improve our service levels through reduced
down times.
The combination of these operating advancements and pricing programs are driving improved results in our
collection line-of-business, with our cost of operations as a percentage of revenues down 620 basis points from
the calendar year ended December 31, 2014 to fiscal 2018.
CREATING INCREMENTAL VALUE THROUGH RESOURCE SOLUTIONS
One of the key objectives of our strategy is to differentiate ourselves in the marketplace by offering value-
added resource solutions to our customers. These solutions range from our customer solutions business,
which provides professional services to large industrial and institutional customers, to our organics
business, which is the leader in organics processing and disposal in the Northeast, and to our world-class
recycling business.
Our customer solutions business continued to improve margins and returns in fiscal 2018, as we further
transformed the business from the legacy brokerage model to a professional services organization focused on
providing resource solutions to large industrial and institutional accounts. Operating income was up +100%
year-over-year in the customer solutions business, with our industrial services team driving over 84% of this
growth. This strong growth is an affirmation of the power of this business model to help our customers meet
their resource management goals through a holistic approach.
Over the last several years, we have worked to reshape our recycling business model to improve returns in all
market cycles and reduce our exposure to recycling commodity risk. We have accomplished much of this goal
(1) by restructuring third-party processing contracts to limit downside risk through processing fees; and (2)
through the implementation of our Sustainability Recycling Adjustment Fee or “SRA Fee” to manage the risk
of recycling commodity prices for our residential and commercial collection customers.
Our efforts to manage risk have been timely because in 2017 China introduced a new program called “National
Sword” that banned the import of certain recycled materials and imposed strict new contamination standards
for recycled commodities. As a result of China’s actions, global demand for paper and cardboard products
significantly dropped, leading to roughly an 80% decline of mixed paper prices and a 50% decline of cardboard
prices from July 2017 to December 2018. At the same time, our operating costs were up +21% year-over-year
as we worked to produce higher quality end products and had to spend more to ship products to new end
markets around the world.
Our risk mitigation programs worked well to offset the majority of this commodity price decline, however
operating income in the recycling segment was still down significantly in fiscal 2018, mainly due to several
legacy contracts pursuant to which we absorbed the commodity price risk.
Recycling is an important part of our customers resource management needs and is mandated by law across
much of our operating footprint. As such, we are focused on appropriately pricing our services to generate
a positive return on our capital investments, creating contractual flexibility to allow for changing market
conditions, off-taking commodity pricing risk to our customers, and intelligently investing in technology to
reduce processing costs and to create new markets for materials.
Given the steps we have already taken and several contract resets on the near-term horizon, we believe that
recycling presents a positive growth opportunity in 2019.
USING TECHNOLOGY TO DRIVE PROFITABLE GROWTH AND EFFICIENCIES
We launched a new strategic initiative in August 2017 to reduce our general and administration costs by
75 to 100 basis points as a percentage of revenues by the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021, and more
importantly to reorganize our resources and invest intelligently to drive long-term profitable growth. As part
of this process we adopted a 5-year technology plan focused on improving our overall technology platform,
driving salesforce effectiveness, and increasing efficiencies in our back-office and across our operations.
We made great progress against this plan in fiscal 2018, with the implementation of the cloud-based NetSuite
ERP system as the new financial backbone to our business. We completed this implementation on-time and
on-budget, and we are well positioned for the next phases of our plan focused on improving coordination
between our salesforce and customer care center through additional functionality in our Microsoft Dynamics
CRM, and our efforts to upgrade or replace our work order management, billing, and truck routing systems.
ALLOCATING CAPITAL TO BALANCE DEBT DELEVERING WITH SMART GROWTH
Given our progress in simplifying our business structure, improving cash flows and reducing risk exposure
over the last 5 years, and as part of the new 2021 Plan, we shifted our capital strategy in mid-2017 to allocate
our capital in a manner that balances continued delevering with smart acquisition and development growth.
As part of this new strategy, we set a goal of acquiring or developing $20 million to $40 million per year of
annualized revenues.
We significantly outpaced this target in fiscal 2018, with the acquisition of 10 businesses with roughly $77
million of annualized revenues. These acquisitions fit well with our assets across the Northeast, and we are
diligently working to integrate these businesses to drive additional cash flows.
We believe that we still have a significant opportunity to further grow our business by consolidating select
businesses across our footprint given the continued tightening of the disposal markets across the Northeast,
coupled with changes in the recycling markets and the historically tight labor markets. Acquisition and
development activity will remain opportunistic, and we expect to strictly adhere to our disciplined capital
return hurdles and rigorous review process.
Given the equity offering we completed in January 2019 that netted over $100 million of proceeds and our
continued positive operating cash flows, we believe that our balance sheet is well positioned to further advance
our growth strategy in 2019.
While we still have work left to further improve our operating performance and to drive higher cash flows, we
are excited about our progress to date against our key strategies, and we believe that we are well positioned to
create additional shareholder value over the next several years.
Sincerely,
John W. Casella
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
April 16, 2019
Table of Contents
(Mark One)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
____________________________________________________
FORM 10-K
____________________________________________________
x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018
Or
¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT
OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission file number 000-23211
____________________________________________________
CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
____________________________________________________
Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
25 Greens Hill Lane, Rutland, VT
(Address of principal executive offices)
03-0338873
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
05701
(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (802) 775-0325
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
Class A common stock, $.01 per share par value
Name of each exchange on which registered
The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
(NASDAQ Global Select Market)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during
the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past
90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of
Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such
files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not
be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any
amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an
emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company” in Rule
12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
Non-accelerated filer
x
¨
Accelerated filer
Smaller reporting company
Emerging growth company
¨
¨
¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or
revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x
The aggregate market value of the common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the last reported sale price of the registrant’s Class A
common stock on the NASDAQ Stock Market at the close of business on June 29, 2018 was approximately $1,017 million. The registrant does not have any non-voting
common stock outstanding.
There were 45,510,572 shares of Class A common stock, $.01 par value per share, of the registrant outstanding at February 14, 2019. There were 988,200 shares
of Class B common stock, $.01 par value per share, of the registrant outstanding at February 14, 2019.
Documents Incorporated by Reference
Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference information from the definitive Proxy Statement for the registrant’s 2019 Annual Meeting
of Stockholders or a Form10-K/A to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31,
2018.
Table of Contents
PART I.
ITEM 1.
ITEM 1A.
ITEM 1B.
ITEM 2.
ITEM 3.
ITEM 4.
PART II.
ITEM 5.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 7.
CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC.
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BUSINESS
RISK FACTORS
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
PROPERTIES
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER
MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
ITEM 7A.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 8.
ITEM 9.
ITEM 9A.
ITEM 9B.
PART III.
ITEM 10.
ITEM 11.
ITEM 12.
ITEM 13.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON
ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
OTHER INFORMATION
DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND
MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR
INDEPENDENCE
ITEM 14.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
PART IV.
ITEM 15.
ITEM 16.
SIGNATURES
EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE
FORM 10-K SUMMARY
SCHEDULE II – VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
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Table of Contents
PART I
Unless the context requires otherwise, all references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “Casella Waste Systems, Inc.”,
“Casella”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our” refer to Casella Waste Systems, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains or incorporates a number of forward-looking statements within the meaning of
Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including
statements regarding:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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•
expected liquidity and financing plans;
expected future revenues, operations, expenditures and cash needs;
fluctuations in the commodity pricing of our recyclables, increases in landfill tipping fees and fuel costs and general
economic and weather conditions;
projected future obligations related to final capping, closure and post-closure costs of our existing landfills and any
disposal facilities which we may own or operate in the future;
our ability to use our net operating losses and tax positions;
our ability to service our debt obligations;
the projected development of additional disposal capacity or expectations regarding permits for existing capacity;
the recoverability or impairment of any of our assets or goodwill;
estimates of the potential markets for our products and services, including the anticipated drivers for future growth;
sales and marketing plans or price and volume assumptions;
the outcome of any legal or regulatory matter;
potential business combinations or divestitures; and
projected improvements to our infrastructure and the impact of such improvements on our business and operations.
In addition, any statements contained in or incorporated by reference into this report that are not statements of historical fact
should be considered forward-looking statements. You can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of the words
“believes”, “expects”, “anticipates”, “plans”, “may”, “will”, “would”, “intends”, “estimates” and other similar expressions,
whether in the negative or affirmative. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts
and projections about the industry and markets in which we operate, as well as management’s beliefs and assumptions, and
should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. We cannot guarantee that we
actually will achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements made. The occurrence of
the events described and the achievement of the expected results depends on many events, some or all of which are not
predictable or within our control. Actual results may differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements.
There are a number of important risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those
indicated by such forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, those detailed in
Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We explicitly disclaim any obligation to update any forward-
looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as otherwise required by law.
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Overview
Founded in 1975 with a single truck, Casella Waste Systems, Inc. is a regional, vertically integrated solid waste services
company. We provide resource management expertise and services to residential, commercial, municipal and industrial
customers, primarily in the areas of solid waste collection and disposal, transfer, recycling and organics services. We provide
integrated solid waste services in six states: Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Massachusetts, Maine and Pennsylvania,
with our headquarters located in Rutland, Vermont. We manage our solid waste operations on a geographic basis through two
regional operating segments, the Eastern and Western regions, each of which provides a full range of solid waste services, and
our larger-scale recycling and commodity brokerage operations through our Recycling segment. Organics services, ancillary
operations, along with major account and industrial services, are included in our Other segment.
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As of January 31, 2019, we owned and/or operated 37 solid waste collection operations, 49 transfer stations, 18 recycling
facilities, eight Subtitle D landfills, four landfill gas-to-energy facilities and one landfill permitted to accept construction and
demolition ("C&D") materials.
Strategy
Our goal is to build a sustainable and profitable company by providing exemplary service to our customers, while operating
safe and environmentally sound facilities. Over the last several years, many of our customers have been seeking to reduce their
environmental footprint by increasing their recycling rates, diverting organic materials out of the waste stream into beneficial
use processes and exploring emerging methods to transform traditional waste streams into renewable resources. Since we first
began operating in Vermont in 1975, our business strategy has been firmly tied to creating a sustainable resource management
model and we continue to be rooted in these same tenets today. We strive to create long-term value for all of our stakeholders,
including customers, employees, communities and shareholders.
Our primary objective is to maximize long-term shareholder value through a combination of financial performance and
strategic asset positioning. Annually, we complete a comprehensive strategic planning process to assess and refine our strategic
objectives in the context of our asset mix and the current market environment. This process helps the management team
allocate resources to a range of business opportunities with the goal to maximize long-term financial returns and competitive
positioning.
In early August 2017, we announced an updated long-term strategic plan through our fiscal year ending December 31, 2021
(the “2021 Plan”). The 2021 Plan remains focused on enhancing shareholder returns by improving cash flows and reducing
debt leverage through the following strategic initiatives:
•
•
•
•
•
Increasing landfill returns by driving pricing in excess of inflation in the disposal capacity constrained markets in the
Northeast and working to maximize capacity utilization.
Driving additional profitability in our collection operations through profitable revenue growth and operating
efficiencies.
Creating incremental value through our resource solutions offerings in our recycling, organics, and customer solutions
operations.
Using technology to drive profitable growth and efficiencies through our efforts to update key systems to drive back
office transformation, operating efficiencies and sales force effectiveness.
Allocating capital to balance debt delevering with smart growth through continued capital discipline and selective
acquisitions of complementary businesses and assets.
To support our efforts, we continue to invest in our employees through leadership development, our new career paths program,
technical training, and incentive compensation structures that seek to align our employees’ incentives with our long-term goal
to improve cash flows and returns on invested capital.
Increasing Landfill Returns
Disposal capacity continues to tighten in the Northeast market as permanent site closures are reducing capacity and stronger
economic and construction activity are driving higher volumes. Given this supply-demand imbalance and the positioning of our
assets, we were able to advance landfill pricing by 4.1% (or average price per ton by 6.4%) for the fiscal year ended December
31, 2018 ("fiscal year 2018").
We believe that this positive pricing backdrop will continue as additional site closures are expected over the next several years,
and as we reset multi-year contracts we expect to advance pricing in excess of Consumer Price Index on a larger percentage of
our inbound waste streams.
On the landfill development side, we continue to advance key permitting activities across our landfills to increase annual
capacity limits at select sites and expand total permitted capacity across our footprint. We have been successful in advancing
permit increases at Subtitle D landfills located in Angelica, New York (“Hyland Landfill”), Seneca, New York ("Ontario
County Landfill"), Chemung, New York ("Chemung County Landfill"), West Old Town, Maine ("Juniper Ridge Landfill"), and
Schuyler Falls, New York (“Clinton County Landfill”) over the last three years. Cumulatively, these efforts have added 462
thousand tons per year of permitted capacity and approximately 33.3 million cubic yards of permitted airspace.
Driving Additional Profitability in Collection Operations
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Collection pricing was up 5.3% for fiscal year 2018, as compared to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 ("fiscal year
2017"), with sustained execution against our strategic pricing programs. On the operating side, we continue to advance several
key areas, including route optimization, fleet standardization, and maintenance programs to further reduce our operating costs
in the collection line-of-business. We are in the fourth year of our comprehensive fleet plan, which is designed to optimize our
fleet and target truck replacements to maximize returns, reduce our operating expenses through lower maintenance costs, and
improve our service levels through reduced down times.
The combination of these operating advancements and pricing programs are driving improved results in our collection line-of-
business, with our cost of operations as a percentage of revenues down approximately 620 basis points from the twelve months
ended December 31, 2014 to fiscal year 2018.
Creating Incremental Value Through Resource Solutions
One of the key objectives of our strategy is to differentiate ourselves in the marketplace by offering value-added resource
solutions to our customers. These solutions range from our customer solutions business, which provides professional services to
large industrial customers, to our organics business, which is a leader in organics processing and disposal in the Northeast, and
to our large scale, technology-driven recycling business.
Our customer solutions business has continued to improve margins and returns through December 31, 2018, as we further
transformed the business from the legacy brokerage model to a professional services organization focused on providing
resource solutions to large industrial and institutional accounts.
Over the last two years, we have worked to reshape our recycling business model to drive higher returns in all market cycles
and reduce exposure to recycling commodity volatility. We have accomplished much of this goal by restructuring several third-
party processing contracts to limit downside risk through processing fees and with the implementation of our Sustainability
Recycling Adjustment Fee (“SRA Fee”) for our collection customers. The SRA Fee floats inversely to changes in recycling
commodity prices. Our risk mitigation programs have offset most of the recent commodity price declines driven primarily by
China’s National Sword program that banned the import of certain recycled materials and imposed strict new contamination
standards for others, and we expect these programs to continue to reduce our commodity risk exposure.
Using Technology to Drive Profitable Growth and Efficiencies
We launched a new 5-year technology plan in August 2017 to drive profitable growth and reduce our general and
administration costs by 75 to 100 basis points as a percentage of revenues by 2021. We plan to focus our efforts on improving
our overall technology platform, driving salesforce effectiveness, and increasing efficiencies in our back-office and across our
operations.
To date as part of our technology plan, we have successfully implemented the Microsoft Dynamics CRM system to help
manage and drive higher salesforce effectiveness, and we have successfully implemented the cloud-based NetSuite ERP system
as the new financial backbone to our business.
Allocating Capital to Balance Debt Delevering with Smart Growth
Over the last five years we made significant progress in simplifying our business structure, improving cash flows and reducing
risk exposure by: (1) divesting, or in certain cases, closing underperforming operations that did not enhance or complement our
core operations; (2) refinancing debt to lower interest costs and improve financial flexibility; and (3) adhering to strict capital
discipline and debt repayment.
Given our progress in each area and as part of the 2021 Plan, we shifted our capital strategy to use our capital in a manner that
balances continued delevering with smart acquisition and development growth. As part of this new strategy, we set a goal of
adding $20 million to $40 million per year of annualized revenues through acquisition or development activity. We believe that
acquisition or development activity should be opportunistic, and we plan to strictly adhere to our disciplined capital return
hurdles and rigorous review process.
We have made significant progress ramping up our strategic growth initiative, as we have acquired ten solid waste collection
and transfer businesses during fiscal year 2018, with approximately $77 million of annualized revenues. Since September 30,
2018, we have acquired five solid waste collection and transfer businesses with approximately $28 million of annualized
revenues. We expect revenue growth of approximately $40 million in 2019 from the impact of including a full year of revenue
from acquisitions completed in 2018, but which contributed to our revenues for only part of the year in 2018.
We are focused on acquiring well-run businesses in strategic markets across our footprint that will drive additional
internalization to our landfills and operating synergies. We are also focused on more effectively optimizing waste placement
around the northeast as the ever-tightening disposal market is creating additional opportunities to source new volumes at higher
prices.
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Operational Overview
Our solid waste and recycling operations comprise a full range of non-hazardous solid waste services, including collections,
transfer stations, material recovery facilities ("MRFs") and disposal facilities.
Collections. A majority of our commercial and industrial collection services are performed under one-to-five year service
agreements, with prices and fees determined by such factors as: collection frequency; type of equipment and containers
furnished; type, volume and weight of solid waste collected; distance to the disposal or processing facility; and cost of disposal
or processing. Our residential collection and disposal services are performed either on a subscription basis (with no underlying
contract) with individuals, or through contracts with municipalities, homeowner associations, apartment building owners or
mobile home park operators.
Transfer Stations. Our transfer stations receive, compact and transfer solid waste, collected primarily by our various residential
and commercial collection operations, for transport to disposal facilities by larger vehicles. We believe that transfer stations
benefit us by: (1) increasing the size of the wastesheds which have access to our landfills; (2) reducing costs by improving
utilization of collection personnel and equipment; and (3) helping us build relationships with municipalities and other
customers by providing a local physical presence and enhanced local service capabilities.
Material Recovery Facilities. Our MRFs receive, sort, bale and sell recyclable materials originating from the municipal solid
waste stream, including newsprint, cardboard, office paper, glass, plastic, steel or aluminum containers and bottles. We operate
eight large-scale, high volume MRFs within our Recycling region in geographic areas served by our collection divisions.
Revenues are received from municipalities and customers in the form of processing fees, tipping fees and commodity sales.
These MRFs, three of which are located in New York, two of which are located in Vermont, two of which are located in
Massachusetts, and one of which is located in Maine, process over 0.5 million tons per year of recycled materials delivered to
them by municipalities and commercial customers under long-term contracts. We also operate smaller MRFs, which generally
process recyclables collected from our various residential collection operations.
Landfills. We operate eight solid waste Subtitle D landfills and one landfill permitted to accept C&D materials. Revenues are
received from municipalities and other customers in the form of tipping fees. The estimated capacity at our landfills is subject
to change based on engineering factors, requirements of regulatory authorities, our ability to continue to operate our landfills in
compliance with applicable regulations and our ability to successfully renew operating permits and obtain expansion permits at
our sites.
The following table (in thousands) reflects the aggregate landfill capacity and airspace changes, in tons, for landfills we
operated during fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016:
Fiscal Year 2018
Fiscal Year 2017
Fiscal Year 2016
Estimated
Remaining
Permitted
Capacity
(1)
Estimated
Additional
Permittable
Capacity
(1)(2)
Estimated
Total
Capacity
Estimated
Remaining
Permitted
Capacity
(1)
Estimated
Additional
Permittable
Capacity
(1)(2)
Estimated
Total
Capacity
Estimated
Remaining
Permitted
Capacity
(1)
Estimated
Additional
Permittable
Capacity
(1)(2)
Estimated
Total
Capacity
97,651
Balance, beginning of year
36,159
46,301
82,460
31,022
Permits granted (3)
Airspace consumed
—
(4,160)
—
—
— (4,160)
9,273
(3,958)
59,089
(9,273)
90,111
23,208
— 11,859
(3,899)
— (3,958)
74,443
(11,859)
—
— (3,899)
Changes in
engineering
estimates (4)
Balance, end of year
3,811
35,810
752
47,053
4,563
82,863
(178)
36,159
(3,515)
46,301
(3,693)
82,460
(146)
31,022
(3,495)
59,089
(3,641)
90,111
(1) We convert estimated remaining permitted capacity and estimated additional permittable capacity from cubic yards to
tons generally by assuming a compaction factor derived from historical average compaction factors, with modification
for future anticipated changes. In addition to a total capacity limit, certain permits place a daily and/or annual limit on
capacity.
(2) Represents capacity which we have determined to be “permittable” in accordance with the following criteria: (i) we
control the land on which the expansion is sought; (ii) all technical siting criteria have been met or a variance has been
obtained or is reasonably expected to be obtained; (iii) we have not identified any legal or political impediments which
we believe will not be resolved in our favor; (iv) we are actively working on obtaining any necessary permits and we
expect that all required permits will be received; and (v) senior management has approved the project.
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(3) The increase in remaining permitted airspace capacity in the fiscal year 2017 was the result of a permit received at the
Juniper Ridge Landfill in our Eastern region. The increase in remaining permitted airspace capacity in the fiscal year
ended December 31, 2016 ("fiscal year 2016") was a result of the receipt of expansion permits at Ontario County
Landfill and the Chemung County Landfill in our Western region.
(4) The variation in changes in airspace capacity associated with engineering estimates are primarily the result of changes in
compaction at our landfills and estimated airspace changes associated with design changes at certain of our landfills,
which in fiscal year 2017 includes the impact associated with the decision to close the Southbridge Landfill.
Eastern Region
NCES Landfill. The North Country Environmental Services landfill is a Subtitle D landfill located in Bethlehem, New
Hampshire ("NCES Landfill") that we purchased in 1994. NCES Landfill currently consists of approximately 50 acres of
permitted or permittable landfill area, is permitted to accept municipal solid waste, C&D material and certain pre-approved
special waste and has no annual tonnage limitations. In fiscal year 2017, NCES Landfill entered into an agreement for the
construction of a landfill gas-to-energy plant, which will be constructed, owned and operated by a third-party.
Juniper Ridge Landfill. The Juniper Ridge Landfill is a Subtitle D landfill located in West Old Town, Maine. In 2004, we
completed transactions with the State of Maine and Georgia-Pacific Corporation (“Georgia Pacific”), pursuant to which the
State of Maine took ownership of Juniper Ridge Landfill, formerly owned by Georgia Pacific, and we became the operator
under a 30-year operating and services agreement between us and the State of Maine. Juniper Ridge Landfill currently consists
of approximately 179 acres of permitted or permittable landfill area, which is sufficient to permit the additional airspace
required for the term of the 30-year operating and services agreement, and is permitted to accept the following waste
originating from the State of Maine: up to 0.1 million tons of municipal solid waste per year through March 2020, and C&D
material, ash from municipal solid waste incinerators and fossil fuel boilers, front end processed residuals and bypass municipal
solid waste from waste-to-energy facilities and certain pre-approved special waste. Outside of the limitations on municipal
solid waste, there are no annual tonnage limitations at Juniper Ridge Landfill.
Closure Projects. In 2005, we started closure operations at the Worcester, Massachusetts landfill ("Worcester Landfill"). These
closure operations were completed in April 2014 when Worcester Landfill accepted its final tons of waste. We began final
capping and closing of Worcester Landfill in May 2014 and completed final capping and closing in fiscal year 2016.
Western Region
Waste USA Landfill. The Waste USA landfill is a Subtitle D landfill located in Coventry, Vermont ("Waste USA Landfill") that
we purchased in 1995, is the only operating permitted Subtitle D landfill in the State of Vermont. Waste USA Landfill consists
of approximately 148 acres of permitted or permittable landfill area and is permitted to accept up to 0.6 million tons of
municipal solid waste, C&D material and certain pre-approved special waste annually. The Waste USA Landfill site houses a
landfill gas-to-energy plant, which is owned and operated by a third-party, that has the capacity to generate 8.0 MW of energy.
Clinton County Landfill. The Clinton County Landfill is a Subtitle D landfill located in Schuyler Falls, New York. Clinton
County Landfill, which currently consists of approximately 197 acres of permitted or permittable landfill area portions of
which are leased from Clinton County, is permitted to accept up to approximately 0.2 million tons of municipal solid waste,
C&D material and certain pre-approved special waste annually. The Clinton County Landfill site houses a landfill gas-to-
energy facility, which is owned by us and operated by a third-party, that has the capacity to generate 6.4 MW of energy.
Hyland Landfill. The Hyland Landfill is a Subtitle D landfill located in Angelica, New York that we own, began accepting
waste in 1998. Hyland Landfill currently consists of approximately 121 acres of permitted or permittable landfill area and is
permitted to accept up to 0.5 million tons of municipal solid waste, C&D material and certain pre-approved special waste
annually. The Hyland Landfill site houses a landfill gas-to-energy facility, which is owned by us and operated by a third-party,
that has the capacity to generate 4.8 MW of energy.
Ontario County Landfill. The Ontario County Landfill is a Subtitle D landfill located in Seneca, New York. In 2003, we entered
into a 25-year operation, management and lease agreement for the Ontario County Landfill with the Ontario County Board of
Supervisors. Ontario County Landfill currently consists of approximately 171 acres of permitted or permittable landfill area and
is permitted to accept up to 0.9 million tons of municipal solid waste, C&D material and certain pre-approved special waste
annually and is strategically situated to accept long haul volume from both the eastern and downstate New York markets. In
January 2016, we received an expansion permit at the Ontario County Landfill, which is sufficient to permit the additional
airspace required for the remaining term of the 25-year operation, management and lease agreement. The Ontario County
Landfill site houses a Zero-Sort MRF, which is operated by us, and a landfill gas-to-energy facility, which is owned and
operated by a third-party, that has the capacity to generate 11.2 MW of energy.
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Hakes Landfill. The Hakes landfill is a C&D landfill located in Campbell, New York (“Hakes Landfill”) that we purchased in
1998. Hakes Landfill currently consists of approximately 78 acres of permitted or permittable landfill area and is permitted to
accept up to 0.5 million tons of C&D material annually.
Chemung County Landfill. The Chemung County Landfill is a Subtitle D landfill located in Chemung, New York. In 2005, we
entered into a 25-year operation, management and lease agreement for Chemung County Landfill and certain other facilities
with Chemung County. Chemung County Landfill currently consists of approximately 113 acres of permitted or permittable
landfill area strategically situated to accept long haul volume from both eastern and downstate New York markets and is
permitted to accept up to 0.4 million tons of municipal solid waste and certain pre-approved special waste annually and 20.5
thousand tons of C&D material annually. In June 2016, we received an expansion permit at Chemung County Landfill, which is
sufficient to permit the additional airspace required for the remaining term of the 25-year operation, management and lease
agreement.
McKean Landfill. The McKean landfill is a Subtitle D landfill located in Mount Jewett, Pennsylvania (“McKean Landfill”) that
we purchased in 2011 as part of a bankruptcy reorganization. McKean Landfill currently consists of approximately 256 acres of
permitted or permittable landfill area and is permitted to accept up to approximately 0.3 million tons of municipal solid waste,
C&D material and certain pre-approved special waste annually. The facility permit authorizes the construction of the rail siding
at the landfill which if completed, would expand the market reach for the landfill to other rail capable transfer facilities. We
have not yet committed to the construction of the rail siding pending a determination of the economic viability. We believe that
McKean Landfill is well situated to provide services to the oil and gas industry that explores natural gas resources in the
Marcellus Shale region of Pennsylvania in the form of disposal capacity for residual materials.
Closed Landfills
In fiscal year 2017, we initiated a plan to cease operations of Southbridge Landfill and decided to not proceed with expansion
efforts and to close Southbridge Landfill once the remaining capacity had been exhausted, which occurred in fiscal year 2018.
Closure operations began in November 2018 when Southbridge Landfill reached its final capacity.
In addition to Southbridge Landfill, we own and/or manage five unlined landfills and three lined landfills that are not currently
in operation. We are closing, in the case of Southbridge Landfill, or have closed and capped all of these landfills according to
applicable environmental regulatory standards.
Operating Segments
We manage our solid waste operations, which include a full range of solid waste services, on a geographic basis through two
regional operating segments, which we designate as our Eastern and Western regions. Our third operating segment is
Recycling, which comprises our larger-scale recycling operations and our commodity brokerage operations. Organic services,
ancillary operations, along with major accounts and industrial services, are included in our “Other” segment. See Note 19,
Segment Reporting to our consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a
summary of revenues, certain expenses, profitability, capital expenditures, goodwill, and total assets of our operating segments.
Within each geographic region, we organize our solid waste services around smaller areas that we refer to as “wastesheds.” A
wasteshed is an area that comprises the complete cycle of activities in the solid waste services process, from collection to
transfer operations and recycling to disposal in landfills, some of which may be owned and/or operated by third parties. We
typically operate several divisions within each wasteshed, each of which provides a particular service, such as collection,
recycling, disposal or transfer. Each division operates interdependently with the other divisions within the wasteshed. Each
wasteshed generally operates autonomously from adjoining wastesheds.
Through the eight MRFs and commodity brokerage operation comprising our Recycling segment, we provide services to six
anchor contracts, which have original terms ranging from five to twenty years and expire at various times through calendar year
end 2028. The terms of each contract vary, but all of the contracts provide that the municipality or third-party delivers materials
to our facility. These contracts may include a minimum volume guarantee by the municipality. We also have service agreements
with individual towns and cities and commercial customers, including small solid waste companies and major competitors, that
do not have processing capacity within a specific geographic region.
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The following table provides information about each operating segment (as of January 31, 2019 except revenue information,
which is for fiscal year 2018):
Revenues (in millions)
Properties:
Solid waste collection facilities
Transfer stations
Recycling facilities
Subtitle D landfills
C&D landfills
Eastern
Region
$206.5
Western
Region
$286.3
Recycling
Other
$42.2
$125.7
15
19
3
2
—
22
30
4
6
1
—
—
9
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
See our consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for our financial results
for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, and our financial position as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Eastern region
Our Eastern region consists of wastesheds located in Maine, northern, central and southeastern New Hampshire and central and
eastern Massachusetts. Our Eastern region is vertically integrated, with transfer, landfill, processing and recycling assets
serviced by our collection operations.
We entered the Maine market in 1996 and have grown organically and through acquisitions. We currently operate the Juniper
Ridge Landfill under a 30-year agreement with the State of Maine.
We entered the southern New Hampshire market in 1999 and the eastern Massachusetts market in 2000 and since have grown
organically and through acquisitions. In this market, we rely to a large extent on third-party disposal capacity, but our landfills
and other assets have provided additional opportunities to internalize volumes. In fiscal year 2018, we acquired Complete
Disposal Company, Inc. and its subsidiary United Material Management of Holyoke, Inc. (collectively, "Complete"). Complete
provides residential and roll-off collection services, operates a C&D processing facility, and operates a solid waste transfer
station with both truck and rail transfer capabilities. In fiscal year 2017, we initiated the plan to cease operations of our
Southbridge Landfill and decided to not proceed with expansion efforts and to close the Southbridge Landfill once the
remaining capacity had been exhausted, which occurred in fiscal year 2018. Closure operations at the Southbridge Landfill
began in November 2018.
Western region
Our Western region includes wastesheds located in Vermont, southwestern New Hampshire, eastern, western and upstate New
York and in Pennsylvania around McKean Landfill. The portion of eastern New York served by our Western region includes
Clinton (operation of Clinton County), Franklin, Essex, Warren, Washington, Saratoga, Rennselaer and Albany counties.
Our Western region also consists of wastesheds in western New York, which includes Ithaca, Elmira, Oneonta, Lowville,
Potsdam, Geneva, Auburn, Rochester, Dunkirk, Jamestown and Olean markets. We began entering into these wastesheds in
1997 and have expanded primarily through tuck-in acquisitions and organic growth. Our Western region collection operations
include leadership positions in nearly every rural market outside of the larger metropolitan markets such as Syracuse, Buffalo
and Albany.
We remain focused on increasing our vertical integration in our Western region through extension of our reach into new
markets and managing new materials. We believe that maximizing these logistics through the use of rail, if implemented, long
haul trucks and trailer tippers at our facilities will increase our reach.
Recycling
Our Recycling segment is one of the largest processors and marketers of recycled materials in the northeastern United States,
comprised of eight MRFs that process and market recyclable materials that municipalities and commercial customers deliver
under long-term contracts. Two of the eight MRFs are leased, three are owned, and three are operated by us under contracts
with municipal third-parties. In fiscal year 2018, our Recycling segment processed and/or marketed over 0.8 million tons of
recyclable materials including tons marketed through our commodity brokerage division and our baling facilities located
throughout our footprint. Recycling’s facilities are located in Vermont, New York, Maine, and Massachusetts.
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A substantial portion of the material provided to Recycling is delivered pursuant to six anchor contracts. The anchor contracts
have an original term of five to twenty years and expire at various times through 2028. The terms of the recycling contracts
vary, but all of the contracts provide that the municipality or a third-party delivers the recycled materials to our facility. Under
the recycling contracts, we charge the municipality a fee for each ton of material delivered to us. Some contracts contain
revenue sharing arrangements under which the municipality receives a specified percentage of our revenues from the sale of the
recovered materials.
Our Recycling segment has historically derived a significant portion of its revenues from the sale of recyclable materials. Since
purchase and sale prices of recyclable materials, particularly newspaper, corrugated containers, plastics, ferrous and aluminum,
can fluctuate based upon market conditions, we use long-term supply contracts with customers to reduce commodity risk.
Under such contracts, we obtain a guaranteed minimum price for recyclable materials through the receipt of a tipping fee when
commodity prices fall below agreed upon thresholds. Conversely, when prices for recyclable materials rise above agreed upon
thresholds, we provide the counterparty with a portion of the related revenues. The contracts are generally with large domestic
companies that use the recyclable materials in their manufacturing process, such as paper, packaging and consumer goods
companies. In fiscal year 2018, 39.5% of the revenues from the sale of residential recyclable materials were derived from sales
under long-term contracts. At times, we also hedge against fluctuations in the commodity prices of recycled paper and
corrugated containers in order to mitigate the variability in cash flows and earnings generated from the sales of recycled
materials at floating prices. As of December 31, 2018, no such commodity hedges were in place. Also, we mitigate the impact
from commodity price fluctuations through the use of a floating SRA fee charged to collection customers to offtake recycling
commodity risk. The global recycling market has experienced negative commodity pricing pressure resulting from China's
National Sword program in 2017. Markets continued to decline in 2018, leveling off at historical lows compared to prior years.
We expect markets to remain depressed into the foreseeable future.
Other
Our Other segment derives a significant portion of its revenues from our Customer Solutions and Organics businesses. Our
resource solutions strategy seeks to leverage our core competencies in materials processing, industrial recycling, clean energy,
and organics service offerings in order to generate additional value from the waste stream for our customers. Our Customer
Solutions business works with larger scale organizations (including multi-location customers, colleges and universities,
municipalities, and industrial customers) to develop customized solid waste solutions. The focus of this business is to help these
large-scale organizations achieve their economic and environmental objectives related to waste and residual management. We
differentiate our services from our competitors by providing customized and comprehensive resource solutions, which enables
us to win new business, including traditional solid waste collection and disposal customers.
Our Organics business has been working to develop and/or partner with firms that have developed innovative approaches to
deriving incremental value from the organic portion of the waste stream. Through our Earthlife® soils products, we offer a wide
array of organic fertilizers, composts, and mulches that help our customers recycle organic waste streams. We also have
ownership interests in AGreen Energy, LLC and BGreen Energy, LLC, which we account for as cost method investments, that
partner with other capital investors to build farm-based anaerobic digesters in the northeastern United States to generate
electricity from farm and food waste streams.
Competition
The solid waste services industry is highly competitive. We compete for collection and disposal volume primarily on the basis
of the quality, breadth and price of our services. From time to time, competitors may reduce the price of their services in an
effort to expand market share or to win a competitively bid municipal contract. These practices may also lead to reduced
pricing for our services or the loss of business. In addition, competition exists within the industry for potential acquisition
candidates.
Our business strategy generally focuses on operating in secondary or tertiary markets where we have a leading market share.
However, in the larger urban markets where we operate, we typically compete against one or more of the large national solid
waste companies, including Waste Management, Inc., Republic Services, Inc. and Waste Connections, Inc., any of which may
be able to achieve greater economies of scale than we can. We also compete with a number of regional and local companies that
offer competitive prices and quality service. In addition, we compete with operators of alternative disposal facilities, including
incinerators, and with certain municipalities, counties and districts that operate their own solid waste collection and disposal
facilities. Public sector facilities may have certain advantages over us due to the availability of user fees, charges or tax
revenues.
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Marketing and Sales
We have fully integrated sales and marketing strategies with a primary focus on acquiring and retaining commercial, industrial,
municipal and residential customers. Our business strategy focuses on creating a highly differentiated sustainable resource
management model that meets customers’ unique needs and provides value “beyond the curb”.
Maintenance of a local presence and identity is an important aspect of our sales and marketing strategy, and many of our
divisional managers are involved in local governmental, civic and business organizations. Our name and logo, or, where
appropriate, that of our divisional operations, are displayed on all of our containers and trucks. We attend and make
presentations at municipal and state meetings, and we advertise in a variety of media throughout our service footprint.
The Customer Solutions business serves customers with multiple locations and is focused on growing our share of business
with municipal, institutional, commercial and industrial customers. This group provides customers with a broader set of
solutions to augment our regional and divisional service capabilities.
Marketing activities are focused on retaining existing customers and attracting new commercial and residential customers
directly on-route in order to enhance profitability. Marketing campaigns are integrated with divisional management teams, sales
personnel and the centralized customer care center.
Employees
As of January 31, 2019, we employed approximately 2,300 people, including approximately 500 professionals or managers,
sales, clerical, information systems or other administrative employees and approximately 1,800 employees involved in
collection, transfer, disposal, recycling or other operations. Approximately 100 of our employees are covered by collective
bargaining agreements. We believe relations with our employees are good.
Risk Management, Insurance and Performance or Surety Bonds
We actively maintain environmental and other risk management programs that we believe are appropriate for our business. Our
environmental risk management program includes evaluating existing facilities, as well as potential acquisitions, for
compliance with environmental law requirements. Operating practices at all of our operations are intended to reduce the
possibility of environmental contamination, enforcement actions and litigation. We also maintain a worker safety program,
which focuses on safe practices in the workplace.
We carry a range of insurance intended to protect our assets and operations, including a commercial general liability policy and
a property damage policy. A partially or completely uninsured claim against us (including liabilities associated with cleanup or
remediation at our facilities), if successful and of sufficient magnitude, could have a material adverse effect on our business,
financial condition and results of operations. Any future difficulty in obtaining insurance could also impair our ability to secure
future contracts, which may be conditioned upon the availability of adequate insurance coverage.
See also Item 3, “Legal Proceedings” and Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements
included under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We self-insure for automobile and workers’ compensation coverage with reinsurance coverage limiting our maximum exposure.
Our maximum exposure in fiscal year 2018 under the workers’ compensation plan was $1.0 million per individual event. Our
maximum exposure in fiscal year 2018 under the automobile plan was $1.2 million per individual event.
Municipal solid waste collection contracts and landfill closure and post-closure obligations may require performance or surety
bonds, letters of credit or other means of financial assurance to secure contractual performance. While we have not experienced
difficulty in obtaining these financial instruments, if we are unable to obtain these financial instruments in sufficient amounts or
at acceptable rates we could be precluded from entering into additional municipal contracts or obtaining or retaining landfill
operating permits.
We hold a 19.9% ownership interest in Evergreen National Indemnity Company (“Evergreen”), a surety company which
provides surety bonds to secure our contractual obligations for certain municipal solid waste collection contracts and landfill
closure and post-closure obligations. Our ownership interest in Evergreen is pledged to Evergreen as security for our
obligations under the bonds they provide on our behalf.
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Customers
We provide our collection services to commercial, institutional, industrial and residential customers. A majority of our
commercial and industrial collection services are performed under one-to-five year service agreements, and fees are determined
by such factors as: professional or management services required; collection frequency; type of equipment and containers
furnished; the type, volume and weight of the solid waste collected; the distance to the disposal or processing facility; and the
cost of disposal or processing. Our residential collection and disposal services are performed either on a subscription basis
(with no underlying contract) with individuals, or through contracts with municipalities, homeowners associations, apartment
owners or mobile home park operators.
Our Recycling segment provides recycling services to municipalities, commercial haulers and commercial waste generators
within the geographic proximity of the processing facilities.
Seasonality and Severe Weather
Our transfer and disposal revenues historically have been higher in the late spring, summer and early fall months. This
seasonality reflects lower volumes of waste in the late fall, winter and early spring months because:
•
•
the volume of waste relating to C&D activities decreases substantially during the winter months in the northeastern
United States; and
decreased tourism in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine and eastern New York during the winter months tends to lower
the volume of waste generated by commercial and restaurant customers, which is partially offset by increased volume
from the ski industry.
Because certain of our operating and fixed costs remain constant throughout the fiscal year, operating income is therefore
impacted by a similar seasonality. Our operations can be adversely affected by periods of inclement or severe weather, which
could increase our operating costs associated with the collection and disposal of waste, delay the collection and disposal of
waste, reduce the volume of waste delivered to our disposal sites, increase the volume of waste collected under our existing
contracts (without corresponding compensation), decrease the throughput and operating efficiency of our materials recycling
facilities, or delay construction or expansion of our landfill sites and other facilities. Our operations can also be favorably
affected by severe weather, which could increase the volume of waste in situations where we are able to charge for our
additional services provided.
Our Recycling segment experiences increased volumes of fiber in November and December due to increased newspaper
advertising and retail activity during the holiday season.
Regulation
Introduction
We are subject to extensive federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations which have become increasingly
stringent in recent years. The environmental regulations affecting us are administered by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (“EPA”) and other federal, state and local environmental, zoning, health and safety agencies. Failure to
comply with such requirements could result in substantial costs, including civil and criminal fines and penalties. Except as
described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that we are currently in substantial compliance with applicable
federal, state and local environmental laws, permits, orders and regulations. Other than as disclosed herein, we do not currently
anticipate any material costs to bring our existing operations into environmental compliance, although there can be no
assurance in this regard for the future. We expect that our operations in the solid waste services industry will be subject to
continued and increased regulation, legislation and enforcement oversight. We attempt to anticipate future legal and regulatory
requirements and to keep our operations in compliance with those requirements.
In order to transport, process, or dispose of solid waste, it is necessary for us to possess and comply with one or more permits
from federal, state and/or local agencies. We must renew these permits periodically, and the permits may be modified or
revoked by the issuing agency under certain circumstances.
The principal federal statutes and regulations applicable to our operations are as follows:
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended (“RCRA”)
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The RCRA regulates the generation, treatment, storage, handling, transportation and disposal of solid waste and requires states
to develop programs to ensure the safe disposal of solid waste. The RCRA divides waste into two categories, hazardous and
non-hazardous. Wastes are generally classified as hazardous if they either (a) are specifically included on a list of hazardous
wastes, or (b) exhibit certain characteristics defined as hazardous and are not specifically designated as non-hazardous. Wastes
classified as hazardous waste are subject to more extensive regulation than wastes classified as non-hazardous, and businesses
that deal with hazardous waste are subject to regulatory obligations in addition to those imposed on businesses that deal with
non-hazardous waste.
Among the wastes that are specifically designated as non-hazardous are household waste and “special” waste, including items
such as petroleum contaminated soils, asbestos, foundry sand, shredder fluff and most non-hazardous industrial waste products.
The EPA regulations issued under Subtitle C of the RCRA impose a comprehensive “cradle to grave” system for tracking the
generation, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes. Subtitle C regulations impose obligations on
generators, transporters and disposers of hazardous wastes, and require permits that are costly to obtain and maintain for sites
where those businesses treat, store or dispose of such material. Subtitle C requirements include detailed operating, inspection,
training and emergency preparedness and response standards, as well as requirements for manifesting, record keeping and
reporting, corrective action, facility closure, post-closure and financial responsibility. Most states have promulgated regulations
modeled on some or all of the Subtitle C provisions issued by the EPA, and in many instances the EPA has delegated to those
states the principal role in regulating businesses which are subject to those requirements. Some state regulations impose
obligations different from and in addition to those the EPA imposes under Subtitle C.
Leachate generated at our landfills and transfer stations is tested on a regular basis, and generally is not regulated as a
hazardous waste under federal law. However, there is no guarantee that leachate generated from our facilities in the future will
not be classified as hazardous waste.
In October 1991, the EPA adopted the Subtitle D regulations under RCRA governing solid waste landfills. The Subtitle D
regulations, which generally became effective in October 1993, include siting restrictions, facility design standards, operating
criteria, closure and post-closure requirements, financial assurance requirements, groundwater monitoring requirements,
groundwater remediation standards and corrective action requirements. In addition, the Subtitle D regulations require that new
landfill sites meet more stringent liner design criteria (typically, composite soil and synthetic liners or two or more synthetic
liners) intended to keep leachate out of groundwater and have extensive collection systems to carry away leachate for treatment
prior to disposal. Regulations generally require us to install groundwater monitoring wells at virtually all landfills we operate,
to monitor groundwater quality and, indirectly, the effectiveness of the leachate collection systems. The Subtitle D regulations
also require facility owners or operators to control emissions of landfill gas (including methane) generated at landfills
exceeding certain regulatory thresholds. State landfill regulations must meet those requirements or the EPA will impose such
requirements upon landfill owners and operators in that state.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, as amended (“Clean Water Act”)
The Clean Water Act regulates the discharge of pollutants into the “waters of the United States” from a variety of sources,
including solid waste disposal sites and transfer stations, processing facilities and waste-to-energy facilities (collectively, “solid
waste management facilities”). If run-off or treated leachate from our solid waste management facilities is discharged into
streams, rivers or other surface waters, the Clean Water Act would require us to apply for and obtain a discharge permit,
conduct sampling and monitoring and, under certain circumstances, reduce the quantity of pollutants in such discharge. A
permit also may be required if that run-off or leachate is discharged to an offsite treatment facility. Almost all solid waste
management facilities must comply with the EPA’s storm water regulations, which govern the discharge of regulated storm
water to surface waters.
Under federal regulation, facilities that have above ground and/or below ground petroleum storage capacities over certain
thresholds may be subject to regulations and/or permitting under the Clean Water Act. Many of our facilities have petroleum
storage and are required to have a spill, prevention, control and countermeasures (“SPCC”) plan to prevent petroleum release to
waters of the U.S. due to a spill, rupture or leak.
Several states in which we operate have been delegated the authority to implement the Clean Water Act requirements and in
some cases the regulations are more stringent than the federal regulations. We believe we are in compliance with the Clean
Water Act regulations; however future changes to the law or regulations could have a material impact on our business.
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (“CERCLA”)
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CERCLA established a regulatory and remedial program intended to provide for the investigation and remediation of facilities
where, or from which, a release of any hazardous substance into the environment has occurred or is threatened. CERCLA has
been interpreted to impose retroactive, strict, and under certain circumstances, joint and severable, liability for the costs to
investigate and clean up facilities on current owners and operators of the site, former owners and operators of the site at the
time of the disposal of the hazardous substances, as well as the generators and certain transporters of the hazardous substances.
CERCLA imposes liability for the costs of evaluating and addressing damage to natural resources. The costs of CERCLA
investigation and cleanup can be substantial. Liability under CERCLA does not depend upon the existence or disposal of
“hazardous waste” as defined by RCRA, but can be based on the presence of any of more than 700 “hazardous substances”
listed by the EPA, many of which can be found in household waste. The definition of “hazardous substances” in CERCLA
incorporates substances designated as hazardous or toxic under the Federal Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act and Toxic
Substances Control Act ("TSCA"). If we were found to be a responsible party for a CERCLA cleanup, under certain
circumstances, the enforcing agency could pursue us or any other responsible party, for all investigative and remedial costs,
even if others also were liable. CERCLA also authorizes the EPA to impose a lien in favor of the United States upon all real
property subject to, or affected by, a remedial action for all costs for which the property owner is liable. CERCLA provides a
responsible party with the right to bring a contribution action against other responsible parties for their allocable share of
investigative and remedial costs. Our ability to obtain reimbursement for amounts we pay in excess of our allocable share of
such costs would be limited by our ability to identify and locate other responsible parties and to prove the extent of their
responsibility and by the financial resources of such other parties.
The Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended (“Clean Air Act”)
The Clean Air Act, generally through state implementation of federal requirements, regulates emissions of air pollutants from
certain landfills based upon the date the landfill was constructed, the total capacity of the landfill and the annual volume of
emissions. The EPA has promulgated new source performance standards regulating air emissions of certain regulated pollutants
(non-methane organic compounds) from municipal solid waste landfills. Landfills located in areas where ambient levels of
regulated pollutants exceed certain thresholds may be subject to more extensive air pollution controls and emission limitations.
In addition, the EPA has issued standards regulating the disposal of asbestos-containing materials under the Clean Air Act.
The EPA is also focusing on the emissions of greenhouse gases, or GHG, including carbon dioxide and methane. In December
2009, the EPA issued its “endangerment finding” that carbon dioxide poses a threat to human health and welfare, providing the
basis for the EPA to regulate GHG emissions. In December 2009 the EPA’s “Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases”
rule went into effect, requiring facilities that emit twenty-five thousand metric tons or more per year of GHG emissions to
submit annual reports to the EPA.
In June 2010, the EPA issued the so-called “GHG Tailoring Rule”, which described how certain sources that emit GHG would
be subject to heightened Clean Air Act PSD / Title V regulation. In June 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a decision
partially invalidating EPA’s Tailoring Rule and in 2015, the D.C. Circuit directed the EPA to consider further revisions to its
regulations. We do not know whether or when the EPA will finalize regulations following the Supreme Court and D.C. Circuit
decisions, or what obligations such regulations will impose on our operations.
The adoption of other laws and regulations, which may include the imposition of fees or taxes, could adversely affect our
collection and disposal operations. Additionally, certain of the states in which we operate are contemplating air pollution
control regulations, including state or regional cap and trade systems, relating to GHG that may be more stringent than
regulations the EPA may promulgate. Changing environmental regulations could require us to take any number of actions,
including purchasing emission allowances or installing additional pollution control technology, and could make some
operations less profitable, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
Congress has considered various options, including a cap and trade system, which could impose a limit on and establish a
pricing mechanism for GHG emissions and emission allowances. There also is pressure for the United States to join
international efforts to control GHG emissions.
The Clean Air Act regulates emissions of air pollutants from our processing facilities. The EPA has enacted standards that apply
to those emissions. It is possible that the EPA, or a state where we operate, will enact additional or different emission standards
in the future.
All of the federal statutes described above authorize lawsuits by private citizens to enforce certain provisions of the statutes. In
addition to a penalty award to the United States, some of those statutes authorize an award of attorney’s fees to private parties
successfully advancing such an action.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, as amended (“OSHA”)
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OSHA establishes employer responsibilities and authorizes the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to promulgate
and enforce occupational health and safety standards, including the obligation to maintain a workplace free of recognized
hazards likely to cause death or serious injury, to comply with adopted worker protection standards, to maintain certain records,
to provide workers with required disclosures and to implement certain health and safety training programs. A variety of those
promulgated standards may apply to our operations, including those standards concerning notices of hazards, safety in
excavation and demolition work, the handling of asbestos and asbestos-containing materials, and worker training and
emergency response programs.
The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, As Amended (“PURPA”)
PURPA exempts qualifying facilities from most federal and state laws governing the financial organization and rate regulation
of electric utilities, and generally requires electric utilities to purchase electricity generated by qualifying facilities at a price
equal to the utility’s full “avoided cost”. Our four landfill gas-to-energy facilities are self- certified as “qualifying facilities”.
State and Local Regulations
Each state in which we now operate or may operate in the future has laws and regulations governing (1) water and air pollution,
and the generation, storage, treatment, handling, processing, transportation, incineration and disposal of solid waste and
hazardous waste; (2) in most cases, the siting, design, operation, maintenance, closure and post-closure maintenance of solid
waste management facilities; and (3) in some cases, vehicle emissions limits or fuel types, which impact our collection
operations. Such standards typically are as stringent as, and may be more stringent and broader in scope than, federal
regulations. Most of the federal statutes noted above authorize states to enact and enforce laws with standards that are more
protective of the environment than the federal analog. In addition, many states have adopted statutes comparable to, and in
some cases more stringent than, CERCLA. Those statutes impose requirements for investigation and remediation of
contaminated sites and liability for costs and damages associated with such sites, and some authorize the state to impose liens
to secure costs expended addressing contamination on property owned by responsible parties. Some of those liens may take
priority over previously filed instruments. Some states have enacted statutes that impose liability for substances in addition to
the “hazardous substances” listed by EPA under CERCLA.
Many municipalities in which we currently operate or may operate in the future also have ordinances, laws and regulations
affecting our operations. These include zoning and health measures that limit solid waste management activities to specified
sites or conduct, flow control provisions that direct the delivery of solid wastes to specific facilities or to facilities in specific
areas, laws that grant the right to establish franchises for collection services and then put out for bid the right to provide
collection services, and bans or other restrictions on the movement of solid wastes into a municipality.
Some states have enacted laws that allow agencies with jurisdiction over waste management facilities to deny or revoke permits
based on the applicant’s or permit holder’s compliance status. Some states also consider the compliance history of the corporate
parent, subsidiaries and affiliates of the applicant or permit holder.
Certain permits and approvals issued under state or local law may limit the types of waste that may be accepted at a solid waste
management facility or the quantity of waste that may be accepted at a solid waste management facility during a specific time
period. In addition, certain permits and approvals, as well as certain state and local regulations, may limit a solid waste
management facility to accepting waste that originates from specified geographic areas or seek to restrict the importation of
out-of-state waste or otherwise discriminate against out-of-state waste. Generally, restrictions on importing out-of-state waste
have not withstood judicial challenge. However, from time to time federal legislation is proposed which would allow individual
states to prohibit the disposal of out-of-state waste or to limit the amount of out-of-state waste that could be imported for
disposal and would require states, under certain circumstances, to reduce the amounts of waste exported to other states.
Although such legislation has not been passed by Congress, if similar legislation is enacted, states in which we operate solid
waste management facilities could limit or prohibit the importation of out-of-state waste. Such actions could materially and
adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of any of our landfills within those states that receive
a significant portion of waste originating from out-of-state.
Certain states and localities may restrict the export of waste from their jurisdiction, or require that a specified amount of waste
be disposed of at facilities within their jurisdiction. In 1994, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected as unconstitutional and therefore
invalid, a local ordinance that sought to limit waste going out of the locality by imposing a requirement that the waste be
delivered to a particular privately-owned facility. However, in 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a U.S. District Court ruling
that the flow control regulations in Oneida and Herkimer counties in New York requiring trash haulers to use publicly-owned
transfer stations are constitutional, and therefore valid. Additionally, certain state and local jurisdictions continue to seek to
enforce such restrictions. Some proposed federal legislation would allow states and localities to impose flow restrictions. Those
restrictions could reduce the volume of waste going to solid waste management facilities in certain areas, which may materially
adversely affect our ability to operate our facilities and/or affect the prices we can charge for certain services. Those restrictions
also may result in higher disposal costs for our collection operations. Flow control restrictions could have a material adverse
effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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There has been an increasing trend at the state and local levels to mandate or encourage both waste reduction at the source and
waste recycling, and to prohibit or restrict the disposal in landfills of certain types of solid wastes, including yard wastes and
leaves, certain construction or architectural wastes, food wastes, beverage containers, newspapers, household appliances and
electronics such as computers, and batteries. Regulations reducing the volume and types of wastes available for transport to and
disposal in landfills could affect our ability to operate our landfill facilities. Vermont, for example, enacted Act 148, containing
among other things, a phased waste ban for recyclables, organics and leaf/yard waste. The law became effective July 1, 2012,
with phased deadlines for compliance beginning 2014 through 2020. Vermont also passed a law requiring recycling of
architectural waste from construction or demolition of a commercial project. The law became effective in January 2015.
Massachusetts revised its regulations governing solid waste management with a framework to encourage the re-use of organic
waste material and prohibiting such material from disposal for large-scale commercial generators by October 2014.
New York State revised its regulations governing solid waste management, 6 NYCRR Part 360, effective in November 2017.
The revised regulations, among other things, include requirements to conduct landfill liner integrity testing and install radiation
detectors at certain facilities.
Although there is no federal law governing extended producer responsibility (“EPR”) regulations; many states have
implemented EPR regulations for certain products. EPR regulations are intended to place responsibility for ultimate
management or end-of-useful-life handling of the products they create. In addition to financial responsibility, an EPR program
may include responsibility for local take-back or recycling programs. For example, several states in which we operate have
EPR regulations for electronic waste. If broad EPR laws or regulations were adopted and managed under a manufacturer
implemented program, it could have an impact on our business.
The EPA and environmental agencies within individual states in which we operate also consider and promulgate changes to
water quality standards, action levels, remediation goals, and other federal or state regulatory standards for individual
compounds or classes of compounds. These changes can also include the development of new or more stringent standards for
“Emerging Contaminants”, including PFC compounds, pharmaceutical compounds, and a variety of synthetic chemical
compounds used in manufacturing and industrial processes. In December 2016, EPA also designated ten chemical substances
for risk evaluations under TSCA, based on the requirements of the June 2016 Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the
21st Century Act. Changes in regulatory standards for existing or emerging contaminants can result in higher levels of cost and
effort associated with the performance of environmental investigations and ongoing compliance at our facilities.
Executive Officers of the Registrant
Our executive officers and their respective ages are as follows:
Name
John W. Casella
Edwin D. Johnson
Edmond “Ned” R. Coletta
Christopher B. Heald
David L. Schmitt
Age
68
62
43
54
68
Chairman of the Board of Directors, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary
Position
President and Chief Operating Officer
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
Senior Vice President and General Counsel
John W. Casella has served as Chairman of our Board of Directors since July 2001 and as our Chief Executive Officer since
1993. Mr. Casella also served as our President from 1993 to July 2001 and as Chairman of our Board from 1993 to December
1999. In addition, Mr. Casella has served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of Casella Waste Management, Inc., a wholly-
owned subsidiary of ours, since 1977. Mr. Casella is also an executive officer and director of Casella Construction, Inc., a
company owned by Mr. Casella and his brother Douglas R. Casella, also a member of our Board of Directors, which specializes
in general contracting, soil excavation and heavy equipment work, and which performs landfill-construction and related
services for us. Mr. Casella has been a member of numerous industry-related and community service-related state and local
boards and commissions, including the National Recycling Coalition, Board of Directors of the Associated Industries of
Vermont, the Association of Vermont Recyclers, the Vermont State Chamber of Commerce, the Rutland Industrial Development
Corporation and the Rutland Regional Medical Center. Mr. Casella has also served on various state task forces, serving in an
advisory capacity to the Governors of Vermont and New Hampshire on solid waste issues. Mr. Casella holds an A.S. in
Business Management from Bryant & Stratton College and a B.S. in Business Education from Castleton State College.
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Edwin D. Johnson has served as our President and Chief Operating Officer since December 2012 and as our Senior Vice
President and Chief Financial Officer from July 2010 until December 2012. From March 2007 to July 2010, Mr. Johnson
served as Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer at Waste Services, Inc, a solid waste
services company. From November 2004 to March 2007, Mr. Johnson served as Chief Financial Officer of Expert Real Estate
Services, Inc., a full service real estate brokerage company. Mr. Johnson is a Certified Public Accountant and holds an MBA
from Florida International University and a Bachelor of Science in Accounting and Administration from Washington & Lee
University.
Edmond “Ned” R. Coletta has served as our Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since December
2012. Mr. Coletta joined us in December 2004 and has served in positions of increasing responsibility, including as our Vice
President of Finance and Investor Relations from January 2011 to December 2012. Prior to that Mr. Coletta served as our
Director of Finance and Investor Relations from August 2005 to January 2011. From 2002 until he joined us, Mr. Coletta
served as the Chief Financial Officer and was a member of the Board of Directors of Avedro, Inc. (FKA ThermalVision, Inc.),
an early stage medical device company that he co-founded. From 1997 to 2001, he served as a research and development
engineer for Lockheed Martin Michoud Space Systems. Mr. Coletta holds an MBA from the Tuck School of Business at
Dartmouth College and a Bachelor of Science in Materials Science Engineering from Brown University.
Christopher B. Heald has served as our Vice President of Finance and Chief Accounting Officer since January 2013. Mr. Heald
joined us in September 2001 and has served in positions of increasing responsibility, including as our Director of Financial
Reporting and Analysis from July 2010 to January 2013 and as our Accounting Manager from August 2002 to July 2010.
Mr. Heald is a Certified Public Accountant and holds a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from the University of
Vermont.
David L. Schmitt has served as our Senior Vice President and General Counsel since June 2012. Mr. Schmitt joined us in May
2006 as our Vice President, General Counsel. Prior to that, Mr. Schmitt served as President of a privately held consulting firm,
and further served from 2002 until 2005 as Vice President and General Counsel of BioEnergy International, LLC, (a
predecessor company to Myriant Corporation), a firm specializing in the production of bio-succinic acid. He served from 1995
until 2001, as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Bradlees, Inc., a retailer in the northeast United States,
and from 1986 through 1990, as Vice President and General Counsel of Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc., a multi-faceted
corporation specializing in the development, ownership and operation of large-scale power facilities, fueled by solid waste and
other alternative fuels. He is admitted to the Bar of Pennsylvania, and holds a Juris Doctor, cum laude, from Duquesne
University School of Law and a Bachelor of Arts degree from The Pennsylvania State University.
Availability of Reports and Other Information
Our website is www.casella.com. We make available, free of charge through our website, our Annual and Transition Reports on
Form 10-K and 10-KT, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Proxy Statements on Schedule 14A,
and any amendments to those materials filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended. We make these reports available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file
such materials with or furnish them to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The information found on our
website is not part of this or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The following important factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by forward-
looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and presented elsewhere by management from time to time. The
risks and uncertainties described below are those that we have identified as material, but are not the only risks and
uncertainties facing us. Our business is also subject to general risks and uncertainties that affect many other companies,
including overall economic and industry conditions, especially in the northeastern United States, where our operations and
customers are principally located, changes in laws or accounting rules or other disruptions of expected economic or business
conditions. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently believe are not material also may
impair our business’s results of operations and financial condition.
We have in place an Enterprise Risk Management process that involves systematic risk identification and mitigation covering
the categories of strategic, financial, operational, and compliance risk. The goal of enterprise risk management is not to
eliminate all risk, but rather to identify and assess risks; assign, mitigate and monitor risks; and report the status of our risks to
the Board of Directors and its committees.
Risks Related to Our Business
We face substantial competition in the solid waste services industry, and if we cannot successfully compete in the
marketplace, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
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The solid waste services industry is highly competitive, has undergone a period of consolidation and requires substantial labor
and capital resources. The markets in which we compete are served by, or are adjacent to markets served by, one or more of the
large national or super regional solid waste companies, as well as numerous regional and local solid waste companies. Intense
competition exists not only to provide services to customers, but also to acquire other businesses within each market. Some of
our competitors have significantly greater financial and other resources than we do. From time to time, competitors may reduce
the price of their services in an effort to expand market share or to win a competitively bid contract. These practices may
require us to reduce the pricing of our services and may result in a loss of business.
As is generally the case in our industry, municipal contracts are typically subject to periodic competitive bidding. We may not
be the successful bidder to obtain or retain these contracts. If we are unable to compete with larger and better capitalized
companies or replace municipal contracts lost through the competitive bidding process with comparable contracts or other
revenue sources within a reasonable time period, our revenues would decrease and our operating results could be materially
adversely affected.
In our solid waste disposal markets, we also compete with operators of alternative disposal and recycling facilities and with
counties, municipalities and solid waste districts that maintain their own solid waste collection, recycling and disposal
operations. We are also increasingly competing with companies which seek to use parts of the waste stream as feedstock for
renewable energy supplies. Public entities may have financial advantages because of their ability to charge user fees or similar
charges, impose taxes and apply resulting revenues, access tax-exempt financing and, in some cases, utilize government
subsidies.
In addition, we may be impacted by the development and commercialization of disruptive technologies that may materially
change how waste management services are provided. If we are unable to gain access to these technologies or to compete
effectively against them, our financial results may suffer.
We also experience competition in our hiring of drivers and mechanics necessary to service our customers. This competition
may come from other waste management companies, but it also comes from other employers who hire drivers and maintain
fleets, such as companies that provide courier delivery services, including United Parcel Service, Inc. and FedEx Corporation,
as well as from a tightening labor market. If we are unable to hire and retain sufficient numbers of drivers to service our
collection and disposal routes and mechanics to maintain our trucks, our financial condition and operating results could be
materially impacted.
Our growth strategy focuses on complementing or expanding our business through the acquisition of companies or assets,
or the development of new operations. However, we may be unable to complete these transactions and, if executed, these
transactions may not improve our business or may pose significant risks and could have a negative effect on our operations.
Our growth strategy includes engaging in acquisitions or developing operations or assets with the goal of complementing or
expanding our business. These acquisitions may include “tuck-in” acquisitions within our existing markets, acquisitions of
assets that are adjacent to or outside of our existing markets, or larger, more strategic acquisitions. In addition, from time to
time we may acquire businesses that are complementary to our core business strategy. We may not be able to identify suitable
acquisition candidates, and if we identify suitable acquisition candidates, we may be unable to successfully negotiate the
acquisition at a price or on terms and conditions acceptable to us. Furthermore, we may be unable to obtain the necessary
regulatory approval to complete potential acquisitions.
Our ability to achieve the benefits from any potential future acquisitions, including cost savings and operating efficiencies,
depends in part on our ability to successfully integrate the operations of such acquired businesses with our operations. The
integration of acquired businesses and other assets may require significant management time and resources that would
otherwise be available for the ongoing management of our existing operations. Any operations, properties or facilities that we
acquire may be subject to unknown liabilities, such as undisclosed environmental contamination, or other environmental
liability, including off-site disposal liability for which we would have no recourse, or only limited recourse, to the former
owners of such operations or properties. As a result, if a liability were asserted against us based upon ownership of an acquired
property, we might be required to pay significant sums to settle it, which could adversely affect our financial results and cash
flow.
The waste management industry is undergoing fundamental change as traditional waste streams are increasingly viewed as
renewable resources, which may adversely affect volumes and tipping fees at our landfills.
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As we continue to develop our landfill capacity, the waste management industry is recognizing the value of the waste stream as
a renewable resource, and accordingly, alternatives to landfilling are being developed that seek to maximize the renewable
energy and other resource benefits of solid waste. These alternatives affect the demand for landfill airspace, and could affect
our ability to operate our landfills at full capacity, as well as the tipping fees and prices that waste management companies
generally, and that we, in particular, can charge for landfill airspace. Reduced tipping fees can affect our willingness to incur
the expenditures necessary to increase the permitted capacity of the landfills. As a result, our revenues and operating margins
could be materially adversely affected due to these disposal alternatives.
The waste industry is subject to extensive government regulations, including environmental laws and regulations, and we
incur substantial costs to comply with such laws and regulations. Failure to comply with environmental or other laws and
regulations, as well as enforcement actions and litigation arising from an actual or perceived breach of such laws and
regulations, could subject us to fines, penalties, and judgments, and impose limits on our ability to operate and expand.
We are subject to potential liability and restrictions under environmental laws and regulations, including potential liability and
restrictions arising from or relating to the transportation, handling, recycling, generation, treatment, storage and disposal of
wastes, the presence, release, discharge or emission of pollutants, and the investigation, remediation and monitoring of impacts
to soil, surface water, groundwater and other environmental media including natural resources, as a result of the actual or
alleged presence, release, discharge or emission of hazardous substances, pollutants or contaminants on, at, under or migrating
from our properties, or in connection with our operations. The waste management industry has been and will continue to be
subject to regulation, including permitting and related financial assurance requirements, as well as attempts to further regulate
the industry, including efforts to regulate and limit the emission of greenhouse gases. Our solid waste operations are subject to a
wide range of federal, state and, in some cases, local environmental, odor and noise and land use restrictions. If we are not able
to comply with the requirements that apply to a particular facility or if we operate in violation of the terms and conditions of, or
without the necessary approvals or permits, we could be subject to administrative or civil, and possibly criminal, fines and
penalties, and we may be required to spend substantial capital to bring an operation into compliance, to temporarily or
permanently discontinue activities, and/or take corrective actions, possibly including removal of landfilled materials. Those
costs or actions could be significant to us and affect our results of operations, cash flows, and available capital. Environmental
and land use laws and regulations also affect our ability to expand and, in the case of our solid waste operations, may dictate
those geographic areas from which we must, or, from which we may not, accept solid waste. Those laws and regulations may
limit the overall size and daily solid waste volume that may be accepted by a solid waste operation. If we are not able to expand
or otherwise operate one or more of our facilities because of limits imposed under such laws, we may be required to increase
our utilization of disposal facilities owned by third-parties, which could reduce our revenues and/or operating margins.
In addition to complying with environmental laws and regulations, we are required to obtain government permits to operate our
facilities, including all of our landfills. There is no guarantee that we will be able to obtain the requisite permits and, even if we
could, that any permit (and any existing permits we currently hold) will be renewed or modified as needed to fit our business
needs. Localities where we operate generally seek to regulate some or all landfill and transfer station operations, including
siting and expansion of operations. The laws and regulations adopted by municipalities in which our landfills and transfer
stations are located may limit or prohibit the expansion of a landfill or transfer station, as well as the amount of solid waste that
we can accept at the landfill or transfer station on a daily, quarterly or annual basis, and any effort to acquire or expand landfills
and transfer stations, which typically involves a significant amount of time and expense. We may not be successful in obtaining
new landfill or transfer station sites or expanding the permitted capacity of any of our current landfills and transfer stations. If
we are unable to develop additional disposal and transfer station capacity, our ability to achieve economies from the
internalization of our waste stream will be limited. If we fail to receive new landfill permits or renew existing permits, we may
incur landfill asset impairment and other charges associated with accelerated closure.
We have historically grown through acquisitions, may make additional acquisitions in the future, and we have tried and will
continue to try to evaluate and limit environmental risks and liabilities presented by businesses to be acquired prior to the
acquisition. It is possible that some liabilities may prove to be more difficult or costly to address than we anticipate. It is also
possible that government officials responsible for enforcing environmental laws and regulations may believe an issue is more
serious than we expect, or that we will fail to identify or fully appreciate an existing liability before we become responsible for
addressing it. Some of the legal sanctions to which we could become subject could cause the suspension or revocation of a
permit, prevent us from, or delay us in, obtaining or renewing permits to operate or expand our facilities, or harm our
reputation. As of December 31, 2018, we had recorded $5.6 million in environmental remediation liabilities for the estimated
cost of our share of work associated with a consent order issued by the State of New York to remediate a scrap yard and solid
waste transfer station owned by one of our acquired subsidiaries, including the recognition of accretion expense, and $5.2
million in environmental remediation liabilities for the estimated cost of the installation of a municipal waterline associated
with Southbridge Recycling & Disposal Park, Inc.discussed in Item 3, "Legal Proceedings" of this Annual Report on Form 10-
K, including the recognition of accretion expense in other accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities. There can be no
assurance that the cost of such cleanup or that our share of that cost will not exceed our estimates.
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In addition to the costs of complying with environmental laws and regulations, we incur costs in connection with environmental
proceedings and litigation brought against us by government agencies and private parties. We are, and may be in the future, a
defendant in lawsuits brought by parties alleging environmental damage, including natural resource damage, personal injury,
and/or property damage or impairment, or seeking to impose civil penalties, injunctive relief or overturn or prevent the issuance
of an operating permit or authorization, all of which may result in us incurring significant liabilities. For information about the
material outstanding claims against us and our subsidiaries, see Item 3. “Legal Proceedings” in this Annual Report on Form 10-
K.
We may not have sufficient insurance coverage for our environmental liabilities, such coverage may not cover all of the
potential liabilities we may be subject to and/or we may not be able to obtain insurance coverage in the future at reasonable
expense, or at all.
The conduct of our businesses is also subject to various other laws and regulations administered by federal, state and local
governmental agencies, including tax laws, employment laws and competition laws, among others. New laws, regulations or
governmental policy and their related interpretations, or changes in any of the foregoing, including taxes or other limitations on
our services, may alter the environment in which we do business and, therefore, may impact our results or increase our costs or
liabilities.
In certain jurisdictions, we are subject to compliance with specific obligations under competition laws due to our competitive
position in those jurisdictions. For example, in May 2002, we entered into an assurance of discontinuance with the Vermont
Attorney General’s Office concerning, among other matters, the conduct of our business in Vermont relating to certain contract
terms applicable to our small commercial container customers. In August 2011, a revised final judgment of consent and order
was entered by the Vermont Superior Court Washington Unit, Civil Division, as a result of some of our small commercial
container customers having been mistakenly issued contracts that did not strictly comply with the terms of the assurance of
discontinuance. Pursuant to the order, we paid a civil penalty in an aggregate amount of $1.0 million. In July 2014, we entered
into an assurance of discontinuance with the office of the New York Attorney General in connection with certain of our
commercial practices in certain specified counties in New York, pursuant to which we paid the State of New York a sum of $0.1
million. The assurances of discontinuance and order provide for certain restrictions on our customer contract terms, certain
conditions on our business acquisitions, sales and market share and require us to maintain an internal compliance program.
Failure to comply with these requirements or other laws or regulations could subject us to enforcement actions or financial
penalties which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our results of operations are affected by fluctuating commodity prices and market requirements for recyclable materials.
Our results of operations have been and will continue to be affected by changing purchase or resale prices or market
requirements for recyclable materials. Our recycling business involves the purchase and sale of recyclable materials, some of
which are priced on a commodity basis. The commodity markets continue to see ongoing negative pressure on pricing
associated with the decline of the fiber market due to less use of paper products such as newspaper and office paper as a result
of increased on-line reading. As a result of these market changes, domestic demand for various recycled fibers from mill buyers
has steadily declined over the past decade, and as such we have exported more of these materials overseas to China. In 2017,
China launched a campaign called National Sword which has imposed significant restrictions on the importation into China of
recyclable materials, including a complete ban on the import into China of mixed paper and new quality standards for
contaminants in recyclable materials commencing January 1, 2018. Furthermore, China has not issued import licenses for its
mills to import recyclable commodities for 2018, resulting in a stoppage of essentially all imports of recyclable commodities
into China. These factors have had a significant impact on our business and have required us to seek alternative export markets
for recyclable commodities.
We seek to limit our exposure to fluctuating commodity prices through: our revenue sharing contracts that share commodity
prices above a threshold level or charge a tipping fee below the threshold; our net commodity rate formula that allows us to
pass back higher costs to sell commodities, including higher labor costs or equipment costs to meet new quality standards; our
floating Sustainability Recycling Adjustment fee that passes back the cost of recycling to our collection customers; and as
applicable, the use of hedging agreements, floor price contracts and long-term supply contracts with customers. Although we
have introduced these risk mitigation programs to help offset volatility in commodity prices and to offset higher labor or capital
costs to meet more stringent contamination standards, we cannot provide assurance that we can use these programs with our
customers in all circumstances or that they will mitigate these risks in an evolving recycling environment.
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Our business requires a high level of capital expenditures.
Our business is capital intensive. Our capital expenditure requirements include fixed asset purchases and capital expenditures
for landfill development and cell construction, as well as site and cell closure. We use a substantial portion of our cash flows
from operating activities toward capital expenditures, which reduces our flexibility to use such cash flows for other purposes,
such as reducing our indebtedness. Our capital expenditures could increase if we make acquisitions or further expand our
operations, or as a result of factors beyond our control, such as changes in federal, state or local governmental requirements.
The amount that we spend on capital expenditures may exceed current expectations, which may require us to obtain additional
funding for our operations or impair our ability to grow our business.
We are upgrading our technology infrastructure and there can be no assurance that our efforts will be completed on the
projected timetable or that our investment will result in the expected gains.
We are upgrading our technology infrastructure, including an enterprise resource planning package and other systems that we
believe will improve our internal processes and the productivity of our employees. These upgrades are complex and there can
be no assurance that they will result in expected productivity gains and operating cost reductions on our anticipated timeline, if
at all. In addition, if we are not able to maintain the security of our data, confidential information about us or our customers or
suppliers could be inadvertently disclosed, subjecting us to possible expenses and other liabilities as well as adversely
impacting customer and other third party relationships. If we are unable to benefit from new technologies, we may be at a
competitive disadvantage to other companies in the waste management industry, in which case our operating results could
suffer.
Cybersecurity incidents could negatively impact our business and our relationships with customers, adversely affecting our
financial results and exposing us to litigation risk.
We use computer technology in substantially all aspects of our business operations. We also use mobile devices, social networking
and other online activities to connect with our customers and our employees to be able to process transactions and provide
information that we feel is necessary to manage our business. Such uses give rise to cybersecurity risks, including security breach,
espionage, system disruption, theft and inadvertent release of information. Our business involves the storage and transmission of
numerous classes of sensitive and/or confidential information and intellectual property, including customers’ personal information,
private information about employees, and financial and strategic information about us and our business partners. We also rely on
a Payment Card Industry compliant third party to protect our customers’ credit card information. Further, as we pursue our strategy
to grow through acquisitions and to pursue new initiatives that improve our operations and cost structure, we are also expanding
and improving our information technologies, resulting in a larger technological presence and corresponding exposure to
cybersecurity risk. If we fail to assess and identify cyber security risks associated with acquisitions and new initiatives, we may
become increasingly vulnerable to such risks. Additionally, while we have implemented measures to prevent security breaches
and cyber incidents, our preventive or detection measures and incident response efforts may not be entirely effective, especially
as cyber security attacks continue to evolve and become more sophisticated, often are not recognized until launched against a
target and may be difficult to detect for a long time.
If company, personal or otherwise protected information is improperly accessed, tampered with or distributed, we may face
significant financial exposure, including incurring significant costs to remediate possible injury to the affected parties. We may
also be subject to sanctions and civil or criminal penalties if we are found to be in violation of the privacy or security rules
under laws protecting confidential information. If our established network of security controls, policy enforcement
mechanisms, educational awareness programs and monitoring systems that we use to address these threats to technology fail,
the theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation, or release of sensitive and/or confidential information or intellectual property, or
interference with our information technology systems or the technology systems of third parties on which we rely, could result
in business disruption, negative publicity, brand damage, violation of privacy laws, loss of customers, potential litigation and
liability and competitive disadvantage. While we have purchased insurance coverage for cybersecurity risks, there can be no
assurance that any such coverage would be adequate to cover potential liability.
Our business is geographically concentrated and is therefore subject to regional economic downturns.
Our operations and customers are concentrated principally in New England and New York. Therefore, our business, financial
condition and results of operations are susceptible to regional economic downturns and other regional factors, including state
regulations and budget constraints and severe weather conditions. In addition, as we seek to expand in our existing markets,
opportunities for growth within this region will become more limited and the geographic concentration of our business will
increase.
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Our results of operations and financial condition may be negatively affected if we inadequately accrue for final capping,
closure and post-closure costs or by the timing of these costs for our waste disposal facilities.
We have material financial obligations relating to final capping, closure and post-closure costs of our existing owned or
operated landfills and will have material financial obligations with respect to any disposal facilities that we may own or operate
in the future. Once the permitted capacity of a particular landfill is reached and additional capacity is not authorized, or a
determination is made to cease operations at a landfill due to other considerations, the landfill must be closed and capped, and
we must begin post-closure maintenance. We establish accruals for the estimated costs associated with such final capping,
closure and post-closure obligations over the anticipated useful life of each landfill on a per ton basis. We have provided and
expect that we will in the future provide accruals for financial obligations relating to final capping, closure and post-closure
costs of our owned or operated landfills, generally for a term of 30 years after closure of a landfill. Our financial obligations for
final capping, closure or post-closure costs could exceed the amounts accrued or amounts otherwise receivable pursuant to trust
funds established for this purpose. Such a circumstance could result in significant unanticipated charges that would have an
adverse effect on our business.
In addition, the timing of any such final capping, closure or post-closure costs, which exceed established accruals, may further
negatively affect our business. Since we will be unable to control the timing and amounts of such costs, we may be forced to
delay investments or planned improvements in other parts of our business or we may be unable to meet applicable financial
assurance requirements. Any of the foregoing would negatively affect our business and results of operations.
Fluctuations in fuel costs could affect our operating expenses and results.
The price and supply of fuel is unpredictable and fluctuates based on events beyond our control, including among others,
geopolitical developments, supply and demand for oil and gas, actions by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries and other oil and gas producers, war and unrest in oil producing countries and regional production patterns. Because
fuel is needed to run our fleet of trucks, price escalations for fuel increase our operating expenses. In fiscal year 2018, we used
approximately 5.3 million gallons of diesel fuel in our solid waste operations. Although we have a “fuel surcharge” program,
based on a fuel index, to help offset increases in the cost of fuel, oil and lubricants arising from price volatility, contractual
restrictions and competitive conditions may impact our opportunity to pass this fee on to our customers in all circumstances.
We could be precluded from entering into contracts or obtaining or maintaining permits or certain contracts if we are
unable to obtain third-party financial assurance to secure our contractual obligations.
Public solid waste collection, recycling and disposal contracts, and obligations associated with landfill closure and post-closure
typically require performance or surety bonds, letters of credit or other means of financial assurance to secure our contractual
performance. We currently obtain performance and surety bonds from Evergreen National Indemnity Company, in which we
hold a 19.9% equity interest. If we are unable to obtain the necessary financial assurance in sufficient amounts or at acceptable
rates, we could be precluded from entering into additional municipal contracts or from obtaining or retaining landfill
management contracts or operating permits. Any future difficulty in obtaining insurance could also impair our ability to secure
future contracts conditioned upon having adequate insurance coverage.
We may be required to write-off or impair capitalized costs or intangible assets in the future or we may incur restructuring
costs or other charges, each of which could harm our earnings.
In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, we capitalize certain expenditures and
advances relating to our acquisitions, pending acquisitions, landfills, cost method investments and development projects. In
addition, we have considerable unamortized assets. From time to time in future periods, we may be required to incur a charge
against earnings in an amount equal to any unamortized capitalized expenditures and advances, net of any portion thereof that
we estimate will be recoverable, through sale or otherwise, relating to: (1) any operation or other asset that is being sold,
permanently shut down or impaired or has not generated or is not expected to generate sufficient cash flow; (2) any pending
acquisition that is not consummated; (3) any landfill or development project that is not expected to be successfully completed;
and (4) any goodwill or other intangible assets that are determined to be impaired.
In response to such charges and costs and other market factors, we may be required to implement restructuring plans in an
effort to reduce the size and cost of our operations and to better match our resources with our market opportunities. As a result
of such actions, we would expect to incur restructuring expenses and accounting charges which may be material. Several
factors could cause a restructuring to adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These include
potential disruption of our operations, the development of our landfill capacity and recycling technologies and other aspects of
our business. Employee morale and productivity could also suffer and result in unintended employee attrition. Any
restructuring would require substantial management time and attention and may divert management from other important work.
Moreover, we could encounter delays in executing any restructuring plans, which could cause further disruption and additional
unanticipated expense.
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Our revenues and our operating income experience seasonal fluctuations.
Our transfer and disposal revenues historically have been higher in the late spring, summer and early fall months. This
seasonality reflects the lower volume of solid waste during the late fall, winter and early spring months primarily because:
•
•
the volume of waste relating to C&D activities decreases substantially during the winter months in the northeastern
United States; and
decreased tourism in Vermont, Maine and eastern New York during the winter months tends to lower the volume of solid
waste generated by commercial and restaurant customers, which is partially offset by increased volume from the ski
industry.
Since certain of our operating and fixed costs remain constant throughout the fiscal year, operating income is impacted by a
similar seasonality. In addition, particularly harsh weather conditions typically result in increased operating costs.
Adverse weather conditions may limit our operations and increase the costs of collection and disposal.
Our collection and landfill operations could be adversely impacted by extended periods of inclement weather, or by increased
severity of weather. Adverse weather could increase our operating costs associated with the collection and disposal of waste,
delay the collection and disposal of waste, reduce the volume of waste delivered to our disposal sites, increase the volume of
waste collected under our existing contracts (without corresponding compensation), decrease the throughput and operating
efficiency of our materials recycling facilities, or delay construction or expansion of our landfill sites and other facilities. In
addition, adverse weather conditions may result in the temporary suspension of our operations, which can significantly affect
our operating results in the affected regions during those periods.
Efforts by labor unions to organize our employees could divert management attention and increase our operating expenses.
Certain groups of our employees have chosen to be represented by unions, and we have negotiated collective bargaining
agreements with these groups. The negotiation of collective bargaining agreements could divert management attention and
result in increased operating expenses and lower net income (or increased net loss). If we are unable to negotiate acceptable
collective bargaining agreements, we may be subject to union-initiated work stoppages, including strikes. Depending on the
type and duration of any labor disruptions, our revenues could decrease and our operating expenses could increase, which could
adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. As of January 31, 2019, approximately 5% of our
employees were represented by unions.
Our enterprise risk management process may not be effective in mitigating the risks to which we are subject, or in reducing
the potential for losses in connection with such risks.
Our enterprise risk management framework is designed to minimize or mitigate the risks to which we are subject, as well as
any losses stemming from such risks. Although we seek to identify, measure, monitor, report, and control our exposure to such
risks, and employ a broad and diversified set of risk monitoring and mitigation techniques in the process, those techniques are
inherently limited in their ability to anticipate the existence or development of risks that are currently unknown and
unanticipated. The ineffectiveness of our enterprise risk management framework in mitigating the impact of known risks or the
emergence of previously unknown or unanticipated risks may result in our incurring losses in the future that could adversely
impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
We have substantial debt and have the ability to incur additional debt. The principal and interest payment obligations of
such debt may restrict our future operations.
As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $555.2 million of outstanding principal indebtedness (excluding
approximately $22.5 million of outstanding letters of credit issued under our new term loan A facility ("Term Loan Facility")
and revolving line of credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility” and, together with the Term Loan Facility, the "Credit
Facility"). The Credit Facility consists of the Term Loan Facility with term loans in the outstanding principal amount of $350.0
million and the Revolving Credit Facility with loans thereunder being available up to an aggregate principal amount of $200.0
million, of which $107.9 million of unused commitments remain under the Revolving Credit Facility, subject to customary
borrowing conditions. In addition, the terms of our existing indebtedness permit us to incur additional debt. Our substantial
debt, among other things:
•
•
23
requires us to dedicate a substantial portion of any cash flow from operations to the payment of interest and principal due
under our debt, which reduces funds available for other business purposes, including capital expenditures and
acquisitions;
places us at a competitive disadvantage compared with some of our competitors that may have less debt and better
access to capital resources; and
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•
limits our ability to obtain additional financing required to fund working capital and capital expenditures and for other
general corporate purposes, but does allow us to increase the amount of our debt substantially subject to the conditions in
the Credit Facility.
Our ability to satisfy our obligations and to reduce our total debt depends on our future operating performance and on
economic, financial, competitive and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our business may not generate
sufficient cash flow, and future financings may not be available to provide sufficient net proceeds, to meet these obligations or
to successfully execute our business strategy.
The Credit Facility requires us to meet a number of financial ratios and covenants.
The Credit Facility contains certain affirmative and negative covenants which, among other things and subject, in certain cases,
to certain basket amounts and other exceptions, limit the existence of additional indebtedness, the existence of liens or pledges,
certain investments, acquisitions and sales or other transfers of assets, the payment of dividends and distributions and
repurchases of equity, prepayments of certain junior indebtedness, and certain other transactions. Our ability to comply with
these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial and industry
conditions. These covenants could have an adverse effect on our business by limiting our ability to take advantage of financing,
merger and acquisition or other corporate opportunities. Additionally, the Credit Facility requires, solely for the benefit of the
lenders under the Revolving Credit Facility, that we meet financial tests, including, without limitation:
• minimum consolidated EBITDA to consolidated cash interest charges ratio; and
• maximum consolidated funded debt (net of up to an agreed amount of cash and cash equivalents) to consolidated
EBITDA ratio.
An event of default under any of our debt agreements could permit some of our lenders, including the lenders under the Credit
Facility, to declare all amounts borrowed from them to be immediately due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid
interest, or, in the case of the Credit Facility, terminate the commitment to make further credit extensions thereunder, which
could, in turn, trigger cross-defaults under other debt obligations. If we were unable to repay debt to our lenders, or were
otherwise in default under any provision governing our outstanding debt obligations, our secured lenders could proceed against
us and against the collateral securing that debt.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
Holders of our Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share, and holders of our Class B common stock are
entitled to ten votes per share. The lower voting power of the Class A common stock may negatively affect the attractiveness
of our Class A common stock to investors and, as a result, its market value.
We have two classes of common stock: Class A common stock, which is entitled to one vote per share, and Class B common
stock, all of which are beneficially owned by John W. Casella, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and his brother,
Douglas R. Casella, a member of our Board of Directors, and which is entitled to ten votes per share. Except for the election of
one of our directors and in certain limited circumstances required by applicable law, holders of Class A common stock and
Class B common stock vote together as a single class on all matters to be voted on by our stockholders. As of January 31, 2019,
an aggregate of 988,200 shares of our Class B common stock, representing 9,882,000 votes, were outstanding. Based on the
number of shares of common stock outstanding as of January 31, 2019, the shares of our Class A common stock and Class B
common stock beneficially owned by John W. Casella and Douglas R. Casella represented approximately 19.8% of the
aggregate voting power of our stockholders. Consequently, John W. Casella and Douglas R. Casella are able to substantially
influence all matters for stockholder consideration and constitute, and are expected to continue to constitute, a significant
portion of the shares entitled to vote on all matters requiring approval by our stockholders. The difference in the voting power
of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock could diminish the market value of our Class A common stock if
investors attribute value to the superior voting rights of our Class B common stock and the power those rights confer.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our headquarters is located at 25 Greens Hill Lane, Rutland, Vermont 05701, where we currently lease approximately 12,000
square feet of office space.
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Our principal property and equipment consists of land, landfills, buildings, machinery and equipment, rolling stock and
containers. At January 31, 2019, we operated eight subtitle D landfills, four of which we own and four of which we lease; one
landfill permitted to accept C&D materials that we own; 49 transfer stations, 27 of which we own, seven of which we lease and
15 of which we operate under a contract; 37 solid waste collection facilities, 19 of which we own, 17 of which we lease and
one of which we operate under a contract; 18 recycling processing facilities, nine of which we own, five of which we lease and
four of which we operate under a contract; four landfill gas-to-energy facilities that we own; and 19 corporate office and other
administrative facilities, three of which we own and 16 of which we lease (See Item 1, “Business” of this Annual Report on
Form 10-K for property information by operating segment and location). We believe that our property and equipment are
adequately maintained and sufficient for our current operations.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In the ordinary course of our business and as a result of the extensive governmental regulation of the solid waste industry, we
are subject to various judicial and administrative proceedings involving state and local agencies. In these proceedings, an
agency may seek to impose fines or to revoke or deny renewal of an operating permit held by us. From time to time, we may
also be subject to actions brought by special interest or other groups, adjacent landowners or residents in connection with the
permitting and licensing of landfills and transfer stations, or allegations of environmental damage or violations of the permits
and licenses pursuant to which we operate. In addition, we may be named defendants in various claims and suits pending for
alleged damages to persons and property, alleged violations of certain laws and alleged liabilities arising out of matters
occurring during the ordinary operation of a waste management business.
Environmental Remediation Liability
We are subject to liability for environmental damage, including personal injury and property damage, that our solid waste,
recycling and power generation facilities may cause to neighboring property owners, particularly as a result of the
contamination of drinking water sources or soil, possibly including damage resulting from conditions that existed before we
acquired the facilities. We may also be subject to liability for similar claims arising from off-site environmental contamination
caused by pollutants or hazardous substances if we or our predecessors arrange or arranged to transport, treat or dispose of
those materials. The following matters represent our material outstanding claims.
Southbridge Recycling & Disposal Park, Inc.
In October 2015, our Southbridge Recycling and Disposal Park, Inc. (“SRD”) subsidiary reported to the Massachusetts
Department of Environmental Protection (“MADEP”) results of analysis of samples collected pursuant to our existing permit
from private drinking water wells located near the Town of Southbridge, Massachusetts (“Town”) Landfill (“Southbridge
Landfill”), which is operated by SRD. Those results indicated the presence of contaminants above the levels triggering notice
and response obligations under MADEP regulations. In response to those results, we are carrying out an Immediate Response
Action pursuant to Massachusetts General Law Chapter 21E (the "Charlton 21E Obligations") pursuant to state law. Further, we
have implemented a plan to analyze and better understand the groundwater near the Southbridge Landfill and we are
investigating with the objective of identifying the source or sources of the elevated levels of contamination measured in the
well samples. If it is determined that some or all of the contamination originated at the Southbridge Landfill, we will work with
the Town (the Southbridge Landfill owner and the former operator of an unlined portion of the Southbridge Landfill, which was
used prior to our operation of a double-lined portion of the Southbridge Landfill commencing in 2004) to evaluate and allocate
the liabilities related to the Charlton 21E Obligations. In July 2016, we sent correspondence to the Town pursuant to Chapter
21E of Massachusetts General Laws demanding that the Town reimburse us for the environmental response costs we had spent
and that the Town be responsible for all such costs in the future, as well as any other costs or liabilities resulting from the
release of contaminants from the unlined portion of the Southbridge Landfill. The Town responded in September 2016, denying
that the Southbridge Landfill is the source of such contamination, and claiming that if it is, that we may owe an indemnity to
the Town pursuant to the Operating Agreement between us and the Town dated May 29, 2007, as amended. We entered into a
Tolling Agreement with the Town to delay any further administrative or legal actions until our work with MADEP more
specifically defines the parties’ responsibilities for the Charlton 21E Obligations, if any. Please see below for further discussion
of our relationship with the Town regarding the Charlton 21E Obligations.
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In February 2016, we and the Town received a Notice of Intent to Sue under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
("RCRA") from a law firm purporting to represent residents proximate to the Southbridge Landfill (“Residents”), indicating its
intent to file suit against us on behalf of the Residents alleging the groundwater contamination originated from the Southbridge
Landfill. In February 2017, we received an additional Notice of Intent to Sue from the National Environmental Law Center
under the Federal Clean Water Act ("CWA") and RCRA (collectively the “Acts”) on behalf of Environment America, Inc., d/b/a
Environment Massachusetts, and Toxics Action Center, Inc., which have referred to themselves as the Citizen Groups. The
Citizen Groups alleged that we had violated the Acts, and that they intended to seek appropriate relief in federal court for those
alleged violations. On or about June 9, 2017, a lawsuit was filed against us, SRD and the Town in the United States District
Court for the District of Massachusetts (the “Massachusetts Court”) by the Citizen Groups and the Residents alleging violations
of the Acts (the “Litigation”), and demanding a variety of remedies under the Acts, including fines, remediation, mitigation and
costs of litigation, and remedies for violations of Massachusetts civil law related to personal and property damages, including
remediation, diminution of property values, compensation for lost use and enjoyment of properties, enjoinment of further
operation of the Southbridge Landfill, and costs of litigation, plus interest on any damage award, on behalf of the Residents. We
believe the Litigation to be factually inaccurate, and without legal merit, and we and SRD intend to vigorously defend the
Litigation. Nevertheless, we believe it is reasonably possible that a loss will occur as a result of the Litigation although an
estimate of loss cannot be reasonably provided at this time. We also continue to believe the Town should be responsible for
costs or liabilities associated with the Litigation relative to alleged contamination originating from the unlined portion of the
Southbridge Landfill, although there can be no assurance that we will not be required to incur some or all of such costs and
liabilities.
In December 2017, we filed a Motion to Dismiss the Litigation, and on October 1, 2018, the Massachusetts Court granted our
Motion to Dismiss, and accordingly, dismissed the Citizen Groups claims under the Acts. The Massachusetts Court has retained
jurisdiction of the Residents claims. The Citizen Groups intend to appeal the Massachusetts Court’s decision to grant our
Motion to Dismiss.
We entered into an Administrative Consent Order on April 26, 2017 (the “ACO”), with MADEP, the Town, and the Town of
Charlton, committing us to equally share the costs with MADEP, of up to $10.0 million ($5.0 million each) for the Town to
install a municipal waterline in the Town of Charlton ("Waterline"). Upon satisfactory completion of that Waterline, and other
matters covered by the ACO, we and the Town will be released by MADEP from any future responsibilities for the Charlton
21E Obligations. We also entered into an agreement with the Town on April 28, 2017 entitled the “21E Settlement and Water
System Construction Funding Agreement” (the “Waterline Agreement”), wherein we and the Town released each other from
claims arising from the Charlton 21E Obligations. Pursuant to the Waterline Agreement, the Town will issue a twenty (20) year
bond for our portion of the Waterline costs (up to $5.0 million). We have agreed to reimburse the Town for periodic payments
under such bond. The Town has recently advised us that it has solicited and received proposals for the construction of the
Waterline as contemplated by the ACO, and that construction of the Waterline has commenced.
We have recorded an environmental remediation liability associated with the future installation of the Waterline in other
accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities. We inflate the estimated costs in current dollars to the expected time of
payment and discount the total cost to present value using a risk-free interest rate of 2.6%. Our expenditures could be
significantly higher if costs exceed estimates. The changes to the environmental remediation liability associated with the
Southbridge Landfill are as follows (in millions):
Beginning balance
Accretion expense
Obligations incurred
Obligations settled (1)
Ending balance
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
$
$
5.9
0.2
—
(0.9)
5.2
$
$
—
0.1
6.3
(0.5)
5.9
(1)
Includes amounts that are being processed through accounts payable as a part of our disbursements cycle.
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On June 13, 2017, Town voters rejected a non-binding ballot initiative intended to provide guidance to Town officials with
respect to our pursuit of other landfill development opportunities at the Southbridge Landfill. Following such rejection by the
Town voters, our board of directors and senior management determined after due consideration of all facts and circumstances
that it is no longer likely that further development at the existing landfill site will generate an adequate risk adjusted return at
the Southbridge Landfill, and accordingly we intended to cease operations at the Southbridge Landfill when no further capacity
was available. We reached this conclusion after carefully evaluating the estimated future costs associated with the permitting,
engineering and construction activities for the planned expansion of the Southbridge Landfill against the possible outcomes of
the permitting process and the anticipated future benefits of successful expansions. Under our May 29, 2007 Extension
Agreement with the Town ("Extension Agreement"), which we accounted for as an operating lease, there are potential
contractual obligations and commitments, including future cash payments and services that extend beyond the current useful
life of the Southbridge Landfill. We delivered correspondence to the Town to this effect on August 3, 2017, citing events of
Change in Law and Force Majeure pursuant to our Extension Agreement and the impacts of such events on further expansion
of the Southbridge Landfill. We advised the Town that we saw no economically feasible way to operate the Southbridge
Landfill beyond its current permitted life and we have filed a closure plan with MADEP. In this respect, the Town had, on or
about April 11, 2018, filed a motion for a declaratory judgment and injunctive relief in the Massachusetts Court seeking a
judgment from the Massachusetts Court as to the rights of the parties pursuant to the Extension Agreement, and injunctive
relief to prevent us from discontinuing free collection and disposal of the Town’s municipal waste when the Southbridge
Landfill ceases to accept waste (the “Town Equity Litigation”). We vigorously defended the Town Equity Litigation on its
merits, and further, on the grounds that the Town Equity Litigation is not in compliance with the procedures for dispute
resolution as set forth in the Extension Agreement. On June 26, 2018, the Massachusetts Court denied the Town’s request for a
preliminary injunction without prejudice. Subsequently, the Town filed a successor litigation to the Town Equity Litigation (the
“Current Litigation”), again seeking equitable and legal relief. We vigorously contested the Current Litigation and on
November 8, 2018, the Town approved a Settlement Agreement with us which shortened the period of time we were
purportedly obligated to provide the Town with free collection and disposal of the Town’s municipal waste from September,
2027 to March 31, 2024. The Town also agreed that we could close the solid waste and recycling transfer station in the Town at
the end of 2018. The current litigation has been dismissed. The Southbridge Landfill was closed in November 2018 (the
"Closure"). Following the Closure, we have proceeded to conduct proper closure and other activities at the Southbridge
Landfill in accordance with the Extension Agreement with the Town, and Federal, state and local law. In accordance with
FASB ASC 420 - Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations, a liability for costs to be incurred under a contract for its remaining term
without economic benefit shall be recognized when we cease using the right conveyed by the contract. As a result of the
Closure and in consideration of the Settlement Agreement with the Town, we recorded a charge amounting to $8.7 million as a
component of the Southbridge Landfill closure charge, net associated with the remaining future contractual obligations.
See Note 16, Other Items and Charges to our consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 of this Annual Report on
Form 10-K for disclosure over the Southbridge Landfill closure charge.
The costs and liabilities we may be required to incur in connection with the foregoing Southbridge Landfill matters could be
material to our results of operations, our cash flows and our financial condition.
North Country Environmental Services
On or about March 8, 2018, the Citizen Groups described above delivered correspondence to our subsidiary, North Country
Environmental Services, Inc. ("NCES") and us, providing notice of the Citizen Groups' intent to sue NCES and us for
violations of the CWA in conjunction with NCES's operation of its landfill in Bethlehem, New Hampshire. On May 14, 2018,
the Citizen Groups filed a lawsuit against NCES and us in the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire
(the “New Hampshire Court”) alleging violations of the CWA, arguing that ground water discharging into the Ammonoosuc
River is a "point source" under the CWA (the "New Hampshire Litigation"). The New Hampshire Litigation seeks remediation
and fines under the CWA. On June 15, 2018, we and NCES filed a Motion to Dismiss the New Hampshire Litigation. On July
13, 2018, the Citizen Groups filed objections to our Motion to Dismiss. On July 27, 2018, we filed a reply in support of our
Motion to Dismiss. On September 25, 2018, the New Hampshire Court denied our Motion to Dismiss. We intend to continue to
vigorously defend against the New Hampshire Litigation, which we believe is without merit.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND
ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our Class A common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (“NASDAQ Stock Market”) under the symbol
CWST. There is no established trading market for our Class B common stock. As of January 31, 2019 there were approximately
440 holders of record of our Class A common stock and two holders of record of our Class B common stock.
For purposes of calculating the aggregate market value of the shares of common stock held by non-affiliates, as shown on the
cover page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have assumed that all the outstanding shares of Class A common stock
were held by non-affiliates except for the shares beneficially held by directors and executive officers and funds represented by
them.
Dividends
No dividends have ever been declared or paid on our common stock and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our
common stock in the foreseeable future.
The information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is included in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Stock Performance Graph
The following performance graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or “filed” with the SEC,
nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, each as amended, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.
The stock performance graph below compares the percentage change in cumulative stockholder return on our Class A common
stock for the period from April 30, 2013 through December 31, 2018, with the cumulative total return on the Russell 2000
Index and our Industry Peer Group ("Peer Group"). The stock performance graph assumes the investment on April 30, 2013 of
$100.00 in our Class A common stock at the closing price on such date, in the Russell 2000 Index and the Peer Group, and that
dividends are reinvested. No dividends have been declared or paid on our Class A common stock.
28
28
Table of Contents
April 30,
2013
April 30,
2014
December
31, 2014
December
31, 2015
December
31, 2016
December
31, 2017
December
31, 2018
100.00
$
116.97
$
92.66
$
137.16
$
284.63
$
527.98
$
653.44
Casella Waste Systems, Inc. $
Russell 2000
$
Peer Group (1)
153.83
243.36
(1) The Peer Group is comprised of Waste Connections Inc., Covanta Holding Corp., Waste Management, Inc. and Republic
100.00
100.00
230.07
109.03
129.44
183.10
135.33
120.50
172.87
130.04
124.30
150.79
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
Services, Inc.
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The selected consolidated financial and operating data set forth below was derived from the consolidated financial statements
included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and from the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of
previous Annual Reports on Form 10-K and a Transition Report on Form 10-KT that we filed with the SEC. This information
should be read in conjunction with Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-
K.
29
29
Table of Contents
Statement of Operations Data:
Revenues
Cost of operations
General and administration
Depreciation and amortization
Southbridge Landfill closure charge, net
Contract settlement charge
Expense from acquisition activities and
other items
Development project charge
Environmental remediation charge
Divestiture transactions
Severance and reorganization costs
Gain on settlement of acquisition related
contingent consideration
Operating income (loss)
Interest expense, net
Other expense (income), net
Income (loss) from continuing operations
before income taxes and discontinued
operations
(Benefit) provision for income taxes
Income (loss) from continuing operations
before discontinued operations
Income from discontinued operations
Loss on disposal of discontinued
operations
Net income (loss)
Less: Net (loss) income attributable to
noncontrolling interests
Net income (loss) attributable to common
stockholders
Basic earnings per share attributable to common
stockholders:
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
2015
Eight Months
Ended
December31,
2014
Fiscal Year
Ended
April 30,
2014
(in thousands, except per share data)
$
$ 660,660
453,291
84,791
70,508
8,054
2,100
$ 599,309
405,188
79,243
62,102
65,183
—
$ 565,030
381,973
75,356
61,856
—
—
$ 546,500
382,615
72,892
62,704
—
1,940
368,374
258,650
45,732
41,485
—
—
$ 497,633
354,592
61,865
60,339
—
—
1,872
311
—
—
—
—
39,733
26,021
7,676
176
—
—
—
—
—
(12,583)
24,887
(418)
—
—
900
—
—
—
44,945
38,652
12,657
—
—
—
(5,517)
—
—
31,866
40,090
2,206
—
—
950
(553)
—
—
22,110
25,392
1,825
144
1,394
400
7,455
586
(1,058)
11,916
37,863
(436)
6,036
(384)
(37,052)
(15,253)
(6,364)
494
(10,430)
1,351
(5,107)
703
(25,511)
1,799
6,420
—
—
6,420
(21,799)
—
(6,858)
—
(11,781)
—
(5,810)
—
(27,310)
284
—
(21,799)
—
(6,858)
—
(11,781)
—
(5,810)
(378)
(27,404)
—
—
(9)
1,188
208
(4,309)
$
6,420
$ (21,799) $ (6,849) $ (12,969) $
(6,018) $ (23,095)
Weighted average common shares outstanding
42,688
41,846
41,233
40,642
40,262
Basic earnings per common share (1)
$
0.15
$
(0.52) $
(0.17) $
(0.32) $
(0.15) $
Diluted earnings per share attributable to common
stockholders:
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic earnings per common share (1)
44,168
0.15
$
41,846
41,233
40,642
40,262
$
(0.52) $
(0.17) $
(0.32) $
(0.15) $
39,820
(0.58)
39,820
(0.58)
30
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Table of Contents
Other Data:
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
2015
Eight Months
Ended
December31,
2014
Fiscal Year
Ended
April 30,
2014
Capital expenditures
$ 73,232
Cash flows provided by operating activities $ 120,834
Cash flows used in investing activities
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing
activities
$ 45,375
Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents
$
Restricted cash
Working capital, net (2)
Property, plant and equipment, net
Goodwill
Total assets
Long-term debt and capital leases, less
current maturities
Total stockholders’ deficit
$ 64,862
$ 107,538
$ 54,238
$ 80,434
$ 49,995
$ 70,507
$
$(164,197) $ (76,447) $ (62,964) $ (48,784) $
$
55,061
$ 45,959
$ 49,642
38,286
(59,697) $ (57,910)
$ (31,640) $ (18,585) $ (26,087) $
25,141
2,312
$
2,205
4,007
$
— $
1,995
$
— $
2,544
$
— $
1,347
$
$
$ (18,411) $ (6,184) $ (6,382) $ (10,990) $
$ 404,577
$
$ 162,734
$ 732,410
$ 402,252
$ 118,976
$ 633,669
$ 398,466
$ 119,899
$ 631,512
$ 361,547
$ 122,605
$ 614,949
$
$
$
$
9,008
2,464
414,542
5,819
—
$
(9,968) $ (21,405)
$ 403,424
$ 119,139
$ 638,285
658,198
119,170
$ 542,001
$
$ (15,832) $ (37,862) $ (24,550) $ (21,597) $
$ 477,576
$ 505,985
$ 503,961
$ 495,522
522,458
(12,020) $ (8,537)
(1) Computed as described in Note 3, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements
included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(2) Working capital, net is defined as current assets, excluding cash and cash equivalents, minus current liabilities.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF
OPERATIONS
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the
consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, and other financial information, included elsewhere in this Annual Report
on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements and involves numerous risks and uncertainties. Our actual
results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
Company Overview
Founded in 1975 with a single truck, Casella Waste Systems, Inc. is a regional, vertically integrated solid waste services
company. We provide resource management expertise and services to residential, commercial, municipal and industrial
customers, primarily in the areas of solid waste collection and disposal, transfer, recycling and organics services. We provide
integrated solid waste services in six states: Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Massachusetts, Maine and Pennsylvania,
with our headquarters located in Rutland, Vermont. We manage our solid waste operations on a geographic basis through two
regional operating segments, the Eastern and Western regions, each of which provides a full range of solid waste services, and
our larger-scale recycling and commodity brokerage operations through our Recycling segment. Organics services, ancillary
operations, along with major account and industrial services, are included in our Other segment.
As of January 31, 2019, we owned and/or operated 37 solid waste collection operations, 49 transfer stations, 18 recycling
facilities, eight Subtitle D landfills, four landfill gas-to-energy facilities and one landfill permitted to accept construction and
demolition materials.
Acquisitions and Divestitures
Acquisitions
We have a business development team that identifies acquisition candidates, categorizes the opportunity by strategic fit and
perceived level of financial accretion, establishes contact with the appropriate representative of the acquisition candidate and
gathers further information on the acquisition candidate.
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Table of Contents
We have made in the past, and we may make in the future, acquisitions in order to acquire or develop additional disposal
capacity. These acquisitions may include “tuck-in” acquisitions within our existing markets, assets that are adjacent to or
outside of our existing markets, or larger, more strategic acquisitions. In addition, from time to time, we may acquire businesses
that are complementary to our core business strategy. We face competition for acquisition targets, particularly the larger and
more meaningful targets, but we believe that our strong relationships and reputation in New England and the upstate New York
area help to offset this factor.
In the fiscal year ended December 31 2018 ("fiscal year 2018"), we acquired six solid waste collection businesses and one
transfer business in our Western region and two businesses comprised of solid waste collection and transfer operations in our
Eastern region, with approximately $77.0 million of annualized revenues, for total consideration of $99.5 million, including
$86.7 million in cash, $4.3 million in Class A common stock, and $8.5 million in contingent consideration and holdbacks to the
sellers.
In the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 ("fiscal year 2017"), we acquired one solid waste collection business in our Eastern
region and three solid waste collection businesses in our Western region for total consideration of $8.1 million, including $4.8
million in cash, $2.4 million in notes payable, $0.8 million in holdbacks to the sellers and $0.1 million of other consideration.
In the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 ("fiscal year 2016"), we acquired three transfer stations in our Western region for
total consideration of $2.8 million, including $2.4 million in cash and $0.4 million in holdbacks to the sellers.
Divestitures
From time to time, we may sell or divest certain investments or other components of our business. These divestitures may be
undertaken for a number of reasons, including: to generate proceeds to pay down debt; as a result of a determination that the
specified asset will provide inadequate returns to us or that the asset no longer serves a strategic purpose in connection with our
business; or as a result of a determination that the asset may be more valuable to a third-party. We will continue to look to
divest certain activities and investments that no longer enhance or complement our core business if the right opportunity
presents itself.
Results of Operations
Revenues
We manage our solid waste operations, which include a full range of solid waste services, on a geographic basis through two
regional operating segments, which we designate as our Eastern and Western regions. Revenues in our Eastern and Western
regions consist primarily of fees charged to customers for solid waste collection and disposal, landfill, landfill gas-to-energy,
transfer and recycling services. We derive a substantial portion of our collection revenues from commercial, industrial and
municipal services that are generally performed under service agreements or pursuant to contracts with municipalities. The
majority of our residential collection services are performed on a subscription basis with individual households. Landfill and
transfer customers are charged a tipping fee on a per ton basis for disposing of their solid waste at our disposal facilities and
transfer stations. We also generate and sell electricity at certain of our landfill facilities. Revenues from our Recycling segment
consist of revenues derived from municipalities and customers in the form of processing fees, tipping fees and commodity
sales. Revenues from organics services, ancillary operations, and major account and industrial services are included in our
Other segment. Our revenues are shown net of inter-company eliminations.
The table below shows revenue attributable to services provided (in millions) for the following periods:
Collection
Disposal
Power
Processing
Solid waste
Organics
Customer solutions
Recycling
Total revenues
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
$
Change
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2017
2016
$
Change
263.7
160.1
5.4
7.9
437.1
39.8
60.1
62.3
599.3
$
$
39.7
21.0
(0.3)
(0.7)
59.7
14.4
7.4
(20.1)
61.4
$
$
263.7
160.1
5.4
7.9
437.1
39.8
60.1
62.3
599.3
$
$
249.6
154.2
5.9
6.4
416.1
41.5
54.5
52.9
565.0
$
$
14.1
5.9
(0.5)
1.5
21.0
(1.7)
5.6
9.4
34.3
$
$
303.4
181.1
5.1
7.2
496.8
54.2
67.5
42.2
660.7
$
$
32
32
Table of Contents
Solid waste revenues
A summary of the period-to-period changes in solid waste revenues (dollars in millions) follows:
Price
Volume
Surcharges and other fees
Commodity price and volume
Acquisitions
Closed landfill
Solid waste revenues
Price.
Period-to-Period
Change for Fiscal Year 2018 vs
Fiscal Year 2017
Period-to-Period
Change for Fiscal Year 2017 vs
Fiscal Year 2016
Amount
% of Growth
Amount
% of Growth
$
$
19.5
6.6
7.3
(0.7)
28.8
(1.8)
59.7
3.3 % $
1.1 %
1.2 %
(0.1)%
4.8 %
(0.3)%
10.0 % $
12.0
4.3
0.5
0.8
3.4
—
21.0
2.1%
0.8%
0.1%
0.1%
0.6%
—%
3.7%
The price change component in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a result of the following:
•
•
$13.9 million from favorable collection pricing; and
$5.6 million from favorable disposal pricing associated primarily with our landfills and transfer stations.
The price change component in fiscal year 2017 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a result of the following:
•
•
$7.7 million from favorable collection pricing; and
$4.3 million from favorable disposal pricing associated with our landfills and transfer stations.
Volume.
The volume change component in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a result of the following:
•
•
$0.5 million from higher collection volumes in our Eastern region; and
$6.4 million from higher disposal volumes (of which $3.5 million relates to higher transportation volumes associated
with a large contaminated soil project, $3.5 million relates to higher landfill volumes, and $(0.6) million relates to lower
transfer station volumes associated with the temporary interruption of business due to a fire at one of our transfer
stations); partially offset by
•
$(0.3) million from lower processing volumes.
The volume change component in fiscal year 2017 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a result of the following:
•
•
•
$2.7 million from higher collection volumes in our Eastern region;
$1.3 million from higher disposal volumes (of which $0.5 million relates to higher landfill volumes, $0.3 million relates
to higher transportation volumes, and $0.5 million relates to higher transfer station volumes); and
$0.3 million from higher processing volumes.
Surcharges and other fees.
The fuel surcharge and other fees change component in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a
result of $7.3 million from higher recovery of the Energy component of the Energy and Environmental fee and a higher
recovery from the Sustainability Recycling Adjustment fee ("SRA fee") that has anniversaried. The Energy component of the
fee floats on a monthly basis based on diesel fuel prices. The Energy component of the fee increased due to both the further
implementation of the program and higher diesel fuel pricing. The SRA fee floats on a monthly basis based on recycled
commodity prices.
Commodity price and volume.
The commodity price and volume change component in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a
result of the following:
•
•
33
$(0.5) million from unfavorable energy pricing and $(0.5) million from lower volumes in processing; partially offset by
$0.3 million from higher landfill gas-to-energy volumes.
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The commodity price and volume change component in fiscal year 2017 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a
result of the following:
•
•
$1.3 million from favorable commodity pricing and higher volumes in processing; partially offset by
$(0.5) million from lower landfill gas-to-energy volumes.
Acquisitions.
The acquisitions change component in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth is a result of the acquisition of six solid
waste collection businesses and one transfer business in our Western region and two businesses comprised of solid waste
collection and transfer operations in our Eastern region in fiscal year 2018, combined to a lesser extent with roll over impact of
acquisitions made in fiscal year 2017.
The acquisitions and divestitures change component in fiscal year 2017 solid waste revenues growth is a result of the
acquisition of four solid waste collection businesses in fiscal year 2017, combined to a lesser extent with roll over impact of
acquisitions made in fiscal year 2016.
Closed landfill.
The closed landfill change component in fiscal year 2018 total solid waste revenues growth from prior year is the result of the
closure of the Southbridge Landfill in our Eastern region in the quarter ended December 31, 2018.
Organics revenues
Fiscal year 2018 organics revenues increased $14.4 million from the prior year as a result of higher volumes, primarily related
to a large new sludge transportation and disposal contract, and, to a lesser extent, favorable pricing.
Fiscal year 2017 organics revenues decreased $(1.7) million from the prior year as a result of lower volumes.
Customer Solutions revenues
Fiscal year 2018 revenues increased $7.4 million from the prior year as a result of higher volumes.
Fiscal year 2017 revenues increased $5.6 million from the prior year as a result of higher volumes.
Recycling revenues
Fiscal year 2018 recycling revenues decreased from the prior year as a result of the following:
•
•
•
$(23.5) million from unfavorable commodity pricing in the marketplace; and
$(7.2) million from lower commodity volumes; partially offset by
$10.6 million from higher tipping fees, as we increased variable tipping fees at our facilities as commodity prices
declined.
Fiscal year 2017 recycling revenues increased from the prior year as a result of the following:
•
•
•
$10.4 million from favorable commodity pricing in the marketplace; and
$0.2 million from higher commodity volumes; partially offset by
$(1.2) million from lower tipping fees, as we reduced variable tipping fees at our facilities as commodity prices
increased.
Operating Expenses
A summary of our cost of operations, general and administration expenses and depreciation and amortization expenses is as
follows (dollars in millions and as a percentage of total revenues):
2018
Fiscal Years Ended
December 31,
2017
2016
Cost of operations
General and administration
Depreciation and amortization
$
$
$
453.3
84.8
70.5
68.6% $
12.8% $
10.7% $
405.2
79.2
62.1
67.6% $
13.2% $
10.4% $
382.0
75.4
61.9
67.6%
13.3%
10.9%
34
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Table of Contents
Cost of Operations
Cost of operations includes labor costs, tipping fees paid to third-party disposal facilities, fuel costs, maintenance and repair
costs of vehicles and equipment, workers’ compensation and vehicle insurance costs, the cost of purchasing materials to be
recycled, third-party transportation costs, district and state taxes, host community fees and royalties. Cost of operations also
includes accretion expense related to final capping, closure and post-closure obligations, leachate treatment and disposal costs
and depletion of landfill operating lease obligations.
Fiscal Year 2018 Compared to Fiscal Year 2017
An explanation of the period-to-period change in cost of operations is as follows:
Third-party direct costs in fiscal year 2018 increased $23.5 million from the prior year as a result of the following:
•
•
•
higher hauling and third-party transportation costs associated with: higher collection volumes related to acquisition
activity; higher collection volumes related to organic business growth in our Eastern region; a large contaminated soil
project in our Western region resulting in higher third-party costs for processing and transportation of soils; higher
brokerage volumes in our Customer Solutions line-of-business with high pass through direct costs; and higher volumes
being directed to third-party sites driven by a large new sludge transportation and disposal contract in our Organics line-
of-business; and
higher disposal costs associated with: higher transportation volumes in our Western region; increased third-party disposal
pricing in our Western region; acquisition activity; and the use of alternative third-party disposal sites in our Organics
line-of-business; partially offset by
lower purchased material costs in our Recycling and Customer Solutions lines-of-business.
Labor and related benefit costs in fiscal year 2018 increased $9.1 million from the prior year as a result of the following:
•
•
•
•
higher labor costs related to acquisition activity;
higher labor costs related to higher collection volumes in our Eastern region;
higher labor costs related to higher wages in our Western region; and
higher labor costs as we slowed processing lines and added labor in an effort to improve product quality and reduce
contamination in finished products in our Recycling line-of-business.
Direct operational costs in fiscal year 2018 increased $6.0 million from the prior year as a result of the following:
•
•
•
•
•
higher host community fees on higher volumes associated with certain landfills in our Eastern and Western regions;
higher accretion expense associated with the acceleration of asset retirement obligations due to the closure of the Subtitle
D landfill located in Southbridge, Massachusetts ("Southbridge Landfill") in our Eastern region;
higher landfill operating lease amortization associated primarily with increased landfill volumes at certain landfills in our
Western region;
higher landfill operating costs at certain landfills in our Eastern and Western regions; and
higher supplies and consumables cost in our Organics and Recycling lines-of-business.
Maintenance and repair costs in fiscal year 2018 increased $5.9 million from the prior year as a result of higher fleet and
facility maintenance costs due to acquisition activity and organic business growth.
Fuel costs in fiscal year 2018 increased $3.5 million from the prior year as a result of higher diesel fuel pricing in the
marketplace combined with higher volumes primarily associated with acquisition activity. The impact of higher fuel costs in the
periods was almost completely offset through higher revenues from fees associated with the Energy component of the Energy
and Environmental fee.
Fiscal Year 2017 Compared to Fiscal Year 2016
An explanation of the period-to-period change in cost of operations is as follows:
Third-party direct costs in fiscal year 2017 increased $9.1 million from the prior year as a result of the following:
•
•
35
higher purchased material costs in our Recycling and Customer Solutions lines-of-business;
higher disposal costs associated with higher transfer station volumes in our Western region, and additional costs from the
use of alternative disposal sites in our Organics line-of-business; and
35
Table of Contents
•
higher hauling and transportation costs associated with higher collection volumes in our Eastern region and increased
volumes on lower margin commercial work in our Customer Solutions line-of-business; partially offset by decreased
transportation services provided in our Western region; and lower commodity volumes in our Organics line-of-business.
Labor and related benefit costs in fiscal year 2017 increased $5.4 million from the prior year as a result of the following:
•
•
•
higher healthcare costs of $1.7 million associated with claims experience;
higher labor costs associated with higher collection volumes in our Eastern region, higher landfill and transfer station
volumes in our Western region, as well as customer growth related to several new municipal contracts; and
higher labor costs associated with higher product quality standards from commodity buyers resulting in lower throughput
and additional manpower needs in our Recycling line-of-business, and to a lesser extent higher volumes.
Direct operational costs in fiscal year 2017 increased $5.5 million from the prior year as a result of the following:
•
•
•
•
•
higher leachate disposal costs and landfill operating costs at certain landfills in our Western region due to increased
rainfall through early summer and the timing of various landfill construction projects;
higher host community fees associated with increased volumes at certain landfills in our Western region;
higher accretion expense associated with the acceleration of asset retirement obligations due to the closure of
Southbridge Landfill; and
higher equipment rental costs in our Eastern region; partially offset by
lower landfill operating costs associated with certain landfills in our Eastern region.
Maintenance and repair costs in fiscal year 2017 increased $2.3 million from the prior year as a result of the following:
•
•
higher fleet maintenance costs in our Western region; and
higher facility maintenance costs in our Recycling region.
Fuel costs in fiscal year 2017 increased $0.9 million from the prior year as a result of higher consumption and increased diesel
fuel prices.
General and Administration
General and administration expenses include management, clerical and administrative compensation and overhead,
professional services and costs associated with marketing, sales force and community relations efforts.
Fiscal Year 2018 Compared to Fiscal Year 2017
An explanation of the period-to-period change in general and administration expense is as follows:
Labor and related benefit costs in fiscal year 2018 increased $2.6 million from the prior year as a result of higher labor costs
associated with acquisition activity, and higher equity compensation expense associated with performance stock unit grants that
incur expense based on actual and estimated operational performance, partially offset by lower accrued incentive
compensation.
Professional fees in fiscal year 2018 increased $1.4 million as a result of higher legal fees associated with various legal
proceedings, as discussed in Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included under
Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and higher consulting, accounting and audit fees associated with the
implementation of an enterprise resource planning and accounting software solution and the adoption of new accounting
guidance.
Bad debt expense in fiscal year 2018 increased $1.3 million due primarily to the impact of revenue growth, a large recovery in
the prior year and several customer bankruptcies.
Fiscal Year 2017 Compared to Fiscal Year 2016
An explanation of the period-to-period change in general and administration expense is as follows:
Labor and related benefit costs in fiscal year 2017 increased $3.9 million from the prior year as a result of the following:
•
•
higher equity compensation expense of $3.0 million associated with the timing and assumptions used for market-based
performance stock option and market-based performance stock unit grants; and
higher benefit costs with increased healthcare costs of $0.8 million.
36
36
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Other general and administration expenses in fiscal year 2017 increased $1.0 million from the prior year as a result of higher
recruiting and software and information technology consulting costs.
Bad debt expense in fiscal year 2017 decreased $(0.8) million due to improved credit processes and collectability issues
associated with a disposal customer in the prior year.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense includes: (i) depreciation of property and equipment (including assets recorded for
capital leases) on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets; (ii) amortization of landfill costs (including
those costs incurred and all estimated future costs for landfill development and construction, along with asset retirement costs
arising from closure and post-closure obligations) on a units-of-consumption method as landfill airspace is consumed over the
total estimated remaining capacity of a site, which includes both permitted capacity and unpermitted expansion capacity that
meets certain criteria for amortization purposes; (iii) amortization of landfill asset retirement costs arising from final capping
obligations on a units-of-consumption method as airspace is consumed over the estimated capacity associated with each final
capping event; and (iv) amortization of intangible assets with a definite life, using either an economic benefit provided
approach or on a straight-line basis over the definitive terms of the related agreements.
A summary of the components of depreciation and amortization expense (dollars in millions and as a percentage of total
revenues) follows:
Fiscal Year Ended December 31,
2018
2017
2016
Depreciation expense
Landfill amortization expense
Other amortization expense
$
$
35.4
31.8
3.3
70.5
5.4% $
4.8%
0.5%
10.7% $
32.1
27.9
2.1
62.1
5.4% $
4.7%
0.3%
10.4% $
33.2
26.5
2.2
61.9
5.9%
4.7%
0.3%
10.9%
Fiscal Year 2018 Compared to Fiscal Year 2017
An explanation of the period-to-period change in depreciation and amortization expense is as follows:
•
•
depreciation and other amortization expense increased due to acquisition activity; and
landfill amortization expense increased due to higher landfill volumes at certain landfills in our Eastern and Western
regions, combined with an increase in our average overall amortization rate as a result of changes in cost estimates and
other assumptions associated with our landfills.
Fiscal Year 2017 Compared to Fiscal Year 2016
An explanation of the period-to-period change in depreciation and amortization expense is as follows:
•
•
landfill amortization expense increased in fiscal year 2017 from the prior year due to the higher landfill volumes in our
Western region combined with an increase in our average overall amortization rate as a result of changes in cost
estimates and other assumptions associated with our landfills; partially offset by
lower depreciation expense due to the asset impairment associated with closure of the Southbridge Landfill, the timing of
capital expenditures and acquisitions, and the related make-up of fixed assets.
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Southbridge Landfill Closure Charge, Net
In June 2017, we initiated the plan to cease operations of our Southbridge Landfill. Accordingly, in fiscal years 2018 and 2017,
we recorded charges associated with the closure of our Southbridge Landfill as follows:
Asset impairment charge (1)
Project development charge (2)
Environmental remediation charge (3)
Contract settlement charge (4)
Landfill closure project charge (5)
Charlton settlement charge (6)
Legal and transaction costs (7)
Recovery on insurance settlement (8)
Southbridge Landfill closure charge, net
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
$
$
— $
—
—
8.7
6.0
1.2
2.2
(10.0)
8.1
$
48.0
9.1
6.4
—
—
—
1.7
—
65.2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
We performed a test of recoverability under Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards
Codification ("ASC") 360, which indicated that the carrying value of our asset group that includes the Southbridge
Landfill was no longer recoverable and, as a result, the asset group was assessed for impairment with an impairment
charge allocated to the long-lived assets of the Southbridge Landfill in accordance with FASB ASC 360.
We wrote-off deferred costs associated with Southbridge Landfill permitting activities no longer deemed viable.
We recorded an environmental remediation charge associated with the installation of a municipal waterline.
We recorded a contract settlement charge associated with the closure of Southbridge Landfill and the remaining future
obligations due to the Town of Southbridge under the landfill operating agreement with the Town of Southbridge.
We recorded a landfill closure project charge associated with increased costs under the revised closure plan at our
Southbridge Landfill.
We established a reserve associated with settlement of the Town of Charlton's claim against us.
We incurred legal and other transaction costs associated with various matters as part of the Southbridge Landfill
closure.
We recorded a recovery on an environmental insurance settlement associated with the Southbridge Landfill closure.
See Item 3, "Legal Proceedings" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies to our
consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional disclosure over the
closure of Southbridge Landfill.
Contract Settlement Charge
In fiscal year 2018, we recorded contract settlement charges of $2.1 million associated with the termination and discounted
buy-out of a commodities marketing and brokerage agreement.
Expense from Acquisition Activities and Other Items
In fiscal year 2018, we recorded a charge of $1.9 million associated with acquisition activities and the write-off of deferred
costs related to the expiration of our shelf registration statement and, in fiscal year 2017, we recorded a charge of $0.2 million
related to acquisition activities.
Development Project Charge
In fiscal year 2018, we recorded development project charges of $0.3 million associated with previously deferred costs that
were written off as a result of the negative vote in a public referendum relating to the North Country Environmental Services
landfill ("NCES Landfill").
Environmental Remediation Charge
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We recorded an environmental remediation charge of $0.9 million in fiscal year 2016 due to changes in cost estimates
associated with the Potsdam environmental remediation liability as discussed in Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies to
our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Other expenses
Interest Expense, net
Our interest expense, net increased $1.1 million in fiscal year 2018 and decreased $(13.8) million in fiscal year 2017 from the
prior years, respectively. As described below, we successfully lowered our borrowing costs in fiscal year 2017 through the
refinancing of our previously outstanding senior secured credit facility and the early redemption, repurchase and retirement of
the remaining $370.3 million of our 7.75% senior subordinated notes due February 2019 ("2019 Notes") in fiscal year 2016.
We continued to lower our borrowing costs in fiscal year 2017 through the repricing of our previously outstanding senior
secured credit facility and the eventual refinancing of our than existing senior secured credit facility in fiscal year 2018. In
order to fix our interest rates and reduce our market risk, we completed the issuance or remarketing of various tax-exempt
bonds from fiscal year 2016 to fiscal year 2018, and successfully hedged, up to $190.0 million as of December 31, 2018, the
variable rate portion of our long-term debt by entering into interest rate derivative agreements. As a result, we have been able to
reduce our borrowing costs and our exposure to market risk, while providing ourselves with more financial flexibility to pursue
growth opportunities through acquisitions in fiscal year 2018. This acquisition activity resulted in higher average debt balances
in fiscal year 2018 and, as a result, higher interest expense despite our lower borrowing costs.
Impairment of Investments
As of December 31, 2018, we owned 6.8% of the outstanding common stock of Recycle Rewards, Inc. (“Recycle Rewards”), a
company that markets an incentive based recycling service. In fiscal year 2018, it was determined based on the operating
performance of Recycle Rewards that our cost method investment in Recycle Rewards was potentially impaired. As a result,
we performed a valuation analysis in fiscal year 2018, which used an income approach based on discounted cash flows to
determine an equity value for Recycle Rewards in order to properly value our cost method investment in Recycle Rewards.
Based on this analysis, it was determined that the fair value of our cost method investment in Recycle Rewards was less than
the carrying amount and, therefore, we recorded an other-than-temporary investment impairment charge of $1.1 million in
fiscal year 2018.
Loss on Debt Extinguishment
In order to lower our borrowing costs and reduce our market risk we completed the following transactions that resulted in a loss
on debt extinguishment in fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 of $7.4 million, $0.5 million and $13.7 million, respectively,
associated with the following:
•
•
•
the write-off of debt issuance costs and unamortized discount, in the case of our term loan B facility ("Term Loan B
Facility") in fiscal year 2018, associated with the refinancing of our previously outstanding senior secured credit
facilities in fiscal year 2018 and fiscal year 2016 and an amendment to our previously outstanding senior secured
credit facility in fiscal year 2017:
the write-off of debt issuance costs in connection with the remarketing of our Vermont Economic Development
Authority Solid Waste Disposal Long-Term Revenue Bonds Series 2013 ("Vermont Bonds") in fiscal year 2018 and
the remarketing of our Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2005R-1 (“FAME
Bonds 2005R-1”) and Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2005R-2 (“FAME
Bonds 2005R-2”) into the Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2005R-3 ("FAME
Bonds 2005R-3") in fiscal year 2017; and
the repurchase price premium and write-off of debt issuance costs and unamortized original issue discount associated
with the early redemption, repurchase and retirement of our then outstanding 2019 Notes in fiscal years 2016.
(Benefit) Provision for Income Taxes
Our (benefit) provision for income taxes was $(0.4) million in fiscal year 2018, $(15.3) million in fiscal year 2017 and $0.5
million in fiscal year 2016. The (benefit) provision for income taxes for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 include a deferred tax
provision (benefit) of $1.3 million, $(15.6) million and $0.6 million, respectively.
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During fiscal year 2018, we recognized a $(0.9) million deferred tax benefit related to the acquisition of Complete Disposal
Company, Inc. and its subsidiary United Material Management of Holyoke, Inc. (collectively, "Complete") due to a reduction
of the valuation allowance, including a $(1.6) million deferred tax benefit in the quarter ended March 31, 2018, a $0.4 million
deferred tax expense in the quarter ended September 30, 2018 and a $0.3 deferred tax expense in the quarter ended December
31, 2018. The valuation allowance decreased based upon the recognition of additional reversing temporary differences related
to the $0.9 million deferred tax liability recorded through goodwill on the acquisition. The $0.9 million deferred tax liability
related to the Complete acquisition was based on the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and
liabilities recognized for financial reporting purposes and the related tax basis. The $(1.6) million deferred tax benefit
recognized in the quarter ended March 31, 2018 was based on initial estimates of the Complete temporary differences and was
adjusted by $0.7 million in the subsequent quarters based on the availability of better estimates of the Complete temporary
differences upon the filing of the prior year returns by Complete’s sellers and anticipated net operating loss carryforwards.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was enacted. The Act, which is also commonly referred to as
“US tax reform,” significantly changes US corporate income tax laws by, among other things, reducing the US corporate
income tax rate from 35% to 21% starting in 2018. Under the Act, the alternative minimum tax has been repealed and minimum
tax credit carryforwards become refundable beginning in 2018 and will be fully refunded, if not otherwise used to offset tax
liabilities, in tax year 2021. Further, our $110.6 million in federal net operating loss carryforwards generated as of the end of
2017 continue to be carried forward for 20 years and are expected to be available to fully offset taxable income earned in future
tax years. Federal net operating losses generated after 2017 are carried forward indefinitely, but generally may only offset up to
80% of taxable income earned in a tax year. In the quarter ending December 31, 2017, we revalued our deferred tax assets and
liabilities for changes under the Act including (a) revaluing our federal net deferred taxes assets before valuation allowance
using the 21% tax rate; (b) revaluing our federal valuation allowance using the 21% tax rate; and (c) recognizing a federal
deferred tax benefit for 80% of indefinite lived deferred tax liabilities, which are anticipated to be available as a source of
taxable income upon reversal of deferred tax assets that would also have indefinite lives.
The benefit for income taxes for fiscal year 2018 incorporates the changes under the Act, including use of the 21% US
corporate income tax rate and applying the new federal net operating loss carryforward rules. We have $3.8 million minimum
tax credit carryforwards of which $1.9 million is refundable for 2018, and recognized in fiscal year 2018 as a current income
tax benefit of $1.9 million, offset by $1.9 million in the deferred tax provision.
The deferred tax provision for fiscal year 2016 was primarily related to the deferred tax liability for indefinite lived assets.
Since we could not determine when the deferred tax liability related to indefinite lived assets would reverse, this amount could
not be used as a future source of taxable income against which to benefit deferred tax assets.
Segment Reporting
A summary of revenues by operating segment (in millions) follows:
Eastern
Western
Recycling
Other
Total
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
$
Change
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2017
2016
$
Change
$
$
206.5
286.3
42.2
125.7
660.7
$
$
181.2
250.8
62.3
105.0
599.3
$
$
25.3
35.5
(20.1)
20.7
61.4
$
$
181.2
250.8
62.3
105.0
599.3
$
$
176.5
233.2
52.9
102.4
565.0
$
$
4.7
17.6
9.4
2.6
34.3
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Eastern Region
The following table provides details associated with the period-to-period change in revenues (dollars in millions) attributable to
services provided:
Price
Volume
Surcharges and other fees
Commodity price & volume
Acquisitions
Closed landfill
Solid waste revenues
Price.
Period-to-Period
Change for Fiscal Year 2018 vs
Fiscal Year 2017
Period-to-Period
Change for Fiscal Year 2017 vs
Fiscal Year 2016
Amount
% of Growth
Amount
% of Growth
$
$
8.1
0.3
2.8
0.1
15.8
(1.8)
25.3
4.5 % $
0.1 %
1.6 %
0.1 %
8.7 %
(1.0)%
14.0 % $
5.4
(2.4)
—
(0.6)
2.3
—
4.7
3.1 %
(1.4)%
— %
(0.4)%
1.3 %
— %
2.6 %
The price change component in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a result of the following:
•
•
$6.0 million from favorable collection pricing; and
$2.1 million from favorable disposal pricing related to transfer stations and landfills.
The price change component in fiscal year 2017 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a result of the following:
•
•
$3.5 million from favorable collection pricing; and
$1.9 million from favorable disposal pricing related to transfer stations and landfills.
Volume.
The volume change component in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a result of the following:
•
•
•
$1.6 million from higher collection volumes; partially offset by
$(0.9) million from lower disposal volumes (of which $(0.2) million relates to lower landfill volumes and $(0.7) million
relates to lower transfer station volumes); and
$(0.4) million from lower processing volumes.
The volume change component in fiscal year 2017 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a result of the following:
•
•
$(5.3) million from lower disposal volumes (of which $(4.6) million relates to lower landfill volumes, mainly due to the
ramp down of tons at our Southbridge Landfill, and $(0.7) million relates to lower transfer station volumes); partially
offset by
$2.9 million from higher collection volumes.
Surcharges and other fees.
The surcharges and other fees change component in in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a
result of higher recovery from the Energy component of the Energy and Environmental fee and a higher recovery from the SRA
fee that has anniversaried. The Energy component of the fee floats on a monthly basis based on diesel fuel prices. The Energy
component of the fee increased due to both the further implementation of the program and higher diesel fuel pricing. The SRA
fee floats on a monthly basis based on recycled commodity prices.
Commodity price and volume.
The commodity price and volume change component in fiscal year 2018 total solid waste revenues growth is the result of
higher energy volumes.
The commodity price and volume change component in fiscal year 2017 total solid waste revenues growth is the result of
decreased energy pricing and volumes.
Acquisitions.
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The acquisitions and divestitures change component in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth is a result of the
acquisition of two business comprised of solid waste collection and transfer operations in fiscal year 2018, combined to a lesser
extent with roll over impact of acquisitions made in fiscal year 2017.
The acquisitions and divestitures change component in fiscal year 2017 solid waste revenues growth is the result of the
acquisition of a solid waste collection business in the quarter ended June 30, 2017.
Closed landfill.
The closed landfill change component in fiscal year 2018 total solid waste revenues growth from prior year is the result of the
closure of our Southbridge Landfill in the quarter ended December 31, 2018.
Western Region
The following table provides details associated with the period-to-period change in revenues (dollars in millions) attributable to
services provided:
Price
Volume
Surcharges and other fees
Commodity price & volume
Acquisitions
Solid waste revenues
Price.
Period-to-Period
Change for Fiscal Year 2018 vs
Fiscal Year 2017
Period-to-Period
Change for Fiscal Year 2017 vs
Fiscal Year 2016
Amount
% of Growth
Amount
% of Growth
$
$
11.3
7.6
4.5
(0.9)
13.0
35.5
4.5 % $
3.1 %
1.8 %
(0.4)%
5.2 %
14.2 % $
6.6
8.0
0.5
1.4
1.1
17.6
2.8%
3.5%
0.2%
0.6%
0.5%
7.6%
The price change component in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a result of the following:
•
•
$7.9 million from favorable collection pricing; and
$3.4 million from favorable disposal pricing related to transfer stations and landfills.
The price change component in fiscal year 2017 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a result of the following:
•
•
$4.2 million from favorable collection pricing; and
$2.4 million from favorable disposal pricing related to transfer stations and landfills.
Volume.
The volume change component in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a result of the following:
•
•
$8.6 million from higher disposal volumes (of which $3.8 million relates to higher landfill volumes and $4.8 million
relates to higher transportation volumes associated with a large contaminated soil project); partially offset by
$(1.0) million from lower collection volumes.
The volume change component in fiscal year 2017 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a result of the following:
•
•
$7.8 million from higher disposal volumes disposal volumes (of which $5.1 million relates to higher landfill volumes,
$1.2 million relates to higher transfer station volumes and $1.5 million relates to higher transportation volumes); and
$0.3 million from higher processing volumes .
Fuel surcharges and other fees.
The surcharges and other fees change component in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is a result
of higher recovery from the Energy component of the Energy and Environmental fee and a higher recovery from the SRA fee
that has anniversaried. The Energy component of the fee floats on a monthly basis based on diesel fuel prices. The Energy
component of the fee increased due to both the further implementation of the program and higher diesel fuel pricing. The SRA
fee floats on a monthly basis based on recycled commodity prices.
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Commodity price and volume.
The commodity price and volume change component in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is the
result of unfavorable energy pricing and lower commodity volumes within our processing operations, partially offset by higher
landfill gas-to-energy volumes.
The commodity price and volume change component in fiscal year 2017 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is the
result of favorable commodity pricing and higher volumes within our processing operations, partially offset by lower landfill
gas-to-energy volumes.
Acquisitions and divestitures.
The acquisitions and divestitures change component in fiscal year 2018 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is the
acquisition of six solid waste collection businesses and a transfer business in fiscal year 2018, combined to a lesser extent with
roll over impact of acquisitions made in fiscal year 2017.
The acquisitions and divestitures change component in fiscal year 2017 solid waste revenues growth from the prior year is the
result of the acquisition of three solid waste collection businesses in fiscal year 2017, combined to a lesser extent with roll over
impact of acquisitions made in fiscal year 2016.
Operating Income (Loss)
A summary of operating income (loss) by operating segments (in millions) follows:
Eastern
Western
Recycling
Other
Total
Eastern Region
December 31,
2018
2017
$
Change
December 31,
2017
2016
$
Change
$
$
4.7
41.5
(7.8)
1.3
39.7
$
$
(51.9) $
35.0
2.8
1.5
(12.6) $
56.6
6.5
(10.6)
(0.2)
52.3
$
$
(51.9) $
35.0
2.8
1.5
(12.6) $
9.7
30.6
2.5
2.1
44.9
$
$
(61.6)
4.4
0.3
(0.6)
(57.5)
Fiscal Year 2018 Compared to Fiscal Year 2017
Eastern region operating income increased $56.6 million in fiscal year 2018 from the prior year including the following items:
•
•
•
the $(8.1) million and $(65.2) million Southbridge Landfill closure charge, net in fiscal year 2018 and fiscal year 2017,
respectively, associated with the closure of our Southbridge Landfill;
the $(0.6) million of expense from acquisition activities and other items associated with acquisition activities; and
the $(0.3) million development project charge associated with the write-off of deferred costs associated with our NCES
Landfill.
Our operating performance in fiscal year 2018 improved as a result of the revenue changes outlined above considering the
impact of the following cost changes:
Cost of operations: Cost of operations increased $23.3 million in fiscal year 2018 from the prior year as a result of the
following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
higher hauling and third-party transportation costs associated with higher collection volumes related to organic growth
and acquisition activity;
higher disposal costs associated with the acquisition activity;
higher labor costs associated with acquisitions and higher collection volumes;
higher fuel costs driven by higher diesel fuel pricing, which was offset by increased revenues from fees associated with
the Energy and Environmental fee, combined with higher volumes;
higher host community fees at certain landfills;
higher accretion expense associated with the acceleration of asset retirement obligations due to the closure of our
Southbridge Landfill;
higher landfill operating costs primarily at the Southbridge Landfill and the Subtitle D landfill located in West Old Town,
Maine; and
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•
higher fleet and facility maintenance costs.
General and administration: General and administration expense increased $1.3 million in fiscal year 2018 due to higher labor
and related benefit costs associated with acquisition activity and business growth and higher shared overhead costs associated
with equity compensation expense, partially offset by lower accrued incentive compensation.
Depreciation and amortization: Depreciation and amortization expense increased $2.7 million in fiscal year 2018 due primarily
to acquisition activity and higher landfill amortization expense associated with volume mix and changes to landfill amortization
rates as a result of changes in cost estimates and other assumptions with certain of our landfills.
Fiscal Year 2017 Compared to Fiscal Year 2016
Eastern region operating income decreased $(61.6) million in fiscal year 2017 from the prior year including the following
items:
•
•
the $(65.2) million Southbridge Landfill closure charge, net associated with the closure of our Southbridge Landfill; and
the $(0.2) million expense from acquisition activities and other items associated with legal costs for the acquisition of
Complete in January 2018.
Our operating performance in fiscal year 2017 improved as a result of the revenue changes outlined above considering the
impact of the following cost changes:
Cost of operations: Cost of operations increased $8.0 million in fiscal year 2017 from the prior year as a result of the following:
•
•
•
•
•
higher hauling and transportation costs associated with higher collection volumes;
higher direct labor costs associated with higher collection volumes, customer growth related to several new municipal
contracts, and higher healthcare costs of $0.8 million;
higher accretion expense associated with the acceleration of asset retirement obligations due to the closure of the
Southbridge Landfill; and
higher equipment rental costs; partially offset by
lower landfill operating costs with certain landfills.
General and administration: General and administration expenses increased by $1.7 million in fiscal year 2017 due to higher
shared overhead costs associated with an increase in healthcare costs and higher equity compensation expense, partially offset
by lower bad debt expense.
Depreciation and amortization: Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by $(3.2) million in fiscal year 2017 due to
lower landfill amortization expense associated with lower landfill volumes at the Southbridge Landfill and the NCES Landfill
and changes to the asset retirement obligation amortization rate at the NCES Landfill, and lower depreciation expense due to
the asset impairment associated with closure of the Southbridge Landfill.
Western Region
Fiscal Year 2018 Compared to Fiscal Year 2017
Western region operating income increased $6.5 million in fiscal year 2018 from the prior year including the following item:
•
the $(1.1) million of expense from acquisition activities and other items associated with acquisition activities.
Our operating performance in fiscal year 2018 improved as a result of the revenue changes outlined above considering the
impact of the following cost changes:
Cost of operations: Cost of operations increased $28.9 million in fiscal year 2018 from the prior year as a result of the
following:
•
•
•
•
•
higher hauling and third-party transportation costs associated with higher collection volumes related to acquisition
activity and a large contaminated soils project resulting in higher third-party costs for processing and transportation of
soils;
higher disposal costs associated with higher transportation volumes, increased third-party disposal pricing and
acquisition activity;
higher labor costs related primarily to acquisition activity and higher wages;
higher fuel costs driven by higher diesel fuel pricing, which was offset by increased revenues from fees associated with
the Energy and Environmental fee;
higher landfill operating lease amortization associated primarily with increased landfill volumes at certain landfills;
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•
•
•
higher landfill operating costs at certain landfills;
higher host community fees at certain landfills; and
higher fleet maintenance costs.
General and administration: General and administration expense increased $4.4 million in fiscal year 2018 due to higher bad
debt expense, higher accrued incentive compensation and an increase in shared overhead costs associated with higher equity
compensation expense.
Depreciation and amortization: Depreciation and amortization expense increased $5.0 million in fiscal year 2018 due to
acquisition activity and higher landfill amortization expense attributed to higher landfill volumes and changes to landfill
amortization rates as a result of changes in cost estimates and other assumptions with certain of our landfills.
Fiscal Year 2017 Compared to Fiscal Year 2016
Western region operating income increased $4.4 million in fiscal year 2017 from the prior year including the following items:
•
the $(0.9) million impact of the Potsdam environmental remediation liability charge in fiscal year 2016;
Our operating performance in fiscal year 2017 improved as a result of the revenue changes outlined above considering the
impact of the following cost changes:
Cost of operations: Cost of operations increased by $12.3 million in fiscal year 2017 from the prior year as a result of the
following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
higher disposal costs associated with higher transfer station volumes and increased third-party disposal pricing;
higher direct labor costs associated with increased labor costs associated with higher landfill and transfer station volumes
and increased healthcare costs of $0.7 million;
higher direct operational costs associated with increased leachate disposal and higher landfill operating costs due to:
increased rainfall through early summer and the timing of various landfill construction projects; and higher host
community fees associated with increased volumes at certain of our landfills;
higher fuel costs as a result of higher consumption and increased diesel fuel prices; and
higher fleet maintenance costs; partially offset by
lower hauling and transportation costs associated with decreased transportation services provided.
General and administration: General and administration expenses increased by $2.0 million in fiscal year 2017 as a result of
higher shared overhead costs associated with an increase in healthcare costs and higher equity compensation expense, partially
offset by lower wages and personnel costs.
Depreciation and amortization: Depreciation and amortization expenses increased $3.3 million in fiscal year 2017 from the
prior year due to higher landfill amortization expense (associated with the higher landfill volumes, combined with the volume
mix and changes to landfill amortization rates as a result of changes in cost estimates and other assumptions associated with our
landfills) more than offsetting lower depreciation expense attributed to the timing of capital expenditures and related make-up
of fixed assets.
Recycling
Recycling operating income decreased by $(10.6) million in fiscal year 2018 from the prior year including the following item:
•
the $(2.1) million impact of the contract settlement charge associated with the termination and discounted buy-out of a
commodities marketing and brokerage agreement.
Our operating performance in fiscal year 2018 declined due to lower revenues associated with unfavorable commodity pricing
in the marketplace, partially offset by lower purchased material costs, and the following cost changes:
•
•
•
•
•
higher operating costs associated with slower processing speeds and added labor in an effort to meet tighter quality
standards and reduce contamination;
higher disposal costs as we pulled higher rates of residue out of the recycling processing stream;
higher supplies and consumables costs; and
higher shared overhead costs associated with equity compensation; partially offset by
lower accrued incentive compensation.
Recycling operating income increased by $0.3 million in fiscal year 2017 from the prior year. Our operating performance in
fiscal year 2017 improved due to the revenue changes outlined above considering the impact of the following cost changes:
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higher third-party purchased material costs of operations due to higher commodity prices on average year-over-year;
higher labor and related benefit costs of operations associated with higher healthcare costs, higher volumes, and higher
product quality standards from commodity buyers resulting in lower throughput and additional manpower;
higher facility maintenance costs; and
higher general and administration expenses associated with higher labor costs and higher shared overhead costs
associated with an increase in healthcare costs and higher equity compensation expense.
•
•
•
•
Other
Other operating income decreased by $(0.2) million in fiscal year 2018 from the prior year. Our operating performance in fiscal
year 2018 declined based on the impact of intercompany profits in our Organics line-of-business now passing through to
landfill disposal sites, combined with declining margins as higher revenues, which were driven by a large new sludge
transportation and disposal contract, also resulted in higher third-party transportation and disposal costs as much of these new
volumes were directed to third-party sites. This was partially offset by the improved operating performance of our Customer
Solutions line-of-business, as increased volumes and lower purchased material costs outweighed higher cost of operations
associated with increased hauling and transportation costs.
Other operating income decreased by $(0.6) million in fiscal year 2017 from the prior year. Our operating performance in fiscal
year 2017 declined based on lower operating performance of our Organics line-of-business, as lower operating costs did not
offset the decline in commodity volumes and higher disposal costs due to the use of alternative disposal sites; and the improved
operating performance of our Customer Solutions line-of-business, as increased volumes outweighed higher cost of operations
associated with increased purchased material, hauling and transportation, and healthcare costs.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Recent Developments
On January 25, 2019, we completed a public offering of 3.6 million share of our Class A common stock at a public offering
price of $29.50 per share. The offering resulted in net proceeds to us of $100.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts
and commissions and offering expenses. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes,
including potential acquisitions or development of new operations or assets with the goal of complementing or expanding our
business, working capital and capital expenditures.
We continually monitor our actual and forecasted cash flows, our liquidity, and our capital requirements in order to properly
manage our cash needs based on the capital intensive nature of our business. Our capital requirements include fixed asset
purchases (including capital expenditures for vehicles), debt servicing, landfill development and cell construction, landfill site
and cell closure, as well as acquisitions. We generally meet our liquidity needs from operating cash flows and borrowings from
our $200.0 million revolving line of credit facility ("Revolving Credit Facility" ).
A summary of cash and cash equivalents, restricted assets and long-term debt balances, excluding any unamortized debt
discount and debt issuance costs, (in millions) follows:
Cash and cash equivalents
Restricted assets:
Restricted investments securities - landfill closure
Long-term debt:
Current portion
Long-term portion
Total long-term debt
Summary of Cash Flow Activity
A summary of cash flows (in millions) follows:
December 31,
2018
2017
$
$
$
$
4.0
1.2
2.3
552.9
555.2
$
$
$
$
2.0
1.2
4.9
492.8
497.7
46
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Net cash provided by operating activities
Net cash used in investing activities
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
Cash flows from operating activities.
A summary of operating cash flows (in millions) follows:
Net income (loss)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating
activities:
Depreciation and amortization
Gain on sale of property and equipment
Depletion of landfill operating lease obligations
Interest accretion on landfill and environmental remediation liabilities
Stock-based compensation
Environmental remediation charge
Southbridge Landfill non-cash closure charge
Southbridge Landfill insurance settlement - investing activities
Non-cash expense from acquisition activities and other items
Development project charge
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount on long-term debt
Loss on debt extinguishment
Impairment of investments
Deferred income taxes
Changes in assets and liabilities, net
Net cash provided by operating activities
Fiscal Year 2018 Compared to Fiscal Year 2017
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
$
$
$
120.8
$
(164.2) $
45.4
$
107.5
$
(76.4) $
(31.6) $
80.4
(63.0)
(18.6)
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
$
6.4
$
(21.8) $
(6.9)
70.5
(0.5)
9.7
5.7
8.4
—
16.2
(3.5)
0.8
0.3
2.4
7.4
1.1
1.3
126.2
(5.4)
120.8
$
62.1
—
9.7
4.5
6.4
—
63.5
—
—
—
2.7
0.5
—
(15.5)
112.1
(4.6)
107.5
$
$
61.9
(0.6)
9.3
3.6
3.4
0.9
—
—
—
—
3.9
13.7
—
0.6
89.8
(9.4)
80.4
A summary of the most significant items affecting the changes in our operating cash flows follows:
Improved operational performance in fiscal year 2018 as compared to fiscal year 2017 due to the following:
•
•
•
higher revenues of $61.3 million associated with: acquisition activity and higher revenues in our collection line-of-
business, our Western region disposal line-of-business, our Customer Solutions line-of-business, and our Organics line-
of-business; partially offset by
higher cost of operations of $48.1 million due to business growth resulting in higher third-party direct costs, higher labor
costs, higher direct operational costs, higher fuel costs and higher fleet maintenance costs; and
higher general and administration expenses of $5.6 million.
The unfavorable cash flow impact associated with the changes in our assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions and
divestitures, which are affected by both cost changes and the timing of payments, in fiscal year 2018 as compared to fiscal year
2017 was the result of the following:
•
•
•
47
an increase in cash outflows associated with the changes in accrued expenses and other liabilities;
a decrease in cash inflows associated with the changes in accounts receivable; partially offset by
a decrease in cash outflows associated with the changes in accounts payable; and
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•
a decrease in cash outflows associated with the changes in prepaid expenses, inventories and other assets.
Fiscal Year 2017 Compared to Fiscal Year 2016
A summary of the most significant items affecting the changes in our operating cash flows follows:
Improved operational performance in fiscal year 2017 as compared to fiscal year 2016 due to the following:
•
•
•
higher revenues of $34.3 million driven by our Recycling line-of-business, our collection line-of-business, our Western
region disposal line-of-business and our Customer Solutions line-of-business; partially offset by
higher cost of operations of $23.2 million driven by lower third-party direct costs, lower labor and related benefit costs,
and lower fuel costs; partially offset by
higher general and administration expenses of $3.8 million driven by higher third-party direct costs, higher labor and
related benefit costs, including significant healthcare cost increases, higher maintenance costs, and higher direct
operational costs.
The favorable cash flow impact associated with the changes in our assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions and
divestitures, which are affected by both cost changes and the timing of payments, in fiscal year 2017 as compared to fiscal year
2016 was the result of the following:
•
•
•
•
•
a decrease in cash outflows associated with cash interest payments running through accrued expenses and other
liabilities;
a decrease in cash outflows associated with the changes in prepaid expenses, inventories and other assets; and
a decrease in cash outflows associated with the changes in accounts payable; partially offset by
an increase in cash outflows associated with the changes in accrued payroll and incentive compensation; and
a decrease in cash inflows associated with the changes in accounts receivable.
Cash flows from investing activities.
A summary of investing cash flows (in millions) follows:
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired
Additions to property, plant and equipment
Payments on landfill operating lease contracts
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment
Proceeds from Southbridge landfill insurance settlement
Proceeds from property insurance settlement
Net cash used in investing activities
Fiscal Year 2018 Compared to Fiscal Year 2017
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
$
$
(88.9) $
(73.2)
(7.4)
0.8
3.5
1.0
(164.2) $
(5.1) $
(64.9)
(7.2)
0.7
—
—
(76.5) $
(2.8)
(54.2)
(7.3)
1.3
—
—
(63.0)
A summary of the most significant items affecting the change in our investing cash flows for fiscal year 2018 from the prior
year follows:
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired. We acquired six solid waste collection businesses and one transfer business in our Western
region and two business comprised of solid waste collection and transfer operations in our Eastern region for total
consideration of $99.5 million, including $86.7 million in cash. We also made payment on $2.3 million in holdback amounts in
fiscal year 2018.
Capital expenditures. Capital expenditures were $8.3 million higher in fiscal year 2018 as compared to fiscal year 2017
primarily due to business growth and acquisition activity.
Payments on landfill operating lease contracts. Landfill operating lease payments increased $0.2 million in fiscal year 2018 as
compared to fiscal year 2017 due to increased payments related to our landfill located in Chemung, New York.
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Proceeds from Southbridge Landfill insurance recovery for investing activities. We recorded a recovery on environmental
insurance settlement associated with the Southbridge Landfill closure, of which $3.5 million of the $10.0 million recovered
related to the recovery of net cash previously used in investing activities.
Proceeds from property insurance settlement. We recovered insurance proceeds of $1.0 million pertaining to property damage
related to a fire at a transfer station in our Western region.
Fiscal Year 2017 Compared to Fiscal Year 2016
A summary of the most significant items affecting the change in our investing cash flows for fiscal year 2017 from the prior
year follows:
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired. We acquired one solid waste collection business in our Eastern region and three solid waste
collection businesses in our Western region for total consideration of $8.1 million, including $4.8 million in cash.
Capital expenditures. Capital expenditures were $10.7 million higher in fiscal year 2017 as compared to fiscal year 2016
primarily due to timing differences with various landfill development projects and business growth.
Payments on landfill operating lease contracts. Landfill operating lease payments decreased $(0.1) million in fiscal year 2017
as compared to fiscal year 2016 due to the timing of payments at certain of our landfills based on the terms of the operating
lease contracts.
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment. Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment decreased $(0.6) million
in fiscal year 2017 as compared to fiscal year 2016 due to the timing and make-up of various asset sales.
Cash flows from financing activities.
A summary of financing cash flows (in millions) follows:
Proceeds from long-term borrowings
Principal payments on long-term debt
Payments of debt issuance costs
Payments of debt extinguishment costs
Proceeds from the exercise of share based awards
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
Fiscal Year 2018 Compared to Fiscal Year 2017
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
$
634.7
$
185.5
$
(584.2)
(5.6)
—
0.5
(217.0)
(1.5)
—
1.3
604.9
(608.2)
(8.2)
(7.2)
0.1
$
45.4
$
(31.7) $
(18.6)
A summary of the most significant items affecting the change in our financing cash flows for fiscal year 2018 from the prior
year follows:
Debt activity. Debt borrowings increased by $449.2 million and debt payments increased by $367.2 million in fiscal year 2018,
resulting in an increase of long-term debt by $50.5 million. The increase in net financing cash flows related to debt activity is
associated primarily with increased borrowings related to acquisition activity, and to a lesser extent debt issuance costs
associated with financing activities. This is compared to fiscal year 2017 activity that resulted in a reduction of long-term debt
by $(31.5) million associated with the repayment of $(30.1) million of long-term debt under the previously outstanding senior
secured credit facility in fiscal year 2017.
Payments of debt issuance costs. We made $5.6 million of debt issuance cost payments in fiscal year 2018 related primarily to
the issuance of Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2015R-2 (“FAME Bonds 2015R-2”)
and the refinancing of our Credit Facility as compared to $1.5 million in fiscal year 2017 related to the repricing of our $350.0
million aggregate principal amount Term Loan B Facility and the remarketing of the FAME Bonds 2005R-1 and the FAME
Bonds 2005R-2 into the FAME Bonds 2005R-3.
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Fiscal Year 2017 Compared to Fiscal Year 2016
A summary of the most significant items affecting the change in our financing cash flows for fiscal year 2017 from the prior
year follows:
Debt activity. Debt borrowings decreased by $419.4 million and debt payments decreased by $391.2 million in fiscal year
2017, resulting in a reduction of long-term debt by $(31.5) million primarily associated with the repayment of $(30.1) million
of long-term debt under the previously outstanding senior secured credit facility in fiscal year 2017. This is compared to fiscal
year 2016 activity that resulted in a reduction of long-term debt by $(3.3) million associated with the repurchase or redemption,
as applicable, of $370.3 million our 2019 Notes; the refinancing of the previously outstanding senior secured asset-based
revolving credit and letter of credit facility in fiscal year 2016; and the issuance of $15.0 million of Solid Waste Disposal
Revenue Bonds Series 2014R-2 ("New York Bonds 2014R-2") in fiscal year 2016.
Payments of debt issuance costs. We made $1.5 million of debt issuance cost payments in fiscal year 2017 related to the
repricing and the remarketing of the FAME Bonds 2005R-1 and the FAME Bonds 2005R-2 into the FAME Bonds 2005R-3 as
compared to $8.1 million in fiscal year 2016 related to the refinancing of our ABL Facility with our Credit Facility and the
issuance of New York Bonds 2014R-2.
Proceeds from the exercise of share based awards. We received $1.3 million of cash receipts associated with the exercise of
stock options in fiscal year 2017 as compared to $0.1 million in fiscal year 2016 due primarily to the appreciation of our stock
price and the expiration of certain management grants.
Outstanding Long-Term Debt
Credit Facility
In fiscal year 2018, we entered into a credit agreement ("Credit Agreement"), which provides for a $350.0 million aggregate
principal amount term loan A facility ("Term Loan Facility") and a $200.0 million revolving line of credit facility ("Revolving
Credit Facility" and, together with the Term Loan Facility, the "Credit Facility"). The net proceeds from this transaction were
used to repay in full the amounts outstanding of the Term Loan B Facility and the $160.0 million revolving line of credit
facility ("Refinanced Revolving Credit Facility") plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon and to pay related transaction
expenses. We have the right to request, at our discretion, an increase in the amount of loans under the Credit Facility by an
aggregate amount $125.0 million, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement.
The Credit Facility has a 5-year term and will initially bear interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 2.00% per annum, which will be
reduced to a rate of LIBOR plus 1.25% upon us reaching a consolidated net leverage ratio of less than 2.25x. The Credit
Facility is guaranteed jointly and severally, fully and unconditionally by all of our significant wholly-owned subsidiaries and
secured by substantially all of our assets. As of December 31, 2018, further advances were available under the Credit Facility in
the amount of $107.9 million. The available amount is net of outstanding irrevocable letters of credit totaling $22.5 million, at
which date no amount had been drawn.
The Credit Agreement requires us to maintain a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum consolidated net leverage
ratio, to be measured at the end of each fiscal quarter. As of December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with all financial
covenants contained in the Credit Agreement as follows (in millions):
Credit Facility Covenant
Maximum consolidated net leverage ratio (1)
Minimum interest coverage ratio
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31, 2018
Covenant Requirements at
December 31, 2018
3.62
6.35
4.75
3.00
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(1) The maximum consolidated net leverage ratio is calculated as consolidated funded debt, net of unencumbered cash and
cash equivalents in excess of $2.0 million (calculated at $553.2 million as of December 31, 2018, or $555.2 million of
consolidated funded debt less $2.0 million of cash and cash equivalents in excess of $2.0 million as of December 31,
2018), divided by minimum consolidated EBITDA. Minimum consolidated EBITDA is based on operating results for
the twelve months preceding the measurement date of December 31, 2018. Consolidated funded debt, net unencumbered
cash and cash equivalents in excess of $2.0 million, and minimum consolidated EBITDA are non-GAAP financial
measures that should not be considered an alternative to any measure of financial performance calculated and presented
in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. A reconciliation of minimum
consolidated EBITDA to net cash provided by operating activities is as follows (in millions):
Net cash provided by operating activities
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions and divestitures
Gain on sale of property and equipment
Non-cash expense from acquisition activities and other items
Developmental project charge
Loss on debt extinguishment
Stock based compensation
Impairment of investments
Southbridge landfill non-cash closure charge
Southbridge Landfill insurance recovery for investing activities
Interest expense, less amortization of debt issuance costs
Benefit for income taxes, net of deferred income taxes
Adjustments as allowed by the Credit Agreement
Minimum consolidated EBITDA
Twelve Months Ended
December 31, 2018
$
$
120.8
5.4
0.5
(0.8)
(0.3)
(7.4)
(8.4)
(1.1)
(16.2)
3.5
23.9
(1.6)
34.7
153.0
In addition to the financial covenants described above, the Credit Agreement also contains a number of important customary
affirmative and negative covenants which restrict, among other things, our ability to sell assets, incur additional debt, create
liens, make investments, and pay dividends. We do not believe that these restrictions impact our ability to meet future liquidity
needs.
As of December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with the covenants contained in the Credit Agreement. An event of default
under any of our debt agreements could permit some of our lenders, including the lenders under the Credit Facility, to declare
all amounts borrowed from them to be immediately due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest, or, in the case
of the Credit Facility, terminate the commitment to make further credit extensions thereunder, which could, in turn, trigger
cross-defaults under other debt obligations. If we were unable to repay debt to our lenders, or were otherwise in default under
any provision governing our outstanding debt obligations, our secured lenders could proceed against us and against the
collateral securing that debt.
Based on the seasonality of our business, operating results in the late fall, winter and early spring months are generally lower
than the remainder of our fiscal year. Given the cash flow impact that this seasonality, the capital intensive nature of our
business and the timing of debt payments has on our business, we typically incur higher debt borrowings in order to meet our
liquidity needs during these times. Consequently, our availability and performance against our financial covenants tighten
during these times as well.
Tax-Exempt Financings
New York Bonds. As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding $25.0 million aggregate principal amount of Solid Waste
Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2014 ("New York Bonds 2014R-1") and $15.0 million aggregate principal amount of New
York Bonds 2014R-2 issued by the New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation under the indenture dated December
1, 2014 (collectively, the “New York Bonds”). The New York Bonds 2014R-1 accrue interest at 3.75% per annum through
December 1, 2019, at which time they may be converted from a fixed rate to a variable rate. The New York Bonds 2014R-2
accrue interest at 3.125% per annum through May 31, 2026, at which time they may be converted from a fixed rate to a
variable rate. The New York Bonds, which are unsecured and guaranteed jointly and severally, fully and unconditionally by all
of our significant wholly-owned subsidiaries, require interest payments on June 1 and December 1 of each year and mature on
December 1, 2044. We borrowed the proceeds of the New York Bonds to finance or refinance certain capital projects in the
state of New York and to pay certain costs of issuance of the New York Bonds.
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Maine Bonds. In fiscal year 2018, we completed the issuance of $15.0 million aggregate principal amount of Finance Authority
of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2015R-2 (“FAME Bonds 2015R-2”). As of December 31, 2018, we had
outstanding $25.0 million aggregate principal amount of FAME Bonds 2005R-3, $15.0 million aggregate principal amount of
Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2015 (“FAME Bonds 2015R-1”), and $15.0 million
aggregate principal amount of FAME Bonds 2015R-2 (collectively, the "FAME Bonds"). The FAME Bonds 2005R-3 accrue
interest at 5.25% per annum, and interest is payable semiannually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year until such
bonds mature on January 1, 2025. The FAME Bonds 2015R-1 accrue interest at 5.125% per annum through August 1, 2025, at
which time they may be converted from a fixed to a variable rate, and interest is payable semiannually in arrears on February 1
and August 1 of each year until the FAME Bonds 2015R-1 mature on August 1, 2035. The FAME Bonds 2015R-2 accrue
interest at 4.375% per annum through July 31, 2025, at which time they may be converted from a fixed to a variable rate, and
interest is payable semiannually each year on May 1 and November 1 until the FAME Bonds 2015R-2 mature on August 1,
2035. The FAME Bonds are unsecured and guaranteed jointly and severally, fully and unconditionally by all of our significant
wholly-owned subsidiaries. We borrowed the proceeds of the offering of the FAME Bonds to finance or refinance the costs of
certain of our solid waste landfill facilities and solid waste collection, organics and transfer, recycling and hauling facilities, and
to pay certain costs of the issuance of the FAME Bonds.
Vermont Bonds. In fiscal year 2018, we completed the remarketing of $16.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior
unsecured Vermont Economic Development Authority Solid Waste Disposal Long-Term Revenue Bonds Series 2013
(“Vermont Bonds”). As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding $16.0 million aggregate principal amount of Vermont
Bonds. The Vermont Bonds, which are guaranteed jointly and severally, fully and unconditionally by all of our significant
wholly-owned subsidiaries, accrue interest at 4.63% per annum through April 2, 2028, after which time there is a mandatory
tender. The Vermont Bonds mature on April 1, 2036. We borrowed the proceeds of the Vermont Bonds to finance or refinance
certain qualifying property, plant and equipment assets purchased in the state of Vermont.
New Hampshire Bonds. As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding $11.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior
unsecured Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2013 issued by the Business Finance Authority of the State of New
Hampshire (“New Hampshire Bonds”). The New Hampshire Bonds, which are guaranteed jointly and severally, fully and
unconditionally by all of our significant wholly-owned subsidiaries, accrue interest at 4.00% per annum through October 1,
2019, at which time they may be converted from a fixed rate to a variable rate. During the fixed interest rate period, the New
Hampshire Bonds are not be supported by a letter of credit. Interest is payable in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year.
The New Hampshire Bonds mature on April 1, 2029. We borrowed the proceeds of the New Hampshire Bonds to finance or
refinance certain qualifying property, plant and equipment assets purchased in the state of New Hampshire.
Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2018
(in thousands) and the anticipated effect of these obligations on our liquidity in future years:
Long-term debt and capital leases
Interest obligations (1)
Non-cancellable operating leases
Landfill operating lease contracts
FInal capping / closure / post-closure
Total contractual cash obligations (2)
Less than
one year
1 - 3 years
3 - 5 years
$
$
2,298
25,157
9,871
5,701
10,340
53,367
$
$
4,823
49,953
11,789
11,006
14,904
92,475
$
$
422,673
48,432
3,197
11,006
16,585
501,893
More than 5
years
125,455
63,710
4,616
60,529
134,401
388,711
$
$
$
$
Total
555,249
187,252
29,473
88,242
176,230
1,036,446
(1) Based on long-term debt and capital lease balances as of December 31, 2018. Interest obligations related to variable rate
debt were calculated using variable rates in effect at December 31, 2018.
(2) Contractual cash obligations do not include accounts payable or accrued liabilities, which will be paid in the fiscal year
ending December 31, 2019.
We have no contractual obligations related to unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2018. For a description of our
commitments and contingencies, see Note 9, Final Capping, Closure and Post-Closure Costs, Note 11, Commitments and
Contingencies and Note 15, Income Taxes, to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on
Form 10-K.
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Inflation
Although inflationary increases in costs have affected our historical operating margins, we believe that inflation generally has
not had a significant impact on our operating results. Consistent with industry practice, most of our contracts provide for a
pass-through of certain costs to our customers, including increases in landfill tipping fees and in some cases fuel costs, intended
to mitigate the impact of inflation on our operating results. We have also implemented a number of operating efficiency
programs that seek to improve productivity and reduce our service costs, and a fuel surcharge, which is designed to recover
escalating fuel price fluctuations above an annually reset floor. Based on these implementations, we believe we should be able
to sufficiently offset most cost increases resulting from inflation. However, competitive factors may require us to absorb at least
a portion of these cost increases. Additionally, management’s estimates associated with inflation have had, and will continue to
have, an impact on our accounting for landfill and environmental remediation liabilities.
Regional Economic Conditions
Our business is primarily located in the northeastern United States. Therefore, our business, financial condition and results of
operations are susceptible to downturns in the general economy in this geographic region and other factors affecting the region,
such as state regulations and severe weather conditions. We are unable to forecast or determine the timing and/or the future
impact of a sustained economic slowdown.
Critical Accounting Estimates and Assumptions
Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and necessarily include certain estimates
and judgments made by management. On an on-going basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments which are
based on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The
results of their evaluation form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results
may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and circumstances. The following is a list of accounting policies
that we believe are the most critical in understanding our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows
and that may require management to make subjective or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. Our
significant accounting policies are more fully discussed in Note 3, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our
consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Landfill Accounting
Landfill Development Costs
We estimate the total cost to develop each of our landfill sites to its remaining permitted and expansion capacity (see landfill
development costs discussed within the “Property, Plant and Equipment” accounting policy more fully discussed in Note 3,
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report
on Form 10-K). The projection of these landfill costs is dependent, in part, on future events. The remaining amortizable basis of
each landfill includes costs to develop a site to its remaining permitted and expansion capacity and includes amounts previously
expended and capitalized, net of accumulated airspace amortization, and projections of future purchase and development costs
including capitalized interest. The interest capitalization rate is based on our weighted average interest rate incurred on
borrowings outstanding during the period.
Under life-cycle accounting, all costs related to acquisition and construction of landfill sites are capitalized and charged to
expense based on tonnage placed into each site. Landfill permitting, acquisition and preparation costs are amortized on the
units-of-consumption method as landfill airspace is consumed. In determining the amortization rate for each of our landfills,
preparation costs include the total estimated costs to complete construction of the landfills’ permitted and expansion capacity.
Final Capping, Closure and Post-Closure Costs
The cost estimates for final capping, closure and post-closure activities at landfills for which we have responsibility are
estimated based on our interpretations of current requirements and proposed or anticipated regulatory changes. We also
estimate additional costs based on the amount a third-party would charge us to perform such activities even when we expect to
perform these activities internally. We estimate the airspace to be consumed related to each final capping event and the timing
of construction related to each final capping event and of closure and post-closure activities. Because landfill final capping,
closure and post-closure obligations are measured at estimated fair value using present value techniques, changes in the
estimated timing of construction of future landfill final capping and closure and post-closure activities would have an effect on
these liabilities, related assets and results of operations.
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Final capping activities include the installation of liners, drainage, compacted soil layers and topsoil over areas of a landfill
where total airspace has been consumed and waste is no longer being received. Final capping activities occur throughout the
life of the landfill. Our engineering personnel estimate the cost for each final capping event based on the acreage to be capped,
along with the final capping materials and activities required. The estimates also consider when these costs would actually be
paid and factor in inflation and discount rates. The engineers then quantify the landfill capacity associated with each final
capping event and the costs for each event are amortized over that capacity as waste is received at the landfill.
Closure and post-closure costs represent future estimated costs related to monitoring and maintenance of a solid waste landfill
after a landfill facility ceases to accept waste and closes. We estimate, based on input from our engineers, accountants, lawyers,
managers and others, our future cost requirements for closure and post-closure monitoring and maintenance based on our
interpretation of the technical standards of the Subtitle D regulations and the air emissions standards under the Clean Air Act of
1970, as amended, as they are being applied on a state-by-state basis. Closure and post-closure accruals for the cost of
monitoring and maintenance include site inspection, groundwater monitoring, leachate management, methane gas control and
recovery, and operation and maintenance costs to be incurred for a period which is generally for a term of 30 years after final
closure of a landfill. In determining estimated future closure and post-closure costs, we consider costs associated with permitted
and permittable airspace.
See Note 9, Final Capping, Closure and Post-Closure Costs to our consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 of
this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further disclosure.
Remaining Permitted Airspace
Our engineers, in consultation with third-party engineering consultants and surveyors, are responsible for determining
remaining permitted airspace at our landfills. The remaining permitted airspace is determined by an annual survey, which is
then used to compare the existing landfill topography to the expected final landfill topography.
Expansion Airspace
We currently include unpermitted expansion airspace in our estimate of remaining permitted and expansion airspace in certain
circumstances. To be considered expansion airspace all of the following criteria must be met:
•
•
•
•
•
we control the land on which the expansion is sought;
all technical siting criteria have been met or a variance has been obtained or is reasonably expected to be obtained;
we have not identified any legal or political impediments which we believe will not be resolved in our favor;
we are actively working on obtaining any necessary permits and we expect that all required permits will be received; and
senior management has approved the project.
For unpermitted airspace to be included in our estimate of remaining permitted and expansion airspace, the expansion effort
must meet all of the criteria listed above. These criteria are evaluated annually by our engineers, accountants, lawyers,
managers and others to identify potential obstacles to obtaining the permits. Once the remaining permitted and expansion
airspace is determined in cubic yards, an airspace utilization factor (“AUF”) is established to calculate the remaining permitted
and expansion capacity in tons. The AUF is established using a process that considers the measured density obtained from
annual surveys. When we include the expansion airspace in our calculation of remaining permitted and expansion airspace, we
include the projected costs for development, as well as the projected asset retirement costs related to final capping, closure and
post-closure of the expansion airspace in the amortization basis of the landfill.
After determining the costs and the remaining permitted and expansion capacity at each of our landfills, we determine the per
ton rates that will be expensed as waste is received and deposited at each of our landfills by dividing the costs by the
corresponding number of tons. We calculate per ton amortization rates for assets associated with each final capping event, for
assets related to closure and post-closure activities and for all other costs capitalized or to be capitalized in the future for each
landfill. These rates per ton are updated annually, or more frequently, as significant facts change.
It is possible that actual results, including the amount of costs incurred, the timing of final capping, closure and post-closure
activities, our airspace utilization or the success of our expansion efforts could ultimately turn out to be significantly different
from our estimates and assumptions. To the extent that such estimates or related assumptions prove to be significantly different
than actual results, lower profitability may be experienced due to higher amortization rates, higher final capping, closure or
post-closure rates, or higher expenses. Higher profitability may result if the opposite occurs. Most significantly, if it is
determined that the expansion capacity should no longer be considered in calculating the recoverability of the landfill asset, we
may be required to recognize an asset impairment. If it is determined that the likelihood of receiving an expansion permit has
become remote, the capitalized costs related to the expansion effort are expensed immediately.
Environmental Remediation Liabilities
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We have recorded environmental remediation liabilities representing our estimate of the most likely outcome of the matters for
which we have determined that a liability is probable. These liabilities include potentially responsible party investigations,
settlements, certain legal and consultant fees, as well as costs directly associated with site investigation and clean up, such as
materials and incremental internal costs directly related to the remedy. We provide for expenses associated with environmental
remediation obligations when such amounts are probable and can be reasonably estimated. We estimate costs required to
remediate sites where it is probable that a liability has been incurred based on site-specific facts and circumstances. Estimates
of the cost for the likely remedy are developed using third-party environmental engineers or other service providers. Where we
believe that both the amount of a particular environmental remediation liability and timing of payments are reliably
determinable, we inflate the cost in current dollars until the expected time of payment and discount the cost to present value.
See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 of this Annual
Report on Form 10-K for further disclosure.
Accounts Receivable – Trade, Net of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Accounts receivable – trade represent receivables from customers for collection, transfer, recycling, disposal and other services.
Our accounts receivable – trade are recorded when billed or when related revenue is earned, if earlier, and represent claims
against third-parties that will be settled in cash. The carrying value of our accounts receivable – trade, net of allowance for
doubtful accounts, represents its estimated net realizable value. Estimates are used in determining our allowance for doubtful
accounts based on our historical collection experience, current trends, credit policy and a review of our accounts receivable –
trade by aging category. Our reserve is evaluated and revised on a monthly basis. Past-due accounts receivable-trade are written
off when deemed to be uncollectible.
Goodwill and Other Intangibles
We annually assess goodwill for impairment at the end of our fiscal year or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate
that impairment may exist. We may assess whether a goodwill impairment exists using either a qualitative or a quantitative
assessment. If we perform a qualitative assessment, it involves determining whether events or circumstances exist that indicate
it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If based on
this qualitative assessment we determine it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its
carrying amount, we will not perform a quantitative assessment. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely
than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, or if we elect not to perform a qualitative
assessment, we perform a quantitative assessment, or two-step impairment test, to determine whether goodwill impairment
exists at the reporting unit.
In the first step (defined as “Step 1”) of testing for goodwill impairment, we estimate the fair value of each reporting unit,
which we have determined to be our geographic operating segments, our Recycling segment and our Customer Solutions
business, which is included in the Other segment, and compare the fair value with the carrying value of the net assets of each
reporting unit. If the fair value is less than its carrying value, then we would perform a second step (defined as “Step 2”) and
determine the fair value of the goodwill. In Step 2, the fair value of goodwill is determined by deducting the fair value of a
reporting unit’s identifiable assets and liabilities from the fair value of the reporting unit as a whole, as if that reporting unit had
just been acquired and the purchase price were being initially allocated.
To determine the fair value of each of our reporting units as a whole we use discounted cash flow analyses, which require
significant assumptions and estimates about the future operations of each reporting unit. Significant judgments inherent in this
analysis include the determination of appropriate discount rates, the amount and timing of expected future cash flows and
growth rates. The cash flows employed in our discounted cash flow analyses are based on financial forecasts developed
internally by management. Our discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of our risk adjusted discount rate,
applicable for each reporting unit. In assessing the reasonableness of our determined fair values of our reporting units, we
evaluate our results against our current market capitalization
If the fair value of goodwill is less than its carrying value for a reporting unit, an impairment charge would be recorded to
earnings. The loss recognized cannot exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. After a goodwill impairment loss is recognized,
the adjusted carrying amount of goodwill becomes its new accounting basis.
In addition to an annual goodwill impairment assessment, we would evaluate a reporting unit for impairment if events or
circumstances change between annual tests indicating a possible impairment. Examples of such events or circumstances
include the following:
a significant adverse change in legal status or in the business climate;
an adverse action or assessment by a regulator;
a more likely than not expectation that a segment or a significant portion thereof will be sold; or
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•
the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within the segment.
We elected to perform a quantitative analysis as part of our annual goodwill impairment test for fiscal year 2018. As of
December 31, 2018, the Step 1 testing for goodwill impairment performed for our Eastern, Western, Recycling and Customer
Solutions reporting units indicated that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying amount, including goodwill.
Furthermore, the Step 1 test indicated that in each case the fair value of our Eastern, Western, Recycling and Customer
Solutions reporting units exceeded its carrying value by in excess of 21.5%. We incurred no impairment of goodwill as a result
of our annual goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016. However, there can be no assurance that goodwill
will not be impaired at any time in the future.
Intangible assets consist primarily of covenants not-to-compete and customer lists. Intangible assets are recorded at fair value
and are amortized based on the economic benefit provided or using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives.
Covenants not-to-compete and customer lists are typically amortized over a term of no more than 10 years.
See Note 8, Goodwill and Intangible Assets to our consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 of this Annual
Report on Form 10-K for further disclosure.
Recovery of Long-Lived Assets
We continually assess whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that may warrant revision of the estimated
useful lives of our long-lived assets (other than goodwill) or whether the remaining balances of those assets should be evaluated
for possible impairment. Long-lived assets include, for example, capitalized landfill costs, other property and equipment, and
identifiable intangible assets. Events or changes in circumstances that may indicate that an asset may be impaired include the
following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
a significant decrease in the market price of an asset or asset group;
a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which an asset or asset group is being used or in its physical
condition;
a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate that could affect the value of an asset or asset group,
including an adverse action or assessment by a regulator;
an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a
long-lived asset;
a current period operating or cash flow loss combined with a history of operating or cash flow losses or a projection or
forecast that demonstrates continuing losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset or asset group;
a current expectation that, more likely than not, a long-lived asset or asset group will be sold or otherwise disposed of
significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life; or
an impairment of goodwill at a reporting unit.
There are certain indicators listed above that require significant judgment and understanding of the waste industry when applied
to landfill development or expansion. For example, a regulator may initially deny a landfill expansion permit application
although the expansion permit is ultimately granted. In addition, management may periodically divert waste from one landfill
to another to conserve remaining permitted landfill airspace. Therefore, certain events could occur in the ordinary course of
business and not necessarily be considered indicators of impairment due to the unique nature of the waste industry.
If an impairment indicator occurs, we perform a test of recoverability by comparing the carrying value of the asset or asset
group to its undiscounted expected future cash flows. We group our long-lived assets for this purpose at the lowest level for
which identifiable cash flows are primarily independent of the cash flows of other assets or asset groups. If the carrying values
are in excess of undiscounted expected future cash flows, we measure any impairment by comparing the fair value of the asset
or asset group to its carrying value.
To determine fair value, we use discounted cash flow analyses and estimates about the future cash flows of the asset or asset
group. This analysis includes a determination of an appropriate discount rate, the amount and timing of expected future cash
flows and growth rates. The cash flows employed in our discounted cash flow analyses are typically based on financial
forecasts developed internally by management. The discount rate used is commensurate with the risks involved. We may also
rely on third-party valuations and or information available regarding the market value for similar assets.
If the fair value of an asset or asset group is determined to be less than the carrying amount of the asset or asset group,
impairment in the amount of the difference is recorded in the period that the impairment occurs. Estimating future cash flows
requires significant judgment and projections may vary from the cash flows eventually realized.
Investments in Unconsolidated Entities
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Investments in unconsolidated entities over which we have significant influence over the investees’ operating and financing
activities are accounted for under the equity method of accounting, as applicable. Investments in affiliates in which we do not
have the ability to exert significant influence over the investees’ operating and financing activities are accounted for under the
cost method of accounting.
We monitor and assess the carrying value of our investments throughout the year for potential impairment and write them down
to their fair value when other-than-temporary declines exist. Fair value is generally based on (i) other third-party investors’
recent transactions in the securities; (ii) other information available regarding the current market for similar assets and/or (iii) a
market or income approach, as deemed appropriate.
When we assess the carrying value of our investments for potential impairment, determining the fair value of our investments is
reliant upon the availability of market information and/or other information provided by third-parties to be able to develop an
estimate of fair value. Considerable judgment is required in interpreting market data to develop the estimates of fair value.
Accordingly, our estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that we, or other holders of these investments, could
realize in a current market exchange. The use of different assumptions and/or estimation methodologies could have a
significant effect on the estimated fair values. The current estimates of fair value could differ significantly from the amounts
presented.
Self-Insurance Liabilities and Related Costs
We are self-insured for vehicles and workers’ compensation with reinsurance coverage limiting our maximum exposure. Our
maximum exposure in fiscal year 2018 under the workers’ compensation plan was $1.0 million per individual event. Our
maximum exposure in fiscal year 2018 under the automobile plan was $1.2 million per individual event. The liability for
unpaid claims and associated expenses, including incurred but not reported losses, is determined by management with the
assistance of a third-party actuary and reflected in our consolidated balance sheet as an accrued liability. We use a third-party to
track and evaluate actual claims experience for consistency with the data used in the annual actuarial valuation. The actuarially
determined liability is calculated based on historical data, which considers both the frequency and settlement amount of claims.
Our estimated accruals for these liabilities could be significantly different than our ultimate obligations if variables such as the
frequency or severity of future events differ significantly from our assumptions.
Income Taxes
We use estimates to determine our provision for income taxes and related assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance
recorded against our net deferred tax assets. Valuation allowances have been established for the possibility that tax benefits may
not be realized for certain deferred tax assets. Deferred income taxes are recognized based on the expected future tax
consequences of differences between the financial statement basis and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, calculated using
currently enacted tax rates. We record net deferred tax assets to the extent we believe these assets will more likely than not be
realized. In making this determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals
of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations. In the event
we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred income tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded
amount, we will make an adjustment to the valuation allowance which would reduce the provision for income taxes.
We account for income tax uncertainties according to guidance on the recognition, de-recognition and measurement of potential
tax benefits associated with tax positions. We recognize interest and penalties relating to income tax matters as a component of
income tax expense.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was enacted. The Act, which is also commonly referred to as
“U.S. tax reform,” significantly changes United States corporate income tax laws by, among other things, reducing the US
corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% starting in 2018.
See Note 15, Income Taxes to our consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K
for further disclosure, including the effect of the Act on income taxes.
Contingent Liabilities
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We are subject to various legal proceedings, claims and regulatory matters, the outcomes of which are subject to significant
uncertainty. We determine whether to disclose or accrue for loss contingencies based on an assessment of whether the risk of
loss is remote, reasonably possible or probable, and whether it can be reasonably estimated. We analyze our litigation and
regulatory matters based on available information to assess the potential liabilities. Management’s assessment is developed
based on an analysis of possible outcomes under various strategies. We accrue for loss contingencies when such amounts are
probable and reasonably estimable. If a contingent liability is only reasonably possible, we will disclose the potential range of
the loss, if estimable. We record losses related to contingencies in cost of operations or general and administration expenses,
depending on the nature of the underlying transaction leading to the loss contingency. Contingent liabilities accounted for under
purchase accounting are recorded at their fair values. These fair values may be different from the values we would have
otherwise recorded, had the contingent liability not been assumed as part of an acquisition of a business.
See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 of this Annual
Report on Form 10-K for further disclosure.
Stock-Based Compensation
All share-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award, and is
recognized as expense-in general and administration expense over the employee’s requisite service period. For purposes of
calculating stock-based compensation expense, forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. Our equity awards granted generally
consist of stock options, including market-based performance stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and
performance stock units, including market-based performance stock units.
The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model, with the exception of
market-based performance stock option grants which are valued using a Monte Carlo option-pricing model. The fair value of
restricted stock, restricted stock unit and performance stock unit grants is at a price equal to the fair market value of our Class A
common stock at the date of grant. The fair value of market-based performance stock unit grants is valued using a Monte Carlo
pricing model.
See Note 12, Stockholders Equity to our consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form
10-K for further disclosure.
Defined Benefit Pension Plan
We currently make contributions to one qualified multiemployer defined benefit pension plan, the New England Teamsters and
Trucking Industry Pension Fund ("Pension Plan"). The Pension Plan provides retirement benefits to participants based on their
service to contributing employers. We do not administer this plan. The Pension Plan’s benefit formula is based on credited
years of service and hours worked as defined in the Pension Plan document. However, the benefits accruals of all current plan
participants are frozen. Our pension contributions are made in accordance with funding standards established by the Employee
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 and the Internal Revenue Code, as amended by the Pension Protection Act of 2006.
The Pension Plan’s assets have been invested as determined by the Pension Plan's fiduciaries in accordance with the Pension
Plan's investment policy. The Pension Plan’s asset allocation is based on the Pension Plan's investment policy and is reviewed
as deemed necessary.
See Note 14, Employee Benefit Plans to our consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 of this Annual Report on
Form 10-K for further disclosure.
New Accounting Standards
For a description of the new accounting standards that may affect us, see Note 2, Accounting Changes to our consolidated
financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK
In the normal course of business we are exposed to market risks, including changes in interest rates and certain commodity
prices. We have a variety of strategies to mitigate these market risks, including at times using derivative instruments to hedge
some portion of these risks.
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Interest Rate Volatility
Our strategy to hedge against fluctuations in variable interest rates involves entering into interest rate derivative agreements to
hedge against adverse movements in interest rates. As of December 31, 2018, we are party to nine interest rate derivative
agreements to hedge interest rate risk associated with the variable rate portion of our long-term debt. The total notional amount
of these hedging instruments is $190.0 million and we receive interest based on the 1-month LIBOR index, restricted by a
1.00% floor in certain instances, and pay interest at a weighted average fixed rate of approximately 2.54%. The agreements
mature between February 2021 and May 2023. We have designated these derivative instruments as highly effective cash flow
hedges, and therefore the change in fair value is recorded in our stockholders’ deficit as a component of accumulated other
comprehensive income (loss) and included in interest expense at the same time as interest expense is affected by the hedged
transactions. Differences paid or received over the life of the agreements are recorded as additions to or reductions of interest
expense on the underlying debt.
We have $135.6 million of fixed rate debt as of December 31, 2018 in addition to the $190.0 million fixed through our interest
rate derivative agreements. We had interest rate risk relating to approximately $229.6 million of long-term debt as of
December 31, 2018. The weighted average interest rate on the variable rate portion of long-term debt was approximately 4.5%
at December 31, 2018. Should the average interest rate on the variable rate portion of long-term debt change by 100 basis
points, we estimate that our annual interest expense would change by up to approximately $2.3 million. The remainder of our
long-term debt is at fixed rates and not subject to interest rate risk.
Commodity Price Volatility
Through our Recycling operation, we market a variety of materials, including fibers such as old corrugated cardboard and old
newsprint, plastics, glass, ferrous and aluminum metals. We may use a number of strategies to mitigate impacts from
commodity price fluctuations including: (1) charging collection customers a floating sustainability recycling adjustment fee to
offtake recycling commodity risks; (2) in-bound material recovery facilities ("MRF") customers receiving a revenue share or
indexed materials purchases in higher commodity price markets, or charging these same customers a processing cost or tipping
fee per ton in lower commodity price markets; (3) selling recycling commodities to out-bound MRF customers through floor
price or fixed price agreements; or (4) entering into fixed price contracts or hedges that mitigate the variability in cash flows
generated from the sales of recycled paper at floating prices. We do not use financial instruments for trading purposes and are
not a party to any leveraged derivatives. As of December 31, 2018, we were not party to any commodity hedging agreements.
Should commodity prices change by $10 per ton, we estimate that our annual operating income margin would change by
approximately $1.0 million annually. Our sensitivity to changes in commodity prices is complex because each customer
contract is unique relative to revenue sharing, tipping or processing fees and other arrangements. The above operating income
impact may not be indicative of future operating results and actual results may vary materially.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors of and Stockholders of Casella Waste Systems, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Casella Waste Systems, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company)
as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders'
deficit and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and schedules
(collectively, the financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of
December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of
Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the
Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the
three-year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States
of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial
reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.
As discussed in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management has excluded Youngblood
Disposal Enterprises and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively Youngblood), Silvarole Transfer, Inc. and select assets of
Silvarole Trucking, Inc. (collectively Silvarole), Boon & Sons, Inc. (Boon), Oceanside Rubbish, Inc. (Oceanside) and Al’s
Maintenance (Al’s), because they were acquired by the Company in purchase business combinations during the third and fourth
quarters of 2018 and have not yet been fully incorporated into the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting. We
have also excluded Youngblood, Silvarole, Boon, Oceanside and Al’s from our report of internal controls over financial
reporting. Collectively, Youngblood, Silvarole, Boon, Oceanside, and Al’s represent total assets and revenues of approximately
11% and 1.5%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31,
2018.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over
financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the
accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion
on the Company's financial statements and an opinion on the company's internal control over financial reporting based on our
audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)
(PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and
the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the
audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to
error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the
financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures
included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also
included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the
overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an
understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and
evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included
performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a
reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
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A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the
reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally
accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures
that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and
dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit
preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and
expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the
company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or
disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also,
projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate
because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ RSM US LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2010.
Boston, Massachusetts
February 22, 2019
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CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands)
CURRENT ASSETS:
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents
Account receivables - trade, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $931
and $809, respectively
Refundable income taxes
Prepaid expenses
Inventory
Other current assets
Total current assets
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of
$878,701 and $811,474, respectively
Goodwill
Intangible assets, net
Restricted assets
Cost method investments
Deferred income taxes
Other non-current assets
Total assets
$
December 31,
2018
December 31,
2017
$
4,007
$
1,995
74,937
2,254
7,345
6,542
2,008
97,093
404,577
162,734
34,767
1,248
11,264
9,594
11,133
732,410
$
65,953
522
8,299
6,534
1,077
84,380
361,547
122,605
8,149
1,220
12,333
11,567
13,148
614,949
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Continued)
(in thousands, except for share and per share data)
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Current maturities of long-term debt and capital leases
Accounts payable
Accrued payroll and related expenses
Accrued interest
Contract liabilities
Current accrued capping, closure and post-closure costs
Other accrued liabilities
Total current liabilities
Long-term debt and capital leases, less current portion
Accrued capping, closure and post-closure costs, less current portion
Deferred income taxes
Other long-term liabilities
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT:
Casella Waste Systems, Inc. stockholders' deficit:
Class A commons stock, 0.01 par value per share; 100,000,000 shares
authorized; 41,944,000 and 41,298,000 shares issued and outstanding,
respectively
Class B common stock, $0.01 par value per share; 1,000,000 shares authorized;
988,000 shares issued and outstanding; 10 votes per share
Additional paid-in capital
Accumulated deficit
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
Total stockholders' deficit
Total liabilities and stockholders' deficit
December 31,
2018
December 31,
2017
$
2,298
57,289
10,969
2,415
3,074
11,633
23,819
111,497
542,001
61,442
2,519
30,783
4,926
47,081
12,183
2,093
1,823
3,035
17,428
88,569
477,576
59,255
2,305
25,106
419
10
373,716
(388,669)
(1,308)
(15,832)
732,410
$
413
10
356,638
(395,107)
184
(37,862)
614,949
$
$
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands)
Revenues
Operating expenses:
Cost of operations
General and administration
Depreciation and amortization
Southbridge Landfill closure charge, net
Expense from acquisition activities and other items
Environmental remediation charge
Contract settlement charge
Development project charge
Operating income (loss)
Other expense (income):
Interest income
Interest expense
Loss on debt extinguishment
Impairment of investments
Other income
Other expense, net
Income (loss) before income taxes
(Benefit) provision for income taxes
Net income (loss)
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
$
660,660
$
599,309
$
565,030
453,291
84,791
70,508
8,054
1,872
—
2,100
311
620,927
39,733
(273)
26,294
7,352
1,069
(745)
33,697
6,036
(384)
6,420
—
405,188
79,243
62,102
65,183
176
—
—
—
611,892
(12,583)
(273)
25,160
517
—
(935)
24,469
(37,052)
(15,253)
(21,799)
—
(21,799) $
381,973
75,356
61,856
—
—
900
—
—
520,085
44,945
(290)
38,942
13,747
—
(1,090)
51,309
(6,364)
494
(6,858)
(9)
(6,849)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
$
6,420
$
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Continued)
(in thousands, except for per share data)
Basic earnings per share attributable to common stockholders:
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic earnings per common share
Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders:
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Diluted earnings per common share
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
42,688
0.15
44,168
0.15
$
$
$
$
41,846
(0.52) $
41,233
(0.17)
41,846
(0.52) $
41,233
(0.17)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands)
Net income (loss)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, before tax:
Hedging activity:
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
$
6,420
$
(21,799) $
(6,858)
Interest rate swap settlements
Interest rate swap amounts reclassified into interest expense
Unrealized (loss) gain resulting from changes in fair value of derivative
instruments
Unrealized gain (loss) resulting from changes in fair value of marketable
securities
Other comprehensive (loss) income
Tax effect related to items of other comprehensive (loss) income
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
Comprehensive income (loss)
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests
(361)
363
(1,476)
—
(1,474)
—
(1,474)
4,946
—
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
$
4,946
$
(410)
421
267
59
337
85
252
(21,547)
—
(21,547) $
—
—
—
(75)
(75)
—
(75)
(6,933)
(9)
(6,924)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF
STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT
Casella Waste Systems, Inc. Stockholders' Deficit
Class A
Common Stock
Class B
Common Stock
Balance, December 31, 2015
Net loss
Other comprehensive loss
Issuances of Class A common stock
Stock-based compensation
Contributions from noncontrolling interest holder
Balance, December 31, 2016
Net loss
Other comprehensive income
Issuances of Class A common stock
Stock-based compensation
Other
Balance, December 31, 2017
Net income
Other comprehensive loss
Issuances of Class A common stock
Stock-based compensation
Issuance of Class A common stock - acquisition
Cumulative effect of new accounting principle
Balance, December 31, 2018
Total
Shares
$ (21,597) 40,064
—
(6,858)
—
(75)
508
528
—
3,393
59
—
$ (24,550) 40,572
—
(21,799)
—
252
726
1,779
—
6,432
24
—
$ (37,862) 41,298
—
6,420
—
(1,474)
496
1,017
—
8,445
150
7,622
—
—
$ (15,832) 41,944
$
Amount
401
$
—
—
5
—
—
406
—
—
7
—
—
413
—
—
5
—
1
—
419
$
$
Shares
988
—
—
—
—
—
988
—
—
—
—
—
988
—
—
—
—
—
—
988
$
Amount
10
$
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
$
$
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
$ 344,518
—
—
523
3,393
—
$ 348,434
—
—
1,772
6,432
—
$ 356,638
—
—
1,012
8,445
7,621
—
$ 373,716
$
Accumulated
Deficit
(366,459) $
(6,849)
—
—
—
—
$
$
$
(373,308) $
(21,799)
—
—
—
—
(395,107) $
6,420
—
—
—
—
18
(388,669) $
$
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
7
—
(75)
—
—
—
(68) $
—
252
—
—
—
184
—
(1,474)
—
—
—
(18)
(1,308) $
$
Noncontrolling
Interests
(74)
(9)
—
—
—
59
(24)
—
—
—
—
24
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income (loss)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization
Depletion of landfill operating lease obligations
Interest accretion on landfill and environmental remediation liabilities
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discounts on long-term debt
Stock-based compensation
Environmental remediation charge
(Gain) loss on sale of property and equipment
Southbridge Landfill non-cash closure charge
Southbridge Landfill insurance recovery for investing activities
Non-cash expense from acquisition activities and other items
Development project charge
Loss on debt extinguishment
Impairment of investments
Deferred income taxes
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions and divestitures:
Accounts receivable
Accounts payable
Prepaid expenses, inventories and other assets
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
Net cash provided by operating activities
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired
Additions to property, plant and equipment
Payments on landfill operating lease contracts
Proceeds from Southbridge Landfill insurance recovery for investing activities
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment
Proceeds from property insurance settlement
Net cash used in investing activities
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from long-term borrowings
Principal payments on long-term debt
Payments of debt issuance costs
Payments of debt extinguishment costs
Proceeds from the exercise of share based awards
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period
$
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
$
6,420
$
(21,799) $
(6,858)
70,508
9,724
5,708
2,449
8,445
—
(492)
16,179
(3,506)
757
311
7,352
1,069
1,250
(5,833)
9,091
535
(9,133)
120,834
(88,918)
(73,232)
(7,415)
3,506
870
992
(164,197)
634,700
(584,223)
(5,573)
—
471
45,375
2,012
1,995
4,007
62,102
9,646
4,482
2,692
6,432
—
49
63,526
—
—
—
517
—
(15,525)
(4,664)
2,084
(1,404)
(600)
107,538
(5,056)
(64,862)
(7,240)
—
711
—
(76,447)
185,500
(216,966)
(1,452)
—
1,278
(31,640)
(549)
2,544
1,995
$
$
61,856
9,295
3,606
3,881
3,393
900
(574)
—
—
—
—
13,747
—
583
(1,029)
76
(2,256)
(6,186)
80,434
(2,839)
(54,238)
(7,249)
—
1,362
—
(62,964)
604,850
(608,198)
(8,146)
(7,219)
128
(18,585)
(1,115)
3,659
2,544
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)
(in thousands)
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest
Income taxes, net of refunds
Supplemental Disclosures of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities:
Non-current assets acquired through long-term obligations
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
$
$
$
23,523
105
7,092
$
$
$
25,029
146
3,564
$
$
$
42,712
274
2,299
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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69
CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except for per share data)
1.
BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Casella Waste Systems, Inc. (“Parent”), its consolidated subsidiaries and any partially owned entities over which it has a
controlling financial interest (collectively, “we”, “us” or “our”), is a regional, vertically integrated solid waste services
company that provides collection, transfer, disposal, landfill, landfill gas-to-energy, recycling and organics services in the
northeastern United States. We market recyclable metals, aluminum, plastics, paper and corrugated cardboard, which have been
processed at our recycling facilities, as well as recyclables purchased from third-parties. We manage our solid waste operations
on a geographic basis through two regional operating segments, our Eastern and Western regions, each of which provides a full
range of solid waste services, and our larger-scale recycling and commodity brokerage operations through our Recycling
segment. Organics services, ancillary operations, along with major account and industrial services are included in our Other
segment.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of the Parent, our wholly-owned subsidiaries
and any partially owned entities over which we have a controlling financial interest, have been prepared in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities
and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
Investments in entities in which we do not have a controlling financial interest are accounted for under either the equity method
or the cost method of accounting, as appropriate.
2.
ACCOUNTING CHANGES
Standard
Description
Effect on the Financial Statements or Other
Significant Matters
Accounting standards updates ("ASU") that were adopted effective January 1, 2018
ASU 2017-12: Derivatives and
Hedging (Topic 815)
Requires that an entity align its risk
management activities and
financial reporting for hedging
relationships through changes to
both the designation and
measurement guidance for
qualifying hedging relationships
and the presentation of hedge
results. This guidance expands and
refines hedge accounting for both
financial and commodity risk
components and aligns the
recognition and presentation of the
effects of the hedging instrument
and the hedged item in the financial
statements.
The adoption of this guidance affects the
designation and measurement guidance for
qualifying hedging relationships and the
method of presenting hedge results, including
the addition of a tabular disclosure related to
the effect on the income statement of fair
value and cash flow hedges and no longer
measuring and reporting hedge
ineffectiveness. We early adopted this
guidance using a modified retrospective
approach effective April 1, 2018 with an
initial application date of January 1, 2018
with no adjustment to Accumulated Deficit.
See Note 10, Long-Term Debt and Capital
Leases for additional disclosure.
The adoption of this guidance could affect
equity compensation expense and net income
if there is a modification of an award.
ASU 2017-09: Compensation -
Stock Compensation (Topic 718)
Requires that an entity should
account for the effects of a
modification to an award unless all
of the following conditions are met:
the fair value of the modified award
is the same as the fair value of the
original award immediately before
the original award is modified; the
vesting conditions of the modified
award are the same as the vesting
conditions immediately before the
original award is modified; and the
classification of modified award as
an equity instrument or a liability
instrument is the same as the
classification of the original award
immediately before the original
award is modified.
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ASU 2016-18: Statement of Cash
Flows (Topic 230)
ASU 2016-01, as amended through
March 2018: Financial Instruments
- Overall (Topic 825-10)
ASU 2014-09, as amended through
November 2017: Revenue from
Contracts with Customers (Topic
606)
Requires that an entity should
explain the change during the
period of cash, cash equivalents,
and amounts generally described as
restricted cash or restricted cash
equivalents when reconciling the
beginning-of-period and end-of-
period total amounts shown on the
statement of cash flows.
Requires the following: (1) equity
investments (except those
accounted for under the equity
method of accounting, or those that
result in consolidation of the
investee) to be measured at fair
value with changes in fair value
recognized in net income; (2)
entities to use the exit price notion
when measuring the fair value of
financial instruments for disclosure
purposes; (3) separate presentation
of financial assets and financial
liabilities by measurement category
and form of financial asset; and (4)
the elimination of the disclosure
requirement to disclose the method
(s) and significant assumptions
used to estimate the fair value that
is required to be disclosed for
financial instruments measured at
amortized cost.
The core principle of the guidance
is that using a five step
methodology an entity should
recognize revenue to depict the
transfer of promised goods or
services to customers in an amount
that reflects the consideration to
which the entity expects to be
entitled in exchange for those
goods or services. The standard
also requires enhanced qualitative
and quantitative disclosure
regarding revenue recognition from
customer contracts.
The adoption of this guidance is retrospective
to each period presented. As a result of this
adoption, we reclassified $1,347 of restricted
cash from net cash used in investing activities
in fiscal year 2016.
The adoption of this guidance resulted in a
cumulative-effect adjustment to Accumulated
Deficit, recognition of the change in fair value
of certain equity investments in net income,
and enhanced disclosure. The adoption of this
guidance did not have a material impact on
our consolidated financial statements.
We adopted the guidance using the modified
retrospective approach effective January 1,
2018 with no adjustment to Accumulated
Deficit. We adopted the standard through the
application of the portfolio approach. We
selected a sample of customer contracts to
assess under the guidance of the new standard
that were characteristically representative of
each portfolio. Upon completion of our
review, the guidance did not result in a
significant change to the timing of revenue
recognition. We identified certain immaterial
sales commissions, which represent costs of
obtaining a contract, that should be
capitalized as contract acquisition costs under
the guidance and amortized to general and
administration expense over the expected life
of the customer contract. Based on the
immateriality of these sales commissions, no
adjustment to Accumulated Deficit nor the
accounting of these costs was deemed
necessary. See Note 4, Revenue Recognition
for additional disclosure.
Standard
Accounting standards that are pending adoption at December 31, 2018
Description
Effect on the Financial Statements or Other
Significant Matters
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ASU 2018-16: Derivatives and
Hedging (Topic 815)
ASU 2017-04: Intangibles -
Goodwill and Other (Topic 350)
Allows an entity to use the
overnight index swap ("OIS") rate
as a benchmark interest rate for
hedge accounting purposes in
conjunction with ASU 2017-12:
Derivatives and Hedging.
Requires that when an entity is
performing its annual, or interim,
goodwill impairment test, it should
compare the fair value of the
reporting unit with its carrying
amount when calculating its
impairment charge, noting that the
loss recognized should not exceed
the total amount of goodwill
allocated to that reporting unit.
Additionally, if applicable, an
entity should consider income tax
effects from any tax deductible
goodwill on the carrying amount of
the reporting unit when calculating
its impairment charge.
The adoption of this guidance is not expected
to have a material impact on our consolidated
financial statements as we do not have any
hedges that use the OIS as a benchmark
interest rate. This guidance is effective
January 1, 2019 because we early adopted
ASU 2017-12: Derivatives and Hedging, with
an initial application date of January 1, 2018.
As of December 31, 2018, we did not record a
goodwill impairment charge related to our
annual goodwill impairment test because at
that time the fair value of each reporting unit
exceeded its respective carrying value. Upon
adoption, if the carrying value of any of these
reporting units exceeds the fair value when
we perform a goodwill impairment test, we
would record an impairment charge equal to
the amount by which the carrying value
exceeds its fair value. This guidance is
effective January 1, 2020 with early adoption
permitted for interim or annual goodwill
impairment tests performed after January 1,
2017.
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ASU 2016-02, as amended through
December 2018: Leases (Topic
842)
Requires that a lessee recognize at
the commencement date: a lease
liability, which is the obligation of
the lessee to make lease payments
arising from a lease, measured on a
discounted basis; and a right-of-use
asset, which is an asset that
represents the lessee’s right to use,
or control the use of, a specified
asset for the lease term.
We adopted the guidance using the
prospective optional transition method
effective January 1, 2019, which allows us to
elect not to restate comparative periods and
recognize the effects of applying this
guidance as a cumulative-effect adjustment to
retained earnings as of January 1, 2019.
Upon adopting this guidance, we will
recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease
liability for leases classified as operating
leases with a term in excess of 12 months in
our consolidated balance sheet. As a part of
the implementation, we have applied the
practical expedient package. The practical
expedient package allowed us to: 1) not
reassess lease classification for existing
leases; 2) not reassess whether a contract
contains a lease for existing contracts; and 3)
not reassess initial direct costs for existing
leases. With the assistance of third-party
resources, we designed internal controls over
the adoption of this guidance and
implemented a third-party enterprise lease
management software solution. In conjunction
with this, we have modified our lease policy
and internal business process to effectively
manage and account for leases as well as
support recognition and disclosure under the
new standard. As of January 1, 2019, we
expect to recognize a right-of-use asset for
operating leases of between approximately
$106,000 and $121,000 and a corresponding
lease liability of between approximately
$76,000 and $91,000 with the difference
primarily associated with prepaid amounts for
certain landfill operating leases that will be
reclassified from property, plant and
equipment. We do not expect to recognize a
material cumulative effect adjustment to
retained earnings and we do not expect the
adoption of this guidance to have a material
impact on our consolidated statements of
operations or our consolidated statements of
cash flows. We also do not expect that the
adoption of this guidance will have a material
impact on the accounting for our finance
leases. This guidance will require additional
disclosures over leases in order to comply
with the standard.
3.
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Management’s Estimates and Assumptions
Preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates
and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the accounting for and recognition and disclosure of assets, liabilities,
equity, revenues and expenses. We must make these estimates and assumptions because certain information that we use is
dependent on future events, cannot be calculated with a high degree of precision given the available data or simply cannot be
readily calculated. In some cases, these estimates are difficult to determine, and we must exercise significant judgment. In
preparing our consolidated financial statements, the estimates and assumptions that we consider to be significant and that
present the greatest amount of uncertainty relate to our accounting for landfills, environmental remediation liabilities, asset
impairments, accounts receivable valuation allowance, self-insurance reserves, deferred taxes and uncertain tax positions,
estimates of the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in any acquisition, contingent liabilities and stock-based
compensation. Each of these items is discussed in more detail elsewhere in these notes to consolidated financial statements, as
applicable. Actual results may differ materially from the estimates and assumptions that we use in the preparation of our
consolidated financial statements.
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Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted
investment securities, accounts receivable-trade and derivative instruments. We maintain cash and cash equivalents and
restricted investment securities with banks that at times exceed applicable insurance limits. We reduce our exposure to credit
risk by maintaining such deposits with high quality financial institutions. Our concentration of credit risk with respect to
accounts receivable-trade is limited because of the large number and diversity of customers we serve, thus reducing the credit
risk associated with any one customer group. As of December 31, 2018, no single customer or customer group represented
greater than 5% of total accounts receivable - trade. We manage credit risk through credit evaluations, credit limits, and
monitoring procedures, but generally do not require collateral to support accounts receivable - trade. We reduce our exposure to
credit risk associated with derivative instruments by entering into agreements with high quality financial institutions and by
evaluating and regularly monitoring their creditworthiness.
Accounts Receivable – Trade, Net of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Accounts receivable – trade represent receivables from customers for collection, transfer, recycling, disposal and other services.
Our accounts receivable – trade are recorded when billed or when related revenue is earned, if earlier, and represent claims
against third-parties that will be settled in cash. The carrying value of our accounts receivable – trade, net of allowance for
doubtful accounts represents its estimated net realizable value. Estimates are used in determining our allowance for doubtful
accounts based on our historical collection experience, current trends, credit policy and a review of our accounts receivable –
trade by aging category. Our reserve is evaluated and revised on a monthly basis. Past due accounts receivable - trade are
written off when deemed to be uncollectible.
Inventory
Inventory includes secondary fibers, recyclables ready for sale, and parts and supplies. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost
(first-in, first-out) or market.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment is recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. We provide for depreciation
and amortization using the straight-line method by charges to operations in amounts that allocate the cost of the assets over
their estimated useful lives as follows:
Asset Classification
Buildings and improvements
Machinery and equipment
Rolling stock
Containers
Furniture and Fixtures
Estimated
Useful Life
10-30 years
5-10 years
5-10 years
5-12 years
3-8 years
The cost of maintenance and repairs is charged to operations as incurred.
Landfill development costs are included in property, plant and equipment. Landfill development costs include costs to develop
each of our landfill sites, including such costs related to landfill liner material and installation, excavation for airspace, landfill
leachate collection systems, landfill gas collection systems, environmental monitoring equipment for groundwater and landfill
gas, directly related engineering, capitalized interest, on-site road construction, and other capital infrastructure. Additionally,
landfill development costs include all land purchases within the landfill footprint and the purchase of any required landfill
buffer property. Under life-cycle accounting, these costs are capitalized and charged to expense based on tonnage placed into
each site.
See the “Landfill Accounting” accounting policy below for additional disclosure over the amortization of landfill development
costs and Note 7, Property, Plant and Equipment for disclosure over property, plant and equipment.
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Landfill Accounting
Life Cycle Accounting
Under life-cycle accounting, all costs related to acquisition and construction of landfill sites are capitalized and charged to
expense based on tonnage placed into each site. Landfill permitting, acquisition and preparation costs are amortized on the
units-of-consumption method as landfill airspace is consumed. In determining the amortization rate for each of our landfills,
preparation costs include the total estimated costs to complete construction of the landfills’ permitted and expansion capacity.
Landfill Development Costs
We estimate the total cost to develop each of our landfill sites to its remaining permitted and expansion capacity (see landfill
development costs discussed within the “Property, Plant and Equipment” accounting policy above). The projection of these
landfill costs is dependent, in part, on future events. The remaining amortizable basis of each landfill includes costs to develop
a site to its remaining permitted and expansion capacity and includes amounts previously expended and capitalized, net of
accumulated airspace amortization, and projections of future purchase and development costs including capitalized interest.
The interest capitalization rate is based on our weighted average interest rate incurred on borrowings outstanding during the
period. Interest capitalized during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 ("fiscal year 2018"), December 31, 2017 ("fiscal
year 2017") and December 31, 2016 ("fiscal year 2016") was $140, $295 and $273, respectively.
Landfill Airspace
We apply the following guidelines in determining a landfill’s remaining permitted and expansion airspace:
Remaining Permitted Airspace. Our engineers, in consultation with third-party engineering consultants and surveyors, are
responsible for determining remaining permitted airspace at our landfills. The remaining permitted airspace is determined by an
annual survey, which is then used to compare the existing landfill topography to the expected final landfill topography.
Expansion Airspace. We currently include unpermitted expansion airspace in our estimate of remaining permitted and
expansion airspace in certain circumstances. To be considered expansion airspace all of the following criteria must be met:
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we control the land on which the expansion is sought;
all technical siting criteria have been met or a variance has been obtained or is reasonably expected to be obtained;
we have not identified any legal or political impediments which we believe will not be resolved in our favor;
we are actively working on obtaining any necessary permits and we expect that all required permits will be received; and
senior management has approved the project.
For unpermitted airspace to be included in our estimate of remaining permitted and expansion airspace, the expansion effort
must meet all of the criteria listed above. These criteria are evaluated annually by our engineers, accountants, lawyers,
managers and others to identify potential obstacles to obtaining the permits. Once the remaining permitted and expansion
airspace is determined in cubic yards, an airspace utilization factor (“AUF”) is established to calculate the remaining permitted
and expansion capacity in tons. The AUF is established using a process that considers the measured density obtained from
annual surveys. When we include the expansion airspace in our calculation of remaining permitted and expansion airspace, we
include the projected costs for development, as well as the projected asset retirement costs related to final capping, closure and
post-closure of the expansion airspace in the amortization basis of the landfill.
After determining the costs and the remaining permitted and expansion capacity at each of our landfills, we determine the per
ton rates that will be expensed as waste is received and deposited at each of our landfills by dividing the costs by the
corresponding number of tons. We calculate per ton amortization rates for assets associated with each final capping event, for
assets related to closure and post-closure activities and for all other costs capitalized or to be capitalized in the future for each
landfill. These rates per ton are updated annually, or more frequently, as significant facts change.
It is possible that actual results, including the amount of costs incurred, the timing of final capping, closure and post-closure
activities, our airspace utilization or the success of our expansion efforts, could ultimately turn out to be significantly different
from our estimates and assumptions. To the extent that such estimates or related assumptions prove to be significantly different
than actual results, lower profitability may be experienced due to higher amortization rates, higher final capping, closure or
post-closure rates, or higher expenses. Higher profitability may result if the opposite occurs. Most significantly, if it is
determined that the expansion capacity should no longer be considered in calculating the recoverability of the landfill asset, we
may be required to recognize an asset impairment. If it is determined that the likelihood of receiving an expansion permit has
become remote, the capitalized costs related to the expansion effort are expensed immediately.
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Final Capping, Closure and Post-Closure Costs
The following is a description of our landfill asset retirement activities and related accounting:
Final Capping Costs. Final capping activities include the installation of liners, drainage, compacted soil layers and topsoil over
areas of a landfill where total airspace has been consumed and waste is no longer being received. Final capping activities occur
throughout the life of the landfill. Our engineering personnel estimate the cost for each final capping event based on the acreage
to be capped, along with the final capping materials and activities required. The estimates also consider when these costs would
actually be paid and factor in inflation and discount rates. The engineers then quantify the landfill capacity associated with each
final capping event and the costs for each event are amortized over that capacity as waste is received at the landfill.
Closure and Post-Closure Costs. Closure and post-closure costs represent future estimated costs related to monitoring and
maintenance of a solid waste landfill after a landfill facility ceases to accept waste and closes. We estimate, based on input from
our engineers, accountants, lawyers, managers and others, our future cost requirements for closure and post-closure monitoring
and maintenance based on our interpretation of the technical standards of the Subtitle D regulations and the air emissions
standards under the Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended, as they are being applied on a state-by-state basis. Closure and post-
closure accruals for the cost of monitoring and maintenance include site inspection, groundwater monitoring, leachate
management, methane gas control and recovery, and operation and maintenance costs to be incurred for a period which is
generally for a term of 30 years after final closure of a landfill. In determining estimated future closure and post-closure costs,
we consider costs associated with permitted and permittable airspace.
Our estimated future final capping, closure and post-closure costs, based on our interpretation of current requirements and
proposed regulatory changes, are intended to approximate fair value. Absent quoted market prices, our cost estimates are based
on historical experience, professional engineering judgment and quoted or actual prices paid for similar work. Our estimate of
costs to discharge final capping, closure and post-closure asset retirement obligations for landfills are developed in today’s
dollars. These costs are then inflated to the period of performance using an estimate of inflation, which is updated annually
(1.5% as of December 31, 2018). Final capping, closure and post-closure liabilities are discounted using the credit adjusted
risk-free rate in effect at the time the obligation is incurred. The weighted average rate applicable to our asset retirement
obligations as of December 31, 2018 is between approximately 8.7% and 9.8%, the range of the credit adjusted risk free rates
effective since the adoption of guidance associated with asset retirement obligations in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2004.
Accretion expense is necessary to increase the accrued final capping, closure and post-closure liabilities to the future
anticipated obligation. To accomplish this, we accrete our final capping, closure and post-closure accrual balances using the
same credit-adjusted risk-free rate that was used to calculate the recorded liability. Accretion expense on recorded landfill
liabilities is recorded to cost of operations from the time the liability is recognized until the costs are paid. Accretion expense
on recorded landfill liabilities amounted to $5,556, $4,401 and $3,606 in fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
We provide for the accrual and amortization of estimated future obligations for closure and post-closure based on tonnage
placed into each site. With regards to final capping, the liability is recognized and the costs are amortized based on the airspace
related to the specific final capping event.
See Note 9, Final Capping, Closure and Post-Closure Costs for disclosure over asset retirement obligations related to final
capping, closure and post-closure costs.
We operate in states which require a certain portion of landfill final capping, closure and post-closure obligations to be secured
by financial assurance, which may take the form of surety bonds, letters of credit and restricted investment securities. Surety
bonds securing closure and post-closure obligations at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 totaled $201,177 and
$164,893, respectively. Letters of credit securing closure and post-closure obligations as of December 31, 2018 and
December 31, 2017 totaled $0 and $0, respectively. See Note 6, Restricted Assets for disclosure over restricted investment
securities securing closure and post-closure obligations.
Landfill Operating Lease Contracts
We are party to four landfill operation and management agreements. These agreements are long-term landfill operating
contracts with government bodies whereby we receive tipping revenue, pay normal operating expenses and assume future final
capping, closure and post-closure obligations. The government body retains ownership of the landfill. There is no bargain
purchase option and title to the property does not pass to us at the end of the lease term. We allocate the consideration paid to
the landfill airspace rights and underlying land lease based on the relative fair values.
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In addition to up-front or one-time payments, the landfill operating agreements may require us to make future minimum rental
payments, including success/expansion fees, other direct costs and final capping, closure and post-closure costs. The value of
all future minimum rental payments is amortized and charged to cost of operations over the life of the contract. We amortize the
consideration allocated to airspace rights as airspace is utilized on a units-of-consumption basis and such amortization is
charged to cost of operations as airspace is consumed (e.g., as tons are placed into the landfill). The underlying value of any
land lease is amortized to cost of operations on a straight-line basis over the estimated life of the operating agreement. See Note
7, Property, Plant and Equipment for disclosure over depletion of landfill operating lease contracts.
Leases
In addition to landfill operating leases, we lease property and equipment in the ordinary course of our business. Our leases have
varying terms and may include renewal or purchase options, escalation clauses, restrictions, lease concessions, capital project
funding, penalties or other obligations that we consider in determining minimum rental payments. Leases are either classified
as operating leases or capital leases, as appropriate.
Operating Leases. Many of our leases are operating leases. This classification generally can be attributed to either (i) relatively
low fixed minimum rental payments or (2) minimum lease terms that are much shorter than the assets’ economic useful lives.
We expect that, in the normal course of business, our operating leases will be replaced by other leases, or replaced with fixed
asset expenditures.
See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies for disclosure over future minimum lease payments related to our operating
leases.
Capital Leases. We capitalize assets acquired under capital leases at the inception of each lease and amortize them to
depreciation expense over the useful life of the asset or the lease term, as appropriate. The present value of the related lease
payments is recorded as a debt obligation.
See Note 10, Long-Term Debt and Capital Leases for disclosure over our future maturities of debt, which includes capital lease
payments.
Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted ASU 2016-02, as amended through December 2018: Leases (Topic 842). See Note 2,
Accounting Changes for additional disclosure over our adoptions of this guidance.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill. Goodwill is the excess of our purchase cost over the fair value of the net assets of acquired businesses. We do not
amortize goodwill, but as discussed in the “Asset Impairments” accounting policy below, we assess our goodwill for
impairment at least annually.
See Note 8, Goodwill and Intangible Assets for disclosure over goodwill.
Intangible Assets. Intangible assets consist primarily of covenants not-to-compete and customer lists. Intangible assets are
recorded at fair value and are amortized based on the economic benefit provided or using the straight-line method over their
estimated useful lives. Covenants not-to-compete and customer lists are typically amortized over a term of no more than 10
years.
See Note 8, Goodwill and Intangible Assets for disclosure over intangible assets.
Investments in Unconsolidated Entities
Investments in unconsolidated entities over which we have significant influence over the investees’ operating and financing
activities are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Investments in affiliates in which we do not have the ability
to exert significant influence over the investees’ operating and financing activities are accounted for under the cost method of
accounting. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had no investments accounted for under the equity method
of accounting.
We monitor and assess the carrying value of our investments throughout the year for potential impairment and write them down
to their fair value when other-than-temporary declines exist. Fair value is generally based on (i) other third-party investors’
recent transactions in the securities; (ii) other information available regarding the current market for similar assets and/or (iii) a
market or income approach, as deemed appropriate.
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When we assess the carrying value of our investments for potential impairment, determining the fair value of our investments is
reliant upon the availability of market information and/or other information provided by third-parties to be able to develop an
estimate of fair value. Considerable judgment is required in interpreting market data to develop the estimates of fair value.
Accordingly, our estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that we, or other holders of these investments, could
realize in a current market exchange. The use of different assumptions and/or estimation methodologies could have a
significant effect on the estimated fair values. The estimates of fair value could differ significantly from the amounts presented.
See “Asset Impairments” accounting policy below.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Our financial instruments may include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable-trade, restricted investment securities
held in trust on deposit with various banks as collateral for our obligations relative to our landfill final capping, closure and
post-closure costs and restricted cash reserved to finance certain capital projects, interest rate derivatives, trade payables and
long-term debt. Accounting standards include disclosure requirements around fair values used for certain financial instruments
and establish a fair value hierarchy. The three-tier hierarchy prioritizes valuation inputs into three levels based on the extent to
which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market. Each fair value measurement is reported in one of three
levels: Level 1, defined as quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2, defined as inputs
other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; and
Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.
See Note 10, Long-Term Debt and Capital Leases and Note 13, Fair Value of Financial Instruments for fair value disclosure
over long-term debt and financial instruments, respectively. See the “Derivatives and Hedging” accounting policy below for the
fair value disclosure over interest rate derivatives.
Business Combinations
We acquire businesses in the waste industry, including non-hazardous waste collection, transfer station, recycling and disposal
operations, as part of our growth strategy. Businesses are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date of
acquisition.
We recognize, separately from goodwill, the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated acquisition-
date fair values. We measure and recognize goodwill as of the acquisition date as the excess of: (a) the aggregate of the fair
value of consideration transferred, the fair value of any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree (if any) and the acquisition date
fair value of our previously held equity interest in the acquiree (if any), over (b) the fair value of net assets acquired and
liabilities assumed. If information about facts and circumstances existing as of the acquisition date is incomplete by the end of
the reporting period in which a business combination occurs, we will report provisional amounts for the items for which the
accounting is incomplete. The measurement period ends once we receive the information we were seeking; however, this
period will not extend beyond one year from the acquisition date. Any material adjustments recognized during the measurement
period will be recognized retrospectively in the consolidated financial statements of the current period. All acquisition related
transaction and restructuring costs are to be expensed as incurred.
See Note 5, Business Combinations for disclosure over business acquisitions.
Environmental Remediation Liabilities
We have recorded environmental remediation liabilities representing our estimate of the most likely outcome of the matters for
which we have determined that a liability is probable. These liabilities include potentially responsible party investigations,
settlements, certain legal and consultant fees, as well as costs directly associated with site investigation and clean up, such as
materials and incremental internal costs directly related to the remedy. We provide for expenses associated with environmental
remediation obligations when such amounts are probable and can be reasonably estimated. We estimate costs required to
remediate sites where it is probable that a liability has been incurred based on site-specific facts and circumstances. Estimates
of the cost for the likely remedy are developed using third-party environmental engineers or other service providers. Where we
believe that both the amount of a particular environmental remediation liability and timing of payments are reliably
determinable, we inflate the cost in current dollars until the expected time of payment and discount the cost to present value.
See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies for disclosure over environmental remediation liabilities.
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Self-Insurance Liabilities and Related Costs
We are self-insured for vehicles and workers’ compensation with reinsurance coverage limiting our maximum exposure. Our
maximum exposure in fiscal year 2018 under the workers’ compensation plan was $1,000 per individual event. Our maximum
exposure in fiscal year 2018 under the automobile plan was $1,200 per individual event. The liability for unpaid claims and
associated expenses, including incurred but not reported losses, is determined by management with the assistance of a third-
party actuary and reflected in our consolidated balance sheet as an accrued liability. We use a third-party to track and evaluate
actual claims experience for consistency with the data used in the annual actuarial valuation. The actuarially determined
liability is calculated based on historical data, which considers both the frequency and settlement amount of claims. Our self-
insurance reserves totaled $15,040 and $14,480 as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Our estimated
accruals for these liabilities could be significantly different than our ultimate obligations if variables such as the frequency or
severity of future events differ significantly from our assumptions.
Income Taxes
We use estimates to determine our provision for income taxes and related assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance
recorded against our net deferred tax assets. Valuation allowances have been established for the possibility that tax benefits may
not be realized for certain deferred tax assets. Deferred income taxes are recognized based on the expected future tax
consequences of differences between the financial statement basis and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, calculated using
currently enacted tax rates. We record net deferred tax assets to the extent we believe these assets will more likely than not be
realized. In making this determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals
of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations. In the event
we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred income tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded
amount, we will make an adjustment to the valuation allowance which would reduce the provision for income taxes.
We account for income tax uncertainties according to guidance on the recognition, de-recognition and measurement of potential
tax benefits associated with tax positions. We recognize interest and penalties relating to income tax matters as a component of
income tax expense.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was enacted. The Act, which is also commonly referred to as
“U.S. tax reform,” significantly changes United States corporate income tax laws by, among other things, reducing the US
corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% starting in 2018.
See Note 15, Income Taxes for disclosure related to income taxes, including the effect of the Act on income taxes.
Derivatives and Hedging
We account for derivatives and hedging activities in accordance with derivatives and hedging accounting guidance that
establishes accounting and reporting standards requiring that every derivative instrument (including certain derivative
instruments embedded in other contracts) be recorded in the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at its fair
value. The guidance requires that changes in the derivative’s fair value be recognized currently in earnings unless specific
hedge accounting criteria are met.
Our objective for utilizing derivative instruments is to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in cash flows due to changes in the
commodity prices of recycled paper and adverse movements in interest rates.
Our strategy to hedge against fluctuations in the commodity prices of recycled paper is to enter into hedges to mitigate the
variability in cash flows generated from the sales of recycled paper at floating prices, resulting in a fixed price being received
from these sales. We evaluate the hedges and ensure that these instruments qualify for hedge accounting pursuant to derivative
and hedging guidance. Designated as highly effective cash flow hedges, both the effective and ineffective portion of the change
in the fair value of these derivatives is recorded in our stockholders’ deficit as a component of accumulated other
comprehensive income (loss) until the hedged item is settled and recognized as part of commodity revenue. If the price per
short ton of the underlying commodity, as reported on the Official Board Market, is less than the contract price per short ton,
we receive the difference between the average price and the contract price (multiplied by the notional tons) from the respective
counter-party. If the price per short ton of the underlying commodity exceeds the contract price per short ton, we pay the
calculated difference to the counter-party. The fair value of commodity hedges are obtained or derived from our counter-parties
using valuation models that take into consideration market price assumptions for commodities based on underlying active
markets. We were not party to any commodity hedge contracts as of December 31, 2018.
Our strategy to hedge against fluctuations in variable interest rates involves entering into interest rate derivative agreements to
hedge against adverse movements in interest rates. For interest rate derivatives deemed to be highly effective cash flow hedges,
both the effective and ineffective portion of the change in fair value of these derivatives is recorded in our stockholders’ deficit
as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings through interest expense in
the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.
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See Note 13, Fair Value of Financial Instruments for fair value disclosure over derivative instruments and Note 10, Long Term
Debt and Capital Leases for further disclosure over interest rate derivatives. We also early adopted ASU 2017-12: Derivatives
and Hedging (Topic815) with an initial application date of January 1, 2018. See Note 2, Accounting Changes for further
disclosure.
Contingent Liabilities
We are subject to various legal proceedings, claims and regulatory matters, the outcomes of which are subject to significant
uncertainty. We determine whether to disclose or accrue for loss contingencies based on an assessment of whether the risk of
loss is remote, reasonably possible or probable, and whether it can be reasonably estimated. We analyze our litigation and
regulatory matters based on available information to assess the potential liabilities. Management’s assessment is developed
based on an analysis of possible outcomes under various strategies. We accrue for loss contingencies when such amounts are
probable and reasonably estimable. If a contingent liability is only reasonably possible, we will disclose the potential range of
the loss, if estimable. We record losses related to contingencies in cost of operations or general and administration expenses,
depending on the nature of the underlying transaction leading to the loss contingency.
See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies for disclosure over loss contingencies, as applicable. Contingent liabilities
accounted for under purchase accounting are recorded at their fair values. These fair values may be different from the values we
would have otherwise recorded, had the contingent liability not been assumed as part of an acquisition of a business.
See Note 5, Business Combinations for disclosure over a contingent liability assumed as part of the acquisition of a business.
Revenue Recognition
We adopted ASU 2014-09, as amended, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) effective January 1, 2018. We
adopted this guidance using the modified retrospective approach, noting that no cumulative effect adjustment to the beginning
balance of Accumulated Deficit was needed. The comparative periods have not been restated and continue to be reported under
Revenue Recognition (Topic 605). We applied this guidance to contracts that were not substantially completed contracts at the
date of adoption. Additionally, contract modifications that occurred before the adoption date were not separately evaluated,
rather the guidance was applied to the current version of the contract only. We disaggregate our revenues by applicable service
line: collection, landfill, transfer, customer solutions, recycling, organics, transportation and landfill gas-to-energy.
Under the new revenue recognition guidance, revenues are measured based on the consideration specified in a contract with a
customer. The circumstances that impact the timing and amount of revenue recognized for each applicable service line may
vary based on the nature of the service performed. We generally recognize revenues for services over time as we satisfy the
performance obligation by transferring control over the service to the customer as the service is performed and the benefit is
received and consumed by the customer. Services are typically delivered in a series as a single bundled performance obligation
over either a designated period of time or for specified number of services. Services may also be delivered as a single bundled
service, on a period-to-period basis, or in a spot transaction. Consideration may be variable on a per ton basis and/or fixed.
Fixed consideration is allocated to each distinct service and variable consideration is allocated to the increment of time that the
service is performed and we have the contractual right to the fee. Fees are typically billed weekly, monthly, quarterly or in
advance. Generally, the amount of consideration that we have the right to receive that is invoiced to the customer directly
corresponds to the value of our performance completed to date. We elected the optional exemption, to not disclose the amount
of variable consideration included in the transaction price that is allocated to outstanding performance obligations when the
variable consideration is allocated entirely to unsatisfied performance obligations or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer
a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation. Revenues that are not satisfied over time are
recognized at a point-in-time. This typically includes the sale of recycled or organic materials, as well as renewable energy
credits ("RECs"). Revenues from the sale of organic or recycled materials are recognized at a point-in-time as control of the
materials transfers to the customer upon shipment or pick-up by the customer. Revenues from the sale of RECs are recognized
at a point-in-time as the trade is executed and control transfers to the customer.
Payments to customers that are not in exchange for a distinct good or service are recorded as a reduction of revenues. Rebates
to certain customers associated with payments for recycled or organic materials that are received and subsequently processed
and sold to other third-parties amounted to $6,279 in fiscal year 2018. Rebates are generally recorded as a reduction of
revenues upon the sale of such materials, or upon receipt of the recycled materials at our facilities. These payments were
previously recorded as a cost of operations. We did not record any revenues in fiscal year 2018 from performance obligations
satisfied in previous periods.
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Contract receivables, which are included in Accounts receivable - trade, net are recorded when billed or when related revenue is
earned, if earlier, and represent claims against third-parties that will be settled in cash. Accounts receivable - trade, net includes
gross receivables from contracts of $73,500 and $66,227 as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Certain customers are billed in advance and, accordingly, recognition of the related revenues is deferred as a contract liability
until the services are provided and control transferred to the customer. Contract liabilities of $3,074 and $1,823 as of
December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, were reclassified out of Other accrued liabilities and presented
separately on the face of the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Due to the short term nature of advanced billings, substantially all of
the deferred revenue recognized as a contract liability as of December 31, 2017 was recognized as revenue during fiscal year
2018 when the services were performed.
See Note 2, Accounting Changes and Note 4, Revenue Recognition for disclosure over the new guidance.
Asset Impairments
Recovery of Long-Lived Assets. We continually assess whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that may
warrant revision of the estimated useful lives of our long-lived assets (other than goodwill) or whether the remaining balances
of those assets should be evaluated for possible impairment. Long-lived assets include, for example, capitalized landfill costs,
other property, plant and equipment, and identifiable intangible assets. Events or changes in circumstances that may indicate
that an asset may be impaired include the following:
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a significant decrease in the market price of an asset or asset group;
a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which an asset or asset group is being used or in its physical
condition;
a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate that could affect the value of an asset or asset
group, including an adverse action or assessment by a regulator;
an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a
long-lived asset;
a current period operating or cash flow loss combined with a history of operating or cash flow losses or a projection or
forecast that demonstrates continuing losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset or asset group;
a current expectation that, more likely than not, a long-lived asset or asset group will be sold or otherwise disposed of
significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life; or
an impairment of goodwill at a reporting unit.
There are certain indicators listed above that require significant judgment and understanding of the waste industry when applied
to landfill development or expansion. For example, a regulator may initially deny a landfill expansion permit application
although the expansion permit is ultimately granted. In addition, management may periodically divert waste from one landfill
to another to conserve remaining permitted landfill airspace. Therefore, certain events could occur in the ordinary course of
business and not necessarily be considered indicators of impairment due to the unique nature of the waste industry.
If an impairment indicator occurs, we perform a test of recoverability by comparing the carrying value of the asset or asset
group to its undiscounted expected future cash flows. We group our long-lived assets for this purpose at the lowest level for
which identifiable cash flows are primarily independent of the cash flows of other assets or asset groups. If the carrying values
are in excess of undiscounted expected future cash flows, we measure any impairment by comparing the fair value of the asset
or asset group to its carrying value.
To determine fair value, we use discounted cash flow analyses and estimates about the future cash flows of the asset or asset
group. This analysis includes a determination of an appropriate discount rate, the amount and timing of expected future cash
flows and growth rates. The cash flows employed in our discounted cash flow analyses are typically based on financial
forecasts developed internally by management. The discount rate used is commensurate with the risks involved. We may also
rely on third-party valuations and or information available regarding the market value for similar assets.
If the fair value of an asset or asset group is determined to be less than the carrying amount of the asset or asset group,
impairment in the amount of the difference is recorded in the period that the impairment occurs. Estimating future cash flows
requires significant judgment and projections may vary from the cash flows eventually realized.
See Note 16, Other Items and Charges for disclosure related to long-lived asset impairments recognized during the reporting
periods.
Goodwill. We annually assess goodwill for impairment at the end of our fiscal year or more frequently if events or
circumstances indicate that impairment may exist.
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We may assess whether a goodwill impairment exists using either a qualitative or a quantitative assessment. If we perform a
qualitative assessment, it involves determining whether events or circumstances exist that indicate it is more likely than not that
the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If based on this qualitative assessment we
determine it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we will not
perform a quantitative assessment. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a
reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, or if we elect not to perform a qualitative assessment, we perform a quantitative
assessment, or two-step impairment test, to determine whether goodwill impairment exists at the reporting unit.
In the first step (defined as “Step 1”) of testing for goodwill impairment, we estimate the fair value of each reporting unit,
which we have determined to be our geographic operating segments, our Recycling segment and our Customer Solutions
business, which is included in the Other segment, and compare the fair value with the carrying value of the net assets of each
reporting unit. If the fair value is less than its carrying value, then we would perform a second step (defined as “Step 2”) and
determine the fair value of the goodwill. In Step 2, the fair value of goodwill is determined by deducting the fair value of a
reporting unit’s identifiable assets and liabilities from the fair value of the reporting unit as a whole, as if that reporting unit had
just been acquired and the purchase price were being initially allocated.
To determine the fair value of each of our reporting units as a whole we use discounted cash flow analyses, which require
significant assumptions and estimates about the future operations of each reporting unit. Significant judgments inherent in this
analysis include the determination of appropriate discount rates, the amount and timing of expected future cash flows and
growth rates. The cash flows employed in our discounted cash flow analyses are based on financial forecasts developed
internally by management. Our discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of our risk adjusted discount rate,
applicable for each reporting unit. In assessing the reasonableness of our determined fair values of our reporting units, we
evaluate our results against our current market capitalization.
If the fair value of goodwill is less than its carrying value for a reporting unit, an impairment charge would be recorded to
earnings. The loss recognized cannot exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. After a goodwill impairment loss is recognized,
the adjusted carrying amount of goodwill becomes its new accounting basis.
In addition to an annual goodwill impairment assessment, we would evaluate a reporting unit for impairment if events or
circumstances change between annual tests indicating a possible impairment. Examples of such events or circumstances
include the following:
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a significant adverse change in legal status or in the business climate;
an adverse action or assessment by a regulator;
a more likely than not expectation that a segment or a significant portion thereof will be sold; or
the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within the segment.
We elected to perform a quantitative analysis as part of our annual goodwill impairment test for fiscal year 2018. As of
December 31, 2018, the Step 1 testing for goodwill impairment performed for our Eastern, Western, Recycling and Customer
Solutions reporting units indicated that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying amount, including goodwill.
Furthermore, the Step 1 test indicated that in each case the fair value of our Eastern, Western, Recycling and Customer
Solutions reporting units exceeded its carrying value by in excess of 21.5%. We incurred no impairment of goodwill as a result
of our annual goodwill impairment tests in each of fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016. However, there can be no assurance that
goodwill will not be impaired at any time in the future.
Cost Method Investments. As of December 31, 2018, we owned 6.8% of the outstanding common stock of Recycle Rewards,
Inc. (“Recycle Rewards”), a company that markets an incentive based recycling service. In fiscal year 2018, it was determined
based on the operating performance of Recycle Rewards that our cost method investment in Recycle Rewards was potentially
impaired. As a result, we performed a valuation analysis in fiscal year 2018, which used an income approach based on
discounted cash flows to determine an equity value for Recycle Rewards in order to properly value our cost method investment
in Recycle Rewards. Based on this analysis, it was determined that the fair value of our cost method investment in Recycle
Rewards was less than the carrying amount and, therefore, we recorded an other-than-temporary investment impairment charge
of $1,069 in fiscal year 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying amount of our cost method investment in Recycle
Rewards was $0.
As of December 31, 2018, we owned 5.2% of the outstanding equity value of GreenerU, Inc. (“GreenerU”), a services
company focused on providing energy efficiency, sustainability and renewable energy solutions to colleges and universities. As
of December 31, 2018, the carrying amount of our cost method investment in GreenerU was $309.
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As of December 31, 2018, we owned 17.0% and 16.2% of the outstanding common stock of AGreen Energy LLC (“AGreen”)
and BGreen Energy LLC (“BGreen”), respectively. Through AGreen and BGreen, we partner with other capital investors to
build farm-based anaerobic digester's in the Northeast to generate electricity from farm and food waste streams. As of
December 31, 2018, the carrying amount of our cost method investments in AGreen and BGreen was $297.
Defined Benefit Pension Plan
We make contributions to one qualified multiemployer defined benefit pension plan, the New England Teamsters and Trucking
Industry Pension Fund ("Pension Plan"). The Pension Plan provides retirement benefits to participants based on their service to
contributing employers. We do not administer this plan. The Pension Plan’s benefit formula is based on credited years of
service and hours worked as defined in the Pension Plan document. However, the benefits accruals of all current plan
participants are frozen. Our pension contributions are made in accordance with funding standards established by the Employee
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 and the Internal Revenue Code, as amended by the Pension Protection Act of 2006.
The Pension Plan’s assets have been invested as determined by the Pension Plan's fiduciaries in accordance with the Pension
Plan's investment policy. The Pension Plan’s asset allocation is based on the Pension Plan's investment policy and is reviewed
as deemed necessary.
See Note 14, Employee Benefit Plans for disclosure over the multiemployer defined benefit pension plan.
Stock-Based Compensation
All share-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award, and is
recognized as expense-in general and administration expense over the employee’s requisite service period. For purposes of
calculating stock-based compensation expense, forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. Our equity awards granted generally
consist of stock options, including market-based performance stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and
performance stock units, including market-based performance stock units.
The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model, with the exception of
market-based performance stock option grants which are valued using a Monte Carlo option-pricing model. The fair value of
restricted stock, restricted stock unit and performance stock unit grants is at a price equal to the fair market value of our Class A
common stock at the date of grant. The fair value of market-based performance stock unit grants is valued using a Monte Carlo
pricing model.
See Note 12, Stockholders' Equity for disclosure over stock-based compensation.
Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to common
stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is
calculated based on the combined weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive shares. Dilutive shares
include the assumed exercise of employee stock options, including market-based performance stock options based on the
expected achievement of performance targets, unvested restricted stock awards, unvested restricted stock units and unvested
performance stock units, including market-based performance units based on the expected achievement of performance targets.
In computing diluted earnings per share, we utilize the treasury stock method.
See Note 17, Earnings Per Share for disclosure over the calculation of earnings per share.
Subsequent Events
Except as disclosed, no material subsequent events have occurred since December 31, 2018 through the date of this filing that
would require recognition or disclosure in our consolidated financial statements.
4.
REVENUE RECOGNITION
We disaggregate our revenues by applicable service line as follows: collection, landfill, transfer, customer solutions, recycling,
organics, transportation and landfill gas-to-energy.
Collection
Collection revenues are principally generated by providing waste collection and disposal services to our customers. Services
may be provided as needed or as scheduled. We derive a substantial portion of our collection revenues from commercial and
industrial services, which typically have a standard contract duration of three years, along with municipal services that are
generally performed pursuant to contracts with municipalities with varying terms. The majority of our residential collection
services are performed on a subscription basis with individual households.
Landfill
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Landfill disposal services primarily consist of receiving some form of acceptable solid waste materials at one of our landfills
and appropriately disposing of it. Landfill customers are typically charged a tipping fee on a per ton basis for disposing of their
solid waste at our disposal facilities. In general, these fees are variable in nature.
Transfer Station
Transfer station disposal services primarily consist of receiving some form of acceptable solid waste materials at one of our
transfer stations and appropriately disposing of it by transporting it to an appropriate disposal site. Transfer station customers
are charged a tipping fee on a per ton basis for disposing of their solid waste at our transfer stations. In general, these fees are
variable in nature.
Transportation
Transportation services consist of the transportation of large volumes of waste or recycled materials from a customer
designated location to another location or disposal facility. Transportation customers are charged a fee on a per ton basis for
transporting and/or disposal of the materials. In general, these fees are variable in nature.
Recycling
Recycling services primarily consist of the collection and/or receipt of recycled materials at one of our materials recovery
facilities; the processing or sorting of the recycled materials; and the disposal or sale of the recycled materials. Revenues from
recycling services consist of revenues derived from municipalities and customers in the form of processing fees, tipping fees
and commodity sales. In brokerage arrangements, we act as an agent that facilitates the sale of recyclable materials between an
inbound customer and an outbound customer. Revenues from the brokerage of recycled materials are recognized on a net basis
at the time of shipment. In general, these fees are variable in nature.
Customer Solutions
Customer solutions services consist of commercial and industrial offerings. Commercial services consist of traditional
collection, disposal and recycling services provided to large account multi-site customers. Industrial services consist of overall
resource management services provided to large and complex organizations, such as universities, hospitals, manufacturers and
municipalities, delivering a wide range of environmental services and zero waste solutions.
Organics
Organics services primarily consist of the collection and/or receipt of organic materials at one of our processing or disposal
facilities; the processing of the organic materials; and the disposal or sale of the organic materials.
Landfill Gas-to-Energy
Landfill gas-to-energy services primarily consist of the generation and sale of electricity from landfill gas-to-energy facilities
located at certain of our landfills; the reservation of electric generating capacity to be used by a customer on demand; and the
sale of RECs.
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A table of revenues disaggregated by service line and timing of revenue recognition by operating segment follows:
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018
Collection
Landfill
Transfer
Customer solutions
Recycling
Organics
Transportation
Landfill gas-to-energy
Total Revenues
Transferred at a point-in-time
Transferred over time
Total revenues
Eastern
Western
Recycling
Other
Total Revenues
$
$
$
$
136,661
28,419
39,991
—
5
—
—
1,397
206,473
648
205,825
206,473
$
$
$
$
170,278
66,567
27,592
—
3,823
—
14,270
3,732
286,262
1,145
285,117
286,262
$
$
$
$
— $
—
—
—
42,191
—
—
—
42,191
$
— $
—
—
67,464
—
54,174
4,096
—
125,734
$
27,260
14,931
42,191
$
$
3,921
121,813
125,734
$
$
306,939
94,986
67,583
67,464
46,019
54,174
18,366
5,129
660,660
32,974
627,686
660,660
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5.
BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
In fiscal year 2018, we acquired six solid waste collection and one transfer business in our Western region and two businesses
comprised of solid waste collection and transfer operations in our Eastern region. In fiscal year 2017, we acquired one solid
waste collection business in our Eastern region and three solid waste collection businesses in our Western region, and in fiscal
year 2016 we acquired three transfer operations. The operating results of these businesses are included in the accompanying
audited consolidated statements of operations from each date of acquisition, and the purchase price has been allocated to the net
assets acquired based on fair values at each date of acquisition, with the residual amounts recorded as goodwill. Acquired
intangible assets other than goodwill that are subject to amortization include client lists and non-compete covenants. These are
amortized over a five to ten year period from the date of acquisition. All amounts recorded to goodwill in fiscal years 2018 and
2017, except goodwill related to the acquisition of Complete Disposal Company, Inc. and its subsidiary United Material
Management of Holyoke, Inc. (collectively, "Complete"), are expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
The purchase price paid for these acquisitions and the allocation of the purchase price is as follows:
Purchase Price:
Cash used in acquisitions, net of cash acquired
Notes payable
Class A common stock issued
Other non-cash considerations
Contingent consideration and holdbacks
Total
Current assets
Land
Buildings
Equipment
Other liabilities, net
Deferred tax liability
Intangible assets
Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Excess purchase price to be allocated to goodwill
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
$
$
86,686
—
4,258
—
8,521
99,465
3,276
—
7,889
23,882
(4,708)
(937)
29,934
59,336
$
4,823
2,400
—
101
736
8,060
93
—
—
2,994
(49)
—
2,334
5,372
$
40,129
$
2,688
$
2,439
—
—
—
400
2,839
40
353
1,360
269
(106)
—
—
1,916
923
The following unaudited pro forma combined information shows our operational results as though each of the acquisitions
completed had occurred as of January 1, 2016.
Revenues
Operating income (loss)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
Basic earnings per common share attributable to common stockholders
Basic weighted average shares outstanding
Diluted earnings per common share attributable to common stockholders
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
$
$
$
$
$
2018
699,659
43,561
8,579
0.20
42,688
0.19
44,168
$
$
$
$
$
2017
672,898
$
(6,601) $
(18,408) $
(0.44) $
41,846
(0.44) $
41,846
2016
642,773
50,970
(3,446)
(0.08)
41,233
(0.08)
41,233
The pro forma results have been prepared for comparative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of the actual results
of operations had the acquisitions taken place as of January 1, 2016 or the results of our future operations. Furthermore, the pro
forma results do not give effect to all cost savings or incremental costs that may occur as a result of the integration and
consolidation of the completed acquisitions.
6.
RESTRICTED ASSETS
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Restricted assets consist of investment securities held in trust on deposit with various banks as collateral for our obligations
relative to our landfill final capping, closure and post-closure costs.
A summary of restricted assets is as follows:
Non Current:
Restricted investment securities - landfill closure
7.
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
A summary of property, plant and equipment is as follows:
Land
Landfills
Landfill operating lease contracts
Buildings and improvements
Machinery and equipment
Rolling stock
Containers
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization
December 31,
2018
2017
$
1,248
$
1,220
December 31,
2018
25,490
544,663
121,877
150,885
153,222
163,758
123,383
1,283,278
(878,701)
404,577
$
$
2017
24,224
513,548
114,462
140,155
139,029
138,102
103,501
1,173,021
(811,474)
361,547
$
$
Depreciation expense for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $35,351, $32,131 and $33,186, respectively. Landfill
amortization expense for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $31,841, $27,910 and $26,529, respectively. Depletion expense
on landfill operating lease contracts for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $9,724, $9,646 and $9,295, respectively, and was
recorded in cost of operations.
8.
GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
A summary of the activity and balances related to goodwill by reporting segment is as follows:
Eastern
Western
Recycling
Other
Total
Eastern
Western
Recycling
Other
Total
A summary of intangible assets is as follows:
Balance, December 31, 2018
Intangible assets
Less accumulated amortization
87
December 31, 2017
Acquisitions
December 31, 2018
$
$
$
$
19,192
89,369
12,315
1,729
122,605
December 31, 2016
17,429
88,426
12,315
1,729
119,899
$
$
$
$
8,962
31,167
—
—
40,129
Acquisitions
1,763
943
—
—
2,706
$
$
$
$
28,154
120,536
12,315
1,729
162,734
December 31, 2017
19,192
89,369
12,315
1,729
122,605
Covenants
Not-to-Compete
Client Lists
Total
$
$
21,750
(17,584)
4,166
$
$
44,363
(13,762)
30,601
$
$
66,113
(31,346)
34,767
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Balance, December 31, 2017
Intangible assets
Less accumulated amortization
Covenants
Not-to-Compete
Client Lists
Total
$
$
18,092
(16,851)
1,241
$
$
18,087
(11,179)
6,908
$
$
36,179
(28,030)
8,149
Intangible amortization expense for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $3,316, $2,061 and $2,141, respectively.
The intangible amortization expense estimated for the five fiscal years following fiscal year 2018 and thereafter is as follows:
Estimated Future Amortization Expense as of December 31, 2018
For the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019
For the fiscal year ending December 31, 2020
For the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021
For the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022
For the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023
Thereafter
$
$
$
$
$
$
5,601
4,997
4,094
3,534
3,231
13,310
9.
FINAL CAPPING, CLOSURE AND POST-CLOSURE COSTS
Accrued final capping, closure and post-closure costs include the current and non-current portion of costs associated with
obligations for final capping closure and post-closure of our landfills. We estimate our future final capping, closure and post-
closure costs in order to determine the final capping, closure and post-closure expense per ton of waste placed into each landfill
as further described in Note 3, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. The anticipated time frame for paying these costs
varies based on the remaining useful life of each landfill, as well as the duration of the post-closure monitoring period.
The changes to accrued final capping, closure and post-closure liabilities are as follows:
Beginning balance
Obligations incurred
Revisions in estimates (1)
Accretion expense
Obligations settled (2)
Ending balance
Fiscal Year Ended December 31,
2018
2017
$
$
62,290
3,713
5,095
5,556
(3,579)
73,075
$
$
44,207
3,022
11,498
4,401
(838)
62,290
(1) Relates to changes in estimates and assumptions concerning anticipated waste flow, cost and timing of future final
capping, closure and post-closure activities at certain landfills, including the Subtitle D landfill in Southbridge,
Massachusetts ("Southbridge Landfill"), as well as changes to expansion airspace. See Note 11, Commitments and
Contingencies and Note 16, Other Items and Charges for disclosure regarding Southbridge Landfill.
(2) Includes amounts paid and amounts that are being processed through accounts payable as a part of our disbursement
cycle.
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10.
LONG TERM DEBT AND CAPITAL LEASES
A summary of long-term debt and capital leases is as follows:
Senior Secured Credit Facility:
Revolving Credit Facility due May 2023; bearing interest at LIBOR plus 2.00%
Refinanced Revolving Credit Facility due October 2021; bore interest at LIBOR plus 2.75%
Term Loan Facility due May 2023; bearing interest at LIBOR plus 2.00%
Term Loan B Facility due October 2023; bore interest at LIBOR plus 2.50%
Tax-Exempt Bonds:
New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series
2014R-1 due December 2044 - fixed rate interest period through 2019; bearing interest at 3.75%
New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series
2014R-2 due December 2044 - fixed rate interest period through 2026; bearing interest at 3.125%
Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2005R-3 due January 2025
- fixed rate interest period through 2025; bearing interest at 5.25%
Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2015R-1 due August 2035
- fixed rate interest period through 2025; bearing interest at 5.125%
Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2015R-2 due August 2035
- fixed rate interest period through 2025; bearing interest at 4.375%
Vermont Economic Development Authority Solid Waste Disposal Long-Term Revenue Bonds Series
2013 due April 2036 - fixed rate interest period through 2028; bearing interest at 4.625%
Business Finance Authority of the State of New Hampshire Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds
Series 2013 due April 2029 - fixed rate interest period through 2019; bearing interest at 4.00%
Other:
Capital leases maturing through December 2107; bearing interest at a weighted average of 5.37%
Notes payable maturing through June 2027; bearing interest at a weighted average of 2.97%
Principal amount of long-term debt and capital leases
Less—unamortized discount and debt issuance costs (1)
Long-term debt and capital leases less unamortized discount and debt issuance costs
Less—current maturities of long-term debt
(1) A summary of unamortized discount and debt issuance costs by debt instrument follows:
Credit Facility
Refinanced Revolving Credit Facility
Term Loan B Facility (including unamortized discount of $0 and $1,482)
New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds
Series 2014R-1
New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds
Series 2014R-2
Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2005R-3
Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2015R-1
Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2015R-2
Vermont Economic Development Authority Solid Waste Disposal Long-Term Revenue Bonds
Series 2013
Business Finance Authority of the State of NH Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2013
December 31,
2018
2017
$
69,600
—
350,000
—
$
—
36,000
—
346,500
25,000
25,000
15,000
15,000
25,000
25,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
—
16,000
16,000
11,000
11,000
11,248
2,401
5,595
2,585
555,249
497,680
10,950
15,178
544,299
482,502
2,298
$ 542,001
4,926
$ 477,576
December 31,
2018
2017
$
7,118
$
—
—
847
450
517
622
493
—
3,938
7,392
1,034
511
603
691
—
595
308
10,950
$
573
436
15,178
$
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Credit Facility
In fiscal year 2018, we entered into a credit agreement ("Credit Agreement"), which provides for a $350,000 aggregate
principal amount term loan A facility ("Term Loan Facility") and a $200,000 revolving line of credit facility ("Revolving Credit
Facility" and, together with the Term Loan Facility, the "Credit Facility"). The net proceeds from this transaction were used to
repay in full the amounts outstanding of the $350,000 aggregate principal amount term loan B facility ("Term Loan B Facility")
and the $160,000 revolving line of credit facility ("Refinanced Revolving Credit Facility") plus accrued and unpaid interest
thereon and to pay related transaction expenses. We have the right to request, at our discretion, an increase in the amount of
loans under the Credit Facility by an aggregate amount $125,000, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Credit
Agreement.
The Credit Facility has a 5-year term and will bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 2.00% per annum, which will be reduced
to a rate of LIBOR plus 1.25% upon us reaching a consolidated net leverage ratio of less than 2.25x. The Credit Facility is
guaranteed jointly and severally, fully and unconditionally by all of our significant wholly-owned subsidiaries and secured by
substantially all of our assets. As of December 31, 2018, further advances were available under the Credit Facility in the
amount of $107,879. The available amount is net of outstanding irrevocable letters of credit totaling $22,521, at which date no
amount had been drawn.
The Credit Agreement requires us to maintain a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum consolidated net leverage
ratio, to be measured at the end of each fiscal quarter. As of December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with the covenants
contained in the Credit Agreement. In addition to these financial covenants, the Credit Agreement also contains a number of
important customary affirmative and negative covenants which restrict, among other things, our ability to sell assets, incur
additional debt, create liens, make investments, and pay dividends. We do not believe that these restrictions impact our ability
to meet future liquidity needs. An event of default under any of our debt agreements could permit some of our lenders,
including the lenders under the Credit Facility, to declare all amounts borrowed from them to be immediately due and payable,
together with accrued and unpaid interest, or, in the case of the Credit Facility, terminate the commitment to make further credit
extensions thereunder, which could, in turn, trigger cross-defaults under other debt obligations. If we were unable to repay debt
to our lenders, or were otherwise in default under any provision governing our outstanding debt obligations, our secured
lenders could proceed against us and against the collateral securing that debt.
Tax-Exempt Financings
New York Bonds. As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding $25,000 aggregate principal amount of Solid Waste Disposal
Revenue Bonds Series 2014 ("New York Bonds 2014R-1") and $15,000 aggregate principal amount of Solid Waste Disposal
Revenue Bonds Series 2014R-2 ("New York Bonds 2014R-2") issued by the New York State Environmental Facilities
Corporation under the indenture dated December 1, 2014 (collectively, the “New York Bonds”). The New York Bonds 2014R-1
accrue interest at 3.75% per annum through December 1, 2019, at which time they may be converted from a fixed rate to a
variable rate. The New York Bonds 2014R-2 accrue interest at 3.125% per annum through May 31, 2026, at which time they
may be converted from a fixed rate to a variable rate. The New York Bonds, which are unsecured and guaranteed jointly and
severally, fully and unconditionally by all of our significant wholly-owned subsidiaries, require interest payments on June 1 and
December 1 of each year and mature on December 1, 2044. We borrowed the proceeds of the New York Bonds to finance or
refinance certain capital projects in the state of New York and to pay certain costs of issuance of the New York Bonds.
Maine Bonds. In fiscal year 2018, we completed the issuance of $15,000 aggregate principal amount of Finance Authority of
Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2015R-2 (“FAME Bonds 2015R-2”). As of December 31, 2018, we had
outstanding $25,000 aggregate principal amount of Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series
2005R-3 (“FAME Bonds 2005R-3”), $15,000 aggregate principal amount of Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal
Revenue Bonds Series 2015 (“FAME Bonds 2015R-1”), and $15,000 aggregate principal amount of FAME Bonds 2015R-2
(collectively, the "FAME Bonds"). The FAME Bonds 2005R-3 accrue interest at 5.25% per annum, and interest is payable
semiannually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year until such bonds mature on January 1, 2025. The FAME
Bonds 2015R-1 accrue interest at 5.125% per annum through August 1, 2025, at which time they may be converted from a
fixed to a variable rate, and interest is payable semiannually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year until the
FAME Bonds 2015R-1 mature on August 1, 2035. The FAME Bonds 2015R-2 accrue interest at 4.375% per annum through
July 31, 2025, at which time they may be converted from a fixed to a variable rate, and interest is payable semiannually each
year on May 1 and November 1 until the FAME Bonds 2015R-2 mature on August 1, 2035. The FAME Bonds are unsecured
and guaranteed jointly and severally, fully and unconditionally by all of our significant wholly-owned subsidiaries. We
borrowed the proceeds of the offering of the FAME Bonds to finance or refinance the costs of certain of our solid waste landfill
facilities and solid waste collection, organics and transfer, recycling and hauling facilities, and to pay certain costs of the
issuance of the FAME Bonds.
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Vermont Bonds. In fiscal year 2018, we completed the remarketing of $16,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.75% fixed rate
senior unsecured Vermont Economic Development Authority Solid Waste Disposal Long-Term Revenue Bonds Series 2013
(“Vermont Bonds”). As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding $16,000 aggregate principal amount of Vermont Bonds. The
Vermont Bonds, which are guaranteed jointly and severally, fully and unconditionally by all of our significant wholly-owned
subsidiaries, accrue interest at 4.625% per annum through April 2, 2028, after which time there is a mandatory tender. The
Vermont Bonds mature on April 1, 2036. We borrowed the proceeds of the Vermont Bonds to finance or refinance certain
qualifying property, plant and equipment assets purchased in the state of Vermont.
New Hampshire Bonds. As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding $11,000 aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured
Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2013 issued by the Business Finance Authority of the State of New Hampshire
(“New Hampshire Bonds”). The New Hampshire Bonds, which are guaranteed jointly and severally, fully and unconditionally
by all of our significant wholly-owned subsidiaries, accrue interest at 4.00% per annum through October 1, 2019, at which time
they may be converted from a fixed rate to a variable rate. During the fixed interest rate period, the New Hampshire Bonds are
not be supported by a letter of credit. Interest is payable in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year. The New Hampshire
Bonds mature on April 1, 2029. We borrowed the proceeds of the New Hampshire Bonds to finance or refinance certain
qualifying property, plant and equipment assets purchased in the state of New Hampshire.
Loss on Debt Extinguishment
In order to lower our borrowing costs and reduce our market risk we completed the following transactions that resulted in a loss
on debt extinguishment in fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 of $7,352, $517 and $13,747, respectively:
•
•
•
the write-off of debt issuance costs and unamortized discount, in the case of our Term Loan B Facility in fiscal year
2018, associated with the refinancing of our previously outstanding senior secured credit facilities in fiscal year 2018
and fiscal year 2016 and an amendment to our previously outstanding senior secured credit facility in fiscal year 2017:
the write-off of debt issuance costs in connection with the remarketing of our Vermont Bonds in fiscal year 2018 and
the remarketing of our Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2005R-1 (“FAME
Bonds 2005R-1”) and Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2005R-2 (“FAME
Bonds 2005R-2”) into the FAME Bonds 2005R-3 in fiscal year 2017; and
the repurchase price premium and write-off of debt issuance costs and unamortized original issue discount associated
with the early redemption, repurchase and retirement of our then outstanding 7.75% senior subordinated notes due
February 2019 in fiscal years 2016.
Interest Expense
The components of interest expense are as follows:
Interest expense on long-term debt and capital leases
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount on long-term debt
Letter of credit fees
Less: capitalized interest
Total interest expense
Cash Flow Hedges
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
$
$
23,816
2,449
169
(140)
26,294
$
$
22,060
2,692
703
(295)
25,160
$
$
34,741
3,881
593
(273)
38,942
The refinancing of our Credit Facility in fiscal year 2018 resulted in us dedesignating the original hedging relationship between
three interest rate derivative agreements and the variable rate interest payments related to the Term Loan B Facility. We
subsequently designated new hedging relationships between the three interest rate derivative agreements and the variable rate
interest payments related to the Term Loan Facility based on a quantitative assessment using regression analysis, which
indicated that the hedging relationships were highly effective. Because the interest rate payments associated with the variable
rate portion of our long-term debt will still occur, the net gain of $1,383 associated with the interest rate derivative agreements
in accumulated other comprehensive income was not reclassified into earnings. Instead, this gain will continue to be
reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into interest expense as the interest payments affect earnings.
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In fiscal year 2018, we also entered into six additional interest rate derivative agreements to further hedge interest rate risk
associated with the variable rate portion of our long-term debt. The hedging relationships between these interest rate derivative
agreements and the variable rate interest payments related to the Term Loan Facility were considered highly effective based on
a quantitative assessment using regression analysis and, therefore, are accounted for as highly effective cash flow hedges.
The total notional amount of all of our interest rate derivative agreements is $190,000 and according to the terms of the
agreements, we receive interest based on the 1-month LIBOR index and pay interest at a weighted average rate of
approximately 2.54%. The agreements mature between February 2021 and May 2023. We have designated these derivative
instruments as effective cash flow hedges.
A summary of the effect of cash flow hedges related to derivative instruments on the consolidated balance sheet follows:
Interest rate swaps
Interest rate swaps
Total
Interest rate swaps
Interest rate swaps
Total
Balance Sheet Location
Other current assets
Other non-current assets
Other accrued liabilities
Other long-term liabilities
Interest rate swaps
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, net
Interest rate swaps - tax provision Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, net
Fair Value
December 31,
2018
December 31,
2017
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
338
482
820
387
1,555
1,942
$
$
$
$
(1,196) $
(112) $
(1,308) $
—
401
401
123
—
123
278
(112)
166
A summary of the amount of gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships related to interest rate swaps reclassified from
accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income into earnings follows:
Statement of Operations Location
(Expense) Income
$
(363) $
(421) $
—
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
Interest expense
Fair Value of Debt
As of December 31, 2018, the fair value of our fixed rate debt, including the FAME Bonds, Vermont Bonds, New York Bonds
and New Hampshire Bonds was approximately $121,722 and the carrying value was $122,000. The fair value of the FAME
Bonds, Vermont Bonds, New York Bonds and New Hampshire Bonds is considered to be Level 2 within the fair value
hierarchy as the fair value is determined using market approach pricing provided by a third-party that utilizes pricing models
and pricing systems, mathematical tools and judgment to determine the evaluated price for the security based on the market
information of each of the bonds or securities with similar characteristics.
As of December 31, 2018, the carrying value of our Term Loan Facility was $350,000 and the carrying value of our Revolving
Credit Facility was $69,600. Their fair values are based on current borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing
arrangements, or Level 2 inputs, and approximate their carrying values.
Although we have determined the estimated fair value amounts of the FAME Bonds, Vermont Bonds, New York Bonds and
New Hampshire Bonds using available market information and commonly accepted valuation methodologies, a change in
available market information, and/or the use of different assumptions and/or estimation methodologies could have a material
effect on the estimated fair values. These amounts have not been revalued, and current estimates of fair value could differ
significantly from the amounts presented.
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Future Maturities of Debt
Aggregate principal maturities of long-term debt and capital leases are as follows:
Estimated Future Payments as of December 31, 2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Thereafter
11.
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Lease Commitments
$
$
2,298
2,648
2,175
1,652
421,021
125,455
555,249
We lease operating facilities and equipment in the ordinary course of our business under various operating leases with monthly
payments varying up to approximately $23. Future minimum rental payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the
minimum lease term. Total rent expense under operating leases charged to operations was $10,571, $12,242 and $11,437 in
fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Future minimum rental payments under non-cancellable operating leases, which include landfill operating leases, are as
follows:
Estimated Future Minimum Lease Payments as of December 31, 2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Thereafter
Total minimum lease payments
Legal Proceedings
$
$
15,572
12,678
10,117
7,953
6,250
65,145
117,715
In the ordinary course of our business and as a result of the extensive governmental regulation of the solid waste industry, we
are subject to various judicial and administrative proceedings involving state and local agencies. In these proceedings, an
agency may seek to impose fines or to revoke or deny renewal of an operating permit held by us. From time to time, we may
also be subject to actions brought by special interest or other groups, adjacent landowners or residents in connection with the
permitting and licensing of landfills and transfer stations, or allegations of environmental damage or violations of the permits
and licenses pursuant to which we operate. In addition, we may be named defendants in various claims and suits pending for
alleged damages to persons and property, alleged violations of certain laws and alleged liabilities arising out of matters
occurring during the ordinary operation of a waste management business.
In accordance with FASB ASC 450 - Contingencies, we accrue for legal proceedings, inclusive of legal costs, when losses
become probable and reasonably estimable. As of the end of each applicable reporting period, we review each of our legal
proceedings to determine whether it is probable, reasonably possible or remote that a liability has been incurred and, if it is at
least reasonably possible, whether a range of loss can be reasonably estimated under the provisions of FASB ASC 450-20. In
instances where we determine that a loss is probable and we can reasonably estimate a range of loss we may incur with respect
to such a matter, we record an accrual for the amount within the range that constitutes our best estimate of the possible loss. If
we are able to reasonably estimate a range, but no amount within the range appears to be a better estimate than any other, we
record an accrual in the amount that is the low end of such range. When a loss is reasonably possible, but not probable, we will
not record an accrual, but we will disclose our estimate of the possible range of loss where such estimate can be made in
accordance with FASB ASC 450-20.
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Environmental Remediation Liability
We are subject to liability for environmental damage, including personal injury and property damage, that our solid waste,
recycling and power generation facilities may cause to neighboring property owners, particularly as a result of the
contamination of drinking water sources or soil, possibly including damage resulting from conditions that existed before we
acquired the facilities. We may also be subject to liability for similar claims arising from off-site environmental contamination
caused by pollutants or hazardous substances if we or our predecessors arrange or arranged to transport, treat or dispose of
those materials. The following matters represent our material outstanding claims.
Southbridge Recycling & Disposal Park, Inc.
In October 2015, our Southbridge Recycling and Disposal Park, Inc. (“SRD”) subsidiary reported to the Massachusetts
Department of Environmental Protection (“MADEP”) results of analysis of samples collected pursuant to our existing permit
from private drinking water wells located near the Town of Southbridge, Massachusetts (“Town”) Landfill (“Southbridge
Landfill”), which is operated by SRD. Those results indicated the presence of contaminants above the levels triggering notice
and response obligations under MADEP regulations. In response to those results, we are carrying out an Immediate Response
Action pursuant to Massachusetts General Law Chapter 21E (the "Charlton 21E Obligations") pursuant to state law. Further, we
have implemented a plan to analyze and better understand the groundwater near the Southbridge Landfill and we are
investigating with the objective of identifying the source or sources of the elevated levels of contamination measured in the
well samples. If it is determined that some or all of the contamination originated at the Southbridge Landfill, we will work with
the Town (the Southbridge Landfill owner and the former operator of an unlined portion of the Southbridge Landfill, which was
used prior to our operation of a double-lined portion of the Southbridge Landfill commencing in 2004) to evaluate and allocate
the liabilities related to the Charlton 21E Obligations. In July 2016, we sent correspondence to the Town pursuant to Chapter
21E of Massachusetts General Laws demanding that the Town reimburse us for the environmental response costs we had spent
and that the Town be responsible for all such costs in the future, as well as any other costs or liabilities resulting from the
release of contaminants from the unlined portion of the Southbridge Landfill. The Town responded in September 2016, denying
that the Southbridge Landfill is the source of such contamination, and claiming that if it is, that we may owe an indemnity to
the Town pursuant to the Operating Agreement between us and the Town dated May 29, 2007, as amended. We entered into a
Tolling Agreement with the Town to delay any further administrative or legal actions until our work with MADEP more
specifically defines the parties’ responsibilities for the Charlton 21E Obligations, if any. Please see below for further discussion
of our relationship with the Town regarding the Charlton 21E Obligations.
In February 2016, we and the Town received a Notice of Intent to Sue under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
("RCRA") from a law firm purporting to represent residents proximate to the Southbridge Landfill (“Residents”), indicating its
intent to file suit against us on behalf of the Residents alleging the groundwater contamination originated from the Southbridge
Landfill. In February 2017, we received an additional Notice of Intent to Sue from the National Environmental Law Center
under the Federal Clean Water Act ("CWA") and RCRA (collectively the “Acts”) on behalf of Environment America, Inc., d/b/a
Environment Massachusetts, and Toxics Action Center, Inc., which have referred to themselves as the Citizen Groups. The
Citizen Groups alleged that we had violated the Acts, and that they intended to seek appropriate relief in federal court for those
alleged violations. On or about June 9, 2017, a lawsuit was filed against us, SRD and the Town in the United States District
Court for the District of Massachusetts (the “Massachusetts Court”) by the Citizen Groups and the Residents alleging violations
of the Acts (the “Litigation”), and demanding a variety of remedies under the Acts, including fines, remediation, mitigation and
costs of litigation, and remedies for violations of Massachusetts civil law related to personal and property damages, including
remediation, diminution of property values, compensation for lost use and enjoyment of properties, enjoinment of further
operation of the Southbridge Landfill, and costs of litigation, plus interest on any damage award, on behalf of the Residents. We
believe the Litigation to be factually inaccurate, and without legal merit, and we and SRD intend to vigorously defend the
Litigation. Nevertheless, we believe it is reasonably possible that a loss will occur as a result of the Litigation although an
estimate of loss cannot be reasonably provided at this time. We also continue to believe the Town should be responsible for
costs or liabilities associated with the Litigation relative to alleged contamination originating from the unlined portion of the
Southbridge Landfill, although there can be no assurance that we will not be required to incur some or all of such costs and
liabilities.
In December 2017, we filed a Motion to Dismiss the Litigation, and on October 1, 2018, the Massachusetts Court granted our
Motion to Dismiss, and accordingly, dismissed the Citizen Groups claims under the Acts. The Massachusetts Court has retained
jurisdiction of the Residents claims. The Citizen Groups intend to appeal the Massachusetts Court’s decision to grant our
Motion to Dismiss.
We entered into an Administrative Consent Order on April 26, 2017 (the “ACO”), with MADEP, the Town, and the Town of
Charlton, committing us to equally share the costs with MADEP, of up to $10,000 ($5,000 each) for the Town to install a
municipal waterline in the Town of Charlton ("Waterline"). Upon satisfactory completion of that Waterline, and other matters
covered by the ACO, we and the Town will be released by MADEP from any future responsibilities for the Charlton 21E
Obligations. We also entered into an agreement with the Town on April 28, 2017 entitled the “21E Settlement and Water
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System Construction Funding Agreement” (the “Waterline Agreement”), wherein we and the Town released each other from
claims arising from the Charlton 21E Obligations. Pursuant to the Waterline Agreement, the Town will issue a twenty (20) year
bond for our portion of the Waterline costs (up to $5,000). We have agreed to reimburse the Town for periodic payments under
such bond. The Town has recently advised us that it has solicited and received proposals for the construction of the Waterline as
contemplated by the ACO, and that construction of the Waterline has commenced.
We have recorded an environmental remediation liability associated with the future installation of the Waterline in other
accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities. We inflate the estimated costs in current dollars to the expected time of
payment and discount the total cost to present value using a risk-free interest rate of 2.6%. Our expenditures could be
significantly higher if costs exceed estimates. The changes to the environmental remediation liability associated with the
Southbridge Landfill are as follows:
Beginning balance
Accretion expense
Obligations incurred
Obligations settled (1)
Ending balance
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
$
$
5,936
$
152
—
(915)
5,173
$
—
82
6,379
(525)
5,936
(1)
Includes amounts that are being processed through accounts payable as a part of our disbursements cycle.
In November 2016, SRD received a cease and desist order (“Order”) from the Charlton alternate zoning enforcement officer,
alleging that two storm water detention basins on SRD’s property in Charlton existed in violation of Charlton zoning
requirements. SRD appealed the Order to the Charlton Zoning Board of Appeals, which upheld the Order. In June 2018, the
Massachusetts Land Court approved a settlement reached between SRD and Charlton resolving all issues associated with the
Order. Based on this settlement with Charlton, we paid a total of $850 in cash, and will provide ancillary services to Charlton
over the next five (5) years for a total of cash and services of approximately $1,200. This matter is now resolved. We have a
remaining reserve of $226 as of December 31, 2018. This settlement is recorded as part of the Southbridge Landfill closure
charge, net in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. See Note 16, Other Items and Charges for additional disclosure.
In August 2016, we filed a complaint against Steadfast Insurance Company (“Steadfast”) in the Superior Court of Suffolk
County, Massachusetts (the "Court"), alleging among other things, that Steadfast breached its Pollution Liability Policy
(“Policy”) purchased by us in April 2015, by refusing to acknowledge coverage under the Policy, and refusing to cover any of
the costs and liabilities incurred by us as described above as well as costs and liabilities that we may incur in the future.
Steadfast filed an answer and counterclaim in September 2016, denying that it has any obligations to us under the Policy, and
seeking a declaratory judgment of Steadfast’s obligations under the Policy. Steadfast filed a Motion to Dismiss (the "Motion")
our litigation against it, and we filed our response on July 11, 2017. On September 7, 2017, the Court denied the Motion. On
July 17, 2018, we reached an agreement with Steadfast settling this litigation (the “Settlement”). Pursuant to the Settlement,
Steadfast agreed to partially reimburse us for direct costs incurred or to be incurred by us under the ACO, as well as for
substantial investigative costs associated with our efforts to ascertain the source of contaminants and other costs related to the
Charlton 21E Obligations. Additionally, the Settlement payment is intended to reimburse us for all costs and liabilities arising
out of the Litigation. Steadfast agreed to pay us $10,000, and we received the Settlement funds in the quarter ended September
30, 2018. The recovery of funds is recorded as part of the Southbridge Landfill closure charge, net in the nine months ended
December 31, 2018. See Note 16, Other Items and Charges for additional disclosure.
On June 13, 2017, Town voters rejected a non-binding ballot initiative intended to provide guidance to Town officials with
respect to our pursuit of other landfill development opportunities at the Southbridge Landfill. Following such rejection by the
Town voters, our board of directors and senior management determined after due consideration of all facts and circumstances
that it is no longer likely that further development at the existing landfill site will generate an adequate risk adjusted return at
the Southbridge Landfill, and accordingly we intended to cease operations at the Southbridge Landfill when no further capacity
was available. We reached this conclusion after carefully evaluating the estimated future costs associated with the permitting,
engineering and construction activities for the planned expansion of the Southbridge Landfill against the possible outcomes of
the permitting process and the anticipated future benefits of successful expansions. Under our May 29, 2017 Extension
Agreement with the Town ("Extension Agreement"), which we accounted for as an operating lease, there are potential
contractual obligations and commitments, including future cash payments and services that extend beyond the current useful
life of the Southbridge Landfill, at that time expected by no later than early 2019. We delivered correspondence to the Town to
this effect on August 3, 2017, citing events of Change in Law and Force Majeure pursuant to the Extension Agreement and the
impacts of such events on further expansion of the Southbridge Landfill. We advised the Town that we saw no economically
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feasible way to operate the Southbridge Landfill beyond its current permitted life and we have filed a closure plan with
MADEP. In this respect, the Town had, on or about April 11, 2018, filed a motion for a declaratory judgment and injunctive
relief in the Massachusetts Court seeking a judgment from the Massachusetts Court as to the rights of the parties pursuant to the
Extension Agreement, and injunctive relief to prevent us from discontinuing free collection and disposal of the Town’s
municipal waste when the Southbridge Landfill ceases to accept waste (the “Town Equity Litigation”). We vigorously defended
the Town Equity Litigation on its merits, and further, on the grounds that the Town Equity Litigation is not in compliance with
the procedures for dispute resolution as set forth in the Extension Agreement. On June 26, 2018, the Massachusetts Court
denied the Town’s request for a preliminary injunction without prejudice. Subsequently, the Town filed a successor litigation to
the Town Equity Litigation (the “Current Litigation”), again seeking equitable and legal relief. We vigorously contested the
Current Litigation and on November 8, 2018, the Town approved a Settlement Agreement with us which shortened the period
of time we were purportedly obligated to provide the Town with free collection and disposal of the Town’s municipal waste
from September, 2027 to March 31, 2024. The Town also agreed that we could close the solid waste and recycling transfer
station in the Town at the end of 2018. The current litigation has been dismissed. The Southbridge Landfill was closed in
November 2018 (the "Closure"). Following the Closure, we have proceeded to conduct proper closure and other activities at the
Southbridge Landfill in accordance with the Extension Agreement with the Town, and Federal, state and local law. In
accordance with FASB ASC 420 - Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations, a liability for costs to be incurred under a contract for its
remaining term without economic benefit shall be recognized when we cease using the right conveyed by the contract. As a
result of the Closure and in consideration of the Settlement Agreement with the Town, we recorded a charge amounting to
$8,724 as a component of the Southbridge Landfill closure charge, net associated with the remaining future contractual
obligations. See Note 16, Other Items and Charges for disclosure over the Southbridge Landfill closure charge, net.
The costs and liabilities we may be required to incur in connection with the foregoing Southbridge Landfill matters could be
material to our results of operations, our cash flows and our financial condition.
Potsdam Environmental Remediation Liability
On December 20, 2000, the State of New York Department of Environmental Conservation (“DEC”) issued an Order on
Consent (“Order”) which named Waste-Stream, Inc. (“WSI”), our subsidiary, General Motors Corporation (“GM”) and Niagara
Mohawk Power Corporation (“NiMo”) as Respondents. The Order required that the Respondents undertake certain work on a
25-acre scrap yard and solid waste transfer station owned by WSI in Potsdam, New York, including the preparation of a
Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study (“Study”). A draft of the Study was submitted to the DEC in January 2009
(followed by a final report in May 2009). The Study estimated that the undiscounted costs associated with implementing the
preferred remedies would be approximately $10,219. On February 28, 2011, the DEC issued a Proposed Remedial Action Plan
for the site and accepted public comments on the proposed remedy through March 29, 2011. We submitted comments to the
DEC on this matter. In April 2011, the DEC issued the final Record of Decision (“ROD”) for the site. The ROD was
subsequently rescinded by the DEC for failure to respond to all submitted comments. The preliminary ROD, however,
estimated that the present cost associated with implementing the preferred remedies would be approximately $12,130. The
DEC issued the final ROD in June 2011 with proposed remedies consistent with its earlier ROD. An Order on Consent and
Administrative Settlement naming WSI and NiMo as Respondents was executed by the Respondents and DEC with an
effective date of October 25, 2013. On January 29, 2016, a Cost-Sharing Agreement was executed between WSI, NiMo, Alcoa
Inc. (“Alcoa”) and Reynolds Metal Company (“Reynolds”) whereby Alcoa and Reynolds elected to voluntarily participate in
the onsite remediation activities at a combined 15% participant share. It is likely that significant expenditures relating to onsite
remediation will be incurred in fiscal year ending December 31, 2019. WSI is jointly and severally liable with NiMo, Alcoa and
Reynolds for the total cost to remediate.
We have recorded an environmental remediation liability associated with the Potsdam site based on incurred costs to date and
estimated costs to complete the remediation in other accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities. Our expenditures could
be significantly higher if costs exceed estimates. We inflate the estimated costs in current dollars to the expected time of
payment and discount the total cost to present value using a risk-free interest rate of 1.5%.
A summary of the changes to the environmental remediation liability associated with the Potsdam environmental remediation
liability follows:
Beginning balance
Payments
Obligations incurred
Ending balance
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
$
$
5,758
(171)
27
5,614
$
$
5,866
(108)
—
5,758
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North Country Environmental Services
On or about March 8, 2018, the Citizen Groups described above, delivered correspondence to our subsidiary, North Country
Environmental Services, Inc. ("NCES") and us, providing notice of the Citizen Groups' intent to sue NCES and us for
violations of the CWA in conjunction with NCES's operation of its landfill in Bethlehem, New Hampshire. On May 14, 2018,
the Citizen Groups filed a lawsuit against NCES and us in the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire
(the “New Hampshire Court”) alleging violations of the CWA, arguing that ground water discharging into the Ammonoosuc
River is a "point source" under the CWA (the "New Hampshire Litigation"). The New Hampshire Litigation seeks remediation
and fines under the CWA. On June 15, 2018, we and NCES filed a Motion to Dismiss the New Hampshire Litigation. On July
13, 2018, the Citizen Groups filed objections to our Motion to Dismiss. On July 27, 2018, we filed a reply in support of our
Motion to Dismiss. On September 25, 2018, the New Hampshire Court denied our Motion to Dismiss. We intend to continue to
vigorously defend against the New Hampshire Litigation, which we believe is without merit.
The total expected environmental remediation payments, in today’s dollars, for each of the five succeeding fiscal years and the
aggregate amount thereafter are as follows:
Estimated Future Environmental Remediation Payments as of December 31, 2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Thereafter
Total
$
$
3,974
1,289
398
372
383
5,250
11,666
A reconciliation of the expected aggregate non-inflated, undiscounted environmental remediation liability to the amount
recognized in the statement of financial position is as follows:
Undiscounted liability
Less discount, net
Liability balance - December 31, 2018
$
$
11,666
(879)
10,787
Any substantial liability incurred by us arising from environmental damage could have a material adverse effect on our
business, financial condition and results of operations. We are not presently aware of any other situations that would have a
material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Employment Contracts
We have entered into employment contracts with five of our executive officers. The contracts are dated June 18,
2001, March 31, 2006, July 6, 2010, September 1, 2012 and March 1, 2016. Each contract had an initial term between one and
three years and a covenant not-to-compete ranging from one to two years from the date of termination. These contracts
automatically extend for a one year period at the end of the initial term and any renewal period. Total annual commitments for
salaries under these contracts are $1,821. In the event of a change in control of us, or in the event of involuntary termination
without cause, the employment contracts provide for a payment ranging from one to three years of salary and bonuses. We also
have other employment contracts or arrangements with employees who are not executive officers.
12.
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Recent Developments
On January 25, 2019, we completed a public offering of 3,565 share of our Class A common stock at a public offering price of
$29.50 per share. The offering resulted in net proceeds to us of $100,943, after deducting underwriting discounts and
commissions and offering expenses. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes,
including potential acquisitions or development of new operations or assets with the goal of complementing or expanding our
business, working capital and capital expenditures.
Common Stock
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The holders of the Class A common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held. The holders of the Class B common stock
are entitled to ten votes for each share held, except for the election of one director, who is elected by the holders of the Class A
common stock exclusively. The Class B common stock is convertible into Class A common stock on a share-for-share basis at
the option of the shareholder.
Preferred Stock
We are authorized to issue up to 944 shares of preferred stock in one or more series. As of December 31, 2018 and
December 31, 2017, we had no shares issued.
Stock Based Compensation
Stock Incentive Plans
2006 Stock Incentive Plan. In the fiscal year ended April 30, 2007, we adopted the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (“2006 Plan”).
The 2006 Plan was amended in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2010. The 2006 Plan terminated as of October 9, 2016 and as a
result no additional awards may be made pursuant to the 2006 Plan. Outstanding shares which are not actually issued under the
2006 Plan because such awards expire or otherwise result in shares not being issued are reserved for issuance under the 2016
Plan.
2016 Incentive Plan. In fiscal year 2016, we adopted the 2016 Incentive Plan (“2016 Plan”). Under the 2016 Plan, we may
grant awards up to an aggregate amount of shares equal to the sum of: (i) 2,250 shares of Class A common stock (subject to
adjustment in the event of stock splits and other similar events), plus (ii) such additional number of shares of Class A common
stock as is equal to the sum of the number of shares of Class A common stock that remained available for grant under the 2006
Plan immediately prior to the expiration of the 2006 Plan and the number of shares of Class A common stock subject to awards
granted under the 2006 Plan that expire or otherwise result in shares not being issued.
As of December 31, 2018, there were 1,615 Class A common stock equivalents available for future grant under the 2016 Plan,
inclusive of additional Class A common stock equivalents that were previously issued under terminated plans and have become
available for grant because such awards expired or otherwise resulted in shares not being issued.
Our equity awards granted consist of stock options, including market-based performance stock options, restricted stock,
restricted stock units and performance stock units, including market-based performance stock units.
Stock options are granted at a price equal to the prevailing fair value of our Class A common stock at the date of grant.
Generally, stock options granted have a term not to exceed ten years and vest over a one year to four year period from the date
of grant.
The fair value of each stock option granted, with the exception of market-based performance stock option grants, is estimated
using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which requires extensive use of accounting judgment and financial estimation,
including estimates of the expected term stock option holders will retain their vested stock options before exercising them and
the estimated volatility of our Class A common stock price over the expected term. The fair value of each market-based
performance stock option granted is estimated using a Monte Carlo option-pricing model, which also requires extensive use of
accounting judgment and financial estimation, including estimates of the expected term stock option holders will retain their
vested stock options before exercising them and the estimated volatility of our Class A common stock price over the expected
term, but also including estimates of share price appreciation of our Class A common stock as compared to the Russell 2000
Index over the requisite service period.
Restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units are granted at a price equal to the fair value of our Class A
common stock at the date of grant. The fair value of each market-based performance stock unit is estimated using a Monte
Carlo pricing model, which requires extensive use of accounting judgment and financial estimation, including the estimated
share price appreciation plus the value of dividends of our Class A common stock as compared to the Russell 2000 Index over
the requisite service period.
Restricted stock granted to non-employee directors vest incrementally over a three year period beginning on the first
anniversary of the date of grant. Restricted stock units granted to non-employee directors vest in full on the first anniversary of
the grant date. Restricted stock units vest incrementally over an identified service period beginning on the grant date based on
continued employment. Performance stock units and market-based performance stock units vest at a future date following the
grant date and are based on the attainment of performance targets and market achievements.
Stock Options
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A summary of stock option activity is as follows:
Outstanding, December 31, 2017
Granted
Exercised
Forfeited or expired
Market-based stock options vested (1)
Outstanding, December 31, 2018
Exercisable, December 31, 2018
Stock Options
Weighted
Average
Exercise Price
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
$
727
— $
(98) $
— $
$
40
$
669
$
669
5.82
—
4.80
—
12.48
6.37
6.37
7.9
5.6
5.6
$
$
14,788
14,788
(1) Market-based performance stock option grants were included at 100% until they vested on December 31, 2018, at which
point the actual number of options vested was adjusted based on the actual attainment of performance targets and market
achievements.
During fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, stock-based compensation expense for stock options was $473, $644 and $605,
respectively.
During fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, the aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $1,916, $4,664 and $22,
respectively.
As of December 31, 2018, there was no remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to outstanding
stock options.
Our calculation of stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options granted, with the exception of market-
based performance stock option grants which are valued using a Monte Carlo option-pricing model, was made using the Black-
Scholes valuation model. With the exception of market-based performance stock options granted in fiscal year 2016 discussed
below, we did not grant any new stock options in fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016.
The weighted average fair value of market-based performance stock options granted during fiscal year 2016 was $6.70 per
option, which was calculated using a Monte Carlo option-pricing model assuming an expected life of 7.4 years, a risk free
interest rate of 2.15%, and an expected volatility of 43.10% assuming no expected dividend yield.
Expected life is calculated based on the weighted average historical life of the vested stock options, giving consideration to
vesting schedules and historical exercise patterns. Risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve for the period
of the expected life of the stock option. Expected volatility is calculated using the weekly historical volatility of our Class A
common stock over the expected life, except in the case of market-based performance stock option where the daily historical
volatility of our Class A common stock over the expected life is used.
The Black-Scholes valuation model and the Monte Carlo option-pricing model each require extensive use of accounting
judgment and financial estimation. Application of alternative assumptions could produce significantly different estimates of the
fair value of stock-based compensation and consequently, the related amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of
operations.
Other Stock Awards
A summary of restricted stock, restricted stock unit and performance stock unit activity is as follows:
Restricted Stock,
Restricted Stock Units,
and Performance Stock
Units (1)
Weighted
Average
Grant Price
Weighted Average
Remaining
Contractual Term
(years)
Aggregate Intrinsic
Value
Outstanding, December 31, 2017
Granted
Class A common stock vested
Forfeited or canceled
Outstanding, December 31, 2018
Unvested, December 31, 2018
99
9.81
24.92
9.04
13.73
15.56
15.95
$
1,091
230
$
(632) $
(3) $
$
$
686
951
99
1.2
1.3
$
$
8,877
11,929
Table of Contents
(1) Market-based performance stock unit grants are included at 100%. Attainment of maximum performance targets and
market achievements would result in the issuance of an additional 265 shares of Class A common stock currently
included in unvested. The market-based performance stock unit grants that vested in fiscal year 2018 resulted in the
issuance of 185 additional shares of Class A common stock.
During fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock, restricted stock units
and performance stock units was $7,821, $5,652 and $2,673, respectively.
During fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, the total fair value of other stock awards vested was $10,529, $5,706 and $3,238,
respectively.
As of December 31, 2018, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock and restricted stock
units was $3,024, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.1 years. Total unrecognized stock-based
compensation expense related to performance stock units, assuming the attainment of maximum performance targets, was
$4,516, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.3 years.
The weighted average fair value of market-based performance stock units granted during fiscal year 2018 was $26.02 per
award, which was calculated using a Monte Carlo pricing model assuming a risk free interest rate of 2.39% and an expected
volatility of 32.70% assuming no expected dividend yield. Risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve for
the expected service period of the award. Expected volatility is calculated using the daily volatility of our Class A common
stock over the expected service period of the award.
The Monte Carlo pricing model requires extensive use of accounting judgment and financial estimation. Application of
alternative assumptions could produce significantly different estimates of the fair value of stock-based compensation and
consequently, the related amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.
We also recorded $150, $136 and $115 of stock-based compensation expense related to our Amended and Restated 1997
Employee Stock Purchase Plan during fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
There was $(23) of tax benefit in the (benefit) provision for income taxes associated with stock-based compensation during
fiscal year 2018. There was $117 and $0 of tax provision in the (benefit) provision for income taxes associated with stock-
based compensation expense in fiscal years 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income is a component of stockholders' deficit included in the accompanying
consolidated balance sheets and includes, as applicable, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of our cash flow
hedges and the changes in fair value of our marketable securities.
The changes in the balances of each component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income are as follows:
Marketable
Securities
Interest Rate
Swaps
Total
Balance as of December 31, 2015
Other comprehensive loss
Balance as of December 31, 2016
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Income tax expense related to items in other comprehensive income (loss)
Other comprehensive income, net
Balance as of December 31, 2017
Cumulative effect of new accounting principle
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss
Income tax expense related to items in other comprehensive income
$
7
(75)
(68)
59
—
27
86
18
(18)
—
—
—
Other comprehensive loss, net
Balance as of December 31, 2018
—
— $
$
$
— $
—
—
(143)
421
(112)
166
166
—
(1,837)
363
—
(1,474)
(1,308) $
7
(75)
(68)
(84)
421
(85)
252
184
(18)
(1,837)
363
—
(1,474)
(1,308)
A summary of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 is
as follows:
100
100
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Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
Details About Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss) Components
Interest rate swaps
Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Affected Line Item in the Consolidated
Statements of Operations
$
$
$
363
363
—
421
421
—
$
— Interest expense
— Income (loss) before income taxes
— (Benefit) provision for income taxes
363
$
421
$
— Net income (loss)
13.
FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
We use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring
basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial
measurement. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2, defined as inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar
assets or liabilities; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.
We use valuation techniques that maximize the use of market prices and observable inputs and minimize the use of
unobservable inputs. In measuring the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities, we rely on market data or assumptions
that we believe market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.
Assets and Liabilities Accounted for at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Our financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable-trade, restricted investment securities held in
trust on deposit with various banks as collateral for our obligations relative to our landfill final capping, closure and post-
closure costs, interest rate derivatives, trade payables and long-term debt. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents,
accounts receivable - trade and trade payables approximate their respective fair values due to their short-term nature. The fair
value of restricted investment securities held in trust, which are valued using quoted market prices, are included as restricted
assets in the Level 1 tier below. The fair value of the interest rate derivatives included in the Level 2 tier below is calculated
using discounted cash flow valuation methodologies based upon the one month LIBOR yield curves that are observable at
commonly quoted intervals for the full term of the swaps. We recognize all derivatives accounted for on the balance sheet at
fair value.
See Note 10, Long Term Debt and Capital Leases for disclosure over the fair value of debt.
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
Summaries of our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:
Assets:
Restricted investment securities - landfill closure
Interest rate swaps
Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps
Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2018 Using:
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
$
$
$
1,248
—
1,248
$
$
— $
820
820
$
— $
1,942
$
—
—
—
—
101
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Assets:
Restricted investment securities - landfill closure
Interest rate swaps
Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps
14.
EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Defined Contribution Plan
Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2017 Using:
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
$
$
$
1,220
—
1,220
$
$
— $
— $
401
401
$
123
$
—
—
—
—
We offer our eligible employees the opportunity to contribute to a 401(k) plan (“401(k) Plan”). Under the provisions of the 401
(k) Plan participants may direct us to defer a portion of their compensation to the 401(k) Plan, subject to Internal Revenue Code
limitations. We provide an employer matching contribution equal to fifty cents for every dollar an employee invests in the 401
(k) Plan up to our maximum match of one thousand dollars per employee per calendar year, subject to revision. Participants
vest in employer contributions ratable over a three year period. Employer contributions for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016
amounted to $1,319, $1,187 and $1,119, respectively.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
We offer our eligible employees the opportunity to participate in an employee stock purchase plan. Under this plan, qualified
employees may purchase shares of Class A common stock by payroll deduction at a 15% discount from the market price.
During fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, 26, 41 and 70 shares, respectively, of Class A common stock were issued under this
plan. As of December 31, 2018, 117 shares of Class A common stock were available for distribution under this plan.
Multiemployer Pension Plan
We make contributions to a multiemployer defined benefit pension plan, the New England Teamsters and Trucking Industry
Pension Fund, under the terms of a collective bargaining agreement that covers our union represented employees. The Pension
Plan provides retirement benefits to participants based on their service to contributing employers. We do not administer this
plan. The risks of participating in a multiemployer plan are different from a single-employer plan in that: (i) assets contributed
to the multiemployer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees or former employees of other
participating employers; (ii) if a participating employer stops contributing to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may
be required to be assumed by the remaining participating employers; and (iii) if we choose to stop participating in our
multiemployer plan, we may be required to pay the plan a withdrawal amount based on the underfunded status of the plan.
The following table outlines our participation in the multiemployer defined benefit pension plan:
EIN/Pension
Plan Number
Pension Protection Act Zone
Status
2018
2017
Funding
Improvement or
Rehabilitation
Plan Status
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
Expiration Date
of CBA
Contributions to Plan
04-6372430
Critical and
declining
Critical and
declining
Implemented
$ 726
$ 627
$ 523
June 30, 2020
Pension Fund
New England
Teamsters and
Trucking Industry
Pension Fund
102
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The status is based on the latest plan information for the plan year ended September 30, 2018 that we received from the pension
plan and is certified by the pension plans’ actuary. Plans with a “critical and declining” status are funded at less than 65%, have
a projected funding deficiency in the current or next four plan years and have a projected insolvency date which is less than the
20-year minimum statutory requirement. Our contributions to the multiemployer pension plan represent less than 5% of total
contributions to such plan for the plan year ended September 30, 2017 and a rehabilitation plan has been implemented with no
surcharge imposed. Under current law regarding multiemployer benefit plans, a plan’s termination, our voluntary withdrawal,
or the withdrawal of all contributing employers from any under-funded multiemployer pension plan would require us to make
payments to the plan for our proportionate share of the multiemployer plan’s unfunded vested liabilities. We could have
adjustments to estimates for these matters in the near term that could have a material effect on its consolidated financial
position, results of operations or cash flows. At the date these financial statements were issued, a Form 5500 was not available
for the plan year ended September 30, 2018.
15.
INCOME TAXES
A summary of the (benefit) provision for income taxes is as follows:
Federal
Current
Deferred
State
Current
Current benefit of loss carryforwards
Deferred
(Benefit) provision for income taxes
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
$
$
(1,902) $
1,255
(647)
— $
(15,614)
(15,614)
2,575
(2,307)
(5)
263
(384) $
301
(28)
88
361
(15,253) $
—
458
458
(90)
—
126
36
494
During fiscal year 2018, we recognized a $(937) deferred tax benefit related to the Complete acquisition due to a reduction of
the valuation allowance. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, we have assessed the available means of recovering
deferred tax assets, including the existence of reversing temporary differences. The valuation allowance decreased due to the
recognition of additional reversing temporary differences from the $937 deferred tax liability recorded through goodwill on the
acquisition. The $937 deferred tax liability related to the Complete acquisition was based on the impact of temporary
differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting purposes and such amounts
recognized for income tax purposes. The valuation allowance was reduced by $(1,635) in the quarter ended March 31, 2018,
with the offsetting increase in the Complete goodwill, based on initial estimates of the Complete temporary differences. The
valuation allowance was increased by $406 in quarter ended September 30, 2018 and $292 in quarter ended December 31,
2018, with an offsetting decrease in the Complete goodwill, based on the availability of better estimates of the Complete
temporary differences upon the filing of the prior year returns by Complete’s sellers in the quarter and anticipated net operating
loss carryforwards.
On December 22, 2017, the Act was enacted. The Act, which is also commonly referred to as “U.S. tax reform,” significantly
changes United States corporate income tax laws by, among other things, reducing the US corporate income tax rate from 35%
to 21% starting in 2018. Under the Act, federal net operating loss carryforwards generated as of the end of 2017 continue to be
carried forward for 20 years and are generally available to fully offset taxable income earned in a tax year. Federal net
operating losses generated after 2017 will be carried forward indefinitely, but generally may only offset up to 80% of taxable
income earned in future tax years. In fiscal year 2017, we revalued our deferred taxes due to these changes, including (a)
revaluing our federal net deferred taxes before valuation allowance using the 21% tax rate resulting in an increased net federal
deferred tax provision of $33,700; (b) revaluing our federal valuation allowance using the 21% tax rate, including the impact of
tax planning strategies, resulting in a federal deferred tax benefit to continuing operations of $(36,556); and (c) recognizing a
federal deferred tax benefit of $(12,758) for 80% of indefinite lived deferred tax liabilities, which are anticipated to be available
as a source of taxable income upon reversal of deferred tax assets that would also have indefinite lives.
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In fiscal year 2016, we elected early adoption of ASU 2016-09 using the prospective transition method related to stock
compensation which contains several amendments that simplify the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions.
Related to the accounting for income taxes, the new standard eliminates the accounting for excess tax benefits to be recognized
in additional paid-in capital and tax deficiencies recognized either in the income tax provision or in additional paid-in capital.
Under the new standard, all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies are recorded in the income tax provision. We recognized no
net tax impact upon adoption due to the valuation allowance position and prior periods were not adjusted.
The differences in the (benefit) provision for income taxes and the amounts determined by applying the Federal statutory rate to
income before provision for income taxes are as follows:
Federal statutory rate
Tax at statutory rate
State income taxes, net of federal benefit
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
21%
35%
35%
$
1,268
(89)
$
(12,968)
(1,959)
$
(2,228)
(265)
Decrease in net federal deferred tax assets before valuation allowance change
due to federal rate change
Decrease in valuation allowance by 80% of indefinite lived deferred liabilities
due to US tax reform
Other changes in valuation allowance, including the federal rate change in fiscal
year 2017
Non-deductible officer compensation
Deductible stock awards
Tax credits
Non-deductible expenses
Other, net
(Benefit) provision for income taxes
$
—
—
(1,613)
2,214
(2,048)
(686)
633
(63)
(384)
33,700
(12,758)
(18,848)
—
(1,825)
(1,000)
542
(137)
(15,253)
$
$
—
—
4,370
—
—
(1,085)
100
(398)
494
Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities recognized for
financial reporting purposes and such amounts recognized for income tax purposes. A summary of deferred tax assets and
liabilities is as follows:
Deferred tax assets:
Accrued expenses and reserves
Net operating loss carryforwards
Book over tax depreciation of property and equipment
General business tax credit carryforwards
Stock awards
Alternative minimum tax credit carryforwards
Other
Total deferred tax assets
Less: valuation allowance
Total deferred tax assets after valuation allowance
Deferred tax liabilities:
Amortization of intangibles
Other
Total deferred tax liabilities
Net deferred tax asset
December 31,
2018
2017
$
$
$
34,647
31,241
19,048
6,192
2,310
1,902
3,023
98,363
(69,189)
29,174
(22,026)
(73)
(22,099)
7,075
$
26,572
33,228
25,615
5,439
1,958
3,804
2,050
98,666
(68,355)
30,311
(20,904)
(145)
(21,049)
9,262
The net deferred tax asset at December 31, 2018 is reflected on the balance sheet as a long-term deferred federal tax asset of
$9,594 and a long-term deferred state tax liability of $(2,519).
104
104
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As of December 31, 2018, we have, for federal income tax purposes, net operating loss carryforwards of approximately
$110,586 that expire in the fiscal years ending December 31, 2031 through 2037 and $3,209, which do not expire. We have
state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $86,312 that expire in the fiscal years ending December 31, 2019
through 2038. In addition, we have $1,902 minimum tax credit carryforwards which are fully refundable for tax years 2019
through 2021, if not otherwise used to offset tax liabilities. We also have $6,192 general business credit carryforwards which
expire in the fiscal years ending December 31, 2022 through 2038. Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code can
limit the amount of net operating loss and credit carryforwards which may be used in a tax year in the event of certain stock
ownership changes. With the exception of $1,320 federal net operating losses we acquired with the Complete acquisition, we
are not currently subject to these limitations but could become subject to them if there were significant changes in the
ownership of our stock.
In assessing the realizability of carryforwards and other deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely
than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We adjust the valuation allowance in the period
management determines it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will or will not be realized. The change in the
valuation allowance was an increase of $834 for fiscal year 2018 and a decrease of $(29,234) for fiscal year 2017. In
determining the need for a valuation allowance, we have assessed the available means of recovering deferred tax assets,
including the ability to carryback net operating losses, the existence of reversing temporary differences, and available sources
of future taxable income. We have also considered the ability to implement certain strategies, such as a potential sale of assets
that would, if necessary, be implemented to accelerate taxable income and use expiring deferred tax assets.
The net deferred tax assets include deferred tax liabilities related to amortizable goodwill, which are anticipated to reverse in an
indefinite future period and to generate future taxable income upon reversal. Prior to the Act, federal net operating losses,
including potential losses from the reversal of deferred tax assets, could only be carried forward for 20 years. The reversal of
the indefinite lived goodwill was not available as a source of future taxable income since it was uncertain whether the income
generated would be available in the same tax periods in which losses from the reversal of deferred tax assets could be utilized.
As such, prior to the Act we did not treat the reversal of amortizable goodwill as an available source of taxable income in
determining the valuation allowance.
Beginning in 2018 under the Act, future federal net operating losses generated may be carried forward indefinitely and
generally may offset up to 80% of taxable income earned in a tax year. Because potential losses from the reversal of deferred
tax assets in future years may be carried forward indefinitely, we consider it more likely than not that 80% of the reversal of
deferred tax liabilities for amortizable goodwill will be available as a source of taxable income.
In the fourth quarter of 2017, we revalued our net federal deferred tax assets using the 21% tax rate as enacted under the Act.
The valuation allowance was also adjusted in this quarter due to the federal tax rate change and to recognize a $(12,758) federal
deferred tax benefit for 80% of deferred tax liabilities for amortizable goodwill. Due to the Act, we recognized a $(15,614)
federal deferred tax benefit in 2017 and decreased our total valuation allowance by $(29,234). We believe we are able to
support the deferred tax assets recognized as of the end of fiscal years 2018 and 2017 based on all of the available evidence.
The provisions of FASB ASC 740-10-25-5 prescribe the minimum recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet
before being recognized in the financial statements. Additionally, FASB ASC 740-10-25-5 provides guidance on de-
recognition, measurement, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. Under
FASB ASC 740-10-25-5, an entity may only recognize or continue to recognize tax positions that meet a “more likely than not”
threshold.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of period
Gross increases for tax positions of prior years
Gross decreases for tax positions of prior years
Reductions resulting from lapse of statute of limitations
Settlements
Unrecognized tax benefits at end of period
Fiscal Year Ended December 31,
2018
2017
$
$
1,941
$
—
—
(1,939)
—
2
$
3,107
1
(1,165)
—
(2)
1,941
105
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The fiscal year 2018 reductions resulting from a lapse of the statute of limitations primarily related to unrecognized benefits
which had reduced net operating loss carryforwards. The tax positions primarily related to fiscal years 2007 and prior and based
on administrative practice of the tax authorities, we have reduced the unrecognized tax benefits. The gross decreases for tax
positions of prior years for fiscal year 2017 are due to the reduction in the federal corporate tax rate to 21%. Since the majority
of our unrecognized benefits reduce net operating loss carryforwards, the amounts were reduced consistent with the overall rate
reduction related to the net operating loss deferred asset.
Included in the balances at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are $2 and $6, respectively, of unrecognized tax
benefits (net of the federal benefit on state issues) that, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective income tax rate in
future periods. We anticipate $2 of unrecognized tax benefits to reverse within the next 12 months due to the expiration of the
applicable statute of limitations.
Our continuing practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. Related to
uncertain tax positions during fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, we have accrued interest of $2, $3 and $5 and penalties of $1,
$2 and $4, respectively. We accrued $(2), $(3)and $(91) for interest and penalties in income tax expense related to uncertain tax
positions during fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
To the extent interest and penalties are not assessed with respect to uncertain tax positions, amounts accrued will be reduced
and reflected as a reduction of the overall income tax provision.
We are subject to U.S. federal income tax, as well as income tax of multiple state jurisdictions. Due to Federal and state net
operating loss carryforwards, income tax returns from years ending in 1998 through 2018 remain open for examination, with
limited exceptions.
16.
OTHER ITEMS AND CHARGES
Southbridge Landfill Closure Charge, Net
In June 2017, we initiated the plan to cease operations of our Southbridge Landfill as disclosed in Note 11, Commitments and
Contingencies. Accordingly, in fiscal years 2018 and 2017, we recorded charges associated with the closure of our Southbridge
Landfill as follows:
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
Asset impairment charge (1)
Project development charge (2)
Environmental remediation charge (3)
Contract settlement charge (4)
Landfill closure project charge (5)
Charlton settlement charge (6)
Legal and transaction costs (7)
Recovery on insurance settlement (8)
Southbridge Landfill closure charge, net
$
$
— $
—
—
8,724
6,012
1,216
2,102
(10,000)
8,054
47,999
9,149
6,379
—
—
—
1,656
—
$
65,183
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
We performed a test of recoverability under FASB ASC 360, which indicated that the carrying value of our asset group
that includes the Southbridge Landfill was no longer recoverable and, as a result, the asset group was assessed for
impairment with an impairment charge allocated to the long-lived assets of the Southbridge Landfill in accordance
with FASB ASC 360.
We wrote-off deferred costs associated with Southbridge Landfill permitting activities no longer deemed viable.
We recorded an environmental remediation charge associated with the installation of a municipal waterline. See Note
11, Commitments and Contingencies for additional disclosure.
We recorded a contract settlement charge associated with the closure of Southbridge Landfill and the remaining future
obligations due to the Town of Southbridge under the landfill operating agreement with the Town of Southbridge. See
Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies for additional disclosure.
We recorded a landfill closure project charge associated with increased costs under the revised closure plan at our
Southbridge Landfill.
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(6)
(7)
(8)
We established a reserve associated with settlement of the Town of Charlton's claim against us. See Note 11,
Commitments and Contingencies for additional disclosure.
We incurred legal and other transaction costs associated with various matters as part of the Southbridge Landfill
closure. See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies for additional disclosure.
We recorded a recovery on an environmental insurance settlement associated with the Southbridge Landfill closure.
See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies for additional disclosure.
Contract Settlement Charge
In fiscal year 2018, we recorded contract settlement charges of $2,100 associated with the termination and discounted buy-out
of a commodities marketing and brokerage agreement.
Expense from Acquisition Activities and Other Items
In fiscal year 2018, we recorded a charge of $1,872 associated with acquisition activities and the write-off of deferred costs
related to the expiration of our shelf registration statement, and in fiscal year 2017, we recorded a charge of $176 related to
acquisition activities. See Note 5, Business Combinations for disclosure over acquisition activity.
Development Project Charge
In fiscal year 2018, we recorded development project charges of $311 associated with previously deferred costs that were
written off as a result of the negative vote in a public referendum relating to the NCES Landfill.
Environmental Remediation Charge
We recorded an environmental remediation charge of $900 in fiscal year 2016 due to changes in cost estimates associated with
the Potsdam environmental remediation liability. See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies for further disclosure.
17.
EARNINGS PER SHARE
A summary of the numerator and denominators used in the computation of earnings per share is as follows:
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
Denominator:
Class A common stock
Class B common stock
Shares to be issued - acquisition
Unvested restricted stock
Effect of weighted average shares outstanding
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding
Impact of potentially dilutive securities:
Dilutive effect of stock options and stock awards
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding
Antidilutive potentially issuable shares
18.
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Services
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
$
6,420
$
(21,799) $
(6,849)
41,944
988
103
(9)
(338)
42,688
1,480
44,168
2
41,298
988
—
(38)
(402)
41,846
—
41,846
2,219
40,572
988
—
(88)
(239)
41,233
—
41,233
2,442
During fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, we retained the services of Casella Construction, Inc. ("CCI"), a company
substantially owned by sons of John Casella, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Douglas Casella, a member of our
Board of Directors, as a contractor in developing or closing certain landfills owned by us as well as providing transportation
services. Total purchased services charged to operations or capitalized to landfills for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 were
$3,421, $3,377 and $4,024, respectively, of which $32 and $30 were outstanding and included in either accounts payable or
other current liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
107
107
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In addition to the total purchased services, we provided various waste collection and disposal services to CCI. Total revenues
recorded for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $156, $237 and $307, respectively.
Leases
In the fiscal year ended April 30, 1994, we entered into two leases for operating facilities with a partnership of which John
Casella, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Douglas Casella, a member of our Board of Directors, are the general
partners. The leases have since been extended through August 2023. The terms of the lease agreements require monthly
payments of approximately $28. Total expense charged to operations for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 under these
agreements was $349, $360 and $371, respectively.
Landfill Post-closure
We have agreed to pay the cost of post-closure on a landfill owned by John Casella, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer,
and Douglas Casella, a member of our Board of Directors. We paid the cost of closing this landfill in 1992, and the post-closure
maintenance obligations are expected to last until the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. In fiscal years 2018, 2017 and
2016, we paid $14, $27 and $10, respectively, pursuant to this agreement. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017,
we have accrued $48 and $60, respectively, for costs associated with its post-closure obligations.
19.
SEGMENT REPORTING
We report selected information about operating segments in a manner consistent with that used for internal management
reporting. We classify our solid waste operations on a geographic basis through regional operating segments, our Western and
Eastern regions. Revenues associated with our solid waste operations are derived mainly from solid waste collection and
disposal, landfill, landfill gas-to-energy, transfer and recycling services in the northeastern United States. Our revenues in the
Recycling segment are derived from municipalities and customers in the form of processing fees, tipping fees and commodity
sales. Organics services, ancillary operations, along with major account and industrial services, are included in our Other
segment.
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018
Segment
Eastern
Western
Recycling
Other
Eliminations
Total
Outside
revenues
$ 206,473
286,262
42,191
125,734
—
$ 660,660
$
$
Inter-
company
revenue
52,866
81,515
6,426
1,982
(142,789)
Depreciation
and
amortization
26,538
$
35,843
4,345
3,782
—
70,508
— $
Operating
income (loss)
4,684
$
41,529
(7,805)
1,325
—
39,733
$
Interest
expense, net
12
$
(148)
140
26,017
—
26,021
$
Capital
expenditures
23,393
$
41,850
4,476
3,513
—
73,232
$
Goodwill
$
28,154
120,536
12,315
1,729
—
$ 162,734
Total assets
$ 184,679
428,934
48,629
70,168
—
$ 732,410
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2017
Segment
Eastern
Western
Recycling
Other
Outside
revenues
$ 181,170
250,771
62,307
105,061
Eliminations
Total
—
$ 599,309
Inter-
company
revenue
Depreciation
and
amortization
Operating
income (loss)
Interest
expense, net
Capital
expenditures
$
50,335
$
23,815
$
71,510
246
1,881
(123,972)
$
— $
30,766
4,125
3,396
—
62,102
$
(51,867) $
35,035
2,805
1,444
—
(12,583) $
3
(220)
143
24,961
—
24,887
$
42,082
2,006
3,621
—
64,862
$
17,153
$
Goodwill
Total assets
19,192
89,369
12,315
$ 157,248
344,324
48,612
1,729
—
$ 122,605
64,765
—
$ 614,949
108
108
Table of Contents
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2016
Segment
Eastern
Western
Recycling
Other
Outside
revenues
$ 176,539
233,168
52,911
102,412
Eliminations
Total
—
$ 565,030
Inter-
company
revenue
Depreciation
and
amortization
Operating
income (loss)
Interest
expense, net
Capital
expenditures
$
45,728
$
27,036
$
9,697
$
67,985
1,003
1,615
(116,331)
$
— $
27,511
4,212
3,097
—
61,856
$
30,576
2,542
2,130
—
44,945
$
(16) $
(248)
156
38,760
—
38,652
$
Goodwill
Total assets
17,429
88,426
12,315
$ 202,420
327,628
49,931
1,729
—
$ 119,899
51,533
—
$ 631,512
18,363
$
31,637
2,218
2,020
—
54,238
Amount of our total revenue attributable to services provided are as follows:
Collection
Disposal
Power generation
Processing
Solid waste operations
Organics
Customer solutions
Recycling
Total revenues
2018
$ 303,418
181,110
5,129
7,174
496,831
54,174
67,464
42,191
$ 660,660
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2017
2016
45.9% $ 263,688
160,073
27.4%
5,375
0.8%
7,994
1.1%
437,130
75.2%
39,815
8.2%
60,057
10.2%
62,307
6.4%
100.0% $ 599,309
44.0% $ 249,640
154,211
26.7%
5,921
0.9%
6,282
1.3%
416,054
72.9%
41,587
6.6%
54,478
10.1%
52,911
10.4%
100.0% $ 565,030
44.2%
27.3%
1.0%
1.1%
73.6%
7.4%
9.6%
9.4%
100.0%
20.
QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (UNAUDITED)
The following is a summary of certain items in the consolidated statements of operations by quarter:
Fiscal Year 2018
Revenues
Operating income (loss)
Net (loss) income
Earnings per common share:
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic earnings per share
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding
Diluted earnings per share
First
Quarter
Second
Quarter
Third
Quarter
Fourth
Quarter
$
$
$
$
$
147,455
$
838
$
(3,910) $
165,649
15,149
1,704
42,370
(0.09) $
42,370
(0.09) $
42,661
0.04
43,916
0.04
$
$
$
$
$
172,832
28,884
22,302
42,779
0.52
44,175
0.50
$
$
$
$
$
174,724
(5,138)
(13,676)
—
42,936
(0.32)
42,936
(0.32)
109
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Table of Contents
Fiscal Year 2017
Revenues
Operating income (loss)
Net (loss) income
Earnings per common share:
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic earnings per share
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding
Diluted earnings per share
First
Quarter
Second
Quarter
Third
Quarter
Fourth
Quarter
$
$
$
$
$
133,802
$
6,564
$
(224) $
154,016
$
(47,279) $
(53,675) $
160,269
18,277
12,080
41,584
41,811
(0.01) $
(1.28) $
41,584
41,811
(0.01) $
(1.28) $
41,951
0.29
43,295
0.28
$
$
$
$
$
151,222
9,855
20,020
42,033
0.48
43,394
0.46
Our transfer and disposal revenues historically have been lower from the months of November through March. This seasonality
reflects the lower volume of waste during the late fall, winter and early spring months. Since certain of our operating and fixed
costs remain constant throughout fiscal year, operating income is impacted by a similar seasonality. In addition, particularly
harsh weather conditions typically result in increased operating costs.
Our recycling business experiences increased volumes of newspaper in November and December due to increased newspaper
advertising and retail activity during the holiday season.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL
DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of
our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2018. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in
Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, means controls and other procedures of
a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or
submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the
time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls
and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management,
including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required
disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide
only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the
cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures
as of December 31, 2018, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure
controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined
in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control
over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future
periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of
compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control
over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework in 2013.
Based on its assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, our internal control over financial reporting is
effective based on those criteria. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has
been audited by RSM US LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm. RSM US LLP has issued an attestation report
on our internal control over financial reporting, which is included herein.
110
110
Table of Contents
We completed the acquisitions of Youngblood Disposal Enterprises of Western New York, LLC and its wholly owned
subsidiaries (collectively “Youngblood”) on August 31, 2018, Silvarole Transfer, Inc. and select assets of Silvarole Trucking,
Inc. (collectively “Silvarole”) on August 31, 2018, Boon & Sons, Inc. (“Boon”) on November 1, 2018, Oceanside Rubbish, Inc.
(“Oceanside”) on November 1, 2018 and Al’s Maintenance (“Al’s”) on December 1, 2018. Since we have not yet fully
incorporated the internal controls and procedures of Youngblood, Silvarole, Boon, Oceanside or Al’s into our internal control
over financial reporting, management excluded Youngblood, Silvarole, Boon, Oceanside and Al’s from its assessment of the
effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. Collectively, Youngblood,
Silvarole, Boon, Oceanside or Al’s constituted less than 11% of our total assets as of December 31, 2018 and less than 1.5% of
the our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
No change in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2018 that has
materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this Item (except for information required with respect to our executive officers which is set forth
under “Executive Officers of the Registrant” in Item 1 of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and with respect to equity
compensation plan information which is set forth under the section captioned “Equity Compensation Plan Information” below)
has been omitted from this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and is incorporated herein by reference from our definitive proxy
statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders that we intend to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission
within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 (the "Proxy Statement"), under the sections captioned
"Board of Directors", "Corporate Governance" and "Ownership of Our Common Stock".
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference from the Proxy Statement under the sections
captioned "Executive and Director Compensation and Related Matters" and "Corporate Governance".
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED
STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this Item (except for the information required with respect to equity compensation plan
information, which is set forth under “Equity Compensation Plan Information” below) is incorporated herein by reference from
the Proxy Statement under the section captioned “Ownership of Our Common Stock".
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table shows information about the securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans as of
December 31, 2018:
Plan Category
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
Total
(a)
(b)
(c)
Number of
securities
to be issued upon
exercise of
outstanding
options, warrants
and rights (1)
Weighted-average
exercise price of
outstanding
options, warrants
and rights (2)
1,345,146
—
1,345,146
$
$
6.37
—
6.37
Number of securities
remaining
available for future
issuance
under equity
compensation
plans (excluding
securities reflected
in column (a) (3))
1,732,278
—
1,732,278
111
111
Table of Contents
(1) Performance stock units, including market-based performance stock units are included at the 100% attainment level.
Attainment of maximum performance targets and market achievements could result in the issuance of an additional
264,721 shares of Class A common stock.
(2) The weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights excludes restricted stock units and other
equity-based awards that do not have an exercise price.
(3) Includes 1,615,423 shares of our Class A common stock issuable under our 2016 Incentive Plan and 116,855 shares of
our Class A common stock issuable under our Amended and Restated 1997 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference from the Proxy Statement under the section captioned
"Corporate Governance".
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference from the Proxy Statement under the section captioned
"Proposal 3 - Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Auditors".
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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(1)
Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.
PART IV
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – RSM US LLP.
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Consolidated Statements of Operations for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Deficit for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
(a)(2)
Financial Statement Schedules:
Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts.
All other schedules have been omitted because the required information is not significant or is included
in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto, or is not applicable.
(a)(3)
Exhibits:
Exhibit
No.
Description
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2
4.7
Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of January 12, 1999 and as amended by Amendments No. 1, 2
and 3 thereto, among Casella Waste Systems, Inc. (“Casella”), KTI, Inc. (“KTI”) and Rutland
Acquisition Sub, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Annex A to the registration statement on
Form S-4 of Casella as filed November 12, 1999(file no. 333-90913)).
Purchase and Sale Agreement dated as of January 23, 2011 among Casella, KTI, CE Holdings II, LLC
and CE Holding Company, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the quarterly report
on Form 10-Q of Casella as filed on March 3, 2011 (file no. 000-23211)).
Stock Purchase Agreement dated as of December 6, 2012 among Casella, Blow Bros., the stockholders
of Blow Bros. named therein, Arthur E. St. Hilaire (solely in his capacity as the Representative), and
Trash Lady, LLC and Trash Lady NH, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the
current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on December 10, 2012 (file no. 000-23211)).
Membership Interest Purchase Agreement dated December 5, 2013, by and among Casella Waste
Systems, Inc. and the other parties named therein (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to
the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on December 5, 2013 (file no. 000-23211)).
Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Casella Waste Systems, Inc., as amended
(incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Casella as filed
on December 7, 2007(file no. 000-23211)).
Third Amended and Restated By-Laws of Casella Waste Systems, Inc., as amended (incorporated herein
by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on February 27, 2009
(file no. 000-23211)).
Form of stock certificate of Casella Class A common stock (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit
4 to Amendment No. 2 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed on October 9, 1997
(file no. 333-33135)).
Certificate of Designation creating Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (incorporated herein by
reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on August 18, 2000 (file
no. 000-23211)).
FAME Financing Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2015, between Casella and the Finance Authority of
Maine (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as
filed on August 27, 2015 (file no. 000-23211)).
113
113
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Exhibit
No.
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
10.1*
10.2*
10.3*
10.4*
10.5
Description
FAME Guaranty Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2015, by and between the guarantors named therein
and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the
current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on August 27, 2015 (file no. 000-23211)).
Loan Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2014, between New York State Environmental Facilities
Corporation and Casella (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the current report on Form
8-K of Casella as filed on December 18, 2014 (file no. 000-23211)).
NYSEFC Amended and Restated Guaranty Agreement, dated as of June 1, 2016, by and between the
guarantors named therein and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated herein by
reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on June 2, 2016 (file
no. 000-23211)).
BFA Guaranty Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2014, by and among U.S. Bank National Association,
as Trustee, and the guarantors identified therein (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the
current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on October 16, 2014 (file no. 000-23211)).
Financing Agreement dated as of March 1, 2013 between Casella and the Vermont Economic
Development Authority, relating to issuance of Vermont Economic Development Authority Solid Waste
Disposal Revenue Bonds (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form
8-K of Casella as filed April 5, 2013 (file no. 000-23211)).
VEDA Guaranty Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2013, by and among U.S. Bank National Association,
as Trustee, and the guarantors identified therein (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to the
annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on June 27, 2014 (file no. 000-23211)).
Financing Agreement dated as of March 1, 2013 between Casella and the Business Finance Authority of
the State of New Hampshire, relating to issuance of Business Finance Authority of the State of New
Hampshire Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to
the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on April 5, 2013 (file no. 000-23211)).
Financing Agreement between Casella and Finance Authority of Maine, dated as of December 1, 2005,
relating to issuance of Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds (Casella Waste
Services, Inc. Project) Series 2005 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report
on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on January 4, 2006 (file no. 000-23211)).
First Amendment dated as of February 1, 2012 to Financing Agreement dated as of December 1, 2005,
by and among Finance Authority of Maine, U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, Bank of
America, as Credit Provider, and Casella (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the
quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Casella as filed on March 2, 2012 (file no. 000-23211)).
Second Amendment dated as of February 1, 2017 to Financing Agreement dated as of December 1,
2005, by and among Finance Authority of Maine, U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, Bank of
America, as Credit Provider, and Casella (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the current
report on Form 8-K as filed on February 7, 2017 (file no. 000-23211)).
FAME Amended and Restated Guaranty Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2017, by and among U.S.
Bank National Association, as Trustee, and the guarantors identified therein (incorporated herein by
reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on February 7, 2017 (file
no. 000-23211)).
1997 Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to
Amendment No. 1 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed on September 24, 1997
(file no. 333-33135)).
Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement granted under the Amended and Restated 1997 Non-
Employee Director Stock Option Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the quarterly
report on Form 10-Q of Casella as filed on September 9, 2004 (file no. 000-23211)).
Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Appendix 1 to
the Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A of Casella as filed on September 21, 1998).
Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement granted under the Amended and Restated 1997 Stock
Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of
Casella as filed on September 9, 2004 (file no. 000-23211)).
Lease Agreement, as Amended, between Casella Associates and Casella Waste Management, Inc., dated
August 1, 1993 (Rutland lease) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the registration
statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed on August 7, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).
114
114
Table of Contents
Exhibit
No.
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11*
10.12*
10.13*
10.14*
10.15*
10.16*
10.17*
10.18*
10.19*
10.20*
10.21*
Description
Second Amendment to Lease Agreement, by and between Casella Associates and Casella Waste
Management, Inc., dated as of November 20, 1997 (Rutland lease). (incorporated herein by reference to
Exhibit 10.25 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed on June 25, 1998 (file no.
333-57745)).
Amendment to Lease Agreement dated as of March 13, 2008, between Casella Associates and Casella,
amending Lease Agreement dated August 1, 1993, as amended (Rutland lease) (incorporated herein by
reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on June 27, 2014 (file
no. 000-23211)).
Lease Agreement, as Amended, between Casella Associates and Casella Waste Management, Inc., dated
August 1, 1993 (Montpelier lease) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the registration
statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed on August 7, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).
Amendment to Lease Agreement dated as of March 13, 2008, between Casella Associates and Casella,
amending Lease Agreement dated August 1, 1993, as amended (Montpelier lease) (incorporated herein
by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on June 27, 2014 (file
no. 000-23211)).
Lease, Operations and Maintenance Agreement between CV Landfill, Inc. and Casella Waste Systems,
Inc. dated June 30, 1994 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the registration statement
on Form S-1 of Casella as filed on August 7, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).
Employment Agreement between Casella and John W. Casella dated December 8, 1999 (incorporated
herein by reference to Exhibit 10.43 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on August 4,
2000 (file no. 000-23211)).
Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Casella and John W. Casella dated as of
December 30, 2008 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the quarterly report on Form
10-Q of Casella as filed on March 6, 2009 (file no. 000-23211)).
2006 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the annual
report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on March 2, 2016 (file no. 000-023211)).
Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement granted under 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated
herein by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on June 27,
2014 (file no. 000-23211)).
Form of Restricted Stock Agreement granted under 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by
reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on June 27, 2014 (file
no. 000-23211)).
Form of Restricted Share Unit Agreement granted under 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (employee with
employment contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the annual report on Form
10-K of Casella as filed on June 27, 2014 (file no. 000-23211)).
Form of Restricted Share Unit Agreement granted under 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (employee with no
employment contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the annual report on Form
10-K of Casella as filed on June 27, 2014 (file no. 000-23211)).
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement granted under 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (employee with
employment contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the annual report on Form
10-K of Casella as filed on June 27, 2014 (file no. 000-23211)).
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement granted under 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (employee with no
employment contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the annual report on Form
10-K of Casella as filed on June 27, 2014 (file no. 000-23211)).
Form of Performance Share Unit Agreement granted under 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated
herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Casella as filed on
September 4, 2008 (file no. 000-23211)).
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement granted under 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (adopted March 1,
2016) (employee with employment contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the
current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on March 7, 2016 (file no. 000-23211)).
115
115
Table of Contents
Exhibit
No.
10.22*
10.23*
10.24*
10.25*
10.26*
10.27*
10.28
10.30
10.31
10.32*
10.33*
10.34*
10.35*
10.36*
10.37*
10.38*
10.39*
Description
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement granted under 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (adopted March 1,
2016) (employee with no employment contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the
current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on March 7, 2016 (file no. 000-23211)).
Employment Agreement between Casella and Edwin D. Johnson dated as of July 6, 2010 (incorporated
herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Casella as filed on
September 3, 2010 (file no. 000-23211)).
Letter Agreement between Casella and Edwin D. Johnson dated as of February 12, 2013 (incorporated
herein by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on June 27,
2014 (file no. 000-23211)).
Employment Agreement between Casella and David L. Schmitt dated as of May 31, 2006, as amended
(incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed
on June 27, 2014 (file no. 000-23211)).
Employment Agreement between Casella and Edmond Coletta dated as of September 1, 2012
(incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed
on June 27, 2014 (file no. 000-23211)).
Employment Agreement between Casella and Christopher B. Heald dated as of March 1, 2016
(incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed
on March 7, 2016 (file no. 000-23211)).
Extension of Lease Agreements dated as of April 23, 2013, between Casella Associates and Casella,
amending (i) Lease Agreement dated August 1, 1993, as amended (Montpelier lease) and (ii) Lease
Agreement dated August 1, 1993, as amended (Rutland lease) (incorporated herein by reference to
Exhibit 10.29 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on June 27, 2014 (file no.
000-23211)).
Credit Agreement, dated as of October 17, 2016, among Casella Waste Systems, Inc., the subsidiaries of
Casella Waste Systems, Inc. identified therein and Bank of America, N.A., as agent for the lender party
thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the current report on Form 8-K as filed
October 17, 2016 (file no. 000-23211)).
First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of April 18, 2017, by and among Casella Waste
Systems, Inc., the subsidiaries of Casella Waste Systems, Inc. identified therein, the lenders party thereto
and Bank of America N.A., as administrative agent (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to
the Current Report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on April 18, 2017 (file No. 000-23211)).
Casella Waste Systems, Inc. Non-Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit
10.1 of the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on March 7, 2016 (file no. 000-23211)).
Casella Waste Systems, Inc. 2016 Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the
Registration Statement on Form S-8 of Casella as filed on November 17, 2016 (file No. 333-214683)).
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under 2016 Incentive Plan (employee with employment
contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella
as filed on November 22, 2016 (file No. 000-23211)).
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under 2016 Incentive Plan (employee with no employment
contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella
as filed on November 22, 2016 (file No. 000-23211)).
Form of Performance-Based Stock Unit Agreement under 2016 Incentive Plan (employee with
employment contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the current report on Form 8-
K of Casella as filed on November 22, 2016 (file No. 000-23211)).
Form of Performance-Based Stock Unit Agreement under 2016 Incentive Plan (employee with no
employment contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the current report on Form 8-
K of Casella as filed on November 22, 2016 (file No. 000-23211)).
Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under 2016 Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to
Exhibit 10.5 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on November 22, 2016 (file No.
000-23211)).
Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under 2016 Incentive Plan (employee with employment
contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella
as filed on November 22, 2016 (file No. 000-23211)).
116
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Table of Contents
Exhibit
No.
10.40*
10.41*
10.42*
10.43*
10.44*
10.45*
10.46
21.1 +
23.1 +
31.1 +
31.2 +
32.1 +
101.INS
101.SCH
101.CAL
101.LAB
101.PRE
101.DEF
Description
Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement under 2016 Incentive Plan (employee with employment
contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella
as filed on November 22, 2016 (file No. 000-23211)).
Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under 2016 Incentive Plan (employee with no employment
contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella
as filed on November 22, 2016 (file No. 000-23211)).
Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement under 2016 Incentive Plan (employee with no
employment contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the current report on Form 8-
K of Casella as filed on November 22, 2016 (file No. 000-23211)).
Form of Performance-Based Stock Option Agreement under 2016 Incentive Plan (employee with
employment contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the current report on Form
8-K of Casella as filed on November 22, 2016 (file No. 000-23211)).
Form of Performance-Based Stock Option Agreement under 2016 Incentive Plan (employee with no
employment contract) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the current report on Form
8-K of Casella as filed on November 22, 2016 (file No. 000-23211)).
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under 2016 Incentive Plan (non-employee director)
(incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Casella as
filed on November 2, 2017 (file No. 000-23211)).
Credit Agreement, dated as of May 14, 2018, among Casella, the subsidiaries of Casella identified
therein, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, Merrill Lynch,Pierce Fenner & Smith
Incorporated, Citizens Bank, N.A., JPMorgan Chase BAnk, N.A. and Comerica Bank as joint lead
arrangers, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current
report on Form 9-K of Casella as filed on May 15, 2018 (file No. 000-23211).
Subsidiaries of Casella Waste Systems, Inc.
Consent of RSM US LLP
Certification of Principal Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Certification of Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350,
as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002.
XBRL Instance Document.**
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.**
XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document.**
XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document.**
XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document.**
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.**
____________________
Filed Herewith
+
This is a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
*
**
Submitted Electronically Herewith. Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following formatted in XBRL
(Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017,
(ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, (iii) Consolidated Statements of
Comprehensive Income (Loss) for fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, (iv) Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Deficit for
fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, and
(vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
117
117
Table of Contents
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Not applicable.
118
118
Table of Contents
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Section 13 or 15(d) of Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this
report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Dated: February 22, 2019
Casella Waste Systems, Inc.
By: /s/ John W. Casella
John W. Casella
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief
Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following
persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/s/ John W. Casella
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer February 22, 2019
John W. Casella
(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Edmond R. Coletta
Edmond R. Coletta
/s/ Christopher B. Heald
Christopher B. Heald
/s/ Douglas R. Casella
Douglas R. Casella
/s/ Joseph G. Doody
Joseph G. Doody
/s/ Gregory B. Peters
Gregory B. Peters
/s/ James F. Callahan, Jr.
James F. Callahan, Jr.
/s/ James E. O’Connor
James E. O’Connor
/s/ William P. Hulligan
William P. Hulligan
/s/ Michael K. Burke
Michael K. Burke
/s/ Emily Nagle Green
Emily Nagle Green
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
February 22, 2019
Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
Director
Director
Director
Director
Director
Director
Director
Director
February 22, 2019
February 22, 2019
February 22, 2019
February 22, 2019
February 22, 2019
February 22, 2019
February 22, 2019
February 22, 2019
February 22, 2019
119
119
Table of Contents
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
(in thousands)
FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Schedule II
Valuation Accounts
Balance at beginning of period
Additions—charged to expense
Deductions—bad debts written off, net of recoveries
Balance at end of period
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,
2018
2017
2016
$
$
809
1,620
(1,498)
931
$
$
1,069
290
(550)
809
$
$
988
1,107
(1,026)
1,069
120
120
*NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
In addition to disclosing financial results prepared in accordance with GAAP, the Company also discloses earnings before interest, taxes, and
depreciation and amortization, adjusted for accretion, depletion of landfill operating lease obligations, the Southbridge Landfill closure charge,
net, gains on asset sales, development project charge write-offs, contract settlement charges, legal settlement costs, tax settlement costs, bargain
purchase gains, asset impairment charges, environmental remediation charges, severance and reorganization costs, expenses from acquisition
activities and other items, gains on the settlement of acquisition related contingent consideration, fiscal year-end transition costs, proxy contest
costs, as well as impacts from divestiture transactions (“Adjusted EBITDA”), which is a non-GAAP measure.
The Company also discloses net cash provided by operating activities, less capital expenditures, less payments on landfill operating lease contracts,
plus proceeds from divestiture transactions, plus proceeds from the sale of property and equipment, plus proceeds from property insurance
settlement, plus (less) contributions from (distributions to) noncontrolling interest holders, plus certain cash outflows associated with landfill
closure, site improvement and remediation expenditures, plus certain cash outflows associated with new contract and project capital expenditures,
(less) plus cash (inflows) outflows associated with certain business dissolutions, plus cash interest outflows associated with the timing of
refinancing transactions (“Normalized Free Cash Flow”), which is a non-GAAP financial measure.
Adjusted EBITDA is reconciled to net loss, Adjusted EBITDA margin is reconciled to net loss margin, and Normalized Free Cash Flow is
reconciled to net cash provided by operating activities.
The Company presents Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, and Normalized Free Cash Flow because it considers them important
supplemental measure of its performance and believes it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the
evaluation of the Company’s results. Management uses these non-GAAP measures to further understand its “core operating performance.” The
Company believes its “core operating performance” is helpful in understanding its ongoing performance in the ordinary course of operations.
The Company believes that providing Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, and Normalized Free Cash Flow to investors, in addition
to corresponding income statement and cash flow statement measures, affords investors the benefit of viewing its performance using the same
financial metrics that the management team uses in making many key decisions and understanding how the core business and its results of
operations has performed. The Company further believes that providing this information allows its investors greater transparency and a better
understanding of its core financial performance.
Non-GAAP financial measures are not in accordance with or an alternative for GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, and
Normalized Free Cash Flow should not be considered in isolation from or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with
GAAP, and may be different from Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, and Normalized Free Cash Flow presented by other companies.
121
122
COMPANY OFFICERS
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
John W. Casella
Chairman, Chief Executive Officer & Secretary
John W. Casella
Chairman, Chief Executive Officer & Secretary
Edmond “Ned” R. Coletta
Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer
Michael K. Burke
Chief Financial Officer, EndoGastric Solutions, Inc.
Edwin D. Johnson
President & Chief Operating Officer
David L. Schmitt
Senior Vice President & General Counsel
Christopher B. Heald
Vice President of Finance & Chief Accounting Officer
James F. Callahan, Jr.
Retired Partner, Arthur Andersen, LLP
Douglas R. Casella
Vice Chairman;
President, Casella Construction, Inc.
Joseph G. Doody
Retired Vice Chairman, Staples, Inc.
Emily N. Green
Senior Business Executive
William P. Hulligan
Retired President & Chief Operating Officer,
Progressive Waste Solutions Ltd.
James E. O’Connor
Retired Chairman & Chief Executive Officer,
Republic Services, Inc.
Gregory B. Peters
Managing General Partner,
Lake Champlain Capital Management, LLC
123
SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION
Casella Waste Systems, Inc.
25 Greens Hill Lane
Rutland, VT 05701
Telephone: 802-775-0325
Direct inquiries to:
Ned Coletta
Telephone: 802-772-2239
E-mail: ned.coletta@casella.com
Auditors
RSM US LLP
80 City Square
Boston, MA 02129
Legal Counsel
Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP
60 State Street
Boston, MA 02109
Transfer Agent & Registrar
Computershare
PO Box 43078
Providence, RI 02940-3078
Shareholder Inquiries:
781-575-2879
Stock Exchange
Casella Waste System, Inc.
is traded on the NASDAQ
Global Select Market under
the ticker symbol “CWST.”
FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain matters discussed in this annual report, including, but not limited to, the statements regarding our intentions, beliefs or current
expectations concerning, among other things, our financial performance; financial condition; operations and services; prospects; growth;
and strategies, are “forward-looking statements” intended to qualify for the safe harbors from liability established by the Private Securities
Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements can generally be identified as such by the context of the statements,
including words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “may,” “would,” “intend,” “estimate,” “will,” “guidance” and other similar
expressions, whether in the negative or affirmative. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts
and projections about the industry and markets in which the Company operates and management’s beliefs and assumptions. The Company
cannot guarantee that it actually will achieve the financial results, plans, intentions, expectations or guidance disclosed in the forward-looking
statements made. Such forward-looking statements, and all phases of the Company’s operations, involve a number of risks and uncertainties,
any one or more of which could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in its forward-looking statements. Such risks
and uncertainties include or relate to, among other things: China’s “National Sword” program will continue to restrict imports of recyclable
materials into China and have had a material impact on the Company’s financial results; the capping and closure of the Southbridge Landfill
and the pending litigation relating to the Southbridge Landfill, and the lawsuit relating to the North Country Landfill could result in material
unexpected costs; adverse weather conditions may negatively impact the Company’s revenues and its operating margin; the Company may be
unable to increase volumes at its landfills or improve its route profitability; the Company’s need to service its indebtedness may limit its ability
to invest in its business; the Company may be unable to reduce costs or increase pricing or volumes sufficiently to achieve estimated Adjusted
EBITDA and other targets; landfill operations and permit status may be affected by factors outside the Company’s control; the Company may
be required to incur capital expenditures in excess of its estimates; fluctuations in energy pricing or the commodity pricing of its recyclables
may make it more difficult for the Company to predict its results of operations or meet its estimates; the Company may be unable to achieve
its acquisition or development targets on favorable pricing or at all; and the Company may incur environmental charges or asset impairments
in the future. There are a number of other important risks and uncertainties that could cause the Company’s actual results to differ materially
from those indicated by such forward-looking statements. These additional risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, those detailed
in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, and in other filings that the Company
may make with the Securities and Exchange Commission in the future.
The Company undertakes no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future
events or otherwise, except as required by law.
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25 Greens Hill Lane • Rutland, Vermont 05701
p. 802.775.0325 • f. 802.775.6198
casella.com