Building
a better
future
2015 ANNUAL REPORT
We strive to build a better future for our em-
ployees, our customers, our shareholders,
and the communities in which we live and
work. That’s why we work hard to develop
and deliver the best construction products
and solutions to satisfy our customers’ and
society’s growing needs. By transforming
ideas into reality, we build the homes people
live in, the roads that connect them, and the
infrastructure that makes their cities vibrant.
1
Letter to our stockholders
2015 was a challenging year for any company
operating in an increasingly volatile global envi-
ronment. The slowing of the Chinese economy,
falling oil and other commodity prices, weaker
than expected growth in many countries, capital
outflows from emerging markets, and the
outsized appreciation of the dollar translated
into important headwinds for our business.
Despite that environment, we are pleased
to report that CEMEX delivered strong
underlying operational and financial results.
We grew volumes in our core businesses;
increased prices in local currency terms in
excess of yearly input inflation; contained
costs across the company; and continued
to strengthen our balance sheet by lowering
working capital use, selling assets valued
at close to US$700 million, and executing a
series of targeted financial transactions. We
improved our EBITDA margin to the highest
level in six years and dramatically increased
free cash flow, as well as the rate at which
we converted EBITDA into free cash.
The result was a 9% increase in EBITDA on a
like-to-like basis, net income of US$75 million—
positive for the first time in six years—free
cash after total capex of US$628 million, and a
total debt reduction of close to US$1 billion.
Rogelio Zambrano, Chairman of the Board
Dear fellow
shareholders:
CEMEX delivered strong
underlying operational
and financial results,
despite a challenging
environment.
Fernando A. González, Chief Executive Officer
Those are not only important milestones on
the road to once again producing sustainable
returns for our investors, but also indicators
of the resilience we have built into our oper-
ating and financial models.
Of course, we could not avoid the winds that
buffeted the global economy. In our case, the
biggest impact was currency translation: the
super strong dollar adversely affected our oper-
ating EBITDA by more than US$300 million,
resulting in total EBITDA of US$2.6 billion for
the year.
The currency effect contributed to the perfor-
mance of our stock during 2015. We want to
be clear: as investors ourselves, the fall in the
stock price deeply disappointed us. However,
we manage the company to produce long-run
value, knowing that macro and market fluc-
tuations can affect results along the way. The
obvious question is whether we are on the
right track to produce the results that you, our
fellow shareholders, expect. We are confident
that we are.
In our first joint letter to you a year ago,
we told you that our strategy is focused on
leveraging our global portfolio of integrated
cement, aggregates, and ready-mix concrete
assets, developing the inherent power of our
2
global networks, sustaining our drive to be a
hyper-efficient (but also hyper-safe) operator,
and actively managing our worldwide asset
base. That strategy remains intact, because
it is producing tangible results, even if they
were partially obscured by the noise in the
marketplace.
We have the right strategy; our challenge is
to intensify and to accelerate its execution.
CEMEX is global, and we believe this is an
important and abiding source of advantage in
the market and of benefit to our customers.
We leverage our knowledge and scale
to establish best practices and common
processes worldwide. But best practices do
not just spread themselves, which is why our
senior operators now have both geographic and
business process responsibilities.
We leverage our
knowledge and scale to
establish best practices
and common processes
worldwide.
We have established six global networks that
cut across geographies: Customer Centricity
to assure that we fully understand and serve
the needs of our customers; Grow the Pie to
increase the market penetration of our prod-
ucts; Cement Operations and Supply Chain
to improve productivity and to realize the
operating leverage inherent in our business
portfolio; Ready-Mix and Aggregates to guar-
antee that the operating knowledge and skills
we generate in any one market are spread
throughout the CEMEX world.
These initiatives allow us to manage the
business as a global enterprise, assuring that
CEMEX is much more than the sum of its
parts. They also make us more efficient.
During 2015, we delivered on our cost
savings pledge of US$150 million. We aspire
to be an efficient, lean operator. Over the
past year, we reduced cost of sales and
operating expenses as a share of sales by 1.1
percentage points, leading to an operating
EBITDA margin of 18.7%. That’s good by
industry standards, but we know we can do
better.
We also know that there is no trade off
between efficiency and safety. When it
comes to safety, we refuse to compromise.
Our goal is zero injuries. This is a moral
necessity, and it is the standard by which we
want to be measured.
In this regard, our performance in 2015
was good, putting us in a better position
to achieve our high standards. Ninety-five
percent of our operations were fatality and
lost-time-injury free for the year; the 5% that
did experience such injuries are aware of the
need to improve and have plans to achieve
that. But the overall direction is encouraging:
during 2015, time lost to injuries fell to best-
in-industry levels. We expect to report to you
next year that we are within reach of—or
have met—our Zero for Life goal.
An integral element of CEMEX’s strategy is
our deep commitment to sustainability—in
our operations, in our communities, and in
the products and services we provide our
customers. For example, in 2015, our alterna-
tive fuel usage, clinker factor reduction, and
clean energy efforts reduced our CO2 emis-
sions by 6.5 million tons, equivalent to the
amount produced by 1.2 million cars. During
the year, we installed 7.3 million square
meters of resilient concrete pavement, equiv-
alent to a 450-kilometer, four-lane concrete
road, while roughly one-third of our ready-mix
concrete sales derived from products with
outstanding sustainability attributes.
US$150
million cost savings
in 2015
3
During 2015, we continued
to deleverage our balance
sheet, while reducing
financial costs and
improving the maturity
profile of our debt.
Finally, shareholders invest in growth: how
are we going to increase shareholder value
over the long term?
Our long-term strategy rests on two main
value creation drivers:
CEMEX is a strong company with a solid
future. Markets will go up and down and
currencies will fluctuate—sometimes wildly—
but we are confident that sound strategy and
good execution by talented, dedicated people
will always win in the end.
Another element of our commitment to a
sustainable future is our support for local
infrastructure and housing development, in
part by establishing community centers for
construction training and also by empow-
ering customers at the bottom of the socio-
economic pyramid through self-construction
assistance initiatives. During 2015, we estab-
lished a goal of benefitting more than 3 million
people between 2015 and 2020, on top of the
7 million we have helped since 1998.
In terms of financial management, as we
already mentioned, during 2015 we continued
to deleverage our balance sheet, while
reducing financial costs and improving the
maturity profile of our debt. The result is that
we essentially have no maturities due in 2016
or 2017 and only 3% of our debt is exposed
to potentially rising rates. Coupled with suffi-
cient liquidity and continuing strong cash flow
generation, we are confident that we are well
prepared for whatever stresses might come
from turbulent financial markets.
Maximizing EBITDA growth.
We will sustain our Value before Volume
strategy, drive ourselves to find ways to
be the most efficient producer in all our
businesses in all our markets, and grow
our volumes. Although we can’t make our
markets grow faster, we can create more
demand for the products we produce; that’s
the principal idea behind Grow the Pie. We
also can expand our footprint in high-growth
markets, especially ones where we are
already present.
Improving our capital structure.
2015’s big increase in free cash flow was not
an accident, but the result of focused action.
We expect to continue to convert a growing
share of EBITDA into cash. Of course, we will
continue to pay down debt and to deleverage,
as we work towards an investment-grade
quality balance sheet.
We have set aggressive operating and finan-
cial goals for ourselves. Although market
developments will define exactly when we
achieve those goals, we are fully confident
that we are on the right track with the right
tools to succeed—with success defined
as delivering increasing value to our share-
holders well into the future.
Thank you for your continuing support.
Sincerely,
Rogelio Zambrano
Chairman of the Board
Fernando A. González
Chief Executive Officer
Our long-term strategy
rests on two main
value creation drivers:
maximizing EBITDA growth
and improving our capital
structure.
4
Financial
highlights
In millions of
US dollars1, except
earnings (loss) per
ADS
Net sales3
(billions of US dollars)
20.89
20.13
18.25
2015
2014
%
14.54
14.02
15.22
14.98
14.81
15.29
14.13
Net sales
14,127
15,288
(8%)
Operating earnings before other expenses, net
1,674
1,637
2%
Operating EBITDA
2,636
2,696
(2%)
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
Controlling interest net income (loss)
75
(507)
n/a
Operating earnings before other expenses, net3
(billions of US dollars)
Earnings (loss) per ADS2
0.06
(0.39)
n/a
2.95
2.90
Free cash flow after maintenance capital
2.33
expenditures
Total assets
881
401
120%
31,472
34,936
(10%)
Total debt and perpetual notes
15,327
16,291
(6%)
1.64
1.67
1.50
1.29
1.17
0.95
0.85
Total controlling stockholders’ equity
8,327
8,894
(6%)
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
1 For the reader´s convenience, figures are presented in US dollars. For statements of operations accounts, these
figures result from translating the local currency amounts into US dollars at the average exchange rate for the
year, which approximates a convenience translation of the Mexican peso results for 2015 and 2014 using the aver-
age exchange rates of the year of 15.98 MXN/US$ and 13.37 MXN/US$, respectively. For balance sheet accounts,
US dollar figures result from translating the local currency amounts into US dollars at the closing exchange rate
for the year, which approximates a convenience translation of the Mexican peso amounts at the end of each year
using the end-of-year exchange rate of 17.23 MXN/US$ and 14.74 MXN/US$, respectively.
2 Based on an average of 1,353 and 1,256 million American Depositary Shares (ADSs) for 2015 and 2014, respectively.
3 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, and 2010 figures are under IFRS, refer to page 23 for further details.
Total assets3
(billions of US dollars)
49.66
45.39
44.48
40.85
38.80
37.26
38.02
34.94
31.47
29.97
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
5
Differentiated,
leading-edge
innovation
Offer our customers
superior performing
building products
Integral
solutions
Address our clients’
complex, evolving
construction needs
Industry
forefront
Integrate digital
technologies into our
service and business
offerings
Speed,
continuous
improvement
Benefit our
customers’ business
Delivering better
products and solutions
When our customers succeed,
we succeed. Accordingly,
our core strategic goal is to
become the most customer-
oriented company in our
industry—serving as our
clients’ best option in all of
our markets.
Ultimately, we aim to create solid relationships
with our customers, creating the foundations
for long-lasting partnerships.
To this end, we leverage our leading-edge
innovation and agility to develop superior build-
ing products and solutions that perform at the
highest standards across all applications. As the
only global building materials company with its
own admixtures business, our researchers are
able to design and develop novel, tailor-made
concrete technologies through the development
of proprietary construction chemicals. Moreover,
our experts in fields such as geology, chemistry,
materials science, and various other engineering
disciplines work alongside behavioral scientists,
cultural anthropologists, and commercial strat-
egists to anticipate and understand society’s
trends to create innovative, sustainable construc-
tion solutions that satisfy our customers’ current
and future needs, while truly challenging the
current state of the art.
Led by CEMEX Research Group in Switzerland,
our team of experts works in close collaboration
With My CEMEX, a
new mobile applica-
tion, our customers
will enjoy the ability
to interface with us
at any place and with
any device.
The iconic Torre Reforma
corporate tower—the tallest
building in Mexico City—was
built with our specialty For-
tis® brand concrete.
In Germany, we are par-
ticipating in the construc-
tion of the new Uferkrone
seven-building residential
complex.
with our customers to offer them unique, inte-
grated, cost-effective solutions that fulfill their
specific performance requirements, including a
growing portfolio of value-added concretes. Build-
ing on our favorable client results in the U.S., we
recently successfully tested our durable, low-cost
Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) pavement so-
lution on a demanding, heavy use stretch of road-
way in the Baltic States. Suitable for the most
difficult conditions, RCC combines the strength
and performance of concrete with asphalt’s
relatively fast and simple application technique.
Requiring no forms, reinforcing rods, or dowels,
RCC’s lower installation and maintenance costs
and long-term durability make it especially useful
for industrial and heavy-duty pavements, as well
as a base for conventional pavements.
Notably, the walls that serve as the backbone of
the iconic Torre Reforma corporate tower—the
tallest building in Mexico City—were built with
our ultra high strength Fortis® concrete brand
technology. The properties of this special con-
crete enable it to bear the weight of the slabs,
which were conceived without interior columns
in order to maximize the use of space, utilizing
the support of the intertwined metallic structure.
We further enable the success of our custom-
ers by creating and delivering holistic solutions
for their complex, evolving construction chal-
lenges. In 2015, we contributed to the construc-
tion of an enormous floating concrete cais-
son at the Grand Port Maritime de Marseille,
France’s largest port with connections to every
continent. Our technical experts worked for six
months to successfully develop a high-perfor-
mance concrete that is resistant to seawater
8
Golden 1 Center:
A monumental sports venue
We participated in the construction of the
19,000-seat, multi-purpose Golden 1 Center
in Sacramento, California. Among the largest
construction projects in California’s state capital
in nearly a decade, this monumental entertain-
ment venue has already brought over 2,000
construction jobs to downtown Sacramento,
an area hungry for revitalization. An interactive,
smart, and frictionless structure, the arena will
utilize enhanced Wi-Fi architecture and sensors
to ensure connectivity.
Building on our proven global track record with
multiple sports complexes, we efficiently and
effectively satisfied the project’s strict quality
control and intensive scheduling requirements.
We not only developed a specially designed
high-early-strength ready-mix concrete that no
one else in the region could offer, but also pro-
vided around-the-clock service to facilitate the
timely construction of one of the most impor-
tant structures in the state’s capital city.
Better products and solutions
corrosion, as well as impacts from the large
oil tankers that enter the port. In Germany, we
are participating in the construction of the new
Uferkrone seven-building residential complex on
the banks of the Spree River in Berlin’s green-
est, most water-rich district. Because the com-
plex is located directly on the water, the outer
walls and floor slabs of the basement required
the use of our highly water-resistant concretes,
for which we employed truck-mounted concrete
pumps with 42- or 52-meter masts. Moreover,
in Panama, we are playing an important role in
the extension of the country’s Manzanillo Inter-
national Terminal, providing tailor-made concrete
for one of the largest and most productive con-
tainer transshipment terminals in Latin America.
We further look to position ourselves at the
forefront of the industry by integrating digital
technologies into our service and business
offerings. With My CEMEX, a new mobile ap-
plication, our customers will enjoy the ability
to interface with us at any place and with any
device. Among its features, My CEMEX will en-
able our customers to buy our products online,
consult their credit information, account state-
ments, invoices, and referrals, and review the
status of their orders. Similarly, with Sales 360°,
a complementary new mobile application, we
improve our customer experience by providing
our sales force with access to real-time client
information—from order status to contracts
and loyalty programs—thereby enabling them
to avoid multiple trips to the office and perform
analysis virtually everywhere quickly and easily.
Through these innovative applications, we are
transforming our commercial processes into
mobile experiences that will increase our cus-
tomers’ satisfaction.
Value-added ready-mix
concrete products
CEMEX global value-added,
ready-mix concrete products
Rapid hardening concrete that allows for at least
90 minutes of workability
Fiber-reinforced concrete with hyper strength and
ductility that can replace steel reinforcements in
concrete
Self-curing concrete that tolerates extreme condi-
tions (e.g., wind, heat, direct sunlight) through seal-
ing, water-retention, and low-shrinkage mechanisms
During 2015, our value-added products ac-
counted for approximately 40% of our total
consolidated ready-mix concrete sales.
A 100% concrete solution for thermal insulation,
acoustic insulation, and fire resistance that elimi-
nates thermal bridges
“The project had a lot of challenges. Placing
large pours that had to be done continuously,
and we couldn’t stop in the middle of the pour
so having CEMEX here to provide concrete at
the rate required and at the times required was
crucial. CEMEX was always flexible in their start
times and always delivered as scheduled when
we needed it. Whether it be nights, weekends,
day time, any time.”
Structural pervious concrete (>4 MPa Tensile
strength) that can manage water permeation to of-
fer drainage solutions for pavements, even in high
traffic areas
Rick Rice, Senior Project Manager,
Urata and Sons Concrete.
A highly flowable concrete that can spread into
place under its own weight to achieve excellent
consolidation without vibration or exhibiting de-
fects due to segregation and blocking
9
Superior
products
Perform at the highest
standards across all
applications
Talented,
energetic teams
Passionate about
our construction
materials, their
applications, and our
customers’ success
Wide, solid,
growing market
reach
Serve our customers
accurately, consistently,
and rapidly
Transparent,
responsive
actions
Ensure our customers’
satisfaction
Offering a better
customer experience
Beyond delivering superior
products and solutions, we
continually endeavor to get
even closer to our customers.
By listening to their needs, comprehending
their challenges, and appreciating what success
means to them, we are devoted to ensur-
ing that doing business with us is easy and a
delight for our customers.
With this in mind, our talented teams of profes-
sionals are passionate about our construction
materials, their applications, and our customers’
success. Through our Commercial Academy, we
offer a unique approach to prepare our people
to make the key choices required to create the
best customer experience.
By virtue of our Commercial Academy and
related initiatives, we are reinforcing customer
centricity as a core organizational capability
built around a deep understanding of who our
customers are, what is important to them, and
how to serve them in a way that meets both
their and our need for growth and profitability. To
date, we have trained approximately 3,000 of our
company’s professionals through the Academy,
including 1,935 people over the course of 2015.
Additionally, we enjoy a solid, wide reach in the
markets where we operate, with the
facilities and logistical capabilities
to serve our customers accu-
rately, consistently, and rapidly.
For example, our logistical skills
enabled us to meet the demand-
ing deadlines of the city of Saint-
Étienne, France, as they repaired
Our Commercial Academy’s decision-making
framework focuses on:
COMMERCIAL
ACADEMY
The commercial and
business objectives to
set the direction for our
choices
WHAT ARE OUR
OBJECTIVES
The delivery of these
products, services, and
solutions to the market
WHAT TO
DO
The sets of customers
and channels to focus
on to achieve our
objectives
WHERE TO
PLAY
HOW TO
WIN
The products, services,
and solutions to provide
for each customer and
channel set
Our Smart Delivery
Truck (SDT) solution
increases the efficiency,
health and safety, and
management of our
transportation fleet
across the countries
where we operate.
Our logistical skills
enabled us to meet the
demanding deadlines
of the city of Saint-
Étienne, France, as they
repaired one of the
oldest tramlines in the
country.
one of the oldest tramlines in the country. Close
coordination between our company and the site
managers was required for us to deliver the
ready-mix concrete for the track’s foundation.
Beyond specific temperature requirements, the
city needed to restart tram traffic as rapidly as
possible and quickly free up the lane occupied
by the pump and mixer trucks, while ensuring
continuous concrete pouring. Indeed, on the
first day, five semi-trailers of aggregates, three
cement trucks, and seven concrete mixer trucks
combined to accomplish non-stop production on
all of the tracks. Likewise, across the world in
the United States, we solved a complex logistical
challenge in the construction of the new, state-
of-the-art intermodal Transbay Transit Center in
San Francisco, California. Because the Center
is located in an extremely busy neighborhood,
the tight logistical window meant that we could
only dispatch our trucks starting at 11:00 p.m. on
Friday through Saturday afternoon to complete
the 15 large, continuous pours of up to 5,000
cubic yards of tailor-made concrete designed for
this intricate urban project.
Moreover, we are strategically expanding our
manufacturing and distribution capabilities to
serve our customers’ and communities’ increas-
ing demand for high quality public infrastructure,
commercial, and housing projects more effi-
ciently, effectively, and reliably. For example, in
the Philippines, we officially inaugurated a range
of investments, including the expansion of the
largest cement plant in the country, a network of
logistics centers in Visayas and Mindanao, and
additional terminals in Iloilo and Davao. Through
these investments, we not only partner with our
customers, but also with the Philippine govern-
ment and business community to ensure the
economic growth of the nation.
12
Better customer experience
We also deliver on our promises, acting transpar-
ently and responsively to ensure our custom-
ers’ satisfaction. On top of our many day-to-day
personal interactions, we gain valuable insights
by carefully listening to our customers through
interviews, commercial events, service centers,
help lines, and other feedback channels. To this
end, 85% of our countries conducted customer
satisfaction surveys in 2015. Additionally, we
implemented more than 190 initiatives to
identify customers’ needs and concerns and
to maintain a high level of satisfaction. Such
measures include newsletters, loyalty programs,
sales force skills development, and enhanced
customer service standards. Through these and
other actions, we continue to focus on improving
customer satisfaction in our industry.
We further thrive on speed and continuous
improvement to benefit our customers’ busi-
ness. Recognizing that transportation and
logistics play an important role in fulfilling our
customer service commitments, we developed
Smart Delivery Truck (SDT). Through a standard
centralized methodology, our SDT solution evalu-
ates a range of cutting-edge technologies and
innovative approaches to increase the efficiency,
health and safety, and management of our
transportation fleet across the countries where
we operate to serve our customers better. SDT
adopts technology that already adds value in
some of our countries, complements it with
advanced technology from the market, uniformly
tests it, and shares it with our countries through
the CEMEX network. These kinds of initiatives
exemplify the ways in which we constantly
innovate to enhance our customers’ and our
company’s business.
KOI Tower: Tallest building
in Mexico
Great history is being written in northern Mexico,
and our company is a proud protagonist. We are
contributing to the construction of the KOI Tower,
which will become the tallest building in the
country at a height of 917 feet when its 64 stories
are completed. Located in the Monterrey metro-
politan area, the skyscraper is in the process of
obtaining LEED certification due to its sustainable
characteristics. With the breathtaking local moun-
tains as inspiration, KOI blends aesthetic and func-
tional elements to achieve an attractive harmony of
innovation, design, proportion, and sustainability.
As clearly exemplified by KOI, conquering
heights requires sound, long-lasting founda-
tions. In fact, the skyscraper’s massive 26-hour
concrete pouring is the second largest ever
performed by us in a Mexican urban area. To
build the foundations of this great building,
7,070 cubic meters of ready-mix concrete were
poured continuously at a rate of 270 cubic
+190
initiatives were
implemented during 2015
to identify customers’
needs and concerns and to
sustain a high satisfaction
level.
meters per hour. Taking advantage of our exper-
tise and operational capacity, we undertook
an exceptional logistical effort, involving 340
employees, seven ready-mix concrete plants,
98 revolving trucks making 1,010 trips, seven
boom pumps, and 5,000 blocks of ice to control
the heat produced by concrete hydration.
Furthermore, we capitalized on the experience
of our Cement and Concrete Technology Center,
along with the support of international advisors,
to design a custom concrete with a strength of
700 kgf/cm2, which was used for the columns
at the lower level of the skyscraper.
“If we had not had access to these high-
strength concretes, such as the ones devel-
oped by CEMEX, the KOI tower, as currently
conceived, would simply not have been
possible.”
Juan Andrés Vergara and Luis Fernández de
Ortega, responsible architects from V&FO.
13
Global muscle,
local touch
Identify and replicate
the world’s best
practices to deliver
greater value
Transparent,
open
relationships
Generate trust across
every business in
which we engage
Tomorrow’s
leaders today
Recruit, develop,
and propel the best
talent globally
Proactive,
collaborative
partners
Build strategic
relationships around
the world to deliver
the best solutions
Cultivating better
closer personal relationships
Our success is directly
dependent upon the success
of our stakeholders—including
our customers, suppliers, and
employees—across our entire
value chain.
Hence, we invest considerable time and effort
into building strong, personal partnerships in
everything we do.
Consistent with this commitment, we build
transparent, open relationships that generate
trust across every business in which we en-
gage. Architects constitute an influential group
of customers, who inspire and constantly chal-
lenge the possibilities of our cutting-edge build-
ing materials. Accordingly, we continually foster
collaborative relationships with this important
constituency, from academic outreach to our
annual CEMEX Building Award. During 2015,
architecture professors and their students from
the Syracuse University School of Architecture
in New York partnered with CEMEX Research
Group on an exciting project—the creation of a
“tower of tiles”—a modern re-interpretation of
an ancient column decorating technique known
as fluting. The successful construction of the
“tower of tiles” highlights the importance of our
ongoing collaboration between architects and
our construction engineers to bridge the gap
between design and materiality.
Employee engagement
Close to 29,000 employees responded to
our “Voices Into Action” 2015 Engage-
ment Survey—a 75% response rate. The
survey collects input on a number of topics
including development, compensation,
leadership communication, and work-life
balance.
Through our annual
CEMEX Building Award,
we encourage creativity
in the application of new
concrete technology.
The successful construc-
tion of the “tower of tiles”
highlights the importance
of our ongoing collabo-
ration to bridge the gap
between design and
materiality.
Moreover, through our annual CEMEX Building
Award, one of the most renowned competitions
in the construction field, we not only honor engi-
neers, architects, and other building professionals,
but also encourage creativity in the application of
new concrete technology to improve our com-
munities. For the XXIV Edition, customers from 16
countries submitted more than 700 projects for
consideration. In addition to the Domestic Edition,
the CEMEX Building Award recognizes the finest
international buildings in three different catego-
ries—housing, institutional-industrial, and infra-
structure and urbanism, as well as two special
prizes for accessible and sustainable building.
We are good listeners who move swiftly into
action. As a global leader in the building materi-
als industry and the largest producer of con-
crete in the world, we are uniquely positioned
to meet the challenges cities are facing. Over
the past few years, we’ve played a leading
role in delivering solutions to the complex and
inter-connected challenges faced by an increas-
ingly urban society, developing products and
services that promote sustainable economic
growth, preserve the environment, and improve
the quality of life for cities around the world. By
getting involved at the planning stage, we help
to bring a city’s vision into focus by jointly ex-
ploring and identifying solutions for sustainable
infrastructure and urbanization.
We proactively and collaboratively build strate-
gic partnerships around the world to offer the
best solutions. Through our Global Suppliers
Innovation Program, “Integrate Your Ideas,” we
promote innovation alongside our suppliers: a
process that fosters the continuous improve-
ment of our supply chain, identifies better
16
Closer personal relationships
solutions for our customers, suppliers, and our
company’s businesses, and strengthens our
relationships with all of our stakeholders. In the
second edition of “Integrate Your Ideas,” we
invited more than 50 suppliers to share their
innovative ideas. In 2015, we selected three
winning solutions for their innovation, potential
financial contribution, ease of implementation,
and scalability across different countries. In first
place, we recognized GE Industrial Solutions
for its “Electrical Products Bundle for Constru-
rama® Stores” idea, featuring a complete and
integrated offer of electrical safety switches,
load centers, and breakers for customers at our
Construrama® retail building materials network.
We give our global muscle a local touch, iden-
tifying and replicating best practices to deliver
greater value. After first being put into practice
in Mexico and Egypt, we installed CEMEX LINK,
our ready-mix web-based management tool, in
the Dominican Republic during 2015. Thanks to
this shared knowledge transfer, our Dominican
ready-mix team is reaping the benefits of this
tool in the maintenance of their trucks. Among
its multiple benefits, CEMEX LINK offers imme-
diate assessment of every truck in our ready-
mix fleet, reduced maintenance times from a
better scheduling system, and a database of
valuable information about our ready-mix trucks
that enhances our safety, environmental, main-
tenance, and asset decision-making process.
By sharing our know-how across our company,
we take advantage of our collective strength,
harnessing our ability to work together as one
global organization.
Amber Highway:
A concrete solution
We contributed to the construction of the
Autostrada A1—the Amber Highway—a major
roadway that will connect the major Baltic coast
ports with the southern and central parts of
Poland. The Autostrada A1 is part of the trans-
European corridor linking Scandinavia with
countries in Southern Europe.
This important stretch of the Amber Highway
was constructed in sections from 1,000 to
2,200 meters long, performed within 30- to
72-hour windows. Key to the success of this
project was our close cooperation with the cli-
ent to coordinate a specialized technical, logisti-
cal solution. Because each section was paved
in two layers, we erected two mobile ready-mix
plants at each section, which could indepen-
dently produce 4,000 to 7,000 cubic meters of
ready-mix concrete for each layer.
Additionally, we recruit, develop, and propel the
best local talent globally. Our strong portfolio of
leadership development programs features two
initiatives: ACHIEVE, focused on middle manag-
ers, and Leader-to-Leader, focused on develop-
ing senior-level mentors. Through ACHIEVE,
top-tier managers and newly appointed direc-
tors develop an idea focusing on customer-cen-
tricity—an essential element of our company’s
strategy—while reinforcing their own leadership
skills. To date, 240 of our executives have suc-
cessfully participated in this global leadership
development program. In 2015, 60 participants
from 19 countries enhanced their leadership
skills, while placed on teams designed to de-
velop and, ultimately, present projects aligned
with our company’s priorities. The participants
were coached by 45 senior management lead-
ers via the Leader-to-Leader program, a unique
initiative that provides mentorship and a con-
nection between current and future CEMEX
leaders. Thanks to these programs, we ensure
the continuous development of leaders who are
prepared to guide our company into the future.
17
Industry leading
Use of alternative
energy and
management of
natural resources
Sustainable
solutions
Address the world’s
sustainability
challenges
Community
development
Build key
infrastructure and
develop shared
value initiatives
Health and
safety
Possess our
industry’s highest
standards
Building a better
world
We are responsible global citi-
zens. As a global company, we
are engaged and committed
to building a better world by
developing products and solu-
tions that promote sustainable
economic growth, preserve
the environment, and improve
the quality of life for commu-
nities around the world.
By understanding our key priorities, we align our
time, resources, and investments accordingly.
Hence, we committed considerable effort into the
development of CEMEX Sustainability Materiality
Matrix. Through detailed analysis, we identified
the economic, social, environmental, and govern-
ance issues that are of greatest concern to our
stakeholders. To this end, we surveyed more than
11,000 stakeholders, including employees, cus-
tomers, analysts, suppliers, investors, community
leaders, government officials, and NGO repre-
sentatives across all of our regions. This analysis
allowed us to construct our Materiality Matrix to
encompass the 20 most important issues impact-
ing our company, classified according to three
categories: high, higher, and highest materiality.
This matrix will be reviewed, updated, and shared
as part of our year-end 2016 priorities.
With these priorities in mind, we develop in-
novative solutions that help address the world’s
sustainability challenges. Leveraging years of
Concrete:
A sustainable solution
Key sustainable attributes of
concrete include:
4 Strength and durability
4 Low maintenance
4 Affordability
4 Fire-resistance
4 Low heat conductivity
4 Local production
and use
4 Less solar heat absorption
4 Water management
Enhanced operating
efficiency
88%
84%
Our Cement Operations
Global Network sig-
nificantly improved the
efficiency of our cement
kilns worldwide, from 84%
in 2014 to 88% in 2015.
14
15
We are committed to build a better world, from our
leadership in the use of alternative fuels to our “Zero for
Life” goal to achieve zero injuries.
experience, a worldwide pool of knowledge,
and state-of-the-art expertise, we offer a variety
of cutting-edge products, services, and solu-
tions that meet our society’s need for hous-
ing, schools, and infrastructure development.
Thanks to its many sustainable attributes, our
concrete is a key component in the construction
of durable, energy-efficient buildings. Among
its benefits, our portfolio of concrete solutions
helps improve land use and water management,
reduce electricity consumption, and lower
buildings’ carbon footprint. In 2015, this portfo-
lio of concrete products—with its outstanding
sustainability attributes—accounted for approxi-
mately 33% of our ready-mix revenues.
To preserve precious reserves, reduce construc-
tion waste, and lower transport costs, we are
increasing our use of recycled concrete aggre-
gates, especially in urban areas where the supply
of natural aggregates is limited. For example, the
new research and laboratory building for life sci-
ences on the north campus of Berlin’s Humboldt
University showcases our specialty ready-mix
concrete produced with aggregates from recy-
cled concrete. The final result meets the technical
requirements of demanding building projects just
as well as conventional concrete with the added
benefit of conserving natural resources.
19
countries where we were
involved in the construction
of infrastructure projects
during 2015.
20
A better world
Alternative fuels
In 2015, alternatives fuels repre-
sented 26.6% of our total fuel mix.
We contribute to flagship infrastructure pro-
jects worldwide that withstand intensive use
and extreme conditions. Our broad experience,
highly skilled professionals, and some of the best
technology in the industry enable us to serve the
demands of every kind of project, from state-of-
the-art transit systems to urban rail systems and
small town roadways. In Silicon Valley, California,
we worked closely with the client to deliver 35
tailor-made concrete mixes to meet the varied
groundwater levels and sustainability require-
ments of each section of the 10-mile, two-station
“Berryessa Extension,” part of an ambitious effort
to expand the Bay Area’s Rapid Transit rail sys-
tem. In Lyon, France, we provided fiber-reinforced
concrete, utilizing 21 metric tons of metal fibers,
to fill in the bed under the 800 meters of rails
comprising the city’s major tramline extension. In
Trzebinia, Poland, we served as the main contrac-
tor for the design and reconstruction of a stretch
of roadway, which was open to heavy vehicle
traffic just five days after the placement of the
concrete mix. In 2015, we were involved in the
Rural Roads to Panama:
A special pavement solution
Among the 9,000 inhabitants of Parita, Panama, is
Miguel Villareal, a farmer who grew up in the region
and witnessed his town’s development. “Even if we
have machines, even if we have whatever, if the ac-
cess roads aren’t functional, we can’t walk,” he says.
As part of our efforts to provide innovative
solutions for all types of infrastructure needs,
we brought Unicapa, our special pavement ap-
plication for rural and difficult access roads, to
Panama. It involves placing cement bags in a
chessboard pattern on a rural road and mixing
the cement with the road’s existing material to
create a single 17 to 25-centimeter thick layer
of pavement. The initial project for Unicapa in
The potential benefits of this solution for rural
communities are significant. A robust infrastruc-
ture that supports mobility and independence
is indispensible for rural communities sustain-
ability because it enables economic exchange
and access to different social services. Adapted
to local needs, Unicapa offers a more affordable,
sustainable solution for country roads that are
difficult to enter. For his part, Villarreal says he is
pleased. “I think it’s been a very good help for
us, the farmers. I never thought it would turn out
the way it did. I trust that it will greatly help our
economy.”
Panama was the rehabilitation of the Camino El
Limón, a road that Villarreal says he has known
“since I was born.” This road was chosen be-
cause it serves various farms in the region and
could potentially serve an entire community.
With our technology, the goal is to keep this road
trafficable year-round.
Camino El Limón road, before and
after rehabilitation works (from left
to right).
construction of infrastructure projects across 19
countries, encompassing more than 7.32 million
square meters of installed concrete pavement.
We are industry leaders in the use of alternative
energy and the management of natural resources.
To reduce our environmental impact, we continue
to convert society’s waste into more economi-
cal, eco-friendly alternative fuels for our cement
plants. Through our use of alternative fuels—from
used tires to processed municipal solid waste to
biomass—we divert waste from landfills, lower
our energy costs, decrease our consumption of
fossil fuels, and thus reduce our overall carbon
footprint. For example, in the UK, we opened
a technologically advanced solid recovered fuel
facility that will utilize regionally sourced waste to
produce up to 200,000 metric tons of alternative
fuel annually for our Rugby cement plant. Overall,
in 2015, alternative fuels represented 26.6% of
our total fuel mix, yielding annual savings of more
than US$100 million. At year-end, 92% of our ce-
ment plants burned alternative fuels, avoiding the
use of 1.9 million tons of coal.
To further minimize our carbon footprint, we
continue our efforts to replace clinker with alterna-
tive cementitious materials and to increase our
power consumption from clean energy sources.
As a result of our carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction
initiatives, we avoided more than 6.5 million tons
of CO2 emissions during 2015.
Additionally, we are leveraging our industry-
leading technical expertise and skills to build
a strong renewable energy portfolio. In 2015,
more than 16% of our cement operations’ pow-
er consumption was derived from clean sources
of energy. Furthermore, we created CEMEX
Energía, a division that is devoted to the de-
velopment of a portfolio of sustainable power
21
projects in Mexico with no significant capital
commitments. The first milestone achieved by
CEMEX Energía is a joint venture agreement
with Pattern Development, a leader in develop-
ing renewable energy and transmission assets.
The joint venture expects to build a portfolio of
at least 1,000 megawatts of renewable energy
projects over the next five years.
We protect biodiversity by responsibly manag-
ing the habitat within and around our global
operations. Consistent with our common vision
of integrating biodiversity conservation into our
daily business operations, we renewed our global
alliance with Birdlife International for three more
years. Through our ongoing initiatives, we deliver
meaningful, long-term benefits within and outside
of our quarries for nature conservation. In Mexico,
one of our successful projects identified priorities
for biodiversity management and furthered scien-
tific knowledge of the emblematic Golden Eagle.
On the other side of the globe, a conservation
project in the UK aims to reverse the fortunes of
the Turtle Dove, an iconic bird whose population is
currently halving every six years.
Consistent with our commitment to corporate
social responsibility, we are partners in the devel-
opment of our communities through our shared
value initiatives. After reaching close to 7 million
beneficiaries through our social and inclusive
business programs, our goal is to benefit more
than 10 million people by the year 2020. Among
our efforts, we establish community centers for
construction training and education and empower
our neighbors at the bottom of the socio-eco-
nomic pyramid through different home improve-
ment and self-construction assistance initiatives
such as our Assisted Self-Construction Integral
Program, Construapoyo, Productive Centers of
Self-Employment, and Patrimonio Hoy. Many low-
income families not only lack access to financing
to purchase building materials, but also require
the technical skills needed to build safe, sustain-
able houses. Based on public-private partnerships
involving local governments, non-profit organi-
zations, and universities, these programs are
designed to improve access to safe and afford-
able housing for low-income families by offering
savings and credit support, training, and technical
assistance to construct their own homes.
Wherever we operate, we strive to build mutually
beneficial relationships with neighboring com-
munities and other key stakeholders. Through
our efforts, we avoid operational disruptions
that might result from community grievances
or employee injuries. In the process, we derive
savings from reduced medical expenses, avoided
health and safety related penalties, and lowered
costs to train replacement employees and con-
duct accident investigations. Additionally, efficient
human resource development not only builds a
qualified workforce, but also diminishes employee
turnover—decreasing our hiring and training costs
while minimizing inefficiencies.
Thanks to our Patrimonio Hoy program, our com-
pany was included in Fortune’s first “Change the
World” list, a ranking that recognizes 50 compa-
nies worldwide that have made a sizable impact
on major global or environmental problems as part
of their competitive strategy. In 16th place, we are
not only the only Latin American based company,
but also the only company from the construction
materials sector selected for the list. Our Patri-
monio Hoy program provides low-income families
living in urban and semi-urban areas with access
to building materials, as well as microfinancing,
technical advice, and logistical support to assist
participants in building their own homes. Since
1998, Patrimonio Hoy has provided affordable
housing solutions to approximately 525,000 low-
income families throughout Latin America, while
representing a source of revenue for our compa-
ny. As of 2015, Patrimonio Hoy has enabled more
than US$300 million in household micro credits.
Furthermore, we possess the highest health and
safety standards in our industry. Safety is our
company’s top priority. Every country where we
operate has a plan designed to achieve our com-
mon goal of zero injuries, “Zero for Life.” During
2015, we made positive advances, including a
30% reduction in fatalities and a 50% reduction in
the frequency rate of employee lost-time injuries.
However, we can do much better, and cannot ac-
cept anything short of a perfect safety record.
Local governments and organizations have recog-
nized our safety initiatives across our operations.
In the UK, we were recently awarded the Mineral
Products Association’s highest honor for our out-
standing employee health and safety practices.
We also earned the Chartered Institute of Logis-
tics and Transport Annual Award for Excellence in
Vulnerable Road Users Safety. Similarly, in Nicara-
gua, the National Council of Hygiene and Safety
at Work for the sixth time recognized us as the
“Leading Company” for our preventive health and
safety management systems. Likewise, in France,
we received an award for our risk-prevention
action plan, which was so comprehensive that
the awards organization produced a video about
our efforts to teach best practices in our indus-
try. Spurred by these initiatives, we will continue
building a better, safer future for our employees,
customers, and communities.
Sustainability Recognition
CDP Outstanding Carbon Disclosure in
Latin America
CEMEX ranked second in the Latin American
Climate Disclosure Leadership Index—the fourth
consecutive year that CEMEX was included in
CDP’s ranking of leading companies in the disclo-
sure of environmental data and CO2 emissions
performance.
Mexican Stock Exchange Sustainability Index
Since its inception in 2011, CEMEX has been one
of only 30 companies chosen for the exclusive
Mexican Stock Exchange Sustainability Index.
UNGC 100 Index
CEMEX remains the sole Mexico-based company
selected for the United Nations Global Compact
100, a global stock index that combines sustain-
ability and financial performance.
Thanks to our Patrimonio Hoy program, our company
was included in Fortune’s first “Change the World” list.
22
Selected
consolidated
financial
information*
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V.
and subsidiaries
(In millions of US dollars, except
per-ADS amounts)
Operating results
Net sales
Cost of sales(1)
Gross profit
Operating expenses
2006
2007
2008
2009
18,249
20,893
20,131
14,544
2010(i)
14,021
2011(i)
15,215
2012(i)
14,984
2013(i,4)
14,815
2014(i,4)
15,288
(11,649)
(13,868)
(13,735)
(10,270)
(10,090)
(10,912)
(10,548)
(10,170)
(10,356)
6,600
7,025
6,396
4,274
3,930
4,303
4,436
4,645
4,932
2015(i,4)
14,127
(9,410)
4,717
(3,655)
(4,130)
(4,069)
(3,109)
(3,083)
(3,353)
(3,143)
(3,144)
(3,295)
(3,043)
Operating earnings before other expenses, net
2,945
2,895
2,327
1,165
(49)
(494)
462
2,989
-
110
2,378
718
3.31
(273)
(807)
900
2,851
26
77
2,391
743
3.21
(1,909)
(910)
(1,617)
(2,031)
187
4
203
838
0.24
(407)
(994)
(117)
(341)
(314)
18
104
893
0.11
847
(500)
951
(419)
1,293
(418)
1,501
(378)
1,637
(378)
1,674
(190)
(1,164)
(1,353)
(1,408)
(1,549)
(1,607)
(1,238)
(41)
(897)
(177)
(1,025)
-
4
-
2
(1,064)
(1,999)
1,104
(0.96)
1,109
(1.80)
74
(403)
-
50
(913)
1,117
(0.82)
134
(276)
8
95
(843)
1,170
(0.71)
190
(137)
8
82
(507)
1,256
(0.39)
Other expenses, net
Financial expense
Other financial (expense) income, net (2)
Earnings (loss) before income taxes
Discontinued Operations, net of tax (3,4)
Non-controlling interest net income (5)
Controlling interest net income (loss)
Millions of average ADSs outstanding (6,7)
Earnings (loss) per ADS (4,7,8)
Earnings (loss) per ADS of continuing operations (4,7,8)
Earnings (loss) per ADS of discontinuing operations (4,7,8)
Dividends per ADS (6,7,9)
Balance sheet information
Cash and cash equivalents
Net working capital (10)
Assets from operations held for sale (4)
Property, plant, and equipment, net (11)
Total assets
Liabilities from operations held for sale (4)
Short-term debt & other financial obligations (12)
Long-term debt & other financial obligations (12)
Total liabilities
Non-controlling interest and perpetual debentures (5)
Total controlling interest
Total stockholders’ equity
Book value per ADS (6,7)
Other financial data
0.90
0.83
n.a
n.a
n.a
n.a
n.a
n.a
n.a
1,579
887
743
1,383
939
1,191
1,077
946
676
1,512
1,155
1,697
971
1,530
1,163
1,591
854
1,377
17,196
29,972
22,895
49,662
19,671
45,387
19,776
44,483
17,902
40,848
16,787
38,800
16,582
37,260
15,764
38,018
13,767
34,936
1,252
6,290
15,193
1,920
12,859
14,779
17.55
3,311
16,542
30,967
3,753
14,942
18,695
19.90
6,934
11,849
28,119
3,390
13,879
17,268
16.34
565
15,565
24,806
3,338
16,339
19,677
16.37
826
16,214
26,027
1,573
13,248
14,821
12.00
887
16,976
26,501
1,189
11,111
12,300
10.02
589
16,378
25,149
1,127
10,984
12,111
9.83
730
16,917
26,652
1,145
10,221
11,366
8.74
1,765
14,818
24,884
1,158
8,894
10,052
7.08
Operating margin
Operating EBITDA margin (10)
Operating EBITDA (10)
Free cash flow after maintenance capital expenditures (10)
16.1%
22.7%
4,138
2,689
13.9%
21.6%
4,512
2,455
11.6%
20.3%
4,080
2,600
8.0%
18.3%
2,657
1,215
6.0%
16.8%
2,355
455
6.2%
15.6%
2,381
191
8.6%
17.5%
2,624
167
10.1%
17.6%
2,603
(89)
10.7%
17.6%
2,696
401
(77)
215
61
58
75
1,353
0.06
0.02
0.04
n.a
887
974
200
12,428
31,472
39
917
14,648
21,967
1,178
8,327
9,505
6.15
11.8%
18.7%
2,636
881
23
Notes
to selected
consolidated financial
information
1. Cost of sales includes depreciation, amortization and de-
pletion of assets involved in production, expenses related
to storage in production plants, and beginning in 2008,
freight expenses of raw material in plants and delivery
expenses of CEMEX’s ready-mix concrete business.
2. Other financial (expense) income, net, includes finan-
cial income, realized and unrealized gains and losses
from financial instruments, foreign exchange results and
the effects of net present value on assets and liabilities.
3. In October 2009, CEMEX completed the sale of its
Australian operations for an amount then equivalent to
approximately US$1,700 million. Australia’s operating
results, net of income tax, for the years ended 2007,
2008 and 2009, were presented in a single line item as
“Discontinued Operations” in our consolidated state-
ment of operations.
4. In August 2015, CEMEX signed an agreement with
Duna-Dráva Cement for the sale of its operations in
Croatia for an amount then equivalent to approximately
US$251 million, which is expected to be finalized during
the first quarter of 2016. In November 2015, CEMEX also
completed the sale of its Austria and Hungary operations
for an amount then equivalent to approximately US$179
million. Croatia, Austria and Hungary’s operating results,
net of income tax, for the years ended 2013, 2014 and
2015, were presented in a single line item as “Discon-
tinued Operations” in our consolidated statement of
operations. In 2015, Croatian operations were reclassi-
fied to current assets and current liabilities held for sale.
CEMEX balance sheet for 2014 was not restated as a
result of the sale of its operations in Austria and Hungary.
See note 4A to our consolidated financial statements
included elsewhere in this annual report.
5. From 2008 through 2015, non-controlling interest
includes US$3,020 million, US$3,045 million, US$1,320
million, US$938 million, US$473 million, US$477 million,
US$466 million and US$440 million, respectively, of ag-
gregate notional amounts of perpetual debentures issued
by consolidated entities. For accounting purposes, these
debentures represent equity instruments (See note 20D
to the 2015 Annual Report’s Financial Statements).
6. The number of ADSs outstanding, stated in millions
of ADSs: (i) represents the total average amount of ADS
equivalent units outstanding of each year, (ii) includes
the total number of ADS equivalents issued in underlying
derivative transactions, and (iii) excludes the total number
of ADS equivalents issued by CEMEX and owned by
its subsidiaries. Each ADS listed on the New York Stock
Exchange represents 10 CPOs.
held. There was no cash distribution and no entitlement
to fractional shares. (See note 20A to the 2015 Annual
Report’s Financial Statements).
7. Our shareholders approved stock splits in 2005 and
2006. Consequently, each of our existing CPOs was sur-
rendered in exchange for two new CPOs. The propor-
tional equity interest participation of the stockholders
in CEMEX’s common stock did not change as a result
of the stock splits mentioned above. The number of our
ADSs outstanding did not change as a result of the stock
splits in 2005. Instead, the ratio of CPOs to ADSs was
modified so that each ADS represented 10 new CPOs.
As a result of the stock split approved during 2006, one
additional ADS was issued in exchange for each existing
ADS, each ADS representing 10 new CPOs. Earnings per
ADS and the number of ADSs outstanding for the years
ending December 31, 2005 and 2006, were adjusted
to make the effect of the stock splits retroactive for
the corresponding years. In the Consolidated Financial
Statements, earnings (loss) per share are presented on a
per-share basis (See note 22 to the 2015 Annual Report’s
Financial Statements).
8. For purposes of the selected financial information for
the periods ended December 31, 2006 through 2015,
the earnings (loss)-per-ADS amounts were determined
by considering the average amount of balance number
of ADS equivalent units outstanding during each year.
These numbers of ADSs outstanding were not restated
retrospectively neither to give effect to stock dividends
occurring during the period nor to present the earnings
(loss)-per-ADS of continuing and discontinuing opera-
tions, as would be required under MFRS and IFRS for
their disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.
9. Dividends declared at each year’s annual stockholders’
meeting for each period are reflected as dividends for
the preceding year. We did not declare a dividend for the
years 2008 to 2014. Instead, at our 2009 through 2015
annual shareholders’ meetings, CEMEX’s stockholders
approved a capitalization of retained earnings. New CPOs
issued pursuant to the capitalization were allocated to
shareholders on a pro-rata basis. As a result, shares
equivalent to approximately 384 million CPOs, 401 million
CPOs, 419 million CPOs, 437 million CPOs, 468 million
CPOs and 500 million CPOs were issued and paid each
year from 2010 through 2015, respectively. CPO hold-
ers received one new CPO for each 25 CPOs held, and
ADS holders received one new ADS for each 25 ADSs
10. This item was not restated to give the effect of
discontinued operations. Please refer to page 123 for the
definition of terms.
11. In 2014, property, plant, and equipment, net, ex-
cludes the assets of the western region of Germany
and Andorra, Spain, that were classified as held for sale,
as mentioned in note 15B to the 2015 Annual Report’s
Financial Statements.
12. From 2010 through 2015, other financial obliga-
tions include the liability components associated with
CEMEX’s financial instruments convertible into CEMEX’s
CPOs, liabilities secured with accounts receivable as well
as CEMEX’s capital leases (See note 16B to the 2015
Annual Report’s Financial Statements). Prior to 2010,
there were no significant transactions concerning capital
leases or convertible financial instruments.
(i) As a result of requirements by the National Banking
and Exchange Commission, CEMEX prepares its consoli-
dated financial statements using International Financial
Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the Interna-
tional Accounting Standards Board. Accordingly, CE-
MEX’s consolidated financial statements as of December
31, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010 and for the
years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011
and 2010, were prepared and presented in accordance
with IFRS. Prior years were prepared and presented in
accordance with Mexican Financial Reporting Standards
(“MFRS”). Reconciling one-time adjustments between
IFRS and MFRS were recognized in the opening balance
sheet under IFRS as of January 1, 2010 against stock-
holders’ equity.
(*) The effects associated with newly issued IFRS are
recognized in the year when they become mandatory
and are applied retrospectively only for comparative prior
periods presented in the set of financial statements
issued in the year of adoption. Earlier periods are not
restated to give retroactive effect to such new standards.
24
Company overview
Business
CEMEX is a global building
materials company that pro-
vides high-quality products
and reliable service to custom-
ers and communities in more
than 50 countries throughout
the world.
CEMEX has a rich history of improving the well-
being of those it serves through its efforts to
pursue innovative industry solutions and effi-
ciency advancements and to promote a sustain-
able future.
Our company was founded in Mexico in 1906,
and we have grown from a local player to one of
the top global companies in our industry, with
approximately 43,000 employees worldwide.
Today, we are strategically positioned in the
Americas, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and
Asia. Our operations network produces, distrib-
utes, and markets cement, ready-mix concrete,
aggregates, and related building materials to
customers in over 50 countries, and we maintain
trade relationships in over 100 nations.
Mission
Our mission is to create sustainable value by
providing industry-leading products and solutions
to satisfy the construction needs of our custom-
ers around the world.
Business Strategy
To achieve our mission, our strategy is to create
value by building and managing a global portfolio
of integrated cement, aggregates, ready-mix
concrete, and related businesses. We accom-
plish this by making certain we:
• Value our people as our main competitive
advantage;
• Help our customers succeed;
• Pursue markets that offer long-term profit-
ability; and
• Ensure sustainability is fully embedded in
our business.
Value our people as our main competitive
advantage
Our people are our competitive advantage. That
is why we hire the best and the brightest, and
we take care of them. Indeed, employee health
and safety is our company’s top priority. Ulti-
mately, our goal is to achieve zero injuries each
and every day.
We foster our people’s professional growth, help-
ing them to fulfill their career ambitions. To this
end, we provide continuous training and develop-
ment opportunities that enhance our employees’
skills and enable them to work smartly, safely,
and effectively. Moreover, we provide our em-
ployees with assignments that enhance their
personal and professional growth, facilitate the
exchange of best practices, and strengthen our
shared corporate culture.
We also identify future leaders and foster their
development: teaching them, coaching them,
and empowering them to succeed. To prepare
the leaders who will successfully guide our or-
ganization, we offer a portfolio of inter-connected
leadership development initiatives.
25
Company overview
We further encourage our people to speak up,
to provide ideas, and to help solve problems. By
truly valuing our people, we advance the culture
we strive to achieve at CEMEX.
Help our customers succeed
At CEMEX, our core strategic goal is to become
the most customer-oriented company in our
industry. To accomplish this, we must continue
to get closer to our customers, build lasting
relationships, and listen carefully to understand
their needs.
With this in mind, we are investing considerable
time and effort to maximize our commercial excel-
lence across our worldwide organization. We want
CEMEX to be the supplier and partner of choice for
our customers—whether global construction com-
panies, governmental entities, or individuals build-
ing or expanding their family’s first home. We look
to provide them with the most efficient and effec-
tive building solutions for their construction project,
large or small. To this end, we help our customers
succeed by delivering quality products, innovative
solutions, and great customer service in all major
construction segments, including the residential,
commercial, industrial, and infrastructure sectors.
As a solutions-driven company, we continually
do more to understand and satisfy our customers’
evolving needs. By constantly asking ourselves:
What are the challenges our customers are facing?
What success means to them? What are the prod-
ucts they need not just today, but in the future?
We are all driven to drill even deeper to solve our
customers’ important challenges and ensure that
they succeed.
We help our customers succeed
by delivering quality products,
innovative solutions, and great
customer service in all major
construction segments.
We will continue to
optimize our portfolio to
ensure that we are in the
right businesses in the
right markets with the
right returns.
We provide continuous
training and develop-
ment opportunities that
enhance our employees’
skills and enable them to
work smartly, safely, and
effectively.
Pursue markets that offer long-term profitability
We do business in markets where we can add
value for our employees, our customers, and
our shareholders. We will operate only in those
markets that offer long-term profitability.
Our geographically diverse portfolio of assets pro-
vides us with the opportunity for significant profit-
able organic growth over the medium to long term.
Consequently, we will remain selective and strategic
about where we do business, and will not chase
growth simply for the sake of growth. We will also
continue to optimize our portfolio to ensure that we
are in the right businesses in the right markets with
the right returns.
Leveraging our global presence and extensive
operations worldwide, we will further continue to
focus on what we do best: our core cement, aggre-
gates, ready-mix concrete, and related businesses.
By managing our core operations as one vertically
integrated business, we not only capture a greater
portion of the cement value chain, but also get
closer to our customers by offering comprehensive
building solutions. This strategic focus historically
enables us to grow our existing businesses, particu-
larly in high-growth markets and specialized, higher-
margin products. We will only venture beyond our
core strengths when it is essential to better market
our products, and it is aligned with our strategy.
Ensure sustainability is fully embedded
in our business
At CEMEX, we ensure sustainability is fully
embedded in our business strategy and day-to-
day operations. Our goal is to provide building
solutions that meet the needs of a resource-
constrained world, to minimize the ecological
footprint of our operations, and to foster closer
relationships with all of our relevant stakeholders.
26
Company overview
Among our priorities, we look to take the lead
in sustainable construction through the develop-
ment of products, services, and building solu-
tions for a low-carbon economy. We also active-
ly participate in low-income housing programs
and high-scale infrastructure projects.
Moreover, as part of our efforts to reduce our eco-
logical footprint, we increase our use of alternative
fuels and raw materials, improve our energy ef-
ficiency, and contract renewable power where fea-
sible. Additionally, we optimize air quality, waste
management, and recycling; diminish disturbances
from noise and dust; and implement biodiversity
action plans at our quarries.
Furthermore, we engage our key stakeholders. In
particular, we place a top priority on the health and
safety of our employees, our contractors, and our
communities. We are committed to playing a re-
sponsible role in the social and economic develop-
ment of our local communities, and we collaborate
with governments, NGOs, and opinion leaders to
anticipate and address emerging social demands.
Financial Position
One of our main priorities is to reach an invest-
ment-grade capital structure as soon as possible.
To this end, we continue to focus on strengthening
our financial position by improving our cash flow
generation, selling assets, reducing our debt, and
extending our maturities through different strate-
gic initiatives. As a result of our efforts, we reduced
total debt plus perpetual securities by close to
US$1 billion during 2015 and by approximately
US$6.9 billion since June 2009.
We increase our use of
alternative fuels and raw
materials, improve our
energy efficiency, and
contract renewable power
where feasible.
We look to take the lead in sustainable
construction through the development of
products, services, and building solutions for
a low-carbon economy.
In March 2015, we issued €550 million of 4.375%
notes maturing in 2023 and US$750 million of
6.125% notes maturing in 2025. The proceeds of
these transactions were used to pay higher coupon
debt and to fund the redemption of the floating
rate senior secured notes maturing in 2015.
We reached commitments to refinance the
remaining approximately US$1.94 billion of our
2012 Facilities Agreement.
• Twenty-one financial institutions participated
in the syndicated bank loan facility, which has
an amortization profile of approximately 10%
in 2017, 25% in 2018, 25% in 2019, and 40%
in 2020.
• All tranches under the syndicated bank loan facil-
ity have substantially the same terms, including a
spread over LIBOR of between 250 and 400 basis
points, depending on our debt leverage ratio.
We further early converted approximately US$511
million of our 4.875% convertible subordinated
notes due 2015, and issued contingent convertible
units for the remaining US$200 million of these
notes outstanding, eliminating refinancing risk.
These transactions achieved annual cash inter-
est savings of approximately US$120 million
during the year.
In March 2015, the US$200 million of contin-
gent convertible units were exercised. As a
result of the exercise, we issued US$200 mil-
lion of 3.72% convertible subordinated notes
maturing in 2020. The proceeds of this transac-
tion were used to finance, in part, the payment
of our convertible subordinated notes maturing
in 2015. In May 2015, we entered into a series
of private agreements with certain institutional
investors to exchange approximately US$626
27
Company overview
million of 3.25% convertible subordinated notes
due 2016 for US$321 million of newly issued
3.72% convertible subordinated notes due 2020
and approximately US$42 million of ADSs.
As a result of our liability management initiatives,
our financial expenses decreased by US$184 mil-
lion. We have no significant debt maturities in 2016
and 2017 other than the approximately US$352
million of convertible subordinated notes due
March 2016 and approximately US$373 million due
September 2017—corresponding to the first amor-
tization under the syndicated bank loan facility. For
the year, we extended the average life of our debt
to 5.1 years from 4.6 years at the end of 2014. We
also maintained more than adequate liquidity to
support our operations and continued to comply
with our financial obligations.
In addition to our financial expense reduction,
we delivered on our free cash flow initiatives to
improve working capital, which translated into
a record low 20 working capital days. Moreover,
we continued to optimize our maintenance and
strategic capital expenditures to maximize our free
cash flow generation. In 2015, we limited our total
capital expenditures (“CAPEX”) to approximately
US$762 million, including approximately US$252
million in strategic CAPEX.
corresponding securities authorities in Mexico.
Moreover, in compliance with applicable re-
quirements under SOX, we have established:
1) a system to ensure that relevant information
reaches senior management in a timely man-
ner; 2) a system for anonymously and confiden-
tially communicating to the audit committee
complaints and concerns regarding accounting
and audit issues; 3) a process for anonymously
and confidentially submitting complaints related
to unethical conduct and misuse of assets; and
4) a task force to follow legal requirements and
best corporate-governance practices and, when
appropriate, propose further improvements.
Our code of ethics reflects the requirements of
SOX. We are in compliance with the applicable
sections of SOX, including section 404.
US$184
million decrease of our
financial expenses as
a result of our liability
management initiatives
Alignment with Investor Interests
Employee stock-ownership plan
To better align our executives’ interests with
those of our shareholders, we began offering
executives a new stock-ownership program in
2005. The plan moves our company’s long-term
incentives from stock option grants to restricted
stock awards. As of December 31, 2015, our
executives held 30,056,793 restricted CPOs, rep-
resenting 0.2% of our total CPOs outstanding.
Corporate governance
We are committed to the highest standards of
corporate governance. Our corporate governance
practices are governed by our bylaws and all appli-
cable provisions in both Mexican and U.S. securities
laws. On a voluntarily basis, we also comply with
the Mexican Code of Best Practices, which provides
recommendations for better corporate practices
for listed companies in Mexico. Our company’s
board of directors is composed of qualified direc-
tors who provide appropriate oversight and meet
the independence criteria under applicable laws.
The requirement of independence of our audit
committee members satisfies the independence
and other requirements under applicable law, and
one member of our audit committee meets the
requirements of a “financial expert” as defined by
the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX).
We also have designed and deployed a formal
internal process to support the certification by
our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Finan-
cial Officer of the information that we present in
CEMEX’s periodic reports to the U.S. Securities
and Exchange Commission, as well as to the
We delivered on our free
cash flow initiatives to
improve working capital
and optimize our capital
expenditures.
28
Management
dicussion and analysis
Operational results and
financial condition of the
company
Consolidated Results
Consolidated net sales decreased 8% to
US$14.2 billion in 2015. On a like-to-like basis for
our ongoing operations and for foreign exchange
fluctuations compared with 2014, consolidated
net sales increased 5% for the year. The increase
on a like-to-like basis was the result of higher
prices of our products, in local currency terms, in
most of our operations, as well as higher volumes
in Mexico, the U.S., and Asia region.
Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales
decreased 1.1 percentage points, from 67.7% in
2014 to 66.6% in 2015. The decrease in cost of
sales as a percentage of net sales was mainly
driven by our cost-reduction initiatives.
Operating expenses as a percentage of net
sales decreased 0.1 percentage points, from
21.6% in 2014 to 21.5% in 2015, mainly driven by
lower distribution expenses, as well as our cost-
reduction initiatives.
Operating EBITDA decreased 2% to US$2.6
billion in 2015. On a like-to-like basis, operating
EBITDA increased 9% for the year. The increase
on a like-to-like basis was due mainly to higher
contributions from our Mexico, U.S., Northern
Europe, and Asia regions.
Operating EBITDA margin increased 1.1 per-
centage points, from 17.6% in 2014 to 18.7% in
2015.
Net sales and operating EBITDA
(billions of US dollars)
Free cash flow after maintenance
capital expenditures
(millions of US dollars)
15.2
14.9
15.3
14.8
14.1
881
401
2.38
2.62
2.60
2.69
2.64
191
167
(89)
11
12
13
14
15
11
12
13
14
15
We reported a loss on financial instruments of
US$171 million in 2015. This loss resulted mainly
from our equity derivatives related to CEMEX
shares.
We reported a foreign exchange gain of US$130
million in 2015, resulting mainly from the fluctua-
tion of the Mexican peso versus the U.S. dollar,
partially offset by the fluctuation of the euro ver-
sus the U.S. dollar.
We reported controlling interest net income of
US$75 million in 2015 versus a loss of US$507
million in 2014. The annual income primarily
reflects higher operating earnings, lower financial
expenses, lower income tax, and increased dis-
continued operations, partially offset by a higher
loss on financial instruments and a lower foreign
exchange gain.
Total debt plus perpetual notes decreased
US$964 million to US$15.3 billion at the end of
2015.
5% and 9%
increase in net sales
and EBITDA, respectively,
on a like-to-like basis
in 2015
29
Global
review of operations
Global operations
MEXICO
UNITED
STATES1
NORTHERN
EUROPE2
MEDITER-
RANEAN3
SOUTH, CENTRAL
AMERICA AND
THE CARIBBEAN4
ASIA5
OTHER
TOTAL
Net sales
2,843
3,935
3,057
1,436
1,894
665
297
14,127
Operating earnings before
other expenses, net
Operating EBITDA
815
966
169
565
149
325
170
257
492
571
Assets6
4,391
15,210
4,079
2,734
2,393
142
175
715
(264)
(223)
1,674
2,636
1,951
31,472
millions of US dollars as of December 31, 2015
Capacity per region7
Cement production capacity
(million metric tons/year)
Cement plants (controlled)
Cement plants (minority part.)
Ready-mix plants
Aggregates quarries
Land distribution centers
Marine terminals
as of December 31, 2015
28.3
15
3
276
17
78
7
17.1
13
5
356
67
41
5
11.1
18.2
12.5
5.7
7
1
664
167
37
21
11
0
167
30
37
12
7
3
133
21
29
12
3
0
12
3
20
4
92.9
56
12
1,608
305
242
61
1. Beginning March 31, 2011, includes the operations of Ready Mix USA LLC.
2. Includes operations in Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
3. Includes operations in Croatia, Egypt, Israel, Spain and the United Arab Emirates. Net sales, operating earnings before other expenses, net, and operating EBITDA exclude Croatia.
4. Includes operations in Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, as well as other operations in South,
Central America and the Caribbean region.
5. Includes operations in Bangladesh, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand.
6. Includes assets in associated participation.
7. Includes active and inactive operations that are leased, owned, or with a minority participation; aggregates quarries with depleted reserves are excluded.
Sales distribution by product
(percentage)
l Cement 46%
l Ready-mix 39%
l Aggregates 15%
Sales distribution by region
(percentage)
l Mexico 20%
l United States 28%
l South, Central America
and the Caribbean 14%
l Northern Europe 22%
l Mediterranean 11%
l Asia 5%
30
Global
review of operations
Mexico
In 2015, our Mexican operations’ net sales
decreased 11% year over year to US$2.8 bil-
lion, and operating EBITDA declined 3% to
US$966 million. On a like-to-like basis, net sales
and operating EBITDA increased 7% and 16%,
respectively. Our domestic gray cement volumes
increased 1%, while our ready-mix concrete
and aggregates volumes declined 5% and 9%,
respectively, for the year. Our slower-than-indus-
try growth in cement and ready-mix concrete
volumes reflects the implementation of our pric-
ing strategy. Our cement and ready-mix prices in
local-currency terms increased by 10% and 7%,
respectively, during 2015.
The industrial-and-commercial sector was the
main driver of our cement volumes during 2015,
aligned with improved retail sales and general
commercial activity. The formal residential
sector also performed positively, supported by
credit growth from private banks and public
entities. The infrastructure sector saw delays in
the execution of the budget. The self-construc-
tion sector benefited from improved job crea-
tion and remittances.
United States
Our U.S. operations’ net sales increased 7% year
over year to US$3.9 billion in 2015. Operating
EBITDA rose 34% to US$565 million during the
year. Our U.S. operations’ domestic gray cement,
ready-mix concrete, and aggregates volumes
increased 2%, 13%, and 6%, respectively, for
2015. Adjusted for our acquisition of ready-mix
plants in California, our like-to-like ready-mix con-
crete volumes grew 10% year over year.
The residential sector was the main driver of
cement demand during the year, driven by low
inventory levels, stronger job creation, and
In Mexico, the industrial-
and-commercial sector
was the main driver of
our cement volumes
during 2015, aligned with
improved retail sales
and general commercial
activity.
7%
growth in our U.S.
operations' net sales
driven by higher
volumes for our three
core products
The residential sector was the main
driver of cement demand in our U.S.
operations during the year, driven
by low inventory levels, stronger job
creation, and household formation.
household formation. During 2015, housing
starts increased 11%, and importantly, single-
family construction improved significantly with
double-digit growth after remaining relatively
flat in 2014. Infrastructure sector activity picked
up during the second half of the year, driven by
state spending and TIFIA funding. Moreover,
industrial-and-commercial sector growth, exclud-
ing oil well activity, was supported by lodging
and office construction spending.
Northern Europe
Our Northern European operations’ net sales de-
creased 21% year over year to US$3.1 billion, and
operating EBITDA declined 6% to US$325 million
in 2015. On a like-to-like basis, regional net sales
and EBITDA increased 2% and 13%, respectively.
For the full year, our domestic gray cement, ready-
mix concrete, and aggregates volumes decreased
3%, 12% and 18%, respectively. Adjusting for the
transactions with Holcim closed at the beginning
of the year, our like-to-like domestic gray cement
volumes increased 9% for 2015.
In Germany, our operations’ domestic gray ce-
ment volumes increased 6% on a like-to-like basis
during 2015. The residential sector remained the
main driver of cement consumption during the
year, despite supply-side restrictions such as land
availability and regulatory caps on rental increas-
es. The sector benefited from low unemployment,
low mortgage rates, rising purchasing power, and
growing immigration.
In Poland, our operations’ domestic gray cement
volumes increased 15% for the year. During 2015,
our volume growth reflected our efforts to main-
tain a stable market position amid slower-than-an-
ticipated demand and challenging market dynam-
ics. The infrastructure and residential sectors
31
Global review of operations
were the main drivers of demand for the year.
Infrastructure sector demand developed slower
than anticipated during the year due to delays in
announced projects.
In Poland, the infrastruc-
ture and residential sec-
tors were the main drivers
of demand for the year.
In Spain, increased mort-
gages, improved credit
conditions, and higher
consumer income and em-
ployment levels positively
affected the residential
sector.
In France, our operations’ domestic ready-mix
concrete and aggregates volumes decreased 5%
and 2%, respectively, in 2015. During the year, we
experienced greater activity in traded aggregates
volumes. Our full-year volumes were affected by
macroeconomic weakness; however, residential
sector activity picked up during the fourth quarter.
Increased housing sales during the year reflected
governmental initiatives, including a buy-to-let
program and a stimulus package.
In the United Kingdom, our operations’ domestic
gray cement and aggregates volumes increased
7%, and 5%, respectively, while our ready-mix
concrete volumes declined 2% for the year. Our
cement volume growth was driven by improved
demand from all of our main construction sectors.
The residential sector was supported by low un-
employment, low inflation, and increased wages.
The industrial-and-commercial sector performed
favorably, reflecting improved consumer confi-
dence and a better business environment. The
decline in ready-mix concrete volumes reflected
our focus on profitability.
Mediterranean
In the Mediterranean region, our operations’ net
sales decreased 5% year over year to US$1.4
billion, while operating EBITDA declined 17%
to US$257 million in 2015. On a like-to-like
basis, regional net sales increased 3% while
operating EBITDA declined 12%. As a whole,
our regional operations’ ready-mix concrete
volumes increased 5%, while our domestic gray
cement and aggregates volumes decreased 2%
and 4%, respectively, for the year. On a like-to-
like basis, our domestic gray cement volumes
declined 9% during 2015.
Our Spanish operations’ domestic gray cement
volumes increased 35%, while our ready-mix
concrete volumes declined 18% for the year. On
a like-to-like basis, our domestic gray cement
volumes decreased 9% in 2015. Our like-to-like
cement volumes mainly reflected a decline from
a strong first half during 2014, when we enjoyed
a more advantageous market position result-
ing from favorable market dynamics, as well as
our focus on profitability. For the year, increased
mortgages, improved credit conditions, and higher
consumer income and employment levels posi-
tively affected the residential sector. The infra-
structure sector benefited from lower pressure
for fiscal austerity measures, favorable financing
conditions, and growth in public biddings.
In Egypt, our operations’ domestic gray cement
volumes decreased 9% in 2015. The decline in our
year-over-year cement volumes primarily resulted
from a relatively high base in 2014, when we
dispatched additional volumes in light of the then
prevalent energy shortage. During the year, the
informal sector experienced lower activity. How-
ever, increased formal residential and infrastruc-
ture activity led to growth in our bulk cement and
ready-mix concrete volumes.
South/Central America and Caribbean
In 2015, our net sales in the region decreased
14% to US$1.9 billion, while our operating
EBITDA declined 22% to US$571 million. On a
like-to-like basis, net sales increased 1% while
operating EBITDA declined 9%. Our regional
operations’ domestic gray cement, ready-mix
concrete, and aggregates volumes decreased
4%, 3%, and 2%, respectively, for the year.
32
In Colombia, the residential sector
benefited from various government
sponsored initiatives.
Global review of operations
Our Colombian operations’ domestic gray ce-
ment, ready-mix concrete, and aggregates vol-
umes declined 9%, 3%, and 6%, respectively, in
2015. While national cement volumes increased
during the year, the decline in our cement
volumes mainly reflected a high comparable
base in 2014, as well as our pricing strategy. Our
domestic gray cement prices increased 8% in
2015. During the year, the residential sector con-
tinued its positive trend, benefiting from various
government-sponsored housing initiatives. The
infrastructure sector also remained an important
driver of demand thanks to the improved execu-
tion of projects developed by departmental and
municipal administrations.
Asia
Our Asian operations’ net sales increased 9%
year over year to US$665 million, while our
operating EBITDA grew 23% to US$175 million
in 2015. As a whole, our regional domestic gray
cement and aggregates volumes increased 15%
and 2%, respectively, while our ready-mix con-
crete volumes declined 6%, for the year.
In the Philippines, our operations’ domestic
gray cement volumes increased 21% in 2015.
Our volumes during the year benefited from our
improved ability to serve our markets through
the introduction of our new cement-grinding mill
in late 2014, along with increased demand from
our main construction sectors. The industrial-and-
commercial sector continued its growth momen-
tum driven by office space demand. Also, the
residential sector remained strong as developers
continued to expand housing projects, supported
by stable inflation, low mortgage rates, and
higher housing demand from Filipinos overseas.
Our Asian operations’
net sales and EBITDA
increased 9% and 23%,
respectively, year over
year.
In the Philippines, our volumes benefited from
increased demand in our main construction
sectors.
Trading
Our global trading network is one of the largest
in the industry. Our trading operations help us
to optimize our worldwide production capac-
ity, deliver excess cement to where it is most
needed, and explore new markets without the
necessity of making immediate capital invest-
ments. Our worldwide network of strategically
located marine terminals and broad third-party
customer base also provide us with the added
flexibility to fully place contracted supplies in an
optimal way.
In 2015, we enjoyed trading relationships in over
100 countries. Our trading volume totaled more
than 10.6 million metric tons of cementitious
materials, including approximately 8.8 million
metric tons of cement and clinker. We also
maintained a sizeable trading position of 1.2
million metric tons of granulated blast furnace
slag, a non-clinker cementitious material, and
0.6 million tons of other products.
Freight rates, which have been extremely vola-
tile in recent years, account for a large share of
our total import supply cost. However, we have
obtained significant savings by timely contract-
ing maritime transportation and by using our
own and chartered fleets—which transported
approximately 39% of our traded cement and
clinker volume in 2015.
In addition, we provide freight service to third
parties when we have spare fleet capacity. This
not only provides us with valuable shipping mar-
ket information, but also generates additional
profit for our operations.
33
Board of
Directors
Audit Committee
José Manuel Rincón Gallardo Purón
President
Roberto Luis Zambrano Villarreal
Rafael Rangel Sostmann
Francisco Javier Fernández Carbajal
Corporate Practices and Finance Committee
Dionisio Garza Medina
President
Francisco Javier Fernández Carbajal
Rodolfo García Muriel
Armando Garza Sada
Non-Independent Directors
Rogelio Zambrano Lozano
Chairman of the Board
Fernando A. González Olivieri
Tomás Milmo Santos
Ian C. Armstrong Zambrano
Independent Directors
Armando J. García Segovia
Rodolfo García Muriel
Roberto Luis Zambrano Villarreal
Dionisio Garza Medina
José Manuel Rincón Gallardo Purón
Rafael Rangel Sostmann
Francisco Javier Fernández Carbajal
Armando Garza Sada
David Martínez Guzmán
Secretary
Ramiro G. Villarreal Morales
(not a member of the board)
34
Executive
Committee
Fernando A. González (61)
Chief Executive Officer
Maher Al-Haffar (57)
Executive Vice President of Investor Relations,
Corporate Communications and Public Affairs
Mauricio Doehner (41)
Executive Vice President of Corporate Affairs
and Enterprise Risk Management
Jaime Elizondo (52)
President CEMEX Europe*
Since joining CEMEX in 1989, Fernando A.
González has held several senior manage-
ment positions, including President of major
operations in South America, Europe, Mid-
dle East, Africa and Asia. He also led several
corporate areas including Finance, Planning,
Administration and Human Resources.
He was appointed Chief Executive Officer in
2014.
Fernando holds a Bachelor’s Degree and a
Master’s Degree in Business Administration
from Tecnológico de Monterrey.
Maher Al-Haffar has been with CEMEX since
2000. Prior to his current position, he was
Vice President of Investor Relations, Corpo-
rate Communications & Public Affairs. He also
served as a Managing Director in Finance and
Head of Investor Relations for the company.
Before joining CEMEX, Maher spent 19 years
with Citicorp Securities Inc. and Santander In-
vestment Securities as an investment banker
and capital markets professional.
Maher holds a BS in Economics from the
University of Texas and Master’s Degree in
International Relations and Finance from
Georgetown University.
Mauricio Doehner joined CEMEX in 1996 and
has held several executive positions in areas
such as Strategic Planning and Enterprise Risk
Management for Europe, Asia, the Middle East,
South America and Mexico.
He is currently in charge of Corporate Affairs
and Enterprise Risk Management. Mauricio
has also worked in the public sector within the
Mexican Presidency.
Mauricio earned his BA in Economics from
Tecnológico de Monterrey and has an MBA
from IESE/IPADE. He also has a Professional
Certification in Competitive Intelligence from
the FULD Academy of Competitive Intelligence
in Boston, Massachusetts.
Jaime Elizondo joined CEMEX in 1985, and
since then, he has headed several opera-
tions, including Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
Mexico, and more recently, our operations in
South, Central America and the Caribbean.
He is currently President of CEMEX Europe,
and is also in charge of the company’s global
Technology area.
He graduated with a BS in Chemical and Sys-
tems Engineering and an MBA from Tecno-
logico de Monterrey.
35
Executive Committee
Joaquín Estrada (52)
President CEMEX Asia, Middle East
and Africa*
José Antonio González (45)
Chief Financial Officer
Luis Hernández (52)
Executive Vice President of Administration
and Organization
Ignacio Madridejos (50)
President CEMEX USA*
Since he joined CEMEX in 1992, Joaquín
Estrada has held several executive positions,
including head of operations in Egypt, Spain,
and more recently, our operations in Asia.
He is currently President of CEMEX Asia, Mid-
dle East, and Africa, and is also responsible
for the company’s global Trading area.
Joaquín graduated with a BA in Economics
from the University of Zaragoza and holds an
MBA from the Instituto de Empresa.
José Antonio joined CEMEX in 1998. In 2014,
he was appointed Chief Financial Officer for
CEMEX. Previously, he has occupied the posi-
tions of Vice President, Corporate Finance;
Vice President, Corporate Communications
and Public Affairs for CEMEX; and Vice Presi-
dent Planning and Finance for CEMEX Aus-
tralia. Before that, he occupied positions in
the Finance and Strategic Planning functions
of the company.
José Antonio obtained an undergraduate
degree in Industrial Engineering from Tec-
nológico de Monterrey in 1991, and an MBA
from Stanford University in 1998.
Luis Hernández joined CEMEX in 1996, and
has held senior management positions in the
Strategic Planning and Human Resources
areas.
He is currently responsible for global Organi-
zation and Human Resources, Processes and
IT, Digital Innovation Development, Global
Service Organization (GSO), Vendor Manage-
ment Office (VMO) and Neoris.
Luis graduated with a degree in Civil Engi-
neering from Tecnológico de Monterrey, and
holds a Master’s degree in Civil Engineering
and an MBA from the University of Texas at
Austin.
Ignacio Madridejos joined CEMEX in 1996 and
after holding management positions in the
Strategic Planning area, he headed CEMEX
operations in Egypt, Spain, Western Europe,
and more recently, Northern Europe.
He is currently President of CEMEX USA, and
is also responsible for the company’s global
Health & Safety, Energy, and Sustainability
areas.
Ignacio graduated with an MSc in Civil
Engineering from the Polytechnic University
of Madrid and holds an MBA from Stanford
University.
36
Executive Committee
Jaime Muguiro (47)
President CEMEX South, Central America
and the Caribbean*
Juan Romero (59)
President CEMEX Mexico
Juan Pablo San Agustín (47)
Executive Vice President of Strategic Plan-
ning and New Business Development
Ramiro Villarreal (68)
Executive Vice President of Legal and
Secretary of the Board of Directors
Jaime Muguiro joined CEMEX in 1996, and
held several executive positions in the areas
of Strategic Planning, Business Development,
Ready-Mix Concrete, Aggregates, and Human
Resources. He headed CEMEX operations in
Egypt, and more recently our operations in
the Mediterranean region.
He is currently President of CEMEX in South,
Central America and the Caribbean.
He graduated with a Management degree
from San Pablo CEU University, and holds a
Law degree from the Complutense University
of Madrid and an MBA from the Massachu-
setts Institute of Technology.
Juan Romero joined CEMEX in 1989, and has
held several high-ranking positions within the
organization, including President of CEMEX
operations in Colombia, Mexico, the South
America and the Caribbean region, and the
Europe, Middle East, Africa, and Asia region.
He is currently President of CEMEX in Mex-
ico, and is also in charge of the company’s
global Procurement area.
Juan Romero graduated from the University
of Comillas, where he studied Law, Econom-
ics, and Management.
Juan Pablo San Agustín joined CEMEX in
1994 and has held executive positions in the
Strategic Planning, Continuous Improvement,
e-Business, and Marketing areas.
He is currently Executive Vice President of
Strategic Planning and New Business Devel-
opment.
He graduated with a BS from Metropolitan
University, and holds an MBA from the Insti-
tuto de Empresa.
Ramiro Villarreal joined CEMEX in 1987 and
served as General Counsel since then and
Secretary of its Board of Directors since 1995.
Prior to joining CEMEX, he served as Deputy
General Director of Grupo Financiero Banpais.
Ramiro is a member of the board of directors
of Vinte Viviendas Integrales, S.A.P.I. de C.V.,
consulting member of the board of directors
of Grupo Acosta Verde, and an alternate mem-
ber of the boards of directors of Cementos
Chihuahua and Axtel. Ramiro, until Febru-
ary 2012, was the Secretary of the Board of
Directors of ITESM.
Ramiro is a graduate of the Universidad Au-
tónoma de Nuevo León with a degree in Law
and holds a Master’s Degree in Finance from
the University of Wisconsin.
* These titles are effective as of January 1, 2016.
37
Consolidated
financial
statements
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V
and subsidiaries
39
Independent auditor’s report
40 Consolidated statements of operations
41 Consolidated statements of comprehensive
income (loss)
42 Consolidated balance sheets
43 Consolidated statements of cash flows
44 Statements of changes in stockholders’ equity
45 Notes to the consolidated financial statements
38
Independent
auditor’s
report
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated
financial statements of CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. and
its subsidiaries (“the Company”), which comprise
the consolidated balance sheets as at December
31, 2015 and 2014, the consolidated statements of
operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes
in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years
ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, and notes,
comprising a summary of significant accounting
policies and other explanatory information.
Management’s Responsibility for the Consolidated
Financial Statements
Management is responsible for the preparation and
fair presentation of these consolidated financial
statements in accordance with International Financial
Reporting Standards, and for such internal control
as management determines is necessary to enable
the preparation of consolidated financial statements
that are free from material misstatement, whether
due to fraud or error.
Auditors’ Responsibility
Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these
consolidated financial statements based on our
audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with
International Standards on Auditing. Those standards
require that we comply with ethical requirements
and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable
assurance about whether the consolidated financial
statements are free from material misstatement.
An audit involves performing procedures to obtain
audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in
the consolidated financial statements. The procedures
selected depend on our judgment, including the
assessment of the risks of material misstatement of
the consolidated financial statements, whether due
to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments,
we consider internal control relevant to the entity’s
preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated
financial statements
in order to design audit
procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances,
but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on
the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. An
audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness
of accounting policies used and the reasonableness
of accounting estimates made by management, as
well as evaluating the overall presentation of the
consolidated financial statements.
We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained
is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for
our audit opinion.
Opinion
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements
present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated
financial position of CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. and
its subsidiaries as at December 31, 2015 and 2014,
and their consolidated financial performance and
their consolidated cash flows for the years ended
December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, in accordance
with International Financial Reporting Standards.
KPMG Cárdenas Dosal, S.C.
Luis Gabriel Ortiz Esqueda
Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
January 28, 2016
39
Consolidated
statements of
operations
Net sales
Cost of sales
Gross profit
Administrative and selling expenses
Distribution expenses
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries
Operating earnings before other expenses, net
(Millions of Mexican pesos, except for earnings
Other expenses, net
(loss) per share)
Operating earnings
Financial expense
Other financial (expense) income, net
Equity in gain of associates
NOTE
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
2014
2013
2015
3
2P
$
225,742
(150,369)
204,402
(138,456)
190,370
(130,686)
75,373
65,946
59,684
(27,647)
(20,976)
(48,623)
(25,036)
(19,026)
(44,062)
(25,114)
(15,290)
(40,404)
26,750
21,884
19,280
(3,030)
(5,051)
(4,863)
23,720
16,833
14,417
(19,779)
(1,237)
738
(21,491)
2,534
294
(19,911)
1,716
232
2P
2A
6
16
7
13A
Earnings (loss) before income tax
3,442
(1,830)
(3,546)
Income tax
19
(2,276)
(3,960)
(6,162)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations
1,166
(5,790)
(9,708)
Discontinued operations, net of tax
4A
967
110
97
CONSOLIDATED NET INCOME (LOSS)
2,133
(5,680)
(9,611)
Non-controlling interest net income
932
1,103
1,223
CONTROLLING INTEREST NET INCOME (LOSS)
Basic earnings (loss) per share
Basic earnings (loss) per share of continuing operations
Diluted earnings (loss) per share
Diluted earnings (loss) per share of continuing operations
$
$
$
$
$
22
22
22
22
1,201
(6,783)
(10,834)
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.01
(0.17)
(0.17)
(0.17)
(0.17)
(0.28)
(0.29)
(0.28)
(0.29)
The accompanying notes are part of these consolidated financial statements.
40
CONSOLIDATED NET INCOME (LOSS)
$
2,133
(5,680)
(9,611)
NOTE
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
2014
2013
2015
Consolidated
statements of
comprehensive
income (loss)
Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss
Actuarial losses
Income tax recognized directly in other comprehensive income
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries
Items that will be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss when
(Millions of Mexican pesos)
specific conditions are met
Effects from available-for-sale investments
Currency translation of foreign subsidiaries
Income tax recognized directly in other comprehensive income
Total items of other comprehensive income (loss)
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Non-controlling interest comprehensive income
18
19
13B
20B
19
(748)
183
(565)
(3,025)
486
(2,539)
(391)
(122)
(513)
80
952
(1,085)
(53)
(566)
(94)
501
(85)
322
(2,217)
387
7,915
453
8,755
8,190
10,323
3,221
(7,897)
(10,177)
2,129
892
CONTROLLING INTEREST COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
$
7,102
(10,026)
(11,069)
Out of which:
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) OF DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) OF CONTINUING OPERATIONS
$
$
199
6,903
(78)
315
(9,948)
(11,384)
The accompanying notes are part of these consolidated financial statements.
41
Consolidated
balance sheets
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries
(Millions of Mexican pesos)
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents
Trade accounts receivables, net
Other accounts receivable
Inventories, net
Other current assets
Assets from operations held for sale
Total current assets
NON-CURRENT ASSETS
Investments in associates
Other investments and non-current accounts receivable
Property, machinery and equipment, net
Goodwill and intangible assets, net
Deferred income taxes
Total non-current assets
TOTAL ASSETS
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Short-term debt including current maturities of long-term debt
Other financial obligations
Trade payables
Income tax payable
Other accounts payable and accrued expenses
Liabilities from operations held for sale
Total current liabilities
NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES
Long-term debt
Other financial obligations
Employee benefits
Deferred income taxes
Other non-current liabilities
Total non-current liabilities
TOTAL LIABILITIES
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Controlling interest:
Common stock and additional paid-in capital
Other equity reserves
Retained earnings
Net income (loss)
Total controlling interest
Non-controlling interest and perpetual debentures
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
The accompanying notes are part of these consolidated financial statements.
NOTE
2015
2014
DECEMBER 31,
8
9
10
11
12
4A
13A
13B
14
15
19B
16A
16B
17
4A
16A
16B
18
19B
17
20A
20B
20C
20D
$
$
$
$
15,280
27,774
4,817
17,716
4,632
3,446
73,665
12,150
6,549
214,133
220,318
15,449
468,599
542,264
218
15,587
28,709
6,619
20,769
673
72,575
229,125
23,268
18,269
20,385
14,874
305,921
378,496
119,624
15,273
7,381
1,201
143,479
20,289
163,768
542,264
12,589
26,954
4,435
18,074
8,906
–
70,958
9,560
10,317
202,928
193,484
27,714
444,003
514,961
14,507
11,512
24,271
9,890
20,045
–
80,225
191,327
27,083
16,881
19,783
31,491
286,565
366,790
105,367
10,738
21,781
(6,783)
131,103
17,068
148,171
514,961
42
Consolidated
statements of
cash flows
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries
(Millions of Mexican pesos)
NOTES
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
2014
2013
2015
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Consolidated net income (loss)
Discontinued operations, net of tax
Net income (loss) from continuing operations
Non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization of assets
Impairment losses and effects from assets held for sale
Equity in gain of associates
Other (income) expenses, net
Financial items, net
Income taxes
Changes in working capital, excluding income taxes
Net cash flow provided by operating activities from continuing operations
before interest, coupons on perpetual debentures and income taxes
Financial expense and coupons on perpetual debentures paid in cash
Income taxes paid in cash
Net cash flow provided by operating activities of continuing operations
Net cash flow provided by operating activities of discontinued operations
Net cash flows provided by operating activities
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Property, machinery and equipment, net
Disposal of subsidiaries and associates, net
Intangible assets and other deferred charges
Long-term assets and others, net
Net cash flows used in investing activities of continuing operations
Net cash flows used in investing activities of discontinued operations
Net cash flows used in investing activities
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Derivative instruments
Issuance (repayment) of debt, net
Securitization of trade receivables
Non-current liabilities, net
Net cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents of continuing operations
Increase in cash and cash equivalents of discontinued operations
Cash conversion effect, net
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF YEAR
Changes in working capital, excluding income taxes:
Trade receivables, net
Other accounts receivable and other assets
Inventories
Trade payables
Other accounts payable and accrued expenses
Changes in working capital, excluding income taxes
The accompanying notes are part of these consolidated financial statements.
5
6
13A
19
20D
14
13, 15
15
16A
8
$
$
2,133
967
1,166
15,376
1,527
(738)
(208)
21,016
2,276
3,541
43,956
(17,865)
(7,437)
18,654
441
19,095
(8,872)
2,722
(908)
(766)
(7,824)
(153)
(7,977)
1,098
(11,296)
(506)
(1,763)
(12,467)
(1,637)
288
4,040
12,589
15,280
(3,384)
(1,961)
(1,299)
7,208
2,977
3,541
$
$
$
(5,680)
110
(5,790)
14,167
3,862
(294)
(396)
18,957
3,960
1,475
35,941
(16,844)
(7,678)
11,419
572
11,991
(5,965)
167
(902)
200
(6,500)
(161)
(6,661)
1,561
(11,110)
2,052
(1,128)
(8,625)
(3,706)
411
708
15,176
12,589
(3,348)
1,255
(2,716)
3,807
2,477
1,475
(9,611)
97
(9,708)
14,167
1,568
(232)
485
18,195
6,162
(4,237)
26,400
(19,110)
(6,665)
625
645
1,270
(5,404)
1,259
(1,203)
97
(5,251)
(142)
(5,393)
(256)
5,933
(1,854)
(570)
3,253
(1,373)
503
3,568
12,478
15,176
(1,557)
(948)
(309)
861
(2,284)
(4,237)
43
Notes
Common
stock
Additional
paid-in
capital
Other
equity
reserves
Statements
of changes in
stockholders’
equity
Balance as of December 31, 2012
$ 4,139
113,929
Net loss
Total other items of comprehensive loss
Change in the Parent Company’s functional currency 2D
Restitution of retained earnings
Capitalization of retained earnings
Stock-based compensation
Effects of perpetual debentures
Changes in non-controlling interest
20A
20A, 21
20D
20D
–
–
–
–
4
–
–
–
–
–
–
(35,667)
5,987
551
–
–
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries
Balance as of December 31, 2013
4,143
84,800
(Millions of Mexican pesos)
Net loss
Total other items of comprehensive loss
Effects of early conversion of convertible
subordinated notes
Capitalization of retained earnings
Stock-based compensation
Effects of perpetual debentures
16B
20A
20A, 21
20D
–
–
4
4
–
–
–
–
8,037
7,614
765
–
Balance as of December 31, 2014
4,151
101,216
Net income
Total other items of comprehensive income
Effects of early conversion and issuance of
convertible subordinated notes
Capitalization of retained earnings
Stock-based compensation
Effects of perpetual debentures
16B
20A
20A, 21
20D
–
–
3
4
–
–
–
–
5,982
7,613
655
–
12,514
–
(235)
3,027
–
–
136
(405)
–
15,037
–
(3,243)
(601)
–
(35)
(420)
10,738
–
5,901
(934)
–
–
(432)
Retained
earnings
10,557
(10,834)
–
–
35,667
(5,991)
–
–
–
29,399
(6,783)
–
–
(7,618)
–
–
14,998
1,201
–
–
(7,617)
–
–
Total
controlling
interest
Non-controlling
interest
Total
stockholders’
equity
141,139
(10,834)
(235)
3,027
–
–
687
(405)
–
133,379
(6,783)
(3,243)
7,440
–
730
(420)
131,103
1,201
5,901
5,051
–
655
(432)
14,488
1,223
(331)
–
–
–
–
–
(441)
155,627
(9,611)
(566)
3,027
–
–
687
(405)
(441)
14,939
148,318
1,103
1,026
(5,680)
(2,217)
–
–
–
–
7,440
–
730
(420)
17,068
932
2,289
148,171
2,133
8,190
–
–
–
–
5,051
–
655
(432)
Balance as of December 31, 2015
$ 4,158
115,466
15,273
8,582
143,479
20,289
163,768
The accompanying notes are part of these consolidated financial statements.
44
Notes to the
consolidated
financial
statements
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. and subsidiaries
As of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013
(Millions of Mexican pesos)
1) Description of business
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V., a public stock corporation with variable capital (S.A.B. de C.V.) organized under the laws of the United Mexican
States, or Mexico, is an operating and holding company (parent) of entities whose main activities are oriented to the construction
industry, through the production, marketing, distribution and sale of cement, ready-mix concrete, aggregates and other construction
materials. In addition, in order to facilitate the acquisition of financing and to run its operations in Mexico more efficiently considering
that there are efficiency and improvement opportunities by shifting from a platform where its customers were served from different
entities according to its line of business (i.e. cement, ready-mix concrete, aggregates), into a platform where customers, sorted by end-
user segment (i.e. distributor, builder, manufacturer) are now serviced from a single entity; beginning on April 1, 2014, CEMEX, S.A.B
de C.V. integrated and carried out all businesses and operational activities of the cement and aggregates sectors in Mexico. Moreover,
beginning on January 1, 2015, CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. completed the transition and integrated all operating activities related to the sale
of ready-mix concrete in Mexico.
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. was founded in 1906 and was registered in the Public Register of Property and Commerce in Monterrey, N.L.,
Mexico in 1920 for a period of 99 years. In 2002, this period was extended to the year 2100. The shares of CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. are
listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange (“MSE”) as Ordinary Participation Certificates (“CPOs”) under the symbol “CEMEXCPO”. Each
CPO represents two series “A” shares and one series “B” share of common stock of CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. In addition, CEMEX, S.A.B.
de C.V.’s shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) as American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) under the symbol “CX.”
Each ADS represents ten CPOs.
The terms “CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V..” and/or the “Parent Company” used in these accompanying notes to the financial statements
refer to CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. without its consolidated subsidiaries. The terms the “Company” or “CEMEX” refer to CEMEX, S.A.B.
de C.V. together with its consolidated subsidiaries. The issuance of these consolidated financial statements was authorized by the
management of CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. on January 28, 2016.
2) Significant accounting policies
2A) Basis of presentation and disclosure
The consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013,
were prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting
Standards Board (“IASB”).
Presentation currency and definition of terms
The presentation currency of the consolidated financial statements is the Mexican peso, currency in which the Company reports
periodically to the MSE. When reference is made to pesos or “$” it means Mexican pesos. The amounts in the financial statements and
the accompanying notes are stated in millions, except when references are made to income (loss) per share and/or prices per share.
When reference is made to “US$” or “dollars”, it means dollars of the United States of America (“United States”). When reference
is made to “€” or “euros”, it means the currency in circulation in a significant number of European Union (“EU”) countries. When it is
deemed relevant, certain amounts presented in the notes to the financial statements include between parentheses a convenience
translation into dollars or into pesos, as applicable. These translations should not be construed as representations that the amounts in
pesos or dollars, as applicable, actually represent those peso or dollar amounts or could be converted into pesos or dollars at the rate
indicated. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, translations of pesos into dollars and dollars into pesos, were determined for balance
sheet amounts using the closing exchange rates of $17.23 and $14.74 pesos per dollar, respectively, and for statements of operations
amounts, using the average exchange rates of $15.98, $13.37 and $12.85 pesos per dollar for 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. When
the amounts between parentheses are the peso and the dollar, the amounts were determined by translating the euro amount into
dollars using the closing exchange rates at year-end and then translating the dollars into pesos as previously described.
Amounts disclosed in the notes in connection with tax or legal proceedings (notes 19D and 24), which are originated in jurisdictions
which currencies are different to the peso or the dollar, are presented in dollar equivalents as of the closing of the most recent year
presented. Consequently, without any change in the original currency, such dollar amounts will fluctuate over time due to changes in
exchange rates.
45
Statements of operations
CEMEX includes the line item titled “Operating earnings before other expenses, net” considering that it is a relevant measure for
CEMEX’s management as explained in note 4B. Under IFRS, the inclusion of certain subtotals such as “Operating earnings before other
expenses, net” and the display of the statement of operations, varies significantly by industry and company according to specific needs.
The line item “Other income (expenses), net” in the statements of operations consists primarily of revenues and expenses not directly
related to CEMEX’s main activities, or which are of an unusual and/or non-recurring nature, including impairment losses of long-lived
assets, results on disposal of assets and restructuring costs, among others (note 6).
For the years 2015, 2014 and 2013, considering the disposal of entire reportable operating segments, the Company presents in a single
line as discontinued operations, the results of its operations in Austria and Hungary, sold in October 2015, as well as its operations
in Croatia, expected to be sold during 2016 (notes 4A and 15). As a result, the statements of operations of 2014 and 2013 were
reformulated.
Statements of comprehensive income (loss)
The statements of comprehensive loss for 2014 and 2013 were restated in order to give effect to the discontinued operations mentioned above.
Statements of cash flows
The statements of cash flows for 2014 and 2013 were restated in order to give effect to the discontinued operations mentioned
above. The statements of cash flows present cash inflows and outflows, excluding unrealized foreign exchange effects, as well as the
following transactions that did not represent sources or uses of cash:
• In 2015, the decrease in debt for $4,517, the net decrease in other equity reserves for $934, the increase in common stock for $3
and the increase in additional paid-in capital for $5,982, in connection with the issuance optional convertible subordinated notes due
in 2020, which involved, among others, the exchange and early conversion of optional convertible subordinated notes due in 2016,
as well as the issuance of approximately 42 million ADSs (note 16B);
• In 2014, the decrease in debt for $6,483, the decrease in other equity reserves for $601, the increase in common stock for $4 and
the increase in additional paid-in capital for $8,037, in connection with several early conversions of optional convertible subordinated
notes due in 2015, incurred in different dates during the year (note 16B);
• In 2015, the decrease in other current and non-current liabilities and in deferred tax assets in connection with changes in the tax
legislation in Mexico effective as of December 31, 2015 (notes 19C and 19D);
• In 2015, 2014 and 2013, the increases in common stock and additional paid-in capital associated with: (i) the capitalization of
retained earnings for $7,617, $7,618 and $5,991, respectively (note 20A); and (ii) CPOs issued as part of the executive stock-based
compensation programs for $655, $765 and $551, respectively (note 20A);
• In 2015, 2014 and 2013, the increases in property, plant and equipment for approximately $63, $108 and $141, respectively, associated
with the negotiation of capital leases during the year (note 16B);
• In 2013, the increase in investments in associates for $712, related to CEMEX´s joint arrangement in Concrete Supply Co., LLC (note
13A); and
• In 2013, the decrease in other non-current liabilities and the increase in other equity reserves as a result of the change in the
functional currency of the Parent Company’s financial division as of January 1, 2013 (note 2D).
46
Notes to the consolidated financial statements 2B) Principles of consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include those of CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. and those of the entities, including Special Purpose
Entities (“SPEs”), in which the Parent Company exercises control, by means of which the Parent Company is exposed, or has rights, to
variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee.
Among other factors, control is evidenced when the Parent Company: a) holds directly or through subsidiaries, more than 50% of
an entity’s common stock; b) has the power, directly or indirectly, to govern the administrative, financial and operating policies of an
entity; or c) is the primary receptor of the risks and rewards of a SPE. Balances and operations between related parties are eliminated
in consolidation.
Investments in associates are accounted for by the equity method when CEMEX has significant influence, which is generally presumed
with a minimum equity interest of 20%, unless it is proven in unusual cases that CEMEX has significant influence with a lower
percentage. The equity method reflects in the financial statements, the investment’s original cost and the proportional interest of
CEMEX in the associate’s equity and earnings after acquisition. The financial statements of joint ventures, those arrangements in which
CEMEX and other third-party investors have agreed to exercise joint control and have rights to the net assets of the arrangements, are
recognized under the equity method, whereas, the financial statements of joint operations, those in which the parties that have joint
control of the arrangement have rights to the assets and obligations for the liabilities relating to the arrangement, are proportionally
consolidated line-by-line. The equity method is discontinued when the carrying amount of the investment, including any long-term
interest in the associate or joint venture, is reduced to zero, unless CEMEX has incurred or guaranteed additional obligations of the
associate or joint venture.
Other permanent investments where CEMEX holds equity interests of less than 20% and/or there is no significant influence are carried
at their historical cost.
2C) Use of estimates and critical assumptions
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect
reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements,
as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. These assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis
using available information. Actual results could differ from these estimates. The main items subject to estimates and assumptions
by management include, among others, impairment tests of long-lived assets, allowances for doubtful accounts and obsolescence of
inventories, recognition of deferred income tax assets, as well as the measurement of financial instruments at fair value, and the assets
and liabilities related to employee benefits. Significant judgment is required by management to appropriately assess the amounts of
these concepts.
2D) Foreign currency transactions and translation of foreign currency financial statements
Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are recorded in the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing on the dates
of their execution. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the
exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date, and the resulting foreign exchange fluctuations are recognized in earnings, except for
exchange fluctuations arising from: 1) foreign currency indebtedness associated to the acquisition of foreign entities; and 2) fluctuations
associated with related parties’ balances denominated in foreign currency, which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the
foreseeable future and as a result, such balances are of a permanent investment nature. These fluctuations are recorded against “Other
equity reserves,” as part of the foreign currency translation adjustment (note 20B) until the disposal of the foreign net investment, at
which time, the accumulated amount is recycled through the statement of operations as part of the gain or loss on disposal.
The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries, as determined using their respective functional currency, are translated to pesos at
the closing exchange rate for balance sheet accounts and at the closing exchange rates of each month within the period for statements
of operations accounts. The functional currency is that in which each consolidated entity primarily generates and expends cash. The
corresponding translation effect is included within “Other equity reserves” and is presented in the statement of other comprehensive
income (loss) for the period as part of the foreign currency translation adjustment (note 20B) until the disposal of the net investment
in the foreign subsidiary.
47
Notes to the consolidated financial statements Considering its integrated activities, beginning January 1, 2013, for purposes of functional currency, the Parent Company is considered
to have two divisions, one related with its financial and holding company activities, in which the functional currency is the dollar for all
assets, liabilities and transactions associated with these activities, and another division related with the Parent Company’s operating
activities in Mexico, in which the functional currency is the peso for all assets, liabilities and transactions associated with these
activities. In connection with the change of the Parent Company’s financial division functional currency from the peso to the dollar,
which among other effects aligned the functional currency of the issuer with the currency of the dollar-denominated subordinated
convertible notes (note 16B), the conversion options embedded in the several series of such convertible notes, ceased to be treated
as stand-alone derivatives at fair value through profit or loss. The aggregate liability accrued until December 31, 2012 for approximately
$4,325 before a deferred tax liability of approximately $1,298, was cancelled against stockholders’ equity.
During the reported periods, there were no subsidiaries whose functional currency was the currency of a hyperinflationary economy,
which is generally considered to exist when the cumulative inflation rate over the last three years is approaching, or exceeds, 100%. In
a hyperinflationary economy, the accounts of the subsidiary’s statements of operations should be restated to constant amounts as of
the reporting date, in which case, both the balance sheet accounts and the statements of operations accounts would be translated to
pesos at the closing exchange rates of the year.
The most significant closing exchange rates and the approximate average exchange rates for balance sheet accounts and statement of
operations accounts as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, were as follows:
Currency
Dollar
Euro
British Pound Sterling
Colombian Peso
Egyptian Pound
Philippine Peso
2015
2014
2013
Closing
Average
Closing
Average
Closing
Average
17.2300
18.7181
25.4130
0.0055
2.2036
0.3661
15.9800
17.6041
24.3638
0.0058
2.0670
0.3504
14.7400
17.8386
22.9738
0.0062
2.0584
0.3296
13.3700
17.6306
21.9931
0.0066
1.8824
0.3009
13.0500
17.9554
21.6167
0.0068
1.8750
0.2940
12.8500
17.1079
20.1106
0.0068
1.8600
0.3014
The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries are initially translated from their functional currencies into dollars and subsequently into
pesos. Therefore, the foreign exchange rates presented in the table above between the functional currency and the peso represent
the implied exchange rates resulting from this methodology. The peso to U.S. dollar exchange rate used by CEMEX is an average of
free market rates available to settle its foreign currency transactions. No significant differences exist, in any case, between the foreign
exchange rates used by CEMEX and those exchange rates published by the Mexican Central Bank.
2E) Cash and cash equivalents (note 8)
The balance in this caption is comprised of available amounts of cash and cash equivalents, mainly represented by highly-liquid short-
term investments, which are easily convertible into cash, and which are not subject to significant risks of changes in their values,
including overnight investments, which yield fixed returns and have maturities of less than three months from the investment date.
These fixed-income investments are recorded at cost plus accrued interest. Other investments which are easily convertible into cash
are recorded at their market value. Gains or losses resulting from changes in market values and accrued interest are included in the
statements of operations as part of “Other financial (expense) income, net.”
The amount of cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet includes restricted cash and investments, comprised of deposits in
margin accounts that guarantee certain of CEMEX’s obligations, to the extent that the restriction will be lifted in less than three months
from the balance sheet date. When the restriction period is greater than three months, such restricted cash and investments are
not considered cash equivalents and are included within short-term or long-term “Other accounts receivable,” as appropriate. When
contracts contain provisions for net settlement, these restricted amounts of cash and cash equivalents are offset against the liabilities
that CEMEX has with its counterparties.
48
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
2F) Financial instruments
Trade accounts receivable and other current accounts receivable (notes 9 and 10)
Items under this caption are classified as “loans and receivables”, with no explicit cost, which are recorded at their amortized cost,
which is represented by the net present value of the consideration receivable or payable as of the transaction date. Due to their short-
term nature, CEMEX initially recognizes these receivables at the original invoiced amount less an estimate of doubtful accounts.
Allowances for doubtful accounts as well as impairment of other current accounts receivable, are recognized against administrative
and selling expenses.
Trade receivables sold under securitization programs, in which CEMEX maintains a residual interest in the trade accounts receivable
sold in case of recovery failure, as well as continued involvement in such assets, do not qualify for derecognition and are maintained
on the balance sheet.
Other investments and non-current receivables (note 13B)
As part of the category of “loans and receivables,” non-current accounts receivable, as well as investments classified as held to
maturity are initially recognized at their amortized cost. Subsequent changes in net present value are recognized in the statements of
operations as part of “Other financial (expense) income, net.”
Investments in financial instruments held for trading, as well as those investments available for sale, are recognized at their estimated
fair value, in the first case through the statements of operations as part of “Other financial (expense) income, net”, and in the second
case, changes in valuation are recognized as part of “Other comprehensive income (loss) of the period” within “Other equity reserves”
until their time of disposition, when all valuation effects accrued in equity are reclassified to “Other financial (expense) income net”, in
the statements of operations. These investments are tested for impairment upon the occurrence of a significant adverse change or at
least once a year during the last quarter.
Financial liabilities (notes 16A and 16B)
Bank loans and notes payable are recognized at their amortized cost. Interest accrued on financial instruments is recognized in the
balance sheet within “Other accounts payable and accrued expenses” against financial expense. During the reported periods, CEMEX
did not have financial liabilities voluntarily recognized at fair value or associated to fair value hedge strategies with derivative financial
instruments. Direct costs incurred in debt issuances or borrowings, as well as debt refinancing or non-substantial modifications to
debt agreements that did not represent an extinguishment of debt, by considering: a) that the relevant economic terms of the new
instrument are not substantially different to the replaced instrument; and b) the proportion in which the final holders of the new
instrument are the same of the replaced instrument, adjust the carrying amount of related debt are amortized as interest expense as
part of the effective interest rate of each transaction over its maturity. These costs include commissions and professional fees. Costs
incurred in the extinguishment of debt, as well as debt refinancing or modifications to debt agreements when the new instrument is
substantially different to the old instrument according to a qualitative and quantitative analysis, are recognized in the statements of
operations within “Financial expense” as incurred.
Capital leases, in which CEMEX has substantially all risks and rewards associated with the ownership of an asset, are recognized as
financing liabilities against a corresponding fixed asset for the lesser of the market value of the leased asset and the net present value
of future minimum payments, using the contract’s implicit interest rate to the extent available, or the incremental borrowing cost.
Among other elements, the main factors that determine a capital lease are: a) if ownership title of the asset is transferred to CEMEX at
the expiration of the contract; b) if CEMEX has a bargain purchase option to acquire the asset at the end of the lease term; c) if the lease
term covers the majority of the useful life of the asset; and/or d) if the net present value of minimum payments represents substantially
all the fair value of the related asset at the beginning of the lease.
49
Notes to the consolidated financial statements Financial instruments with components of both liabilities and equity (note 16B)
The financial instrument that contains components of both liability and equity, such as a note that at maturity is convertible into a fixed
number of CEMEX’s shares and the currency in which the instrument is denominated is the same as the functional currency of the
issuer, each component is recognized separately in the balance sheet according to the specific characteristics of each transaction. In
the case of instruments mandatorily convertible into shares of the issuer, the liability component represents the net present value
of interest payments on the principal amount using a market interest rate, without assuming any early conversion, and is recognized
within “Other financial obligations,” whereas the equity component represents the difference between the principal amount and the
liability component, and is recognized within “Other equity reserves” net of commissions. In the case of instruments that are optionally
convertible into a fixed number of shares, the liability component represents the difference between the principal amount and the fair
value of the conversion option premium, which reflects the equity component (note 2N). When the transaction is denominated in a
currency different than the functional currency of the issuer, the conversion option is accounted for as a derivative financial instrument
at fair value in the statement of operations.
Derivative financial instruments (note 16D)
CEMEX recognizes all derivative instruments as assets or liabilities in the balance sheet at their estimated fair values, and the changes
in such fair values are recognized in the statements of operations within “Other financial (expense) income, net” for the period in
which they occur, except for changes in fair value of derivative instruments associated with cash flow hedges, in which case, such
changes in fair value are recognized in stockholders’ equity, and are reclassified to earnings as the interest expense of the related debt
is accrued, in the case of interest rate swaps, or when the underlying products are consumed in the case of contracts on the price of
raw materials and commodities. Likewise, in hedges of the net investment in foreign subsidiaries, changes in fair value are recognized
in stockholders’ equity as part of the foreign currency translation result (note 2D), which reversal to earnings would take place upon
disposal of the foreign investment. During the reported periods, CEMEX has not designated any derivative instruments in fair value
hedges. Derivative instruments are negotiated with institutions with significant financial capacity; therefore, CEMEX believes the risk
of non-performance of the obligations agreed to by such counterparties to be minimal.
Accrued interest generated by interest rate derivative instruments, when applicable, is recognized as financial expense in the relevant
period, adjusting the effective interest rate of the related debt.
CEMEX reviews its different contracts to identify the existence of embedded derivatives. Identified embedded derivatives are analyzed
to determine if they need to be separated from the host contract and recognized in the balance sheet as assets or liabilities, applying
the same valuation rules used for other derivative instruments.
Put options granted for the purchase of non-controlling interests and associates
Represent agreements by means of which CEMEX commits to acquire, in case the counterparty exercises its right to sell at a future
date at a predefined price formula or at fair market value, the shares of a non-controlling interest in a subsidiary of CEMEX or an
associate. In respect of a put option granted for the purchase of a non-controlling interest in a CEMEX subsidiary, to the extent CEMEX
should settle the obligation in cash or through the delivery of other financial asset CEMEX recognizes a liability for the net present
value of the redemption amount as of the financial statements’ date against the controlling interest within stockholders’ equity. A
liability is not recognized as a result of an option granted for the purchase of a non-controlling interest when the redemption amount is
determined at fair market value at the exercise date and CEMEX has the election to settle using its own shares.
In respect of a put option granted for the purchase of an associate, CEMEX would recognize a liability against a loss in the statements
of operations whenever the estimated purchase price exceeds the fair value of the net assets to be acquired by CEMEX, had the
counterparty exercised its right to sell.
50
Notes to the consolidated financial statements Fair value measurements (note 16C)
CEMEX applies the guidance of IFRS 13, Fair value measurements (“IFRS 13”) for its fair value measurements of financial assets and
financial liabilities recognized or disclosed at fair value. IFRS 13 does not require fair value measurements in addition to those already
required or permitted by other IFRSs and is not intended to establish valuation standards or affect valuation practices outside financial
reporting. Under IFRS 13, fair value represents an “Exit Value”, which is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to
transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, considering the counterparty’s credit
risk in the valuation.
The concept of Exit Value is premised on the existence of a market and market participants for the specific asset or liability. When there
is no market and/or market participants willing to make a market, IFRS 13 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to
valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets
for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to measurements involving significant unobservable
inputs (Level 3 measurements).
The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
• Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that CEMEX has the ability to access
at the measurement date. A quote price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and is used without
adjustment to measure fair value whenever available.
• Level 2 inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly,
and are used mainly to determine the fair value of securities, investments or loans that are not actively traded. Level 2 inputs included
equity prices, certain interest rates and yield curves, implied volatility, credit spreads and other market corroborated inputs, including
inputs extrapolated from other observable inputs. In the absence of Level 1 inputs CEMEX determined fair values by iteration of the
applicable Level 2 inputs, the number of securities and/or the other relevant terms of the contract, as applicable.
• Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. CEMEX used unobservable inputs to determine fair values, to the
extent there are no Level 1 or Level 2 inputs, in valuation models such as Black-Scholes, binomial, discounted cash flows or multiples
of Operative EBITDA, including risk assumptions consistent with what market participants would use to arrive at fair value.
2G) Inventories (note 11)
Inventories are valued using the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of inventories includes expenditures incurred in acquiring
the inventories, production or conversion costs and other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition.
CEMEX analyzes its inventory balances to determine if, as a result of internal events, such as physical damage, or external events,
such as technological changes or market conditions, certain portions of such balances have become obsolete or impaired. When an
impairment situation arises, the inventory balance is adjusted to its net realizable value, whereas, if an obsolescence situation occurs,
the inventory obsolescence reserve is increased. In both cases, these adjustments are recognized against the results of the period.
Advances to suppliers of inventory are presented as part of other current assets.
2H) Property, machinery and equipment (note 14)
Property, machinery and equipment are recognized at their acquisition or construction cost, as applicable, less accumulated depreciation
and accumulated impairment losses. Depreciation of fixed assets is recognized as part of cost and operating expenses (note 5), and is
calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, except for mineral reserves, which are depleted
using the units-of-production method.
51
Notes to the consolidated financial statements As of December 31, 2015, the maximum average useful lives by category of fixed assets were as follows:
Administrative buildings
Industrial buildings
Machinery and equipment in plant
Ready-mix trucks and motor vehicles
Office equipment and other assets
Years
34
32
18
7
6
CEMEX capitalizes, as part of the related cost of fixed assets, interest expense from existing debt during the construction or installation
period of significant fixed assets, considering CEMEX’s corporate average interest rate and the average balance of investments in
process for the period.
All waste removal costs or stripping costs incurred in the operative phase of a surface mine that result in improved access to mineral
reserves are recognized as part of the carrying amount of the related quarries. The capitalized amounts are further amortized over the
expected useful life of exposed ore body based on the units of production method.
Costs incurred in respect of operating fixed assets that result in future economic benefits, such as an extension in their useful lives,
an increase in their production capacity or in safety, as well as those costs incurred to mitigate or prevent environmental damage, are
capitalized as part of the carrying amount of the related assets. The capitalized costs are depreciated over the remaining useful lives of
such fixed assets. Periodic maintenance on fixed assets is expensed as incurred. Advances to suppliers of fixed assets are presented
as part of other long-term accounts receivable.
2I) Business combinations, goodwill, other intangible assets and deferred charges (note 15)
Business combinations are recognized using the purchase method, by allocating the consideration transferred to assume control of the
entity to all assets acquired and liabilities assumed, based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Intangible assets
acquired are identified and recognized at fair value. Any unallocated portion of the purchase price represents goodwill, which is not
amortized and is subject to periodic impairment tests (note 2J), can be adjusted for any correction to the preliminary assessment given
to the assets acquired and/or liabilities assumed within the twelve-month period after purchase. Costs associated with the acquisition
are expensed in the statements of operations as incurred.
CEMEX capitalizes intangible assets acquired, as well as costs incurred in the development of intangible assets, when future economic
benefits associated with the assets are identified and there is evidence of control over such benefits. Intangible assets are presented at
their acquisition or development cost. Such assets are classified as having a definite or indefinite life, the latter are not amortized since the
period cannot be accurately established in which the benefits associated with such intangibles will terminate. Amortization of intangible
assets of definite life is calculated under the straight-line method and recognized as part of costs and operating expenses (note 5).
Startup costs are recognized in the statements of operations as they are incurred. Costs associated with research and development
activities (“R&D activities”), performed by CEMEX to create products and services, as well as to develop processes, equipment and
methods to optimize operational efficiency and reduce costs, are recognized in the operating results as incurred. The Technology
and Energy departments in CEMEX undertake all significant R&D activities as part of their daily activities. In 2015, 2014 and 2013,
total combined expenses of these departments were approximately $660 (US$41), $538 (US$36) and $494 (US$38), respectively.
Development costs are capitalized only if they meet the definition of intangible asset mentioned above.
Direct costs incurred in the development stage of computer software for internal use are capitalized and amortized through the
operating results over the useful life of the software, which on average is approximately 5 years.
52
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Costs incurred in exploration activities such as payments for rights to explore, topographical and geological studies, as well as trenching,
among other items incurred to assess the technical and commercial feasibility of extracting a mineral resource, which are not significant
to CEMEX, are capitalized when future economic benefits associated with such activities are identified. When extraction begins, these
costs are amortized during the useful life of the quarry based on the estimated tons of material to be extracted. When future economic
benefits are not achieved, any capitalized costs are subject to impairment.
CEMEX’s extraction rights have maximum useful lives that range from 30 to 100 years, depending on the sector, and the expected
life of the related reserves. As of December 31, 2015, except for extraction rights and/or as otherwise indicated, CEMEX’s intangible
assets are amortized on a straight line basis over their useful lives that range on average from 3 to 20 years.
2J) Impairment of long lived assets (notes 14 and 15)
Impairment of property, machinery and equipment, intangible assets of definite life and other investments
Property, machinery and equipment, intangible assets of definite life and other investments are tested for impairment upon the
occurrence of factors such as the occurrence of a significant adverse event, changes in CEMEX’s operating environment, changes in
projected use or in technology, as well as expectations of lower operating results for each cash generating unit, in order to determine
whether their carrying amounts may not be recovered. In such cases, an impairment loss is recorded in the statements of operations
for the period when such determination is made within “Other expenses, net.” The impairment loss of an asset results from the excess
of the asset’s carrying amount over its recoverable amount, corresponding to the higher of the fair value of the asset, less costs to sell
such asset, and the asset’s value in use, the latter represented by the net present value of estimated cash flows related to the use and
eventual disposal of the asset. The main assumptions utilized to develop estimates of value in use are a discount rate that reflects the
risk of the cash flows associated with the assets evaluated and the estimations of generation of future income. Those assumptions
are evaluated for reasonableness by comparing such discount rates to available market information and by comparing to third-party
expectations of industry growth, such as governmental agencies or industry chambers.
When impairment indicators exist, for each intangible asset, CEMEX determines its projected revenue streams over the estimated
useful life of the asset. In order to obtain discounted cash flows attributable to each intangible asset, such revenues are adjusted for
operating expenses, changes in working capital and other expenditures, as applicable, and discounted to net present value using the
risk adjusted discount rate of return. The most significant economic assumptions are: a) the useful life of the asset; b) the risk adjusted
discount rate of return; c) royalty rates; and d) growth rates. Assumptions used for these cash flows are consistent with internal
forecasts and industry practices. The fair values of intangible assets are very sensitive to changes in the significant assumptions
used in their calculation. Certain key assumptions are more subjective than others. In respect of trademarks, CEMEX considers that
the most subjective key assumption in the determination of revenue streams is the royalty rate. In respect of extraction rights and
customer relationships, the most subjective assumptions are revenue growth rates and estimated useful lives. CEMEX validates its
assumptions through benchmarking with industry practices and the corroboration of third party valuation advisors. Significant judgment
by management is required to appropriately assess the fair values and values in use of the related assets, as well as to determine the
appropriate valuation method and select the significant economic assumptions.
53
Notes to the consolidated financial statements Goodwill
Goodwill is tested for impairment when required due to significant adverse changes or at least once a year, during the last quarter of such
year, by determining the recoverable amount of the group of cash-generating units (“CGUs”) to which goodwill balances were allocated,
which consists of the higher of such group of CGUs fair value, less cost to sell and its value in use, represented by the discounted amount
of estimated future cash flows to be generated by such CGUs to which goodwill was allocated, which are generally determined over
periods of 5 years. In specific circumstances, when CEMEX considers that actual results for a given CGU do not fairly reflect historical
performance and most external economic variables provide confidence that a reasonably determinable improvement in the mid-term is
expected in their operating results, management uses cash flow projections over a period of up to 10 years, to the point in which future
expected average performance resembles the historical average performance, to the extent CEMEX has detailed, explicit and reliable
financial forecasts and is confident and can demonstrate its ability, based on past experience, to forecast cash flows accurately over
that longer period. If the value in use of a group of CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated is lower than its corresponding carrying
amount, CEMEX determines the fair value of such group of CGUs using methodologies generally accepted in the market to determine
the value of entities, such as multiples of Operating EBITDA and by reference to other market transactions, among others. An impairment
loss is recognized within other expenses, net, if the recoverable amount is lower than the net book value of the group of CGUs to which
goodwill has been allocated. Impairment charges recognized on goodwill are not reversed in subsequent periods.
The geographic operating segments reported by CEMEX (note 4), represent CEMEX’s groups of CGUs to which goodwill has been
allocated for purposes of testing goodwill for impairment, considering: a) that after the acquisition, goodwill was allocated at the level
of the geographic operating segment; b) that the operating components that comprise the reported segment have similar economic
characteristics; c) that the reported segments are used by CEMEX to organize and evaluate its activities in its internal information
system; d) the homogeneous nature of the items produced and traded in each operative component, which are all used by the
construction industry; e) the vertical integration in the value chain of the products comprising each component; f) the type of clients,
which are substantially similar in all components; g) the operative integration among components; and h) that the compensation
system of a specific country is based on the consolidated results of the geographic segment and not on the particular results of
the components. In addition, the country level represents the lowest level within CEMEX at which goodwill is monitored for internal
management purposes.
Impairment tests are significantly sensitive to, among other factors, the estimation of future prices of CEMEX’s products, the development
of operating expenses, local and international economic trends in the construction industry, the long-term growth expectations in
the different markets, as well as the discount rates and the growth rates in perpetuity applied. For purposes of estimating future
prices, CEMEX uses, to the extent available, historical data plus the expected increase or decrease according to information issued by
trusted external sources, such as national construction or cement producer chambers and/or in governmental economic expectations.
Operating expenses are normally measured as a constant proportion of revenues, following past experience. However, such operating
expenses are also reviewed considering external information sources in respect to inputs that behave according to international prices,
such as gas and oil. CEMEX uses specific pre-tax discount rates for each group of CGUs to which goodwill is allocated, which are
applied to discount pre-tax cash flows. The amounts of estimated undiscounted cash flows are significantly sensitive to the growth
rate in perpetuity applied. Likewise, the amounts of discounted estimated future cash flows are significantly sensitive to the weighted
average cost of capital (discount rate) applied. The higher the growth rate in perpetuity applied, the higher the amount of undiscounted
future cash flows by group of CGUs obtained. Conversely, the higher the discount rate applied, the lower the amount of discounted
estimated future cash flows by group of CGUs obtained.
54
Notes to the consolidated financial statements 2K) Provisions
CEMEX recognizes provisions when it has a legal or constructive obligation resulting from past events, whose resolution would
imply cash outflows or the delivery of other resources owned by the Company. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014 some significant
proceedings that gave rise to a portion of the carrying amount of CEMEX’s other current and non-current liabilities and provisions are
detailed in note 24A.
Considering guidance under IFRS, CEMEX does not have a constructive obligation to pay levies imposed by governments that will be
triggered by operating in a future period; consequently, provisions for such levies imposed by governments are recognized until the
critical event or the activity that triggers the payment of the levy has occurred, as defined in the legislation.
Restructuring (note 17)
CEMEX recognizes provisions for restructuring costs only when the restructuring plans have been properly finalized and authorized by
management, and have been communicated to the third parties involved and/or affected by the restructuring prior to the balance sheet
date. These provisions may include costs not associated with CEMEX’s ongoing activities.
Asset retirement obligations (note 17)
Unavoidable obligations, legal or constructive, to restore operating sites upon retirement of long-lived assets at the end of their useful
lives are measured at the net present value of estimated future cash flows to be incurred in the restoration process, and are initially
recognized against the related assets’ book value. The increase to the assets’ book value is depreciated during its remaining useful
life. The increase in the liability related to adjustments to net present value by the passage of time is charged to the line item “Other
financial (expense) income, net.” Adjustments to the liability for changes in estimations are recognized against fixed assets, and
depreciation is modified prospectively. These obligations are related mainly to future costs of demolition, cleaning and reforestation, so
that quarries, maritime terminals and other production sites are left in acceptable condition at the end of their operation.
Costs related to remediation of the environment (notes 17 and 24)
Provisions associated with environmental damage represent the estimated future cost of remediation, which are recognized at their
nominal value when the time schedule for the disbursement is not clear, or when the economic effect for the passage of time is not
significant; otherwise, such provisions are recognized at their discounted values. Reimbursements from insurance companies are
recognized as assets only when their recovery is practically certain. In that case, such reimbursement assets are not offset against
the provision for remediation costs.
Contingencies and commitments (notes 23 and 24)
Obligations or losses related to contingencies are recognized as liabilities in the balance sheet only when present obligations exist
resulting from past events that are expected to result in an outflow of resources and the amount can be measured reliably. Otherwise,
a qualitative disclosure is included in the notes to the financial statements. The effects of long-term commitments established with
third parties, such as supply contracts with suppliers or customers, are recognized in the financial statements on an incurred or accrued
basis, after taking into consideration the substance of the agreements. Relevant commitments are disclosed in the notes to the financial
statements. The Company does not recognize contingent revenues, income or assets, unless their realization is virtually certain.
2L) Pensions and postretirement employee benefits (note 18)
Defined contribution pension plans
The costs of defined contribution pension plans are recognized in the operating results as they are incurred. Liabilities arising from such
plans are settled through cash transfers to the employees’ retirement accounts, without generating future obligations.
55
Notes to the consolidated financial statements Defined benefit pension plans, other postretirement benefits and termination benefits
The costs associated with employees’ benefits for: a) defined benefit pension plans; and b) other postretirement benefits, basically
comprised of health care benefits, life insurance and seniority premiums, granted by CEMEX and/or pursuant to applicable law, are
recognized as services are rendered, based on actuarial estimations of the benefits’ present value with the advice of external actuaries.
For certain pension plans, CEMEX has created irrevocable trust funds to cover future benefit payments (“plan assets”). These plan
assets are valued at their estimated fair value at the balance sheet date. The actuarial assumptions and accounting policy consider:
a) the use of nominal rates; b) a single rate is used for the determination of the expected return on plan assets and the discount of
the benefits obligation to present value; c) a net interest is recognized on the net defined benefit liability (liability minus plan assets);
and d) all actuarial gains and losses for the period, related to differences between the projected and real actuarial assumptions at the
end of the period, as well as the difference between the expected and real return on plan assets, are recognized as part of “Other
comprehensive income or loss” within stockholders’ equity.
The service cost, corresponding to the increase in the obligation for additional benefits earned by employees during the period, is recognized
within operating costs and expenses. The net interest cost, resulting from the increase in obligations for changes in net present value
and the change during the period in the estimated fair value of plan assets, is recognized within “Other financial (expense) income, net.”
The effects from modifications to the pension plans that affect the cost of past services are recognized within operating costs and
expenses during the period in which such modifications become effective with respect to the employees or without delay if changes are
effective immediately. Likewise, the effects from curtailments and/or settlements of obligations occurring during the period, associated
with events that significantly reduce the cost of future services and/or reduce significantly the population subject to pension benefits,
respectively, are recognized within operating costs and expenses.
Termination benefits, not associated with a restructuring event, which mainly represent severance payments by law, are recognized in
the operating results for the period in which they are incurred.
2M) Income taxes (note 19)
The effects reflected in the statements of operations for income taxes include the amounts incurred during the period and the amounts
of deferred income taxes, determined according to the income tax law applicable to each subsidiary. Consolidated deferred income
taxes represent the addition of the amounts determined in each subsidiary by applying the enacted statutory income tax rate to the total
temporary differences resulting from comparing the book and taxable values of assets and liabilities, considering tax loss carryforwards
as well as other recoverable taxes and tax credits, to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against
which they can be utilized. The measurement of deferred income taxes reflects the tax consequences that follow the manner in which
CEMEX expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities. Deferred income
taxes for the period represent the difference between balances of deferred income at the beginning and the end of the period. Deferred
income tax assets and liabilities relating to different tax jurisdictions are not offset. According to IFRS, all items charged or credited directly
in stockholders’ equity or as part of other comprehensive income or loss for the period are recognized net of their current and deferred
income tax effects. The effect of a change in enacted statutory tax rates is recognized in the period in which the change is officially enacted.
Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is not considered probable that the
related tax benefit will be realized. In conducting such assessment, CEMEX analyzes the aggregate amount of self-determined tax
loss carryforwards included in its income tax returns in each country where CEMEX believes, based on available evidence, that the tax
authorities would not reject such tax loss carryforwards; and the likelihood of the recoverability of such tax loss carryforwards prior to
their expiration through an analysis of estimated future taxable income. If CEMEX believes that it is probable that the tax authorities
would reject a self-determined deferred tax asset, it would decrease such asset. Likewise, if CEMEX believes that it would not be able
to use a tax loss carryforward before its expiration or any other deferred tax asset, CEMEX would cancel such deferred tax asset. Both
situations would result in additional income tax expense for the period in which such determination is made. In order to determine
whether it is probable that deferred tax assets will ultimately be recovered, CEMEX takes into consideration all available positive
and negative evidence, including factors such as market conditions, industry analysis, expansion plans, projected taxable income,
carryforward periods, current tax structure, potential changes or adjustments in tax structure, tax planning strategies, future reversals
of existing temporary differences, etc. Likewise, every reporting period, CEMEX analyzes its actual results versus the Company’s
estimates, and adjusts, as necessary, its tax asset valuations. If actual results vary from CEMEX’s estimates, the deferred tax asset
and/or valuations may be affected and necessary adjustments will be made based on relevant information. Any adjustments recorded
will affect CEMEX’s statements of operations in such period.
56
Notes to the consolidated financial statements The income tax effects from an uncertain tax position are recognized when there is high probability that the position will be sustained
based on its technical merits and assuming that the tax authorities will examine each position and have full knowledge of all relevant
information, and they are measured using a cumulative probability model. Each position has been considered on its own, regardless
of its relation to any other broader tax settlement. The high probability threshold represents a positive assertion by management that
CEMEX is entitled to the economic benefits of a tax position. If a tax position is considered to have low probability to be sustained, no
benefits of the position are recognized. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded as part of the income
tax in the consolidated statements of operations.
CEMEX effective income tax rate is determined by dividing the line item “Income Tax,” in the statements of operations, which is
comprised by current and deferred income tax benefit or expense for the period, into the line item “Earnings (loss) before income tax.”
This effective tax rate is further reconciled to CEMEX’s statutory tax rate applicable in Mexico and is presented in note 19C. During
2014 and 2013, CEMEX has experienced consolidated losses before income tax. In any given period whereas a loss before income tax
is reported, the reference statutory tax rate applicable in Mexico to which CEMEX reconciles its effective income tax rate is shown
as a negative percentage. A significant effect in CEMEX’s effective tax rate and consequently in the aforementioned reconciliation of
CEMEX’s effective tax rate, relates to the difference between the statutory income tax rate in Mexico of 30% against the applicable
income tax rates of each country where CEMEX operates. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the statutory tax
rates in CEMEX’s main operations were as follows:
Country
Mexico
United States
United Kingdom
France
Germany
Spain
Philippines
Colombia
Egypt
Switzerland
Others
2015
2014
2013
30.0%
35.0%
20.3%
38.0%
29.8%
28.0%
30.0%
39.0%
22.5%
9.6%
7.8% - 39.0%
30.0%
35.0%
21.5%
38.0%
29.8%
30.0%
30.0%
34.0%
30.0%
9.6%
10.0% - 39.0%
30.0%
35.0%
23.3%
38.0%
29.8%
30.0%
30.0%
34.0%
25.0%
23.5%
10.0% - 39.0%
CEMEX’s current and deferred income tax amounts included in the statements of operations for the period are highly variable, and are
subject, among other factors, to taxable income determined in each jurisdiction in which CEMEX operates. Such amounts of taxable
income depend on factors such as sale volumes and prices, costs and expenses, exchange rates fluctuations and interest on debt,
among others, as well as to the estimated tax assets at the end of the period due to the expected future generation of taxable gains
in each jurisdiction.
2N) Stockholders’ equity
Common stock and additional paid-in capital (note 20A)
These items represent the value of stockholders’ contributions, and include increases related to the capitalization of retained earnings
and the recognition of executive compensation programs in CEMEX’s CPOs as well as decreases associated with the restitution of
retained earnings.
Other equity reserves (note 20B)
This caption groups the cumulative effects of items and transactions that are, temporarily or permanently, recognized directly to
stockholders’ equity, and includes the elements presented in the statements of comprehensive income (loss). Comprehensive income
(loss) for the period includes, in addition to net income (loss), certain changes in stockholders’ equity during a period that do not
result from investments by owners and distributions to owners. The most significant items within “Other equity reserves” during the
reported periods are as follows:
57
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Items of “Other equity reserves” included within other comprehensive income (loss):
• Currency translation effects from the translation of foreign subsidiaries’ financial statements, net of: a) exchange results from foreign
currency debt directly related to the acquisition of foreign subsidiaries; and b) exchange results from foreign currency related parties
balances that are of a long-term investment nature (note 2D);
• The effective portion of the valuation and liquidation effects from derivative instruments under cash flow hedging relationships,
which are recorded temporarily in stockholders’ equity (note 2F);
• Changes in fair value during the tenure of available-for-sale investments until their disposal (note 2F); and
• Current and deferred income taxes during the period arising from items whose effects are directly recognized in stockholders’ equity.
Items of “Other equity reserves” not included in comprehensive income (loss):
• Effects related to controlling stockholders’ equity for changes or transactions affecting non-controlling interest stockholders in
CEMEX’s consolidated subsidiaries;
• Effects attributable to controlling stockholders’ equity for financial instruments issued by consolidated subsidiaries that qualify for
accounting purposes as equity instruments, such as the interest expense paid on perpetual debentures;
• The equity component determined upon issuance of convertible securities or upon classification, which are mandatorily or optionally
convertible into shares of the Parent Company (note 16B) and that qualify under IFRS as instruments having components of liability
and equity (note 2F). Upon conversion, this amount will be reclassified to common stock and additional paid-in capital; and
• The cancellation of the Parent Company’s shares held by consolidated entities.
Retained earnings (note 20C)
Retained earnings represent the cumulative net results of prior accounting periods, net of: a) dividends declared to stockholders;
b) recapitalizations of retained earnings; c) the effects generated form initial adoption of IFRS as of January 1, 2010; and d) when
applicable, the restitution of retained earnings from other line items within stockholder´s equity.
Non-controlling interest and perpetual debentures (note 20D)
This caption includes the share of non-controlling stockholders in the results and equity of consolidated subsidiaries. This caption also
includes the nominal amount as of the balance sheet date of financial instruments (perpetual notes) issued by consolidated entities
that qualify as equity instruments considering that there is: a) no contractual obligation to deliver cash or another financial asset; b) no
predefined maturity date; and c) an unilateral option to defer interest payments or preferred dividends for indeterminate periods.
2O) Revenue recognition (note 3)
CEMEX’s consolidated net sales represent the value, before tax on sales, of revenues originated by products and services sold by
consolidated subsidiaries as a result of their ordinary activities, after the elimination of transactions between related parties, and are
quantified at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, decreased by any trade discounts or volume rebates granted to
customers.
Revenue from the sale of goods and services is recognized when goods are delivered or services are rendered to customers, there
is no condition or uncertainty implying a reversal thereof, and they have assumed the risk of loss. Revenue from trading activities, in
which CEMEX acquires finished goods from a third party and subsequently sells the goods to another third-party, are recognized on a
gross basis, considering that CEMEX assumes the total risk on the goods purchased, not acting as agent or broker.
58
Notes to the consolidated financial statements Revenue and costs associated with construction contracts are recognized in the period in which the work is performed by reference
to the percentage or stage of completion of the contract at the end of the period, considering that the following have been defined: a)
each party’s enforceable rights regarding the asset to be constructed; b) the consideration to be exchanged; c) the manner and terms
of settlement; d) actual costs incurred and contract costs required to complete the asset are effectively controlled; and e) it is probable
that the economic benefits associated with the contract will flow to the entity.
The percentage of completion of construction contracts represents the proportion that contract costs incurred for work performed to date
bear to the estimated total contract costs or the surveys of work performed or the physical proportion of the contract work completed,
whichever better reflects the percentage of completion under the specific circumstances. Progress payments and advances received
from customers do not reflect the work performed and are recognized as a short or long term advanced payments, as appropriate.
2P) Cost of sales, administrative and selling expenses and distribution expenses
Cost of sales represents the production cost of inventories at the moment of sale. Such cost of sales includes depreciation,
amortization and depletion of assets involved in production, expenses related to storage in production plants and freight expenses of
raw material in plants and delivery expenses of CEMEX’s ready-mix concrete business. Cost of sales excludes expenses related to
personnel, equipment and services involved in sale activities and storage of product at points of sales, which are included as part of
the administrative and selling expenses, as well as freight expenses of finished products between plants and points of sale and freight
expenses between points of sales and the customers’ facilities, which are included as part of the distribution expenses line item. For
the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, selling expenses included as part of the selling and administrative expenses line
item amounted to $6,369, $6,030 and $7,863, respectively.
2Q) Executive stock-based compensation (note 21)
Stock awards based on shares of the Parent Company and/or a subsidiary granted to executives are defined as equity instruments
when services received from employees are settled by delivering CEMEX’s shares; or as liability instruments when CEMEX commits
to make cash payments to the executives on the exercise date of the awards based on changes in CEMEX’s own stock (intrinsic
value). The cost of equity instruments represents their estimated fair value at the date of grant and is recognized in the statements of
operations during the period in which the exercise rights of the employees become vested. In respect of liability instruments, these
instruments are valued at their estimated fair value at each reporting date, recognizing the changes in fair value through the operating
results. CEMEX determines the estimated fair value of options using the binomial financial option-pricing model.
2R) Emission rights
In some of the countries where CEMEX operates, such as EU countries, governments have established mechanisms aimed at reducing
carbon dioxide emissions (“CO2”) by means of which industries releasing CO2 must submit to the environmental authorities at the
end of a compliance period emission rights for a volume equivalent to the tons of CO2 released. Since the mechanism for emissions
reduction in the EU has been in operation, a certain number of emission rights based on historical levels have been granted by the
relevant environmental authorities to the different industries free of cost. Therefore, companies have to buy additional emission rights
to meet deficits between actual CO2 emissions during the compliance period and emission rights actually held, or they can dispose of
any surplus of emission rights in the market. In addition, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (“UNFCCC”)
grants Certified Emission Reductions (“CERs”) to qualified CO2 emission reduction projects. CERs may be used in specified proportions
to settle emission rights obligations in the EU. CEMEX actively participates in the development of projects aimed to reduce CO2
emissions. Some of these projects have been awarded with CERs.
59
Notes to the consolidated financial statements CEMEX does not maintain emission rights, CERs and/or enter into forward transactions with trading purposes. In the absence of an
IFRS that defines an accounting treatment for these schemes, CEMEX accounts for the effects associated with CO2 emission reduction
mechanisms as follows:
• Emission rights granted by governments are not recognized in the balance sheet considering that their cost is zero.
• Revenues from the sale of any surplus of emission rights are recognized by decreasing cost of sales; in the case of forward sale
transactions, revenues are recognized upon physical delivery of the emission certificates.
• Emission rights and/or CERs acquired to hedge current CO2 emissions are recognized as intangible assets at cost, and are further
amortized to cost of sales during the compliance period. In the case of forward purchases, assets are recognized upon physical
reception of the emission certificates.
• CEMEX accrues a provision against cost of sales when the estimated annual emissions of CO2 are expected to exceed the number
of emission rights, net of any benefit obtained through swap transactions of emission rights for CERs.
• CERs received from the UNFCCC are recognized as intangible assets at their development cost, which are attributable mainly to
legal expenses incurred in the process of obtaining such CERs.
During 2015, 2014 and 2013, there were no sales of emission rights to third parties.
2S) Concentration of credit
CEMEX sells its products primarily to distributors in the construction industry, with no specific geographic concentration within the
countries in which CEMEX operates. As of and for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, no single customer individually
accounted for a significant amount of the reported amounts of sales or in the balances of trade receivables. In addition, there is no
significant concentration of a specific supplier relating to the purchase of raw materials.
2T) Newly issued ifrs not yet adopted
There are a number of IFRS issued as of the date of issuance of these financial statements but which have not yet been adopted, which
are listed below. Except as otherwise indicated, CEMEX expects to adopt these IFRS when they become effective.
• IFRS 9, Financial instruments: classification and measurement (“IFRS 9”). IFRS 9 sets forth the guidance relating to the classification
and measurement of financial assets and liabilities, to the accounting for expected credit losses on an entity’s financial assets
and commitments to extend credits, as well as the requirements related to hedge accounting, and will replace IAS 39, Financial
instruments: recognition and measurement (“IAS 39”) in its entirety. IFRS 9 requires an entity to recognize a financial asset or a
financial liability when, and only when, the entity becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. At initial recognition,
an entity shall measure a financial asset or financial liability at its fair value plus or minus, in the case of a financial asset or financial
liability not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial
asset or financial liability, and includes a category of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income for simple
debt instruments. In respect to impairment requirements, IFRS 9 eliminates the threshold set forth in IAS 39 for the recognition of
credit losses. Under the impairment approach in IFRS 9 it is no longer necessary for a credit event to have occurred before credit
losses are recognized, instead, an entity always accounts for expected credit losses, and changes in those expected losses through
profit or loss. In respect to hedging activities, the requirements of IFRS 9 align hedge accounting more closely with an entity’s risk
management through a principles-based approach. Nonetheless, the IASB provided entities with an accounting policy choice between
applying the hedge accounting requirements of IFRS 9 or continuing to apply the existing hedge accounting requirements in IAS 39
until the IASB completes its project on the accounting for macro hedging. IFRS 9 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after
January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. If an entity elects to apply IFRS 9 early, it must apply all of the requirements in this
standard at the same time. CEMEX is currently evaluating the impact that IFRS 9 will have on the classification and measurement
of its financial assets and financial liabilities, impairment of financial assets and hedging activities. Preliminarily, CEMEX does not
expect a significant effect. Nonetheless, CEMEX is not considering an early application of IFRS 9.
60
Notes to the consolidated financial statements • In May 2014, the IASB issued IFRS 15, Revenue from contracts with customers (“IFRS 15”). Under IFRS 15, an entity recognizes
revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the
entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services, following a five step model: Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with
a customer, which is an agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable rights and obligations; Step 2: Identify
the performance obligations in the contract, considering that if a contract includes promises to transfer distinct goods or services
to a customer, the promises are performance obligations and are accounted for separately; Step 3: Determine the transaction price,
which is the amount of consideration in a contract to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised
goods or services to a customer; Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, on the basis
of the relative stand-alone selling prices of each distinct good or service promised in the contract; and Step 5: Recognize revenue
when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation, by transferring a promised good or service to a customer (which is
when the customer obtains control of that good or service). A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time (typically
for promises to transfer goods to a customer) or over time (typically for promises to transfer services to a customer). IFRS 15
also includes disclosure requirements that would provide users of financial statements with comprehensive information about the
nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity’s contracts with customers. IFRS 15 will
supersede all existing guidance on revenue recognition. IFRS 15 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018,
with early adoption permitted considering certain additional disclosure requirements. CEMEX started to evaluate the impact that
IFRS 15 will have on the recognition of revenue from its contracts with customers. Preliminarily, due to the nature of its business,
main transactions and current accounting policies, whereas the transaction price is allocated to goods delivered or services rendered
to customers where there is no condition or uncertainty implying a reversal thereof, and customers have assumed the risk of loss,
CEMEX does not expect a significant effect. Nonetheless, CEMEX will continue in 2016 its evaluation of current product warranty
policies, customer loyalty programs and construction contracts in order to conclude if certain portion of revenue that currently is
being recognized at the transaction date or deferred during time, as applicable, should otherwise be recognized differently. CEMEX
is not considering the early application of IFRS 15.
• On January 13, 2016, the IASB issued IFRS 16, Leases (“IFRS 16”), which will supersede all current standards and interpretations
related to lease accounting. IFRS 16, defines leases as any contract or part of a contract that conveys to the lessee the right to use
an asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration and the lessee directs the use of the identified asset throughout that
period. In summary, IFRS 16 introduces a single lessee accounting model, and requires a lessee to recognize, for all leases with a
term of more than 12 months, unless the underlying asset is of low value, assets for the “right-of-use” the underlying asset against
a corresponding financial liability, representing the net present value of estimated lease payments under the contract, with a single
income statement model in which a lessee recognizes depreciation of the right-of-use asset and interest on the lease liability. A lessee
shall present either in the balance sheet, or disclose in the notes, right-of-use assets separately from other assets, as well as, lease
liabilities separately from other liabilities. IFRS 16 is effective beginning January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted considering
certain requirements. CEMEX is evaluating the impact that IFRS 16 will have on the recognition of its lease contracts. Preliminarily,
it is considered that upon adoption of IFRS 16, most of operating leases will be recognized on balance sheet increasing assets and
liabilities, with no significant initial effect on CEMEX’s net assets. CEMEX is not considering the early application of IFRS 16.
61
Notes to the consolidated financial statements 3) Revenues and construction contracts
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, net sales, after sales and eliminations between related parties resulting from
consolidation, were as follows:
From the sale of goods associated to CEMEX’s main activities 1
From the sale of services 2
From the sale of other goods and services 3
2015
2014
2013
$ 217,435
2,811
5,496
$ 225,742
196,976
2,618
4,808
204,402
182,099
2,523
5,748
190,370
1 Includes in each period those revenues generated under construction contracts that are presented in the table below.
2 Refers mainly to revenues generated by Neoris N.V., a subsidiary involved in providing information technology solutions and services.
3 Refers mainly to revenues generated by subsidiaries not individually significant operating in different lines of business.
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, revenues and costs related to construction contracts in progress were as
follows:
Revenue from construction contracts included in consolidated net sales 2
Costs incurred in construction contracts included in consolidated cost of sales 3
Construction contracts operating profit
Recognized to date 1
2015
2014
2013
$ 4,215
(3,182)
$ 1,033
189
(196)
(7)
328
(291)
37
1,319
(1,144)
175
1 Revenues and costs recognized from inception of the contracts until December 31, 2015 in connection with those projects still in progress.
2 Revenues from construction contracts during 2015, 2014 and 2013, determined under the percentage of completion method, were mainly obtained in Mexico and
Colombia.
3 Refers to actual costs incurred during the periods. The oldest contract in progress as of December 31, 2015 started in 2010.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, amounts receivable for progress billings to customers of construction contracts and/or advances
received by CEMEX from these customers were not significant.
4) Discontinued operations and selected financial information by geographic operating segment
4A) Discontinued operations
With effective date October 31, 2015, after all agreed upon conditions precedent were satisfied, CEMEX completed the process for
the sale of its operations in Austria and Hungary that started on August 12, 2015 to the Rohrdorfer Group for approximately €165.1
(US$179 or $3,090), after final adjustments negotiated for changes in cash and working capital balances as of the transfer date. The
combined operations in Austria and Hungary consisted of 29 aggregate quarries and 68 ready-mix plants. The operations in Austria and
Hungary for the ten-month period ended October 31, 2015 and the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, included in CEMEX’s
statements of operations, were reclassified to the single line item “Discontinued operations,” which includes, in 2015, a gain on sale
of approximately US$45 ($741). Such gain on sale includes the reclassification to the statement of operations of foreign currency
translation effects accrued in equity until October 31, 2015 for an amount of approximately $215.
In addition, on August 12, 2015, CEMEX agreed with Duna-Dráva Cement, the sale of its Croatia operations, including assets in Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia, for approximately €230.9 (US$251 or $4,322), amount that is subject to final adjustments
negotiated for changes in cash and working capital balances as of the change of control date. The operations in Croatia, including
assets in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia, mainly consist of three cement plants with aggregate annual production
capacity of approximately 2.4 million tons of cement, two aggregates quarries and seven ready-mix plants. As of December 31, 2015,
the closing of this transaction is subject to customary conditions precedent, which includes the approval from the relevant authorities.
CEMEX expects to conclude the sale of its operations in Croatia, including assets in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia,
during the first half of 2016. The operations in Croatia, including assets in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia, for the
years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, included in CEMEX’s statements of operations were reclassified to the single line
item “Discontinued Operations, net of tax.”.
62
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
The following table presents condensed combined information of the statement of operations of CEMEX discontinued operations in
Austria and Hungary for the ten-months period ended October 31, 2015 and the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, as well as
of CEMEX’s operations in Croatia, including assets in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia, for the years ended December
31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
Sales
Cost of sales and operating expenses
Other products (expenses), net
Interest expenses, net and others
Gain before income tax
Income tax
Net income
Net income (loss) of non-controlling interest
Net income of controlling interest
2015
2014
2013
$
$
5,446
(5,096)
21
(54)
317
(85)
232
6
226
5,621
(5,321)
(77)
(50)
173
(63)
110
–
110
5,291
(5,067)
(40)
(39)
145
(48)
97
–
97
As of December 31, 2015, the balance sheet of CEMEX’s Croatian operations, including its assets in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Montenegro and Serbia, was reclassified to current assets and current liabilities held for sale. Selected combined condensed financial
information of balance sheet at this date of these operations was as follows:
Current assets
Property, machinery and equipment, net
Intangible assets, net and other non-current assets
Total assets held for sale
Current liabilities
Non-current liabilities
Total liabilities held for sale
Net assets held for sale
2015
438
2,562
446
3,446
442
231
673
2,773
$
$
The balance sheet of CEMEX as of December 31, 2014 was not restated as a result of the sale of its operations in Austria and Hungary.
Selected combined condensed financial information of balance sheet at this date of CEMEX’s discontinued operations in Austria and
Hungary was as follows:
Current assets
Property, machinery and equipment, net
Intangible assets, net and other non-current assets
Total assets held for sale
Current liabilities
Non-current liabilities
Total liabilities held for sale
Net assets held for sale
2014
622
1,931
542
3,095
735
716
1,451
1,644
$
$
63
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
4B) Selected financial information by geographic operating segment
Geographic operating segments represent the components of CEMEX that engage in business activities from which CEMEX may earn
revenues and incur expenses, whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the entity’s top management to make decisions about
resources to be allocated to the segments and assess their performance, and for which discrete financial information is available.
CEMEX’s main activities are oriented to the construction industry segment through the production, distribution, marketing and sale
of cement, ready-mix concrete, aggregates and other construction materials. CEMEX operates geographically on a regional basis.
Until December 31, 2015, CEMEX’s operations were organized into six geographical regions, each under the supervision of a regional
president: 1) Mexico, 2) United States, 3) Northern Europe, 4) Mediterranean, 5) South, Central America and the Caribbean, and 6)
Asia. Each regional president supervises and is responsible for all the business activities in the countries comprising the region. These
activities refer to the production, distribution, marketing and sale of cement, ready-mix concrete, aggregates and other construction
materials, the allocation of resources and the review of their performance and operating results. All regional presidents report directly
to CEMEX’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”). The country manager, who is one level below the regional president in the organizational
structure, reports the performance and operating results of its country to the regional president, including all the operating sectors.
CEMEX’s top management internally evaluates the results and performance of each country and region for decision-making purposes
and allocation of resources, following a vertical integration approach considering: a) that the operating components that comprise the
reported segment have similar economic characteristics; b) that the reported segments are used by CEMEX to organize and evaluate its
activities in its internal information system; c) the homogeneous nature of the items produced and traded in each operative component,
which are all used by the construction industry; d) the vertical integration in the value chain of the products comprising each component;
e) the type of clients, which are substantially similar in all components; f) the operative integration among components; and g) that
the compensation system of a specific country is based on the consolidated results of the geographic segment and not on the
particular results of the components. In accordance with this approach, in CEMEX’s daily operations, management allocates economic
resources and evaluates operating results on a country basis rather than on an operating component basis. The financial information
by geographic operating segment reported in the tables below for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 has been restated
in order to give effect to the discontinued operations described in note 4A. Effective January 1, 2016, according to an announcement
made by CEMEX’s CEO on December 1, 2015, the Company’s operations will be reorganized into five geographical regions, also each
under the supervision of a regional president, as follows: 1) Mexico, 2) United States, 3) Europe, 4) South, Central America and the
Caribbean, and 5) Asia, Middle East and Africa. Under the new organization, the geographical operating segments under the current
Mediterranean region will be incorporated to the Europe region or the Asia, Middle East and Africa region, as correspond.
Considering the financial information that is regularly reviewed by CEMEX’s top management, each of the six geographic regions
in which CEMEX operated until December 31, 2015 and the countries that comprise such regions represent reportable operating
segments. However, for disclosure purposes in the notes to the financial statements, considering similar regional and economic
characteristics and/or the fact that certain countries do not exceed certain materiality thresholds to be reported separately, such
countries have been aggregated and presented as single line items as follows: a) “Rest of Northern Europe” is mainly comprised
of CEMEX’s operations in the Czech Republic, Poland and Latvia, as well as trading activities in Scandinavia and Finland; b) “Rest
of Mediterranean” is mainly comprised of CEMEX’s operations in the United Arab Emirates and Israel; c) “Rest of South, Central
America and the Caribbean” is mainly comprised of CEMEX’s operations in Costa Rica, Panama, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic,
Nicaragua, Jamaica and other countries in the Caribbean, Guatemala, and small ready-mix concrete operations in Argentina; and d)
“Rest of Asia” is mainly comprised of CEMEX’s operations in Thailand, Bangladesh, China and Malaysia. The segment “Others” refers
to: 1) cement trade maritime operations, 2) Neoris N.V., CEMEX’s subsidiary involved in the development of information technology
solutions, 3) the Parent Company and other corporate entities, and 4) other minor subsidiaries with different lines of business.
64
Notes to the consolidated financial statements The main indicator used by CEMEX’s management to evaluate the performance of each country is “Operating EBITDA” representing
operating earnings before other expenses, net, plus depreciation and amortization, considering that such amount represents a relevant
measure for CEMEX’s management as an indicator of the ability to internally fund capital expenditures, as well as a widely accepted
financial indicator to measure CEMEX’s ability to service or incur debt (note 16). Operating EBITDA should not be considered as an
indicator of CEMEX’s financial performance, as an alternative to cash flow, as a measure of liquidity, or as being comparable to other
similarly titled measures of other companies. This indicator, which is presented in the selected financial information by geographic
operating segment, is consistent with the information used by CEMEX’s management for decision-making purposes. The accounting
policies applied to determine the financial information by geographic operating segment are consistent with those described in note 2.
CEMEX recognizes sales and other transactions between related parties based on market values.
Selected information of the consolidated statements of operations by geographic operating segment for the years ended December
31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was as follows:
Less:
Depreciation
and
amortization
Operating
earnings
before other
expenses, net
Other
expenses,
net
Financial
Expense
Other
financing
items, net
2015
Mexico
United States
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Rest of Northern Europe
Mediterranean
Spain
Egypt
Rest of Mediterranean
South, Central America
and the Caribbean (“SAC”)
Colombia
Rest of SAC
Asia
Philippines
Rest of Asia
Others
Continuing operations
Discontinued operations
Total
Net sales
(including
related
parties)
Less:
Related
parties
Net
sales
$ 50,260
63,002
(5,648)
(18)
44,612
62,984
20,227
8,285
12,064
10,010
6,151
6,923
9,929
–
(1,276)
–
(767)
(755)
(5)
–
20,227
7,009
12,064
9,243
5,396
6,918
9,929
Operating
EBITDA
15,362
8,764
2,705
542
670
1,419
1,031
1,777
1,194
11,562
19,169
(2)
(2,285)
11,560
16,884
4,041
5,211
2,399
6,328
1,004
389
438
972
604
536
244
500
844
8,436
2,178
17,058
245,254
5,502
$ 250,756
(4)
–
(8,752)
(19,512)
(56)
(19,568)
8,432
2,178
8,306
225,742
5,446
231,188
2,206
156
(2,952)
42,126
610
42,736
447
81
590
15,376
260
15,636
12,963
2,436
1,701
153
232
447
427
1,241
950
3,541
4,367
1,759
75
(3,542)
26,750
350
27,100
(684)
264
(147)
49
(8)
(182)
(735)
(254)
(53)
(88)
(267)
(210)
(442)
(95)
(14)
(48)
(57)
(72)
(115)
(22)
(50)
(43)
915
(156)
(299)
(61)
(10)
(75)
(2)
114
5
(570)
(113)
(12)
(15)
(898)
(3,030)
21
(3,009)
(20)
(8)
(18,583)
(19,779)
(25)
(19,804)
19
87
(1,091)
(1,237)
(29)
(1,266)
65
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
2014
Mexico
United States
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Rest of Northern Europe
Mediterranean
Spain
Egypt
Rest of Mediterranean
South, Central America
and the Caribbean (“SAC”)
Colombia
Rest of SAC
Asia
Philippines
Rest of Asia
Others
Continuing operations
Discontinued operations
Total
2013
Mexico
United States
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Rest of Northern Europe
Mediterranean
Spain
Egypt
Rest of Mediterranean
South, Central America
and the Caribbean (“SAC”)
Colombia
Rest of SAC
Asia
Philippines
Rest of Asia
Others
Continuing operations
Discontinued operations
Total
Net sales
(including
related
parties)
Less:
Related
parties
Net
sales
$ 51,412
49,127
(10,143)
(32)
41,269
49,095
17,071
14,138
12,914
9,101
4,717
7,123
8,454
–
(1,247)
–
(921)
(559)
(12)
(6)
17,071
12,891
12,914
8,180
4,158
7,111
8,448
Operating
EBITDA
13,480
5,337
1,672
869
852
1,080
363
2,664
1,046
13,242
16,292
(1)
(1,865)
13,241
14,427
4,838
4,767
5,912
2,263
13,533
225,299
5,673
$ 230,972
(2)
–
(6,109)
(20,897)
(52)
(20,949)
5,910
2,263
7,424
204,402
5,621
210,023
1,374
170
(2,461)
36,051
589
36,640
Less:
Depreciation
and
amortization
Operating
earnings
before other
expenses, net
Other
expenses,
net
2,420
5,718
1,004
625
516
667
571
474
224
476
688
338
71
375
14,167
290
14,457
11,060
(381)
668
244
336
413
(208)
2,190
822
4,362
4,079
1,036
99
(2,836)
21,884
299
22,183
734
(346)
1,062
(797)
(94)
(367)
(2,107)
(209)
15
52
(101)
40
(174)
(2,759)
(5,051)
(77)
(5,128)
Financial
Expense
(262)
(417)
(33)
(29)
(72)
(26)
(29)
(28)
(19)
(90)
(44)
(5)
(6)
(20,431)
(21,491)
(10)
(21,501)
Other
financing
items, net
481
(122)
(378)
(122)
(4)
(56)
(4)
15
(7)
(353)
9
(8)
36
3,047
2,534
(39)
2,495
Net sales
(including
related
parties)
Less:
Related
parties
Net
sales
Operating
EBITDA
Less:
Depreciation
and
amortization
Operating
earnings
before other
expenses, net
Other
expenses,
net
Financial
Expense
Other
financing
items, net
$ 40,932
42,582
(1,507)
(128)
39,425
42,454
12,740
2,979
2,493
5,885
10,247
(2,906)
14,368
13,715
13,393
8,720
3,856
6,162
7,699
–
(976)
–
(800)
(203)
3
–
14,368
12,739
13,393
7,920
3,653
6,165
7,699
1,005
826
1,274
1,110
360
2,373
1,012
13,203
15,527
–
(1,843)
13,203
13,684
5,449
4,518
882
643
532
647
629
462
174
485
675
5,067
2,330
16,548
204,102
5,404
$ 209,506
–
–
(8,278)
(13,732)
(113)
(13,845)
5,067
2,330
8,270
190,370
5,291
195,661
1,173
153
(1,525)
33,447
516
33,963
320
80
260
14,167
292
14,459
(721)
(359)
(258)
(80)
(160)
(98)
123
183
742
463
(269)
1,911
838
(1,439)
(144)
10
(337)
(501)
(113)
(11)
(61)
(15)
(55)
(15)
(22)
4,964
3,843
853
73
(1,785)
19,280
224
19,504
(87)
(345)
(177)
(49)
12
57
(1,251)
(4,863)
(40)
(4,903)
(3)
(12)
(18,540)
(19,911)
(29)
(19,940)
206
(129)
(220)
(125)
(22)
(115)
11
55
15
(183)
(11)
38
29
2,167
1,716
(10)
1,706
The information of equity in income of associates by geographic operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and
2013 is included in the note 13A.
66
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, selected balance sheet information by geographic segment was as follows:
2015
Mexico
United States
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Rest of Northern Europe
Mediterranean
Spain
Egypt
Rest of Mediterranean
South, Central America and the Caribbean (“SAC”)
Colombia
Rest of SAC
Asia
Philippines
Rest of Asia
Others
Continuing operations
Discontinued operations
Total
2014
Mexico
United States
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Rest of Northern Europe
Mediterranean
Spain
Egypt
Rest of Mediterranean
South, Central America and the Caribbean (“SAC”)
Colombia
Rest of SAC
Asia
Philippines
Rest of Asia
Others
Total
Investments in Other segment
associates
assets
Total
assets
Total
liabilities
Net assets
by segment
Additions to
fixed assets 1
$
438
1,228
75,215
260,847
75,653
262,075
16,936
22,832
58,717
239,243
1,177
3,453
103
64
582
291
94
11
–
–
24
32,339
7,278
14,577
15,043
24,025
9,310
10,196
32,442
7,342
15,159
15,334
24,119
9,321
10,196
19,499
21,714
19,499
21,738
19,054
5,988
6,704
4,025
2,810
4,499
5,436
8,959
5,110
13,388
1,354
8,455
11,309
21,309
4,822
4,760
10,540
16,628
6
–
9,309
12,150
4
$ 12,154
10,447
1,859
24,319
526,668
3,442
530,110
10,453
1,859
33,628
538,818
3,446
542,264
2,907
769
271,794
377,823
673
378,496
7,546
1,090
(238,166)
160,995
2,773
163,768
925
362
515
594
281
762
246
2,601
965
329
42
61
12,313
154
12,467
Investments in Other segment
associates
assets
Total
assets
Total
liabilities
Net assets
by segment
Additions to
fixed assets 1
$
855
1,007
75,739
228,068
76,594
229,075
17,367
15,420
59,227
213,655
1,177
2,738
104
61
544
73
77
–
5
–
24
29,780
12,383
14,019
16,791
21,343
7,914
11,364
29,884
12,444
14,563
16,864
21,420
7,914
11,369
15,949
18,341
15,949
18,365
16,736
7,683
5,960
4,541
2,583
4,182
4,518
9,447
3,361
13,148
4,761
8,603
12,323
18,837
3,732
6,851
6,502
15,004
3
–
6,807
9,560
9,567
1,871
42,272
505,401
9,570
1,871
49,079
514,961
1,931
751
272,310
366,790
7,639
1,120
(223,231)
148,171
$
626
389
362
353
166
418
289
1,378
766
705
49
70
9,486
1 In 2015 and 2014, the total “Additions to fixed assets “includes capital expenditures of approximately $11,454 and $8,866, respectively (note 14).
Total consolidated liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 included debt of $229,343 and $205,834, respectively. Of such balances,
as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, approximately 71% and 59% was in the Parent Company, less than 1% and 8% was in Spain, 27%
and 32% was in finance subsidiaries in the Netherlands, Luxembourg and the United States, and 1% and 1% was in other countries,
respectively. The Parent Company and the finance subsidiaries mentioned above are included within the segment “Others.”
67
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Net sales by product and geographic segment for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:
2015
Cement
Concrete
Aggregates
Others
Eliminations
Net sales
Mexico
United States
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Rest of Northern Europe
Mediterranean
Spain
Egypt
Rest of Mediterranean
South, Central America and the Caribbean (“SAC”)
Colombia
Rest of SAC
Asia
Philippines
Rest of Asia
Others
Continuing operations
Discontinued operations
Total
$ 30,384
23,358
13,163
30,575
2,860
12,524
9,956
13,093
(11,751)
(16,566)
44,612
62,984
4,705
3,098
–
5,966
5,265
6,052
880
8,158
14,846
8,270
1,046
–
112,028
1,741
$ 113,769
7,729
3,749
10,026
3,623
721
975
7,956
4,428
3,850
115
989
–
87,899
2,678
90,577
7,614
1,790
4,410
1,191
150
36
1,931
1,329
898
–
49
–
34,782
1,391
36,173
7,859
2,103
224
519
392
236
1,115
(7,680)
(3,731)
(2,596)
(2,056)
(1,132)
(381)
(1,953)
20,227
7,009
12,064
9,243
5,396
6,918
9,929
1,345
731
(3,700)
(3,441)
11,560
16,884
62
100
17,057
54,792
515
55,307
(15)
(6)
(8,751)
(63,759)
(879)
(64,638)
8,432
2,178
8,306
225,742
5,446
231,188
2014
Cement
Concrete
Aggregates
Others
Eliminations
Net sales
Mexico
United States
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Rest of Northern Europe
Mediterranean
Spain
Egypt
Rest of Mediterranean
South, Central America and the Caribbean (“SAC”)
Colombia
Rest of SAC
Asia
Philippines
Rest of Asia
Others
Continuing operations
Discontinued operations
Total
$
27,667
17,937
12,855
21,490
3,824
4,883
–
5,305
3,856
6,402
593
9,544
13,123
5,849
998
–
99,981
1,696
$ 101,677
6,666
6,600
10,826
3,154
783
542
6,854
4,964
3,417
48
1,099
–
79,298
2,827
82,125
2,963
9,886
6,128
4,042
4,585
1,089
168
19
1,736
1,547
712
–
95
–
32,970
1,356
34,326
9,056
12,294
(11,272)
(12,512)
41,269
49,095
7,929
2,434
215
341
359
318
992
770
690
27
101
11,607
47,133
555
47,688
(7,476)
(5,068)
(2,712)
(1,709)
(1,008)
(170)
(1,727)
17,071
12,891
12,914
8,180
4,158
7,111
8,448
(3,584)
(3,515)
13,241
14,427
(14)
(30)
(4,183)
(54,980)
(813)
(55,793)
5,910
2,263
7,424
204,402
5,621
210,023
68
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
2013
Cement
Concrete
Aggregates
Others
Eliminations
Net sales
Mexico
United States
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Rest of Northern Europe
Mediterranean
Spain
Egypt
Rest of Mediterranean
South, Central America and the Caribbean (“SAC”)
Colombia
Rest of SAC
Asia
Philippines
Rest of Asia
Others
Continuing operations
Discontinued operations
Total
$ 26,497
15,296
12,228
18,589
3,387
4,460
–
5,377
3,057
5,718
424
8,847
12,677
5,040
977
–
91,757
1,698
$ 93,455
5,699
6,386
11,244
3,358
678
403
6,022
4,474
3,240
10
1,166
–
73,497
2,609
76,106
2,580
8,764
4,856
3,972
4,378
964
174
18
1,435
1,358
651
9,924
10,793
(11,804)
(10,988)
39,425
42,454
6,952
2,524
189
322
368
128
898
630
552
(6,526)
(4,603)
(2,418)
(2,101)
(624)
(102)
(1,080)
14,368
12,739
13,393
7,920
3,653
6,165
7,699
(2,106)
(3,436)
13,203
13,684
–
143
–
29,293
1,225
30,518
23
101
16,796
50,200
119
50,319
(6)
(57)
(8,526)
(54,377)
(360)
(54,737)
5,067
2,330
8,270
190,370
5,291
195,661
5) Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization recognized during 2015, 2014 and 2013 is detailed as follows:
Depreciation and amortization expense related to assets used in the production process
Depreciation and amortization expense related to assets used in administrative and selling activities
6) Other expenses, net
“Other expenses, net” in 2015, 2014 and 2013, consisted of the following:
Impairment losses and effects from assets held for sale (notes 12, 13B, 14 and 15A) 1
Restructuring costs 2
Charitable contributions
Results from the sale of assets and others, net
2015
2014
2013
$ 13,592
1,784
$ 15,376
12,630
1,537
14,167
12,766
1,401
14,167
2015
2014
2013
$
$
(1,527)
(845)
(60)
(598)
(3,030)
(3,862)
(544)
(18)
(627)
(5,051)
(1,568)
(948)
(25)
(2,322)
(4,863)
1 In 2014, includes impairment losses on inventory of $292, as well as aggregate impairment losses from assets reclassified to other assets held for sale for approximately
$2,392, both in connection with the sale of assets in the western region of Germany and the expected sale of assets in Andorra, Spain (notes 11, 12 and 15B).
2 In 2015, 2014 and 2013, restructuring costs mainly refer to severance payments.
69
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
7) Other financial (expense) income, net
“Other financial (expense) income, net” in 2015, 2014 and 2013, is detailed as follows:
Financial income
Results from financial instruments, net (notes 13B and 16D)
Foreign exchange results
Effects of net present value on assets and liabilities and others, net
8) Cash and cash equivalents
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, consolidated cash and cash equivalents consisted of:
Cash and bank accounts
Fixed-income securities and other cash equivalents
2015
2014
2013
$
$
322
(2,729)
2,074
(904)
(1,237)
320
(880)
3,934
(840)
2,534
404
2,074
54
(816)
1,716
2015
2014
$ 11,395
3,885
$ 15,280
9,577
3,012
12,589
Based on net settlement agreements, the balance of cash and cash equivalents excludes deposits in margin accounts that guarantee
several obligations of CEMEX of approximately $258 in 2015 and $695 in 2014, which were offset against the corresponding obligations
of CEMEX with the counterparties, considering CEMEX’s right, ability and intention to settle the amounts on a net basis.
9) Trade accounts receivable, net
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, consolidated trade accounts receivable consisted of:
Trade accounts receivable
Allowances for doubtful accounts
2015
2014
$ 29,773
(1,999)
27,774
$
28,810
(1,856)
26,954
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, trade accounts receivable include receivables of $12,858 (US$746) and $11,538 (US$783), respectively,
that were sold under outstanding securitization programs for the sale of trade accounts receivable and/or factoring programs with recourse
in Mexico, the United States, France and the United Kingdom. Under the outstanding securitization programs, CEMEX effectively
surrenders control associated with the trade accounts receivable sold and there is no guarantee or obligation to reacquire the assets.
However, CEMEX retains certain residual interest in the programs and/or maintains continuing involvement with the accounts receivable;
therefore, the amounts received are recognized within “Other financial obligations.” Trade accounts receivable qualifying for sale exclude
amounts over certain days past due or concentrations over certain limits to any one customer, according to the terms of the programs.
The portion of the accounts receivable sold maintained as reserves amounted to $2,357 in 2015 and $1,775 in 2014. Therefore, the funded
amount to CEMEX was $10,501 (US$609) in 2015 and $9,763 (US$662) in 2014, representing the amounts recognized within the line item
of “Other financial obligations.” The discount granted to the acquirers of the trade accounts receivable is recorded as financial expense and
amounted to approximately $249 (US$16) in 2015, $298 (US$22) in 2014 and $317 (US$25) in 2013. CEMEX’s securitization programs are
negotiated for specific periods and may be renewed at their maturity. The securitization programs outstanding as of December 31, 2015 in
Mexico, the United States, France and the United Kingdom mature in March 2017, March 2016, March 2016 and March 2016, respectively.
Allowances for doubtful accounts are established according to the credit history and risk profile of each customer. Changes in the
valuation of this caption allowance for doubtful accounts in 2015, 2014 and 2013, were as follows:
Allowances for doubtful accounts at beginning of period
Charged to selling expenses
Deductions
Foreign currency translation effects
Allowances for doubtful accounts at end of period
2015
2014
2013
$
$
1,856
439
(270)
(26)
1,999
1,804
442
(394)
4
1,856
1,766
561
(587)
64
1,804
70
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
10) Other accounts receivable
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, consolidated other accounts receivable consisted of:
Non-trade accounts receivable 1
Interest and notes receivable 2
Loans to employees and others
Refundable taxes
2015
2014
$
$
2,332
1,332
177
976
4,817
2,143
1,313
155
824
4,435
1 Non-trade accounts receivable are mainly attributable to the sale of assets.
2 Includes $148 in 2015 and $161 in 2014, representing the short-term portion of a restricted investment related to coupon payments under CEMEX’s perpetual
debentures (note 20D).
11) Inventories
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the consolidated balance of inventories was summarized as follows:
Finished goods
Work-in-process
Raw materials
Materials and spare parts
Inventory in transit
Allowance for obsolescence
2015
2014
$
$
6,439
3,160
3,217
4,822
525
(447)
17,716
6,588
3,278
3,019
4,768
839
(418)
18,074
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, CEMEX recognized within “Cost of sales” in the statements of operations,
inventory impairment losses of approximately $49, $36 and $6, respectively. In addition, in 2014, CEMEX recognized as part of “Other
expenses, net,”, impairment losses related to inventories of raw materials of approximately $292 that become obsolete as a result of
the decision of divesting assets in the western region of Germany (note 15B).
12) Other current assets
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, consolidated other current assets consisted of:
Advance payments
Other assets held for sale
2015
2014
$
$
2,687
1,945
4,632
2,791
6,115
8,906
Other assets held for sale are stated at their estimated realizable value and include real estate properties received in payment of
trade receivables as well as other diverse assets held for sale, different than those corresponding to discontinued operations, which
are presented in the face of the balance sheet (note 4A). In 2015 and 2014, other assets held for sale include idle operating assets in
Andorra, Spain for $481 and $451, respectively, and in 2014, include: those assets that were divested in the western region of Germany
on January 5, 2015 for $4,658 (note 15B). The related assets in the western region of Germany and in Andorra, Spain were recognized
at their estimated realizable value, net of costs to sell, and the reclassification from fixed assets to assets held for sale resulted in
losses of approximately $242, which includes a loss of approximately $210 from the proportional reclassification to earnings of currency
translation adjustments of the net investment in Germany accrued in equity (note 2D), and $2,150, respectively, recognized both in
2014 within “Other expenses, net.” As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, CEMEX was still in negotiations to sell these assets in Andorra,
Spain. During 2014 and 2013, CEMEX recognized within “Other expenses, net” impairment losses in connection with other assets held
for sale for approximately $55 and $56, respectively.
71
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
13) Investments in associates and other investments and non-current accounts receivable
13A) Investments in associates
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the main investments in common shares of associates were as follows:
Control Administrativo Mexicano, S.A. de C.V.
Trinidad Cement Limited
Concrete Supply Co., LLC
Camcem, S.A. de C.V.
Akmenes Cementas AB
ABC Capital, S.A. Institución de Banca Múltiple
Lehigh White Cement Company
Société Méridionale de Carrières
Société d’Exploitation de Carrières
Industrias Básicas, S.A.
Société des Ciments Antillais
Other companies
Out of which:
Book value at acquisition date
Changes in stockholders’ equity
Activity
Country
Cement
Cement
Concrete
Cement
Cement
Financing
Cement
Aggregates
Aggregates
Cement
Cement
—
Mexico
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Mexico
Lithuania
Mexico
United States
France
France
Panama
French Antilles
—
%
49.0
39.5
40.0
10.3
37.8
43.3
24.5
33.3
50.0
25.0
26.0
—
2015
2014
$
5,613
1,543
932
600
560
385
276
241
202
133
78
1,587
$ 12,150
$
$
4,683
7,467
4,826
286
765
476
546
371
223
221
179
127
74
1,466
9,560
3,334
6,226
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were no written put options for the purchase of investments in associates.
During 2015, CEMEX, through the exercise of its preemptive rights in Trinidad Cement Limited (“TCL”) rights issuance and the purchase
of shares not subscribed and fully paid up by other eligible TCL shareholders in the rights issuance, increased its participation in TCL
from 20% to 39.5% for approximately $774 (US$45). In April 2015, CEMEX and TCL entered into a Technical Services Agreement (the
“TSA”) pursuant to which CEMEX will provide TCL with technical, managerial and other assistance from May 1, 2015 to May 1, 2018,
unless earlier terminated. The TSA was entered into at arm’s length terms.
Equity in gain of associates by geographic operating segment in 2015, 2014 and 2013 is detailed as follows:
Mexico
United States
Northern Europe
Mediterranean
Corporate and others
2015
2014
2013 1
$
$
330
92
51
289
(24)
738
242
4
58
16
(26)
294
(6)
91
113
18
16
232
Combined condensed balance sheet information of CEMEX’s associates as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 is set forth below:
Current assets
Non-current assets
Total assets
Current liabilities
Non-current liabilities
Total liabilities
Total net assets
2015
2014
$ 19,658
45,272
64,930
8,547
21,201
29,748
$ 35,182
15,548
39,436
54,984
5,838
18,596
24,434
30,550
72
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Combined selected information of the statements of operations of CEMEX’s associates in 2015, 2014 and 2013 is set forth below:
Sales
Operating earnings
Income before income tax
Net income
2015
2014
$ 14,753
3,977
3,842
1,602
20,551
2,786
1,620
945
2013 1
19,966
2,024
928
455
1 In 2013, the combined condensed selected information of the statements of operations of associates presented in the tables above did not include the operations of
Concrete Supply Company LLC, associate formed through the contribution of operating assets in September 2013 with the purpose of engaging in the production,
sale and distribution of ready-mix concrete within North and South Carolina, United States for the three-month period ended December 31, 2013.
13B) Other investments and non-current accounts receivable
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, consolidated other investments and non-current accounts receivable were summarized as follows:
Non-current portion of valuation of derivative financial instruments
Non-current accounts receivable and other investments 1
Investments available-for-sale 2
Investments held for trading 3
2015
2014
$
$
869
4,731
632
317
6,549
4,816
4,933
246
322
10,317
1 Includes, among other items: a) advances to suppliers of fixed assets of approximately $54 in 2015 and $143 in 2014; and b) the non-current portion of a restricted
investment used to pay coupons under the perpetual debentures (note 20D) of approximately $83 in 2015 and $200 in 2014. CEMEX recognized impairment losses
of non-current accounts receivable in Egypt and Colombia of approximately $71 and $22 in 2015, respectively; the United Kingdom of approximately $16 in 2014, and
the United States of approximately $14 in 2013.
2 This line item refers to an investment in CPOs of Axtel, S.A.B. de C.V. (“Axtel”). This investment is recognized as available for sale at fair value and changes in valuation
are recorded in other comprehensive loss until its disposal.
3 This line item refers to investments in private funds. In 2015 and 2014, no contributions were made to such private funds.
73
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
14) Property, machinery and equipment, net
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, consolidated property, machinery and equipment, net and the changes in such line item during
2015, 2014 and 2013, were as follows:
Cost at beginning of period
Accumulated depreciation and depletion
Net book value at beginning of period
Capital expenditures
Additions through capital leases
Capitalization of financial expense
Stripping costs
Total capital expenditures
Disposals 4
Reclassifications 5
Business combinations
Depreciation and depletion for the period
Impairment losses
Foreign currency translation effects
Cost at end of period
Accumulated depreciation and depletion
Net book value at end of period
Cost at beginning of period
Accumulated depreciation and depletion
Net book value at beginning of period
Capital expenditures
Additions through capital leases
Stripping costs
Total capital expenditures
Disposals 4
Reclassifications 5
Depreciation and depletion for the period
Impairment losses
Foreign currency translation effects
Cost at end of period
Accumulated depreciation and depletion
Net book value at end of period
Land and
mineral
reserves 1
$ 78,511
(9,836)
68,675
1,429
–
–
723
2,152
(713)
(1,147)
1,372
(2,007)
(338)
5,575
85,763
(12,194)
$ 73,569
Land and
mineral
reserves 1
$ 75,415
(8,675)
66,740
675
–
512
1,187
(548)
(1,116)
(1,888)
(271)
4,571
78,511
(9,836)
$ 68,675
Building 1
41,531
(14,657)
26,874
566
–
–
566
(367)
(257)
(1,778)
(202)
1,667
43,473
(16,970)
26,503
2015
Machinery
and
equipment 2
185,629
(91,359)
94,270
8,827
63
–
–
8,890
(987)
(929)
1,869
(9,552)
(693)
7,530
210,175
(109,777)
100,398
Construction
in progress 3
13,480
–
13,480
–
–
73
–
73
(3)
(41)
6
–
–
298
13,813
–
13,813
Total
321,093
(118,165)
202,928
11,454
63
73
723
12,313
(2,247)
(3,099)
4,004
(13,528)
(1,145)
14,907
356,956
(142,823)
214,133
Construction
in progress 3
Total
2013
12,817
–
12,817
–
–
–
–
(252)
(39)
–
–
954
13,480
–
13,480
309,668
(103,951)
205,717
8,866
108
512
9,486
(2,461)
(6,828)
(12,949)
(589)
10,552
321,093
(118,165)
202,928
307,932
(94,857)
213,075
7,769
141
499
8,409
(2,960)
(665)
(13,132)
(1,358)
2,348
309,668
(103,951)
205,717
Building 1
43,473
(16,970)
26,503
1,198
–
–
–
1,198
(544)
(982)
757
(1,969)
(114)
1,504
47,205
(20,852)
26,353
2014
Machinery
and
equipment 2
179,905
(80,619)
99,286
7,625
108
–
7,733
(1,294)
(5,416)
(9,283)
(116)
3,360
185,629
(91,359)
94,270
1 Includes corporate buildings and related land sold to financial institutions during 2012 and 2011, which were leased back, without incurring any change in the carrying
amount of such assets or gain or loss on the transactions. The aggregate carrying amount of these assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 was approximately
$1,865 and $1,953, respectively.
2 Includes assets, mainly mobile equipment, acquired through capital leases, which carrying amount as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 was approximately $63 and
$108, respectively.
74
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
3 In July 2014, CEMEX began the construction of a new cement plant in the municipality of Maceo in the Antioquia department in Colombia with an annual production
capacity of approximately 1.1 million tons. The first phase included the construction of a cement mill, which is in testing and is considered to start commercial
operations in the short term. The next phase is expected to be completed by the second half of 2016. CEMEX estimates a total investment of approximately US$340,
of which as of December 31, 2015, approximately $185 has been incurred.
4 In 2015, includes the sales of non-strategic fixed assets in the United Kingdom, the United States and Spain for $584, $451 and $417, respectively. In 2014, includes the
sales of non-strategic fixed assets in the United States, the United Kingdom and Ireland for $757, $539 and $537, respectively. In 2013, includes sales of non-strategic
fixed assets in Mexico, the United States, and United Kingdom for $680, $702 and $920, respectively.
5 In 2015, refers to assets in Croatia reclassified to assets available for sale in the face of the balance sheet (note 4A) for $2,562, and in the United States reclassified
to other assets held for sale (note 12) for $537. In 2014 refers primarily to the reclassification to other assets held for sale in connection with the sale of assets in the
western region of Germany and the projected sale in Andorra, Spain (notes 12 and 15B) for $3,956 and $2,601, respectively. In 2013, as described in note 13A, CEMEX
contributed fixed assets to its associate Concrete Supply Co., LLC for approximately $445.
CEMEX has significant balances of property, machinery and equipment. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the consolidated balances
of property, machinery and equipment, net, represented approximately 39.5% and 39.4%, respectively, of CEMEX’s total consolidated
assets. As a result of impairment tests conducted on several CGUs considering certain triggering events, mainly: a) the closing and/
or reduction of operations of cement and ready-mix concrete plants resulting from adjusting the supply to current demand conditions;
and b) the transferring of installed capacity to more efficient plants, for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, CEMEX
adjusted the related fixed assets to their estimated value in use in those circumstances in which the assets would continue in operation
based on estimated cash flows during the remaining useful life, or to their realizable value, in case of permanent shut down, and
recognized impairment losses (note 2J) during 2015, 2014 and 2013 in the following countries and for the following amounts:
Spain
United States
Puerto Rico
Latvia
Panama
Mexico
United Kingdom
Germany
Bangladesh
Other countries
2015
2014
2013
$
$
392
269
172
126
118
46
19
–
–
3
1,145
125
108
–
–
–
221
59
19
14
43
589
917
134
187
2
–
36
–
59
–
–
1,335
75
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
15) Goodwill and intangible assets
15A) Balances and changes during the period
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, consolidated goodwill, intangible assets and deferred charges were summarized as follows:
Intangible assets of indefinite useful life:
Goodwill
Intangible assets of definite useful life:
Extraction rights
Industrial property and trademarks
Customer relationships
Mining projects
Others intangible assets
2015
2014
Cost
Accumulated
amortization
Carrying
amount
Cost
Accumulated
amortization
Carrying
Amount
$ 183,752
–
183,752
$ 160,544
–
160,544
34,927
822
6,166
992
10,900
$ 237,559
(4,600)
(200)
(5,162)
(187)
(7,092)
(17,241)
30,327
622
1,004
805
3,808
220,318
30,677
267
5,405
1,746
8,563
$ 207,202
(3,347)
(145)
(4,012)
(245)
(5,969)
(13,718)
27,330
122
1,393
1,501
2,594
193,484
The amortization of intangible assets of definite useful life was approximately $1,848 in 2015, $1,508 in 2014 and $1,327 in 2013, and
was recognized within operating costs and expenses.
Goodwill
Changes in consolidated goodwill in 2015, 2014 and 2013, were as follows:
Balance at beginning of period
Business combinations
Reclassification to assets held for sale
Disposals, net
Foreign currency translation effects
Balance at end of period
2015
2014
2013
$ 160,544
64
(404)
(552)
24,100
$ 183,752
144,457
–
–
–
16,087
160,544
142,444
–
–
–
2,013
144,457
76
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Intangible assets of definite life
Changes in intangible assets of definite life in 2015, 2014 and 2013, were as follows:
Balance at beginning of period
Business combinations
Additions (disposals), net 1
Reclassification to assets held for sale
Amortization
Impairment losses
Foreign currency translation effects
Balance at the end of period
Balance at beginning of period
Additions (disposals), net 1
Reclassification to assets held for sale
Amortization
Impairment losses
Foreign currency translation effects
Balance at the end of period
Extraction
rights
Industrial
property and
trademarks
Customer
relations
Mining
projects
Others 1
Total
2015
$
27,330
458
157
1
(813)
(10)
3,204
$ 30,327
1,393
156
(1)
–
(601)
–
57
1,004
122
–
133
–
(132)
–
499
622
2014
1,501
–
(577)
–
(32)
–
(87)
805
2,594
2
102
–
(270)
–
1,380
3,808
32,940
616
(186)
1
(1,848)
(10)
5,053
36,566
Extraction
rights
Industrial
property and
trademarks
Customer
relations
Mining
projects
$ 24,996
118
–
(624)
–
2,840
27,330
$
140
605
–
(134)
–
(489)
122
1,739
–
(5)
(509)
–
168
1,393
1,341
(19)
–
(45)
–
224
1,501
Others 1
Total
2013
2,267
(51)
–
(196)
–
574
2,594
30,483
653
(5)
(1,508)
–
3,317
32,940
30,546
534
(48)
(1,327)
(163)
941
30,483
1 As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, “Others” includes the carrying amount of internal-use software of approximately $2,077 and $1,560, respectively. Capitalized
direct costs incurred in the development stage of internal-use software, such as professional fees, direct labor and related travel expenses, amounted to approximately
$615 in 2015, $702 in 2014 and $562 in 2013.
15B) Main acquisitions and divestitures during the reported periods
As mentioned in note 4A, during 2015, CEMEX sold its operations in Austria and Hungary, and committed to sell its operations in
Croatia, the later transaction is expected to be concluded during the first half of 2016. As of December 31, 2015, the assets and
liabilities of CEMEX’s operations in Croatia are presented in the face of the balance sheet in single line items as assets and liabilities
held for sale, as correspond. Moreover, the operations in Austria and Hungary for the ten month period ended October 31, 2015, and in
Croatia for the year ended December 31, 2015, as well as the operations in Austria, Hungary and Croatia for the years 2014 and 2013,
have been presented in the statements of operations in a single line item as “Discontinued operations, net of tax”, including the results
on sale of assets, and the reclassification to the statements of operations of currency translation effects from Austria and Hungary
accrued in equity until disposal of the net assets.
77
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
On October 31, 2014, CEMEX entered into binding agreements with Holcim Ltd. (“Holcim”), a global producer of building materials
based in Switzerland, currently LafargeHolcim after the merger of Holcim with Lafarge, S.A. during 2015. Pursuant to these agreements,
CEMEX and Holcim agreed to conduct a series of related transactions, finally executed on January 5, 2015 after customary conditions
precedent were concluded, with retrospective effects as of January 1, 2015, by means of which: a) in the Czech Republic, CEMEX
acquired all of Holcim’s assets, including a cement plant, four aggregates quarries and 17 ready-mix plants for approximately €115
(US$139 or $2,049); b) in Germany, CEMEX sold to Holcim its assets in the western region of the country, consisting of one cement
plant, two cement grinding mills, one slag granulator, 22 aggregates quarries and 79 ready-mix plants for approximately €171 (US$207
or $3,047), while CEMEX maintained its operations in the north, east and south of the country; and c) in Spain, CEMEX acquired from
Holcim one cement plant in the southern part of the country with a production capacity of 850 thousand tons, and one cement mill in
the central part of the country with grinding capacity of 900 thousand tons, among other related assets for approximately €88 (US$106
or $1,562), after working capital adjustments; and d) CEMEX agreed a final payment in cash, after combined debt and working capital
adjustments agreed with Holcim, of approximately €33 (US$40 or $594). Holcim kept its other operations in Spain.
The aforementioned transactions were authorized by the European competition authority in the case of Germany and Spain, and by
the Czech Republic authority in respect to the transaction in this country. As of December 31, 2014, the related CEMEX’s net assets in
the western region of Germany were reclassified to other assets and liabilities held for sale at their expected selling price less certain
costs for disposal (notes 12 and 17).
As of January 1, 2015, after concluding the purchase price allocation to the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, no
goodwill was determined in respect of the Czech Republic, while in Spain, the fair value of the net assets acquired for approximately
€106 (US$129 or $1,894) exceeded the purchase price in approximately €19 (US$22 or $328), mainly as a result of market conditions
in Spain and production overcapacity in the region. After performing the required reassessment of fair values, this gain was recognized
during 2015 in the statements of operations. The purchase price allocation was as follows:
Current assets
Property, machinery and equipment
Other non-current assets
Intangible assets
Fair value of assets acquired
Current liabilities
Non-current liabilities
Fair value of liabilities assumed
Fair value of net assets acquired
Czech Republic
Spain
Total
$
$
231
1,419
270
590
2,510
117
344
461
2,049
59
2,004
–
2
2,065
57
114
171
1,894
290
3,423
270
592
4,575
174
458
632
3,943
78
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
In Germany, the operations of the net assets sold by CEMEX to Holcim were consolidated by CEMEX line-by-line for the years ended
December 31, 2014 and 2013. Considering that this transaction did not represent the disposal of entire reportable operating segment,
such as in the case of Austria, Hungary and Croatia, for purposes of the presentation of discontinued operations. CEMEX measured
the materiality of such net assets using a threshold of 5% of consolidated net sales, operating earnings before other expenses, net
gain (loss) and total assets. Considering the results of the quantitative tests and its remaining ongoing operations in its operating
segment in Germany, CEMEX concluded that the net assets sold in Germany did not reach the materiality thresholds to be classified as
discontinued operations. The results of CEMEX’s quantitative tests for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:
Millions of U.S. dollars
Net sales
CEMEX consolidated
German assets sold
Operating earnings before other expenses, net
CEMEX consolidated
German assets sold
Consolidated net loss
CEMEX consolidated
German assets sold
Total assets
CEMEX consolidated
German assets sold
US$
US$
US$
US$
2014
2013
15,709
498
3.2%
15,227
474
3.1%
1,659
17
1.0%
1,518
8
0.5%
(425)
9
N/A
(748)
(1)
0.1%
34,936
316
0.9%
38,018
374
1.0%
For the years 2014 and 2013, selected combined statement of operations information of the assets sold in Germany was as follows:
Net sales
Operating earnings before other expenses, net
Net income (loss)
2014
2013
$
6,655
227
122
6,091
98
(14)
As of December 31, 2014, the condensed combined balance sheet of the assets sold in Germany was as follows:
Current assets
Non-current assets
Total assets
Current liabilities
Non-current liabilities
Total liabilities
Total net assets
2014
713
3,945
4,658
595
1,016
1,611
3,047
$
$
During 2014, CEMEX sold significantly all the operating assets of Readymix plc (“Readymix”), CEMEX’s main operating subsidiary
in the Republic of Ireland, and an indirect subsidiary of CEMEX España, for €19 (US$23 or $339), recognizing a loss on sale of
approximately €14 (US$17 or $250).
79
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
15C) Analysis of goodwill impairment
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, goodwill balances allocated by operating segment were as follows:
United States
Mexico
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
France
Czech Republic
Mediterranean
Spain
United Arab Emirates
Egypt
SA&C
Colombia
Dominican Republic
Rest of SA&C 1
Asia
Philippines
Others
Other reporting segments 2
2015
2014
$ 146,161
7,015
125,447
6,648
5,330
3,860
488
10,659
1,562
232
5,236
215
877
4,905
3,717
456
9,577
1,460
231
5,225
208
786
1,660
1,478
457
$ 183,752
406
160,544
1 This caption refers to the operating segments in the Caribbean, Argentina, Costa Rica and Panama.
2 This caption is primarily associated with Neoris N.V., CEMEX’s subsidiary involved in the sale of information technology and services.
For purposes of goodwill impairment tests, all cash-generating units within a country are aggregated, as goodwill is allocated at that
level. Considering materiality for disclosure purposes, certain balances of goodwill were presented for Rest of South America and the
Caribbean, but this does not represent that goodwill was tested at a higher level than for operations in an individual country.
Impairment tests are significantly sensitive to, among other factors, the estimation of future prices of CEMEX’s products, the development
of operating expenses, local and international economic trends in the construction industry, the long-term growth expectations in the
different markets, as well as the discount rates and the long-term growth rates applied. CEMEX’s cash flow projections to determine the
value in use of its CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated consider the use of long-term economic assumptions. CEMEX believes
that its discounted cash flow projections and the discount rates used reasonably reflect current economic conditions at the time of the
calculations, considering, among other factors that: a) the cost of capital reflects current risks and volatility in the markets; and b) the
cost of debt represents the average of industry specific interest rates observed in recent transactions. Other key assumptions used to
determine CEMEX’s discounted cash flows are volume and price increases or decreases by main product during the projected periods.
Volume increases or decreases generally reflect forecasts issued by trustworthy external sources, occasionally adjusted based on
CEMEX’s actual backlog, experience and judgment considering its concentration in certain sectors, while price changes normally reflect
the expected inflation in the respective country. Operating costs and expenses during all periods are maintained as a fixed percent of
revenues considering historic performance.
During the last quarter of 2015, 2014 and 2013, CEMEX performed its annual goodwill impairment test. Based on these analyses,
CEMEX did not determine impairment losses of goodwill in any of the reported periods.
80
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
CEMEX’s pre-tax discount rates and long-term growth rates used to determine the discounted cash flows in the group of CGUs with
the main goodwill balances were as follows:
Discount rates
Groups of CGUs
2015
2014
2013
2015
United States
Spain
Mexico
Colombia
France
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
Egypt
Range of rates in other countries
8.6%
9.9%
9.6%
9.8%
9.0%
10.2%
8.8%
12.5%
9.0% - 13.8%
8.7%
10.1%
9.7%
9.7%
9.2%
10.4%
9.0%
11.6%
9.2% - 14.0%
9.8%
11.4%
10.9%
10.9%
10.7%
12.2%
10.5%
13.0%
11.0% - 12.3%
2.5%
1.9%
3.5%
4.0%
1.6%
3.6%
2.3%
4.6%
2.4% - 4.3%
Growth rates
2014
2.5%
2.0%
3.8%
3.0%
1.7%
3.4%
2.4%
4.0%
2.1% - 4.9%
2013
2.5%
2.3%
3.8%
4.2%
1.7%
3.4%
2.1%
4.0%
2.4% - 5.0%
As of December 31, 2015, the discount rates used by CEMEX in its cash flows projections remained almost flat in most cases as
compared to the values determined in 2014. Among other factors, the funding cost observed in industry increased from 6.1% in 2014
to 6.9% in 2015, and the risk free rate increased from approximately 3.1% in 2014 to 3.2% in 2015. Nonetheless, these increases were
offset by reductions in 2015 in the country specific sovereign yields in the majority of the countries where CEMEX operates. As of
December 31, 2014, the discount rates decreased mainly as a result of the reduction of the funding cost as compared to the prior year
and the reduction in the risk free rate, significant assumptions in the determination of the discount rates. As of December 31, 2013, the
discount rates changed slightly from the values determined in 2012, in each case mainly as a result of variations in the country specific
sovereign yield as compared to the prior year. In respect to long-term growth rates, following general practice under IFRS, CEMEX uses
country specific rates, which are mainly obtained from the Consensus Economics, a compilation of analysts’ forecast worldwide, or
from the International Monetary Fund when the first are not available for a specific country.
In connection with the assumptions included in the table above, CEMEX made sensitivity analyses to changes in assumptions,
affecting the value in use of all groups of CGUs with an independent reasonable possible increase of 1% in the pre-tax discount rate,
and an independent possible decrease of 1% in the long-term growth rate. In addition, CEMEX performed cross-check analyses for
reasonableness of its results using multiples of Operating EBITDA. In order to arrive at these multiples, which represent a reasonableness
check of the discounted cash flow models, CEMEX determined a weighted average multiple of Operating EBITDA to enterprise value
observed in the industry. The average multiple was then applied to a stabilized amount of Operating EBITDA and the result was
compared to the corresponding carrying amount for each group of CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated. CEMEX considered an
industry weighted average Operating EBITDA multiple of 9.0 times in 2015, 9.5 times in 2014 and 10.3 times in 2013. CEMEX’s own
Operating EBITDA multiple was 8.7 times in 2015, 10.9 times in 2014 and 11.6 times in 2013. The lowest multiple observed in CEMEX’s
benchmark was 5.8 times in 2015, 6.0 times in 2014 and 7.2 times in 2013, and the highest being 18.0 times in 2015, 16.4 times in 2014
and 20.9 times in 2013.
As of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, none of CEMEX’s sensitivity analyses resulted in a relative impairment risk in CEMEX’s
operating segments. CEMEX continually monitors the evolution of the specific CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated that have
presented relative goodwill impairment risk in any of the reported periods and, in the event that the relevant economic variables and
the related cash flows projections would be negatively affected, it may result in a goodwill impairment loss in the future.
81
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
CEMEX maintains a market capitalization significantly lower than its levels prior to the 2008 global crisis, which CEMEX believes is
due to several factors, among others: a) the slower recovery of the construction industry in the United States, one of CEMEX’s main
markets, which suffered one of the most deepest recessions since the Great Depression, which also significantly affected CEMEX’s
operations in key countries and regions such as Mexico, Northern Europe and Mediterranean, and consequently CEMEX’s overall
generation of cash flows; b) CEMEX’s significant amount of consolidated debt, which generates uncertainty in the markets regarding
CEMEX’s ability to meet its financial obligations; and c) the generalized capital outflows from Emerging Markets securities, such as
Mexico and Colombia, mainly due to high volatility generated by risk-aversion in the global financial markets, to safer assets in developed
countries such as the United States. In dollar terms, CEMEX’s market capitalization as of December 31, 2015 was approximately US$7.4
billion ($126.8 billion), reflecting a decrease of approximately 41% in 2015 as compared to 2014, mainly as a result of the continuing
significant depreciation of the Emerging Markets currencies against the dollar in 2015, which intensified in the second half of the year,
driven by the material reduction in the international oil prices, uncertainty generated by the pace and timing of actions to increase
interest rates in the United States, China growth concerns, lower global growth expectations and the uncertainty of CEMEX’s income
in US Dollar terms from its operations in Emerging Markets such as Mexico and Colombia, countries with important dependence of
oil revenues in its government budgets, which may result in the cancellation or delay of government infrastructure projects. CEMEX
market capitalization decreased approximately 6% in 2014 compared to 2013 to approximately US$12.7 billion ($186.8 billion), also due
to a significant depreciation of the peso against the dollar during the last quarter of 2014, then as part of a general appreciation of the
dollar against all major currencies in the world during such period.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, goodwill allocated to the United States accounted for approximately 80% and 78%, respectively,
of CEMEX’s total amount of consolidated goodwill. In connection with CEMEX’s determination of value in use relative to its groups of
CGUs in the United States in the reported periods, CEMEX has considered several factors, such as the historical performance of such
operating segment, including operating losses in recent years, the long-term nature of CEMEX’s investment, the signs of recovery
in the construction industry over the last three years, the significant economic barriers for new potential competitors considering the
high investment required, and the lack of susceptibility of the industry to technology improvements or alternate construction products,
among other factors. CEMEX has also considered recent developments in its operations in the United States, such as the increases in
ready-mix concrete volumes of approximately 13% in 2015, 2% in 2014 and 8% in 2013, and the increases in ready-mix concrete prices
of approximately 5% in 2015, 8% in 2014 and 6% in 2013, which are key drivers for cement consumption and CEMEX’s profitability, and
which trends are expected to continue over the next few years, as anticipated in CEMEX’s cash flow projections.
82
Notes to the consolidated financial statements 16) Financial instruments
16A) Short-term and long-term debt
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, CEMEX´s consolidated debt summarized by interest rates and currencies, was as follow:
Floating rate debt
Fixed rate debt
Effective rate 1
Floating rate
Fixed rate
Currency
Dollars
Euros
Pesos
Other currencies
2015
2014
Short-term
Long-term
Total
Short-term
Long-term
Total
$
$
176
42
218
62,319
166,806
229,125
62,495
166,848
229,343
$ 11,042
3,465
$ 14,507
54,529
136,798
191,327
65,571
140,263
205,834
5.5%
1.5%
4.0%
7.0%
Short-
term
87
38
–
93
218
Long-
term
187,427
40,954
627
117
229,125
$
$
2015
Total
187,514
40,992
627
210
229,343
Effective
rate 1
6.5%
4.8%
4.4%
6.3%
5.2%
8.8%
4.4%
7.3%
2014
Short-
Term
Long-
Term
$ 14,439
23
–
45
$ 14,507
165,999
23,783
1,495
50
191,327
Total
180,438
23,806
1,495
95
205,834
Effective
rate 1
6.6%
5.5%
6.5%
4.8%
1 In 2015 and 2014, represents the weighted average interest rate of the related debt agreements.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, CEMEX´s consolidated debt summarized by type of instrument, was as follow:
2015
Short-
term
Long-
term
2014
Short-
term
Long-
term
Bank loans
Loans in foreign countries, 2016 to 2022
Syndicated loans, 2016 to 2020
$
Notes payable
Notes payable in Mexico, 2016 to 2017
Medium-term notes, 2016 to 2025
Other notes payable, 2016 to 2025
Total bank loans and notes payable
Current maturities
$
78
31
109
–
–
23
23
132
86
218
996
52,825
53,821
627
171,988
2,775
175,390
229,211
(86)
229,125
Bank loans
Loans in foreign countries, 2015 to 2018
Syndicated loans, 2015 to 2019
$
7
–
7
223
47,018
47,241
Notes payable
Notes payable in Mexico, 2015 to 2017
Medium-term notes, 2015 to 2025
Other notes payable, 2015 to 2025
Total bank loans and notes payable
Current maturities
–
–
94
94
101
14,406
$ 14,507
614
155,470
2,408
158,492
205,733
(14,406)
191,327
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, discounts, fees and other direct costs incurred in the issuance of CEMEX’s outstanding notes
payable for approximately US$108 and US$155, respectively, adjust the balance of payable instruments, and are amortized to financing
expense over the maturity of the related debt instruments.
83
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Changes in consolidated debt for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:
Debt at beginning of year
Proceeds from new debt instruments
Debt repayments
Foreign currency translation and inflation effects
Debt at end of year
2015
2014
2013
$ 205,834
52,764
(64,237)
34,982
$ 229,343
190,980
72,534
(79,248)
21,568
205,834
178,135
40,661
(31,913)
4,097
190,980
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, as presented in the table above of debt by type of instrument, approximately 24% and 23%,
respectively, of CEMEX’s total indebtedness, was represented by bank loans, of which, in 2014, the most significant portion
corresponded to those balances under CEMEX’s financing agreement entered into on September 29, 2014 as amended on July 23,
2015 (the “Credit Agreement”) of approximately US$1,286 ($18,957) and the financing agreement entered into on September 17, 2012,
as amended several times including on October 31, 2014 (the “Facilities Agreement”) of approximately US$1,904 ($28,061), both
agreements described elsewhere in this note, and in 2015, approximately US$3,062 ($52,763) corresponded to debt under CEMEX’s
Credit Agreement, which was increased in August 2015 with new funds from 21 financial institutions in order to fully repay the total
amount outstanding under the Facilities Agreement. Additionally on September 21, 2015 the principal amount of the Credit Agreement
was further increased by three financial institutions in an amount to approximately US$30 ($517).
In addition, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, as presented in the table above of debt by type of instrument, approximately 76% and
77%, respectively, of CEMEX’s total indebtedness, was represented by notes payable, of which, the most significant portion was long-
term in both periods. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, CEMEX’s long-term notes payable are detailed as follows:
Description
Date of
issuance
Issuer 1, 2
Principal
Currency amount
Rate 1
Maturity
date
Repurchased Outstanding
amount 3
US$
amount
US$
2015
2014
02/Apr/03 CEMEX Materials, LLC Dollar
08/Jul/15 CEMEX Colombia S.A.
July 2025 Notes
July 2025 Notes
March 2025 Notes 4
January 2025 Notes 5, 6
April 2024 Notes
March 2023 Notes 4
October 2022 Notes
January 2022 Notes 5
January 2021 Notes
April 2021 Notes
May 2020 Notes 4, 6, 7
December 2019 Notes
April 2019 USD Notes
April 2019 Euro Notes
March 2019 Notes
October 2018 Variable Notes
June 2018 Notes
January 2018 Notes 4, 5, 6, 7
November 2017 Notes
Peso
September 2015 Variable Notes 4 05/Apr/11 CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. Dollar
Other notes payable
7.70% 21/Jul/25
150
8.30% 08/Jul/25
COP 10,000
6.125% 05/May/25
750
03/Mar/15 CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. Dollar
5.70% 11/Jan/25
11/Sep/14 CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. Dollar 1,100
6.00% 01/Apr/24
Dollar 1,000
01/Apr/14 CEMEX Finance LLC
4.375% 05/Mar/23
Euro
03/Mar/15 CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V.
550
9.375% 12/Oct/22
Dollar 1,500
12/Oct/12 CEMEX Finance LLC
4.75% 11/Jan/22
11/Sep/14 CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V.
400
Euro
7.25% 15/Jan/21
02/Oct/13 CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. Dollar 1,000
5.25% 01/Apr/21
Euro
01/Apr/14 CEMEX Finance LLC
400
9.25% 12/May/20
12/May/10 CEMEX España, S.A.
Dollar 1,193
6.50% 10/Dec/19
12/Aug/13 CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. Dollar 1,000
9.875% 30/Apr/19
704
Dollar
28/Mar/12 CEMEX España, S.A.
9.875% 30/Apr/19
179
28/Mar/12 CEMEX España, S.A.
Euro
25/Mar/13 CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. Dollar
600
5.875% 25/Mar/19
500 L+475bps 15/Oct/18
02/Oct/13 CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. Dollar
9.50% 15/Jun/18
500
17/Sep/12 CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. Dollar
9.00% 11/Jan/18
11/Jan/11 CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. Dollar 1,650
4.40% 17/Nov/17
30/Nov/07 CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V.
627
800 L+500bps 30/Sep/15
–
–
7,462
–
–
–
3
750
(29) 1,071
1,000
598
(25) 1,475
435
1,000
435
–
989
621
194
600
500
448
–
36
–
2,344
150 $ 2,720
–
55
–
12,866
18,382 16,142
16,483 14,203
10,251
–
24,634 21,942
7,106
17,009 14,512
7,096
7,448
3,124
–
16,764 14,461
10,702 10,375
3,197
8,798
7,348
7,335
8,317
614
– 10,968
610
64
$ 175,390 158,492
3,355
10,302
8,564
7,702
–
627
–
–
–
(1,193)
(11)
(83)
–
–
–
(52)
(1,650)
–
(800)
1 In all applicable cases the issuer refers to CEMEX España, S.A. acting through its Luxembourg Branch. The letter “L” included above refers to LIBOR, which represents
the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate, variable rate used in international markets for debt denominated in U.S. dollars. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, 3-Month
LIBOR rate was 0.6127% and 0.2556%, respectively. The contraction “bps” means basis points. One hundred basis points equal 1%.
84
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
2 Unless otherwise indicated, all issuances are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V., CEMEX México, S.A. de C.V., CEMEX Concretos, S.A. de
C.V., Empresas Tolteca de México, S.A. de C.V., New Sunward Holding, B.V., CEMEX España, S.A., CEMEX Asia, B.V., CEMEX Corp., CEMEX Egyptian Investments,
B.V., CEMEX Egyptian Investments II, B.V., CEMEX Finance LLC, CEMEX France Gestion, (S.A.S.), CEMEX Research Group AG, CEMEX Shipping B.V. and CEMEX UK.
3 Presented net of all outstanding notes held by CEMEX’s subsidiaries.
4 On March 30, 2015, in relation with the issuance of the March 2023 Notes and the March 2025 Notes, CEMEX completed the purchase for US$344 of the remaining
principal amount of the January 2018 Notes. On May 15, 2015, CEMEX completed the purchase for US$213 of the remaining principal amount of the May 2020 Notes
and on June 30, 2015, the purchase of the remaining principal amount for US$746 of the September 2015 Variable Notes.
5 On January 11, 2015, in relation with the issuance of the January 2025 Notes and the January 2022 Notes, CEMEX completed the purchase of US$217 principal
amount of the January 2018 Notes.
6 On October 1, 2014, expired a cash tender offer to purchase up to US$1,175 aggregate principal amount of the January 2018 Notes and of the May 2020 Notes.
Pursuant to this tender offer and using a portion of the proceeds from the issuance of the January 2025 Notes, CEMEX completed the purchase of approximately
US$593 aggregate principal amount of the January 2018 Notes and approximately US$365 aggregate principal amount of the May 2020 Notes.
7 On April 9, 2014, through a cash tender offer using a portion of the proceeds from the issuance of the April 2024 Notes, CEMEX completed the purchase of US$483
aggregate principal amount of the January 2018 Notes and US$597 aggregate principal amount of the May 2020 Notes.
During 2015, 2014 and 2013, as a result of the debt transactions incurred by CEMEX mentioned above, including exchange offers and
tender offers to replace and/or repurchase existing debt instruments, CEMEX paid combined premiums, fees and issuance costs for
approximately US$61 ($1,047), US$232 ($3,107) and US$155 ($1,988), respectively, of which approximately US$35 ($604) in 2015,
US$167 ($2,236) in 2014 and US$110 ($1,410) in 2013, associated with the extinguished portion of the exchanged or repurchased notes,
were recognized in the statement of operations in each year within “Financial expense.” In addition, approximately US$26 ($443) in
2015, US$65 ($871) in 2014 and US$45 ($578) in 2013, corresponding to issuance costs of new debt and/or the portion of the combined
premiums, fees and issuance costs treated as a refinancing of the old instruments by considering that: a) the relevant economic terms
of the old and new notes were not substantially different; and b) the final holders of the new notes were the same of such portion of the
old notes; adjusted the carrying amount of the new debt instruments, and are amortized over the remaining term of each instrument.
Moreover, proportional fees and issuance costs related to the extinguished debt instruments for approximately US$31 ($541) in 2015,
US$87 ($1,161) in 2014 and US$34 ($436) in 2013 that were pending for amortization were recognized in the statement of operations
of each year as part of “Financial expense.”
The maturities of consolidated long-term debt as of December 31, 2015, were as follows:
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021 and thereafter
2015
$
7,217
31,257
55,897
16,601
118,153
$ 229,125
As of December 31, 2015, CEMEX had the following lines of credit, the majority of which are subject to the banks’ availability, at annual
interest rates ranging between 2.70% and 7.25%, depending on the negotiated currency:
Other lines of credit in foreign subsidiaries
Other lines of credit from banks
Lines of credit
Available
$
6,454
3,678
$ 10,132
4,762
3,678
8,440
85
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Credit Agreement, Facilities Agreement and Financing Agreement
On September 29, 2014, CEMEX entered into the Credit Agreement for US$1,350, with nine of the main participating banks under its
Facilities Agreement. The proceeds from the Credit Agreement were used to repay US$1,350 of debt under the Facilities Agreement.
Following such repayment, and along with the repayment on September 12, 2014 of US$350 of debt under the Facilities Agreement
using the proceeds from the January 2025 Notes, CEMEX reduced the total outstanding amount under the Facilities Agreement to
approximately US$2,475. Moreover, on November 3, 2014, CEMEX received US$515 of additional commitments from banks that
agreed to join the Credit Agreement, increasing the total principal amount to US$1,865. The incremental amount was applied to partially
prepay the Facilities Agreement and other debt. As a result, as of December 31, 2014, the remaining outstanding amount under the
Facilities Agreement was reduced to approximately US$2,050, scheduled to mature in 2017. On July 30, 2015, CEMEX repaid in full
the total amount outstanding of approximately US$1,937 ($33,375) under the Facilities Agreement with new funds from 21 financial
institutions, which joined the Credit Agreement under new tranches, allowing CEMEX to increase the average life of its syndicated
bank debt to approximately 4 years as of such date. On September 21, 2015 three additional financial institutions provided additional
commitments for approximately US$30.
As a result, total commitments under the Credit Agreement include approximately €621 (US$675 or $11,624) and approximately
US$3,149 ($54,257), out of which about US$735 ($12,664) are in a revolving credit facility. The Credit Agreement now has an
amortization profile, considering all commitments, of approximately 10% in 2017; 25% in 2018; 25% in 2019; and 40% in 2020. The
new tranches share the same guarantors and collateral package as the original tranches under the Credit Agreement. As a result of this
refinancing, CEMEX has no significant debt maturities in 2016 and 2017 other than the approximately US$352 ($6,065) of Convertible
Subordinated Notes due March 2016 (note 16B) and approximately US$373 ($6,427) corresponding to the first amortization under the
Credit Agreement in September 2017.
On August 14, 2009, CEMEX entered into a financing with its major creditors, as amended from time to time during 2009, 2010, 2011
and 2012 (the “Financing Agreement”), by means of which CEMEX extended the maturities of US$14,961 of syndicated loans, private
placement notes and other obligations. After the application of the proceeds from several refinancing transactions, the application of
the net proceeds obtained from the sale of assets, and an equity offering of the Parent Company in 2009, on September 17, 2012,
CEMEX entered into the Facilities Agreement pursuant to an invitation to the creditors under the Financing Agreement to exchange
their existing loans and private placement notes under the Financing Agreement for new loans and new private placement notes of
approximately US$6,155 maturing in February 2017, US$500 of the June 2018 Notes and approximately US$525 aggregate principal
amount of loans and private placement notes remained outstanding after the Exchange Offer under the existing Financing Agreement,
as amended. Subsequently, after the application of proceeds resulting from the October 2022 Notes, the aggregate principal amount
of loans and U.S. dollar private placement notes under the amended Financing Agreement was US$55 ($707), with a final maturity on
February 14, 2014. This amount was repaid in full in March 2013 with proceeds from the issuance of the March 2019 Notes.
All tranches under the Credit Agreement have substantially the same terms, including an applicable margin over LIBOR of between 250
to 400 basis points, depending on the leverage ratio (as defined below) of CEMEX, as follows:
Consolidated leverage ratio
Applicable margin
> 5.50x
< 5.50x > 5.00
< 5.00x > 4.50
< 4.50x > 4.00
< 4.00x > 3.50
< 3.50x
400 bps
350 bps
325 bps
300 bps
275 bps
250 bps
86
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
As of December 31, 2015, under the Credit Agreement, CEMEX must observe the following thresholds: (a) the aggregate amount
allowed for capital expenditures cannot exceed US$1,000 per year excluding certain capital expenditures, and, joint venture investments
and acquisitions by CEMEX Latam Holdings, S.A. and its subsidiaries, which capital expenditures, joint venture investments and
acquisitions at any time then incurred are subject to a separate aggregate limit of US$500 (or its equivalent); and (b) the amounts
allowed for permitted acquisitions and investments in joint ventures cannot exceed US$400 per year. Nonetheless, such limitations do
not apply if capital expenditures or acquisitions are funded with equity, equity-like issuances or asset disposals proceeds. Under the
Credit Agreement there are no restrictions on asset swaps or mandatory prepayments of debt with excess cash held above certain
amounts. On October 31, 2014, CEMEX obtained the required consents to amend certain provisions of the Facilities Agreement to
substantially conform such agreement to the Credit Agreement.
The debt under the Credit Agreement and previously under the Facilities Agreement is guaranteed by CEMEX México, S.A. de C.V.,
CEMEX Concretos, S.A. de C.V., Empresas Tolteca de México, S.A. de C.V., New Sunward Holding, B.V., CEMEX España, S.A.,
CEMEX Asia, B.V., CEMEX Corp., CEMEX Egyptian Investments, B.V., CEMEX Egyptian Investments II, B.V., CEMEX Finance LLC,
CEMEX France Gestion, (S.A.S.), CEMEX Research Group AG, CEMEX Shipping B.V. and CEMEX UK. In addition, the debt under such
agreements (together with all other senior capital markets debt issued or guaranteed by CEMEX, and certain other precedent facilities)
is also secured by a first-priority security interest in: (a) substantially all the shares of CEMEX México, S.A. de C.V., CEMEX Operaciones
México, S.A. de C.V, New Sunward Holding, B.V., CEMEX Trademarks Holding Ltd. and CEMEX España, S.A. (the “Collateral”); and (b)
all proceeds of such Collateral.
In addition to the restrictions mentioned above, and subject in each case to the permitted negotiated amounts and other exceptions,
CEMEX is also subject to a number of negative covenants that, among other things, restrict or limit its ability to: (i) create liens; (ii) incur
additional debt; (iii) change CEMEX’s business or the business of any obligor or material subsidiary (in each case, as defined in the Credit
Agreement and the Facilities Agreement); (iv) enter into mergers; (v) enter into agreements that restrict its subsidiaries’ ability to pay
dividends or repay intercompany debt; (vi) acquire assets; (vii) enter into or invest in joint venture agreements; (viii) dispose of certain
assets; (ix) grant additional guarantees or indemnities; (x) declare or pay cash dividends or make share redemptions; (xi) enter into
certain derivatives transactions; and (xii) exercise any call option in relation to any perpetual bonds CEMEX issues unless the exercise
of the call options does not have a materially negative impact on its cash flow. The Credit Agreement contains a number of affirmative
covenants that, among other things, require CEMEX to provide periodic financial information to its lenders. However, a number of those
covenants and restrictions will automatically cease to apply or become less restrictive if CEMEX so elects when (i) CEMEX’s Leverage
Ratio (as defined hereinafter) for the two most recently completed quarterly testing periods is less than or equal to 4.0 times; and (ii) no
default under the Credit Agreement is continuing. At that point the Leverage Ratio must not exceed 4.25 times. Restrictions that will
cease to apply when CEMEX satisfies such conditions include the capital expenditure limitations mentioned above and several negative
covenants, including limitations on CEMEX’s ability to declare or pay cash dividends and distributions to shareholders, limitations on
CEMEX’s ability to repay existing financial indebtedness, certain asset sale restrictions, certain mandatory prepayment provisions, and
restrictions on exercising call options in relation to any perpetual bonds CEMEX issues. At such time, several baskets and caps relating
to negative covenants will also increase, including permitted financial indebtedness, permitted guarantees and limitations on liens.
However, CEMEX cannot assure that it will be able to meet the conditions for these restrictions to cease to apply prior to the final
maturity date under the Credit Agreement.
In addition, the Credit Agreement, and previously the Facilities Agreement, contains events of default, some of which may be outside
of CEMEX’s control. As of December 31, 2015, CEMEX is not aware of any event of default. CEMEX cannot assure that it will be
able to comply with the restrictive covenants and limitations contained in the Credit Agreement. CEMEX’s failure to comply with
such covenants and limitations could result in an event of default, which could materially and adversely affect CEMEX’s business and
financial condition.
87
Notes to the consolidated financial statements Financial Covenants
The Credit Agreement and previously the Facilities Agreement requires CEMEX the compliance with financial ratios, which mainly
include: a) the consolidated ratio of debt to Operating EBITDA (the “Leverage Ratio”); and b) the consolidated ratio of Operating EBITDA
to interest expense (the “Coverage Ratio”). These financial ratios are calculated according to the formulas established in the debt
contracts using the consolidated amounts under IFRS.
CEMEX must comply with a Coverage Ratio and a Leverage Ratio for each period of four consecutive fiscal quarters as follows:
Period
Coverage Ratio
Period
Leverage Ratio
For the period ending on December 31, 2012 up to and
including the period ending on September 30, 2014
For the period ending on December 31, 2014 up to and
including the period ending on September 30, 2015
> = 1.50
> = 1.75
For the period ending on December 31, 2015 up to and
including the period ending on March 31, 2016
> = 1.85
For the period ending on June 30, 2016 up to and
including the period ending on September 30, 2016
> = 2.00
For the period ending on December 31, 2016 and each
subsequent reference period
> = 2.25
For the period ending on December 31, 2012 up to and
including the period ending on December 31, 2013
For the period ending on September 30, 2014
For the period ending on December 31, 2014 up to and
including the period ending on March 31, 2015
For the period ending on June 30, 2015 up to and
including the period ending on March 31, 2016
For the period ending on June 30, 2016 up to and
including the period ending on September 30, 2016
For the period ending on December 31, 2016 up to and
including the period ending on March 31, 2017
For the period ending on June 30, 2017 up to and
including the period ending on September 30, 2017
For the period ending on December 31, 2017 up to and
including the period ending on March 31, 2018
For the period ending on June 30, 2018 up to and
including the period ending on September 30, 2018
For the period ending on December 31, 2018 up to and
including the period ending on March 31, 2019
For the period ending on June 30, 2019 and each
subsequent reference period
< = 7.00
< = 6.75
< = 6.50
< = 6.00
< = 5.75
< = 5.50
< = 5.25
< = 5.00
< = 4.50
< = 4.25
< = 4.00
CEMEX’s ability to comply with these ratios may be affected by economic conditions and volatility in foreign exchange rates, as well
as by overall conditions in the financial and capital markets. For the compliance periods ended as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and
2013, taking into account the Credit Agreement, the Facilities Agreement and the Financing Agreement, as applicable, CEMEX was
in compliance with the financial covenants imposed by its debt contracts. The main consolidated financial ratios as of December 31,
2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:
Leverage ratio 1, 2
Coverage ratio 3
Consolidated financial ratios
2015
2014
2013
Limit
Calculation
=< 6.00
5.21
Limit
Calculation
=> 1.85
2.61
=< 6.50
5.19
=> 1.75
2.34
=< 7.00
5.49
> 1.50
2.11
1 The leverage ratio is calculated in pesos by dividing “Funded debt” by pro forma Operating EBITDA for the last twelve-months as of the calculation date. Funded
debt equals debt, as reported in the balance sheet excluding finance leases, components of liability of convertible subordinated notes, plus perpetual debentures and
guarantees, plus or minus the fair value of derivative financial instruments, as applicable, among other adjustments.
2 Pro forma Operating EBITDA represents, all calculated in pesos, Operating EBITDA for the last twelve months as of the calculation date, plus the portion of Operating
EBITDA referring to such twelve-month period of any significant acquisition made in the period before its consolidation in CEMEX, minus Operating EBITDA referring
to such twelve-month period of any significant disposal that had already been liquidated.
3 The coverage ratio is calculated in pesos using the amounts from the financial statements, by dividing the pro forma Operating EBITDA by the financial expense for
the last twelve months as of the calculation date. Financial expense includes interest accrued on the perpetual debentures.
88
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
CEMEX will classify all of its outstanding debt as current debt in its balance sheet if: 1) as of any measurement date CEMEX fails to
comply with the aforementioned financial ratios; or 2) the cross default clause that is part of the Credit Agreement is triggered by the
provisions contained therein; 3) as of any date prior to a subsequent measurement date CEMEX expects not to be in compliance with
such financial ratios in the absence of: a) amendments and/or waivers covering the next succeeding 12 months; b) high probability that
the violation will be cured during any agreed upon remediation period and be sustained for the next succeeding 12 months; and/or c)
a signed refinancing agreement to refinance the relevant debt on a long-term basis. Moreover, concurrent with the aforementioned
classification of debt in the short-term, the noncompliance of CEMEX with the financial ratios agreed upon pursuant to the Credit
Agreement or, in such event, the absence of a waiver of compliance or a negotiation thereof, after certain procedures upon CEMEX’s
lenders’ request, they would call for the acceleration of payments due under the Credit Agreement. That scenario will have a material
adverse effect on CEMEX’s liquidity, capital resources and financial position.
16B) Other financial obligations
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, other financial obligations in the consolidated balance sheet are detailed as follows:
I. Convertible subordinated notes due 2020
II. Convertible subordinated notes due 2018
II. Convertible subordinated notes due 2016
III. Convertible subordinated notes due 2015
IV. Mandatory convertible securities 2019
V. Liabilities secured with accounts receivable
VI. Capital leases
2015
2014
Short-term
Long-term
Total
Short-term
Long-term
Total
$
–
–
6,007
–
239
9,071
270
$ 15,587
8,569
10,826
–
–
961
1,430
1,482
23,268
8,569
10,826
6,007
–
1,200
10,501
1,752
38,855
$
$
–
–
–
2,983
206
8,063
260
11,512
–
8,891
13,642
–
1,194
1,700
1,656
27,083
–
8,891
13,642
2,983
1,400
9,763
1,916
38,595
Financial instruments convertible into CEMEX’s shares contain components of liability and equity, which are recognized differently
depending upon the currency in which the instrument is denominated and the functional currency of the issuer (note 2F).
I. Optional convertible subordinated notes due 2020
During 2015, the Parent Company issued US$521 ($8,977) aggregate principal amount of 3.72% convertible subordinated notes due in
March 2020 (the “2020 Convertible Notes”). The 2020 Convertible Notes were issued: a) US$200 as a result of the exercise in March
13, 2015 of US$200 notional amount of Contingent Convertible Units (“CCUs”) described below, and b) US$321 as a result of the
exchange with certain institutional investors in May 21, 2015, which together with early conversions, resulted in a total of approximately
US$626 aggregate principal amount of 3.25% convertible subordinated notes due in 2016 (the “2016 Convertible Notes”) held by such
investors and the issuance and delivery by CEMEX of an estimated 42 million ADSs, which included a number of additional ADSs
issued to the holders as non-cash inducement premiums. The 2020 Convertible Notes, which are subordinated to all of CEMEX’s
liabilities and commitments, are convertible into a fixed number of CEMEX’s ADSs at any time at the holder’s election and are subject
to antidilution adjustments. The difference at the exchange date between the fair value of the 2016 Convertible Notes and the 42 million
ADSs against the fair value of the 2020 Convertible Notes, represented a loss of approximately $365 recognized in 2015 as part of
other financial (expense) income, net. As of December 31, 2015, the conversion price per ADS was approximately 11.90 dollars. The
aggregate fair value of the conversion option as of the issuance dates which amounted to approximately $199 was recognized in other
equity reserves. After antidilution adjustments, the conversion rate as of December 31, 2015 was 84.0044 ADS per each 1 thousand
dollars principal amount of such notes.
89
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
II. Optional convertible subordinated notes due in 2016 and 2018
On March 15, 2011, CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. closed the offering of US$978 ($11,632) aggregate principal amount of the 2016 Convertible
Notes and US$690 ($8,211) principal amount of 3.75% convertible subordinated notes due in 2018 (the “2018 Convertible Notes”).
The notes are subordinated to all of CEMEX’s liabilities and commitments. The notes are convertible into a fixed number of CEMEX’s
ADSs, and are subject to antidilution adjustments. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the conversion price per ADS was approximately
9.27 dollars and 9.65 dollars, respectively. After antidilution adjustments, the conversion rate as of December 31, 2015 and 2014
was 107.8211 ADS and 103.6741 ADS, respectively, per each 1 thousand dollars principal amount of such notes. Concurrent with the
offering, a portion of the net proceeds from this transaction were used to fund the purchase of capped call options, which are generally
expected to reduce the potential dilution cost to CEMEX upon the potential conversion of such notes (note 16D). After the exchange of
notes described in the paragraph above, as of December 31, 2015, US$352 of the 2016 Convertible Notes due in March 2016 remain
outstanding.
III. Optional convertible subordinated notes due in 2015
On March 30, 2010, CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. issued US$715 ($8,837) aggregate principal amount of 4.875% Optional Convertible
Subordinated Notes due 2015 (the “2015 Convertible Notes”), which were subordinated to all of CEMEX’s liabilities and commitments,
and were convertible into a fixed number of CEMEX’s ADSs, at the holder’s election considering antidilution adjustments. As described
above, in March 2015 CEMEX repaid at maturity the remaining balance of these notes. As of December 31, 2014, the conversion price
per ADS was approximately 11.18 dollars. After antidilution adjustments, the conversion rate as of December 31, 2014 was 89.4729
ADS, per each 1 thousand dollars principal amount of such notes. Concurrent with the offering, a portion of the proceeds were used
to enter into a capped call transaction that was expected to generally reduce the potential dilution cost to CEMEX upon the potential
conversion of the notes (note 16D).
On several dates during 2014, CEMEX agreed with certain institutional holders the early conversion of approximately US$511 in
aggregate principal amount of the 2015 Convertible Notes in exchange for approximately 50.4 million ADSs, which included the number
of additional ADSs issued to the holders as non-cash inducement premiums. As a result of the early conversion agreements the liability
component of the converted notes of approximately $6,483, was reclassified from other financial obligations to other equity reserves.
In addition, considering the issuance of shares, CEMEX increased common stock for $4 and additional paid-in capital for $8,037 against
other equity reserves, and recognized expense for the inducement premiums of approximately $957, representing the fair value of the
ADSs at the issuance dates, in the statement of operations in 2014 within “Other financial (expense) income, net.” As of December 31,
2014, the outstanding principal amount of the 2015 Convertible Notes was of approximately US$204.
On October 3, 2014, pursuant to a private offer, CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V issued US$200 ($2,948) “CCUs” in connection with the 2015
Convertible Notes, by means of which, in exchange for monthly payments by CEMEX to the holders of the CCUs at the annual rate
of 3.0% on the notional amount, CEMEX secured the refinancing for any of the 2015 Convertible Notes that would mature without
conversion up to US$200 of the principal amount. Based on the contract of the CCUs, the holders invested the US$200 in treasury
bonds of the United States, and irrevocably agreed that such investment would be applied, if necessary, in March 2015, to subscribe
new convertible notes of the Parent Company for up to US$200. As previously mentioned, in March 13, 2015, CEMEX exercised the
CCUs and issued US$200 aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Convertible Notes to the holders of such CCUs. CEMEX used the
proceeds from the exercise of CCUs and the corresponding issuance of US$200 of the 2020 Convertible Notes to partially repay at
their maturity in March 15, 2015, US$204 of the remaining aggregate principal amount of the 2015 Convertible Notes described above.
90
Notes to the consolidated financial statements IV. Mandatorily convertible securities due in 2019
In December 2009, CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. completed an exchange offer of debt into mandatorily convertible securities in pesos
for approximately US$315 ($4,126) with maturity in 2019 and annual rate of 10% (the “2019 Mandatorily Convertible Securities”).
Reflecting antidilution adjustments, the notes will be converted at maturity or earlier if the price of the CPO reaches approximately
$29.50 into approximately 210 million CPOs at a conversion price of approximately $19.66 per CPO. During their tenure, holders have
an option to voluntarily convert their securities, on any interest payment date into CPOs. Considering the currency in which the notes
are denominated and the functional currency of the Parent Company’s financing division (note 2D) the conversion option embedded
in these securities is treated as a stand-alone derivative liability at fair value through the statement of operations, recognizing an
initial effect of $365. Changes in fair value of the conversion option generated gains for approximately US$18 ($310) in 2015, gains of
approximately US$11($159) in 2014 and losses of approximately US$10 ($135) in 2013.
V. Liabilities secured with accounts receivable
As mentioned in note 9, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, CEMEX maintained securitization programs for the sale of trade accounts
receivable established in Mexico, the United States, France and the United Kingdom, by means of which, CEMEX effectively surrenders
control associated with the trade accounts receivable sold and there is no guarantee or obligation to reacquire the assets. However,
considering that CEMEX retains certain residual interest in the programs and/or maintains continuing involvement with the accounts
receivable, the funded amounts of the trade receivables sold are recognized in “Other financial obligations,” and the receivables sold
are maintained in the balance sheet.
VI. Capital leases
CEMEX has several operating and administrative assets, including buildings and mobile equipment, under capital lease contracts.
Future payments associated with these contracts are presented in note 23E.
16C) Fair value of financial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities
The carrying amounts of cash, trade accounts receivable, other accounts receivable, trade accounts payable, other accounts payable
and accrued expenses, as well as short-term debt, approximate their corresponding estimated fair values due to the short-term maturity
and revolving nature of these financial assets and liabilities. Cash equivalents and certain long-term investments are recognized at
fair value, considering to the extent available, quoted market prices for the same or similar instruments. The estimated fair value of
CEMEX´s long-term debt is level 2, and is either based on estimated market prices for such or similar instruments, considering interest
rates currently available for CEMEX to negotiate debt with the same maturities, or determined by discounting future cash flows using
market-based interest rates currently available to CEMEX.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the carrying amounts of financial assets and liabilities and their respective fair values were as follows:
Financial assets
Derivative instruments (notes 13B and 16D)
Other investments and non-current accounts receivable (note 13B)
Financial liabilities
Long-term debt (note 16A)
Other financial obligations (note 16B)
Derivative instruments (notes 16D and 17)
2015
2014
Carrying amount
Fair value
Carrying amount
Fair value
$
$
869
5,680
6,549
869
5,537
6,406
$ 229,125
23,268
178
$ 252,571
220,662
24,863
178
245,703
$
4,816
5,501
$ 10,317
4,816
5,252
10,068
$ 191,327
27,083
413
$ 218,823
200,366
37,329
413
238,108
91
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Fair Value Hierarchy
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, assets and liabilities carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are included in the
following fair value hierarchy categories:
2015
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
Assets measured at fair value
Derivative instruments (notes 13B and 16D)
Investments available-for-sale (note 13B)
Investments held for trading (note 13B)
Liabilities measured at fair value
Derivative instruments (notes 16D and 17)
2014
Assets measured at fair value
Derivative instruments (notes 13B and 16D)
Investments available-for-sale (note 13B)
Investments held for trading (note 13B)
Liabilities measured at fair value
Derivative instruments (notes 16D and 17)
$
$
$
$
$
$
–
632
–
632
869
–
317
1,186
–
178
–
–
–
–
–
869
632
317
1,818
178
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
–
246
–
246
4,816
–
322
5,138
–
413
–
–
–
–
–
4,816
246
322
5,384
413
16D) Derivative financial instruments
During the reported periods, in compliance with the guidelines established by its Risk Management Committee and the restrictions
set forth by its debt agreements, CEMEX held interest rate swaps, as well as forward contracts and other derivative instruments on
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V.’s own CPOs and/or ADSs and third parties’ shares, with the objective of, as the case may be: a) changing the
risk profile associated with the price of raw materials and other energy projects; and b) other corporate purposes. As of December 31,
2015 and 2014, the notional amounts and fair values of CEMEX’s derivative instruments were as follows:
(U.S. dollars millions)
I. Interest rate swaps
II. Equity forwards on third party shares
III. Options on the Parent Company’s own shares
IV. Foreign exchange forward contracts
2015
2014
Notional amount
Fair value Notional amount
Fair value
US$
US$
157
24
1,145
173
1,499
28
6
12
(1)
45
165
27
1,668
–
1,860
33
–
266
–
299
The fair values determined by CEMEX for its derivative financial instruments are Level 2. There is no direct measure for the risk of
CEMEX or its counterparties in connection with the derivative instruments. Therefore, the risk factors applied for CEMEX’s assets and
liabilities originated by the valuation of such derivatives were extrapolated from publicly available risk discounts for other public debt
instruments of CEMEX and its counterparties.
The caption “Other financial (expense) income, net” includes gains and losses related to the recognition of changes in fair values of
the derivative instruments during the applicable period and that represented net losses of $2,981 (US$173) and of $679 (US$46) in
2015 and 2014, respectively, and a gain of $2,126 (US$163) in 2013. As of December 31, 2014, pursuant to net balance settlement
agreements, existed cash deposits in margin accounts that guaranteed obligations through derivative financial instruments were offset
with the fair value of the derivative instruments for $206 (US$14).
92
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
The estimated fair value of derivative instruments fluctuates over time and is determined by measuring the effect of future relevant
economic variables according to the yield curves shown in the market as of the reporting date. These values should be analyzed in
relation to the fair values of the underlying transactions and as part of CEMEX’s overall exposure attributable to fluctuations in interest
rates and foreign exchange rates. The notional amounts of derivative instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties,
and consequently, there is no direct measure of CEMEX’s exposure to the use of these derivatives. The amounts exchanged are
determined based on the basis of the notional amounts and other terms included in the derivative instruments.
I. Interest rate swap contracts
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, CEMEX had an interest rate swap maturing in September 2022 associated with an agreement
entered into by CEMEX for the acquisition of electric energy in Mexico, which fair value represented assets of approximately US$28
($482) and US$33 ($486), respectively. Pursuant to this instrument, during the tenure of the swap and based on its notional amount,
CEMEX will receive a fixed rate of 5.4% and will pay LIBOR. Changes in the fair value of this interest rate swap generated losses of
US$4 ($69) in 2015, of US$1 ($3) in 2014 and US$16 ($207) in 2013, recognized in the statements of operations for each year.
II. Equity forwards in third party shares
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, CEMEX had a forward contract to be settled in cash maturing in October 2016 over the price, in
both years, of 59.5 million CPOs of Axtel, a Mexican telecommunications company traded in the MSE. Changes in the fair value of
this instrument generated gains of US$15 ($258) in 2015, losses of US$9 ($133) in 2014 and gains of US$6 ($76) in 2013 recognized in
the statements of operations for each period. In October 2015, Axtel announced its merger with Alestra, a Mexican entity provider of
information technology solutions and member of Alfa Group. The merger is expected to be effective beginning February 15, 2016. In
connection with this merger, on January 6, 2016, CEMEX settled in cash the forward contract it maintained in shares of Axtel (note 26).
III. Options on the Parent Company’s own shares
On March 15, 2011, CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. entered into a capped call transaction, after antidilution adjustments, over approximately
173 million ADSs (101 million ADSs maturing in March 2016 and 72 million ADSs maturing in March 2018), in connection with the 2016
Convertible Notes and the 2018 Convertible Notes and to effectively increase the conversion price for CEMEX’s ADSs under such
notes, by means of which, at maturity of the notes, if the market price per ADS is above the strike price of approximately 9.65 dollars,
CEMEX will receive in cash the difference between the market price and the strike price, with a maximum appreciation per ADS of
approximately 4.45 dollars for the 2016 Convertible Notes and 5.94 dollars for the 2018 Convertible Notes. CEMEX paid aggregate
premiums of approximately US$222. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the fair value of such options represented an asset of
approximately US$22 ($379) and US$294 ($4,335), respectively. Changes in the fair value of these instruments generated losses of
US$228 ($3,928) in 2015, losses of US$65 ($962) in 2014 and gains of US$127 ($1,663) in 2013, recognized within “Other financial
(expense) income, net” in the statements of operations. During 2015, CEMEX amended a portion of the capped calls relating to the
2016 Convertible Notes with the purpose of unwinding the position, as a result CEMEX received an aggregate amount of approximately
US$44 ($758) in cash, equivalent to the unwind of 44.2% of the total notional amount of such capped call.
On March 30, 2010, CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. entered into a capped call transaction, after antidilution adjustments, over approximately
64 million ADSs maturing in March 2015, in connection with the 2015 Convertible Notes and to effectively increase the conversion
price for CEMEX’s ADSs under such notes, by means of which, at maturity of the notes, if the market price per ADS was above the
strike price of approximately 11.18 dollars, CEMEX would receive in cash the difference between the market price and the strike price,
with a maximum appreciation per ADS of approximately 4.30 dollars. CEMEX paid a premium of approximately US$105. In January,
2014, CEMEX initiated a process to amend the terms of this capped call transaction, pursuant to which, using the existing market
valuation of the instrument, CEMEX received approximately 7.7 million zero-strike call options over a same number of ADSs. In July
2014, CEMEX amended the zero-strike call options to fix a minimum value of approximately US$94. As part of the amendment, CEMEX
also retained the economic value of approximately 1 million ADSs. During December 2014, CEMEX further amended and unwound the
zero-strike call options, monetizing the remainder value of the approximately 1 million ADSs it had retained, pursuant to which CEMEX
received a total payment of approximately US$105. During 2014 and 2013, changes in the fair value of these options generated gains
of approximately US$17 ($253) and US$36 ($465), respectively, which were recognized within “Other financial (expense) income, net”
in the statements of operations.
93
Notes to the consolidated financial statements In addition, in connection with the 2019 Mandatorily Convertible Securities (note 16B); that the securities are denominated in pesos
and the functional currency of the Parent Company’s division that issued the securities is the dollar, CEMEX separated the conversion
option embedded in such instruments and recognized it at fair value through profit or loss, which as of December 31, 2015 and 2014,
resulted in a liability of US$10 ($178) and US$28 ($413), respectively. Changes in fair value generated gains of US$18 ($310) in 2015,
gains of US$11 ($159) in 2014 and losses of US$10 ($135) in 2013.
IV. Foreign exchange forward contracts
As of December 31, 2015, CEMEX held foreign exchange forward contracts maturing in April 2016 for a notional amount of approximately
US$173, negotiated to hedge financial risks associated with variations in foreign exchange rates of certain net investments in foreign
subsidiaries which functional currencies are the Euro and the Dollar. As of December 31, 2015, the estimated fair value of these
contracts resulted in a liability of approximately US$1 ($17). Changes in the fair value of this instrument, including the effects resulting
from positions settled during the year, generated in 2015 gains of approximately US$26 ($448), recognized within “Other financial
(expense) income, net” in the statements of operations.
During 2013, the notional amount of the guarantee CEMEX had granted for a notional amount of approximately US$360, in connection
with put option transactions on CEMEX’s CPOs entered into by Citibank with a Mexican trust, was gradually unwound. Changes in fair
value were recognized in the statements of operations within “Other financial (expense) income, net,” representing losses of US$22
($284) in 2013.
Other derivative instruments
In addition to the table above, as of December 31, 2015, CEMEX had a forward contract with a notional amount of approximately US$16
($276), negotiated to hedge the price of diesel fuel in the United Kingdom. By means of this contract, CEMEX fixed the fuel component
of the market price of diesel over certain volume representing a portion of the estimated diesel consumption in such operations. This
contract has been documented as a cash flow hedge of fuel consumption, and as such, changes in fair value are recognized through
other comprehensive income. As of December 31, 2015, the fair value of this contract represented a liability of approximately US$3 ($52).
16E) Risk management
In recent years, with the exception of the capped call transactions entered into in March 2010 and March 2011 mentioned above (notes
16B and 16D), CEMEX has significantly decreased its use of derivatives instruments related to debt, both currency and interest rate
derivatives, thereby reducing the risk of cash margin calls. In addition, the Credit and the Facilities Agreement significantly restrict
CEMEX’s ability to enter into certain derivative transactions.
Credit risk
Credit risk is the risk of financial loss faced by CEMEX if a customer or counterpart of a financial instrument does not meet its
contractual obligations and originates mainly from trade accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the maximum
exposure to credit risk is represented by the balance of financial assets. Management has developed policies for the authorization of
credit to customers. The exposure to credit risk is monitored constantly according to the behavior of payment of the debtors. Credit is
assigned on a customer-by-customer basis and is subject to assessments which consider the customers’ payment capacity, as well as
past behavior regarding due dates, balances past due and delinquent accounts. In cases deemed necessary, CEMEX’s management
requires guarantees from its customers and financial counterparties with regard to financial assets.
The Company’s management has established a policy of low risk which analyzes the creditworthiness of each new client individually
before offering the general conditions of payment terms and delivery, the review includes external ratings, when references are
available, and in some cases bank references. Threshold of purchase limits are established for each client, which represent the maximum
purchase amounts that require different levels of approval. Customers that do not meet the levels of solvency requirements imposed
by CEMEX can only carry out transactions by paying cash in advance. As of December 31, 2015, considering CEMEX’s best estimate
of potential losses based on an analysis of age and considering recovery efforts, the allowance for doubtful accounts was $1,999.
94
Notes to the consolidated financial statements Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market
interest rates, which only affects CEMEX’s results if the fixed-rate long-term debt is measured at fair value. All of CEMEX’s fixed-rate
long-term debt is carried at amortized cost and therefore is not subject to interest rate risk. CEMEX’s exposure to the risk of changes in
market interest rates relates primarily to its long-term debt obligations with floating interest rates. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014,
CEMEX was subject to the volatility of floating interest rates, which, if such rates were to increase, may adversely affect its financing
cost and the results for the period. CEMEX manages its interest rate risk by balancing its exposure to fixed and variable rates while
attempting to reduce its interest costs.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, approximately 27% and 29%, respectively, of CEMEX’s long-term debt was denominated in
floating rates at a weighted average interest rate of LIBOR plus 367 basis points in 2015 and 428 basis points in 2014. As of December
31, 2015 and 2014, if interest rates at that date had been 0.5% higher, with all other variables held constant, CEMEX’s net income for
2015 would have reduced by approximately US$18 ($312) and CEMEX’s net loss for 2014 would have increased by approximately US$2
($32), as a result of higher interest expense on variable rate denominated debt. This analysis does not include the interest rate swaps
held by CEMEX during 2015 and 2014.
Foreign currency risk
Foreign currency risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in
foreign exchange rates. CEMEX’s exposure to the risk of changes in foreign exchange rates relates primarily to its operating activities.
Due to its geographic diversification, CEMEX’s revenues and costs are generated and settled in various countries and in different
currencies. For the year ended December 31, 2015, approximately 20% of CEMEX’s net sales, before eliminations resulting from
consolidation, were generated in Mexico, 26% in the United States, 8% in the United Kingdom, 3% in Germany, 5% in France, 4% in
the Rest of Northern Europe region, 3% in Spain, 3% in Egypt, 4% in the Rest of Mediterranean region, 5% in Colombia, 8% in the
Rest of South America and the Caribbean region, 4% in Asia and 7% in CEMEX’s other operations.
Foreign exchange gains and losses occur by monetary assets or liabilities in a currency different from its functional currency, and are
recorded in the consolidated statements of operations, except for exchange fluctuations associated with foreign currency indebtedness
directly related to the acquisition of foreign entities and related parties’ long-term balances denominated in foreign currency, for which
are reported in the statement of other comprehensive income (loss). As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, excluding from the sensitivity
analysis the impact of translating the net assets of foreign operations into CEMEX’s reporting currency, considering a hypothetic
10% strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Mexican peso, with all other variables held constant, CEMEX’s net loss for 2015
and 2014 would have increased by approximately US$232 ($3,998) and US$216 ($3,186), respectively, as a result of higher foreign
exchange losses on CEMEX’s dollar-denominated net monetary liabilities held in consolidated entities with other functional currencies.
Conversely, a hypothetic 10% weakening of the U.S. dollar against the Mexican peso would have the opposite effect.
As of December 31, 2015, approximately 82% of CEMEX’s financial debt was Dollar-denominated, approximately 18% was Euro-
denominated, less than 1% was Peso-denominated and immaterial amounts were denominated in other currencies; therefore, CEMEX
had a foreign currency exposure arising from the Dollar-denominated financial debt, and the Euro-denominated financial debt, versus
the currencies in which CEMEX’s revenues are settled in most countries in which it operates. CEMEX cannot guarantee that it will
generate sufficient revenues in Dollars and Euros from its operations to service these obligations. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014,
CEMEX had not implemented any derivative financing hedging strategy to address this foreign currency risk.
95
Notes to the consolidated financial statements As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, CEMEX’s consolidated net monetary assets (liabilities) by currency are as follows:
Monetary assets
Monetary liabilities
Net monetary assets (liabilities)
Out of which:
Dollars
Pesos
Euros
Other currencies
Monetary assets
Monetary liabilities
Net monetary assets (liabilities)
Out of which:
Dollars
Pesos
Euros
Other currencies
Mexico
USA
$ 13,418
12,690
728
$
10,266
22,593
(12,327)
$
$
(69)
797
–
–
728
(12,334)
9
–
(2)
(12,327)
Mexico
USA
$ 15,565
12,389
3,176
$
$
$
(136)
3,312
–
–
3,176
8,319
14,876
(6,557)
(6,560)
3
–
–
(6,557)
Northern
Europe
13,058
33,583
(20,525)
–
–
(7,874)
(12,651)
(20,525)
Northern
Europe
15,954
32,619
(16,665)
–
–
(4,155)
(12,510)
(16,665)
2015
Mediterranean
SAC
Asia
Others
Total
9,616
11,592
(1,976)
58
–
(1,790)
(244)
(1,976)
5,646
6,697
(1,051)
604
–
–
(1,655)
(1,051)
2014
2,346
2,789
(443)
7,748
268,058
(260,310)
62,098
358,002
(295,904)
188
–
–
(631)
(443)
(187,553)
(29,407)
(45,183)
1,833
(260,310)
(199,106)
(28,601)
(54,847)
(13,350)
(295,904)
Mediterranean
SAC
Asia
Others
Total
7,315
9,336
(2,021)
10
–
(2,178)
147
(2,021)
5,245
5,839
(594)
598
–
(25)
(1,167)
(594)
2,126
2,251
(125)
8,677
269,141
(260,464)
63,201
346,451
(283,250)
111
–
–
(236)
(125)
(193,772)
(35,141)
(42,685)
11,134
(260,464)
(199,749)
(31,826)
(49,043)
(2,632)
(283,250)
Equity risk
Equity risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in the market
price of CEMEX’s and/or third party’s shares. As described in note 16D, CEMEX has entered into equity forward contracts on Axtel
CPOs, as well as capped call options based on the price of CEMEX’s own ADSs. Under these equity derivative instruments, there is
a direct relationship in the change in the fair value of the derivative with the change in price of the underlying share. All changes in fair
value of such derivative instruments are recognized in profit or loss as part of “Other financial (expense) income, net.” A significant
decrease in the market price of CEMEX’s ADSs would negatively affect CEMEX’s liquidity and financial position.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the potential change in the fair value of CEMEX’s forward contracts in Axtel’s shares that would
result from a hypothetical, instantaneous decrease of 10% in the market price of Axtel’s CPO, with all other variables held constant,
CEMEX’s net income for 2015 would have reduced in approximately US$3 ($51) and CEMEX’s net loss for 2014 would have increased
by approximately US$1 ($15), as a result of additional negative changes in fair value associated with such forward contracts. A 10%
hypothetical increase in the Axtel CPO price would generate approximately the opposite effects.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the potential change in the fair value of CEMEX’s options (capped calls) that would result from a
hypothetical, instantaneous decrease of 10% in the market price of CEMEX’s ADSs, with all other variables held constant, CEMEX’s
net income for 2015 would have reduced in approximately US$8 ($137) and CEMEX’s net loss for 2014 would have increased by
approximately US$73 ($1,076), as a result of additional negative changes in fair value associated with these contracts. A 10% hypothetical
increase in CEMEX’s ADS price would generate approximately the opposite effect.
96
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
In addition, even though the changes in fair value of CEMEX’s embedded conversion option in the Mandatorily Convertible Notes 2019
denominated in a currency other than the functional issuer’s currency affect the statements of operations, they do not imply any risk
or variability in cash flows, considering that through their exercise, CEMEX will settle a fixed amount of debt with a fixed amount of
shares. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the potential change in the fair value of the embedded conversion options in the Mandatorily
Convertible Notes 2019 that would result from a hypothetical, instantaneous decrease of 10% in the market price of CEMEX’s CPOs,
with all other variables held constant, would have increased CEMEX’s net income for 2015 by approximately US$3 ($47) and would have
decreased CEMEX’s net loss for 2014 by approximately US$8 ($113), as a result of additional positive changes in fair value associated with
this option. A 10% hypothetical increase in the CEMEX CPO price would generate approximately the opposite effect.
Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that CEMEX will not have sufficient funds available to meet its obligations. In addition to cash flows provided by
its operating activities, in order to meet CEMEX’s overall liquidity needs for operations, servicing debt and funding capital expenditures
and acquisitions, CEMEX relies on cost-cutting and operating improvements to optimize capacity utilization and maximize profitability,
as well as borrowing under credit facilities, proceeds of debt and equity offerings, and proceeds from asset sales. CEMEX is exposed
to risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates, prices and currency controls, interest rates, inflation, governmental spending,
social instability and other political, economic and/or social developments in the countries in which it operates, any one of which may
materially affect CEMEX’s results and reduce cash from operations. The maturities of CEMEX’s contractual obligations are included in
note 23E. As of December 31, 2015, CEMEX has approximately US$735 ($12,664) available in its committed revolving credit tranche
under its Credit Agreement (note 16A).
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the potential requirement for additional margin calls under our different commitments is not significant.
17) Other current and non-current liabilities
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, consolidated other current accounts payable and accrued expenses were as follows:
Provisions 1
Interest payable
Advances from customers
Other accounts payable and accrued expenses
Liabilities held for sale (note 15B)
2015
2014
$ 10,438
3,421
2,606
4,304
–
$ 20,769
10,341
3,106
2,595
2,392
1,611
20,045
1 Current provisions primarily consist of accrued employee benefits, insurance payments, and accruals for legal assessments, among others. These amounts are
revolving in nature and are expected to be settled and replaced by similar amounts within the next 12 months.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, consolidated other non-current liabilities were as follows:
Asset retirement obligations 1
Accruals for legal assessments and other responsibilities 2
Non-current liabilities for valuation of derivative instruments
Environmental liabilities 3
Other non-current liabilities and provisions 4
2015
2014
$
$
7,036
2,984
178
827
3,849
14,874
7,630
3,499
413
365
19,584
31,491
1 Provisions for asset retirement include future estimated costs for demolition, cleaning and reforestation of production sites at the end of their operation, which are
initially recognized against the related assets and are depreciated over their estimated useful life.
2 Provisions for legal claims and other responsibilities include items related to tax contingencies.
3 Environmental liabilities include future estimated costs arising from legal or constructive obligations, related to cleaning, reforestation and other remedial actions to
remediate damage caused to the environment. The expected average period to settle these obligations is greater than 15 years.
4 As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, includes approximately $3,131 and $16,264, respectively, of the non-current portion of taxes payable recognized since 2009 as a
result of the changes to the tax consolidation regime in Mexico approved in 2009 and 2013 as described in note 19D. Approximately $840 and $5,165 as of December
31, 2015 and 2014 respectively, were included within current taxes payable.
97
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Changes in consolidated other non-current liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, were as follows:
Balance at beginning of period
Business combinations
Additions or increase in estimates
Releases or decrease in estimates
Reclassifications
Accretion expense
Foreign currency translation
Balance at the end of period
Out of which:
Current provisions
Asset
retirement
obligations
Environmental
liabilities
Accruals for
legal
proceedings
Valuation of
derivative
instruments
2015
7,630
46
345
(770)
(135)
–
(80)
7,036
365
44
67
(42)
99
–
294
827
3,499
–
1
(944)
(6)
–
434
2,984
413
–
53
(304)
–
–
69
231
Other
Provisions
29,925
539
45,942
(65,544)
(3,712)
(904)
7,988
14,234
Total
2014
41,832
629
46,408
(67,604)
(3,754)
(904)
8,705
25,312
45,277
–
19,892
(29,969)
(17)
(875)
7,524
41,832
–
–
–
53
10,385
10,438
10,341
$
$
$
18) Pensions and postretirement employee benefits
Defined contribution pension plans
The costs of defined contribution plans for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were approximately $706, $497 and
$455, respectively. CEMEX contributes periodically the amounts offered by the pension plan to the employee’s individual accounts, not
retaining any remaining liability as of the balance sheet date.
Defined benefit pension plans
Actuarial results related to pension and other post retirement benefits are recognized in the results and/or in “Other comprehensive
income (loss) for the period” in which they are generated, as correspond. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the
effects of pension plans and other postretirement benefits are summarized as follows:
Net period cost (revenue):
2015
2014
2013
2015
2014
2013
2015
Pensions
Other benefits
Total
2014
2013
Recorded in operating costs and expenses
Service cost
Past service cost
Loss (gain) for settlements and curtailments
Recorded in other financial expenses
Net interest cost
Recorded in other comprehensive income
(loss) for the period
Actuarial (gains) losses for the period
$ 128
12
–
140
108
4
–
112
111
(40)
(18)
53
30
(20)
(13)
(3)
32
–
(110)
(78)
30
(90)
–
(60)
158
(8)
(13)
137
140
4
(110)
34
141
(130)
(18)
(7)
596
527
516
56
54
67
652
581
583
872
$ 1,608
3,014
3,653
727
1,296
(124)
(71)
(13)
(37)
(341)
(334)
748
1,537
3,001
3,616
386
962
98
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
The reconciliations of the actuarial benefits obligations, pension plan assets, and liabilities recognized in the balance sheet as of
December 31, 2015 and 2014 are presented as follows:
Change in benefits obligation:
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year
Service cost
Interest cost
Actuarial (gains) losses for the period
Reduction for disposal of assets (note 15B)
Settlements and curtailments
Plan amendments
Benefits paid
Foreign currency translation
Projected benefit obligation at end of year
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year
Return on plan assets
Actuarial results
Employer contributions
Reduction for disposal of assets (note 15B)
Benefits paid
Foreign currency translation
Fair value of plan assets at end of year
Pensions
Other benefits
Total
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
$ 40,285
128
1,561
(693)
(196)
–
12
(2,186)
3,829
42,740
24,698
965
(1,565)
1,031
(79)
(2,186)
2,683
25,547
35,089
109
1,529
3,714
(421)
–
–
(1,811)
2,076
40,285
22,349
1,000
690
982
(85)
(1,811)
1,573
24,698
1,321
30
58
(129)
(161)
(13)
(20)
(60)
74
1,100
27
2
(5)
60
–
(60)
–
24
1,357
38
62
2
–
(110)
–
(77)
49
1,321
24
2
1
77
–
(77)
–
27
41,606
158
1,619
(822)
(357)
(13)
(8)
(2,246)
3,903
43,840
24,725
967
(1,570)
1,091
(79)
(2,246)
2,683
25,571
36,446
147
1,591
3,716
(421)
(110)
–
(1,888)
2,125
41,606
22,373
1,002
691
1,059
(85)
(1,888)
1,573
24,725
Amounts recognized in the balance sheets:
Net projected liability recognized in the balance sheet
$
17,193
15,587
1,076
1,294
18,269
16,881
Most CEMEX’s defined benefit plans have been closed to new participants for several years. Actuarial losses during 2014 were mainly
generated by a reduction in the discount rates applicable to the obligations at the end of the period in the United Kingdom, Germany
and the United States, and to a lesser extent by the increase in the expected life assumption in the United States.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, plan assets were measured at their estimated fair value and consisted of:
Cash
Investments in corporate bonds
Investments in government bonds
Total fixed-income securities
Investment in marketable securities
Other investments and private funds
Total variable-income securities
Total plan assets
2015
2014
$
1,533
3,511
9,275
14,319
6,944
4,308
11,252
$ 25,571
1,682
2,731
8,788
13,201
7,137
4,387
11,524
24,725
99
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, based on the hierarchy of fair values (note 2F), investments in plan assets are summarized as
follows:
Cash
Investments in corporate bonds
Investments in government bonds
Total fixed-income securities
Investment in marketable securities
Other investments and private funds
Total variable-income securities
Total plan assets
2015
2014
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
$
$
649
896
153
1,698
1,503
618
2,121
3,819
884
2,615
9,122
12,621
5,441
3,244
8,685
21,306
–
–
–
–
–
446
446
446
1,533
3,511
9,275
14,319
6,944
4,308
11,252
25,571
1,569
2,099
8,788
12,456
5,547
1,773
7,320
19,776
113
632
–
745
1,590
2,586
4,176
4,921
–
–
–
–
–
28
28
28
1,682
2,731
8,788
13,201
7,137
4,387
11,524
24,725
As of December 31, 2015, estimated payments for pensions and other postretirement benefits over the next 10 years were as follows:
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021 - 2025
2015
2,532
2,536
2,571
2,636
2,554
14,189
The most significant assumptions used in the determination of the net periodic cost were as follows:
Discount rates
Rate of return on plan assets
Rate of salary increases
2015
2014
United
States
United
Kingdom
Range of
rates in
other countries
4.0%
4.0%
–
3.7% 1.2% – 6.8%
3.7% 1.2% – 6.8%
3.1% 1.5% – 5.0%
Mexico
5.5%
5.5%
4.0%
United
States
United
Kingdom
Range of
rates in
other countries
4.8%
4.8%
–
4.4% 2.3% – 7.5%
4.4% 2.3% – 7.5%
3.4% 2.0% – 5.0%
Mexico
6.8%
6.8%
4.0%
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the aggregate projected benefit obligation (“PBO”) for pension plans and other postretirement
benefits and the plan assets by country were as follows:
Mexico
United States
United Kingdom
Germany
Other countries
PBO
$
3,699
5,988
27,522
3,700
2,931
$ 43,840
2015
Assets
538
3,552
20,042
205
1,234
25,571
Deficit
PBO
3,161
2,436
7,480
3,495
1,697
18,269
3,760
5,501
25,635
3,634
3,076
41,606
2014
Assets
799
3,569
18,953
196
1,208
24,725
Deficit
2,961
1,932
6,682
3,438
1,868
16,881
In some countries, CEMEX has established health care benefits for retired personnel limited to a certain number of years after
retirement. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the projected benefits obligation related to these benefits was approximately $786
and $842, respectively. The medical inflation rates used to determine the projected benefits obligation of these benefits in 2015 and
2014 for Mexico were 7.0% in both periods, for Puerto Rico 4.5% and 4.7%, respectively, and for the United Kingdom were 6.6% in
both periods. Eligibility for retiree medical in the United States has been terminated for all new employees on December 31, 2014, and
remaining participants are under a capped group and future health care cost trend rates are not applicable. The medical inflation rate for
2014 in the United States was 4.4%.
100
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Significant events related to employees’ pension benefits and other postretirement benefits
During 2015, CEMEX in the United States terminated the retiree medical coverage for certain participants not yet retired. In addition,
during 2014, CEMEX in the United States terminated the retiree medical and life insurance coverage for most new retirees, and
changed the existing retirees program effective January 1, 2015, where participants will cease their current plans and instead receive
a Health Reimbursement Account (HRA) contribution, if they become eligible. These curtailment events resulted in an adjustment to
past service cost which generated gains of approximately $13 (US$1) in 2015 and $110 (US$8) in 2014, recognized immediately through
the benefit cost of the respective year.
Effective December 31, 2013, in connection with the closure in 2010 of the Davenport Plant in California, United States, all benefits
under the Medical Plan ceased to former RMC Davenport employees and their spouses. This plan amendment resulted in an adjustment
to past service cost which generated a gain of approximately $94 recognized in 2013 as part of the benefits cost. In addition, certain
reductions in workforce affected CEMEX’s pension plans in Spain and the Philippines, which led to curtailment gains of approximately
$18 also recognized in 2013 as part of the benefits cost.
Applicable regulation in the United Kingdom requires entities to maintain plan assets at a level similar to that of the obligations. In
November 2012, in order to better manage CEMEX’s obligations under its defined benefit pension schemes and future cash funding
requirements thereof, CEMEX implemented an asset backed pension funding arrangement in its operations in the United Kingdom
by means of which CEMEX transferred certain operating assets to a non-transferable limited partnership, owned, controlled and
consolidated by CEMEX UK with a total value of approximately US$553 and entered into lease agreements for the use of such assets
with the limited partnership, in which the pension schemes hold a limited interest. On an ongoing basis CEMEX UK will make annual
rental payments of approximately US$20, increasing at annual rate of 5%, which will generate profits in the limited partnership that
are then distributed to the pension schemes. As previously mentioned, the purpose of the structure, in addition to provide the pension
schemes with secured assets producing an annual return over a period of 25 years, improves the security for the trustees of the
pension schemes, and reduces the level of cash funding that CEMEX UK will have to make in future periods. In 2037, on expiry of
the lease arrangements, the limited partnership will be terminated and under the terms of the agreement, the remaining assets will
be distributed to CEMEX UK. Any future profit distribution from the limited partnership to the pension fund will be considered as an
employer contribution to plan assets in the period in which they occur.
Sensitivity analysis of pension and other postretirement benefits
For the year ended December 31, 2015, CEMEX performed sensitivity analyses on the most significant assumptions that affect the PBO,
considering reasonable independent changes of plus or minus 50 basis points in each of these assumptions. The increase (decrease)
that would have resulted in the PBO of pensions and other postretirement benefits as of December 31, 2015 are shown below:
Assumptions:
Discount rate sensitivity
Salary increase rate sensitivity
Pension increase rate sensitivity
Pensions
Other benefits
Total
+50 bps
-50 bps
+50 bps
-50 bps
+50 bps
-50 bps
$
(2,782)
84
1,871
3,133
(77)
(1,765)
(49)
7
–
53
(6)
–
(2,831)
91
1,871
3,186
(83)
(1,765)
101
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
19) Income taxes
19A) Income taxes for the period
The amounts of income tax revenue (expense) in the statements of operations for 2015, 2014 and 2013 are summarized as follows:
Current income taxes
Deferred income taxes
2015
2014
2013
$
$
6,099
(8,375)
(2,276)
(4,216)
256
(3,960)
(14,240)
8,078
(6,162)
19B) Deferred income taxes
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the main temporary differences that generated the consolidated deferred income tax assets and
liabilities are presented below:
Deferred tax assets:
Tax loss carryforwards and other tax credits
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
Intangible assets and deferred charges, net
Others
Total deferred tax assets, net 1
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, machinery and equipment
Investments and other assets
Total deferred tax liabilities, net
Net deferred tax (liability) asset
2015
2014
$ 16,658
8,220
5,487
130
30,495
25,720
8,694
8,086
216
42,716
(32,742)
(2,689)
(35,431)
(4,936)
$
(32,017)
(2,768)
(34,785)
7,931
1 The decrease in deferred tax assets in 2015 refers mainly to the use of tax loss carryforwards for the settlement of a portion of the liability associated with the
termination of the tax consolidation regime in Mexico (note 19D).
The breakdown of changes in consolidated deferred income taxes during 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:
Deferred income tax (charged) credited to the statements of operations 1
Deferred income tax (charged) credited to stockholders’ equity
Reclassification to other captions in the balance sheet and in the statement of operations 2,3
Change in deferred income tax during the period
2015
2014
2013
$
$
(8,375)
1,089
(5,581)
(12,867)
256
229
418
903
8,078
(1,167)
(69)
6,842
1 In 2013, CEMEX recognized deferred income tax assets in Mexico for approximately $10,823, considering then the projections of estimated taxable income in the
Parent Company resulting from the integration of the operations in Mexico that is described in note 1.
2 In 2015, 2014 and 2013, includes the effects of discounted operations (note 4A) and in 2015 the effects of the termination of tax consolidation regime.
3 In 2014, includes the effect of the divest assets in the western region of Germany (note 15B).
102
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Current and/or deferred income tax relative to items of other comprehensive income (loss) during 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:
Tax effects relative to foreign exchange fluctuations from debt (note 20B)
Tax effects relative to foreign exchange fluctuations from intercompany balances (note 20B)
Tax effects relative to actuarial (gains) and losses (note 20B)
Foreign currency translation and other effects
2015
2014
2013
$
$
(272)
(181)
183
906
636
(75)
247
486
(257)
401
–
(1,338)
(122)
253
(1,207)
For the recognition of deferred tax assets, CEMEX analyzes the aggregate amount of self-determined tax loss carryforwards included
in its income tax returns in each country where CEMEX believes, based on available evidence, that the tax authorities would not reject
such tax loss carryforwards; and the likelihood of the recoverability of such tax loss carryforwards prior to their expiration through an
analysis of estimated future taxable income. If CEMEX believes that it is probable that the tax authorities would reject a self-determined
deferred tax asset, it would decrease such asset. Likewise, if CEMEX believes that it would not be able to use a tax loss carryforward
before its expiration or any other tax asset, CEMEX would not recognize such asset. Both situations would result in additional income
tax expense for the period in which such determination is made. In order to determine whether it is probable that deferred tax assets
will ultimately be realized, CEMEX takes into consideration all available positive and negative evidence, including factors such as
market conditions, industry analysis, expansion plans, projected taxable income, carryforward periods, current tax structure, potential
changes or adjustments in tax structure, tax planning strategies, future reversals of existing temporary differences, etc. In addition,
every reporting period, CEMEX analyzes its actual results versus its estimates, and adjusts, as necessary, its tax asset valuations. If
actual results vary from CEMEX’s estimates, the deferred tax asset may be affected and necessary adjustments will be made based
on relevant information, any adjustments recorded will affect CEMEX’s statements of operations in such period.
As of December 31, 2015, consolidated tax loss and tax credits carryforwards expire as follows:
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020 and thereafter
Amount of
Amount of
unreserved
reserved
carryforwards carryforwards carryforwards
Amount of
$
1,295
2,557
6,028
5,888
358,069
$ 373,837
619
648
994
1,784
317,622
321,667
676
1,909
5,034
4,104
40,447
52,170
As of December 31, 2015, in connection with CEMEX’s deferred tax loss carryforwards presented in the table above, in order to realize
the benefits associated with such deferred tax assets that have not been reserved, before their expiration, CEMEX would need to
generate approximately $52,170 in consolidated pre-tax income in future periods. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013,
CEMEX reported pre-tax losses on a worldwide consolidated basis. Nonetheless, based on the same forecasts of future cash flows
and operating results used by CEMEX’s management to allocate resources and evaluate performance in the countries in which CEMEX
operates, which include expected growth in revenues and reductions in interest expense in several countries due to a reduction in intra-
group debt balances, along with the implementation of feasible tax strategies, CEMEX believes that it will recover the balance of its tax
loss carryforwards that have not been reserved before their expiration. In addition, CEMEX concluded that, the deferred tax liabilities
that were considered in the analysis of recoverability of its deferred tax assets will reverse in the same period and tax jurisdiction of
the related recognized deferred tax assets. Moreover, a certain amount of CEMEX’s deferred tax assets refer to operating segments
and tax jurisdictions in which CEMEX is currently generating taxable income or in which, according to CEMEX’s management cash flow
projections, will generate taxable income in the relevant periods before the expiration of the deferred tax assets.
103
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V., has not provided for any deferred tax liability for the undistributed earnings generated by its subsidiaries
recognized under the equity method, considering that such undistributed earnings are expected to be reinvested, and to not generate
income tax in the foreseeable future. Likewise, CEMEX does not recognize a deferred income tax liability related to its investments
in subsidiaries and interests in joint ventures, considering that CEMEX controls the reversal of the temporary differences arising from
these investments.
19C) Effective tax rate
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the effective consolidated income tax rates were as follows:
Income (loss) before income tax
Income tax expense
Effective consolidated income tax rate 1
2015
2014
2013
$
$
3,442
(2,276)
(66.1)%
(1,830)
(3,960)
216.4%
(3,546)
(6,162)
173.8%
1 The average effective tax rate equals the net amount of income tax revenue or expense divided by income or loss before income taxes, as these line items are reported
in the statements of operations.
Differences between the financial reporting and the corresponding tax basis of assets and liabilities and the different income tax rates
and laws applicable to CEMEX, among other factors, give rise to permanent differences between the statutory tax rate applicable in
Mexico, and the effective tax rate presented in the consolidated statements of operations, in which 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:
Mexican statutory tax rate
Non-taxable dividend income
Expenses and other non-deductible items
Termination of tax consolidation regime
Unrecognized effects during the year related to applicable tax
consolidation regimes
Non-taxable sale of marketable securities and fixed assets
Difference between book and tax inflation
Differences in the income tax rates in the countries where CEMEX operates 1
Changes in deferred tax assets 2
Changes in provisions for uncertain tax positions
Others
Effective consolidated tax rate
2015
2014
2013
%
$
%
$
%
$
30.0
(37.2)
82.3
(33.0)
(8.5)
(36.7)
26.8
(49.2)
100.9
(7.9)
(1.4)
66.1
(1,033)
1,280
(2,833)
1,136
293
1,263
(922)
1,693
(3,473)
272
48
(2,276)
(30.0)
(4.0)
74.0
–
5.5
(47.6)
32.0
(397.8)
553.8
32.0
(1.5)
216.4
549
73
(1,354)
–
(101)
871
(586)
7,280
(10,135)
(586)
29
(3,960)
(30.0)
(5.4)
(8.5)
346.7
(36.3)
(46.2)
38.3
(18.1)
(71.1)
5.8
(1.4)
173.8
1,064
191
301
(12,294)
1,287
1,638
(1,358)
642
2,521
(206)
52
(6,162)
1 Refers mainly to the effects of the differences between the statutory income tax rate in Mexico of 30% against the applicable income tax rates of each country where
CEMEX operates.
2 Refers to the effects in the effective income tax rate associated with changes during the period in the amount of deferred income tax assets related to CEMEX’s tax
loss carryforwards.
104
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
The following table compares variations between the line item “Changes in deferred tax assets” as presented in the table above
against the changes in deferred tax assets in the balance sheet for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:
Tax loss carryforwards generated and not recognized during the year
Utilization of deferred tax assets to settle liabilities (note 19D)
Derecognition related to tax loss carryforwards recognized in prior years
Recognition related to unrecognized tax loss carryforwards
Foreign currency translation and other effects
Changes in deferred tax assets
2015
2014
Changes in the Amounts in Changes in the Amounts in
reconciliation
reconciliation balance sheet
balance sheet
$
$
–
(11,136)
(2,554)
2,768
1,860
(9,062)
(3,687)
–
(2,554)
2,768
–
(3,473)
–
–
(4,015)
3,677
(232)
(570)
(9,797)
–
(4,015)
3,677
–
(10,135)
19D) Uncertain tax positions and significant tax proceedings
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, as part of short-term and long-term provisions and other liabilities (note 17), CEMEX has recognized
provisions related to unrecognized tax benefits in connection with uncertain tax positions taken, in which it is deemed probable
that the tax authority would differ from the position adopted by CEMEX. As of December 31, 2015, the tax returns submitted by
some subsidiaries of CEMEX located in several countries are under review by the respective tax authorities in the ordinary course of
business. CEMEX cannot anticipate if such reviews will result in new tax assessments, which would, should any arise, be appropriately
disclosed and/or recognized in the financial statements.
A summary of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013,
excluding interest and penalties, is as follows:
Balance of tax positions at beginning of year
Additions for tax positions of prior years
Additions for tax positions of current year
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years and other items
Settlements and reclassifications
Expiration of the statute of limitations
Foreign currency translation effects
Balance of tax positions at end of year
2015
2014
2013
$
$
1,396
134
71
(95)
(204)
(231)
119
1,190
1,283
216
278
(71)
(317)
(73)
80
1,396
1,235
207
68
(42)
(81)
(103)
(1)
1,283
Tax examinations can involve complex issues, and the resolution of issues may span multiple years, particularly if subject to negotiation
or litigation. Although CEMEX believes its estimates of the total unrecognized tax benefits are reasonable, uncertainties regarding
the final determination of income tax audit settlements and any related litigation could affect the amount of total unrecognized tax
benefits in future periods. It is difficult to estimate the timing and range of possible changes related to the uncertain tax positions, as
finalizing audits with the income tax authorities may involve formal administrative and legal proceedings. Accordingly, it is not possible
to reasonably estimate the expected changes to the total unrecognized tax benefits over the next 12 months, although any settlements
or statute of limitations expirations may result in a significant increase or decrease in the total unrecognized tax benefits, including
those positions related to tax examinations being currently conducted.
As of December 31, 2015, certain significant proceedings associated with these tax positions are as follows:
• As of December 31, 2015, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) concluded its audit for the year 2013. The final findings did not
alter the reserves CEMEX had set aside for these tax matters as they were not considered material to CEMEX’s financial results
and, as such, the reserves have been reversed. On April 25, 2014, and April 24, 2015, the IRS commenced its audit of the 2014 and
2015 tax year, respectively, under the Compliance Assurance Process. CEMEX has not identified any material audit issues and, as
such, no reserves are recorded for either the 2014 or 2015 audit in CEMEX’s financial statements, resulting from these IRS audits.
105
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
• On July 7, 2011, the tax authorities in Spain notified CEMEX España of a tax audit process in Spain covering the tax years from and
including 2006 to 2009. The tax authorities in Spain have challenged part of the tax losses reported by CEMEX España for such years.
The tax authorities in Spain notified CEMEX España of fines in the aggregate amount of approximately €456 (US$552 or $8,134).
The laws of Spain provide a number of appeals that could be filed against such penalty without making any payment until they are
finally resolved. On April 22, 2014, CEMEX España filed appeals against such fines. At this stage, CEMEX is not able to assess the
likelihood of an adverse result regarding this matter, and the appeals that CEMEX España has file could take an extended amount
of time to be resolved, but if all appeals filed by CEMEX España are adversely resolved, it could have a material adverse impact on
CEMEX’s results of operations, liquidity or financial position.
• On December 17, 2012, the Mexican tax authorities published the Federation Revenues Law for the 2013 tax year that contained a
transitory ruling (the “Amnesty Provision”) that granted the cancellation of up to 80% of certain tax proceedings originated before
the 2007 tax year, and 100% of interest and penalties, as well as 100% of interest and penalties of tax proceedings originated in
the 2007 tax year and thereafter. CEMEX was a beneficiary of such transitory amnesty provision in connection with several of the
Mexican tax proceedings mentioned in the following paragraphs.
• Effective January 1, 2005, Mexican companies with investments in foreign entities whose income tax liability is less than 75% of the
income tax that would be payable in Mexico, are required to pay taxes in Mexico on net passive income, such as dividends, royalties,
interest, capital gains and rental fees obtained by such entities, provided, however, that those revenues are not derived from
entrepreneurial activities in such countries. CEMEX challenged the constitutionality of the amendments before the Mexican federal
courts. In September 2008, the Supreme Court of Justice ruled the amendments were constitutional for tax years 2005 to 2007. In
2012, CEMEX self-assessed the taxes corresponding to the 2005 and 2006 tax years for a total amount, inclusive of surcharges and
carry-forward charges, of $5,742, of which 20%, or approximately $1,149, was paid in connection with the submission of amended
tax returns. On January 31, 2013 in connection with the Amnesty Provision, CEMEX reached a settlement agreement with the tax
authorities for the remaining 80% consisting in a single final payment on February 1, 2013 according to the rules set forth by the
transitory provision described above.
• In November 2009, amendments to the income tax law effective on January 1, 2010 were approved in Mexico. Such amendments
modified the tax consolidation regime by requiring entities to determine income taxes as if the tax consolidation rules did not
exist from 1999 onward, specifically turning into taxable items: a) the difference between the sum of the equity of the controlled
entities for tax purposes and the equity of the consolidated entity for tax purposes; b) dividends from the controlled entities for
tax purposes to the Parent Company; and c) other transactions that represented the transfer of resources between the companies
included in the tax consolidation. In December 2010, pursuant to miscellaneous rules, the tax authority in Mexico had granted the
option to defer the calculation and payment of the income tax over the difference in equity explained above, until the subsidiary was
desincorporated or the elimination the tax consolidation. Nonetheless, in December 2013 new amendments to the income tax law in
Mexico were approved effective beginning January 1, 2014, which eliminated the tax consolidation regime in effect until December
31, 2013, and implemented prospectively a new voluntary integration regime that CEMEX not applied. As a result, beginning in 2014,
each Mexican entity determines its income taxes based solely in its individual results. A period of up to 10 years was established
for the settlement of the liability for income taxes related to the tax consolidation regime accrued until December 31, 2013, amount
which considering the rules issued for the disconnection of the tax consolidation regime as well as payments made during 2013
amounted to approximately $24,804 as of December 31, 2013. In 2014, considering payments incurred net of inflation adjustments,
as of December 31, 2014, the balance payable was reduced to approximately $21,429.
Furthermore, in October 2015, a new tax reform approved by Congress (the “new tax reform”) granted entities the option to settle a
portion of the liability for the exit of the tax consolidation regime using available tax loss carryforwards of the previously consolidated
entities, considering a discount factor, and a tax credit to offset certain items of the aforementioned liability. Consequently, during
2015, as a result of payments made, the liability was further reduced to approximately $16,244, which after the application of tax
credits and assets for tax loss carryforwards (as provided by the new tax reform) which had a book value for CEMEX before discount
of approximately $11,136, as of December 31, 2015, the Parent Company’s liability was reduced to approximately $3,971.
106
Notes to the consolidated financial statements • On January 2011, the Mexican tax authority notified CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V., of a tax assessment for approximately $996 (US$77)
pertaining to changes to the income tax law approved in 2005 that permits the deductibility of the cost of goods sold deducted in the
determination of income taxes, instead of using the amount of purchases. Since there were inventories as of December 31, 2004,
in a transition provision, the law allowed the inventory to be accumulated as income (thus reversing the deduction via purchases)
and then be deducted from 2005 onwards as cost of goods sold. In order to compute the income resulting from the inventories in
2004, the law allowed this income to be offset against accumulated tax losses of some of CEMEX’s subsidiaries. The authorities
argued that because of this offsetting, the right to use such losses at the consolidated level had been lost; therefore, CEMEX had to
increase its consolidated income or decrease its consolidated losses. During May 2013, CEMEX settled this tax assessment as part
of the Amnesty Provision described above.
• On November 16, 2011, the Mexican tax authorities notified Centro Distribuidor de Cemento, S.A. de C.V. and Mexcement Holdings,
S.A. de C.V., subsidiaries of CEMEX in Mexico, of tax assessments related to direct and indirect investments in entities considered
to be preferential tax regimes, in the amount of approximately $1,251 (US$101) and approximately $759 (US$59), respectively. In
February 2013, CEMEX filed a claim against these assessments before the corresponding courts. During May 2013, CEMEX settled
these tax assessments based on the Amnesty Provision previously described.
• On April 1, 2011, the Colombian Tax Authority notified CEMEX Colombia S.A. (“CEMEX Colombia”) of a special proceeding in which
the Colombian Tax Authority rejected certain deductions taken by CEMEX Colombia in its 2009 year-end tax return. The Colombian
Tax Authority assessed an increase in taxes to be paid by CEMEX Colombia in an amount equivalent as of December 31, 2015 to
approximately US$29 ($500) and imposed a penalty in an amount equivalent to approximately US$46 ($793). The Colombian Tax
Authority argues that certain expenses are not deductible for fiscal purposes because they are not linked to direct revenues recorded
in the same fiscal year, without considering that future revenue will be taxed under the income tax law in Colombia. CEMEX
Colombia responded to the special proceeding notice June 25, 2011. On December 15, 2011, the Colombian Tax Authority issued its
final determination, which confirmed the information in the special proceeding. CEMEX Colombia appealed the final determination
on February 15, 2012. On January 17, 2013, CEMEX Colombia was notified of a resolution confirming the official liquidation. On May
10, 2013 CEMEX Colombia appealed the final determination before the Administrative Tribunal of Cundinamarca, which was admitted
on June 21, 2013. On July 14, 2014, CEMEX Colombia was notified about an adverse resolution to its appeal, which confirms the
official liquidation notified by the Colombian Tax Authority. On July 22, 2014, CEMEX Colombia filed an appeal against this resolution
before the Colombian State Council (Consejo de Estado). At this stage of the proceeding, as of December 31, 2015, CEMEX is not
able to assess the likelihood of an adverse result in the proceedings, but if adversely resolved, this proceeding could have a material
adverse impact on CEMEX’s results of operations, liquidity or financial position.
• On February 9, 2014, the Egyptian Ministry of Finance’s Appeals Committee (the “Appeals Committee”) notified a resolution to
Assiut Cement Company (“ACC”), a subsidiary of CEMEX in Egypt, requiring the payment of a development levy on clay applied
to the Egyptian cement industry in amounts equivalent as of December 31, 2015, of: (i) approximately US$41 ($706) for the period
from May 5, 2008 to August 31, 2011; and (ii) approximately 6 thousand dollars (103 thousand pesos) for the period from September
1, 2011 to November 30, 2011. On March 10, 2014, ACC filed a claim before the North Cairo Court requesting the nullification of the
Appeals Committee decision and requesting that the Egyptian tax authority is not entitled to require payment of the aforementioned
amounts. On September 28, 2015, ACC was notified the decision by the Ministerial Committee (the Ministerial Committee’s
Decision) pursuant to which the Egyptian tax authority be instructed to cease claiming payment of the levy on clay from ACC to the
years from 2008 up to the issuance date of Law No. 73/2010. It was further decided that the levy on clay should not be imposed on
imported clinker. At this stage, as of December 31, 2015, the Ministerial Committee’s Decision strongly supports ACC position in
this case, given the fact that it is legally binding on the Egyptian tax authority. Subject to submission of the Ministerial Committee’s
to the Egyptian tax authority and the issuance of a final release. ACC shall be in a position to be released from payment of the above
mentioned levy on clay amounts and accordingly to withdraw from this case. While the final release is issued, as of December 31,
2015, CEMEX does not expect a material adverse impact due to this matter in its results of operations, liquidity or financial position.
107
Notes to the consolidated financial statements 20) Stockholders’ equity
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, stockholders’ equity excludes investments in CPOs of CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. held by subsidiaries
of approximately $179 (18,991,576 CPOs) and $264 (18,261,131 CPOs), respectively, which were eliminated within “Other equity
reserves.”
20A) Common stock and additional paid-in capital
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the breakdown of common stock and additional paid-in capital was as follows:
Common stock
Additional paid-in capital
2015
2014
$
4,158
115,466
$ 119,624
4,151
101,216
105,367
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014 the common stock of CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. was presented as follows:
Shares 1
Series A 2
Series B 2
Series A 2
Series B 2
2015
2014
Subscribed and paid shares
Unissued shares authorized for stock compensation programs
Shares that guarantee the issuance of convertible securities 3
26,935,196,072
747,447,386
5,020,899,920
32,703,543,378
13,467,598,036
373,723,693
2,510,449,960
16,351,771,689
24,913,159,536
933,604,310
5,658,760,600
31,505,524,446
12,456,579,768
466,802,155
2,829,380,300
15,752,762,223
1 As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, 13,068,000,000 shares correspond to the fixed portion, and 35,987,315,067 shares in 2015 and 34,190,286,669 shares in 2014,
correspond to the variable portion.
2 Series “A” or Mexican shares must represent at least 64% of CEMEX’s capital stock; meanwhile, Series “B” or free subscription shares must represent at most 36%
of CEMEX’s capital stock.
3 Shares that guarantee the conversion of both the outstanding voluntary and mandatorily convertible securities (note 16B).
On March 26, 2015, stockholders at the annual ordinary shareholders’ meeting approved resolutions to: (i) increase the variable
common stock through the capitalization of retained earnings by issuing up to 1,500.0 million shares (500 million CPOs), which shares
were issued, representing an increase in common stock of approximately $4, considering a nominal value of $0.00833 per CPO, and
additional paid-in capital of approximately $7,613; (ii) increase the variable common stock by issuing up to 297 million shares (99 million
CPOs), which will be kept in CEMEX’s treasury to be used to preserve the anti-dilutive rights of note holders pursuant CEMEX’s
convertible securities (note 16B).
On March 20, 2014, stockholders at the annual ordinary shareholders’ meeting approved resolutions to: (i) increase the variable
common stock through the capitalization of retained earnings by issuing up to 1,404.0 million shares (468 million CPOs), which shares
were issued, representing an increase in common stock of approximately $4, considering a nominal value of $0.00833 per CPO, and
additional paid-in capital of approximately $7,614; (ii) increase the variable common stock by issuing up to 387 million shares (129
million CPOs), which will be kept in CEMEX’s treasury to be used to preserve the anti-dilutive rights of note holders pursuant CEMEX’s
convertible securities (note 16B).
On March 21, 2013, stockholders at the annual ordinary shareholders’ meeting approved resolutions to: (i) increase the variable
common stock through the capitalization of retained earnings by issuing up to 1,312.3 million shares (437.4 million CPOs), which
shares were issued, representing an increase in common stock of approximately $4, considering a nominal value of $0.00833 per
CPO, and additional paid-in capital of approximately $5,987; (ii) increase the variable common stock by issuing up to 369 million shares
(123 million CPOs), which will be kept in CEMEX’s treasury to be used to preserve the anti-dilutive rights of note holders pursuant
CEMEX’s convertible securities (note 16B). Also, on March 21, 2013, stockholders at the extraordinary shareholders’ meeting approved
resolutions pursuant to which all or any part of the shares currently kept in CEMEX’s treasury as a guarantee for the potential issuance
of shares through CEMEX’s convertible securities may be re-allocated to ensure the conversion rights of any new convertible securities
if any new convertible securities are issued.
108
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
In connection with the long-term executive stock-based compensation program (note 21) in 2015, 2014 and 2013, CEMEX issued
approximately 49.2 million, 61.1 million and 49.6 million CPOs, respectively, generating an additional paid-in capital of approximately
$655 in 2015, $765 in 2014 and $551 in 2013 associated with the fair value of the compensation received by executives.
20B) Other equity reserves
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014 other equity reserves are summarized as follows:
Cumulative translation effect, net of effects from perpetual debentures and deferred income taxes
recognized directly in equity (notes 19B and 20D)
Cumulative actuarial losses
Effects associated with CEMEX´s convertible securities 1
Treasury shares held by subsidiaries
2015
2014
$
17,606
(6,915)
4,761
(179)
$ 15,273
11,474
(6,167)
5,695
(264)
10,738
1 Represents the equity component upon the issuance of CEMEX’s convertible securities described in note 16B, as well as the effects associated with such securities
in connection with the change in the Parent Company’s functional currency (note 2D). Upon conversion of these securities, the balances have been correspondingly
reclassified to common stock and/or additional paid-in capital (note 16A).
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the translation effects of foreign subsidiaries included in the statements of
comprehensive loss were as follows:
Foreign currency translation adjustment 1
Foreign exchange fluctuations from debt 2
Foreign exchange fluctuations from intercompany balances 3
2015
2014
2013
$ 12,808
908
(5,801)
7,915
$
15,157
479
(15,135)
501
(4,187)
–
5,139
952
1 These effects refer to the result from the translation of the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries.
2 Generated by foreign exchange fluctuations over a notional amount of debt in CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V., associated with the acquisition of foreign subsidiaries and
designated as a hedge of the net investment in foreign subsidiaries (note 2D).
3 Refers to foreign exchange fluctuations arising from balances with related parties in foreign currencies that are of a long-term investment nature considering that their
liquidation is not anticipated in the foreseeable future and foreign exchange fluctuations over a notional amount of debt of a subsidiary of CEMEX España identified
and designated as a hedge of the net investment in foreign subsidiaries.
20C) Retained earnings
Net income for the year is subject to a 5% allocation toward a legal reserve until such reserve equals one fifth of the common stock.
As of December 31, 2015, the legal reserve amounted to $1,804.
20D) Non-controlling interest and perpetual debentures
Non-controlling interest
Non-controlling interest represents the share of non-controlling stockholders in the results and equity of consolidated subsidiaries. As
of December 31, 2015 and 2014, non-controlling interest in equity amounted to approximately $12,708 and $10,199, respectively.
Perpetual debentures
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the balances of the non-controlling interest included approximately US$440 ($7,581) and US$466
($6,869), respectively, representing the notional amount of perpetual debentures, which exclude any perpetual debentures held by
subsidiaries, acquired in 2012 through a series of voluntary exchange transactions agreed with the holders of each series of their then
outstanding perpetual debentures for new secured notes or other financial instruments (note 16A).
Interest expense on the perpetual debentures, was included within “Other equity reserves” and amounted to approximately $432 in 2015,
$420 in 2014 and $405 in 2013, excluding in all the periods the amount of interest accrued by perpetual debentures held by subsidiaries.
109
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
CEMEX’s perpetual debentures have no fixed maturity date and there are no contractual obligations for CEMEX to exchange any series
of its outstanding perpetual debentures for financial assets or financial liabilities. As a result, these debentures, issued entirely by
Special Purpose Vehicles (“SPVs”), qualify as equity instruments and are classified within non-controlling interest, as they were issued
by consolidated entities. In addition, subject to certain conditions, CEMEX has the unilateral right to defer indefinitely the payment
of interest due on the debentures. The classification of the debentures as equity instruments was made under applicable IFRS. The
different SPVs were established solely for purposes of issuing the perpetual debentures and were included in CEMEX’s consolidated
financial statements.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the detail of CEMEX’s perpetual debentures, excluding the perpetual debentures held by subsidiaries,
was as follows:
Issuer
Issuance date
Nominal amount
Nominal amount
Repurchase option
Interest rate
C10-EUR Capital (SPV) Ltd
C8 Capital (SPV) Ltd
C5 Capital (SPV) Ltd 1
C10 Capital (SPV) Ltd
May 2007
February 2007
December 2006
December 2006
€64
US$135
US$61
US$175
€64
US$137
US$69
US$183
Tenth anniversary
Eighth anniversary
Fifth anniversary
Tenth anniversary
6.277%
LIBOR + 440%
LIBOR+427.7%
6.772%
2015
2014
1 Under the Credit Agreement, and previously under the Facilities Agreement, CEMEX is not permitted to call these debentures.
21) Executive stock-based compensation
CEMEX has long-term restricted stock-based compensation programs providing for the grant of CEMEX’s CPOs to a group of executives,
pursuant to which, new CPOs are issued under each annual program over a service period of 4 years. By agreement with the executives,
the CPOs of the annual grant (25% of each annual program) are placed at the beginning of the service period in a trust established for
the benefit of the executives to comply with a one year restriction on sale. Under these programs, the Parent Company issued new
shares for approximately 49.2 million CPOs in 2015, 61.1 million CPOs in 2014 and 49.6 million CPOs in 2013 that were subscribed
and pending for payment in CEMEX’s treasury. Of the total CPOs granted in 2013, approximately 10.3 million CPOs were related to
termination benefits associated with restructuring events (note 6). As of December 31, 2015, there are approximately 57 million CPOs
associated with these annual programs that are expected to be issued in the following years as the executives render services.
Beginning January 1, 2013, eligible executives belonging to the operations of CEMEX Latam Holding, S.A. (“CEMEX Latam”), indirect
subsidiary of the Parent Company, which shares are traded in the Colombian Stock Exchange, ceased to receive CEMEX’s CPOs and
instead started receiving shares of CEMEX Latam. During 2015 and 2014, CEMEX Latam physically delivered 242,618 shares and
79,316 shares, respectively, corresponding to the vested portion of prior years’ grants, which were subscribed and held in CEMEX
Latam’s treasury. During 2013 there were no physical deliveries. As of December 31, 2015, there are approximately 434,408 shares
of CEMEX Latam associated with these annual programs that are expected to be delivered in the following years as the executives
render services.
In addition, in 2012, CEMEX initiated a stock-based compensation program for a group of executives which was linked to both, internal
performance conditions (increase in Operating EBITDA) and market conditions (increase in the price of CEMEX’s CPO), over a period of
three years ending on December 31, 2014. Under this program, CEMEX granted awards over approximately 39.9 million CPOs, which
became fully vested upon achievement of the annual internal and/or external performance conditions in each of the three years. CPOs
vested were delivered, fully unrestricted, to active executives in March 2015.
The combined compensation expense related to the programs described above in 2015, 2014 and 2013, recognized in the operating
results, amounted to approximately $655, $730 and $687, respectively. The weighted average price per CPO granted during the period
was approximately 13.34 pesos in 2015, 12.53 pesos in 2014 and 11.11 pesos in 2013. Moreover, the weighted average price per
CEMEX Latam share granted during the period was approximately 14,291 colombian pesos in 2015 and 15,073 colombian pesos in
2014 and 12,700 colombian pesos in 2013.
110
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
During 2015, the last 70,513 options outstanding granted to executives based on CEMEX’s ADSs expired unexercised. As of December
31, 2015, there are no remaining options or commitments to make payments in cash to the executives based on changes in the market
price of the Parent Company’s shares or CEMEX Latam’s shares.
22) Earnings (loss) per share
Basic earnings (loss) per share is be calculated by dividing profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the Parent Company
(the numerator) by the weighted average number of shares outstanding (the denominator) during the period. Shares that would be
issued depending only by the passage of time should be included in the determination of the basic weighted average number of shares
outstanding. Diluted earnings (loss) per share should reflect in both, the numerator and denominator, the assumption that convertible
instruments are converted, that options or warrants are exercised, or that ordinary shares are issued upon the satisfaction of specified
conditions, to the extent that such assumption would led to a reduction in basic earnings per share or an increase in basic loss per
share, otherwise, the effects of potential shares are not considered because they generate antidilution.
The amounts considered for calculations of earnings (loss) per share in 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:
Denominator (thousands of shares)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding 1
Capitalization of retained earnings 2
Effect of dilutive instruments – mandatorily convertible securities (note 16B) 3
Weighted average number of shares – basic
Effect of dilutive instruments – stock-based compensation (note 21) 3
Effect of potentially dilutive instruments – optionally convertible securities (note 16B) 3
Weighted average number of shares – diluted
Numerator
Net income (loss) from continuing operations
Less: non-controlling interest net income
Controlling interest net income (loss) from continuing operations
Plus: after tax interest expense on mandatorily convertible securities
Controlling interest net income (loss) from continuing operations – for basic earnings
per share calculations
Plus: after tax interest expense on optionally convertible securities
Controlling interest net income (loss) from continuing operations – for diluted earnings
per share calculations
Income from discontinued operations
Basic Loss Per Share
Controlling Interest Basic Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Controlling Interest Basic Earnings (Loss) Per Share from continuing operations
Controlling Interest Basic Earnings (Loss) Per Share from discontinued operations
Controlling Interest Diluted Loss Per Share 4
Controlling Interest Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Controlling Interest Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share from continuing operations
Controlling Interest Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share from discontinued operations
2015
2014
2013
38,262,845
1,500,028
654,727
40,417,600
171,747
4,683,437
45,272,784
36,695,349
1,500,028
654,727
38,850,104
293,657
5,733,796
44,877,557
35,530,446
1,500,028
654,727
37,685,201
306,930
7,105,488
45,097,619
$
$
$
$
$
1,166
932
234
144
378
1,288
1,666
967
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.02
(5,790)
1,103
(6,893)
164
(6,729)
1,424
(5,305)
110
(0.17)
(0.17)
–
(0.17)
(0.17)
–
(9,708)
1,223
(10,931)
181
(10,750)
1,494
(9,256)
97
(0.28)
(0.29)
0.01
(0.28)
(0.29)
0.01
1 The weighted average number of shares outstanding in 2014 and 2013 reflects the shares issued as a result of the capitalization of retained earnings declared on March
2014 and March 2013, as applicable (note 20A).
2 According to resolution of the stockholders’ meetings on March 26, 2015.
3 The number of CPO to be issued under the executive stock-based compensation programs, as well as the total amount of CPOs committed for issuance in the
future under the mandatorily and optionally convertible securities, are computed from the beginning of the reporting period. The number of shares resulting from the
executives’ stock option programs is determined under the inverse treasury method.
4 For 2015, 2014 and 2013, the effects on the denominator and numerator of potential dilutive shares generate antidilution; therefore, there is no change between the
reported basic and diluted earning (loss) per share.
111
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
23) Commitments
23A) Guarantees
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V., had guaranteed loans of certain subsidiaries for approximately US$3,726
($64,195) and US$5,589 ($82,383), respectively.
23B) Pledged assets
CEMEX transferred to a guarantee trust the shares of its main subsidiaries, including CEMEX México, S.A. de C.V. and CEMEX España,
S.A., and entered into pledge agreements in order to secure payment obligations under the Credit Agreement, the Facilities Agreement
and other debt instruments entered into prior to the date of these agreements (note 16A).
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, there are no liabilities secured by property, machinery and equipment.
23C) Other commitments
Between January and April 2013, CEMEX gradually unwounded the 136 million put options on CEMEX’s CPOs maintained for an aggregate
amount of approximately US$112, after deducting the value of trust assets, in connection with a guarantee issued in put option transactions
on CEMEX’s CPOs between Citibank and a Mexican trust that CEMEX established on behalf of its Mexican pension fund and certain of
CEMEX’s directors and current and former employees. Under this transaction, in exchange for premiums for the sale of put options that
were partially used by the trust to enter into prepaid forward contracts on CEMEX’s CPO, the put options gave Citibank the right for the
trust to acquire, in April 2013, approximately 136 million CPOs at a price of US$2.6498 each (120% of initial CPO price in dollars). The
amount of premiums represented the maximum exposure of the participating individuals under this transaction.
On July 30, 2012, CEMEX signed a 10-year strategic agreement with International Business Machines Corporation (“IBM”) pursuant
to which IBM provides business processes services and information technology (“IT”). Moreover, IBM provides business consulting to
detect and promote sustainable improvements in CEMEX’s profitability. The 10-year contract signed with IBM is expected to generate
cost reductions to CEMEX over such period, and includes: data processing services (back office) in finance, accounting and human
resources; as well as IT infrastructure services, support and maintenance of IT applications in the countries in which CEMEX operates.
23D) Commitments from employee benefits
In some countries, CEMEX has self-insured health care benefits plans for its active employees, which are managed on cost plus fee
arrangements with major insurance companies or provided through health maintenance organizations. As of December 31, 2015, in
certain plans, CEMEX has established stop-loss limits for continued medical assistance derived from a specific cause (e.g., an automobile
accident, illness, etc.) ranging from 23 thousand dollars to 400 thousand dollars. In other plans, CEMEX has established stop-loss limits
per employee regardless of the number of events ranging from 100 thousand dollars to 2.5 million dollars. The contingency for CEMEX
if all employees qualifying for health care benefits required medical services simultaneously is significantly. However, this scenario is
remote. The amount expensed through self-insured health care benefits was approximately US$69 ($1,189) in 2015, US$64 ($943) in
2014 and US$70 ($914) in 2013.
112
Notes to the consolidated financial statements 23E) Contractual obligations
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, CEMEX had the following contractual obligations:
(U.S. dollars millions)
Obligations
Long-term debt
Capital lease obligations 1
Convertible notes 2
Total debt and other financial obligations 3
Operating leases 4
Interest payments on debt 5
Pension plans and other benefits 6
Purchases of raw materials, fuel and energy 7
Total contractual obligations
Less than 1
year
1-3
years
US$
5
23
362
390
99
851
147
483
1,970
$ 33,943
US$
2,233
38
663
2,934
158
1,631
296
739
5,758
99,210
2015
3-5
years
4,208
32
518
4,758
109
1,104
301
609
6,881
118,560
More than
5 years
6,857
42
–
6,899
68
1,073
824
2,132
10,996
189,461
Total
13,303
135
1,543
14,981
434
4,659
1,568
3,963
25,605
441,174
2014
Total
13,964
215
1,826
16,005
393
5,048
1,604
4,814
27,864
410,715
1 Represent nominal cash flows. As of December 31, 2015, the net present value of future payments under such leases was US$102 ($1,752), of which, US$26 ($448)
refers to payments from 1 to 3 years, US$23 ($389) refer to payments from 3 to 5 years, and US$37 ($646) refer payments of more than 5 years.
2 Refers to the components of liability of the convertible notes described in note 16B and assumes repayment at maturity and no conversion of the notes.
3 The schedule of debt payments, which includes current maturities, does not consider the effect of any refinancing of debt that may occur during the following years.
In the past, CEMEX has replaced its long-term obligations for others of a similar nature.
4 The amounts represent nominal cash flows. CEMEX has operating leases, primarily for operating facilities, cement storage and distribution facilities and certain
transportation and other equipment, under which annual rental payments are required plus the payment of certain operating expenses. Rental expense was US$114
($1,967) in 2015, US$112 ($1,657) in 2014 and $126 ($1,647) in 2013.
5 Estimated cash flows on floating rate denominated debt were determined using the floating interest rates in effect as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.
6 Represents estimated annual payments under these benefits for the next 10 years (note 18), including the estimate of new retirees during such future years.
7 Future payments for the purchase of raw materials are presented on the basis of contractual nominal cash flows. Future nominal payments for energy were estimated
for all contractual commitments on the basis of an aggregate average expected consumption of 3,124.1 GWh per year using the future prices of energy established
in the contracts for each period. Future payments also include CEMEX’s commitments for the purchase of fuel.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, in connection with the commitments for the purchase of fuel and energy included in the table
above, a description of the most significant contracts is as follows:
• In September 2006, CEMEX and the Spanish company ACCIONA agreed to develop a wind farm project for the generation of 250
Megawatts (“MW”) in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. CEMEX acted as promoter of the project, which was named EURUS. ACCIONA
provided the required financing, constructed the facility and currently operates the wind farm. The installation of 167 wind turbines
in the farm was finished in November 2009. The agreements established that CEMEX’s plants in Mexico will acquire a portion of
the energy generated by the wind farm for a period of at least 20 years, which began in February 2010, when EURUS reached the
committed limit capacity. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, EURUS supplied (unaudited) approximately
28.0%, 28.2% and 25.8%, respectively, of CEMEX’s overall electricity needs in Mexico during such year. This agreement is for
CEMEX’s own use and there is no intention of trading in energy.
• In 1999, CEMEX entered into agreements with an international partnership, which financed, built and operated an electrical energy
generating plant in Mexico called Termoeléctrica del Golfo (“TEG”). In 2007, the original operator was replaced. Pursuant to the
agreement, CEMEX would purchase the energy generated from TEG for a term of not less than 20 years, which started in April
2004 and that was further extended until 2027 with the change of operator. CEMEX committed to supply TEG and another third-
party electrical energy generating plant adjacent to TEG all fuel necessary for their operations, a commitment that has been hedged
through four 20-year agreements entered with Petróleos Mexicanos (“PEMEX”), which terminate in 2024. Consequently, for the last
3 years, CEMEX intends to purchase the required fuel in the market. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, TEG
supplied (unaudited) approximately 69.3%, 69.6% and 70.9% respectively, of CEMEX’s overall electricity needs during such year for
its cement plants in Mexico.
113
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
• In regards with the above, in March 1998 and July 1999, CEMEX signed contracts with PEMEX providing that beginning in April
2004 PEMEX’s refineries in Cadereyta and Madero City would supply CEMEX with a combined volume of approximately 1.75 million
tons of petroleum coke per year. As per the petroleum coke contracts with PEMEX, 1.2 million tons of the contracted volume will
be allocated to TEG and the other energy producer and the remaining volume will be allocated to CEMEX’s operations in Mexico. By
entering into the petroleum coke contracts with PEMEX, CEMEX expects to have a consistent source of petroleum coke throughout
the 20-year term.
• In 2007, CEMEX OstZement GmbH (“COZ”), CEMEX’s subsidiary in Germany, entered into a long-term energy supply contract with
Vattenfall Europe New Energy Ecopower (“VENEE”), pursuant to which VENEE committed to supply energy to CEMEX’s Rüdersdorf
plant for a period of 15 years starting on January 1, 2008. Based on the contract, each year COZ has the option to fix in advance
the volume of energy in terms of MW that it will acquire from VENEE, with the option to adjust the purchase amount one time on
a monthly and quarterly basis. According to the contract, COZ acquired (unaudited) approximately 27 MW in 2015, 2014 and 2013,
and COZ expects to acquire between 26 and 28 MW per year starting in 2015 and thereafter. The contract, which establishes a price
mechanism for the energy acquired, based on the price of energy future contracts quoted on the European Energy Exchange, did
not require initial investments and was expected to be performed at a future date. Considering that the contract is for CEMEX’s own
use and CEMEX sells any energy surplus as soon as actual energy requirements are known, regardless of changes in prices and
thereby avoiding any intention of trading in energy, such contract is not recognized at its fair value.
24) Contingencies
24A) Provisions resulting from legal proceedings
CEMEX is involved in various significant legal proceedings, the resolutions of which are deemed probable and imply cash outflows or
the delivery of other resources owned by CEMEX. As a result, certain provisions have been recognized in the financial statements,
representing the best estimate of the amounts payable. Therefore, CEMEX believes that it will not incur significant expenditure in
excess of the amounts recorded. As of December 31, 2015, the details of the most significant events are as follows:
• In January 2007, the Polish Competition and Consumers Protection Office (the “Protection Office”) notified CEMEX Polska Sp.
Z.o.o.(“CEMEX Polska”), a subsidiary of CEMEX in Poland, about the initiation of an antitrust proceeding against all cement producers
in the country, including CEMEX Polska and another of CEMEX’s indirect subsidiaries in Poland. The Protection Office alleged that
there was an agreement between all cement producers in Poland regarding prices, market quotas and other sales conditions of
cement, and that the producers exchanged confidential information, all of which limited competition in the Polish cement market.
CEMEX Polska filed its response to the notification, denying that it had committed the practices listed by the Protection Office, and
submitted formal comments and objections gathered during the proceeding, as well as facts supporting its position that its activities
were in line with Polish competition law. In December 2009, the Protection Office issued a resolution imposing fines on a number
of Polish cement producers, including CEMEX Polska for the period of 1998 to 2006. The fine imposed on CEMEX Polska amounted
to the equivalent of approximately US$30 ($517) which represented 10% of CEMEX Polska’s total revenue for the calendar year
preceding the imposition of the fine. On December 23, 2009, CEMEX Polska filed an appeal before the Polish Court of Competition
and Consumer Protection in Warsaw (the “First Instance Court”). On December 13, 2013, the First Instance Court reduced the
penalty imposed on CEMEX Polska to the equivalent of approximately US$24 ($414), or 8.125% of CEMEX Polska’s revenue in
2008. On May 8, 2014, CEMEX Polska filed an appeal against the First Instance Court judgment before the Appeals Court in Warsaw.
Hearings took place on September 24, 2015 and December 3, 2015, and another hearing is scheduled for February 26, 2016. If the
Appeals Court issues its final judgment and the penalty is maintained in the final resolution, then these will be payable within 14
calendar days of the announcement. As of December 31, 2015, CEMEX had accrued a provision equivalent to approximately US$24
($414), representing the best estimate of the expected cash outflow in connection with this resolution. As of December 31, 2015,
CEMEX does not expect this matter would have a material adverse impact on its results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.
114
Notes to the consolidated financial statements • In August 2005, Cartel Damages Claims, S.A. (“CDC”), a Belgian company established in the aftermath of the German cement
cartel investigation that took place from July 2002 to April 2003 by Germany’s Federal Cartel Office, with the purpose of purchasing
potential damage claims from cement consumers and pursuing those claims against the cartel participants, filed a lawsuit in the
District Court in Düsseldorf, Germany, against CEMEX Deutschland AG, a subsidiary of CEMEX in Germany, and other German
cement companies in respect of damage claims relating to alleged price and quota fixing by German cement companies between
1993 and 2002. CDC has brought claims for an amount equivalent of approximately US$142 ($2,447). After several resolutions by the
District Court in Düsseldorf over the years, court hearings and appeals from the defendants, on December 17, 2013 the District Court
in Düsseldorf issued a resolution by means of which all claims brought to court by CDC were dismissed on the grounds that the
way CDC obtained the claims from 36 cement purchasers was illegal given the limited risk it faced for covering the litigation costs
and that the acquisition of the claims also breached rules that make the provision of legal advice subject to public authorization. On
January 15, 2014, CDC filed an appeal to the Higher Regional Court in Düsseldorf, and thereafter submitted reasons for their appeal.
On February 18, 2015, the Court of Appeals in Düsseldorf fully rejected CDC’s appeal and maintained the first instance decision. The
Court of Appeals in Düsseldorf expressly did not admit a second appeal against this decision which could have been challenged by
CDC. The Court of Appeals decision is final and binding. Therefore, in 2015, CEMEX canceled the provision accrued as of December
31, 2014 of approximately US$36 ($535).
• As of December 31, 2015, CEMEX had accrued environmental remediation liabilities in the United Kingdom pertaining to closed
and current landfill sites for the confinement of waste, representing the net present value of such obligations for an equivalent of
approximately US$193 ($3,325). Expenditure was assessed and quantified over the period in which the sites have the potential to
cause environmental harm, which was accepted by the regulator as being up to 60 years from the date of closure. The assessed
expenditure included the costs of monitoring the sites and the installation, repair and renewal of environmental infrastructure.
• As of December 31, 2015, CEMEX had accrued environmental remediation liabilities in the United States for an amount of
approximately US$27 ($465), related to: a) the disposal of various materials in accordance with past industry practice, which might
currently be categorized as hazardous substances or wastes, and b) the cleanup of sites used or operated by CEMEX, including
discontinued operations, regarding the disposal of hazardous substances or waste, either individually or jointly with other parties.
Most of the proceedings are in the preliminary stages, and a final resolution might take several years. Based on the information
developed to date, CEMEX’s does not believe that it will be required to spend significant sums on these matters in excess of the
amounts previously recorded. The ultimate cost that may be incurred to resolve these environmental issues cannot be assured until
all environmental studies, investigations, remediation work and negotiations with, or litigation against, potential sources of recovery
have been completed.
115
Notes to the consolidated financial statements 24B) Other contingencies from legal proceedings
CEMEX is involved in various legal proceedings, which have not required the recognition of accruals, as CEMEX believes that the
probability of loss is less than probable or remote. In certain cases, a negative resolution may represent the revocation of an operating
license, in which case, CEMEX may experience a decrease in future revenues, an increase in operating costs or a loss. As of December
31, 2015, the most significant events with a quantification of the potential loss, when it is determinable and would not impair the
outcome of the relevant proceeding, were as follows:
• In connection with the construction of the new cement plant in the municipality of Maceo (Antioquia) in Colombia (note 14), on
August 28, 2012, CEMEX Colombia signed a memorandum of understanding (“MOU”) with CI CALIZAS, S.A. for the acquisition
of the land, the mining title and the free zone for the construction of such cement plant. After the execution of the MOU, one
of CI CALIZAS, S.A.’s partners was linked to a legal process for expiration of property and, as a result, the Attorney General’s
Office, among other measures, suspended CI CALIZAS, S.A.’s rights to dispose of the assets offered to CEMEX Colombia. In order
to protect its interests, CEMEX Colombia presented to the competent authorities the information of the cement project under
development and explained how this measure affected the transfer of full ownership rights of the related assets under negotiation.
Considering CEMEX Colombia’s efforts, and as a temporary solution while the request for the revocation of the measures against CI
CALIZAS is resolved, CEMEX Colombia entered into a lease contract with the authority acting as depository of the affected assets
pursuant to which CEMEX Colombia is authorized to continue with the necessary works for the construction of the cement plant
and consequently to protect all the infrastructure works and investments already made by CEMEX Colombia. Additionally, CEMEX
Colombia became party in the legal proceeding to enforce its rights under the MOU and to conclude the negotiation once the
proceeding is resolved. As of December 31, 2015, CEMEX Colombia considers that its investments in the development of the plant
are protected by virtue of the lease contract. Nonetheless, if there is a final adverse resolution of the authority with respect to CI
CALIZAS, S.A.’s rights to dispose of the land, the mining title and the free zone, and if CEMEX Colombia exhausts all legal resources
available against the adverse resolution, in such event that the lease could not be extended, the resolution could have a material
adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.
• In September 2014, the National Markets and Competition Commission (Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia or
the “CNMC”), in the context of an investigation of the Spanish cement, ready-mix concrete and related products industry regarding
alleged anticompetitive practices, inspected one of CEMEX’s facilities in Spain. On January 12, 2015, CEMEX España Operaciones,
S.L.U., was notified of the initiation by the CNMC of a disciplinary proceeding for alleged prohibited conducts. On November 19,
2015, CEMEX España Operaciones, S.L.U. was notified that the alleged anticompetitive practices in 2009 for the cement market
and the years 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013 and 2014 for the ready-mix market. CEMEX España Operaciones, S.L.U. believes that it has
not breached any applicable laws. As of December 31, 2015, considering the early stage of this matter, CEMEX cannot assess the
likelihood of the CNMC issuing a decision imposing any penalties or remedies, if any, or the amount of the penalty or the scope of
the remedies, if any. However, if the CNMC issues a decision imposing any penalty or remedy, CEMEX does not expect that it would
have a material adverse impact on CEMEX’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.
• On September 5, 2013, the Colombian Superintendency of Industry and Commerce (Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio the
“SIC”) opened an investigation against five cement companies and 14 directors of those companies, including CEMEX Colombia,
its former legal representative and the current President of CEMEX Colombia, for allegedly breaching rules which prohibit: a) to limit
free competition and/or determining or maintaining unfair prices; b) direct or indirect price fixing agreements; and c) any market
sharing agreements between producers or distributors. In connection with the 14 executives under investigation, the SIC may
sanction any individual who collaborated, facilitated, authorized, executed or tolerated behavior that violates free competition rules.
On October 7, 2013, CEMEX Colombia responded the resolution and submitted evidence in its relief. If the alleged infringements
are substantiated, penalties may be imposed by the SIC against each company being declared in breach of the competition rules
for an equivalent of up to US$19 ($327) for each violation, and an equivalent of up to US$1 ($17) against those individuals found
responsible. CEMEX cannot determine when a final decision by the SIC would be issued. As of December 31, 2015, CEMEX is not
able to assess the likelihood of the SIC imposing any measures and/or penalties against CEMEX Colombia, but if any penalties are
imposed, would not have a material adverse effect on CEMEX’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.
116
Notes to the consolidated financial statements • On July 24, 2013, the South Louisiana Flood Protection Authority-East (“SLFPAE”) issued a petition for damages in the Civil District
Court for the Parish of Orleans, Louisiana in the United States, against approximately 100 defendants including CEMEX, Inc., one of
CEMEX´s subsidiaries in the United States, seeking compensation for and the restoration of certain coastal lands near New Orleans
alleged to have been damaged by activities related to oil and gas exploration and production since the early 1900’s. CEMEX, Inc.,
which was previously named Southdown, Inc., may have acquired liabilities, to the extent there may be any, in connection with oil
and gas operations that were divested in the late 1980’s. The matter was removed to the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Louisiana (the “Louisiana District Court”). On June 6, 2014, a new act (“Act 544”) was enacted which prohibits certain state
or local governmental entities such as the SLFPAE from initiating certain causes of action including the claims asserted in this matter.
The effects of Act 544 on the pending matter have yet to be determined by the Louisiana District Court. Further, CEMEX, Inc., was
dismissed without prejudice by the plaintiffs. On February 13, 2015, the Louisiana District Court dismissed the plaintiffs’ claims with
prejudice. On February 27, 2015, the plaintiffs appealed this ruling. As of December 31, 2015, CEMEX cannot assess the likelihood of
an adverse result or, because of the number of defendants, the potential damages which could be borne by CEMEX, Inc., if any, or if
such damages, would have or not a material adverse impact on CEMEX’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.
• On June 21, 2012, one of CEMEX’s subsidiaries in Israel was notified about an application for the approval of a class action suit
against it. The application, filed by a homeowner who built his house with concrete supplied by CEMEX in October of 2010 (same
application was filed against three other companies by the same legal representative), claims that the concrete supplied to him
did not meet with the Israeli ready-mix strength standard requirements and that as a result CEMEX acted unlawfully toward all
of its customers who received concrete that did not comply with such standard requirements. As per the application, the plaintiff
claims that the supply of the alleged non-conforming concrete has caused financial and non-financial damages to those customers,
including the plaintiff. CEMEX presumes that the class action would represent the claim of all the clients who purchased the alleged
non-conforming concrete from its subsidiary in Israel during the past 7 years, the limitation period according to applicable laws in
Israel. The damages that could be sought amount and equivalent to approximately US$71 ($1,223). CEMEX’s subsidiary submitted
a formal response to the corresponding court. The applicant requested the court to join all claims brought by him. In a hearing held
on December 20, 2015, the preliminary proceeding was completed and the court set dates for hearing evidence on May 8, 10 and
16, 2016. Moreover, the court decided to join together all claims against all four companies, including CEMEX’s subsidiary in Israel,
in order to simplify and shorten court proceedings, however, the court has not formally decided to join together all claims. As of
December 31, 2015, CEMEX’s subsidiary in Israel is not able to assess the likelihood of the class action application being approved
or, if approved, of an adverse result, such as an award for damages in the full amount that could be sought, but if adversely resolved
CEMEX does not believe that the final resolutions would have a material adverse impact on its results of operations, liquidity or
financial condition.
• On January 20, 2012, the United Kingdom Competition Commission (the “UK Commission”), commenced a market investigation
(“MIR”) into the supply or acquisition of cement, ready-mix concrete and aggregates. The referral to the UK Commission was
made by the Office of Fair Trading, following an investigation by them of the aggregates sector. The UK Commission issued its full
Provisional Findings Report on May 23, 2013, in which it provisionally found that there was a combination of structural and conduct
features that gave rise to an adverse effect on competition in the Great Britain cement markets and an adverse effect on competition
as a result of contracts involving certain major suppliers of granulated blast furnace slag and for the supply of ground granulated
blast furnace slag. The UK Commission has not identified any problems with the markets for aggregates or ready mix concrete.
The possible remedies the UK Commission listed include, among others, the divestiture of cement production capacity and/or
ready-mix concrete plants by one or more of the top three cement producers and the creation of a cement buying group. On October
8, 2013 the UK Commission announced its provisional decision did not require CEMEX to divest assets in the United Kingdom. On
January 14, 2014, the UK Commission published its final report, which followed the earlier provisional decision in regards CEMEX’s
subsidiaries in the United Kingdom. However, the final report made changes regarding the supply of granulated blast furnace slag
and for the supply of ground granulated blast furnace slag by the other major participants in the MIR. These resolutions did not affect
CEMEX’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.
117
Notes to the consolidated financial statements • In connection with a lawsuit submitted to a first instance court in Assiut, Egypt and notified on May 23, 2011 to ACC, on September
13, 2012, the first instance court of Assiut issued a resolution in order to nullify the Share Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) pursuant
to which CEMEX acquired a controlling interest in ACC. In addition, on April 7, 2011 and March 6, 2012, lawsuits seeking, among
other things, the annulment of the SPA were filed by different plaintiffs, including 25 former employees of ACC, before Cairo’s State
Council. On January 20, 2014, the Appeals Court in Assiut, Egypt, issued a judgment revoking the court’s resolution and referring
the matter to an administrative court in Assiut (the “Assiut Administrative Court”). Moreover, on February 23, 2014, in connection
with the above, three plaintiffs filed a lawsuit before the Assiut Administrative Judiciary Court requesting the cancellation of the
resolutions taken by the shareholders of Metallurgical Industries Company (“MIC”) in connection with the sale of ACC’s shares and
negotiation of the SPA. In a related matter, on April 22, 2014, the Presidential Decree on Law No. 32 of 2014 (“Law 32/2014”), which
regulates legal actions to challenge agreements entered into by the Egyptian State and third parties, become effective, but still
subject to approval by the House of Representatives. On October 15, 2014, the Assiut Administrative Court referred the case to the
Administrative Judiciary Court of Assiut. During March 2015, the Court’s State Commissioner Authority (“SCA”) recommended the
7th and 8th Circuits of Cairo’s State Council Administrative Judiciary Court to suspend the proceedings until the High Constitutional
Court pronounces itself with regards to the challenges against the constitutionality of the Law 32/2014. At a session held on
September 3, 2015, the 7th Circuit of Cairo’s State Council Administrative Judiciary Court accepted the SCA’s report recommendation
and ruled for staying the proceedings until the High Constitutional Court pronounces itself with regards to the challenges against
the constitutionality of Law No.32/2014. In a hearing held on October 13, 2015, the 8th Circuit of Cairo’s State Council Administrative
Judiciary Court reviewed the SCA’s recommendations and the case was adjourned to January 26, 2016 for passing judgment.
In October 2015, the SCA, recommended that due to the absence of geographical jurisdiction to review the case, it should be
referred to the 7th Circuit of “Economic and Investment Disputes” of Cairo’s State Council Administrative Judiciary Court. The
Assiut Administrative Judiciary Court scheduled a hearing for the case for February 24, 2016. During October and November 2015,
parliamentary elections to the House of Representatives took place and as of December 31, 2015, it was expected that their first
session took place on January 10, 2016. In consideration of the aforementioned, after several resolutions, hearings and appeals in
these cases over the years, as of December 31, 2015, CEMEX is not able to assess the likelihood of an adverse resolution regarding
these lawsuits nor is able to assess if the Constitutional Court will dismiss Law 32/2014 or if Law 32/2014 will not be ratified by the
House of Representatives, but, regarding the lawsuits, if adversely resolved, CEMEX does not believe the resolutions in the first
instance would have an immediate material adverse impact on CEMEX´s operations, liquidity and financial condition. However, if
CEMEX exhausts all legal recourses available, a final adverse resolution of these lawsuits, or if the Constitutional Court dismisses
Law 32/2014, or if Law 32/2014 is not ratified by the House of Representatives, this could adversely impact the ongoing matters
regarding the SPA, which could have a material adverse impact on CEMEX’s operations, liquidity and financial condition.
• On December 8, 2010, the European Commission (the “EC”) initiated an investigation in respect of possible anticompetitive
practices in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain and the United
Kingdom, which include CEMEX and seven other companies. After several requests of information by the EC to CEMEX during the
audits process, hearings, appeals and replies by CEMEX over the years, on March 14, 2014, the General Court dismissed the appeal
filed by CEMEX and confirmed the lawfulness of the request for information sent by the EC in all of its aspects. On May 23, 2014,
CEMEX and several of its affiliates in Europe filed an appeal against the General Court’s judgment before the European Court of
Justice. If the alleged infringements are substantiated, the EC may impose a maximum fine of up to 10% of the total turnover of
the relevant companies for the last year preceding the imposition of the fine for which the financial statements have been approved.
On July 31, 2015, the EC communicated that the formal proceedings initiated against CEMEX and other seven companies regarding
anticompetitive practices were closed. As a result, CEMEX is not subject to any fines or penalties resulting from such proceedings.
As a consequence, CEMEX and its affiliates also withdrew the appeal filed before the European Court of Justice.
• On October 26, 2010, CEMEX, Inc., received an Antitrust Civil Investigative Demand from the Office of the Florida Attorney General,
which seeks documents and information in connection with an antitrust investigation in the ready-mix concrete industry in Florida.
As of December 31, 2015, CEMEX Inc., has complied with the Office of the Florida Attorney General with respect to the documents
and information requested by the civil investigative demand and cannot determine if any formal proceeding will be initiated by such
authority, however, if any proceeding is initiated, CEMEX, Inc., does not currently expect that any adverse decision against CEMEX
resulting from the investigation would have a material adverse impact on CEMEX’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.
118
Notes to the consolidated financial statements • On June 5, 2010, the District of Bogota’s Environmental Secretary (Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente de Bogotá or the “Environmental
Secretary”), ordered the suspension of CEMEX Colombia’s mining activities at El Tunjuelo quarry, located in Bogota, as well as
those of other aggregates producers in the same area. The Environmental Secretary alleged that during the past 60 years, CEMEX
Colombia and the other companies have illegally changed the course of the Tunjuelo River, have used the percolating waters without
permission and have improperly used the edge of the river for mining activities. In connection with the injunction, on June 5, 2010,
CEMEX Colombia received a notification from the Environmental Secretary informing the initiation of proceedings to impose fines
against CEMEX Colombia based on the above mentioned alleged environmental violations. CEMEX Colombia responded to the
injunction by requesting that it be revoked based on the fact that the mining activities at El Tunjuelo quarry are supported by the
authorizations required by the applicable environmental laws and that all the environmental impact statements submitted by CEMEX
Colombia have been reviewed and permanently authorized by the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (Ministerio
de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible). On June 11, 2010, the local authorities in Bogota, in compliance with the Environmental
Secretary’s decision, sealed off the mine to machinery and prohibited the removal of CEMEX’s aggregates inventory. Although there
is not an official quantification of the possible fine, the Environmental Secretary has publicly declared that the fine could be up to the
equivalent of approximately US$95 ($1,637). The temporary injunction does not currently compromise the production and supply of
ready-mix concrete to CEMEX’s clients in Colombia. At this stage, CEMEX is not able to assess the likelihood of an adverse result
or potential damages which could be borne by CEMEX Colombia. An adverse resolution on this case could have a material adverse
impact on CEMEX’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.
• In January 2009, in response to litigation brought by environmental groups concerning the manner in which certain federal quarry
permits were granted to CEMEX Construction Materials Florida, LLC (“CEMEX Florida”), one of CEMEX´s subsidiaries in the United
States , a judge from the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida ordered the withdrawal of the federal quarry permits
of CEMEX Florida’s SCL, FEC and Kendall Krome quarries, in the Lake Belt area in South Florida. The judge ruled that there were
deficiencies in the procedures and analysis undertaken by the Army Corps of Engineers (the “Engineers”) in connection with the
issuance of the permits. On January 29, 2010, the Engineers concluded a review and issued a decision supporting the issuance of
new federal quarry permits for the SCL and FEC quarries. During February 2010, new quarry permits were granted to the SCL and
FEC quarries. A number of potential environmental impacts must be addressed at the wetlands located at the Kendall Krome site
before a new federal quarry permit may be issued for mining at that quarry. If CEMEX Florida is unable to maintain the new Lake
Belt permits, CEMEX Florida would need to source aggregates, to the extent available, from other locations in Florida or import
aggregates. The cessation or significant restriction of quarrying operations in the Lake Belt area could have a significant adverse
impact on CEMEX’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.
• In April 2006, the cities of Kaštela and Solin in Croatia published their respective development master plans, adversely impacting
the mining concession granted to CEMEX Hrvatska d.d. (“CEMEX Croatia”), one of CEMEX’s subsidiaries in Croatia, by the Croatian
government in September 2005. After several procedures and appeals filed by CEMEX over the years before the Constitutional
Court and before the Administrative Court in Croatia, seeking prohibition of the implementation of the master plans and a declaration
from the Croatian Government confirming its acquired rights under the mining concessions, and after several resolutions of the
authorities thereof, on April 4, 2014, CEMEX Croatia was notified that the administrative court rejected its claims and found that its
acquired rights or interests under the mining concessions had not been violated as a result of any act or decision made by the cities
of Solin or Kaštela or any other governmental body. On April 29, 2014, CEMEX Croatia filed two claims before the Constitutional
Court alleging that CEMEX Croatia’s constitutional rights to a fair trial and judicial protection had been violated. In order to alleviate
the adverse impact of the aforementioned master plans, as of December 31, 2015, CEMEX Croatia is in the process of preparing all
documentation necessary to comply with applicable rules and regulations in order to obtain a new concession. At this stage of the
proceedings, as of December 31, 2015, we are not able to assess the likelihood of an adverse result to the claims filed before the
Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia, but if adversely resolved, it should not have a material adverse impact on CEMEX’s
results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. In addition, during May 2015, CEMEX Croatia obtained a new permit from the
Croatian Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning for CEMEX Croatia’s Sveti Juraj-Sveti Kajo quarry.
119
Notes to the consolidated financial statements • In August 2005, a lawsuit was filed against CEMEX Colombia and other members of the Colombian Ready-mix Producers
Association (Asociación Colombiana de Productores de Concreto or “ASOCRETO”). The lawsuit claimed that CEMEX Colombia and
other ASOCRETO members were liable for the premature distress of the concrete slabs of the Autopista Norte trunk line of the
Transmilenio bus rapid transit system in Bogota in which ready-mix concrete and flowable fill supplied by CEMEX Colombia and other
ASOCRETO members was used. The plaintiffs alleged that the base material supplied for the road construction failed to meet the
quality standards offered by CEMEX Colombia and the other ASOCRETO members and/or that they provided insufficient or inaccurate
information in connection with the product. The plaintiffs seek compensation for damages for an equivalent of approximately US$32
($551). On October 10, 2012, a court resolution convicted the former director of the Urban Development Institute (“UDI”), the legal
representatives of the builder and the auditor to a prison term of 85 months and a fine equivalent to approximately 10 thousand
dollars, and ordered a restart of the proceeding against the ASOCRETO officers. On August 30, 2013, after an appeal by the UDI,
the Superior Court of Bogota issued a resolution that, among other matters, reduced the prison term imposed to the former UDI
officers to 60 months, imposed the UDI officers to severally pay an amount equivalent to US$34 ($586), overturned the sentence
imposed to the builder’s legal representatives and auditor because the criminal action against them was time barred, revoked the
annulment in favor of the ASOCRETO officers and ordered the first instance judge to render a judgment regarding the ASOCRETO
officers’ liability or lack thereof. On January 21, 2015, the Penal Circuit Court of Bogota issued a resolution regarding the application
of the statute of limitations to the criminal investigation against the ASOCRETO officers acknowledging that the ASOCRETO officers
were not public officers, and as a consequence, finalizing the process against the ASOCRETO officers and the civil responsibility
claim against CEMEX Colombia. On July 28, 2015, the Superior Court of Bogota (Tribunal Superior de Bogotá) upheld this resolution
and as such finalized the action brought against CEMEX Colombia for the premature distress of the concrete slabs of the Autopista
Norte trunk. In addition, six actions related to the premature distress of the concrete slabs were brought against CEMEX Colombia.
The Cundinamarca Administrative Court (Tribunal Administrativo de Cundinamarca) nullified five of these actions and currently, only
one remains outstanding. In addition, the UDI filed another action alleging that CEMEX Colombia made deceiving advertisements
on the characteristics of the flowable fill used in the construction of the line. CEMEX Colombia participated in this project solely
and exclusively as supplier of the ready-mix concrete and flowable fill, which were delivered and received to the satisfaction of the
contractor, fulfilling all the required technical specifications. CEMEX Colombia did not participate in nor had any responsibility on the
design, sourcing of materials or their corresponding technical specifications or construction. The court’s resolution is subject to be
appealed before the Superior Court of Bogota. As of December 31, 2015, CEMEX is not able to assess the likelihood of an adverse
result, regarding the action filed before the Cundinamarca Administrative Court and the action filed by the UDI, but if adversely
resolved, they could have a material adverse impact on CEMEX’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.
In connection with the legal proceedings presented in notes 24A and 24B, the exchange rates as of December 31, 2015 used by
CEMEX to convert the amounts in local currency to their equivalents in dollars were the official closing exchange rates of approximately
3.92 polish zloty per dollar, 0.92 euro per dollar, 0.68 british pound sterling per dollar, 3,149 colombian pesos per dollar and 3.9 israel
shekel per dollar.
In addition to the legal proceedings described above in notes 24A and 24B, as of December 31, 2015, CEMEX is involved in various
legal proceedings of minor impact that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. These proceedings involve: 1) product warranty
claims; 2) claims for environmental damages; 3) indemnification claims relating to acquisitions or divestitures; 4) claims to revoke
permits and/or concessions; and 5) other diverse civil actions. CEMEX considers that in those instances in which obligations have
been incurred, CEMEX has accrued adequate provisions to cover the related risks. CEMEX believes these matters will be resolved
without any significant effect on its business, financial position or results of operations. In addition, in relation to certain ongoing legal
proceedings, CEMEX is sometimes able to make and disclose reasonable estimates of the expected loss or range of possible loss,
as well as disclose any provision accrued for such loss, but for a limited number of ongoing legal proceedings, CEMEX may not be
able to make a reasonable estimate of the expected loss or range of possible loss or may be able to do so but believes that disclosure
of such information on a case-by-case basis would seriously prejudice CEMEX’s position in the ongoing legal proceedings or in any
related settlement discussions. Accordingly, in these cases, CEMEX has disclosed qualitative information with respect to the nature
and characteristics of the contingency, but has not disclosed the estimate of the range of potential loss.
120
Notes to the consolidated financial statements 25) Related parties
All significant balances and transactions between the entities that constitute the CEMEX group have been eliminated in the preparation
of the consolidated financial statements. These balances with related parties resulted primarily from: (i) the sale and purchase of goods
between group entities; (ii) the sale and/or acquisition of subsidiaries’ shares within the CEMEX group; (iii) the invoicing of administrative
services, rentals, trademarks and commercial name rights, royalties and other services rendered between group entities; and (iv)
loans between related parties. Transactions between group entities are conducted on arm’s length terms based on market prices and
conditions. When market prices and/or market conditions are not readily available, CEMEX conducts transfer pricing studies in the
countries in which it operates to assure compliance with regulations applicable to transactions between related parties.
The definition of related parties includes entities or individuals outside the CEMEX group, which, pursuant to their relationship with
CEMEX, may take advantage of being in a privileged situation. Likewise, this applies to cases in which CEMEX may take advantage
of such relationships and obtain benefits in its financial position or operating results. CEMEX’s transactions with related parties are
executed under market conditions.
As of December 31, 2015, CEMEX has identified the following transactions between related parties:
• Mr. Karl H. Watson Jr. was the President of CEMEX USA up until December 31, 2015. In the ordinary course of business, CEMEX
USA’ s operations pay fees for freight services to Florida Aggregate Transport, a Florida based vendor. Karl H. Watson Jr.’s stepbrother
is part of Florida Aggregate Transport’s ownership and senior management. The amounts of these services, which are negotiated
on market terms, are not material to CEMEX USA’ s operations and CEMEX is not able to determine if the amounts are material for
Florida Aggregate Transport.
• For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the aggregate amount of compensation of CEMEX board of directors,
including alternate directors, and top management executives, was approximately US$36 ($579), US$68 ($909) and US$39 ($503),
respectively. Of these amounts, approximately US$25 ($402) in 2015, US$35 ($464) in 2014 and US$25 ($320) in 2013, was paid as
base compensation plus performance bonuses, including pension and postretirement benefits. In addition, approximately US$11
($177) in 2015, US$33 ($444) in 2014 and US$14 ($183) in 2013 of the aggregate amount in each year, corresponded to allocations
of CPOs under CEMEX’s executive stock-based compensation programs. In 2014 and 2013, the amount of CPOs allocated included
approximately US$4 ($52) and US$3 ($38), respectively, of compensation earned under the program that is linked to the fulfillment
of certain performance conditions and that was payable through March 2015 to then still active members of CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V..’s
board of directors and top management executives (note 21).
26) Subsequent events
On January 6, 2016, in connection with the merger of Alestra and Axtel mentioned in note 16D that is expected to be effective beginning
on February 15, 2016, the forward contract between a financial counterparty and CEMEX over the 59.5 million CPOs of Axtel was cash
settled and as a result CEMEX received approximately US$4 million, net of transaction costs. In a separate transaction, considering that
as of December 31, 2015, CEMEX held an investment in Axtel that upon completion of the Alestra and Axtel merger will be exchanged
proportionately according to the new ownership interests for shares in the new merged entity that will remain public and the attractive
business outlook of such new entity, after the settlement of the Axtel forward contract, CEMEX decided to purchase in the market the
59.5 million CPOs of Axtel and incorporate them to CEMEX’s investments available for sale (note 13B).
121
Notes to the consolidated financial statements 27) Main subsidiaries
The main subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:
Subsidiary
CEMEX México, S. A. de C.V. 1
CEMEX España, S.A. 2
CEMEX, Inc.
CEMEX Latam Holdings, S.A. 3
CEMEX (Costa Rica), S.A.
CEMEX Nicaragua, S.A.
Assiut Cement Company
CEMEX Colombia S.A. 4
Cemento Bayano, S.A. 5
CEMEX Dominicana, S.A.
CEMEX de Puerto Rico Inc.
CEMEX France Gestion (S.A.S.)
Solid Cement Corporation 6
APO Cement Corporation 7
CEMEX (Thailand) Co., Ltd. 7
CEMEX Holdings (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd
CEMEX U.K.
CEMEX Deutschland, AG.
CEMEX Czech Republic, s.r.o.
CEMEX Polska sp. Z.o.o.
CEMEX Holdings (Israel) Ltd.
CEMEX SIA
CEMEX Topmix LLC, CEMEX Supermix LLC and CEMEX Falcon LLC 8
CEMEX AS
Cimentos Vencemos do Amazonas, Ltda.
Readymix Argentina, S.A.
CEMEX Jamaica
Neoris N.V. 9
CEMEX International Trading, LLC 10
Transenegy, Inc. 11
% Interest
Country
Mexico
Spain
United States of America
Spain
Costa Rica
Nicaragua
Egypt
Colombia
Panama
Dominican Republic
Puerto Rico
France
Philippines
Philippines
Thailand
Malaysia
United Kingdom
Germany
Czech Republic
Poland
Israel
Latvia
United Arab Emirates
Norway
Brazil
Argentina
Jamaica
The Netherlands
United States of America
United States of America
2015
100.0
99.9
100.0
74.4
99.1
100.0
95.8
99.7
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.8
100.0
100.0
2014
100.0
99.9
100.0
74.4
99.1
100.0
95.8
99.7
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.8
100.0
100.0
1 CEMEX México, S.A. de C.V. is the indirect holding company of CEMEX España, S.A. and subsidiaries.
2 CEMEX España, S.A. is the indirect holding company of most of CEMEX’s international operations.
3 The interest reported includes treasury shares, CEMEX Latam Holdings, which is listed in the Colombian Stock Exchange, is a subsidiary of CEMEX España, S.A. and
the indirect holding company of CEMEX’s operations in Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama, Brazil, Guatemala and El Salvador (note 20D).
4 Represents our 99.7% and 98.9% interest in ordinary and preferred shares, respectively.
5 Includes a 0.515% interest held on Cemento Bayano’s treasury.
6 Includes CEMEX Asia Holdings Ltd.’s 70% indirect economic interest and 30% indirect equity interest by CEMEX España, S.A.
7 Represents CEMEX Asia Holdings Ltd.’s indirect economic interest.
8 CEMEX owns a 49% equity interest in each of these entities and holds the remaining 51% of the economic benefits, through agreements with other shareholders.
9 Neoris N.V. is the holding company of the entities involved in the sale of information technology solutions and services.
10 CEMEX International Trading, LLC is involved in the international trading of CEMEX’s products.
11 This entity was formerly named Gulf Coast Portland Cement Co. it is engaged in the procurement of fuels, such as coal and petroleum coke, used in certain CEMEX’s operations.
122
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
The terms
we use
Financial
American Depositary Shares (ADSs) are a means
for non-U.S.-based corporations to list their ordinary
equity on an American stock exchange. Denominat-
ed in US dollars, they confer full rights of ownership
to the corporation’s underlying shares, which are
held on deposit by a custodian bank in the compa-
ny’s home country or territory. In relation to CEMEX,
Citibank, N.A. is the depositary of CEMEX’s ADSs
and each ADS represents 10 CPOs. The CEMEX
ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
bps (Basis Point) is a unit of percentage measure
equal to 0.01%, used to measure the changes to
interest rates, equity indices, and fixed-income
securities.
Free cash flow CEMEX defines it as operating
EBITDA minus net interest expense, maintenance
capital expenditures, change in working capital,
taxes paid, and other cash items (net other expens-
es less proceeds from the disposal of obsolete and/
or substantially depleted operating fixed assets that
are no longer in operation). Free cash flow is not a
GAAP measure.
LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate) is a
reference rate based on the interest rates at which
banks borrow unsecured funds from other banks in
London.
Maintenance capital expenditures CEMEX de-
fines it as investments incurred with the purpose of
ensuring the company’s operational continuity. These
include capital expenditures on projects required to
replace obsolete assets or maintain current opera-
tional levels and mandatory capital expenditures,
which are projects required to comply with govern-
mental regulations or company policies. Mainte-
nance capital expenditures is not a GAAP measure.
Net working capital CEMEX defines it as operating
accounts plus inventories minus operating accounts
payable. Working capital is not a GAAP measure.
Operating EBITDA CEMEX defines it as operating
earnings before other expenses, net, plus deprecia-
tion and amortization. Operating EBITDA does not
include revenues and expenses that are not directly
related to CEMEX’s main activity, or which are of an
unusual or non-recurring nature under International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Operating
EBITDA is not a GAAP measure.
Ordinary Participation Certificates (CPOs) are
issued under the terms of a CPO Trust Agreement
governed by Mexican law and represent two of CE-
MEX’s series A shares and one of CEMEX’s series
B shares. This instrument is listed on the Mexican
Stock Exchange.
pp equals percentage points.
Strategic capital expenditures CEMEX defines it
as investments incurred with the purpose of increas-
ing the company’s profitability. These include capital
expenditures on projects designed to increase
profitability by expanding capacity, and margin im-
provement capital expenditures, which are projects
designed to increase profitability by reducing costs.
Strategic capital expenditures is not a GAAP meas-
ure.
TIIE (Tasa de Interés Interbancaria de Equilibrio)
is a measure of the average cost of funds in pesos
in the Mexican interbank money market.
Total debt CEMEX defines it as short-term and
long-term debt plus convertible securities, liabilities
secured with account receivables and capital leases.
Total debt is not a GAAP measure.
Industry
Aggregates are sand and gravel, which are mined
from quarries. They give ready-mix concrete its
necessary volume and add to its overall strength.
Under normal circumstances, one cubic meter of
fresh concrete contains two metric tons of gravel
and sand.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a mech-
anism under the Kyoto Protocol that allows Annex
I countries to recognize greenhouse gas emission
reductions from projects developed in Non-Annex I
countries.
Clinker is an intermediate cement product made
by sintering limestone, clay, and iron oxide in a kiln
at around 1,450 degrees Celsius. One metric ton
of clinker is used to make approximately 1.1 metric
tons of gray Portland cement.
Fly ash is a combustion residue from coal-fired
power plants that can be used as a non-clinker ce-
mentitious material.
Gray Portland cement is a hydraulic binding agent
with a composition by weight of at least 95% clinker
and 0–5% of a minor component (usually calcium
sulfate). It can set and harden underwater and,
when mixed with aggregates and water, produces
concrete or mortar.
Installed capacity is the theoretical annual produc-
tion capacity of a plant; whereas effective capacity is
a plant’s actual optimal annual production capacity,
which can be 10–20% less than installed capacity.
Metric ton is the equivalent of 1.102 short tons.
Petroleum coke (petcoke) is a by-product of the oil
refining coking process.
Pozzolana is a fine, sandy volcanic ash.
Ready-mix concrete is a mixture of cement, aggre-
gates, and water.
Slag is the by-product of smelting ore to purify
metals.
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Investor and media
information
Media relations contact
mr@cemex.com
Phone: (52-81) 8888-4334
Fax: (52-81) 8888-4417
Investor relations contact
ir@cemex.com
From the US: 1 877 7CX NYSE
Mexico City office
Av. Presidente Masarik 101-18
11570 México, D.F. México
Phone: (52-55) 5726-9040
Fax: (52-55) 5203-2542
New York office
590 Madison Ave. 41st floor
From other countries: (212) 317-6000
New York, NY 10022 USA
Fax: (212) 317-6047
Web address
www.cemex.com
Headquarters
Av. Ricardo Margáin Zozaya 325
Phone: (212) 317-6000
Fax: (212) 317-6047
Exchange listings
Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV) Mexico
Ticker symbol: CEMEXCPO
Share series: CPO (representing two A shares
66265 San Pedro Garza García, N.L. México
and one B share)
Phone: (52-81) 8888-8888
Fax: (52-81) 8888-4417
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) United States
Ticker symbol: CX
Share series: ADS (representing 10 CPOs)
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This annual report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S.
federal securities laws. CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. and its direct and indirect subsidiar-
ies (“CEMEX”) intend these forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe
harbor provisions for forward-looking statements in the U.S. federal securities laws. In
some cases, these statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking words
such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “plan,” “believe,”
“predict,” “potential” and “intend” or other similar words. These forward-looking
statements reflect CEMEX’s current expectations and projections about future events
based on CEMEX’s knowledge of present facts and circumstances and assumptions
about future events. These statements necessarily involve risks and uncertainties that
could cause actual results to differ materially from CEMEX’s expectations. Some of
the risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause results to differ, or
that otherwise could have an impact on CEMEX or its subsidiaries, include, but are not
limited to, the cyclical activity of the construction sector; CEMEX’s exposure to other
sectors that impact CEMEX’s business, such as the energy sector; competition; gen-
eral political, economic and business conditions in the markets in which CEMEX oper-
ate; the regulatory environment, including environmental, tax, antitrust and acquisition-
related rules and regulations; CEMEX’s ability to satisfy CEMEX’s obligations under its
material debt agreements, the indentures that govern CEMEX’s senior secured notes
and CEMEX’s other debt instruments; expected refinancing of existing indebted-
ness; the impact of CEMEX’s below investment grade debt rating on CEMEX’s cost
of capital; CEMEX’s ability to consummate asset sales, fully integrate newly acquired
businesses, achieve cost-savings from CEMEX’s cost-reduction initiatives and imple-
ment CEMEX’s global pricing initiatives for CEMEX’s products; the increasing reliance
on information technology infrastructure for CEMEX’s invoicing, procurement, financial
statements and other processes that can adversely affect operations in the event that
the infrastructure does not work as intended, experiences technical difficulties or is
subjected to cyber-attacks; weather conditions; natural disasters and other unforeseen
events; and the other risks, uncertainties and other factors that affect CEMEX’s busi-
ness described in the information CEMEX files with the Mexican Stock Exchange and/
or Mexican Banking and Securities Commission in Mexico and/or the Securities and
Exchange Commission in the U.S. The information contained in this report is subject
to change without notice, and CEMEX is not obligated to publicly update or revise for-
ward-looking statements. Readers should review future reports filed by CEMEX with
the Mexican Stock Exchange and/or Mexican Banking and Securities Commission in
Mexico and/or the Securities and Exchange Commission in the U.S. This annual report
also contains informational statistics related to the production, distribution, commer-
cialization and sale of cement, ready-mix concrete, clinker and aggregates. Some of
this information was generated internally by CEMEX, and other part of this information
was obtained from independent publications and reports which CEMEX considers as
reliable sources. CEMEX has not independently verified this information, and CEMEX
has not obtained an authorization from any organization to include references to their
reports into this annual report.
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